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What is the active ingredient in smelling salts?

Smelling Salts for Fainting Open Mic Smelling Salts for Fainting Mankind has been using smelling salts to overcome fainting for many centuries - as a Roman, as an alchemist and even as a member of the police of the Victorian Britain. To know more about these salts and its uses go through this iBuzzle article. Smelling salts were a great prop for the movies in the past. You can always expect a lady to faint, when the pitch of the scene changes to emotional or when a scene gears up to deliver a shocking news. And there goes a cry of, "Smelling salts, does anyone have them for the lady?" Such incidents come as no surprise to us. Try imagining Arnold Schwarzenegger needing it for a fainting act..., I mean, in a movie scene. Well, you are out of luck, it is always a lady who faints! Salts of Hartshorn Formula The chemical formula of the ammonium carbonate, which is an active ingredient of these salts, is ((NH4)2CO3 H2O). It releases ammonia gas when mixed with the water or perfumes. What Are Salts of Hartshorn? Smelling salt, which is also known as sal volatile and salts of hartshorn, is a combination of ammonium carbonate and perfume. Ammonium carbonate acts as the base for these salts. It looks like plain salt, and is white in color. One common query that is most encountered is, "Does it work?", and the other is "How to use it?" The answer to the first question is, "Yes", it does work. How to Revive a Fainted Lady It is known that the chemical reaction of ammonium carbonate salt, when it is mixed with the water or the perfume, produces fumes. When its container is held under the nose, these fumes, which are strong enough to irritate the mucous membrane lining the inside of the nose, throat and lungs, revives someone from a faint. The body responds to the irritation caused, by increasing the rate of breathing which in turn increases the oxygen level in the blood. This works on the brain of the fainted person, making him more alert and ultimately, revives him, Oops, sorry!, her. An overdose has never been reported so far, however one should be aware of its side effects. Its dangers may come along while disposing it. It is harmful to fish in waters polluted with these salts. If you have accumulated large quantity of these salts, it is good idea to store them in airy place to let the fumes escape. It is not a good idea to let them build in a closed space as accumulation of ammonia gas can create respiratory and other disorders. Salts of Hartshorn Recipe The following is a recipe to make these salts: You start by making a mixture of Epsom salts - 1 cup and sea salt - 1/4 cup. It will be useful to use a big container to mix these things. Next step involves adding 6 to 8 drops of essential oils to the above mixture. The number of drops added influences, how strong the scent of the mixture will be. Adding 2 drops of peppermint or lemongrass or eucalyptus oil will give the mixture a sinus clearing scent. Stir the mixture thoroughly. Store the finished product in an airtight container for later use. If you want to use it as smelling salts, sew a small pouch out of porous cloth material such as fine lace. Add the salts to the pouch and sew it shut. Ammonia gas, if inhaled in high concentration, can damage the lungs severely. However, it is not the case with these salts used for fainting. It is advisable not to use these salt to revive children below 3 months of age. Reviving someone who has fainted isn't the only use these salts are put to. It is also used to revive punched out, or knocked out boxers. By Shrinivas Kanade

Ammonia

September 22, 1961 saw the passage of Public Law 87-293, which declares "To promote world peace and friendship through a [blank], which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower."

Biology 301hw2F14 - Due: Nov 20, 2014 Shanice Brewer -Name Biology 301 View Full Document Biology 301 Due: Nov 20, 2014 Homework # 2 Fall 2014 Shanice Brewer 0007 -------------------------- --------------------- Name Lab Section All answers have to be 4 lines or less. Long answers will be penalized by point deductions. All answers must be typed. 1. Smelling salts can sometimes help restore consciousness after a patient has fainted. The active ingredient of smelling salts is ammonia, and it acts by irritating the lining of the nasal cavity. Propose a mechanism by which smelling salts would raise a person from the unconscious state to the conscious state? (6) The smell of ammonia irritates the mucous membranes of the lungs and nose as a result triggering the trigeminal nerve and inhalation reflex, increasing the flow of oxygen to the brain and body. It activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing blood pressure, heart rate and brain activity. 2. Cerebral meningitis is a condition in which the meninges of the brain become inflamed as the result of viral or bacterial infection. This condition can be life This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Purdue BIO 301 - Winter 2015 Due: Nov 21, 2013 Biology 301 Homework # 2 Shanice Brewer -Name Fall 2013 0002 -Lab S Biology 301 hw #2

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If you are DOA, medically speaking, what are you?

Urban Dictionary: DOA DOA 1) Dead on Arrival 2) Abbreviated title of the popular fighting game Dead or Alive created by Tonobu Itagaki and developed by Team Ninja 3) Song by the rock band Foo Fighters . On the album In Your Honor. 1) Unfortunately the Virtual Boy was so retarded that it was DOA when it was released. 2) Kid1: Wanna come over and play some DoA with me? Kid2: As long as I can be Kasumi 3) You know I did it It's over and I feel fine Nothing you can say's gonna change my mind Waited and I waited the longest night Nothing like the taste of sweet decline I went down, I fell, I fell so fast. Dropping like the grains in an hourglass Never say forever, cause nothing lasts Dancing with the bones to my buried past Nevermind, there's nothing I can do Bet your life there's something killing you

Dead on arrival

What civil war battle, the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, took place near Sharpsburg, MD on Sept 17, 1862?

Urban Dictionary: DOA DOA 1) Dead on Arrival 2) Abbreviated title of the popular fighting game Dead or Alive created by Tonobu Itagaki and developed by Team Ninja 3) Song by the rock band Foo Fighters . On the album In Your Honor. 1) Unfortunately the Virtual Boy was so retarded that it was DOA when it was released. 2) Kid1: Wanna come over and play some DoA with me? Kid2: As long as I can be Kasumi 3) You know I did it It's over and I feel fine Nothing you can say's gonna change my mind Waited and I waited the longest night Nothing like the taste of sweet decline I went down, I fell, I fell so fast. Dropping like the grains in an hourglass Never say forever, cause nothing lasts Dancing with the bones to my buried past Nevermind, there's nothing I can do Bet your life there's something killing you

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Osiris was the god of the underworld in the mythology of which ancient civilization?

Osiris | Ancient Egypt Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia in Hieroglyphs Osiris (Greek language, also Usiris; the Egyptian language name is variously transliterated Asar, Aser, Ausar, Wesir, or Ausare) is the Egyptian god of life, death, and fertility. At the height of the ancient Nile civilization, Osiris was regarded as the primary deity of a henotheism. Osiris was not only the merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. Beginning at about 2000 B.C. all men, not just dead pharaohs, were believed to be associated with Osiris at death. The origin of Osiris's name is a mystery, which forms an obstacle to knowing the pronunciation of its hieroglyphic form. The majority of current thinking is that the Egyptian name is pronounced aser where the a is the letter ayin (i.e. a short 'a' pronounced from the back of the throat as if swallowing). Contents [ show ] Origin of name The name was first recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphs only as ws-ir or os-ir because the Egyptian writing system omitted vowels. It is reconstructed to have been pronounced Us-iri (oos-ee-ree) meaning 'Throne of the Eye' and survives into the Coptic language as Ousire. Early mythology Father of Anubis Earlier, when the Ennead and Ogdoad cosmogenies became merged, with the identification of Ra as Atum (Atum-Ra), gradually Anubis , the god of the underworld in the Ogdoad system, was replaced by Osiris, whose cult had become more significant. In order to explain this, Anubis was said to have given way to Osiris out of respect, and, as an underworld deity, was subsequently identified as being Osiris' son. Abydos , which had been a strong centre of the cult of Anubis, became a centre of the cult of Osiris. However, as Isis , Osiris' wife, represented life, in the Ennead, it was considered somewhat inappropriate for her to be the mother of a god associated with death, and so instead, it was usually said that Nephthys , the other of the two female children of Geb and Nut, was his mother. To explain the apparent infidelity of Osiris, it was said that a sexually frustrated Nephthys had disguised herself as Isis to get more attention from her husband, Set , but did not succeed, although Osiris then mistook her for Isis, and they procreated, resulting in Anubis' birth. Father of Horus Later, when Hathor 's identity (from the Ogdoad) was assimilated into that of Isis, Osiris, who had been Isis' husband (in the Ogdoad), became considered her son, and thus, since Osiris was Isis' husband (in the Ennead), Osiris also became considered Horus ' father. Attempts to explain how Osiris, a god of the dead, could give rise to someone so definitely alive as Horus, lead to the development of the Legend of Osiris and Isis , which became the greatest myth in Egyptian mythology. The myth described Osiris as having been killed by his brother Seth who wanted Osiris' throne. Osiris was subsequently resurrected by Anubis. Osiris and Isis gave birth to Horus. As such, since Horus was born after Osiris' resurrection, Horus became thought of as representing new beginnings. This combination, Osiris-Horus, was therefore a life-death-rebirth deity, and thus associated with the new harvest each year. Ptah-Seker (who resulted from the identification of Ptah as Sokar ), who was god of re-incarnation, thus gradually became identified with Osiris, the two becoming Ptah-Seker-Osiris (rarely known as Ptah-Seker-Atum, although this was just the name, and involved Osiris rather than Atum). As the sun was thought to spend the night in the underworld, and subsequently be re-incarnated, as both king of the underworld, and god of reincarnation, Ptah-Seker-Osiris was identified as the sun during the night. Ram god in Hieroglyphs Since Osiris was considered dead, as God of the Dead, Osiris' soul, or rather his Ba , was occasionally worshipped in its own right, almost as if it were a distinct god, especially so in the Delta city of Mendes . This aspect of Osiris was referred to as Banebdjed (also spelt Banebded or Banebdjedet, which is technically feminine) which literally means The ba of the lord of the djed , which roughly means The soul of the lord of the pillar of stability. The djed, a type of pillar, was usually understood as the backbone of Osiris, since the Egyptians had associated death, and the dead, as symbolic of stability. As Banebdjed, Osiris was given epithets such as Lord of the Sky and Life of the (sun god) Ra , since Ra, when he had become identified with Atum , was considered Osiris' ancestor, from whom his regal authority was inherited. Ba does not, however, quite mean soul in the western sense, and also has a lot to do with power, reputation, force of character, especially in the case of a god. Since the ba was associated with power, and also happened to be a word for ram in Egyptian, Banebdjed was depicted as a ram, or as Ram-headed. A living, sacred ram, was even kept at Mendes and worshipped as the incarnation of the god, and upon death, the rams were mummified and buried in a ram-specific necropolis. In Mendes, they had considered Hatmehit , a local fish-goddess, as the most important god/goddess, and so when the cult of Osiris became more significant, Banebdjed was identified in Mendes as deriving his authority from being married to Hatmehit. Later, when Horus became identified as the child of Osiris (in this form Horus is known as Harpocrates in greek and Har-pa-khered in Egyptian), Banebdjed was consequently said to be Horus' father, as Banebdjed is an aspect of Osiris. In occult writings, Banebdjed is often called the goat of Mendes, and identified with Baphomet ; the fact that Banebdjed was a ram (sheep), not a goat, is apparently overlooked. Mystery religion The Cult of Osiris The cult of Osiris had a particularly strong interest towards the concept of immortality. According to the myth surrounding the cult, Set (Osiris's evil brother) fooled Osiris into getting into a coffin, which he then shut, had sealed with lead and threw into the Nile. Osiris's wife, Isis, searched for his remains until she finally found him embedded in a tree trunk, which was holding up the roof of a palace. She managed to remove the coffin and open it, but Osiris was alreddy dead. She used a spell she had learned from her father and brought him back to life so he could impregnate her. After they finished, he died again, so she hid his body in the desert. Months later, she gave birth to Horus . While she was off raising him, Set had been out hunting one night and he came across the body of Osiris. Enraged, he tore the body into 14 pieces and again threw them into the Nile. Isis gathered up all the parts of the body and bandaged them together for a proper burial. The Gods were impressed by the devotion of Isis and thus restored Osiris to life in the form of a different kind of existence as the god of the underworld. Because of his death and resurrection, Osiris is associated with the flooding and retreating of the Nile and thus with the crops along the Nile valley. The passion and resurrection Plutarch and others have noted that the sacrifices to Osiris were “gloomy, solemn, and mournful…” (Isis and Osiris, 69) and that the great mystery festival, celebrated in two phases, began at Abydos on the 17th of Athyr (Nov. 13th) commemorating the death of the god, which is also the same day that grain was planted in the ground. “The death of the grain and the death of the god were one and the same: the cereal was identified with the god who came from heaven; he was the bread by which man lives. The resurrection of the god symbolized the rebirth of the grain.” (Larson 17) The first phase of the festival was a public drama depicting the murder and dismemberment of Osiris, the search for his body by Isis, his triumphal return as the resurrected god, and the battle in which Horus defeated Set. This was all presented by skilled actors as a literary history, and was the main method of recruiting cult membership. According to Julius Firmicus Maternus of the fourth century, this play was re-enacted each year by worshippers who “beat their breasts and gashed their shoulders…. When they pretend that the mutilated remains of the god have been found and rejoined…they turn from mourning to rejoicing.” (De Errore Profanorum). The Passion of Osiris was re-enacted at all of his temples during his annual festivals. On a stele at Abydos erected in the 12th Dynasty by I-Kher-Nefert, a priest of Osiris during the reign of Usertsen III (Pharaoh Sesostris, about 1875 BC) we find the principle scenes of the mystery-drama depicted (I-Kher-Nefert played Horus). In the first scene, Osiris is slain, no one knowing what happened to his body, and the onlookers weep and mourn, rend their hair and beat their breasts. Isis and Nepthys then recover the remnants and return to the temple. In the second scene, Thoth, Horus and Isis revive Osiris in the sanctuary, not witnessed by the populace. Then Osiris emerges, to much rejoicing. Horus then places Osiris in a solar boat, christened the Nefarté, to proceed directly to the eternal regions, known as the “coming forth by day” mentioned so often in the Book of the Dead. The climax of the play is the great battle between Horus and Set, described in detail by Herodotus (History II, 63). Wheat and clay rituals Differing from the public portion above, an esoteric phase consisted of ceremonials performed inside the temples by priests witnessed only by initiates. Plutarch mentions that two days after the beginning of the festival “the priests bring forth sacred chest containing a small golden coffer, into which they pour some potable water…and a great shout arises from the company for joy that Osiris is found (or resurrected). Then they knead some fertile soil with the water…and fashion therefrom a crescent-shaped figure, which they cloth and adorn, this indicating that they regard these gods as the substance of Earth and Water.” (Isis and Osiris, 39). Yet even he was obscure, for he also wrote, “I pass over the cutting of the wood” opting to not describe it since he considered it most sacred (Ibid. 21). In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription (translated by Budge, Chapter XV, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection) describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece was discovered by Isis. At the temple of Mendes, figures of Osiris are made from wheat and paste placed in a trough on the day of the murder, then water added for several days, when finally the mixture was kneaded into a mold of Osiris and taken to the temple and buried (the sacred grain for these cakes only grown in the temple fields). Molds are made from wood of a red tree in the forms of the sixteen dismembered parts of Osiris, cakes of divine bread made from each mold, placed in a silver chest and set near the head of the god, the inward parts of Osiris as described in the Book of the Dead (XVII). On the first day of the Festival of Ploughing, where the goddess Isis appears in her shrine where she is stripped naked, Paste made from the grain is placed in her bed and moistened with water, representing the fecund earth. All of these sacred rituals were climaxed by the eating of sacramental god, the eucharist by which the celebrants were transformed, in their persuasion, into replicas of their god-man (Larson 20). The Osirian Sacrament Although there were ethical and ceremonial considerations none of these could compare to the power of the divine eucharist, since it was literally believed to be the body (bread) and blood (ale) of the god. Since the ancient Nilotics believed that humans were whatever they eat, this sacrament was, by extension, able to make them celestial and immortal. The doctrine of the eucharist ultimately has its roots in prehistoric cannibalism, whose practitioners understood that virtues and powers of the eaten can be thus absorbed by the eater. This phenomenon has been described throughout the world. One of the oldest of the Pyramid Texts is the Unas from the 6th Dynasty (circa 2500 BC). It shows that the original ideology of Egypt commingled with Osirian concepts. Although ultimately given a high place in heaven by order of Osiris, Unas is at first an enemy of the gods and his ancestors, who he hunts, lassoes, kills, cooks, and eats so that their powers may become his own. This was written at a time when the eating of parents and gods was a laudable ceremony, and this emphasizes how hard it must have been to stamp out the older order of cannibalism. “He eats men, he feeds on the gods…he cooks them in his fiery cauldrons. He eats their words of power, he swallows their spirits…. He eats the wisdom of every god, his period of life is eternity…. Their soul is in his body, their spirits are within him.” A parallel passage is found in the Pyramid Text of Pepi II, who is said to have “seizeth those who are a follower of Set…he breaketh their heads, he cutteth off their haunches, he teareth out their intestines, he diggeth out their hearts, he drinketh copiously of their blood!” (line 531, ff). Although crude, this was a core concept, the conviction that one could receive immortality by eating the flesh and blood of a god who had died became a dominating obsession in the ancient world. Although the cult of Osiris forbade cannibalism, it did not outlaw dismemberment and eating of enemies, and practiced the ritual rending and eating of the sacred bull, symbolizing Osiris. Although this sacramental concept only originated once in history, it spread throughout the Mediterranean area and became the dynamic force in every mystery cult. It was only by this sacerdotal means that the corruptible deceased could be clothed in incorruption and this idea appears again and again in infinite variety. The scribe Nebseni implores: “And there in the celestial mansions of heaven which my divine father Tem hath established, let my hands lay hold upon the wheat and the barley which shall be given unto me therein in abundant measure” (Ibid. LXXII). Nu corroborates that this is the eucharist by saying: “I am established, and the divine Sekhet-hetep is before me, I have eaten therein, I have become a spirit therein, I have abundance therein.” (Ibid. LXXVII) Again Nu states: “I am the divine soul of Ra…which is god…I am the divine food which is not corrupted” (Ibid. LXXXV). The ancientness of the concept is again reaffirmed in the Pyramid Text of Teta (2600 BC) where the Osiris Teta “receivest thy bread which decayeth not, and thy beer which perisheth not” In the Text of Pepi I we read: “All the gods give thee their flesh and their blood…. Thou shalt not die.” In the Text of Pepi II the aspirant prays for “thy bread of eternity, and thy beer of everlastingness” (Line 390). Osiris-Dionysus By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of fundamental truth, rather than the exact details of the acknowledged myths on which their teachings were superimposed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now syncretisms with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus. Serapis Eventually, in Egypt, the Hellenic pharaohs decided to produce a deity that would be acceptable to both the local Egyptian population, and the influx of Hellenic visitors, to bring the two groups together, rather than allow a source of rebellion to grow. Thus Osiris was identified explicitly with Apis , really an aspect of Ptah , who had already been identified as Osiris by this point, and a syncretism of the two was created, known as Serapis, and depicted as a standard Greek god. Destruction Osiris-worship continued up until the 6th century AD on the island of Philae in Upper Nile. The Theodosian decree (in about 380 AD) to destroy all pagan temples and force worshippers to accept Christianity was ignored there. However, Justinian dispatched a General Narses to Philae, who destroyed the Osirian temples and sanctuaries, threw the priests into prison, and carted the sacred images off to Constantinople. However, by that time, the soteriology of Osiris had assumed various forms which had long spread far and wide in the ancient world. NOT TRUE Osiris in popular culture Albert Pike (the grand commander of Freemasonry) worshipped Osiris and he proudly made that known in his book, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry.[ citation needed ] In Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, the priests in the Temple of Wisdom worship Osiris and Isis. The chief priest, Sarastro, sings an aria beginning "O Isis und Osiris". [ citation needed ] Osiris is a deity used more than once in the hit television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In the show, Osiris is described as the "keeper of the gate, master of all fate" and is used in resurrection rituals. He is also unique as he is seen in one episode, communicating with Willow Rosenberg as she tries to resurrect her dead lover, Tara Maclay; although names of deities are often given in spells on the show, most of the time the deity is not seen.[ citation needed ] Saint Dragon - The God of Osiris is one of the Three Divine Beasts, or God Cards, from the manga Yu-Gi-Oh! and its animated adaptation, Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters.[ citation needed ] In the show Futurama the three main characters Fry, Leela and Bender visit an Egypt-themed planet named Osiris IV.[ citation needed ] In the Animatrix, the Osiris is the name of the ship that is sacrificed to make sure Zion Zion gets the information that the machines are coming.[ citation needed ] Osiris Shoes is a manufacturer of Skate shoes.[ citation needed ] Osiris Host Integrity Monitoring software moniters the integrity of computer systems, usually for malicious tampering.[ citation needed ] In the television series Stargate SG-1, Osiris and other gods are represented as Goa'uld pretending to be gods, whereas in Egyptian culture, most of them were told to be good and beneficial, in some way, to life. Osiris is unique among the villains in that he has a male personality, but a female host body. In Joss Whedon's Firefly (TV series), Osiris is the name of the Core planet River and Simon Tam are originally from.[ citation needed ] In the movie Hedwig and the Angry Inch, Hedwig's song "Origin of Love" mentions Osiris. In The Vampire Lestat by Anne Rice, the legend of Osiris being cut up by his brother, Set, is discussed. As the one part of Osiris unable to be found by Isis was his genitals and because he is the god of the underworld, Lestat believes him to be a vampire god, as vampires are unable to copulate. In Vampire: The Masquerade, Osiris was a powerful vampire, either an antedeluvian or methuselah who fought against the Antedeluvian Set. He was the founder of the vampire bloodline known as the Serpents of the Light. The Wu-Tang Clan's (now deceased) member, Ol' Dirty Bastard, went by the alias, Osirus. Fans would know this as he would sometimes shout on a song, "I'm the Osirus of this shit!!" Osiris was the name of a now defunct rock/alternative band formed in 1994 in Wheelersburg, Ohio. Osiris is the name of a large Order battleship in Microsoft's Freelancer videogame.[ citation needed ] On Adult Swim's The Venture Bros., an episode (Escape to the House of Mummies Part II) mostly takes place in Egypt centering around an evil cult wanting the Hand of Osiris.[ citation needed ] Appears as a boss monster in the MMORPG Ragnarok Online where Osiris attacks adventurers. He can be found within the highest level of the Pyramid map and resurrects an hour after being destroyed. In the Doctor Who episode "Pyramids of Mars" the Osirans were a long lived and extremely powerful race of beings possessed of enormous psionic might and great technical sophistication. One of their number, Sutekh, ravaged planets across the galaxy until the rest of them ran him to ground and imprisoned him on Earth. Their presence here is implied to be the source of Egyption worship. Osiris is also the name of a stem-cell therapy research organization. In Tad Williams's Otherland series, the villain Felix Jongleur frequently takes the form of Osiris inside his virtual reality simulation of ancient Egypt. In a 1984 song called Powerslave by Iron Maiden a mention of Osiris is made. In the game Age of Mythology Osiris is a selectable god by the Egyptians. The boss at the end of an Egyptian themed dungeon in world of warcraft is named Osirian and has the features of a hawk.

Egypt

From the Greek for pale green, what element with an atomic number 17, uses the symbol CL?

Osiris | Egyptian god | Britannica.com Egyptian god murder Osiris, also called Usir, one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt . The origin of Osiris is obscure; he was a local god of Busiris , in Lower Egypt , and may have been a personification of chthonic (underworld) fertility. By about 2400 bce, however, Osiris clearly played a double role: he was both a god of fertility and the embodiment of the dead and resurrected king. This dual role was in turn combined with the Egyptian concept of divine kingship: the king at death became Osiris, god of the underworld; and the dead king’s son, the living king, was identified with Horus , a god of the sky. Osiris and Horus were thus father and son. The goddess Isis was the mother of the king and was thus the mother of Horus and consort of Osiris. The god Seth was considered the murderer of Osiris and adversary of Horus. Isis (right) and Osiris. Judie Anderson/EB Inc. Learn about the Osiris Shaft, a symbolic tomb of the god Osiris that is near the pyramid of Khafre, … Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz According to the form of the myth reported by the Greek author Plutarch , Osiris was slain or drowned by Seth, who tore the corpse into 14 pieces and flung them over Egypt. Eventually, Isis and her sister Nephthys found and buried all the pieces, except the phallus, thereby giving new life to Osiris, who thenceforth remained in the underworld as ruler and judge. His son Horus successfully fought against Seth, avenging Osiris and becoming the new king of Egypt. King Seti I offering a figure of the goddess Maat to Osiris, Isis, and Horus; relief in the temple … Courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society; photograph, The Oriental Institute, Chicago Similar Topics Prometheus Osiris was not only ruler of the dead but also the power that granted all life from the underworld, from sprouting vegetation to the annual flood of the Nile River . From about 2000 bce onward it was believed that every man, not just the deceased kings, became associated with Osiris at death. This identification with Osiris, however, did not imply resurrection , for even Osiris did not rise from the dead. Instead, it signified the renewal of life both in the next world and through one’s descendants on Earth. In this universalized form Osiris’s cult spread throughout Egypt, often joining with the cults of local fertility and underworld deities. The idea that rebirth in the next life could be gained by following Osiris was maintained through certain cult forms. In the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce) the god’s festivals consisted of processions and nocturnal rites and were celebrated at the temple of Abydos , where Osiris had assimilated the very ancient god of the dead, Khenty-Imentiu . This name, meaning “Foremost of the Westerners,” was adopted by Osiris as an epithet . Because the festivals took place in the open, public participation was permitted, and by the early 2nd millennium bce it had become fashionable to be buried along the processional road at Abydos or to erect a cenotaph there as a representative of the dead. Osiris festivals symbolically reenacting the god’s fate were celebrated annually in various towns throughout Egypt. A central feature of the festivals during the late period was the construction of the “Osiris garden,” a mold in the shape of Osiris, filled with soil. The mold was moistened with the water of the Nile and sown with grain. Later, the sprouting grain symbolized the vital strength of Osiris. At Memphis the holy bull, Apis , was linked with Osiris, becoming Osiris-Apis, which eventually became the name of the Hellenistic god Serapis . Greco-Roman authors connected Osiris with the god Dionysus . Osiris was also identified with Soker, an ancient Memphite god of the dead.

i don't know

Who spent the last 19 years turning letters on the nightly TV show Wheel of Fortune?

Susan Stafford | Wheel of Fortune History Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Wheel of Fortune History Wiki Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Susan Stafford (born Susan Gail Carney on October 13, 1945 from Lynn, Massachusetts) was the original letter-turner on Wheel of Fortune from its August 28, 1974 pilots through October 22, 1982. Contents Edit For three years (about 1971-74), Susan helmed her own radio talk show and, early on, became entertainment editor for the McLendon radio stations. Her show included such guests as Sugar Ray Robinson and Senator Barry Goldwater. Around March 1972, the show (by this point heard five times daily) began to be syndicated to progressively more stations (known stations include WGAR in Cleveland, KOST in Los Angeles, XTRA in San Deigo, and WWWW in Detroit [1] ). In April 1973, Stafford spent a week filling in for Mario Machado on KNXT's Noontime. [2] On June 29, Susan became entertainment editor for KMEX-TV's NFB (News, Finance, and Business) section. [3] On December 7, she appeared in the first portion ("Love and the Awkward Age") of that night's Love, American Style. [4] During this time, Susan had ambitions of becoming a female Johnny Carson, possibly even taking over The Tonight Show. [5] Edit Stafford became the show's hostess through odd circumstances: when Merv Griffin and his company were planning a 1974 revamp of the failed Shopper's Bazaar format, the puzzle board was to be the complete opposite of its 1973 pull-card system: namely, a fully-automated board with trilons. As this system was not completed in time, the finished portions were gutted out and Susan was hired to turn the letters. During these pilots, she briefly introduced the contestants, talked with Edd Byrnes during the closing segment, and forgot to turn a letter at least once; following the taping, Stafford confronted Byrnes due to his being drunk. Susan remained when the series debuted on January 6, 1975, developing a rapport with Chuck Woolery that remained for the next seven years; indeed, when Chuck failed to show up at a taping in mid-1980, she called her friends Pat and Shirley Boone during a stopdown to check on him. On the other hand, she did not like Pat Sajak initially for the simple reason that she did not like change (and especially one such as this), but warmed up to him within a few months. During this period, Mark Goodson had unsuccessfully tried to make her one of his models/Barker's Beauties on The Price Is Right. Stafford took the job because she needed to make a living after receiving little in a divorce settlement (she had been married to a multimillionaire), and received $1,500 per episode. [6] She was also notable for being the first game show hostess to get her own wardrobe plug (Giorgio), and the first to have a microphone. During this time, Susan found herself getting more fame than she had even in her three-year radio series. She appeared on the premiere of NBC's one-season Ellery Queen series ("The Adventure of Auld Lang Syne"; September 11, 1975) and a final-season episode of Marcus Welby, M.D. ("The Covenant"; September 30, 1975). [7] Hosting Style Edit Susan was far more "physical" in her work than Vanna and closer to a co-host: gesturing at the board, players, and Used Letter Board; cheering for contestants; and rooting for Chuck to hit top dollar in the Final Spin. She also frequently danced to Alan Thicke 's puzzle-solve and commercial-break cues. [8] Stafford would minutely adjust trilons and letter slides to line up with the others, place her hand on the leftmost trilon of the third row in a sort of "patient waiting" pose, usually make some kind of motion whenever on-camera, turn letters two at a time once a puzzle was solved (on several occasions, the letter slides came partway off the trilons when she turned them, and she typically slid them back into place), and frequently turned letters and punctuation marks quicker than the "correct letter" bells could sound and the respective lights activated; her practice of "jumping the gun" was a problem on early episodes, as she would sometimes end up turning the wrong letter, causing the round to be replaced. When in Speed-Up mode, Susan would often join in on the hosting: waving her finger at the contestants to inform them of letters not in the puzzle, pointing to the contestant in control, walking backwards after turning a couple of letters, doing a turn herself and leaning back after turning a letter, and turning all the letters and bowing to the winner when the puzzle was solved. [9] Stafford also drove cars that contestants purchased, even after her accident in 1979 (see below); according to one recollection, during one episode she repeatedly hit the car horn while Charlie O'Donnell attempted to read the prize copy. Susan had an odd habit during at least 1982, and almost certainly earlier, of moving audience members around during commercial breaks. This was mentioned by Pat at the end of a September 1982 episode. Absences Edit Stafford is known to have been absent from Wheel at least twice: The first, in September 1977 for at least four weeks, occurred after she fractured several vertebrae while rehearsing for Circus of the Stars. [10] Summer Bartholomew filled in for most of this time, and Arte Johnson did at least one episode (mostly to promote his NBC game Knockout). The second was from May 24-June 8, 1979, following a car accident in which Susan dislocated her shoulder. Summer filled in until the 1st, while Cynthia Washington did the week of June 4. [11] Departure Edit "I mean, for seven years I stood there and turned letters. I had to ask myself if that was any way for a grown woman to live her life." As 1982 rolled on, Stafford became progressively more distracted, believing that there needed to be something more to her life than simply turning letters. Susan eventually realized that she wanted to pursue charity work and medicine, notifying Merv Griffin Productions of this around September; her final show on October 22 was notable for its closing segment, where producer Nancy Jones appeared on-camera with a bouquet of flowers and various staff members said goodbye. Following Susan's departure, several women filled in until Vanna White was chosen as her successor on December 13. Stafford returned to the daytime show from June 16-20, 1986 to fill in for White, who was mourning the death of her then-boyfriend who had died in a plane crash. After Wheel Edit "The one thing that bothers me is when I tell people what I used to do, and they say, "You mean you were Vanna White before Vanna White?" That gets a little annoying. But I put up with it. It`s just part of life." (Note that the below list is incomplete; Susan has a full list of her accomplishments here .) Susan devoted her life to charity work and medicine, earning a B.A. in Nutrition and an M.A. in Clinical Psychology from Antioch University, plus a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Pacific Western University. She also had a longtime relationship with Dan Enright of Barry & Enright Productions (creators of Tic-Tac-Dough and The Joker's Wild, among others), and was the company's Vice President of Public Relations. Around 1988, Stafford hosted an informal talk show called Alive , which aired on the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN, now known as ABC Family) and in syndication. Prior to this, she hosted A New Creation for the Catholic Broadcasting Network. Following Enright's death on May 22, 1992, Chris Sohl (who had been Barry-Enright's Vice President of Business Affairs since 1988) became the head of the company and promoted Susan to Executive Vice President; at this point, the company had several game shows, reality programs, and movies in development, including a remake of Barry-Enright's infamous 1982 film Private Lessons. [12] In late 1992 or January 1993, the company was renamed to Stafford-Enright Productions, [13] although only one project is known to have been released under this name: the 1993 PBS documentary The Natural Solutions: Freedom of Choice and the FDA , produced and hosted by Susan. In late 2003, Susan served as hostess for the last three shows of Game Show Week Part 2 on Hollywood Squares, replacing Ruta Lee of the 1974-76 High Rollers. In November 2010, she published a book on her Wheel tenure called Stop the Wheel, I Want to Get Off! After Vannamania took off, Stafford was quickly forgotten: A Chicago Tribune interview with her in 1987 began by outright assuming the reader did not know who she was, [14] while Susan had nothing but praise for her successor before saying the quoted portion above. During a 1991 episode of the Nostalgia Channel game show Let's Go Back (created and hosted by Scott Sternberg, who later made Wheel 2000 ), a question asking for the person Vanna replaced was met with silence yet, when asked who Pat replaced, a contestant immediately gave the correct answer; after Sternberg said Susan's name, the same contestant could be heard saying "forgot that". The 1995 book Popular Culture, Educational Discourse, and Mathematics stated that Wheel "broke ground" by declaring Vanna a "hostess" and giving her equal billing with Pat, even though Susan had the former during her tenure and the latter at least twice (once with Chuck in 1981, again with Pat in 1986). [15] Wheel itself has very rarely acknowledged Susan's contributions (one notable instance being a December 1989 daytime episode which celebrated the show's reaching a combined total of 5,000 episodes), and she was not credited on the Byrnes footage that aired on the ceremonial 3,000th nighttime episode in 1998. Susan was among the many who contributed to the show's E! True Hollywood Story in 2005. Her website contains a photo of her and Vanna labeled "etrue.jpg", which would indicate it was taken during or shortly after the special's production, possibly at a viewing party. References

Vanna White

What brand of semi-sweet chocolate morsels traditionally includes a recipe for Toll House cookies on the package?

Wheel of Fortune (Official) - Endless Word Puzzles from America's #1 TV Game Show by Sony Pictures Television (iOS, United States) - SearchMan App Data & Information Frozen by Lindsey Lending on 2017/01/17 17:42 This app froze after the first 10 minutes of play. Complete waste of money, doesn't even work. Enjoy but needs some fixes by Glendiana on 2017/01/16 15:08 Fun game, needs a mute setting. The million $ on the wheel never shows up in your chances. Even when you win it and have no brankupts. So much worse than the older version by 2317 softball rules on 2017/01/16 05:31 Graphics are bad, can't build a normal looking character, haven't figured out how to turn sound off, can't play totally by yourself like the old version. Deleting this one :( Fixed issues by IntheDarkInmyHouse on 2017/01/15 17:45 I like you can keep spinning if if you guess correctly. It's more like the actual game. Still a lot of pauses which makes it slow. But much better. Update please!!! by Calomal on 2017/01/13 12:12 Would be better if the characters can talk or if u can speak your letters. Also it needs to be updated like the actual show such as prizes on the wheel and prize puzzle. Slow by Debi’s Stuff on 2017/01/12 15:20 Slow, slow, slow. Not challenging Fun however by Syryne1 on 2017/01/11 07:20 The game is fun enough. There doesn't seem to be any way to turn off music or sounds. If I want to play at the dr. Office waiting room, the music and sounds blare. This is bad & embarrassing. This was a waste ! by Tami jones on 2017/01/10 22:57 All they keep wanting to do is advertisement and wanting your information. You can't just play! It's 299 waste of money Purchased this app by mistake. by Linda958 on 2017/01/09 21:30 Purchased by mistake. Too difficult to get to the game itself! It's ad free, but you have to do a bunch to get to the actual game!!! Fun fun fun by Stephen in West Grove on 2017/01/09 17:51 I've always loved wheel of fortune since I was a kid. What a nice gig for Pat and Vanna. The E version is fun to pass the time away. Wheel is Very Fun by maxthetool on 2017/01/09 03:20 Wheel of Fortune for iPhone is just great! Couldn't be better! Entertaining by Susie1001 on 2017/01/09 01:40 Always enjoyed the tv show and this is fun too. You can do other things, i.e. Cook, laundry, watch tv and still play. No worth the money by Chicgeek23 on 2017/01/08 07:37 Paying for an app that is distributed by a major corp would suggest a phenomenal app but that is not the case. The puzzle is blocked by word bubbles and it's just too easy of a game. I'm sure the payment is for use of the likeness of Pat Sayjak. Utterly disappointed. Frustratingly less challenging by Giant Speck on 2017/01/08 03:37 I've been playing this game off and on for a few years now. Sometimes I'll play it for a few weeks and then I'll uninstall it. Every time I come back to the game, it seems like it's gotten dumbed down and less challenging. There's really no way you can lose a solo game unless you were actively trying to lose, and even then, it's difficult. The computer characters are not very competitive and when a character gets on a streak, they ruin it by making obvious mistakes. For example, a character gets far enough that only one letter remains. By this point, it's extremely obvious what the answer to the puzzle is, but then the character spits out a completely nonsensical letter and loses their turn. The other character ends up making an equally embarrassing mistake and the puzzle gets thrown back to the human player to solve. Needs updates by Gsxheather on 2017/01/08 01:21 Fun game, but I don't play as much anymore because it Needs updates to add more puzzles, freshen purchase options, avatars. I completed all game levels quickly and now it's repeating. Terrible set up. by MBall on 2017/01/07 16:15 Playing against friends should be interactive. I want to watch their turn. Game is slow. Graphics are good. Wish the set up was much different. Wheel of Fortune by GregDeens on 2017/01/05 01:26 Wayyyyy too slowwwwww! We want a refund...takes forever to get through a game! Fun by 20 minutes of badness on 2017/01/01 13:01 Wish Pat would get his fat head out of the way, but pretty fun game! App crashes when starting a Single Player game. by Craigwd_2000 on 2016/12/30 15:04 The App crashes when starting a Single Player game. It used to work just fine; hence why I'm giving it only a three out of five. The mPoints functionality was acting glitchy before & may be related to this issue... The mPoints notifications no longer lead to the screen where you view ads and the like etc....! Slow Paced by Lovefoodxx on 2016/12/29 04:25 This is very much like the real game, but the free one is faster to play. Good but... by SlayQu33n8182 on 2016/12/27 21:17 This game is a very addicting game, But what I don't understand, Is that there is a way funner "Wheel Of Fortune" For free! I was upset when I found out they there was a free one, That was funner! But I'm still happy with this game and I play it all the time!..Would be a lil more fun if you could play against people. But whatever. So if anyone is wanting too purchase this game, Check out the free ones first, Cuz you could probablyfind a way funner one for free! WHEEL FAN by A. Bea on 2016/12/24 12:21 Love the game! Helps shapen my mind! Watch the game on tv whenever I can. Great variety of categories! Definitely not worth $2.99 by PAG 089 on 2016/12/24 02:47 You would think that a multi million dollar TECHNOLOGY company like Sony would be able to put out a better app than this. Wrong! So many glitches, slow play, and... spoiler alert... the bonus round ALWAYS pays out $30,000 if you win. What's the point? Why not some variety here? My 13 year old nephew could have created a better app than this! Get it together, Sony, get it together... Slow by Zcalanderbou on 2016/12/23 21:25 Takes way too long. Cant watch your friends turn live. Glitches by Student563 on 2016/12/20 14:09 Seriously, this game should be free. It was really good until I had won 6,000 in a round and in the next round it took all that money away from me (even though I didn't bankrupt). Please fix these glitches, because other than that this game is great! Cannot mute by heezy2061 on 2016/12/19 18:50 I play this game while listening to music with headphones on and the silent switch on. Sound from the game still comes through my headphones. There is no way to stop this. One star until a fix is made. Norma by February twelve on 2016/12/17 05:46 Game is a lot of fun. Only one problem. Someones head is always covering part of puzzle. This is kind of annoying. If this was fixed game would be a lot more fun to play. Great game by Devo2017 on 2016/12/17 04:44 Love this. Just like the real thing. I will tell everyone how fun this is. 😍 Looooooove this!!!!!! Perfect game!!!! by A*riginal on 2016/12/15 10:43 Love this game. It's my favorite!!! Fun by mav41fan on 2016/12/15 02:45 Great game Horribly long time to play a game with a friend!!! by Jaimbo123 on 2016/12/12 03:09 Bad bad bad by Gnubeesmom on 2016/12/04 18:43 Where's Vanna? Replaced by a Dalmatian. Needs Update by P&KS on 2016/12/03 13:03 Has this app ever had an update? I don't think I've seen one since I got it. Fun game my husband and I like to play against each other but there needs to be a set time with a buzzer on how long someone can take to guess the puzzle just like the real game show. It seems to land on bankruptcy an awful lot. Also, more variety in the puzzles and added ones with updates. Other than that pretty good game. Want My Money Back by KelsiCaliforniaa on 2016/12/01 20:07 Graphics are poor. It's slow. My software is all up to date and this is the only app that's slow. There's a free version that's much better, even with the ads. It's a lot more realistic and relatable to the green board, the spins are more "personal" you could say. Not worth the money AT ALL. 👎🏻👎🏻👎🏻 Like by vmbvmbvmb on 2016/12/01 03:55 I like it but drags a bit. Good game though. Could use faster wheel. Great game by smilesleyipod on 2016/11/28 18:50 A little slow, and really needs an option to turn off the sound. Otherwise, great! Great fun by Jesusfollower9 on 2016/11/28 03:58 It is a great way to relax and have fun. It is very life like in many ways making you feel like a contestant on the show. I'll buy a vowel by KMS1661 on 2016/11/26 08:07 I Am Addicted To WHEEL-OF-FORTUNE Pick up the pace by Olivetreereject on 2016/11/21 14:39 The game was ok but the silent pauses between each play broke up the flow of the game for me, it would have been nice to pick up the pace a little. As well as during the final round when you're throwing out guesses in a speed round there is no way to delete a letter you throw up there and start over quickly. Yay but... by woodyshauna7 on 2016/11/20 01:32 I got it thinking it would connect with chromecast, but it doesn't :( Rocks! by Rainingtea69 on 2016/11/20 00:33 Awesome! by gilrs on 2016/11/19 04:20 it cool and not it hard AWESOME BEAT FIRST ROUND by Wilson5! on 2016/11/18 02:25 I beat first round and it is awesome it is like doing actual Wheel of Fortune Clunky and not fun by Mcfmvf on 2016/11/13 11:20 I regret purchasing this game. It is not very fun and way too much commentary by "Pat". I'm sorry I didn't stick with the free version by scopely. Awesomeness!! by KaraokeJean on 2016/11/12 00:22 Having fun! I love this game by Barbara in Burlington on 2016/11/11 23:19 I love playing this game, but I do have a few critiques. I sometimes accidentally hit Solve when I am meaning to buy a vowel, it would be nice if it would confirm you want to solve before it takes you into that part. I want to mute the music because when I am playing as a passenger I the car and listening to music through Bluetooth it interferes with my music. Finally, every time I am the first to spin on a puzzle, the third spin is always a bankrupt or lose a turn. Wheel of Fortune by Old elephant on 2016/11/04 15:27 Would go thru one round and lock-up every time. Disappointed I actually paid for this...... Review by Bananaroad902 on 2016/11/03 18:51 Love it!! Don't like it by 47ville on 2016/11/02 04:16 The free one is better but I don't like the ads and I can't get the sound off. So I paid for this one and I don't like it. It wants you to FB and I still can't turn off the sound. Wasted my 3 bucks. Love this game! by Graciesmoms on 2016/11/01 23:49 Well worth the purchase price! Love love love by Deliasimsbark on 2016/10/28 20:35 All i can day is i absolutely love this game and im glad i gave it a try! MY FAVEEEE!!! Unable to mute music by Abstractful on 2016/10/26 05:00 I love this app, but the inability to mute the sound effects and music is quite annoying. One game in by Rosinup on 2016/10/25 20:07 I've only played one game but I love it so far. Lots of fun. Wish I could change the looks of the characters in more exciting ways. Can't turn off by DsmtLMT1969 on 2016/10/25 01:51 Problem I have with the game is that there isn't an option to turn the sounds off. I don't want to lower the volume on my phone cauz I'm afraid I will forget to turn it back up and it's my business phone as well. Love the game but Hate there isn't the sound option Wheel of FUN!!! by Bro Montana16 on 2016/10/22 05:24 👍🏾👍🏾 Wheel of fortune by Puppet Monster on 2016/10/21 05:08 So much fun! Even better than I hoped it would be. Just like the show on TV. The only down side is the money and prizes I win are not real!!! 😩 Amazing Graphics by Word Lovee on 2016/10/21 04:48 So Realistic. Best Graphics on ANY game I've played. If you Love Wheel, You Will LOVE this game! The best game! by Khyiha's on 2016/10/19 18:45 So much fun. Money money money by JBDallasTx on 2016/10/17 15:06 Great idea. Great game. Greedy developers. This is the third time I have to wait three days or pay to continue to play. Everywhere you go they want to charge you. Get lab results in eight hours and wait... or pay to get them instantly. Only enough energy to play a couple of times in a day, for a short time, unless... you guessed it, buy more energy. Terrible game by surrealitytl on 2016/10/17 04:41 Full of ads after you purchase the game?! This app needs to be lowered in rating. Fun!! by ImaginaryS744 on 2016/10/14 22:00 Just wish I could get rid of the word bubbles and move Pat's head. Awesome game! by Manubug on 2016/10/14 09:39 💕💕💕💕Dis game iz da best! Fun by Ray555555 on 2016/10/14 04:07 Reminds me of the wii version Not fun should be free by FtheCommercials on 2016/10/13 05:59 There's too much watching the computers play to enjoy playing solo. Too many bankrupts and not enough time to solve. Puzzles don't fit category. Not worth the money. Addictive by Newmr15 on 2016/10/11 22:13 Very fun! So Much Fun!! by SuperstarAc on 2016/10/11 00:52 I saw a few people review saying it's addicting.. yes it is! So glad I found this game! It's exactly like the show ! Yay! Don't buy this game! by Jed1234567 on 2016/10/09 21:21 Even though you buy the game you are still required to provide personal information in order to play. Ripoff! I want my money back. Could use some stream lining by Mck2056 on 2016/10/09 00:53 Like the app but there are a few missed opportunities. Touch ID to sign in would be great. Have to sign in every time is annoying. Also adding a "fast forward" button in addition to the "seek" button so you can completely skip through other players turns to get to yours. Don't like having to hit the button 20 times to get to my turn. Frustrating by drfrva on 2016/10/04 01:05 You cannot see the board because Pat's head and continuous speech bubbles are in the way. Waste of money! Where's the mute button? by caligirl58 on 2016/10/03 19:24 Great app except there is no way to mute. Not cool if you're waiting in a quiet place with other people around or playing in bed when the spouse is trying to sleep. I shouldn't have to manually turn my volume down on my phone or mute my phone. Chances are after playing this game, I'd forget to increase my volume or un-mute. Love It! by Diiamonds86 on 2016/10/03 09:10 So much Fun! Fantastic!!!! by Twigaduma on 2016/10/02 22:25 Cant believe how real this is. Exactly like being there without the tax liability. Love it. Great game by Gb9848 on 2016/10/02 14:29 I am. It a game player, but this one is a lot of fun. Realistic by AcyII on 2016/10/01 19:44 Very close to the real thing. Rated by Trwright325 on 2016/10/01 00:53 Love it!!!!! Paid but still get advertising by 363850027262 on 2016/09/30 23:11 Not as fun as other 'wheels' I've tried. I'm Addicted! by Agr8mom on 2016/09/30 15:30 Oh, how I love this game! Everything from the graphics to the lifelike animated players. Feels like I'm right there with Pat 🤗 Player by Wheeljunkie on 2016/09/29 19:00 Super fun just like tv!!! Wheel of fortune by sandman14769 on 2016/09/29 03:26 Love it Add more wedges and puzzles! by Wing sauce maker on 2016/09/28 21:37 I love this game. It's so addicting! Anyway, add more wheel wedges like Gift Tag, Half Car, Trip wedge, and Express wedge! Also add more puzzles. I've played this so many times that I know all the puzzles from the back of my head. Please add more wedges and puzzles! I would appreciate it! This is Great by roasting_rachel on 2016/09/26 01:45 Wheel Of Fortune is really, really fun and it does not require wifi. I will be happy to give this app a great five stars Settings??? by angeleyez4u2 on 2016/09/26 01:31 The game itself is good and fun. The graphics are nice as well. The only thing that I don't like is the volume and music settings are non-existent. I would like to be able to control the volume of the game without having to lower or mute my entire phone. Fix this and it will be a 5 star. Fix notifications by Jadeque d on 2016/09/25 21:34 Notifications don't work. I'd rather play the game with actual people but if youre not being notified it's your turn then you're not able to consistently. Please fix Multiplayer isn't worth the money by DIDD3KONG on 2016/09/22 22:46 When you play multiplayer, you can't see your friends spin and play. You sit on a waiting screen the whole time. Good app to try out once, not for the money though. Wasted 3 bucks. Great game...not enough puzzles by Pa2000 on 2016/09/20 17:18 We love the game, but after playing it a few hours the puzzles start repeating themselves--"cashmere slippers" over and over! It seems like having a bunch of puzzles would be the easy part. Wonderful game by GmomnFlorida on 2016/09/20 13:16 Love this game. Please make these adjustments. Get Pat's head out of the way. Keep me signed into game. When my opponent wins a game, I want to watch it happen. I can only see the results. One question: can I have more than one opponent ? Wheely Fun! by Peggylee2u on 2016/09/20 12:53 Thanks for years of fun with Pat and Vanna...our family enjoys during our family game night. Wheel of fortune by Hollywood 11 on 2016/09/18 02:07 I love wheel and enjoy watching while I was a child but enjoyed playing on my iPhone Refund by Justin Heidler. on 2016/09/17 12:00 I would like a refund please Fun, but unfair to the real player. by Asssley on 2016/09/17 07:57 Typically hard to beat the PC because they rarely guess letters that aren't in the puzzle and I hit bankrupt or lose a turn about 50% of the time. Takes patience, but still fun. Awesome by Blstrong on 2016/09/16 17:40 I am soooo addicted to this game!!!! I am also an avid wheel watcher and have been for years. Great fun! by Gigi5390 on 2016/09/16 05:11 Enjoy playing :) I'm Loving by NewzNerd on 2016/09/13 19:52 Love the app. Worth it in terms of prices and memory. The only issue I have is that sometimes the board is partially obscured by Pat's head or the other contestants' guesses, which can be frustrating when you're close to solving the puzzle. It's not always a problem; but it's irksome when it does happen. That's my one issue. Otherwise, please don't hesitate if you're on the fence after checking out other lesser WOF games. Hate it! by Momma0914 on 2016/09/12 23:05 I hate it. Very complicated Family fun by Taylormade824 on 2016/09/11 21:39 Great fun for those long road trips. Wheel by Nanaofjosh on 2016/09/11 15:44 This game is a great time passer and keeps your mind active. Wish could of kept my 122 million. Got new iPad have to start all over again. Tons of fun! by Taliasaunt on 2016/09/10 03:39 Playing this game makes me feel so smart. I watch the TV show, so this gives me practice. Great Game But Needs Sounds Setting by stolz55 on 2016/09/04 05:25 I really enjoy the game but it is very frustrating to not be able to toggle the sound effects/game music on and off. Love it but needs more stuff in it by AD2298 on 2016/09/03 21:10 Dear Sony Pictures Television, I really love your app, but the wheel needs to have more stuff to it, like a car, a trip, and more. You have a great app. I will rate you 5 stars if you add more stuff to the game. Thanks!😀 Could Be Better by AndyGraf on 2013/02/23 03:58 Too many camera motions and cut shots, makes you dizzy. Can only create one custom avatar, pretty lame when you want multiplayer to be more enjoyable for all players. Avatar options still pretty limited, but better and more options than the game's original version (Wheel HD). Gameplay was much smoother in the original version. World bubbles add too much screen clutter. Skip button should jump to next required action, not just the next cut scene - I have to press the skip button about 5 times more per round that I had to with the original version. Details are far more improved, wheel spins much more smoothly. No prize puzzle. Computer players very dumb, too easy to win. Overall, it's enjoyable for the sake of playing Wheel of Fortune, but there are a LOT of improvements and updates that could be made to make this version a lot better. It's not awful, but not great, hence the rating. Would get 5 stars from me if improvements were made according to my comments above. Still love wheel and will enjoy this game every now and then, would have been satisfied not spending money AGAIN to get this new version when I already paid $5 for the original before they discontinued it, seeing that this one really isn't much better at all. Oh yeah, and Pat is in it but still no Vanna... Bummer... Still works on iTouch 3rd Gen, but... by germanname on 2013/02/22 05:49 the system requires a restart. Fortunately, at best, it's just an inconvenience, but it made me start thinking about getting the current generation. I hope future updates will still work for 3rd gen at least until I get a newer iTouch. If it can, I'd be appreciative. Also, speaking of future updates, I am a HUGE fan of the show, and I love checking out old, antique episodes even from the 1970s with Chuck Woolery as host as well as international versions old and new. I have heard rumors that you wanted to keep the show as new as possible, although I don't know if that's true or not. Making retro theme settings is a step in the right direction, but if you would be able to do the same with the Wheel layouts to try and match the mood of each set, maybe adding some other values, styles, and colours in the process, I'm certain that will add more flair and variety to what is the best Wheel of Fortune game I've ever played, with the SEGA CD version of Wheel ranking among another big favorite of mine. Although I understand I'm simply just a fan, it's a suggestion I thought I'd share with you folks to consider, but even if you're unable to make new layouts, that's okay. The game is still something worth playing. Why the nasty reviews? This game is GREAT! by bjj0001 on 2013/02/22 15:24 Whoever is not running iOS 6 should consider upgrading their iOS firmware to it and/or get a newer device (one that is supported by Apple). This app works normally on both, plus it makes a great way to play my friends with the GameCenter feature. Wish there was still a voice for Pat Sajak; Prize Puzzle, 1/2 CAR tags, Free Spin tags, Surprise wedges, Featured Prize wedges, classic style bonus round, turnable letter panels, and all other features (no Vanna is okay, since gameplay would be delayed) for their respective eras, but in all other circumstances, this app would make a GREAT addition to GameCenter, no matter what iOS device you have (iPod touch [4th or 5th generation], iPad with Retina Display, iPad Mini, iPhone [4S or 5]). Make sure you have one of these devices before you try to play this game. In other words, with the latest firmware and hardware, it's a great game to play, especially with family & friends. Once more, if you using an older iOS device that's no longer supported by Apple, you need to have it recycled. Now if only all of my other favorite game show apps were GameCenter apps..., that would make me extremely happy. Sloooow Play and Never Notifies When It's My Turn by Thiokol on 2016/07/02 00:21 Was looking for a replacement for What's The Phrase now that it's shutting down. Tried a few but they were all terrible. Decided to try the "original" game so paid for this (which I seldom do) to see if it would work. Wish I had waited. The game play takes forever. You can hold the fast forward button but why should I have to for all the nonsense they put in? Watch the wheel slowly spin after prompted by Pat, watch avatars clap, wait some more, then finally get a chance to pick. And if you are wrong you wait forever for another turn. Another problem with multiplayer is that I never get notified when it's my turn. I have notifications on and allowed them from the beginning but I am never told when it's my turn. Guessing that's why multiplayer takes so long since no one knows when it's their turn. If you want to improve the game, Sony, take a lot of the elements from WTP (game speed, etc) and implement them in this game. I wouldn't have minded paying for a decent some but this is bad. Sony needs to understand that an exact translation of TV show to game app doesn't work well since the pacing is too slow for what people want on a mobile device. Best Wheel Sim in Years by Scott Baret on 2013/06/02 12:56 I've played many Wheel games since the Apple II days and this one is the best by far. I do wish Vanna White was here, but after most of the renditions went without Pat Sajak, I'm happy to have him (especially since the Encore version for Mac didn't have any host). This is a huge boost for the Wheel franchise after the disappointing THQ versions from a few years back. The opponents do seem easy so far, but that has never really been the strength of any Wheel video game. I'm looking forward to unlocking the historical sets and like how they were included in the game for the show's 30th anniversary. The variety of puzzles is nice although they left out the prize puzzle aspect. This is a must have for any Wheel fan, especially if you felt ripped off after trying the THQ games a few years back and are still looking for something to replace that old copy of the MacSoft game you keep your iMac G3 around for. A Game that Provides Fun Competition but Poor Development by Sony by DRL1021 on 2015/08/14 22:29 This game does provide good competition and entertainment especially when you are playing against another person in the "Pass and Play" mode. However, the fact that there is no option to select your own player in the "Pass and Play" mode is a very big drawback in this game. There are also no periodic updates in new puzzles as one would expect in a paid app. I have bought all the themed puzzle packs and it is beginning to get very annoying to see the same puzzles appear over and over. With Sony being such a large well-known reputable company, you would expect the quality of the game development to be much better than it is. It is also very disappointing that you pay $ for this game, then you are constantly being bombarded with all the Mpoints and Facebook ads. Overall, I give this game a 5 out of 10 mostly due to the lack of support and slipshod game development by Sony. Fun wheel!! by Natasha200 on 2013/07/07 16:40 I just bought it- the game is really fun!! Yes, it can be pretty long, unless you've guessed it right and solved the puzzle, so it is up to you. But then that's the whole idea- just like their TV show. I have not tried this game on my iPhone yet, but it plays fine on my iPad -3d Generation((: I have a few complaints, however. One is that Pat's head obstructs the view of a puzzle( Pat needs to stand somewhere else). Another minor issue is that there seems to be no adjustment for volume in the game itself; you need turn off the volume on your own devise. Lastly, when your own character is created- you can't change him or her. If you get bored looking the same, you'll have to erase "yourself" and start from the very beginning( you'll lose all your previous winnings). Otherwise, this game is relaxing and fun!!! I totally recommend it! Frustratingly less challenging by Giant Speck on 2017/01/08 03:37 I've been playing this game off and on for a few years now. Sometimes I'll play it for a few weeks and then I'll uninstall it. Every time I come back to the game, it seems like it's gotten dumbed down and less challenging. There's really no way you can lose a solo game unless you were actively trying to lose, and even then, it's difficult. The computer characters are not very competitive and when a character gets on a streak, they ruin it by making obvious mistakes. For example, a character gets far enough that only one letter remains. By this point, it's extremely obvious what the answer to the puzzle is, but then the character spits out a completely nonsensical letter and loses their turn. The other character ends up making an equally embarrassing mistake and the puzzle gets thrown back to the human player to solve. A lot of fun but crashes A LOT. by Parrot Freak on 2013/01/16 22:27 They did a great job making a very fun game that is as close to the real deal as you're gonna get. The game is very fun and addicting but comes with two major flaws. It crashes a lot. I mean a minimum of once per every two or three games. Load time is slow too, so there is about 40-60 seconds from game crash to being back where you left off. On the plus side, they did a fairly good job of remembering your previous game so you won't worry about losing much if any progress. The second issue is that the game is pretty slow. I'm on an iPad 1st gen so I'm sure that isn't helping much, but there are several areas where the game is pretty laggy. The only real time this actually gets in the way is during toss-up puzzles where I've actually missed the win because the game didn't register my taps. It's aggravating but not a deal breaker to me. On the plus side, the game has a lot of puzzles. I've been playing a solid week now and I'm seeing repeat puzzles quite frequently now, but I still am finding new ones which is nice. Hopefully they will update the game so we can have new puzzles. I really like the game, but would absolutely love it if it weren't so buggy. I don't think it's anything that would steer any true game show fan away, but it's good to know. Great game, now pushes its ad service a bit too much by Tom "slowbro" on 2014/04/22 00:24 Well everyone who watches early evening TV knows the game, and this version plays it well. It's a lot of fun. The AI opponents are bad at the game, but that takes away from the fun only a little for me. After the latest update, this app includes offers from some kind of ad service. That's okay, I can ignore that; except now, many times a game, blurbs pop up saying I earned points to spend with the sponsors. They pop up after every puzzle I solve, as well as several before the bonus round. I have to tap them to make them disappear. It's an annoyance, but I think I'll go on enjoying the game. I'll admit I haven't actually checked out the offers ... maybe I'd like them ... but I highly doubt it. If it ain't free, it ain't for me...but... by LauraAnn121 on 2016/01/05 03:57 I never pay for apps. My motto is "if it ain't free, then it ain't for me". However, I received an iTunes gift card for Christmas & used it to purchase a lot of books. I had a few bucks left over & bought some songs. With $7 left, I decided to browse through games & found my all time favorite; Wheel of Fortune. This game is definitely worth spending a few bucks for hours of entertainment. You can accumulate points to buy things with an MRewards program that comes with the game. Customizing characters is fun! In addition, you can play with friends online or play it on your smartTV when you have company & get everyone involved with the fun! I recommend this game to anyone who loves Wheel of Fortune! Fun but scary by Having a ball on 2013/06/07 00:59 Love this game, loads of fun and don't feel guilty spending time on it. Two issues for me: the eyes of the contestants are huuuuge, to a point where it is scary and with there being so many close ups on this game it's really distracting which is why my person has glasses. Next issue is that i never know during the rounds how much time I have to think and select my letters. I should like less close ups of the people and/or the wheel and more viewing of the board so to have a chance to think about the puzzle. I feel distracted by the the many changes of views and with the clarity of the colors on the IPad it's even more chocking. Please look into these. Otherwise this is awesome. My siblings and I are in different countries and we play each other a lot. Thanks I love the show - the game makes it better by Courtneylynn05 on 2015/02/08 22:36 There are a few things I would like to compliment before I get into the issues I have. First things first I LOVE how many options there are for my avatar it took me a bit to see how I could change the color of clothes but once I found that I was golden. I enjoy the different themes but I've almost purchased them all so new ones would be nice. My biggest problem right now is when I open the app it crashes. I am on my iPad Air if it makes a difference current software as well. The other small issue I have is the toss up puzzles are the same a lot I'm not sure how you randomize them but sometimes I play 2 games in a row and have a duplicate toss up (this is minor but still a gripe) thanks for the great game!!! Incredible, minor issues by Zphit5 on 2014/06/06 04:08 Wheel of Fortune has been my favorite television show for over 10 years, so I was pleased to hear that they have started making video games based on the show. I have the WII & This version, and between the two, I'd have to say the WII Version is better. For instance, The only things on the wheel in this game are, The dollar amounts, of course, the big money wedges and in round 1, The Jackpot Wedge and in round 3, The Mystery Wedges whereas in the WII Version, there's the dollar prizes, the Mystery and Jackpot, but, in this game the have the thousand dollar gift tag, and the Featured Prize, which means on Wii, you can make a lot more money, too! And I really like how in the Wii game, they have Vanna, too! So, to sum all this up, I really like Wii better than this game, though it not horrible! Good, but... by KellyJoySchulz on 2013/04/10 00:51 I'm enjoying this app, but I have noticed something that another user commented on, which is that it doesn't seem possible to actually win the $1million. I've landed on it, not gone bankrupt or even lost a turn for the rest of the game (not just the round; the entire game), won the final puzzle, and never saw the money. I even won the next game, which was the last in the set of 5 games in a row, without ever losing a turn or going bankrupt, so I'm sure that this is a glitch and not a mistake or misunderstanding on my part. So...? What's the deal? (Also- does anyone know: was this app more expensive a while ago? I paid $3 for it, and I could've sworn that when I first noticed it, it was more than that... Just curious.) Okay but not great by LacyJaK on 2015/01/27 00:38 I'd like to give this app 3.5 stars but I can't. It's okay but I have a few disappointments in it. First, for you to get additional outfits/looks for your avatar you have to purchase them. (I believe you can win some additional but I haven't accomplished this yet) I feel for spending $2.99 I shouldn't have to use anymore real money. Second, I was excited about playing the old style of Wheel of Fortune. What a disappointment when I picked the older decades and it is the same play style of today just with the old staging background. I've only played solo so I cannot provide an opinion of the pass and play or the spin together. But the solo play isn't bad. If you don't want to sit through the computer players you can click a fast forward button. Needs More Challenge by Atliana1132 on 2013/03/15 16:30 At first I thought this was a fantastic game, but after a couple of weeks it's way too boring. The problem is the competitors have been programmed to be stupid so that your character always wins. For instance, in the game I just played the letters already revealed where FISHIN_ POLE. Sure enough the computerized character selected X so that my character would be able to win. It's gotten to the point that have deliberately gone out of my way to try and answer the letters wrong just to see what happens. There is also a glitch when you win the million dollar spot. It says to hold onto it until the end and win big money unless you go bankrupt. I landed on the spot, won the next two games (of course) and then won the final round. Never once was the million dollars awarded to my character. READ PLEASE by 10124nh on 2012/12/31 00:45 Ok we'll I love the game very fun and addicting but for some reason all of a sudden every time I play solo it crashes I don't care about the three dollars that's not my problem the problem with this is that this should not be happening in on a three dollar game. I have had a iPod touch for quit some time and with all of my games on that I have never had this happen. So I bought the game on my new iPad 2 thinking it would be great graphics. But it started CRASHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Bottom line I would not buy it or tell any one to buy this game to much money for the price u have to pay. Very much disappointed in this problem please PLEASE FIX even if u come out with a new version or a different app that would be great please please please Fix!! Anyone looking at this DON'T BUY!!!! "This Category is..." Dissapointing by LuvOurLabs on 2014/06/16 02:07 Firstly, I bought this app because I was expecting online multiplayer and there is none, why? While reading a review comparing this app to the Wii version, I was thinking it would be a simulator replica of the show rather than a cheap imitation. Considering how long Wheel of Fortune has been active and how much money is involved; I didn't expect actual money or prizes to win, but I did expect to see and play the game as if you were watching it on your television, which I assume is how the Wii version plays. I do seem to be hitting BANKRUPT after every million dollar win and that's very annoying. Feels less like a legitimate spin and more like a set-up. If online multiplayer is ever updated, please don't force us to register into some database that's going to send us spam emails and the like. Just ask for what we want to use as out sign-in/name and password, done. Possibly, include a fourth person so that there are 4 people rather than 3 people playing and allow a Contact List so people can play with Friends and a Quick Match selection to play with other people who are also playing. Fun by Bekaru on 2016/02/04 03:17 Lots of Fun. Love how it has the option to fast forward when it's the computer people's turns!! It would be very nice though if there was more categories!! I've had the game for a couple of years now, and purchased just about all of the purchasable categories. I would've thought that by now, it would've updated to have more categories (to purchase) as well as new puzzles to the existing categories- as I basically know the answer to just about every single puzzle when it comes up. Definitely a fun game though!! Would love to see some new categories added, like maybe music, animals, TV, something new!! Meh by Cloroxbb on 2014/11/12 00:52 Only bought this cause the wife wanted to play, and it works on Chromecast too. The gameplay is very slow and clunky. Also on the final round where it gives you RSTLE or whatever, don't choose the exact missing letters of the puzzle before it starts or you can't actually win. I had "titles" and the RSTLE uncovered the S,N,E,L of "Swan Lake," so all I needed was W,A,K. I chose them, it filled in the final letters and then I couldn't do anything except let the time run out because the game didn't realize that I guessed it. So the time ran out and told me I was incorrect. It's a bug that needs fixing me thinks. Hope this helps anyone. Wouldn't waste money on this game. It's not as good as it should be. Too much animation that makes impatient people like me, annoyed. Addicting! by Aviva’s Inhaler on 2016/08/30 23:14 Top notch app; so hard to resist "just one more round!" The puzzles are challenging but logical - i.e. nothing obscure or esoteric - and the variety is great. My only real beef is with Sajak's head: (1) His face is too lifelike, appearing next to the cartoonish contestants - and he must have had final approval because it's very flattering, lol. (2) His head almost always blocks letters on the board. Often, the only chance for an unobstructed view is when it's your turn. This is one glitch I seriously hope the developers will correct. Other than that - great fun. Highly recommend. Can you spell D-I-S-A-P-P-O-I-N-T-E-D? by Murph67 on 2013/11/17 02:56 The game is fun to play solo, but I have been very disappointed about many features of this game. 1. Why is there a cowBOY shirt, but no cowGIRL shirt? Kinda sexist, don't you think? A cowgirl's gotta have her bling too! 2. I wish you could save the characters and their stats so other people playing on the iPad can quickly access their avatar. 3. When you click on play and pass, you can't design the characters. You just have to play as player 1 and player 2 with some random looking players. 4. My husband and I wanted to play a game together, each using our own iPad. There are invite options, but we couldn't get any of them to work. 5. A reward system should be installed so you can work your way up and you feel like your actually accomplishing something. So far I can't figure out how to unlock anything w/o actually buying it. 6. The audio works on my iPhone, but not my iPad. As a Wheel Fan since I was a child some 30 years ago, I feel like this game could offer so much more. Had I known it had so many restrictions, I doubt I would have paid the $2.99. Wheel of Misfortune by James Irion on 2013/01/12 03:22 Having purchased this app over the holidays and using it on my new iPod Touch 5G, I have quickly discovered that while playing Solo for the career mode I spin the wheel and too often land on either Bankrupts or Lose A Turns. I've even landed on Bankrupts in one round the other night three times in a row. That can't be realistic. And I'm not sure if the $1000/Mystery wedges are intended to be Bankrupts all the time, but the three times I've managed to land on them and chose Mystery I've been hit with even more Bankrupts. Since there is no difficulty setting this many misfortunes seems begging to be fixed a.s.a.p. Thank you, because otherwise the game would be more palpable. Wheel of Mis-fortune by Grannan7 on 2016/01/18 01:28 Wheel of Fortune is both fun & frustrating. You have no control over the wheel - it moves at whatever speed it wants, despite how carefully you try to control the speed. Also, I've noticed that I receive more lost turns, bankruptcies & less high-dollar squares than the computer-generated puzzles. But, most frustrating is that for the toss-up puzzles, I can tap in to answer, but nothing happened. I just finished a game where I hit the button 3 times before the computer generated player rang the bell. Other complaint is that there's no differences in the puzzles from the different eras. But it's better than not having the game at all. Update by luis0788 on 2016/06/08 07:40 What I would like is for this app to be updated to the show's current format (ex. half-cars, prize puzzles, The Express Lane, etc....) because this version is mostly an old-style type of version and I would like to see this app look like the show's current version, because I don't see the Jackpot on the wheel anymore, and the app still has the show's 30th Anniversary on it, and that was about a few years ago. The app needs to be like the show's current version, and I expect it to be fully updated very soon. It's Good, but needs to Sync better for Achievements by InterestedMommy on 2013/07/15 06:10 I Love this game. I could play it all the time.. Come on, it's Wheel, Baby! The only downside (and the only reason I felt compelled to write this) is that it doesn't sync up with my achievements completely. Case in point.. I know I've gotten over the $1,000,000 mark for sure, but the Achievements show that I have only won about $300,000 to $400,000? And then it will go up and then back down. For my user, I expect for Wheel (being the classy and big player game it is) to please fix this! I should be excited to see a benchmark like $5,000,000 soon... But please, it's still showing me just over $300,000 no matter how much I play. Addicting and fun! by bmacva on 2013/06/02 21:56 UPDATE: I landed on the Million wedge and it said I'd get a chance at one million dollars if I held on to the wedge until the bonus round. Amazingly, I did (I usually land on Bankrupt at least twice a round), but I never had any chance at the million. Two issues or this would get a 5 star review. Gameplay is too slow. Please let me have the option to tap screen when I'm ready to move on. I don't need to see hanging heads every time! Also, I like winning but my computer players are not too bright. Can they be smartened up? I am not experiencing crashes and otherwise the game is fun. Real Players? by VioletKS on 2015/12/27 01:21 I often wonder if I'm actually playing against real people or if I'm playing against a computer spitting out random answers. Does anyone really ever guess "H" when there are no other letters on the board or guess "U" as the first vowel when there's no indication that it's in the puzzle? I've never seen them get it right. If these are real people playing, then you should match people up with others more at their own level. Sure, it's nice to win most of the time, but it's also irritating to play against such ignorance. Or, perhaps the other players are actually computers. Very good app? Not really... by Andysgrl on 2012/12/16 23:11 I wrote a review last night praising the app. Today the app stopped working, it opens ok but when I go to Play it crashes. Really? $2.99 for a crappy app? Fix or give everyone their money back. *Update: I uninstalled the app and reinstalled, I thought it was fixed. Today it was working fine until one of the "Before & After" puzzles only had a 5 letter word all the way at the bottom of the board, obviously it was missing most of the puzzle words. Could not clear it or get passed it and the app started to crash. Had to delete and I'm considering not reinstalling. What a hassle! Oh yeah! and landing on Bankruptcy 3 times in a row and having one of the players then proceed to guess every letter in the puzzle isn't cheating at all. Stupid rigged game. Great game, but a couple of flaws by ~Disappointing on 2016/04/26 02:47 Overall this is a pretty good game. I had a ton of iTunes money so I decided to pay the 3 dollar charge to get the game. It's a fun game, but there are some downsides. One, the game is way too expensive. This app is definitely not worth 2.99, I would price it at 99 cents at the most. Second, there needs to be difficulty levels. These puzzles are way too easy for most people and can get boring when you make it to the bonus round every time. Other then that it's a great game, but I wouldn't waste your money unless you have some to spare in iTunes. Functional, but annoying by Waltonky on 2014/08/19 18:48 The app works for me but this game is severely lacking in the options department. The most annoying aspect is this M points stuff which I have no desire to partake in. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be a way to turn off the incessant pop ups telling me how many M points I just made. Another common thing is that there does not appear to be an option or a method to auto-advance to my next turn. Yes, there is the fast forward button, but I have to stop and gold it down after each turn. This, in conjunction with having to close out every single M point award notification, makes for a very tedious and undesirable user experience. Wheel of Fortune- Officer Reviews by Hitman1774 on 2015/09/19 13:24 Based on the hit TV game show of the same name, Wheel Of Fortune is definitely like the original. It's fun puzzles and fun gameplay will have players begging for more. It also features a 1v1v1 match so you can play against other players. The only thing getting in the way is the lagginess of the game. It lags very often and will crash if playing to long. It's something to look into, but not for the iOS. If you can find the game for the console, then it is definitely worth it. Other than that, the iOS game will be better if fixed in the near future. For now, enjoy what you have right now. Recommendations by Bells96 on 2015/12/03 15:53 I love this app, but there are a couple of things I've had problems with. I think there should be a settings option so that you can turn off the music and sound effects. I would also like to say that I've won the game several times with the Million Dollar wedge still in my possession (no bankruptcies to take it away) and the game didn't reward me with the "money." Even the times when I completed the bonus round, I still didn't the receive the million. If you could fix this, it would be great. Thank you. :) Love this app! by GrannaSAnne on 2013/06/20 20:26 Great game! Great graphics! Loads of fun! Really well done! Love the ability to connect with others to play. Would love it even more if (1) there was an option to turn off the music at start-up, (2) seems strange to not see Vanna White at all, and (3) Pat blocks the puzzle when it's the other players turn. But don't let that stop you from using this app. They are minor tweaks compared to how awesome the game is. No app is perfect (but this one comes close). If you enjoy watching Wheel of Fortune you will love this app! Core game is good but... by Puffinator 2000 on 2014/03/10 16:26 The core game is good and it plays well but there are some basic issues. Computer players are waaaaaay too easy to play against and English is my 2nd language! Having a few difficulty levels available would make this a much more enjoyable game. Also why on earth is there not an option to mute the sound? Apart from the wrong answer buzzer being annoying this really is the perfect game to play while listening to something else as the sound is totally secondary to the actual gameplay. Would easily give it 5 stars if basic settings were available and the difficulty could be set to an appropriate level. Needs work by deeeman on 2014/03/24 17:48 The puzzles on this game are fun in solo and in pass/play mode. However, I think the online version is incredibly lacking. I have just a few questions to pick Sony's brain. *Why doesn't it assign you an opponent who is actually online? Instead, they just give you a random opponent and you have to wait for them to sign in before you play it. *Why don't they have (fantasy) prize packages like they do on the TV show? It would make this game more realistic because all this one gives you is money. I used to play an old version of this game for Windows 98 and it prize packages on it. *I also think there should be difficulty levels on this game. Some of the puzzles are ridiculously easy and I don't think they would even put them on the show. I've noticed that my game has crashed a few times, and I have a new Ipad air. This game is fun if you like to multi task in solo mode and are a diehard fan of the show, but it is not fun for those who want to engage in online competition. Disappointing & Expensive by QueenMean on 2016/06/18 02:25 Pat & players don't talk. You have to read the captions. I bought this app for my dad to play because he loves to watch the show. Also there's some kind of scam with the stores where you buy themes. I was tricked the first time after already paying $2.99 & I shouldn't have to see ads. The game itself is fun but the opponents are dumb. It would be nice if the points we earn could be used to buy more themes or hairdos. I tried to open the rewards but I couldn't because I didn't have cellular data on my iPad mini or something to do with location. Winning! by Try before you buy on 2013/07/28 17:08 Finally a game that understands that games are suppose to be fun and it is fun to win! Most app games are frustrating and try your last nerve, this one is just a good time. Great way to pass some time while traveling or when you are not feeling well. I am very satisfied with my purchase. Also, there is an in game store to purchase more puzzles. I haven't had to do this yet though. You will be happy with this purchase if you like puzzle games. Goodbye candy crush! Love! But fix a few problems, please! by Adelheidramirez on 2013/03/28 23:23 I love, love, love this game. Especially this latest version. However, I often find the game stuck without anything happening when I've pushed the >> button too quickly. Most recently it was after my character landed on bankrupt and I wanted to zoom through the actions of the other players to get to my turn again. Please fix! I'm tired of having to re-start my game so often. Thank you. Big fan! Love it by Mariagia on 2015/03/07 01:32 This app is wonderful. My friends and I play it all the time, and it leaves us with great memories. It hasn't crashed once, and the games aren't too long. I don't know why people rate it three or lower. If I enjoy it, so will you, the price is definitely worth what the app provides. Furthermore, in most of the reviews I have written, I was harsh and pointed out flaws and bugs. Although for this app, I have nothing negative to say. Overall, this game is definitely worth it. Not bad, but... by paczjj15 on 2013/01/04 09:22 ...wheel spinning has no pattern to it. Spin speed, wedge position before spin, etc., are not accounted for. It's just random. Also, Bankrupt comes up way too often. I can hit Bankrupt in 3 consecutive spins that I take, and it seems to come up about 1 in 3 spins. This isn't a complaint about difficulty because that's mostly fine. Considering that there's 20-30 spaces and Bankrupt is hit that often, it's bad coding for the wheel spin. That really needs to be fixed to be more realistic. It's not a bad game to play, but really hard to get any kind of decent score because of the wheel. Good app if it's free because... by Hmmm4 on 2015/06/20 08:41 I love this game because it's very close to the original game and very cool. Having said that, I don't know if it's perfect considering I had to pay 5 bucks because after 10 games, same questions started to pop up. Especially, I got frustrated when I paid a dollar for a new theme because the notes up and bonus round puzzles have less than 10 patterns, which makes me wonder if it was worth paying extra. Again it's cool, but for a 5 dollar app, the developer should do a better job in satisfying by adding new puzzles. Hmmm.... by Melimasehoney on 2016/02/08 00:56 It is so much fun to play & great to stimulate my mind. I am currently frustrated about the game because I have been playing for a while & doing awesome but I never get the big $ on the wheel or the wilds, jackpot, etc... But the other 2 players hit those all the time.... It should be a better experience from the game especially after this long! This is happening when I play solo. Which I do all the time. It gives 2 other characters to play (computer people) not real people. So I'm frustrated with that! Great Fun by Belle of Baltimore on 2016/02/06 05:03 ....You have to pay full attention to the game to play it, but it is a lot of fun. I totally agree with the person who said it was nice to win often, but that the other players are either stupid computers or nonsensical people . Sometimes it is ridiculously obvious what the answer is, but the other "people" playing will guess a letter that couldn't possibly fit. That is frustrating. I don't have to win all the time - I certainly wouldn't in real life, so I don't expect to in the game, either. Too easy by Jerryaumen87 on 2014/02/10 16:08 A good game but my only complaint is that the computer players are too easy. Maybe have an easy, normal, hard, very hard. Not realistic when playing computer. That's the only reason I didn't give it 5 stars. Also would like to see solo stats like how many wins and losses you have in solo mode along with earnings and you can add other little stats in there too. Finally, would like to see prize packages on the wheel. Those little tweets are why it's 4 stars instead of 5. Very enjoyable. I like everything by Money free! on 2016/01/19 01:52 I have no complaints. I like everything about the show! I also like Pat.a lot. I do pretty good on some catagorries but some are the pits. I think I need to go back to school The only complaint I have is that on the toss ups I have to spell it out and the other people just say it, If I miss spell it by an I or e I lose it where if I could say I it would be mine. That's not fair. I would also like the money I won. I love this game by Barbara in Burlington on 2016/11/11 23:19 I love playing this game, but I do have a few critiques. I sometimes accidentally hit Solve when I am meaning to buy a vowel, it would be nice if it would confirm you want to solve before it takes you into that part. I want to mute the music because when I am playing as a passenger I the car and listening to music through Bluetooth it interferes with my music. Finally, every time I am the first to spin on a puzzle, the third spin is always a bankrupt or lose a turn. DONT WASTE YOUR MONEY by pezzi22 on 2015/01/02 02:51 Repeated three puzzles within the first 20 minutes of playing… Locked up several times and kicked us out… Why everybody doesn't allow you to leave the app at all while playing. If you try to answer text it locks up the entire game for everyone. If you're in the bonus round and you guess every letter in the puzzle it doesn't allow you to win. The spinning wheel doesn't appear on the big screen but rather only on the individuals phone which is stupid. I can't believe they are charging for this game while there are so many problems!!!! I want a refund. It's really too bad because this game does have potential. Frozen by Lindsey Lending on 2017/01/17 17:42 This app froze after the first 10 minutes of play. Complete waste of money, doesn't even work. Enjoy but needs some fixes by Glendiana on 2017/01/16 15:08 Fun game, needs a mute setting. The million $ on the wheel never shows up in your chances. Even when you win it and have no brankupts. So much worse than the older version by 2317 softball rules on 2017/01/16 05:31 Graphics are bad, can't build a normal looking character, haven't figured out how to turn sound off, can't play totally by yourself like the old version. Deleting this one :( Fixed issues by IntheDarkInmyHouse on 2017/01/15 17:45 I like you can keep spinning if if you guess correctly. It's more like the actual game. Still a lot of pauses which makes it slow. But much better. Update please!!! by Calomal on 2017/01/13 12:12 Would be better if the characters can talk or if u can speak your letters. Also it needs to be updated like the actual show such as prizes on the wheel and prize puzzle. Slow by Debi’s Stuff on 2017/01/12 15:20 Slow, slow, slow. Not challenging Fun however by Syryne1 on 2017/01/11 07:20 The game is fun enough. There doesn't seem to be any way to turn off music or sounds. If I want to play at the dr. Office waiting room, the music and sounds blare. This is bad & embarrassing. This was a waste ! by Tami jones on 2017/01/10 22:57 All they keep wanting to do is advertisement and wanting your information. You can't just play! It's 299 waste of money Purchased this app by mistake. by Linda958 on 2017/01/09 21:30 Purchased by mistake. Too difficult to get to the game itself! It's ad free, but you have to do a bunch to get to the actual game!!! Fun fun fun by Stephen in West Grove on 2017/01/09 17:51 I've always loved wheel of fortune since I was a kid. What a nice gig for Pat and Vanna. The E version is fun to pass the time away. Wheel is Very Fun by maxthetool on 2017/01/09 03:20 Wheel of Fortune for iPhone is just great! Couldn't be better! Entertaining by Susie1001 on 2017/01/09 01:40 Always enjoyed the tv show and this is fun too. You can do other things, i.e. Cook, laundry, watch tv and still play. No worth the money by Chicgeek23 on 2017/01/08 07:37 Paying for an app that is distributed by a major corp would suggest a phenomenal app but that is not the case. The puzzle is blocked by word bubbles and it's just too easy of a game. I'm sure the payment is for use of the likeness of Pat Sayjak. Utterly disappointed. Frustratingly less challenging by Giant Speck on 2017/01/08 03:37 I've been playing this game off and on for a few years now. Sometimes I'll play it for a few weeks and then I'll uninstall it. Every time I come back to the game, it seems like it's gotten dumbed down and less challenging. There's really no way you can lose a solo game unless you were actively trying to lose, and even then, it's difficult. The computer characters are not very competitive and when a character gets on a streak, they ruin it by making obvious mistakes. For example, a character gets far enough that only one letter remains. By this point, it's extremely obvious what the answer to the puzzle is, but then the character spits out a completely nonsensical letter and loses their turn. The other character ends up making an equally embarrassing mistake and the puzzle gets thrown back to the human player to solve. Needs updates by Gsxheather on 2017/01/08 01:21 Fun game, but I don't play as much anymore because it Needs updates to add more puzzles, freshen purchase options, avatars. I completed all game levels quickly and now it's repeating. Terrible set up. by MBall on 2017/01/07 16:15 Playing against friends should be interactive. I want to watch their turn. Game is slow. Graphics are good. Wish the set up was much different. Wheel of Fortune by GregDeens on 2017/01/05 01:26 Wayyyyy too slowwwwww! We want a refund...takes forever to get through a game! Fun by 20 minutes of badness on 2017/01/01 13:01 Wish Pat would get his fat head out of the way, but pretty fun game! App crashes when starting a Single Player game. by Craigwd_2000 on 2016/12/30 15:04 The App crashes when starting a Single Player game. It used to work just fine; hence why I'm giving it only a three out of five. The mPoints functionality was acting glitchy before & may be related to this issue... The mPoints notifications no longer lead to the screen where you view ads and the like etc....! Slow Paced by Lovefoodxx on 2016/12/29 04:25 This is very much like the real game, but the free one is faster to play. Good but... by SlayQu33n8182 on 2016/12/27 21:17 This game is a very addicting game, But what I don't understand, Is that there is a way funner "Wheel Of Fortune" For free! I was upset when I found out they there was a free one, That was funner! But I'm still happy with this game and I play it all the time!..Would be a lil more fun if you could play against people. But whatever. So if anyone is wanting too purchase this game, Check out the free ones first, Cuz you could probablyfind a way funner one for free! WHEEL FAN by A. Bea on 2016/12/24 12:21 Love the game! Helps shapen my mind! Watch the game on tv whenever I can. Great variety of categories! Definitely not worth $2.99 by PAG 089 on 2016/12/24 02:47 You would think that a multi million dollar TECHNOLOGY company like Sony would be able to put out a better app than this. Wrong! So many glitches, slow play, and... spoiler alert... the bonus round ALWAYS pays out $30,000 if you win. What's the point? Why not some variety here? My 13 year old nephew could have created a better app than this! Get it together, Sony, get it together... Slow by Zcalanderbou on 2016/12/23 21:25 Takes way too long. Cant watch your friends turn live. Glitches by Student563 on 2016/12/20 14:09 Seriously, this game should be free. It was really good until I had won 6,000 in a round and in the next round it took all that money away from me (even though I didn't bankrupt). Please fix these glitches, because other than that this game is great! Cannot mute by heezy2061 on 2016/12/19 18:50 I play this game while listening to music with headphones on and the silent switch on. Sound from the game still comes through my headphones. There is no way to stop this. One star until a fix is made. Norma by February twelve on 2016/12/17 05:46 Game is a lot of fun. Only one problem. Someones head is always covering part of puzzle. This is kind of annoying. If this was fixed game would be a lot more fun to play. Great game by Devo2017 on 2016/12/17 04:44 Love this. Just like the real thing. I will tell everyone how fun this is. 😍 Looooooove this!!!!!! Perfect game!!!! by A*riginal on 2016/12/15 10:43 Love this game. It's my favorite!!! Fun by mav41fan on 2016/12/15 02:45 Great game Horribly long time to play a game with a friend!!! by Jaimbo123 on 2016/12/12 03:09 Bad bad bad by Gnubeesmom on 2016/12/04 18:43 Where's Vanna? Replaced by a Dalmatian. Needs Update by P&KS on 2016/12/03 13:03 Has this app ever had an update? I don't think I've seen one since I got it. Fun game my husband and I like to play against each other but there needs to be a set time with a buzzer on how long someone can take to guess the puzzle just like the real game show. It seems to land on bankruptcy an awful lot. Also, more variety in the puzzles and added ones with updates. Other than that pretty good game. Want My Money Back by KelsiCaliforniaa on 2016/12/01 20:07 Graphics are poor. It's slow. My software is all up to date and this is the only app that's slow. There's a free version that's much better, even with the ads. It's a lot more realistic and relatable to the green board, the spins are more "personal" you could say. Not worth the money AT ALL. 👎🏻👎🏻👎🏻 Like by vmbvmbvmb on 2016/12/01 03:55 I like it but drags a bit. Good game though. Could use faster wheel. Great game by smilesleyipod on 2016/11/28 18:50 A little slow, and really needs an option to turn off the sound. Otherwise, great! Great fun by Jesusfollower9 on 2016/11/28 03:58 It is a great way to relax and have fun. It is very life like in many ways making you feel like a contestant on the show. I'll buy a vowel by KMS1661 on 2016/11/26 08:07 I Am Addicted To WHEEL-OF-FORTUNE Pick up the pace by Olivetreereject on 2016/11/21 14:39 The game was ok but the silent pauses between each play broke up the flow of the game for me, it would have been nice to pick up the pace a little. As well as during the final round when you're throwing out guesses in a speed round there is no way to delete a letter you throw up there and start over quickly. Yay but... by woodyshauna7 on 2016/11/20 01:32 I got it thinking it would connect with chromecast, but it doesn't :( Rocks! by Rainingtea69 on 2016/11/20 00:33 Awesome! by gilrs on 2016/11/19 04:20 it cool and not it hard AWESOME BEAT FIRST ROUND by Wilson5! on 2016/11/18 02:25 I beat first round and it is awesome it is like doing actual Wheel of Fortune Clunky and not fun by Mcfmvf on 2016/11/13 11:20 I regret purchasing this game. It is not very fun and way too much commentary by "Pat". I'm sorry I didn't stick with the free version by scopely. Awesomeness!! by KaraokeJean on 2016/11/12 00:22 Having fun! I love this game by Barbara in Burlington on 2016/11/11 23:19 I love playing this game, but I do have a few critiques. I sometimes accidentally hit Solve when I am meaning to buy a vowel, it would be nice if it would confirm you want to solve before it takes you into that part. I want to mute the music because when I am playing as a passenger I the car and listening to music through Bluetooth it interferes with my music. Finally, every time I am the first to spin on a puzzle, the third spin is always a bankrupt or lose a turn. Wheel of Fortune by Old elephant on 2016/11/04 15:27 Would go thru one round and lock-up every time. Disappointed I actually paid for this...... Review by Bananaroad902 on 2016/11/03 18:51 Love it!! Don't like it by 47ville on 2016/11/02 04:16 The free one is better but I don't like the ads and I can't get the sound off. So I paid for this one and I don't like it. It wants you to FB and I still can't turn off the sound. Wasted my 3 bucks. Love this game! by Graciesmoms on 2016/11/01 23:49 Well worth the purchase price! Love love love by Deliasimsbark on 2016/10/28 20:35 All i can day is i absolutely love this game and im glad i gave it a try! MY FAVEEEE!!! Unable to mute music by Abstractful on 2016/10/26 05:00 I love this app, but the inability to mute the sound effects and music is quite annoying. One game in by Rosinup on 2016/10/25 20:07 I've only played one game but I love it so far. Lots of fun. Wish I could change the looks of the characters in more exciting ways. Can't turn off by DsmtLMT1969 on 2016/10/25 01:51 Problem I have with the game is that there isn't an option to turn the sounds off. I don't want to lower the volume on my phone cauz I'm afraid I will forget to turn it back up and it's my business phone as well. Love the game but Hate there isn't the sound option Wheel of FUN!!! by Bro Montana16 on 2016/10/22 05:24 👍🏾👍🏾 Wheel of fortune by Puppet Monster on 2016/10/21 05:08 So much fun! Even better than I hoped it would be. Just like the show on TV. The only down side is the money and prizes I win are not real!!! 😩 Amazing Graphics by Word Lovee on 2016/10/21 04:48 So Realistic. Best Graphics on ANY game I've played. If you Love Wheel, You Will LOVE this game! The best game! by Khyiha's on 2016/10/19 18:45 So much fun. Money money money by JBDallasTx on 2016/10/17 15:06 Great idea. Great game. Greedy developers. This is the third time I have to wait three days or pay to continue to play. Everywhere you go they want to charge you. Get lab results in eight hours and wait... or pay to get them instantly. Only enough energy to play a couple of times in a day, for a short time, unless... you guessed it, buy more energy. Terrible game by surrealitytl on 2016/10/17 04:41 Full of ads after you purchase the game?! This app needs to be lowered in rating. Fun!! by ImaginaryS744 on 2016/10/14 22:00 Just wish I could get rid of the word bubbles and move Pat's head. Awesome game! by Manubug on 2016/10/14 09:39 💕💕💕💕Dis game iz da best! Fun by Ray555555 on 2016/10/14 04:07 Reminds me of the wii version Not fun should be free by FtheCommercials on 2016/10/13 05:59 There's too much watching the computers play to enjoy playing solo. Too many bankrupts and not enough time to solve. Puzzles don't fit category. Not worth the money. Addictive by Newmr15 on 2016/10/11 22:13 Very fun! So Much Fun!! by SuperstarAc on 2016/10/11 00:52 I saw a few people review saying it's addicting.. yes it is! So glad I found this game! It's exactly like the show ! Yay! Don't buy this game! by Jed1234567 on 2016/10/09 21:21 Even though you buy the game you are still required to provide personal information in order to play. Ripoff! I want my money back. Could use some stream lining by Mck2056 on 2016/10/09 00:53 Like the app but there are a few missed opportunities. Touch ID to sign in would be great. Have to sign in every time is annoying. Also adding a "fast forward" button in addition to the "seek" button so you can completely skip through other players turns to get to yours. Don't like having to hit the button 20 times to get to my turn. Frustrating by drfrva on 2016/10/04 01:05 You cannot see the board because Pat's head and continuous speech bubbles are in the way. Waste of money! Where's the mute button? by caligirl58 on 2016/10/03 19:24 Great app except there is no way to mute. Not cool if you're waiting in a quiet place with other people around or playing in bed when the spouse is trying to sleep. I shouldn't have to manually turn my volume down on my phone or mute my phone. Chances are after playing this game, I'd forget to increase my volume or un-mute. Love It! by Diiamonds86 on 2016/10/03 09:10 So much Fun! Fantastic!!!! by Twigaduma on 2016/10/02 22:25 Cant believe how real this is. Exactly like being there without the tax liability. Love it. Great game by Gb9848 on 2016/10/02 14:29 I am. It a game player, but this one is a lot of fun. Realistic by AcyII on 2016/10/01 19:44 Very close to the real thing. Rated by Trwright325 on 2016/10/01 00:53 Love it!!!!! Paid but still get advertising by 363850027262 on 2016/09/30 23:11 Not as fun as other 'wheels' I've tried. I'm Addicted! by Agr8mom on 2016/09/30 15:30 Oh, how I love this game! Everything from the graphics to the lifelike animated players. Feels like I'm right there with Pat 🤗 Player by Wheeljunkie on 2016/09/29 19:00 Super fun just like tv!!! Wheel of fortune by sandman14769 on 2016/09/29 03:26 Love it Add more wedges and puzzles! by Wing sauce maker on 2016/09/28 21:37 I love this game. It's so addicting! Anyway, add more wheel wedges like Gift Tag, Half Car, Trip wedge, and Express wedge! Also add more puzzles. I've played this so many times that I know all the puzzles from the back of my head. Please add more wedges and puzzles! I would appreciate it! This is Great by roasting_rachel on 2016/09/26 01:45 Wheel Of Fortune is really, really fun and it does not require wifi. I will be happy to give this app a great five stars Settings??? by angeleyez4u2 on 2016/09/26 01:31 The game itself is good and fun. The graphics are nice as well. The only thing that I don't like is the volume and music settings are non-existent. I would like to be able to control the volume of the game without having to lower or mute my entire phone. Fix this and it will be a 5 star. Fix notifications by Jadeque d on 2016/09/25 21:34 Notifications don't work. I'd rather play the game with actual people but if youre not being notified it's your turn then you're not able to consistently. Please fix Multiplayer isn't worth the money by DIDD3KONG on 2016/09/22 22:46 When you play multiplayer, you can't see your friends spin and play. You sit on a waiting screen the whole time. Good app to try out once, not for the money though. Wasted 3 bucks. Great game...not enough puzzles by Pa2000 on 2016/09/20 17:18 We love the game, but after playing it a few hours the puzzles start repeating themselves--"cashmere slippers" over and over! It seems like having a bunch of puzzles would be the easy part. Wonderful game by GmomnFlorida on 2016/09/20 13:16 Love this game. Please make these adjustments. Get Pat's head out of the way. Keep me signed into game. When my opponent wins a game, I want to watch it happen. I can only see the results. One question: can I have more than one opponent ? Wheely Fun! by Peggylee2u on 2016/09/20 12:53 Thanks for years of fun with Pat and Vanna...our family enjoys during our family game night. Wheel of fortune by Hollywood 11 on 2016/09/18 02:07 I love wheel and enjoy watching while I was a child but enjoyed playing on my iPhone Refund by Justin Heidler. on 2016/09/17 12:00 I would like a refund please Fun, but unfair to the real player. by Asssley on 2016/09/17 07:57 Typically hard to beat the PC because they rarely guess letters that aren't in the puzzle and I hit bankrupt or lose a turn about 50% of the time. Takes patience, but still fun. Awesome by Blstrong on 2016/09/16 17:40 I am soooo addicted to this game!!!! I am also an avid wheel watcher and have been for years. Great fun! by Gigi5390 on 2016/09/16 05:11 Enjoy playing :) I'm Loving by NewzNerd on 2016/09/13 19:52 Love the app. Worth it in terms of prices and memory. The only issue I have is that sometimes the board is partially obscured by Pat's head or the other contestants' guesses, which can be frustrating when you're close to solving the puzzle. It's not always a problem; but it's irksome when it does happen. That's my one issue. Otherwise, please don't hesitate if you're on the fence after checking out other lesser WOF games. Hate it! by Momma0914 on 2016/09/12 23:05 I hate it. Very complicated Family fun by Taylormade824 on 2016/09/11 21:39 Great fun for those long road trips. Wheel by Nanaofjosh on 2016/09/11 15:44 This game is a great time passer and keeps your mind active. Wish could of kept my 122 million. Got new iPad have to start all over again. Tons of fun! by Taliasaunt on 2016/09/10 03:39 Playing this game makes me feel so smart. I watch the TV show, so this gives me practice. Great Game But Needs Sounds Setting by stolz55 on 2016/09/04 05:25 I really enjoy the game but it is very frustrating to not be able to toggle the sound effects/game music on and off. Love it but needs more stuff in it by AD2298 on 2016/09/03 21:10 Dear Sony Pictures Television, I really love your app, but the wheel needs to have more stuff to it, like a car, a trip, and more. You have a great app. I will rate you 5 stars if you add more stuff to the game. Thanks!😀 Could Be Better by AndyGraf on 2013/02/23 03:58 Too many camera motions and cut shots, makes you dizzy. Can only create one custom avatar, pretty lame when you want multiplayer to be more enjoyable for all players. Avatar options still pretty limited, but better and more options than the game's original version (Wheel HD). Gameplay was much smoother in the original version. World bubbles add too much screen clutter. Skip button should jump to next required action, not just the next cut scene - I have to press the skip button about 5 times more per round that I had to with the original version. Details are far more improved, wheel spins much more smoothly. No prize puzzle. Computer players very dumb, too easy to win. Overall, it's enjoyable for the sake of playing Wheel of Fortune, but there are a LOT of improvements and updates that could be made to make this version a lot better. It's not awful, but not great, hence the rating. Would get 5 stars from me if improvements were made according to my comments above. Still love wheel and will enjoy this game every now and then, would have been satisfied not spending money AGAIN to get this new version when I already paid $5 for the original before they discontinued it, seeing that this one really isn't much better at all. Oh yeah, and Pat is in it but still no Vanna... Bummer... Still works on iTouch 3rd Gen, but... by germanname on 2013/02/22 05:49 the system requires a restart. Fortunately, at best, it's just an inconvenience, but it made me start thinking about getting the current generation. I hope future updates will still work for 3rd gen at least until I get a newer iTouch. If it can, I'd be appreciative. Also, speaking of future updates, I am a HUGE fan of the show, and I love checking out old, antique episodes even from the 1970s with Chuck Woolery as host as well as international versions old and new. I have heard rumors that you wanted to keep the show as new as possible, although I don't know if that's true or not. Making retro theme settings is a step in the right direction, but if you would be able to do the same with the Wheel layouts to try and match the mood of each set, maybe adding some other values, styles, and colours in the process, I'm certain that will add more flair and variety to what is the best Wheel of Fortune game I've ever played, with the SEGA CD version of Wheel ranking among another big favorite of mine. Although I understand I'm simply just a fan, it's a suggestion I thought I'd share with you folks to consider, but even if you're unable to make new layouts, that's okay. The game is still something worth playing. Why the nasty reviews? This game is GREAT! by bjj0001 on 2013/02/22 15:24 Whoever is not running iOS 6 should consider upgrading their iOS firmware to it and/or get a newer device (one that is supported by Apple). This app works normally on both, plus it makes a great way to play my friends with the GameCenter feature. Wish there was still a voice for Pat Sajak; Prize Puzzle, 1/2 CAR tags, Free Spin tags, Surprise wedges, Featured Prize wedges, classic style bonus round, turnable letter panels, and all other features (no Vanna is okay, since gameplay would be delayed) for their respective eras, but in all other circumstances, this app would make a GREAT addition to GameCenter, no matter what iOS device you have (iPod touch [4th or 5th generation], iPad with Retina Display, iPad Mini, iPhone [4S or 5]). Make sure you have one of these devices before you try to play this game. In other words, with the latest firmware and hardware, it's a great game to play, especially with family & friends. Once more, if you using an older iOS device that's no longer supported by Apple, you need to have it recycled. Now if only all of my other favorite game show apps were GameCenter apps..., that would make me extremely happy. Sloooow Play and Never Notifies When It's My Turn by Thiokol on 2016/07/02 00:21 Was looking for a replacement for What's The Phrase now that it's shutting down. Tried a few but they were all terrible. Decided to try the "original" game so paid for this (which I seldom do) to see if it would work. Wish I had waited. The game play takes forever. You can hold the fast forward button but why should I have to for all the nonsense they put in? Watch the wheel slowly spin after prompted by Pat, watch avatars clap, wait some more, then finally get a chance to pick. And if you are wrong you wait forever for another turn. Another problem with multiplayer is that I never get notified when it's my turn. I have notifications on and allowed them from the beginning but I am never told when it's my turn. Guessing that's why multiplayer takes so long since no one knows when it's their turn. If you want to improve the game, Sony, take a lot of the elements from WTP (game speed, etc) and implement them in this game. I wouldn't have minded paying for a decent some but this is bad. Sony needs to understand that an exact translation of TV show to game app doesn't work well since the pacing is too slow for what people want on a mobile device. Best Wheel Sim in Years by Scott Baret on 2013/06/02 12:56 I've played many Wheel games since the Apple II days and this one is the best by far. I do wish Vanna White was here, but after most of the renditions went without Pat Sajak, I'm happy to have him (especially since the Encore version for Mac didn't have any host). This is a huge boost for the Wheel franchise after the disappointing THQ versions from a few years back. The opponents do seem easy so far, but that has never really been the strength of any Wheel video game. I'm looking forward to unlocking the historical sets and like how they were included in the game for the show's 30th anniversary. The variety of puzzles is nice although they left out the prize puzzle aspect. This is a must have for any Wheel fan, especially if you felt ripped off after trying the THQ games a few years back and are still looking for something to replace that old copy of the MacSoft game you keep your iMac G3 around for. A Game that Provides Fun Competition but Poor Development by Sony by DRL1021 on 2015/08/14 22:29 This game does provide good competition and entertainment especially when you are playing against another person in the "Pass and Play" mode. However, the fact that there is no option to select your own player in the "Pass and Play" mode is a very big drawback in this game. There are also no periodic updates in new puzzles as one would expect in a paid app. I have bought all the themed puzzle packs and it is beginning to get very annoying to see the same puzzles appear over and over. With Sony being such a large well-known reputable company, you would expect the quality of the game development to be much better than it is. It is also very disappointing that you pay $ for this game, then you are constantly being bombarded with all the Mpoints and Facebook ads. Overall, I give this game a 5 out of 10 mostly due to the lack of support and slipshod game development by Sony. Fun wheel!! by Natasha200 on 2013/07/07 16:40 I just bought it- the game is really fun!! Yes, it can be pretty long, unless you've guessed it right and solved the puzzle, so it is up to you. But then that's the whole idea- just like their TV show. I have not tried this game on my iPhone yet, but it plays fine on my iPad -3d Generation((: I have a few complaints, however. One is that Pat's head obstructs the view of a puzzle( Pat needs to stand somewhere else). Another minor issue is that there seems to be no adjustment for volume in the game itself; you need turn off the volume on your own devise. Lastly, when your own character is created- you can't change him or her. If you get bored looking the same, you'll have to erase "yourself" and start from the very beginning( you'll lose all your previous winnings). Otherwise, this game is relaxing and fun!!! I totally recommend it! Frustratingly less challenging by Giant Speck on 2017/01/08 03:37 I've been playing this game off and on for a few years now. Sometimes I'll play it for a few weeks and then I'll uninstall it. Every time I come back to the game, it seems like it's gotten dumbed down and less challenging. There's really no way you can lose a solo game unless you were actively trying to lose, and even then, it's difficult. The computer characters are not very competitive and when a character gets on a streak, they ruin it by making obvious mistakes. For example, a character gets far enough that only one letter remains. By this point, it's extremely obvious what the answer to the puzzle is, but then the character spits out a completely nonsensical letter and loses their turn. The other character ends up making an equally embarrassing mistake and the puzzle gets thrown back to the human player to solve. A lot of fun but crashes A LOT. by Parrot Freak on 2013/01/16 22:27 They did a great job making a very fun game that is as close to the real deal as you're gonna get. The game is very fun and addicting but comes with two major flaws. It crashes a lot. I mean a minimum of once per every two or three games. Load time is slow too, so there is about 40-60 seconds from game crash to being back where you left off. On the plus side, they did a fairly good job of remembering your previous game so you won't worry about losing much if any progress. The second issue is that the game is pretty slow. I'm on an iPad 1st gen so I'm sure that isn't helping much, but there are several areas where the game is pretty laggy. The only real time this actually gets in the way is during toss-up puzzles where I've actually missed the win because the game didn't register my taps. It's aggravating but not a deal breaker to me. On the plus side, the game has a lot of puzzles. I've been playing a solid week now and I'm seeing repeat puzzles quite frequently now, but I still am finding new ones which is nice. Hopefully they will update the game so we can have new puzzles. I really like the game, but would absolutely love it if it weren't so buggy. I don't think it's anything that would steer any true game show fan away, but it's good to know. Great game, now pushes its ad service a bit too much by Tom "slowbro" on 2014/04/22 00:24 Well everyone who watches early evening TV knows the game, and this version plays it well. It's a lot of fun. The AI opponents are bad at the game, but that takes away from the fun only a little for me. After the latest update, this app includes offers from some kind of ad service. That's okay, I can ignore that; except now, many times a game, blurbs pop up saying I earned points to spend with the sponsors. They pop up after every puzzle I solve, as well as several before the bonus round. I have to tap them to make them disappear. It's an annoyance, but I think I'll go on enjoying the game. I'll admit I haven't actually checked out the offers ... maybe I'd like them ... but I highly doubt it. If it ain't free, it ain't for me...but... by LauraAnn121 on 2016/01/05 03:57 I never pay for apps. My motto is "if it ain't free, then it ain't for me". However, I received an iTunes gift card for Christmas & used it to purchase a lot of books. I had a few bucks left over & bought some songs. With $7 left, I decided to browse through games & found my all time favorite; Wheel of Fortune. This game is definitely worth spending a few bucks for hours of entertainment. You can accumulate points to buy things with an MRewards program that comes with the game. Customizing characters is fun! In addition, you can play with friends online or play it on your smartTV when you have company & get everyone involved with the fun! I recommend this game to anyone who loves Wheel of Fortune! Fun but scary by Having a ball on 2013/06/07 00:59 Love this game, loads of fun and don't feel guilty spending time on it. Two issues for me: the eyes of the contestants are huuuuge, to a point where it is scary and with there being so many close ups on this game it's really distracting which is why my person has glasses. Next issue is that i never know during the rounds how much time I have to think and select my letters. I should like less close ups of the people and/or the wheel and more viewing of the board so to have a chance to think about the puzzle. I feel distracted by the the many changes of views and with the clarity of the colors on the IPad it's even more chocking. Please look into these. Otherwise this is awesome. My siblings and I are in different countries and we play each other a lot. Thanks I love the show - the game makes it better by Courtneylynn05 on 2015/02/08 22:36 There are a few things I would like to compliment before I get into the issues I have. First things first I LOVE how many options there are for my avatar it took me a bit to see how I could change the color of clothes but once I found that I was golden. I enjoy the different themes but I've almost purchased them all so new ones would be nice. My biggest problem right now is when I open the app it crashes. I am on my iPad Air if it makes a difference current software as well. The other small issue I have is the toss up puzzles are the same a lot I'm not sure how you randomize them but sometimes I play 2 games in a row and have a duplicate toss up (this is minor but still a gripe) thanks for the great game!!! Incredible, minor issues by Zphit5 on 2014/06/06 04:08 Wheel of Fortune has been my favorite television show for over 10 years, so I was pleased to hear that they have started making video games based on the show. I have the WII & This version, and between the two, I'd have to say the WII Version is better. For instance, The only things on the wheel in this game are, The dollar amounts, of course, the big money wedges and in round 1, The Jackpot Wedge and in round 3, The Mystery Wedges whereas in the WII Version, there's the dollar prizes, the Mystery and Jackpot, but, in this game the have the thousand dollar gift tag, and the Featured Prize, which means on Wii, you can make a lot more money, too! And I really like how in the Wii game, they have Vanna, too! So, to sum all this up, I really like Wii better than this game, though it not horrible! Good, but... by KellyJoySchulz on 2013/04/10 00:51 I'm enjoying this app, but I have noticed something that another user commented on, which is that it doesn't seem possible to actually win the $1million. I've landed on it, not gone bankrupt or even lost a turn for the rest of the game (not just the round; the entire game), won the final puzzle, and never saw the money. I even won the next game, which was the last in the set of 5 games in a row, without ever losing a turn or going bankrupt, so I'm sure that this is a glitch and not a mistake or misunderstanding on my part. So...? What's the deal? (Also- does anyone know: was this app more expensive a while ago? I paid $3 for it, and I could've sworn that when I first noticed it, it was more than that... Just curious.) Okay but not great by LacyJaK on 2015/01/27 00:38 I'd like to give this app 3.5 stars but I can't. It's okay but I have a few disappointments in it. First, for you to get additional outfits/looks for your avatar you have to purchase them. (I believe you can win some additional but I haven't accomplished this yet) I feel for spending $2.99 I shouldn't have to use anymore real money. Second, I was excited about playing the old style of Wheel of Fortune. What a disappointment when I picked the older decades and it is the same play style of today just with the old staging background. I've only played solo so I cannot provide an opinion of the pass and play or the spin together. But the solo play isn't bad. If you don't want to sit through the computer players you can click a fast forward button. Needs More Challenge by Atliana1132 on 2013/03/15 16:30 At first I thought this was a fantastic game, but after a couple of weeks it's way too boring. The problem is the competitors have been programmed to be stupid so that your character always wins. For instance, in the game I just played the letters already revealed where FISHIN_ POLE. Sure enough the computerized character selected X so that my character would be able to win. It's gotten to the point that have deliberately gone out of my way to try and answer the letters wrong just to see what happens. There is also a glitch when you win the million dollar spot. It says to hold onto it until the end and win big money unless you go bankrupt. I landed on the spot, won the next two games (of course) and then won the final round. Never once was the million dollars awarded to my character. READ PLEASE by 10124nh on 2012/12/31 00:45 Ok we'll I love the game very fun and addicting but for some reason all of a sudden every time I play solo it crashes I don't care about the three dollars that's not my problem the problem with this is that this should not be happening in on a three dollar game. I have had a iPod touch for quit some time and with all of my games on that I have never had this happen. So I bought the game on my new iPad 2 thinking it would be great graphics. But it started CRASHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Bottom line I would not buy it or tell any one to buy this game to much money for the price u have to pay. Very much disappointed in this problem please PLEASE FIX even if u come out with a new version or a different app that would be great please please please Fix!! Anyone looking at this DON'T BUY!!!! "This Category is..." Dissapointing by LuvOurLabs on 2014/06/16 02:07 Firstly, I bought this app because I was expecting online multiplayer and there is none, why? While reading a review comparing this app to the Wii version, I was thinking it would be a simulator replica of the show rather than a cheap imitation. Considering how long Wheel of Fortune has been active and how much money is involved; I didn't expect actual money or prizes to win, but I did expect to see and play the game as if you were watching it on your television, which I assume is how the Wii version plays. I do seem to be hitting BANKRUPT after every million dollar win and that's very annoying. Feels less like a legitimate spin and more like a set-up. If online multiplayer is ever updated, please don't force us to register into some database that's going to send us spam emails and the like. Just ask for what we want to use as out sign-in/name and password, done. Possibly, include a fourth person so that there are 4 people rather than 3 people playing and allow a Contact List so people can play with Friends and a Quick Match selection to play with other people who are also playing. Fun by Bekaru on 2016/02/04 03:17 Lots of Fun. Love how it has the option to fast forward when it's the computer people's turns!! It would be very nice though if there was more categories!! I've had the game for a couple of years now, and purchased just about all of the purchasable categories. I would've thought that by now, it would've updated to have more categories (to purchase) as well as new puzzles to the existing categories- as I basically know the answer to just about every single puzzle when it comes up. Definitely a fun game though!! Would love to see some new categories added, like maybe music, animals, TV, something new!! Meh by Cloroxbb on 2014/11/12 00:52 Only bought this cause the wife wanted to play, and it works on Chromecast too. The gameplay is very slow and clunky. Also on the final round where it gives you RSTLE or whatever, don't choose the exact missing letters of the puzzle before it starts or you can't actually win. I had "titles" and the RSTLE uncovered the S,N,E,L of "Swan Lake," so all I needed was W,A,K. I chose them, it filled in the final letters and then I couldn't do anything except let the time run out because the game didn't realize that I guessed it. So the time ran out and told me I was incorrect. It's a bug that needs fixing me thinks. Hope this helps anyone. Wouldn't waste money on this game. It's not as good as it should be. Too much animation that makes impatient people like me, annoyed. Addicting! by Aviva’s Inhaler on 2016/08/30 23:14 Top notch app; so hard to resist "just one more round!" The puzzles are challenging but logical - i.e. nothing obscure or esoteric - and the variety is great. My only real beef is with Sajak's head: (1) His face is too lifelike, appearing next to the cartoonish contestants - and he must have had final approval because it's very flattering, lol. (2) His head almost always blocks letters on the board. Often, the only chance for an unobstructed view is when it's your turn. This is one glitch I seriously hope the developers will correct. Other than that - great fun. Highly recommend. Can you spell D-I-S-A-P-P-O-I-N-T-E-D? by Murph67 on 2013/11/17 02:56 The game is fun to play solo, but I have been very disappointed about many features of this game. 1. Why is there a cowBOY shirt, but no cowGIRL shirt? Kinda sexist, don't you think? A cowgirl's gotta have her bling too! 2. I wish you could save the characters and their stats so other people playing on the iPad can quickly access their avatar. 3. When you click on play and pass, you can't design the characters. You just have to play as player 1 and player 2 with some random looking players. 4. My husband and I wanted to play a game together, each using our own iPad. There are invite options, but we couldn't get any of them to work. 5. A reward system should be installed so you can work your way up and you feel like your actually accomplishing something. So far I can't figure out how to unlock anything w/o actually buying it. 6. The audio works on my iPhone, but not my iPad. As a Wheel Fan since I was a child some 30 years ago, I feel like this game could offer so much more. Had I known it had so many restrictions, I doubt I would have paid the $2.99. Wheel of Misfortune by James Irion on 2013/01/12 03:22 Having purchased this app over the holidays and using it on my new iPod Touch 5G, I have quickly discovered that while playing Solo for the career mode I spin the wheel and too often land on either Bankrupts or Lose A Turns. I've even landed on Bankrupts in one round the other night three times in a row. That can't be realistic. And I'm not sure if the $1000/Mystery wedges are intended to be Bankrupts all the time, but the three times I've managed to land on them and chose Mystery I've been hit with even more Bankrupts. Since there is no difficulty setting this many misfortunes seems begging to be fixed a.s.a.p. Thank you, because otherwise the game would be more palpable. Wheel of Mis-fortune by Grannan7 on 2016/01/18 01:28 Wheel of Fortune is both fun & frustrating. You have no control over the wheel - it moves at whatever speed it wants, despite how carefully you try to control the speed. Also, I've noticed that I receive more lost turns, bankruptcies & less high-dollar squares than the computer-generated puzzles. But, most frustrating is that for the toss-up puzzles, I can tap in to answer, but nothing happened. I just finished a game where I hit the button 3 times before the computer generated player rang the bell. Other complaint is that there's no differences in the puzzles from the different eras. But it's better than not having the game at all. Update by luis0788 on 2016/06/08 07:40 What I would like is for this app to be updated to the show's current format (ex. half-cars, prize puzzles, The Express Lane, etc....) because this version is mostly an old-style type of version and I would like to see this app look like the show's current version, because I don't see the Jackpot on the wheel anymore, and the app still has the show's 30th Anniversary on it, and that was about a few years ago. The app needs to be like the show's current version, and I expect it to be fully updated very soon. It's Good, but needs to Sync better for Achievements by InterestedMommy on 2013/07/15 06:10 I Love this game. I could play it all the time.. Come on, it's Wheel, Baby! The only downside (and the only reason I felt compelled to write this) is that it doesn't sync up with my achievements completely. Case in point.. I know I've gotten over the $1,000,000 mark for sure, but the Achievements show that I have only won about $300,000 to $400,000? And then it will go up and then back down. For my user, I expect for Wheel (being the classy and big player game it is) to please fix this! I should be excited to see a benchmark like $5,000,000 soon... But please, it's still showing me just over $300,000 no matter how much I play. Addicting and fun! by bmacva on 2013/06/02 21:56 UPDATE: I landed on the Million wedge and it said I'd get a chance at one million dollars if I held on to the wedge until the bonus round. Amazingly, I did (I usually land on Bankrupt at least twice a round), but I never had any chance at the million. Two issues or this would get a 5 star review. Gameplay is too slow. Please let me have the option to tap screen when I'm ready to move on. I don't need to see hanging heads every time! Also, I like winning but my computer players are not too bright. Can they be smartened up? I am not experiencing crashes and otherwise the game is fun. Real Players? by VioletKS on 2015/12/27 01:21 I often wonder if I'm actually playing against real people or if I'm playing against a computer spitting out random answers. Does anyone really ever guess "H" when there are no other letters on the board or guess "U" as the first vowel when there's no indication that it's in the puzzle? I've never seen them get it right. If these are real people playing, then you should match people up with others more at their own level. Sure, it's nice to win most of the time, but it's also irritating to play against such ignorance. Or, perhaps the other players are actually computers. Very good app? Not really... by Andysgrl on 2012/12/16 23:11 I wrote a review last night praising the app. Today the app stopped working, it opens ok but when I go to Play it crashes. Really? $2.99 for a crappy app? Fix or give everyone their money back. *Update: I uninstalled the app and reinstalled, I thought it was fixed. Today it was working fine until one of the "Before & After" puzzles only had a 5 letter word all the way at the bottom of the board, obviously it was missing most of the puzzle words. Could not clear it or get passed it and the app started to crash. Had to delete and I'm considering not reinstalling. What a hassle! Oh yeah! and landing on Bankruptcy 3 times in a row and having one of the players then proceed to guess every letter in the puzzle isn't cheating at all. Stupid rigged game. Great game, but a couple of flaws by ~Disappointing on 2016/04/26 02:47 Overall this is a pretty good game. I had a ton of iTunes money so I decided to pay the 3 dollar charge to get the game. It's a fun game, but there are some downsides. One, the game is way too expensive. This app is definitely not worth 2.99, I would price it at 99 cents at the most. Second, there needs to be difficulty levels. These puzzles are way too easy for most people and can get boring when you make it to the bonus round every time. Other then that it's a great game, but I wouldn't waste your money unless you have some to spare in iTunes. Functional, but annoying by Waltonky on 2014/08/19 18:48 The app works for me but this game is severely lacking in the options department. The most annoying aspect is this M points stuff which I have no desire to partake in. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be a way to turn off the incessant pop ups telling me how many M points I just made. Another common thing is that there does not appear to be an option or a method to auto-advance to my next turn. Yes, there is the fast forward button, but I have to stop and gold it down after each turn. This, in conjunction with having to close out every single M point award notification, makes for a very tedious and undesirable user experience. Wheel of Fortune- Officer Reviews by Hitman1774 on 2015/09/19 13:24 Based on the hit TV game show of the same name, Wheel Of Fortune is definitely like the original. It's fun puzzles and fun gameplay will have players begging for more. It also features a 1v1v1 match so you can play against other players. The only thing getting in the way is the lagginess of the game. It lags very often and will crash if playing to long. It's something to look into, but not for the iOS. If you can find the game for the console, then it is definitely worth it. Other than that, the iOS game will be better if fixed in the near future. For now, enjoy what you have right now. Recommendations by Bells96 on 2015/12/03 15:53 I love this app, but there are a couple of things I've had problems with. I think there should be a settings option so that you can turn off the music and sound effects. I would also like to say that I've won the game several times with the Million Dollar wedge still in my possession (no bankruptcies to take it away) and the game didn't reward me with the "money." Even the times when I completed the bonus round, I still didn't the receive the million. If you could fix this, it would be great. Thank you. :) Love this app! by GrannaSAnne on 2013/06/20 20:26 Great game! Great graphics! Loads of fun! Really well done! Love the ability to connect with others to play. Would love it even more if (1) there was an option to turn off the music at start-up, (2) seems strange to not see Vanna White at all, and (3) Pat blocks the puzzle when it's the other players turn. But don't let that stop you from using this app. They are minor tweaks compared to how awesome the game is. No app is perfect (but this one comes close). If you enjoy watching Wheel of Fortune you will love this app! Core game is good but... by Puffinator 2000 on 2014/03/10 16:26 The core game is good and it plays well but there are some basic issues. Computer players are waaaaaay too easy to play against and English is my 2nd language! Having a few difficulty levels available would make this a much more enjoyable game. Also why on earth is there not an option to mute the sound? Apart from the wrong answer buzzer being annoying this really is the perfect game to play while listening to something else as the sound is totally secondary to the actual gameplay. Would easily give it 5 stars if basic settings were available and the difficulty could be set to an appropriate level. Needs work by deeeman on 2014/03/24 17:48 The puzzles on this game are fun in solo and in pass/play mode. However, I think the online version is incredibly lacking. I have just a few questions to pick Sony's brain. *Why doesn't it assign you an opponent who is actually online? Instead, they just give you a random opponent and you have to wait for them to sign in before you play it. *Why don't they have (fantasy) prize packages like they do on the TV show? It would make this game more realistic because all this one gives you is money. I used to play an old version of this game for Windows 98 and it prize packages on it. *I also think there should be difficulty levels on this game. Some of the puzzles are ridiculously easy and I don't think they would even put them on the show. I've noticed that my game has crashed a few times, and I have a new Ipad air. This game is fun if you like to multi task in solo mode and are a diehard fan of the show, but it is not fun for those who want to engage in online competition. Disappointing & Expensive by QueenMean on 2016/06/18 02:25 Pat & players don't talk. You have to read the captions. I bought this app for my dad to play because he loves to watch the show. Also there's some kind of scam with the stores where you buy themes. I was tricked the first time after already paying $2.99 & I shouldn't have to see ads. The game itself is fun but the opponents are dumb. It would be nice if the points we earn could be used to buy more themes or hairdos. I tried to open the rewards but I couldn't because I didn't have cellular data on my iPad mini or something to do with location. Winning! by Try before you buy on 2013/07/28 17:08 Finally a game that understands that games are suppose to be fun and it is fun to win! Most app games are frustrating and try your last nerve, this one is just a good time. Great way to pass some time while traveling or when you are not feeling well. I am very satisfied with my purchase. Also, there is an in game store to purchase more puzzles. I haven't had to do this yet though. You will be happy with this purchase if you like puzzle games. Goodbye candy crush! Love! But fix a few problems, please! by Adelheidramirez on 2013/03/28 23:23 I love, love, love this game. Especially this latest version. However, I often find the game stuck without anything happening when I've pushed the >> button too quickly. Most recently it was after my character landed on bankrupt and I wanted to zoom through the actions of the other players to get to my turn again. Please fix! I'm tired of having to re-start my game so often. Thank you. Big fan! Love it by Mariagia on 2015/03/07 01:32 This app is wonderful. My friends and I play it all the time, and it leaves us with great memories. It hasn't crashed once, and the games aren't too long. I don't know why people rate it three or lower. If I enjoy it, so will you, the price is definitely worth what the app provides. Furthermore, in most of the reviews I have written, I was harsh and pointed out flaws and bugs. Although for this app, I have nothing negative to say. Overall, this game is definitely worth it. Not bad, but... by paczjj15 on 2013/01/04 09:22 ...wheel spinning has no pattern to it. Spin speed, wedge position before spin, etc., are not accounted for. It's just random. Also, Bankrupt comes up way too often. I can hit Bankrupt in 3 consecutive spins that I take, and it seems to come up about 1 in 3 spins. This isn't a complaint about difficulty because that's mostly fine. Considering that there's 20-30 spaces and Bankrupt is hit that often, it's bad coding for the wheel spin. That really needs to be fixed to be more realistic. It's not a bad game to play, but really hard to get any kind of decent score because of the wheel. Good app if it's free because... by Hmmm4 on 2015/06/20 08:41 I love this game because it's very close to the original game and very cool. Having said that, I don't know if it's perfect considering I had to pay 5 bucks because after 10 games, same questions started to pop up. Especially, I got frustrated when I paid a dollar for a new theme because the notes up and bonus round puzzles have less than 10 patterns, which makes me wonder if it was worth paying extra. Again it's cool, but for a 5 dollar app, the developer should do a better job in satisfying by adding new puzzles. Hmmm.... by Melimasehoney on 2016/02/08 00:56 It is so much fun to play & great to stimulate my mind. I am currently frustrated about the game because I have been playing for a while & doing awesome but I never get the big $ on the wheel or the wilds, jackpot, etc... But the other 2 players hit those all the time.... It should be a better experience from the game especially after this long! This is happening when I play solo. Which I do all the time. It gives 2 other characters to play (computer people) not real people. So I'm frustrated with that! Great Fun by Belle of Baltimore on 2016/02/06 05:03 ....You have to pay full attention to the game to play it, but it is a lot of fun. I totally agree with the person who said it was nice to win often, but that the other players are either stupid computers or nonsensical people . Sometimes it is ridiculously obvious what the answer is, but the other "people" playing will guess a letter that couldn't possibly fit. That is frustrating. I don't have to win all the time - I certainly wouldn't in real life, so I don't expect to in the game, either. Too easy by Jerryaumen87 on 2014/02/10 16:08 A good game but my only complaint is that the computer players are too easy. Maybe have an easy, normal, hard, very hard. Not realistic when playing computer. That's the only reason I didn't give it 5 stars. Also would like to see solo stats like how many wins and losses you have in solo mode along with earnings and you can add other little stats in there too. Finally, would like to see prize packages on the wheel. Those little tweets are why it's 4 stars instead of 5. Very enjoyable. I like everything by Money free! on 2016/01/19 01:52 I have no complaints. I like everything about the show! I also like Pat.a lot. I do pretty good on some catagorries but some are the pits. I think I need to go back to school The only complaint I have is that on the toss ups I have to spell it out and the other people just say it, If I miss spell it by an I or e I lose it where if I could say I it would be mine. That's not fair. I would also like the money I won. I love this game by Barbara in Burlington on 2016/11/11 23:19 I love playing this game, but I do have a few critiques. I sometimes accidentally hit Solve when I am meaning to buy a vowel, it would be nice if it would confirm you want to solve before it takes you into that part. I want to mute the music because when I am playing as a passenger I the car and listening to music through Bluetooth it interferes with my music. Finally, every time I am the first to spin on a puzzle, the third spin is always a bankrupt or lose a turn. DONT WASTE YOUR MONEY by pezzi22 on 2015/01/02 02:51 Repeated three puzzles within the first 20 minutes of playing… Locked up several times and kicked us out… Why everybody doesn't allow you to leave the app at all while playing. If you try to answer text it locks up the entire game for everyone. If you're in the bonus round and you guess every letter in the puzzle it doesn't allow you to win. The spinning wheel doesn't appear on the big screen but rather only on the individuals phone which is stupid. I can't believe they are charging for this game while there are so many problems!!!! I want a refund. It's really too bad because this game does have potential.

i don't know

In the Sherlock Holmes stories, what is the name of the gang of street urchins employed by Sherlock Holmes to help solve crimes?

Baker Street Irregulars | Baker Street Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The Special Operations Executive (SOE), tasked by Winston Churchill to "Set Europe ablaze" during World War II had their headquarters at 64 Baker Street and were often called the Baker Street Irregulars after Sherlock Holmes 's fictional group of boys employed "to go everywhere, see everything, and overhear everyone," as they spied about London. The Baker Street Irregulars is a society of Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts that was founded in 1934. The Irregulars appear as the main characters in Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars: The Fall of the Amazing Zalindas, a 2006 novel by Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin. Wiggins is again the leader of a gang of street urchins. Other major characters include Ozzie, a scrivener's apprentice; Rohan, an Indian boy; Elliot, from an Irish tailor's family; Pilar, a Gypsy girl; and little Alfie. The Irregulars help solve the mysterious deaths of three tightrope walkers at a circus. Hazel Meade's troop of children serve as couriers and lookouts in the "Baker Street Irregulars" during the lunar revolution of Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Two BBC television series have been made starring the Irregulars: The Baker Street Boys (1983) and Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007). Comics involving the Irregulars include The Irregulars from Dark Horse Comics, [1] and Les Quatre de Baker Street [2] In June 2010 it was announced that Franklin Watts books, a part of Hachette Children's Books planned to release a series of four children's graphic novels in spring 2011 called Sherlock Holmes: The Baker Street Irregulars set during the three years that Sherlock Holmes was believed dead, between The Adventure of the Final Problem and The Adventure of the Empty House by writer Tony Lee and artist Dan Boultwood. In the BBC modern adaptation Sherlock , Holmes uses a wide network of homeless people as an information network. In the CBS modern adaptation Elementary , Holmes uses Teddy and his crew of street venders as informants to help him track down M . Holmes also refers to Harlan Emple, a maths experts whose talents he occasionally employs, as "one of my Irregulars" when Emple is a suspect in a murder.

Baker Street Irregulars

Which comedy team was famous for its “Who’s On First?” baseball routine?

Sherlock Holmes: The Silver Earring FAQ/Walkthrough for PC by LadyNorbert - GameFAQs GameFAQs Version: 3.1 | Updated: 03/02/13 | Search Guide | Bookmark Guide ---======>SHERLOCK HOLMES AND THE SECRET OF THE SILVER EARRING<======--- A role-playing adventure game from Frogwares, distributed by Ubisoft Based on the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Walkthrough by LadyNorbert Permission to host this walkthrough is granted to GameFAQs. If I find it being used anywhere else, I will set the Hound of the Baskervilles on whoever took it. Updates: 10/31/05 -- Original posting, version 2.0 11/12/05 -- Version 3.0 includes a clue in the chemistry analysis on Day One which I had originally forgotten, and a corrected answer to one of the Day One quiz questions. Many thanks to Vonnie Wiltsee for spotting and pointing out my errors. 02/11/06 -- Version 3.1 includes the correction of one more mistake I made in the original draft. Thanks again to Vonnie Wiltsee for catching it. 03/02/13 -- Long time no see! I've updated my contact information. ----------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------- I. Introduction A. The story B. The characters C. The locations D. Basic game play E. Solving the levels II. Day One -- 14 October 1897 A. Sherringford Hall -- interior 1. Ballroom 2. First Corridor (suit of armor) 3. Kitchen 4. Second Corridor (paintings) 5. Smoking Room 6. Ladies' Dressing Room 7. Stairwell 8. Dining Room 9. Ballroom 10. Dining Room B. Sherringford Hall -- exterior C. Baker Street D. Quiz III. Day Two -- 15 October 1897 A. Baker Street B. Sherringford Hall 1. Ballroom 2. Kitchen 3. Smoking Room 4. Ladies' Dressing Room 5. Ballroom and Sir Bromsby's Office C. Flatham 1. Flatham Station 2. Fowlett's House -- interior a. Living Room b. Kitchen c. Hallway d. Workshop/Bedroom e. Living Room f. Workshop/Bedroom 3. Fowlett's House -- exterior 4. Fowlett's House -- basement 5. Fowlett's House -- exterior D. Quiz IV. Day Three -- 16 October 1897 A. Baker Street B. Flatham Station (flashback) C. Baker Street D. Sherringford Hall 1. Ballroom and Stairwell 2. Sir Bromsby's Office E. Bromsby Cementworks F. Baker Street G. Bromsby Cementworks 1. Grimble's Office 2. Fairfax Theatre H. Quiz V. Day Four -- 17 October 1897 A. Baker Street B. Hunter's House 1. Interior 2. Greenhouse C. Baker Street D. Richmond Abbey 1. Abbey Gate 2. Walking to the Ruins 3. Interior of Ruins E. Sherringford Hall and Baker Street F. Quiz VI. Day Five -- 18 October 1897 A. Aston Theatre 1. Audience Hall 2. Dressing Room 3. Hallway 4. Office and Costume Room 5. Backstage 6. Locked Room B. Baker Street and Quiz C. Optional Quiz and Endgame VII. FAQ and Credits ---------------- I. INTRODUCTION ---------------- A. The Story The game opens with a mini-movie explaining the backstory. Dr. Watson reads a letter which Holmes has received from a Lord Cavendish-Smith, concerning the upcoming birthday party of an important member of the British government. Among the entertainers expected to appear at this party is Gallia, an Italian opera singer. There are some concerns about her character, however, so Lord Cavendish-Smith wants Holmes to investigate her. She is going to be singing at an upcoming gala dinner being thrown by Sir Melvyn Bromsby in honor of the 18th birthday of his daughter Lavinia, and the letter Watson reads includes two invitations, allowing the detective and his loyal friend to attend the party and have a look at the dubious diva. Holmes conducts himself with his usual observant aplomb at the party. He has never met Sir Bromsby, but is at once able to provide Watson with a litany of details about the gentleman. The host appears at a podium at the far end of the ballroom and begins to give a speech, which is unfortunately interrupted by his falling down dead. He has been fatally shot, and as the smoke clears, his daughter is seen standing in the doorway. All circumstantial evidence points to the probabilty that Miss Lavinia is her father's killer, and it is up to Victorian London's most dynamic duo to prove her innocence...or guilt. B. The Characters In the course of the five-day investigation, you will encounter (and in some cases, be) a host of fascinating characters. Among the more prominent are the following: ~ Sherlock Holmes -- The greatest detective of all time hardly requires an introduction. Here he is in all his glory, bound and determined to see justice done at any cost. ~ Dr. John Watson -- Holmes's right-hand man, biographer, and best friend is never far away when an investigation is taking place. Faithful, ready to assist in any way, and handy with a revolver, he does a fair share of the legwork in this case. ~ Mycroft Holmes -- Sherlock's older, smarter brother does not actually appear in the game, but does communicate with and assist his younger sibling during later portions. An important person in the British government, Mycroft is, according to his brother, even more observant and even more skilled at deducing facts than Sherlock himself. ~ Inspector Lestrade -- In "The Hound of the Baskervilles," Holmes refers to this mostly-competent cop as "the best of the professionals, I think." He lacks imagination, and doesn't often approve of Holmes's methods, but he is a very useful ally. ~ Wiggins -- The leader of the Baker Street Irregulars, he's a sturdy lad of about twelve years old. He and his fellow street urchins are Holmes's eyes and ears throughout London, able to go anywhere and watch anyone. ~ Sir Melvyn Bromsby -- The man whose murder is the focus of the game. He is a wealthy businessman, widowed with one child. ~ Miss Lavinia Bromsby -- Sir Bromsby's only child, she has just returned from six years away at boarding school. Her father is murdered at a party to celebrate her homecoming and 18th birthday. ~ Hermann Grimble -- A minority shareholder in Bromsby's business, and a friend of the deceased. ~ Horace Fowlett -- Sir Bromsby's closest friend and solicitor. He's a bit of a crackpot inventor, with a fondness for automatons (mechanical toys and contraptions). ~ Lieutenant Herrington -- A young enlisted gentleman who professes love for Miss Lavinia and spends a great deal of time with her after Bromsby's murder. (Notice the color of his hair? He's a red Herrington.) C. The Locations ~ Baker Street -- Holmes and Watson's apartment is the scene for conversations, introspections, and analyses using Holmes's chemistry set. ~ Sherringford Hall -- Sir Bromsby's manor house, where his murder and plenty of other important events take place. ~ Flatham -- The district of London where Horace Fowlett lives. ~ Bromsby Cementworks -- Sir Bromsby's cement factory. ~ Fairfax Theater -- An abandoned, run-down old theater on the grounds of Bromsby Cementworks, once owned by Veronica Davenport and Jeffries. ~ Hunter's House -- Home of the bartender from Sir Bromsby's party. ~ Richmond's Abbey -- A fifteenth-century monastery, home to an order of Anglican monks and the source of a fine liquor made with medicinal herbs. ~ Aston Theater -- A theater owned by Dwight Richards. D. Basic Game Play I have heard this kind of game referred to as a "pixel hunt," and it's not an inaccurate name. In the various areas, you move your mouse pointer around until it changes, which will indicate that there is something to be done. Your pointer looks like a smoking pipe when you play as Holmes (which is most of the time), or like a quill and parchment when you play as Watson. When you light upon something to be done, it will change to one of the following: ~ A hand -- there is an object to be picked up or examined. ~ Footprints -- you can walk to another part of the scene. ~ A portrait -- this will appear when you hover the mouse on another character, and will enable you to open dialogue with him or her. I very STRONGLY encourage you to speak to each character as thoroughly as you can. You will have a menu of topics to discuss, and sometimes hearing their opinions on one subject will open up possibilities for others. Don't click "Goodbye" until you have no other options available. You have an inventory which is with you at all times, and can be accessed at any instant by right-clicking with your mouse. There are four things which are permanently in the inventory -- a notebook, a magnifying glass, a tape measure, and a test tube. Quite often, you will hear Holmes remark "I need something" when you click on an object; this means he needs one of the items from the inventory. The magnifying glass is, of course, to examine objects closely; the tape measure obviously measures things; and the test tube is for collecting samples of powders and other substances to be analyzed with the equipment back in Baker Street. When you hear Holmes say that it is time to "reveal one of my hints," you need to show something from your inventory to another character. Open the inventory by right-clicking, click on the desired object to make it 'sit' on your pointer, and then click on the character in question. If it is the wrong object, it will return to your inventory without comment. The correct object will get the other character to continue the dialogue in the necessary vein. The notebook contains all the information you acquire throughout the course of your investigation. This information is divided into four categories: ~ Clicking on the tab with the picture of Holmes and another person will allow you to access transcripts of conversations you've had with other characters. (Testimonies) ~ Clicking the tab with the quill and parchment will show the results of your chemical analyses and other observations. (Reports) ~ Clicking the tab with the picture of books lets you read and review any documents you have acquired or examined along the way. (Documents) ~ Clicking the tab with the picture of a map will open a map of London and surrounding areas. Significant locations will appear on the map at different intervals, and you can travel to those locations by clicking on them. You don't have to actually take any notes, as the game will do it for you automatically. When you pick up any kind of document -- anything ranging from business cards to letters -- open your inventory and hover your mouse pointer on the item. A tiny menu will open with the option of "Read," and the item will vanish; you can then examine it carefully by opening your notebook and clicking the Documents tab. Close your notebook at any time by clicking on the notebook icon. To make Holmes or Watson walk around in an area, click on a spot where you want the character to stand. To make him run, double-click the spot. This is VERY important in some timed parts of the game. To access the main menu at any time (except during a sequence where you are not in control), press the Esc key. Saving the game often is advised, and as you have an unlimited supply of empty save slots to use, you don't really need to overwrite your saves. My personal suggestion is to use a new slot each time, and save your game at the beginning or end of each new section of the game. This will also make it easy, if you're so inclined, to go back and replay favorite sections of the game later. You may also press Esc to skip through mini-movies or character dialogue. E. Solving the Levels One nice feature about the game (or annoying, depending on your point of view -- I found it helpful) is that you cannot advance to the next stage of play until you have completed everything you need to do in the current stage. This can be a little irritating; it may turn out that the one thing you neglected to do is measure a footprint or ask someone a question. But it means you won't get to a point and be unable to proceed further because you failed to find an important clue two days ago. There is one exception to this otherwise handy setup, however -- the game contains some sort of glitch which makes it possible for you to continue past the first part of the game even if you neglect to pick up one of the items. This is really bad news, because you need that particular item on the fourth day of the investigation, and if you don't have it, you can't proceed. So be very careful when investigating Sherringford Hall! As far as I know, that's the only instance where this can happen. Once Holmes and Watson have done everything they can do on a given day, they will return to Baker Street to review their findings. Your notebook will open, and you will have some yes or no questions to answer about your discoveries of the day. The tricky part is that you must justify all of your answers by providing evidence found in the notebook. Fortunately, they make it easy for you; the boxes in which you are supposed to put the evidence are color-coded to match the section of the notebook where the correct answer will be found. For example, if the box for the evidence is dark blue, then you know that it is found in the record of one of your conversations with another character. To hunt for your evidence, click on the "Notes" tab below the quiz question, then click the tab for the appropriate category of data. When you find the necessary piece of evidence, click on it, then click on the "Quiz" tab and click the box; the notation for the proof will appear. Answer all the questions, then click on your notebook icon in the inventory to see how you did. If you made a mistake, Holmes will say that you must try again. If everything is correct, you'll hear him say "It is simplicity itself. We have answered all the questions." The final quiz in the game is optional; you may skip it if you would rather just go to the end movie and see if you were right. ------------------------------ II. DAY ONE: 14 OCTOBER 1897 ------------------------------ A. Sherringford Hall -- interior 1. Ballroom After the opening sequence, in which Holmes and Watson arrive at the Bromsby party and witness the murder of the host, the game will open with you as Holmes, standing near the dais where Sir Bromsby had been speaking. The game's manual actually walks you through the first several minutes of play. Start by picking up the piece of paper on the floor nearby, which is the speech Sir Bromsby had been reading when he was shot. It's also a good way to learn how your inventory works firsthand. Right-click to open the inventory, then hover your pointer over the paper. When the little menu appears, click on the blue word "Read." The paper disappears. Click on your notebook (the big book icon at the far left of the inventory) and open the Documents section. It will be the only item in the list on the left page; click on it to view the contents of the speech. What's the notation about a peasant and a snake? Hmm. Click on the notebook again to close it, then right-click again to close your inventory. There are a number of people in the ballroom, so start by interviewing the two on the dais. One is the doctor, who is attending the victim; from him you'll learn that death was instantaneous and that the bullet is still in the body, and he must wait for police permission to remove it. The other is Grant Sweetney, an associate of Sir Bromsby who is not overly fond of the host. Moving to the left, you can speak with Major Lockhart, who has absolutely nothing of importance to tell you but, hey, Sherlock Holmes is a very thorough fellow. Hanging from a chair near a door as you move around the oddly-arranged tables is a piece of white cloth; take it. It registers in your inventory as "dirty white clothes," and will warrant analysis later. Continue moving around the room, speaking with anyone you meet. Colonel Patterson, standing at the bar, won't give you much of an interview just now, but Scott Brimms, the man sweeping the floor, is more helpful. Once you've spoken to everyone, go back to that door where you found the cloth on the chair (it's to the right of the main ballroom entrance) and click on the door to enter the hallway. Holmes will note that the handle is twisted, suggesting that someone recently used that door. 2. First Corridor Recently indeed. As you stand in the corridor, which Holmes will note smells of gunpowder, you can see a black mark on the frame of the door you just closed. Get the tape measure from your inventory and use it on the mark, which is a powder burn. The measurements (1 meter 65, or 5.4 feet) will provide a clue later. Observe the footprints on the floor. Take out your magnifying glass and click on the base of the "handsome suit of armor," and look behind it to find a black sheet. Now, move a little farther down the hall to the table with a mirror, and move your pointer around until the hand appears. Get out your magnifying glass and click on the table, where you will find some black hair. You've now collected all the evidence to be gotten from this corridor, so go back to where you entered and click on the door on the left side of the screen. 3. Kitchen You will enter the kitchen. Using your magnifying glass on the table immediately in front of the door will allow you to locate a button, a poorly fabricated copy of a button from a military uniform. There is a wooden dustbin to the left of the door, which is "diabolically heavy" when you click on it. Click on the footprint symbol to walk around the table and have a chat with the cook, Carl Pannister. He has some interesting information for you, including details about a French chef and his strange ideas concerning tablecloths, as well as a few comments regarding that heavy dustbin. He heard it close twice, once before the shot was fired and once after, and he knows that the first time it was Mary, one of the maids; he presumes it was Mary the second time as well. After you've gotten him to tell you all he knows, you're finished here, so exit the kitchen by the same door. Click on the door you haven't used yet, the one leading in a northerly direction, to enter a second corridor. 4. Second Corridor Holmes will observe a greasy substance on the door. In this corridor are two doors on your left, and a table flanked by paintings on your right. Go to the table first, and investigate beneath it with your magnifying glass. You'll find a nifty powder tin to add to your inventory. Farther down the corridor is a red ladies' handbag. Once you pick this up, right-click to open your inventory and move your pointer over the bag. Select the option to "unpack" the contents, which include Lavinia Bromsby's passport, travel tickets, and -- most damning of all -- a revolver. On the floor near where you found the handbag is a sample of white powder; get the test tube from your inventory and use it on this powder so that you can later analyze it back in Baker Street. You can visit the smoking room and the ladies' dressing room in whichever order you choose, just so long as you enter both of them. 5. Smoking Room Note the footprints on the floor; open your inventory and get the tape measure to learn that they are a size 7. Click on the table and, using your magnifying glass, retrieve some flaky ash from the ashtray there; Holmes notes that the ash does not match the cigar which is also in the tray. Moving around to the left, there is an open door leading into a small bath. Click on the sink and use your magnifying glass to examine the mustache scissors, and to collect the sample of red hair on the counter just below them. You've got all the clues to be found in this room, so go back to the corridor and click on the other door to enter the ladies' chamber. 6. Ladies' Dressing Room There is a dressing table with a mirror. Pick up the picture of a pretty young woman, inscribed by Veronica Davenport. (This is the clue that you can miss and still continue with the game, so make sure you grab it or you'll be in real trouble later!) There is a mark on the table, a round spot on which you should use another of your endless supply of test tubes to add yet another sample of white powder to your inventory. Move away from the table to a sofa and table, upon which is lying a book. Someone has been studying French, it seems. A French calling card is sticking out of the book; take it and, in your inventory, treat it as you treated Sir Bromsby's speech -- click on "Read" to move it to the notebook, then open the notebook to read it. Louis-Philippe de la Musardiere has some interesting titles. Head back into the corridor and open the northernmost door to enter the stairwell. Holmes will note that this one also has a greasy substance on it. 7. Stairwell One of the maids, Mary, is scrubbing a spot out of the carpeting. She will tell you that she was not present for the shooting, but that Scott -- the sweeping servant you interviewed earlier -- poked his head in to tell her the news of their employer's death. Pay close attention to her remarks about the dustbin, which she will tell you she only opened and shut once. But the cook said it was closed twice, so who did it the second time? You can't go upstairs at this point in time, so once you've exhausted conversation opportunities with Mary, move through the door to the left and enter the long dining room. 8. Dining Room Pick up the piece of paper on the long table, which, when you read it in your notebook, will turn out to be the guest list. There are some strange notations next to many of the names. Move to the next screen and introduce yourself to Hermann Grimble, a business associate of Sir Bromsby's, and to the grieving daughter Lavinia. (Diehard Sherlock fans will be amused by the fact that he kisses Miss Lavinia's hand, something he never does in any of Doyle's stories.) Lavinia is not interested in giving you much of a statement; she has lived at a foreign boarding school for six years and really has no idea who you are. Mr. Grimble, on the other hand, has heard of Sherlock Holmes and will answer your questions gladly. Also present is Lt. Herrington, who is only too eager to defend Miss Lavinia's honor. Once you have finished conversing with these three, the scene will automatically jump back to the ballroom. 9. Ballroom Colonel Patterson is still standing by the bar, and this time, he will answer any questions you put to him. He's got terrible vision, but excellent hearing, and informs you that Sir Bromsby's death was caused by a shot from a Wright revolver of small caliber. Lt. Herrington is there also, and you should speak to him briefly before he excuses himself to go and apologize to Miss Lavinia. Converse with Hunter, the bartender, and have a second chat with Brimms, who is still sweeping. He can tell you more about the Frenchman the cook mentioned. Once you've exhausted conversation opportunities with all four of these characters, return to the dining room. (Use the door to the immediate right of the dais.) 10. Dining Room Miss Lavinia still won't talk when you click on her. You will hear Holmes say he needs to use one of his hints. Open the inventory and click on the gun, then click the gun on Lavinia. She will more or less freak, but you can get from her what you need to know. Also click on Grimble again, when you've finished with her, to make sure you've said everything you need to say to him. If you've read all the documents in your notebook, there should be a new dialogue tag in the box, concerning Bromsby's speech. If you've done everything right, Holmes will wonder where Watson has gone, and the game will shift automatically to the front lawn of the hall. (If it doesn't, it means you've forgotten something. Make sure you have all of the pieces of evidence that should be in your inventory and that you've exhausted discussion possibilities with every character.) B. Sherringford Hall -- exterior This part of the first day is much shorter, as you shift your play mode to the good doctor. You're getting into it pretty heavily with Lamb, Sir Bromsby's coachman, but Lamb becomes much more congenial once he understands just who you are. Talk to him and enlist his help in keeping everyone inside, and inquire about the sealed door behind you. Once you've finished talking to him, head to the right. There are quite a few people here and you need to speak with all of them, but you can approach them in whatever order you like. Miss Lambert is on the steps of the hall; as near as I can figure out (because it never really does get explained), she's the head housekeeper or something similar. She can clarify the odd notations on the guest list that Holmes found, because she's the one who made them; they were suggested by the French chef, to arrange seating in order to accommodate those with poor eyesight or hearing. He was the genius behind that crazy arrangement of the tables as well. There is a gentleman called Satterthwaite, sitting on a bench; on another bench is the second maid, Sue, comforting a weeping woman named Miss Roundtree. Three rather inebriated men are clustered near a carriage. (One of them actually calls Watson "ma'am" -- his drinks need to be stopped!) Go around the driveway and speak to everyone. Once you've pursued all possible conversation leads with all seven characters, Holmes will come out and join you in the drive, and you will resume playing as the detective. Go back to where Lamb is standing guard, and use your magnifying glass on the white speck in front of that sealed door Watson observed earlier. You'll find a cigarette butt with a partial word printed on it, "Chirr." Take this, and use the measuring tape on the footprint next to the butt; another size 7. Once you've collected all this evidence, Inspector Lestrade arrives and you lose control of the game for a few minutes while Holmes explains how he knows Lestrade was just at his mother's. Once they finish their lively little chat, the map will open and you can return home by clicking on the Baker Street icon. C. Baker Street Both gentlemen have some work to do here. You'll start as Watson, who needs to do some reading up on tobacco, footprints, and ballistics. Turn to the bookcase and click anywhere on the second, third, and fourth shelves, then open your notebook and turn to the Documents section. You will have three articles to read. The ballistics entry will explain that adding 15 cm to the height of a powder mark on a wall will give the shooter's height. This means that, based on Holmes's measurements back in Sherringford Hall, the person who shot Sir Bromsby is 1 meter 80 tall -- approximately 5'9". The tobacco article will tell you about a kind of tobacco which only comes from Brazil, is found in products made by the Chirripaqui Company, and has a calming effect on the smoker. The cigarette butt with "Chirr" stamped on it must certainly be one of these, and is the source of the flaky white ash Holmes found in the smoking room. Switching over to Holmes, it's time to play with your chemistry kit. You have a few objects requiring analysis, the first being the dirty white cloth you picked up in the ballroom. Retrieve the cloth from your inventory; before you can do any analysis, you have to do a bit of laundry. Pick up your little bowl of water and set it on the burner tripod, then take the green bottle (soap) from the rack of chemicals and add it to the water, which will turn an interesting shade of green. Click on the burner under the tripod to heat the soapy water, then pick up the white cloth and put it in the dish. Now that it's clean, it's time to do some experimenting with the cloth. Put your bowl of (miraculously clean) water on the tripod again, and this time, add the blue chemical (spirits). It's the fifth bottle from the left on the lower level of the chemical rack. Click the lamp to light the burner, then put the white cloth into the dish. The stains are observed to be sticky, but not oily. Take the white cloth out of your inventory again and, this time, put it on the tray of your microscope to learn that it's made of fine white cotton. You've learned all that it can tell you now, and it will no longer sit in your inventory. In your notebook, open the Reports section and read that it's the same kind of cotton as is used to make gloves for army officers. Next, let's examine the dark powder you took from the door frame. Take the dark powder from your inventory and place it in the tripod dish, then light the burner. It's burnt gunpowder, and there's a new report in your notebook to read. Now, about those three pesky samples of white powder -- are they all the same thing? Let's find out. In the inventory, click on the magnifying glass, then click on the powder box. Now take all three white powders and put them on the tray of the microscope to find that yes, they are all the same, and have now combined into one big pile of white powder in your inventory. Take it out, put it on the tripod dish, and light the burner. Hmm, nothing happens. Put the dish of water on the tripod and light the burner, then add the powder to the dish. It creates a pasty substance, rather like starch, and the white powder is gone from your inventory. The report in your notebook will tell you that it is rice powder. The final clues you can analyze are the samples of red and black hair you have acquired. The black hair you found on the table in the first corridor should be placed on the microscope; Holmes will identify it as a man's oily hair. The red hair, whch you found in the smoking room bath, also goes on the microscope, so Holmes can detect the presence of "a light, feminine perfume." Click on the decorative silver emblem in the upper right corner of your screen to leave your chemistry table, and get ready for your very first quiz. D. Quiz The questions will be presented one at a time, with a little decorative scroll at the bottom that you click to get to the next one. Click yes or no, then go hunting for the piece(s) of evidence to back up your answers. Use the colors of the box(es) for evidence to tell you which section of your notebook holds the proof. 1. Do we have an idea of the weapon used for the crime? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your second conversation with Colonel Patterson. 2. Could the murderer escape through the stairs going to the second floor? Answer: No. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Mary. 3. Are the ashes found in the smoking room from English cigarettes? Answer: No. Justifications: Red frame - In the Reports section, the mention of the cigarette butt found in front of the service door in the courtyard. Green frame - In the Documents section, the study of tobacco. 4. Was the side door going to the kitchen open after the shooting? Answer: No. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Satterthwaite. 5. Did Miss Lambert choose the tablecloths and arrange the tables? Answer: No. Justifications: Both are found in the Testimonies section. 1. Your conversation with Carl Pannister. 2. Your conversation with Miss Lambert. 6. Do we have an idea of the murderer's height? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Red frame - In the Reports section, the measurements of the powder smudge on the doorframe. Green frame - In the Documents section, the ballistics article. 7. Among the interrogated people, did any others besides Colonel Patterson have bad eyesight? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Miss Lambert. Once you have answered all seven questions and provided your justifications, click on the notebook to close it. Congratulations, you've completed your first day of detective work! ------------------------------- III. DAY TWO: 15 OCTOBER 1897 ------------------------------- A. Baker Street You will find that your inventory has cleared itself of everything except the permanent items (magnifying glass, test tube and measuring tape) and the picture inscribed by Veronica Davenport. Holmes will inform Watson that Lestrade has provided a number of documents pertaining to the previous night's murder. As Watson, your first duty of the day is to open the notebook and read the reports, which are in the Documents section. They are titled "The Crime," "Instrument of the Crime," "The Motive," "The development of the crime," "Scotland Yard Report," and "Melvyn Bromsby." Once you have read each of these, the pair of you are to head for Sherringford Hall to meet Lestrade and continue with the investigation. The map will open for you; click on the icon for the Hall. B. Sherringford Hall Miss Lambert will be in the exact same position on the steps of the hall as she was when Watson interviewed her. (Does she ever move?) After you speak to her, you'll find yourself in the ballroom with Mr. Grimble and Inspector Lestrade. 1. Ballroom Personally speaking, I found this one of the most annoying parts of the game. Talking to Mr. Grimble is necessary, of course, and will illuminate some of the less cheerful aspects of Lavinia's relationship with her father. Holmes will then exit the room, leaving Grimble, Watson, and Lestrade chatting about polo. I don't know *why*, but instead of following Holmes right away, the "camera" lingers on the polo discussion for several minutes. Just bear with it. Eventually the control of the game returns to you, and Holmes will be standing in the corridor by the suit of armor. Click on the door on the left side to enter the kitchen. 2. Kitchen In the kitchen, there's nothing to click on except Carl, the cook, who is rather brutally hacking at a chicken. "It's already dead," Holmes observes. Carl has a bit of interesting information to share; two bottles of very fine whiskey, 18 years old, have gone missing. Other than that, however, there is nothing to learn here, so go back to the corridor and head north. In the corridor with the paintings, you will again enter each of the doors on the left side -- the men's smoking room and the ladies' dressing room. The smoking room is closer, so I advise going in there first. 3. Smoking Room You have a single concern in here. There is a pair of white gloves on the table; swipe these for your inventory. Yes, that's all. 4. Ladies' Dressing Room There's a bit more to do in here. On the table you'll see Lavinia's red handbag, the same one you found last night. Open your inventory and unpack the contents, just as you did the first time; you'll find a letter from Lt. Herrington and a program from the London opera. Click on the "Read" option for each one, then open your notebook and view the contents of these in the Documents section. Once you've finished, go back out to the corridor and return to the ballroom. 5. Ballroom and Sir Bromsby's Office Miss Lavinia has joined the group in the ballroom and will answer your questions. She will explain how her father had told her to wait before entering the party, and how she had nervously powdered herself. When the conversation concludes, the game will transport you all to Sir Bromsby's office to start looking for clues. Fowlett, Sir Bromsby's friend and solicitor, is fond of inventing weird games and security devices. Lestrade will trigger one by attempting to open a drawer of Sir Bromsby's desk, after which control of the game reverts to you and Holmes. On the desk are two photographs to be examined. One is of Sir Bromsby with Grimble, and a third individual's hand is on Bromsby's shoulder. Use your magnifying glass on the hand and note that the person is wearing a ring with a Masonic emblem. The second photograph is of a young Lavinia and her grandfather, who is teaching her to shoot a rifle. In front of the picture of the men is a letter from Fowlett to Bromsby; take it and read it in your notebook. Open the notebook and read the page Fowlett has marked about medieval French art, and the practice of concealing an image inside a painting of something else. Open the drawer and take out all the burnt pieces of paper, then read them in your notebook. There is a piece of a book, a chunk of a newspaper from India, and a page with a code; the only surviving information says that 55 is the number to add. Move away from the desk and click on the central picture on the wall, which is of Sir Bromsby in front of the Kalidassa Abyss. Lestrade will inform you that Horace Fowlett was last seen heading to the north country, so you should head for his home in Flatham and see what you can learn. Before you go, click on Sir Bromsby's giant portrait next to the office door and reveal a safe, though there's nothing you can do with it just yet. C. Flatham 1. Flatham Station Talk to Constable Fletcher when you reach Flatham Station, then go with him to Fowlett's house. His neighbor, Graham, will tell you that Fowlett left the day before and gives you a key to Fowlett's house. While Watson departs to talk to the Flatham stationmaster, and Constable Fletcher remains on watch, you as Holmes can go in and investigate Fowlett's house for clues. Walk through the gate and use the key on the front door. 2. Fowlett's House -- interior a. Living Room Well, it's certainly dark in here -- you're not going to get very far if you can't see what you're doing! Have a look at that dragon statue to the left of the door, and click on it to get a matchbox. It's going to prove to be one of the most useful things you acquire in the whole game. For now, use the matchbox on the lamp on that table to your right, and shed a little light on the scene. There are shoes on the floor near the dragon, which Holmes will identify as being size 6. There is also a footprint; pull out your handy measuring tape and learn that it's a size 7. Interesting. Move your pointer along the bottom of the screen to get the footprints icon, then click to move to a corner of the room. There is a peculiar-looking automaton sitting there, but you can't do anything with it unless you have a token. On the wall are four Epinal woodcuts. Remember Fowlett's notation in the book about medieval French art? These are examples of the kind of art he admires -- paintings of one subject with a hidden image. From left to right, see if you can spot the images hidden in these pictures: First picture -- a valley landscape. There is a deer hidden in a tree in the foreground. Second picture -- a hilly area. There is a bear outlined in the hill on the left. Third picture -- a river scene. A crab is on the rocks in the foreground. Fourth picture -- a waterfall. The water flows out of the beak of an eagle. Back up from this corner, and you will spot a wooden toy on the floor under the table; grab that. Head toward the left side of the screen and you'll find yourself facing a bookcase; click on the bottom shelf to open a volume of poetry. In your notebook, you can read one of Aesop's Fables, "The Villager and the Serpent." Hey, a peasant and a snake, doesn't that sound familiar? Sure it does; Sir Bromsby made a note about a peasant and a snake on his speech the night he was killed. Left of the bookcase is the doorway to the kitchen, while the door on the right leads into the hallway. Go into the kitchen first. b. Kitchen There isn't too much to do here, but what there is has significance. On the counter to the left of the stove you'll find an ashtray; use your magnifying glass to study it, and take the flaky white ash you find. Farther to the left is a table with a bottle of gin. Make note of the broken glass and the spilled blood. Right, that's it, you're done here; Go back to the bookcase, then click the door to the right of the bookcase to enter the hallway. c. Hallway Very dark here. Use your matchbox on the lamp sitting on the floor so you can see what you're doing -- didn't I tell you it'd be useful? There are two doors on the left here, one of which is "Closed!" We'll come back to that. Open the second door, which leads into Fowlett's combination workshop and bedroom. d. Workshop/Bedroom There is much to be done in here, but you can't do everything just yet. Note the interesting automatic shoe brush as you first enter the room; it's the strange contraption under the mirror. Also make note of the window, which is being held shut with a screwdriver. Very odd. Moving to the right you'll see Fowlett's bed; click on it and Holmes will observe that the pillow is missing. Check the washbasin in the corner, and collect the greasy substance on the left side. (It looks sort of like a handful of marbles.) Moving back from the basin, look at the wall and take a closer look at a portrait of Fowlett you find hanging there. He's not very tall, and is quite fat. Go back to the left, to the workshop portion. There are a number of certificates on the wall for you to examine. Beside the bed is what looks like a toy Noah's Ark sitting on top of a safe, but clicking this reveals that Holmes needs something in order to make use of it. Turn your attention to the worktable, and what appears to be a large checkerboard with numbered chips on it. Have you ever bought a book of puzzles, and one of the puzzles inside required that you put numbers into a grid so that all the rows, columns and diagonals added up to the same number? That is exactly what you have to do here. Remember the burnt piece of paper you took from Bromsby's desk, the one that said that the number to add was 55? All of the rows, columns and diagonals on this board must add up to 55 in order for the puzzle to be completed. The chips which are already on the board cannot be moved, so you have to solve the puzzle by putting the chips on the table in the correct slot. Adding to the difficulty, the colors of the chips must alternate, light and dark. I absolutely detest this kind of puzzle, so I'm not going to lie to you. My immediate reaction was to visit the UHS hints website and get the answer. If we were relying on MY math skills to get past this part of the game, the walkthrough would quite frankly end here. Fortunately, thanks to the UHS folks, that's not the case. You can see for yourself on the board which numbers need to be light-colored chips and which ones need to be dark- colored, so I'm just going to tell you which numbers go where. (To keep the columns even, I have used X in place of the number 10.) --------------------------------------- | 8 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 8 | --------------------------------------- | X | 3 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 9 | --------------------------------------- | X | 6 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 5 | --------------------------------------- | 3 | 7 | 7 | X | 5 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | --------------------------------------- | 3 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 6 | X | 3 | 8 | 3 | --------------------------------------- | 4 | 1 | X | 6 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 4 | --------------------------------------- | 8 | 8 | 9 | 3 | X | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 5 | --------------------------------------- | 4 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 1 | X | 9 | 4 | 8 | 5 | --------------------------------------- | 2 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 7 | --------------------------------------- Once the puzzle is correctly assembled, a little drawer will pop open at the bottom. Take the token in the drawer, and you're all done with this room for the time being. Well, now you have a token, so let's head back to the living room and have another look at that automaton in the corner. e. Living Room Back in the corner by the Epinal woodcuts, we can see that the automaton is almost a screwy kind of slot machine. Put your token in the slot, and cards will appear on your screen. (If you don't do this correctly the first time, don't worry; you get the token back and can try again.) Click on the automaton's upright left hand -- on the right side of your screen -- and watch what happens. This puzzle will have three parts, and to proceed, you must successfully complete all three parts. Pulling the arm will cause three cards to appear in the window in the automaton's chest. What you must do is select, from the cards in the upper left portion of your screen, the card which goes with the three cards in the window. The first deal produces the ace of hearts, ace of diamonds, and ace of spades. It isn't hard to guess that the card you need is the fourth ace, the ace of clubs. Click on the ace and drag it down to the automaton's flat right hand, then click again to release. The second deal produces the 3 of hearts, the jack of spades, and the 7 of clubs. What do these cards have in common? Well, if you look at the way your cards are arranged, you'll see that the only card which is adjacent to all three in the layout is the 4 of diamonds. So that's the next card to put in the automaton's right hand. The third and final deal brings up the 2 of hearts, the 7 of clubs, and the queen of hearts. What logic is employed by this deal, I'm not entirely certain, but trial and error ultimately proves that the card the automaton wants is the 4 of clubs, so drag it down to the right hand. You win the game, and are rewarded with...a little piece of paper. Whee. Open your notebook and read the verses about Noah's Ark. You're now ready to solve the final puzzle in this house, so let's go back to the workshop/bedroom. f. Workshop/Bedroom The piece of paper you received from the automaton is the "something" needed to work the Noah's Ark puzzle, so make your way over there. If you experiment with this particular invention, you will discover that clicking on each of the little animals at the base of the ark will send them climbing up and into the door. How cute! The trick, therefore, is to get the animals into the ark in the correct order, and this little poem is one of your clues; the other clues were the four Epinal woodcuts on the living room wall. If you put the animals into the ark in the wrong order, Noah will appear at the door for a minute, and then the puzzle resets itself. The first animal, according to the poem, came to the shore and was afraid of the powerful waves. One of the woodcuts showed a crab on the rocks by the shore of a body of water. The crab is your first click. The second animal came from a valley and was afraid of the river. The woodcut of the valley landscape had a hidden deer in one of the trees, so the second animal is the deer. The third animal came from the hills. The woodcut of hills had the outline of a bear on it, so the bear is your third animal. There are a few more animals to be gotten into the ark. The last animal, the poem says, was not afraid of the water but heard the wrath of the Lord roaring. In the fourth woodcut, there was a waterfall pouring out of the beak of an eagle, so the eagle is your last animal. Click on every other remaining animal (it doesn't matter which order) until only the eagle is left, then click on the eagle. If you've put all the animals into the ark in the proper order, the safe on which the ark puzzle sits will open. Note the damage to the door of the safe -- someone attempted to force it open. Take all of the papers you see, the read them in your notebook. There are quite a few documents, including letters from Sir Bromsby to Fowlett about his nephew, Wyatt Collins; information about the trial and sentence of Collins and some of his confederates; other letters about what happened to Collins while he was in Venezuela; a draft of Sir Bromsby's will; a letter from Sir Bromsby to Fowlett dated 12 November 1896; and a very peculiar- looking code. Close the notebook and, if you've done everything you need to do inside the house, you will hear Watson calling to you from outside about the discovery of a key in the garden. Time to leave the house by the front door and see what's happening out there. 3. Fowlett's House -- exterior Watson will tell you about the finding of this new key, which now appears in your inventory. Remember the door in Fowlett's hallway, the one that was "Closed"? I said we'd come back to it, and now we will. Go back into the house (remember to use the first key on the front door) and back to the hallway, then use this new key on the locked door to go down to the basement. 4. Fowlett's House -- basement It's very morbid, but at the same time, this is one of the funniest moments in the whole game. Being crushed by a giant crate of potatoes is not exactly the most normal way to die, but it's Holmes who gets the comic line. He summons Watson to the scene, and Dr. Obvious -- I mean, Dr. Watson -- makes the startling pronouncement that the man is dead. Holmes replies, with unusual sarcasm, that he had thought the man simply decided to take a nap under a pile of potatoes, then sends Watson to summon the official forces. Once you finish chuckling over this and Watson has left, pull out your trusty tape measure and get the dead man's shoe size. He wears a size 6. On the ground you will notice a small slip of white paper; pick this up and read it in your notebook. It is the calling card of an antiques dealer, and Holmes notes that the handwriting is the same as on the calling card found back at Sherringford Hall. That's all there is for this room, so let's get out of here; click on the door ahead of you to climb the outside stairs to Fowlett's yard. 5. Fowlett's House -- exterior Move around the left side of the house to where you will find a footprint on a barrel. Measure the footprint and find that it is a size 10; how many pairs of feet are involved in this mystery? Go back to the fence, where Constable Fletcher is still standing, and speak to him. Watson will join you there, bringing you two pieces of information that make no sense when taken together. He tells you that the Flatham stationmaster definitely saw Fowlett leaving the night before, but that the police have positively identified the dead body in the basement as being...Horace Fowlett. You've done all the good you can do here, so it's time to return to Baker Street and review your findings by means of the second quiz. D. Quiz 1. Did Horace Fowlett receive a caller the evening he was supposed to leave? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Graham, Fowlett's neighbor. 2. Were all the guests in the ballroom at the time of the shooting? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Documents section, Lestrade's report on the development of the crime. 3. Did Sir Bromsby and his daughter have a good relationship? Answer: No. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your third conversation with Hermann Grimble (Sherringford Hall, dated 15 October 1897). 4. Was Horace Fowlett aware of the problems between Hermann Grimble and Sir Bromsby? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Documents section, the letter from Bromsby to Fowlett dated 12 November 1896. 5. Was there anything missing from Horace Fowlett's house? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Reports section, your observations about Fowlett's bedroom -- the bed was not made and the pillow was missing. 6. Did somebody enter through the window at Fowlett's house? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Both found in the Reports section. 1. Fowlett's bedroom: the window has no bars and is held closed with a screwdriver. 2. Garden: footprints with traces of soil, size 10, on the barrel under the window. Close the notebook when you have finished the quiz. Congratulations, you've completed another day of the case! -------------------------------- IV. DAY THREE: 16 OCTOBER 1897 -------------------------------- A. Baker Street The third day of the investigation begins with Holmes doing a bit more work with his chemistry set. Have a seat at the table; it's time to have a closer look at the gloves, wooden toy, and weird greasy substance you acquired yesterday. Open your inventory. You'll actually only use your scientific equipment on the greasy substance, so let's do that first. Take it out and place it on the tray of your microscope. We learn...well, not much. It's "very interesting." The other two objects -- the military gloves and the toy -- should both be examined with your magnifying glass; click on the glass to put it on your pointer, then click on the gloves. They are made from a very fine white cotton. Repeat the process to look at the wooden toy, the style of which Holmes recognizes. Yes, that really is all we find out about any of these objects. Click on the silver decoration in the corner to conclude this part of the game. Holmes was the one doing all the legwork yesterday, from our perspective, but now we'll do a flashback to Flatham Station and find out what Watson had to contribute to the investigation. B. Flatham Station (flashback) First order of business is to converse with the stationmaster, who is standing near you. He tells you how he recognized Horace Fowlett, who was muffled up and coughing every time he tried to speak. There was another man who arrived, a man with a bandaged hand, and he and Fowlett boarded the same carriage on the train. Conveniently, that train is the one right there, so you can check out the very carriage in which they sat. Before you do that, have a look at the bench there at the station. You find a white feather. Having acuired that, enter the train by clicking on the bottom of the screen to move down the platform, then clicking on the carriage door when your angle changes. Walk through the entire carriage, examining everything thoroughly. You'll find another feather on one of the seats. Watson wonders if someone is traveling with a chicken, but what he doesn't know (and we do) is that Fowlett's pillow was missing from his bed; could it, perhaps, have been a feather pillow? Under another bench is a cap with red hairs clinging to it. Moving to the end of the carriage, look into the ashtray and acquire the butt of a Chirripaqui cigarette. Well done, Watson; head back outside. You're done here. C. Baker Street The game takes control back in Baker Street, where Holmes is looking over the hairs on the cap Watson found. A new item has been added to your inventory, a knife -- much like the matchbox from Fowlett's house, it will repeatedly be useful. Looking outside, Holmes beckons to his faithful lieutenant, Wiggins, leader of the Baker St. Irregulars. He and the rest of the lads are given orders to locate a man, but Holmes whispers the directions, so exactly who they're trying to find is a mystery to you (and Watson). Once the boys leave, it's time for a return visit to Miss Lavinia at Sherringford Hall. D. Sherringford Hall 1. Ballroom and Stairwell Ah, so Miss Lambert IS capable of moving from that spot on the front steps. As Holmes, you'll find her with the flirtier of the two maids, Sue, standing in the ballroom. Talk to each of them; Miss Lambert will describe Wyatt Collins, Sir Bromsby's nephew, as a very tall and slender man. Sue will give you some dirt about Lt. Herrington, saying that he is wealthy and that she hopes he and Miss Lavinia will marry and have children that she can help raise. Once you finish chatting with the ladies, make your way through the two corridors to the stairwell. Unlike Miss Lambert, poor Mary is apparently unable to move from her designated spot in the house. Talk to her about Wyatt Collins, and learn a bit more about his disagreements with his uncle and why the servants disliked him. Seems he made some slanderous comments about Grimble. Once you're done talking to Mary, click on the stairs to join the party in Bromsby's office. 2. Sir Bromsby's Office Lestrade wants to find out what's in Sir Bromsby's safe, the one you revealed earlier by clicking on his portrait behind the door. Have a closer look at the safe, which is really peculiar. No keyhole, no combination; what you have instead are six long slots with numbers beside them. If you click on the slots, you can move the markers up and down to sit next to the different numbers. This is definitely one of the strangest puzzles in the game, in my estimation. But you've already gotten the clue you need to solve it, from the safe at Horace Fowlett's house -- remember the weird looking code? It looked like this: 1 11 21 1211 111221 That is, believe it or not, the safecracker code. It's actually one of those puzzles where you figure out what the next line in the sequence would be. The trick is realizing that sometimes a number is an adjective, and sometimes it's a noun. I'll explain, line by line; when the number is an adjective I will spell out the word, and when it is a noun I will use the numeric character. 1 -- One. Simple. 11 -- One 1. In other words, a single number 1. 21 -- Two 1s. Getting the idea? 1211 -- One 2, one 1. A single number 2 and a single number 1. 111221 -- One 1, one 2, two 1s. Each line describes the row of numbers above it. So the description of that last line would be three 1s, two 2s, one 1. In other words, 312211. Click on the slots on the safe to move the markers so that they are next to those numbers, and voila, you have cracked the safe! Simple, eh, Sherlock? Riiiight. In any case, you're in the safe now, so take everything you can grab, which consists of a key and some papers to be read in your notebook. Don't bother with the locked compartment above the shelves, since Holmes will announce that he has no interest in it. In other words, that key is for something else. The papers turn out to be a letter from someone called Dwight Richards (not the most charming correspondent, is he?) and notes about a money transfer. Chat a bit with Inspector Lestrade about what to do next, then head for Bromsby Cementworks. E. Bromsby Cementworks Sit back and watch for a few minutes while Holmes converses with Mr. Goblet, the guard at the gate of Bromsby Cementworks, who he apparently once helped out of a tight spot. Goblet is still grateful to Holmes for this previous service, and provides him with information about Marty, the night watchman, and his dogs. He also provides Holmes with a key to get into Grimble's office. Once you're in the cementworks yard, head for the building to your right (toward the top of the screen); don't bother exploring the place, since you can't enter any of the other buildings and there are no additional clues to find. Use the key Goblet gave you on the door to the office. Leaving Watson to stand guard on the first floor, you as Holmes should proceed up the stairs. The room in which you find yourself has a large model of a bridge at the back wall, but turn your attention first to the table at the top of the stairs, to your immediate left. Pick up the key on the floor beneath it; you won't get much farther without this. Move forward, toward the bridge, and when the viewing angle changes, click on the pictures on the wall above that table. You can view them more closely in your notebook. Move over to the bridge and click to look at it; there are small figurines of men on the bridge, but it is quite obvious that one is missing. Go back to where you came up the stairs, and move your pointer to make the footsteps icon a bit to the right to make Holmes walk to the second stairs. These lead up into Grimble's office, which is locked, but the key you found under the table will let you inside. Next to you when you first enter the room is a large wardrobe with some sort of relic on top. Click on this to make Holmes observe it. I don't know why you need to look at it, because it has absolutely nothing to do with anything else, but you have to look at it nonetheless. Having done that, move your pointer to the right side of your screen to bring up the footsteps, and make Holmes walk farther into the room. There are four objects here requiring your attention. The one on the left is a large statue of Ganesha (or Ganeesh as they spell it in the game), one of the gods in the Hindu pantheon. He looks like a big dancing elephant, and he certainly warrants closer inspection. Click on his trunk, which will move, and then click on his mouth. It seems that pulling on Ganeesh's trunk rewards you with a miniature figure of Sir Bromsby -- clearly, the missing figure from the bridge model. Moving away from Ganeesh, there is a desk directly in front of you, but the drawer is locked; we'll have to come back to it. Hanging on the wall behind the desk is a painting which, when you click on it, moves to reveal a wall safe. Remember the key you found in Bromsby's safe? This is what it unlocks, so open up the safe and take everything you can, always being sure to read documents in your notebook. On the right of the room is a statue of a reclining tiger on a table. Beneath the table you'll find a piece of paper, a letter threatening Grimble with exposure (about what, I wonder) and signed with the initials W.C. It must be from Wyatt Collins, Bromsby's nephew. Don't forget to click "Read" in your inventory to transfer it to the notebook, and then look at it there to get the details. Head back out of the office. Go over to the bridge model again, and take the miniature Bromsby from your inventory and place him in the empty space on the bridge. You'll hear a sort of mechanical sound, and a key will fall out of the bridge and onto the floor. Grab it -- that's the key to Grimble's desk! Go back into his office and use the key on his desk drawer. You can't take everything here, because as Holmes says, Grimble will notice if the key is missing. Click on everything you see, however, because you can take some papers. Once you transfer them to the notebook, have a look at them. One is another threatening note, and the other is a newspaper article about the death of someone named Captain Lowrie. Note that he was involved with the building of the bridge over Kalidassa Abyss, and therefore had some connection to Sir Bromsby. If you've done everything right to this point, you will now hear Watson calling to you that someone is coming. Holmes will quickly put everything back the way it was (you don't see him do this), and then the pair of you will return for a short spell to Baker Street. F. Baker Street You won't have to do too much for a time. Lt. Herrington will arrive to ask how the case is proceeding. He professes his love for Lavinia Bromsby and asks for advice about whether he should remain with her, lest he be accused of giving less than objective testimony. Have Holmes ask Herrington every possible question in the dialogue box, as it's quite important. Once the interview concludes, a rather miffed Watson (who sympathizes with the young lovers) will see the officer out, and while he's gone, Wiggins and Stappleton of the Baker St. Irregulars come in with a report. Stappleton spotted their target, the man Holmes had the Irregulars locating, going into the Bromsby Cementworks by the rear gate. Holmes will reward and dismiss the boys, and when Watson returns, it's time for another visit to the cement factory. G. Bromsby Cementworks 1. Grimble's Office Holmes and Watson arrive at the rear gate of the cementworks, where a ladder lies on the ground. Once control of the game is restored to you, click on the ladder to prop it against the wall, then click the top of the ladder to make them climb. Once you are on the other side, the characters discuss what must be done. You should have been saving your game all along, of course, but never before has it been more important than right now. SAVE YOUR GAME. What's about to happen is simply this -- you need to get from where you are presently standing to Grimble's office, which is of course on the other side of the compound, without being spotted by either Marty or his guard dogs. It requires speed, careful positioning, and a bit of luck, because if you're caught, your investigation ends. That's why you need to save the game now, so you can reload and try again if you don't make it. Once Marty moves offscreen, move your pointer to the bottom of the screen to make the footprints icon, and click. You will now be viewing the game from high above, so you can see just who is where. The guard dog is patrolling at the top of the screen, and Marty is walking up the left side of the workers' coatroom. Double click to make Holmes run around to the right side of the building, where you will see a little wheelbarrow. Stand behind (from your vantage point, below) this, and move your pointer to create the footprints at the door to Grimble's office, in the upper right corner. Now, watch the dog very carefully. As soon as the dog walks past the lamppost closest to Grimble's office, double click on your footprints icon to make Holmes run to the door. Once there, get the gold key from your inventory and get inside the building. SAVE THE GAME. It's unlikely that you will accomplish this on your first try, so just keep working at it until you do. Once you're inside the building, you will repeat most of the steps you took during your visit in the afternoon. Go up the stairs to Grimble's office; don't bother to look for the key, as the office is unlocked this time. Pull on Ganeesh's trunk to get the figure of Bromsby, then place Mini-B on the bridge model to get the desk key. When opening the drawer, Holmes will note that Grimble has been there. Take everything you see, including the key, which unlocks the old Fairfax Theater that is now used as the cementworks warehouse. The new paper you find there is a letter from Cabinet Lloyd, Lloyd and Masterson; read the letter in your notebook. Seems Grimble hired these folks to answer his questions about whether he can inherit Bromsby's company in the event that Bromsby died without a legal will. That sounds a trifle dodgy if you ask me, but it doesn't really matter at the moment, because you have more immediate concerns; namely, getting out of the office and over to the theater in one piece. Go back downstairs. Before exiting the office, open your inventory and move the warehouse key from its place at the end of the lineup to the beginning, next to the magnifying glass. You will want to be able to grab it fast when the time comes. SAVE THE GAME, then click on the door and listen to Holmes talk about reaching the theater unseen. You'll leave the office just in time to see the dog walking away. Move your pointer to the bottom of the screen and click on the footprints, which will again change the vantage point to that 'eye in the sky' view. The dog is patrolling back and forth across the top of the screen, and Marty is moving along the bottom. Directly below Holmes on the screen, about halfway down, is an old covered wagon, which you may have noticed during the afternoon visit. This will serve to conceal you from Marty's eyes when he comes that way. Just above and to the right of this wagon is a kind of dark patch of ground, which you can use as an idea of where to hide. Holmes will want to be below this dark patch and to the right of the wagon, so double click to make him run to that spot. If all goes well, the dog will continue moving on its path without observing Holmes, and Marty will turn to start walking up the right side of the coatroom building. You have to time it just right; as soon as Marty is about even with the wagon, make Holmes run down, along the bottom of your screen, and up the other side of the building. Move your pointer to the door of the theater and double click on the footprints icon. As with the first time, it's unlikely that you'll manage it on the first try, so just keep reloading the game and eventually, you'll get there. While Holmes is running toward the door, right-click to open your inventory and, as soon as possible, use the warehouse key on the door of the theater. You will hear him say "Come, Watson," if you've succeeded in getting him safely inside. SAVE THE GAME. 2. Fairfax Theatre Can't see a bloody thing in this place. While Watson stands guard, get that very handy matchbox out of your inventory and use it on the lamp directly in front of you. Move right, to the next screen, and observe the footprints on the ground. Use your tape measure on them, but Holmes doesn't note the size this time. Follow the hall and turn right, then move around the wall to a locked set of double doors. Holmes notes that they could probably be forced; remember the knife which added itself to your inventory? Use it on the door to force the lock open, then go inside. Once again it's dark as anything, but there's a lamp to your right which you can light with the matchbox. Right next to you, once you can see, is a rug lying on a basket; click on this and observe the blood and black hair. The black hair is now in your inventory. Move to your left and take the ring of keys hanging by the doors. Click on the footprints at the bottom of the screen to head toward the back of the room. This next sequence of events involves a lot of backtracking, and I wish I could tell you to take everything you need with you now, but the items simply can't be moved until the proper time. In any case, you find a locked door at the back of the room, which you can open with that ring of keys you just found. Holmes notes that the room you enter has a rather sinister feel to it. There is a strange white spot on the wooden floor, which the magnifying glass will tell Holmes is quicklime. It's extremely dangerous. Move past the quicklime stain and go through the door to the next room, which has what looks like a tarp or an old curtain lying in the middle of the floor. Head to the left, and you can see that the cloth is anchored to some pegs; move your pointer over these pegs, and you'll see the hand appear on the central peg. The knot is too firm to untie, Holmes says, so get your knife and cut the rope. A suitably unpleasant discovery results -- a dead body, buried in a huge pile of that lethal quicklime stuff! Get out of that room and go back to the double doors, where you lit the lamp and found the keys. To the immediate left of the doors is what kind of looks like a doctor's bag, and there's a roll of gauze hanging out of it. Take that; it will do to make a mask that will let Holmes be in the quicklime room without gagging. Open your inventory and use the knife on the gauze to make the mask, then click on the word "Use" above the mask. (Bit of a gaffe here -- Holmes is wearing the mask, but it seems to be transparent!) With the mask in place, you can go back to the quicklime room and try to budge the body. Holmes needs something to dig out the unfortunate individual, and there is a shovel next to the door in the quicklime room. You can't click on the shovel, however, until you hear him say he needs something. Take the shovel and try to use it on the body, but it's not working; he has to find something else. Leave the room yet again and go back to the room where you got the keys and gauze. Turn around and look at the door that you just exited; there is a pole leaning against the wall next to it. Take this pole and go back, one more time, to the quicklime room. When you use the pole on the body, two things will happen. One is that you get from the corpse a passport, belonging to a fellow named Johanssen, and a bottle of liquor from someplace called Richmond's Abbey. The other is that you lose control of the game for several minutes, so just let go of your mouse and sit back to enjoy the mini-movie that starts. Watson is called; Watson needs to get his own mask so he doesn't die in there; they slip out of the theater. Once out on the street, they are confronted by a trio of Asian thugs. Fortunately, Watson always carries his trusty revolver -- too bad he forgot to load it today. (Look at Holmes's face when this happens; his reaction is priceless.) H. Quiz Once you've escaped from your pursuer and returned to Baker Street, it's time to take your third quiz. Before you do, however, open your inventory and click "Read" above Johanssen's passport in order to move it to the notebook. You've had no opportunity to do it before this because of the mini-movie, and you need it to justify one of your quiz answers. 1. Does Hermann Grimble own the only set of keys to the Fairfax Theater? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Goblet. 2. Does Captain Lowrie have anything to do with Bromsby Enterprises? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Both found in the Documents section. 1. The photograph of Bromsby in front of Kalidassa Abyss. 2. The article about Captain Lowrie's death. 3. Can we say that Wyatt Collins, the nephew, is an honest person? Answer: No. Justifications: Blue box -- In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Mary dated 16 October. Green box -- In the Documents section, the audience text. 4. Can Hermann Grimble be Bromsby's heir despite missing an official will? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Documents section, the letter from Cabinet Lloyd, Lloyd and Masterson. 5. Was the man found at the old Fairfax Theater from abroad? Answer: Yes. Justifiation: In the Documents section, Johannsen's passport. Click on the notebook to close it once you finish the quiz. Congratulations, another day of successful sleuthing is complete! ------------------------------ V. DAY FOUR: 17 OCTOBER 1897 ------------------------------ A. Baker Street Poor Inspector Lestrade. It's not his fault that this case is becoming more and more chaotic as time goes on. You now know how much more time you have to solve the mystery -- two days -- and you also know that Watson should never be asked to pour tea when Holmes is saying something interesting. Lestrade was at least able to add a few new documents to your notebook, so after he leaves, Holmes will go to get into his coat and hat, while you as Watson read what Lestrade has brought you. You'll learn about the swindling of money from Bromsby Enterprises, allegedly by Hermann Grimble. You'll also learn about Wung Jei, the leader of the group who attacked the pair of you last night outside the theater, and see why Scotland Yard is not entirely prepared to accept the evidence offered by Lt. Herrington. There is another note of interest -- Grimble and Fowlett bore a strong physical resemblance to one another. If you're quite finished, close up the notebook and speak to Holmes, then click on Hunter's house on the map when it appears. B. Hunter's House Another murder has occurred, which is part of what's driving poor Lestrade so crazy. You may remember that Hunter was the name of the bartender at the party when Bromsby was murdered -- and now he has been murdered himself. Enter his home at 29 Strokes Alley, and see if you can contribute anything to the investigation. (Click on the door to the immediate left of where Holmes and Watson are standing.) 1. Interior Talk to Constable Appleby, who was the first official on the scene when the shots were heard and who helped with the removal of the body. He is presently awaiting the arrival of Inspector Gregson, but has no problems at all with allowing the celebrated detective to examine the scene. While Watson waits outside, enter the little bungalow. There is blood on the floor, so have a look at that. Next, click on the open cabinet and look at the paintings; note that the two canvases rolled up on the left side are brand new. Move back from the hutch and walk around the bed to the window, where a partial footprint is on the sill. Use your measuring tape and see that it is larger than a size 8, but smaller than a size 12; could it be the same size 10 that was discovered outside Fowlett's house? Go back outside. 2. Greenhouse You are looking down on the scene from above. Click anywhere in the greenhouse to make Holmes move into it; when the perspective changes, click on a table which holds some potted plants. Two of these can be taken, and when you have removed them both, you'll find some interesting-looking papers. Some are bills, but the really significant one is a pawnbroker's ticket for an "exotic golden jewel." Give this ticket to Watson, so he can go and pick up the item, and then go back to Baker Street. (Unlike most instances when Holmes wants to go to another location, you must manually open your notebook to the map section in order to travel this time.) C. Baker Street Holmes wants to examine the items found on the body in the old Fairfax Theater, so open your inventory and click on the bottle of liquor from Richmond's Abbey. He knows he has a book on it someplace; click on the bookcase. In your inventory, you'll now see an encyclopedia. Transfer the encyclopedia and, while you're at it, the pawn ticket to your notebook. You can now read both of these items, along with a newspaper clipping about the murder of Simon Hunter. Holmes thinks it would be better to go to the abbey in disguise, which is really nothing unusual for Sherlock Holmes. Make him move through the apartment so that you can see the two doors on either side of the fireplace, and click on the left door. A moment later he returns, very well disguised indeed! Open your notebook to the map and click on Richmond's Abbey, which lies somewhere north of London. D. Richmond Abbey 1. Abbey Gate Not very hospitable weather, is it? Move forward to the gate of the abbey, and click on the little window in the right-hand door. When the monk appears, Holmes will concoct a story about being in search of his brother, James Little, and will get the monk to answer questions. Ask every question in the dialogue list, so you can learn about recent burglaries at the abbey, the herbal liquor that the monks produce, and the ruins which lie hidden in the large national forest surrounding the abbey. Holmes assures the monk that his "brother" is probably the one behind their recent thefts, and even gives him money to pay for what the fictional James Little took. (Holmes is, underneath it all, a bit of a softy.) 2. Walking to the Ruins Move away from the abbey, and take the path that leads to the left into the woods. Keep moving forward until you reach the first crossroad, then take the right path (it's actually sort of still going straight). You'll come to a little pond on your left; move one screen past that to the next crossroad, then turn left. If you're in the right spot, you'll hear Holmes wonder, "What can it be?" No, I don't know what he's talking about when he says that. At the next crossroad, turn right. The next crossroad you come to breaks off in three directions, straight or one of two lefts; take the "middle" path, the left-moving path closer to the top of your screen. The next crossroad you come to will be a four-way intersection, and you'll want to take the little path moving up. As you move forward, you'll hear Holmes say, "I smell smoke." The first chance you get when you hear these words, SAVE THE GAME. What happens now is this -- you'll move forward and find that you have reached the ruins, but they're on fire! There could be valuable evidence inside which will be destroyed, so you've got to put out the blaze fast. You'll have exactly one minute to get some water and put out the fire. A clock will appear in the upper right hand corner of the screen to show you just how much time you have. Remember to double-click to make Holmes run; you need to get back to that little pond you passed on your way here, get some water, and get back here. Turn around and run back down the path to the four-way crossroad, then turn right. There is a pail on the ground to the left of the path, which you should grab. At the next crossroads, turn left, and at the one after that, turn right. Turn left again, get the pail out of your inventory, and click it on the pond. Now retrace your steps back to the abbey -- follow the same path you followed the first time. Turn left, turn right, take the second left, go up and forward. Click the pail of water on the fire to extinguish it, and then SAVE THE GAME so you don't have to do all that again! Now you can enter the ruins. As with Marty and the dogs, you will very likely not manage this on your first try, so just keep at it. 3. Interior of Ruins Much like at Fairfax Theater, it's very difficult to see anything, and small wonder -- the only light comes from the small window which was your entrance. To the right is a candle sitting on a box; light it with your matchbox so you can see better. Click on the smoking pile of books and papers to the left. These were what were burning in the fire you just stopped, and are charred beyond repair. On the ground by the candle is what looks horribly like blood, but pull out the magnifying glass and Holmes will discover that it is only ink, evidently of foreign manufacture and spilled a few days previously. Move forward into the ruins (the footprints will appear in the lower right corner). There are footprints here. The tape measure will identify them as a size 10. Move forward again, and Holmes will walk until he comes to what looks like a dead end. There is an odd brick in the wall here, on the right side; click on it to examine it more closely. It looks like it could be moved, if you had a tool to work it loose -- oh, wait, you do! Pull out the knife and use it on the brick. A few letters are revealed, most of which are completely illegible, but you can take the one that can be read. Read it in your notebook; it seems to be the peculiar ramblings of a drunk. That handwriting looks a bit familiar. Now, for the single most annoying waste of time in the whole game, go back to where you entered the ruins, then follow the path back to the abbey. Just reverse the path you followed to get to the ruins. Once you reach the abbey, move the pointer to the path leading away from the abbey until the footprints appear, then click; this will open the map and allow you to travel back to Baker Street. You'll be there for roughly three seconds before Holmes says it's time to go to Sherringford Hall, and the map opens again. E. Sherringford Hall and Baker Street Another mini-movie starts once you've clicked on the map, as you watch Dr. Watson arrive in Sherringford Hall's driveway after his visit to the pawn shop. He is confronted there by a very agitated Mr. Grimble, who asks him to give Lestrade a message -- he renounces all rights to the Bromsby succession. Gee, that's big of him, given that all the documentation indicates he's been skimming money off of Bromsby Enterprises for who knows how many years! He then takes off, and Watson enters to find Lestrade and give him the message. Lestrade still plans to hunt him down, since he feels Grimble is a very viable suspect in Bromsby's murder. Holmes arrives with some new information. He has written to his brother, Mycroft, and asked for help with the investigation; Mycroft occupies a rather unique position in the British government, as fans of the stories know, and is well-placed to assist his brother with cases. A letter has just arrived from Mycroft, which Sherlock Holmes has copied for Lestrade. He also wants to know where Lavinia is, and Lestrade directs him to the ladies' dressing room. Once play has been restored to you, open the notebook and read Mycroft's letter. Apparently the project concerning that bridge over Kalidassa Abyss had a lot of problems; Bromsby was the contractor, and the previously- mentioned Captain Lowrie was also involved. Many Indian workers hired to help construct the \bridge were never seen again, and when Lowrie tried to break the silence surrounding the project, he got into a heap of trouble. This whole situation just gets messier and messier. Go to the ladies' dressing room -- remember, leave the ballroom through the door to your left, then go north to the corridor with the paintings. Holmes hears laughter from the powder room. Enter the room and move past the table with the mirror. Miss Lavinia and Lt. Herrington are sharing a chuckle. Talk to them until Lt. Herrington excuses himself to the smoking room, then talk to just Lavinia. It's time to reveal another hint; take the picture of the pretty woman out of your inventory and give it to Miss Lavinia. She explains where it came from and how she made the acquaintance of its subject, Miss Davenport. She also tells Holmes something she says she's never told anyone, about how Miss Davenport showed her a beautiful jeweled earring she wore, shaped like a cresting wave. Holmes cautions her to say nothing to anyone about their conversation, then he and Watson return to Baker Street. In Baker Street we have another little mini-movie, of Watson describing Lestrade's opinions on Grimble and then of him showing Holmes the item he received when he redeemed the pawn shop ticket. It's a silver earring, encrusted what look like real diamonds and bearing the shape of a gold fish riding a cresting wave. It rather closely matches the description Lavinia gave of Miss Davenport's earring. F. Quiz Time once again to summarize the day's findings through the quiz. 1. Was the leader of the thugs who attacked Holmes directly related to the case? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Documents section, Lestrade's report about Wung Jei. 2. Can we say that the person who killed Simon Hunter is skilled with weapons? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Appleby. 3. Are the ruins near Richmond's Abbey a common haunt for wanderers? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with the monk. 4. Can the handwriting on the message found in the ruins be the same as that on a previous document? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Both are found in the Documents section. 1. The threatening letter to Grimble signed "W.C." 2. The threatening note to Bromsby signed "W." 5. Is it easy for a retired English officer to find work as a prison warden abroad? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Documents section, the letter from Mycroft about the Kalidassa Abyss. All finished? Click on the notebook to close it. Congratulations, another day's work well done! ------------------------------- VI. DAY FIVE: 18 OCTOBER 1897 ------------------------------- A. Aston's Theatre Your fifth and final day of investigation begins with Lestrade arriving in Baker Street after a meeting with the Prime Minister. There is a great deal of concern among the British government about Miss Lavinia's ability to manage one of the three biggest financial enterprises in the realm, and it's generally believed that Grimble, despite having renounced the succession, is the only one who can run Bromsby Enterprises effectively. Another piece of interesting news has come to light; Dwight Richards, whom you may recall sent a rather unpleasant note to Sir Bromsby regarding the Fairfax Theatre, is now the owner of Aston's Theatre, and his troupe has returned there following an international tour. They are preparing to open a play that Richards himself wrote. Holmes and Watson go to do some investigating at the theatre, with the intention of meeting Lestrade there at noon. Before entering the theatre, click on the poster on the left side of the screen and read about the play which will soon be premiering. Once you've done that, head on inside. 1. Audience Hall Again, the investigation is aided by someone who knows Holmes from bygone days! Philotomy Kirby, the elderly gentleman who is sweeping the floor of the hall, will tell you all about the tragedy which befell the troupe during their international tour. Veronica Davenport, the actress whose picture you found in the powder room at Sherringford Hall, was the partner and mistress of Richards, but during the tour conducted an affair with Mr. Jeffries, the costumier. When the troupe reached Brazil, they gave an excellent performance -- and afterwards, Davenport and Jeffries disappeared. Richards was believed to have done away with them, but no bodies were ever found and the accusations didn't stick. Moving farther into the theatre, you'll find some members of the company near the stage, on which a young woman is rehearsing. This is Miss Carolyn Small, and the young man to the farthest left is Bruce Aston, who is rather besotted with her. He is the son of Clyde Aston, who founded Aston's Theatre. He can tell you a bit more about the situation with Richards and Davenport, and mention how in the troupe's absence he tried to help maintain the theatre. The actor in blue never introduces himself, but in your Testimonies section, you can see that his name is Raleigh Wilcox. He dishes all sorts of dirt about the tragedy; Richards was in fact arrested for the murders of Davenport and Jeffries, but as it happens, the local police chief and prison warden in Guacayamo, Brazil was an English expatriate who helped get the charges dismissed since there were no bodies and very little evidence. Interestingly, the chief had red hair... The actress in the purple gown is Miss Sullivan. She doesn't have much to tell you except that she was not really an admirer of Veronica Davenport and that her red wig has disappeared. Finally, speak to Miss Carolyn. She will tell you a few things, but the most important is that there are in fact three silver earrings -- Veronica had them specially made, gave one to her and one to another actress named Doris, and kept the third and most beautiful earring for herself. 2. Dressing Room Exit the audience hall through the door behind Bruce Aston, where you'll find a very inebriated Doris dozing in her dressing room chair. Most of what she says when you address her is rather incoherent, but she does mention that she loved Veronica "like my own daughter." There are two doors in the room other than the one you just used to enter; for now, click on the one to the right of the dressing table. 3. Hallway Move forward by clicking on the bottom of the screen. When the perspective changes to show Holmes and Watson's backs, click on the door directly in front of them to knock. It's time to speak with Dwight Richards. Ask him everything in your dialogue box, then click "Goodbye" to make Holmes decide to show a hint. Get the silver earring out of the inventory and use it on Richards to get him to tell you more about the situation. Among other things, he will tell you that there was another key to the Fairfax Theatre, though it is apparently lost now. 4. Office and Costume Room After you've finished with Richards, turn yourself around and look down the hall. You came out of the closer of the two doors, which will lead back into Doris's dressing room; move down the hall and enter the second door. Why the action changes to Watson here, I'm not sure. But on the table are two clickable things, a paper and a book. The book contains information about Guacayamo, and particularly how bodies are sometimes destroyed by feeding them to piranhas. The paper is a list of the costumes that should be in the closet in this room. Move forward into the room and click on the closet; Watson observes that the costumes are poorly made, and obviously replicas. Click on the costume list in the inventory, and Holmes will note that there should be thirty costumes present -- but Watson counts only twenty-nine! The replica of an artillery officer's uniform is missing. Remember the button Holmes found in the kitchen at Sherringford Hall? It was clearly a fake. Hmm, connection? 5. Backstage Go back to Doris's room by leaving the office and opening the other door in the hallway. You will be backstage. Talk to Adam Poole, who is trying to clean the stage area. He won't tell you much until you provide him with some "incentive." To the tune of five guineas, however, he'll confide a few things to you. It seems that when Jeffries and Davenport vanished, they didn't bother to take their personal effects, which lends itself to the popular theory that they might indeed be dead. He also tells you something which he was never supposed to tell anyone. After the troupe returned to England, Richards had Poole help him move all of Veronica's things to a locked room above the stage. But he says you can't get in there, because Richards has the only set of keys. Well, except that he doesn't. Go back through Doris's room to the audience hall and talk to Bruce Aston again. He'll give you his ring of keys to every door in the theatre. Head back to the backstage again, and go past Poole to the end wall. You'll be looking down on Holmes, standing at the bottom of a flight of wooden stairs with a door at the top. Use the keys on this door, and leave Watson standing guard. 6. Locked Room This room is unusual because there are a number of things on which you can click, but some of them prompt Holmes to say that he has no interest in them. The two that are of use are the two objects on the floor, in front of a large box. But they don't go into the inventory, because all you're doing is moving them -- it's that box which is the focus here. Use your magnifying glass to examine it. The lock has never been forced. The silverwork on the box is of a sort of beach scene, but there are a few pieces missing. Take the silver earring from your inventory and move it over the box; you'll find it fits on the left side. Ahh, so the earring is a key! And the other earrings, the ones Veronica gave to Carolyn and Doris -- they must be the other keys! You have to get those earrings in order to open the box and get the final clues you need. Take back the earring you've already placed and go back downstairs. Go back to Doris's room and click on her to see if she'll lend you her earring. She's still quite...out of it, however, and Holmes cannot take it from her by force. So instead, head back to the audience hall and approach Miss Small by showing her Veronica's earring. Not only will she very kindly lend you her own earring, but she will go and get Doris's earring for you as well. Return to the locked room as before, and put the three silver earring-keys into their positions to open the box. There are some papers inside the box. The two which are of interest to you are a rather desperate note and a photo of Veronica Davenport, Dwight Richards, and another man standing in front of the old Fairfax Theatre. Take these and move back from the box. B. Baker Street and Quiz Once you've finished fiddling with the box, the game jumps to Holmes and Watson meeting Lestrade outside the theatre. Some interesting developments have come to light. Despite his renouncing his place in the succession, Grimble has asked his solicitors to petition the courts that afternoon for appropriation of Bromsby Enterprises. Lestrade has also learned that Dwight Richards, when he was a younger man, spent a few years in prison for robbing a fair stall -- and that the plaintiff in the case was none other than Sir Melvyn Bromsby. Holmes will advise Lestrade to take Richards into custody as soon as possible, and invite him to join himself and Watson at Sherringford Hall the next morning. It's time to reveal the killer. Back in Baker Street, Holmes has a few questions to put to Watson concerning the resolution of the case. Wiggins arrives with a parcel for Holmes -- the final piece of the puzzle, courtesy of Mycroft. Before answering the quiz questions, read all the new documentation in your notebook -- a news clipping about the death of someone named Raymond Waters, the note from Veronica Davenport's box, and a list of the shoe sizes of all the suspects. Ready? Time for quiz #5. 1. Are there several sets of keys from the Aston Theatre? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your first conversation with Bruce Aston. 2. Did one of the actresses lose a red-haired wig? Answer: Yes. Justification: In the Testimonies section, your conversation with Miss Sullivan. 3. Could the discovery in the dressing room be connected to the case? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Both are found in the Reports section. 1. Sherringford Hall, the discovery of a fake artillery uniform button in the kitchen. 2. Aston's Theatre dressing room, evidence shows that one of thirty costumes is missing. 4. Could the writing on the message to Veronica Davenport be found elsewhere? Answer: Yes. Justifications: Both are found in the Documents section. 1. The French visiting card. 2. The Antiques dealer business card. Close the notebook when you've finished. Congratulations, the investigation is at an end! C. Optional Quiz and Endgame There is one more quiz, but you don't have to answer it. You can just scroll down past all the questions and then click "Yes" to see the final movie. But if you'd like to take it, here are the questions and answers. 1. Who killed Sir Bromsby? Answer: Lt. Herrington 2. Who killed Horace Fowlett? Answer: Wyatt Collins 3. Who killed Johanssen? Answer: Jeffries 4. Who killed Veronica Davenport? Answer: Jeffries 5. Who killed Jeffries? Answer: Nobody 6. Who killed Simon Hunter? Answer: Lt. Herrington Once you have answered (or skipped) the questions, sit back and watch the final movie, as the world's greatest detective ties up all the loose ends and reveals, once and for all, the guilt of Lt. Herrington and his accomplices, the reasons for the multiple murders, the innocence of Lavinia Bromsby, and how Hermann Grimble was really helping Sir Bromsby (and the investigation). And if you liked this game, you should really read the books! --------------------- VII. FAQ AND CREDITS --------------------- Q: I don't see all of the items in my inventory, where are they? A: Click on the little decorative silver curlicue at the far right of the inventory to scroll along the contents. Q: Why am I missing some of my testimonies/reports/documents? A: Click on the decorative scrollwork at the bottom of the page. Q: I'm trying to exit [one of the buildings], but Holmes is saying that it's not time or that I haven't done everything I need to do. What did I forget? A: I had the same experience in a few locations. If you're at a spot where you know you should be proceeding to the next stage of operation but Holmes is being stubborn, you've probably missed something relatively small. Make sure you've spoken to EVERYONE in the vicinity, and that you've completely gone through all possible conversation leads each time. Also double check the relevant section of the walkthrough, to make sure you've spotted all the clues. If all else fails, move your mouse around in each part of the scene to see if it turns into the hand anywhere. Q: I'm lost inside Sherringford Hall! Help! A: During the first part of the game, there will be a map of the mansion's interior in the map section of your notebook. If you don't have a good memory for such things, it might be a smart idea to take a sketch of this map while it's available, since you can't look at it later. You could always start a new game just to get access to the map to make that sketch; if you'd rather not, your best bet is to just keep trying doors until you find the one you need. There are, fortunately, only so many rooms you can enter, so sooner or later you're bound to get the right door. Q: I messed up and didn't grab the picture of Veronica Davenport back on day one. Is there anything I can do? A: Unfortunately, no. You have to start over, or revert to a very early saved game. Q: I've done the number puzzle at Fowlett's house, but nothing happened. Why? A: You must have two or more chips in the wrong place. All of the rows, columns, and diagonals on the board must add up to 55. If you'd rather not check your math, then compare your board row by row with the diagram I've provided; it might be a simple matter of two chips having been mixed up. Also remember that the dark and light chips have to alternate, like the squares on a checkerboard. If it's too frustrating, click the silver curlicue to leave the puzzle, then go back to it; the pieces will reset themselves and you can start over. Q: Who is Mr. Goblet, who guards Bromsby Cementworks? A: From the interaction between Goblet and Holmes, it would seem that Holmes assisted Goblet in one of his prior cases. Mr. Goblet does not appear in any of the Sherlock Holmes stories; however, Holmes solved a great many cases about which Watson never wrote, and we may presume that Goblet was a client in one of these unmentioned mysteries. Q: I can't get past the guard dogs/get to the ruins in time to put out the fire! What do I do? A: These are the two puzzles that really can drive a person crazy. With the dogs at the cementworks, it's a case of precise timing; in the matter of the fire, it's all about tracing your route quickly. Remember to double-click in order to make Holmes run instead of walk in both situations. Otherwise, all you can really do is save the game before those puzzles and keep trying until you've beaten it -- and create another saved game as soon as you do! Q: Is it possible to lose the game? What happens if you do? A: You will lose the game if you are captured by Marty and the dogs during the nighttime raid on Bromsby Cementworks, or if you fail to put out the fire at the abbey ruins in time. Your file of cases will appear, along with the main menu, and a notation that because you failed to assemble the evidence in time, Lavinia Bromsby was accused and convicted of her father's murder and sentenced to death, Bromsby Enterprises went bankrupt, and Hermann Grimble committed suicide. When this happens, reload your most recent saved game and give it another try. You will also "lose" the game (or as good as lose it) if you finish your first day's investigative work at Sherringford Hall without picking up the picture of Veronica Davenport in the ladies's dressing room, because on the fourth day you will find yourself unable to proceed without it. Q: Why do they keep pronouncing Lt. Herrington's title as "Left-ennant?" A: I'm not really sure, to be honest, but as far as I'm able to understand, it's a British thing. (Americans generally pronounce the word as "Loo- tenant.") Q: I tried to answer the questions in the Optional Quiz at the end of the game, but there was no option for Jeffries in my list of possible suspects. Why? A: I don't know if this is a glitch or if the game makers expected us to have figured out the identity Jeffries was using in the course of the game. Jeffries was Spencer, the groom at Sherringford Hall who called Watson "ma'am." Q: What is quicklime, the stuff in which Wyatt Collins/Johanssen was found? A: According to the helpful folks at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org), quicklime is a common name for the chemical compound calcium oxide. It is a white solid matter with caustic properties and, according to the Wikipedia entry, is ideal for disposing of corpses. It was chosen in the game for its ability to decompose and disfigure the body, so that Collins/Johanssen could hopefully not be identified. Q: Since when does Sherlock Holmes have a brother? A: Mycroft Holmes was introduced to Doyle's readers in the short story "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter." He also appeared in "The Final Problem" and "The Bruce-Partington Plans," and was mentioned though not seen in "The Adventure of the Empty House." Mycroft is Sherlock's older brother by seven years, and looks a good deal like the detective apart from being much heavier. He's highly intelligent, frighteningly observant, and the implication given by their interactions in the stories is that he and his younger brother are close friends and frequent companions. Q: Is this a good game for children? A: The game is rated T for Teens. I do not recommend it for anyone under the age of fourteen. That is, however, my own opinion; take it with the proverbial grain of salt. Q: Do I have to have read the Sherlock Holmes stories to enjoy the game? A: No, but it certainly makes the in-jokes a lot funnier. Of course, it's a double-edged sword; if you're not a fan, you won't notice things like the fact that Holmes's eyes are the wrong color. And fans of Dr. Watson will probably be rather appalled by the fact that he really comes across looking like a complete dimwit in certain parts of the game. That said, if you haven't read them already, I highly recommend them. Grateful acknowledgements are hereby extended to the following: ~ Ubisoft, for making the game, and all of those involved in its creation ~ Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, for breathing life into one of my personal favorite literary characters of all time, giving us a detective for the ages ~ Jalil Amr, who wrote the Sherlockian pastiche which inspired the game ~ The UHS hints website (http://www.uhs-hints.com), which provided me with the solution to the number puzzle in Fowlett's house ~ The helpful crew at Wikipedia, for providing a definition of quicklime ~ CJayC and the rest of the GameFAQs crew, for hosting this walkthrough ~ The members of the White Rose Irregulars of York ~ You, for actually reading this and maybe even putting it to some use Questions, comments, pipe tobacco, and deerstalker hats may be directed to me at [email protected]. Writing this from a place that only wishes it could be 221B Baker Street, I remain, LadyNorbert

i don't know

If you were a parrothead, of what musician would you be a fan of?

From Barbies to Maggots: The Nicknames of 25 Fan Bases | Mental Floss From Barbies to Maggots: The Nicknames of 25 Fan Bases Stacy Conradt Like us on Facebook The world is full of obsessed music lovers - I just hope someday when throngs of admirers come to see me in concert (hopefully they like horrible singing), they have a nickname as cool as these. 1. Fanilows - fans of Barry Manilow. The Fanilows have been around for quite some time, but really reached a pop culture high when a Will & Grace episode titled "Fanilow" outed Will as a Barry fan. 2. Beliebers - fans of Justin Bieber. It appears that the "Belieber" tag came from the depths of Internet fandom, but some belieb the nickname was created by a malevolent force. Hey, you know who's a Belieber? Johnny Depp . 3. Little Monsters - fans of Lady Gaga. Would you believe Lady Gaga has only been using that term for her fans since the summer of 2009? The name is derived from her album The Fame Monster. 4. Claymates - fans of Clay Aiken. Some of the Claymates even divide themselves into subcategories such as "Claysians." 5. Maggots - fans of Slipknot. Apparently the members of the band were inspired to call their fans by the descriptive name because of the way they writhed and squirmed during their shows. 6. Black Stars - fans of Avril Lavigne. Avril uses this term to refer to her fans and her perfume. 7. Blockheads - fans of New Kids on the Block. So what are fans of the newly-formed NKOTBSB called? 8. Parrotheads - fans of Jimmy Buffett. But I hardly need to tell you that. Children of Parrotheads or younger Buffett fans are referred to as Parakeets. I consider myself the former. 9. The Apple Scruffs - not just fans of the Beatles, but very specific fans that would be probably best classified as groupies. The Apple Scruffs waited outside of the Beatles' Apple Corp offices for the Beatles to come an go, and even managed to get into Paul McCartney's house to steal a pair of pants. They went in through the bathroom window… sound familiar? 10. The Victims - fans of the Killers. 11.  Deadheads - fans of the Grateful Dead, of course. The first time the term appeared was in 1971 on the sleeve of their second live album: DEAD FREAKS UNITE: Who are you? Where are you? How are you? Send us your name and address and we'll keep you informed. Dead Heads, P.O. Box 1065, San Rafael, California 94901. Famous Deadheads include Tony Blair (played in a Grateful Dead-esque band in college), Walter Cronkite (2 concerts, but he was good friends with dreamy Mickey Hart) and Ann Coulter (67 concerts). 12. The Blue Army - fans of Aerosmith. Back in the mid-70s, the phrase referred to the masses of Aerosmith fans who came to concerts decked out in denim - jeans and jackets in particular. It was also meant to refer to their blue collar fan base. The term is still used, but Aerosmith also now has an official fan club called Aero Force One. 13. The KISS Army - fans of KISS. One of the biggest fan clubs in the world started as the result of humble efforts by two fans who wanted their local radio station to play KISS music. When phone calls didn't work, the duo started a letter-writing campaign, signing their pleas with the official-sounding titles of "president" and "field marshall" of the army. 14. RihannaNavy - fans of Rihanna. 15. Grobanites - fans of Josh Groban. 16.  Juggalo/Juggalette - fans of Insane Clown Posse. If you didn't know that before this year, you probably heard the term after Charlie Sheen's appearance at the annual Gathering of the Juggalos. The term comes from the band's song "The Juggla." 17. Katy-Cats - fans of Katy Perry. Supposedly Perry came up with the name herself during the Hello Katy tour, which I can believe: she also named her real cat Kitty Purry. 18. Swifties - fans of Taylor Swift. Go figure. 19. Killjoys - fans of My Chemical Romance. From what I can tell (feel free to chime in, fans), Killjoys is a relatively new nickname based on the band's latest album, Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys. Prior to that, most fans called themselves the MCR-my (and many still do). 20. Sweet Ps - fans of Pia Toscano from American Idol. 21. Barbies - fans of Nicki Minaj. Nicki explained the name in a 2009 interview: It's like a term of endearment for me. "I used to call people sweetie and honey now I say Barbies. A lot of girls call themselves Barbies. Nicki Minaj did not invent that. People always add something to their Barbie name and because I love the Harajuku culture I made my Barbie the Harajuku Barbie, I thought it was unique and no one has ever said that kind of Barbie before. The girls ran with it, they gave it a life of its own. I never set out to be on no Barbie Movement. My Barbies made the barbie movement." 22. Phans - fans of Phish. Fans of Phantom of the Opera on Broadway are also known as Phans. 23. Wayniacs - fans of Lil' Wayne… and also Wayne Newton. I'm guessing it's OK if they share a nickname since there's probably not much overlap in fan base. 24. Diamond Heads - fans of Neil Diamond. 25. Taylors or Taylor Gang - fans of Wiz Khalifa. The rapper is obsessed with his Chuck Taylor shoes, and fans took note. No doubt I'm missing many - let me know if your favorite band has a particularly interesting or pun-ny nickname for fans. September 26, 2011 - 7:55pm

Jimmy Buffett

The tallest man-made monument in the US, the Gateway Arch is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in what US city, which recognizes the cities importance in the westward expansion?

1000+ images about ParrotHead ..... Jimmy Buffett on Pinterest | Pirates, Jimmy buffett and Beaches Come Monday Lyrics - Jimmy Buffett Word Art - Word Cloud Art 11x14 Print - Gift Idea. $25.00, via Etsy. See More

i don't know

The plot by what traitorous Revolutionary War General asshat to turn West Point over to the British was uncovered this week in 1780?

Benedict Arnold commits treason - Sep 21, 1780 - HISTORY.com Benedict Arnold commits treason Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word “traitor.” Arnold was born into a well-respected family in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. He apprenticed with an apothecary and was a member of the militia during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). He later became a successful trader and joined the Continental Army when the Revolutionary War broke out between Great Britain and its 13 American colonies in 1775. When the war ended in 1783, the colonies had won their independence from Britain and formed a new nation, the United States. During the war, Benedict Arnold proved himself a brave and skillful leader, helping Ethan Allen’s troops capture Fort Ticonderoga in 1775 and then participating in the unsuccessful attack on British Quebec later that year, which earned him a promotion to brigadier general. Arnold distinguished himself in campaigns at Lake Champlain, Ridgefield and Saratoga, and gained the support of George Washington. However, Arnold had enemies within the military and in 1777, five men of lesser rank were promoted over him. Over the course of the next few years, Arnold married for a second time and he and his new wife lived a lavish lifestyle in Philadelphia, accumulating substantial debt. The debt and the resentment Arnold felt over not being promoted faster were motivating factors in his choice to become a turncoat. In 1780, Arnold was given command of West Point, an American fort on the Hudson River in New York (and future home of the U.S. military academy, established in 1802). Arnold contacted Sir Henry Clinton, head of the British forces, and proposed handing over West Point and his men. On September 21 of that year, Arnold met with Major John Andre and made his traitorous pact. However, the conspiracy was uncovered and Andre was captured and executed. Arnold, the former American patriot, fled to the enemy side and went on to lead British troops in Virginia and Connecticut. He later moved to England, though he never received all of what he’d been promised by the British. He died in London on June 14, 1801. Related Videos

Benedict Arnold

How many squares are there on a US bingo card?

George Washington S Spy | Download eBook PDF/EPUB Privacy Policy george washington s spy Download george washington s spy or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get george washington s spy book now. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so don't worry about it. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the widget. Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 59 Total Download : 495 File Size : 47,9 Mb Description : This historic time-travel fantasy is a riveting sequel to a bestselling classic. Ten-year-old Matt Carlton and six friends are accidentally swept back in time--to Boston in 1776! The British now occupy the city, and redcoat guards are everywhere! While the boys are being held captive by a den of Patriot spies, the girls have been taken in by a wealthy Tory family. The pox is rampant; danger lies around every corner--and there's no hope for returning home to their own time. How will these seven children survive? Readers will relish the nonstop action and humorous dialogue in this riveting sequel to Woodruff's bestselling novel, GEORGE WASHINGTON'S SOCKS. Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 39 Total Download : 379 File Size : 49,7 Mb Description : When George Washington beat a hasty retreat from New York City in August 1776, many thought the American Revolution might soon be over. Instead, Washington rallied--thanks in large part to a little-known, top-secret group called the Culper Spy Ring. He realized that he couldn't defeat the British with military might, so he recruited a sophisticated and deeply secretive intelligence network to infiltrate New York. Drawing on extensive research, Brian Kilmeade and Don Yaeger have offered fascinating portraits of these spies: a reserved Quaker merchant, a tavern keeper, a brash young longshoreman, a curmudgeonly Long Island bachelor, a coffeehouse owner, and a mysterious woman. Long unrecognized, the secret six are finally receiving their due among the pantheon of American heroes. Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 74 Total Download : 561 File Size : 41,7 Mb Description : Turn: Washington’s Spies • Now a new original series on AMC Basing his tale on remarkable original research, historian Alexander Rose reveals the unforgettable story of the spy ring that helped America win the Revolutionary War. For the first time, Rose takes us beyond the battlefront and into the shadowy underworld of double agents and triple crosses, covert operations and code breaking, and unmasks the courageous, flawed individuals who inhabited this wilderness of mirrors—including the spymaster at the heart of it all, George Washington. Praise for Washington’s Spies “Alexander Rose tells this important story with style and wit.”—Pulitzer Prize–winning author Joseph J. Ellis “Fascinating . . . Spies proved to be the tipping point in the summer of 1778, helping Washington begin breaking the stalemate with the British. . . . [Alexander] Rose’s book brings to light their crucial help in winning American independence.”—Chicago Tribune “[Rose] captures the human dimension of spying, war and leadership . . . from the naive twenty-one-year-old Nathan Hale, who was captured and executed, to the quietly cunning Benjamin Tallmadge, who organized the ring in 1778, to the traitorous Benedict Arnold.”—The Wall Street Journal “Rose gives us intrigue, crossed signals, derring-do, and a priceless slice of eighteenth-century life. Think of Alan Furst with muskets.”—Richard Brookhiser, author of Founding Father “A compelling portrait of [a] rogues’ gallery of barkeeps, misfits, hypochondriacs, part-time smugglers, and full-time neurotics that will remind every reader of the cast of a John le Carré novel.”—Arthur Herman, National Review From the Trade Paperback edition. Publisher by : Random House Books for Young Readers Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 94 Total Download : 998 File Size : 41,6 Mb Description : Think you know everything about Washington? Think again. During the Revolutionary War, General George Washington (AKA “Agent 711”) was the leader of a ring of spies! The group—called the Culper Ring—used secret names, codes, invisible ink, and more to spy on the British and pass along information. Nobody knew about it at the time (and few do so today), but those sneaky heroes risked their lives to help win the American Revolution! Illustrated throughout in black and white, with an appendix that includes photographs, bonus content, and links to primary source materials, this Totally True Adventures series book is ideal for supporting the Common Core State Standards and today's renewed interest in nonfiction. It’s a thrilling read—made even better because it really happened! Author by : John A. Nagy Languange : en Publisher by : St. Martin's Press Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 99 Total Download : 461 File Size : 44,9 Mb Description : George Washington was America’s first spymaster, and his skill as a spymaster won the war for independence. George Washington’s Secret Spy War is the untold story of how George Washington took a disorderly, ill-equipped rabble and defeated the best trained and best equipped army of its day in the Revolutionary War. Author John A. Nagy has become the nation’s leading expert on the subject, discovering hundreds of spies who went behind enemy lines to gather intelligence during the American Revolution, many of whom are completely unknown to most historians. Using George Washington’s diary as the primary source, Nagy tells the story of Washington’s experiences during the French and Indian War and his first steps in the field of espionage. Despite what many believe, Washington did not come to the American Revolution completely unskilled in this area of warfare. Espionage was a skill he honed during the French and Indian war and upon which he heavily depended during the Revolutionary War. He used espionage to level the playing field and then exploited it on to final victory. Filled with thrilling and never-before-told stories from the battlefield and behind enemy lines, this is the story of how Washington out-spied the British. For the first time, readers will discover how espionage played a major part in the American Revolution and why Washington was a master at orchestrating it. Author by : Paul R. Misencik Languange : en Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 19 Total Download : 740 File Size : 43,5 Mb Description : Sally Townsend of Oyster Bay was a petite, vivacious, intelligent and remarkably beautiful young lady with beguiling eyes. A 1779 Valentine poem from an admiring British officer reads: "Thou know'st what powerful magick lies Within the round of Sarah's eyes." She was the sister of Robert Townsend, a principal member of the "Culper Ring," General Washington's most effective spy network. During the British occupation (1776-1783), Loyalist and Hessian troops were quartered in and around Oyster Bay, two Redcoat officers in the Townsend home. Sally assisted her brother in gathering intelligence while coyly flirting with the enemy. The romantic interest of Jager officer Ernst Wintzingerode, she dallied with Major John Andre and was courted by Lt. Col. John Graves Simcoe of the Queen's Rangers. She paid a heavy price for her role in thwarting the Benedict Arnold treason plot. The book explores the possible identity of the mysterious "Agent 355" mentioned in a cryptic Culper Ring message. Publisher by : Grand Central Publishing Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 37 Total Download : 263 File Size : 54,9 Mb Description : From John Wilkes Booth to Lee Harvey Oswald, there have been more than two dozen assassination attempts on the President of the United States. Four have been successful. But now, Beecher White--the hero of the #1 New York Times bestseller The Inner Circle--discovers a killer in Washington, D.C., who's meticulously re-creating the crimes of these four men. Historians have branded them as four lone wolves. But what if they were wrong? Beecher is about to discover the truth: that during the course of a hundred years, all four assassins were secretly working together. What was their purpose? For whom do they really work? And why are they planning to kill the current President? Beecher's about to find out. And most terrifyingly, he's about to come face-to-face with the fifth assassin. Author by : Lucia St. Clair Robson Languange : en Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 31 Total Download : 180 File Size : 54,6 Mb Description : In July of 1776, the American colonies are ablaze with passion. In the streets, those who would be free boldly read aloud the newly written Declaration of Independence. It is a cry of freedom, but it is also a time of critical confrontation, both on the battlefield and off as the people of a new nation choose between their king and an uncertain future. It is a choice which is not easily made. As Commander-in-chief George Washington declares a major victory in New York, the rest of the colonies separate into Patriots and Tories. Kate Darby never expected to be swept up in this political storm. The Darbys are Quakers who have pledged their allegiance to God first--but that soon changes. Kate's younger brother, Seth, can no longer deny his soul's cry against tyranny. Fleeing from his Loyalist parents' house to join General Washington's ragtag forces, Seth enters a life he never expected. With the influx of British soldiers, Philadelphia soon becomes a temporary base camp for the English forces. When the Darbys find themselves forced to take in Major Jonathan Andre, Kate falls quickly for his charm. Despite her warring affections, Kate finds herself drawn deep into the war. As she attempts to follow her brother, she risks her life and her family's reputation by becoming a spy for the patriot forces, a role which quickly transforms the once-timid Quaker girl. With a world of danger and political upheaval thrown before them, Kate and Seth face incredible danger in the hopes of shaping one of the single most important events in American history: the war for freedom. Told with historical accuracy and incredible attention to period detail, Shadow Patriots recreates America at its youngest and describes with vivid intensity the men and women who bravely did their part to deliver it from tyranny. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied. Publisher by : John Wiley & Sons Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 96 Total Download : 816 File Size : 55,8 Mb Description : From James Rees, Executive Director of Mount Vernon, comes anenlightening guide to the leadership wisdom of America's first great leader. George Washington was more than just an inspiring battlefield commander; he was critical to the founding and success of the United States ofAmerica. His leadership, his vision, and his courage united a war-torncountry and set the United States on the path to greatness. Washington's historic contribution to this nation--his leadership and his character--are as relevant and valuable today as they have ever been. This book reveals Washington's character, his leadership, his vision, and most surprising of all, his business skills and acumen. Most people aren't awarethat Washington, while all of the above, was also a successful businessman and visionary entrepreneur. Exhibiting qualities sorely lacking in so many of our political and business leaders today, Washington remained steadfastly honest and ethical,following guiding principles that would benefit leaders around the world. George Washington's Leadership Lessons reveals a man of true character,worthy of emulation not just in the realm of politics and war, but in allleadership positions. Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 12 Total Download : 227 File Size : 41,5 Mb Description : Spies! Treason! Conspiracy! The American Revolution? The Culper Spying Ring had all the ingredients of a modern spy movie--just replaces gadgets with muskets. This book looks at the incredible history of Washington's famous spying ring. With a gripping narrative this book will read more like a John le CarrE spy novel than a history book. HistoryCaps is an imprint of BookCaps Study Guides. With each book, a brief period of history is recapped. We publish a wide array of topics (from baseball and music to science and philosophy), so check our growing catalogue regularly to see our newest books. Author by : M. William Phelps Languange : en Publisher by : ForeEdge from University Press of New England Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 96 Total Download : 520 File Size : 43,9 Mb Description : Few Americans know much more about Nathan Hale than his famous last words: "I only regret that I have one life left to give for my country." But who was the real Nathan Hale? M. William Phelps charts the life of this famed patriot and Connecticut's state hero, following Hale's rural childhood, his education at Yale, and his work as a schoolteacher. Even in his brief career, he distinguished himself by offering formal lessons to young women. Like many young Americans, he was soon drawn into the colonies' war for independence and became a captain in Washington's army. When the general was in need of a spy, Hale willingly rose to the challenge, bravely sacrificing his life for the sake of American liberty. Using Hale's own journals and letters as well as testimonies from his friends and contemporaries, Phelps depicts the Revolution as it was seen from the ground. From the confrontation in Boston to the battle for New York City, readers experience what life was like for an ordinary soldier in the struggling Continental Army. In this impressive, well-researched biography, Phelps separates historical fact from long-standing myth to reveal the truth about Nathan Hale, a young man who deserves to be remembered as an original American patriot. Publisher by : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 24 Total Download : 452 File Size : 50,6 Mb Description : Dolley was a farm girl who became a fine first lady when she married James Madison. She wore beautiful dresses, decorated her home, and threw lavish parties. Everyone talked about Dolley, and everyone loved her, too. Then war arrived at her doorstep, and Dolley had to meet challenges greater than she’d ever known. So Dolley did one thing she thought might make a difference: she saved George Washington. Not the man himself, but a portrait of him, which would surely have been destroyed by English soldiers. Don Brown once again deftly tells a little known story about a woman who made a significant contribution to American history. Author by : H. Keith Melton Languange : en Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 26 Total Download : 572 File Size : 48,5 Mb Description : Secret instructons written in invisible ink. Cigarettes that fire bullets. Covert communications slipped inside dead rats. Subminature cameras hidden in ballpoint pens. If these sound like the stuff of James Bond's gadget-master Q's trade, think again. They are all real-life devices created by the CIA's Office of Technical Services. Now, in the first book ever written about this ultrasecretive department, the former director of the OTS gives us an unprecedented look at the devices and operations from the history of the CIA - including many deemed 'inappropriate for public disclosure' by the CIA just two years ago. Spycraft tells amazing life and death stories about this little-known group, much of which has never before been revealed. Against the backdrop of some of the most critical international events of recent years - including the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the war on terror - the authors show the real techinical and human story of how the CIA carried out its most secret missions. Author by : John A. Nagy Languange : en Publisher by : Westholme Pub Llc Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 50 Total Download : 311 File Size : 53,6 Mb Description : Newly Discovered Evidence Against a Man Who Has Long Been Suspected as Being a British Agent and America's First Traitor “John Nagy has devoted his astonishing research skills to unearthing the truth about the least known and most dangerous spy in American history.”—Thomas Fleming, author of Liberty! The American RevolutionDr. Benjamin Church, Jr. (1734–1778) was a respected medical man and civic leader in colonial Boston who was accused of being an agent for the British in the 1770s, providing compromising intelligence about the plans of the provincial leadership in Massachusetts as well as important information from the meetings of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. In Dr. Benjamin Church, Spy: A Case of Espionage on the Eve of the American Revolution, noted authority John A. Nagy has scoured original documents to establish the best case against Church, identifying previously unacknowledged correspondence and reports as containing references to the doctor and his activities, and noting an incriminating letter in the possession of the Library of Congress that is a coded communication composed by Church to his British contact. Nagy shows that at the cusp of the revolution, when the possibility—let alone the outcome—of an American colonial rebellion was far from assured, Church sought to align himself with the side he thought would emerge victorious—the British crown—and thus line his pockets with money that he desperately needed. A fascinating investigation into a centuries-old intrigue, this well-researched volume is an important contribution to American Revolution scholarship. Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 71 Total Download : 283 File Size : 42,6 Mb Description : "May be one of the greatest what-if books of the age—a volume that turns one of America’s best-known narratives on its head.” —Boston Globe "Clear and insightful, it consolidates his reputation as one of America's foremost practitioners of narrative nonfiction." —Wall Street Journal From the New York Times bestselling author of In The Heart of the Sea and Mayflower comes a surprising account of the middle years of the American Revolution, and the tragic relationship between George Washington and Benedict Arnold. In September 1776, the vulnerable Continental Army under an unsure George Washington (who had never commanded a large force in battle) evacuates New York after a devastating defeat by the British Army. Three weeks later, near the Canadian border, one of his favorite generals, Benedict Arnold, miraculously succeeds in postponing the British naval advance down Lake Champlain that might have ended the war. Four years later, as the book ends, Washington has vanquished his demons and Arnold has fled to the enemy after a foiled attempt to surrender the American fortress at West Point to the British. After four years of war, America is forced to realize that the real threat to its liberties might not come from without but from within. Valiant Ambition is a complex, controversial, and dramatic portrait of a people in crisis and the war that gave birth to a nation. The focus is on loyalty and personal integrity, evoking a Shakespearean tragedy that unfolds in the key relationship of Washington and Arnold, who is an impulsive but sympathetic hero whose misfortunes at the hands of self-serving politicians fatally destroy his faith in the legitimacy of the rebellion. As a country wary of tyrants suddenly must figure out how it should be led, Washington’s unmatched ability to rise above the petty politics of his time enables him to win the war that really matters. From the Hardcover edition. Author by : Edward G. Lengel Languange : en Publisher by : John Wiley & Sons Format Available : PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read : 36 Total Download : 388 File Size : 49,9 Mb Description : Utilizing new primary source material from the Papers of George Washington, a documentary editing project dedicated to the transcription and publication of original documents, A Companion to George Washington features a collection of original readings from scholars and popular historians that shed new light on all aspects of the life of George Washington. Provides readers with new insights into previously neglected aspects of Washington's life Features original essays from top scholars and popular historians Based on new research from thousands of previously unpublished letters to and from Washington

i don't know

What Nestle candy bar consists of a flaky, orange-colored center with a peanut butter taste, coated in chocolate?

Candy Bars Candy Bars Butter Finger:The bar consists of a flaky, orange-colored center - somewhat similar texture to crisp caramel, with a taste similar to peanut butter, which is also dipped into milk chocolate, And wrapped in a nice yellow coated wrapper. The Creation:  The Butterfinger was invented by the Curtiss Candy Company of Chicago, Illinois, in 1923. Kit Kat:Kit Kat is a Chocolate-coated wafer, Comes in packs of 2 Sticks, Or Packs Of 4 Sticks. The Creation:  The Kit Kat Bar Was Created by Rowntree's of York, England, and is now produced worldwide by Nestlé, The bar launched on 29 August 1935, under the title of "Rowntree's Chocolate Crisp". Milky Way:Milky Way is made of chocolate-malt nougat topped with caramel and covered with milk chocolate. The Creation:  The Milky Way bar was created in 1923 by Frank C. Mars and originally manufactured in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the first commercially distributed filled chocolate bar. The name and taste was taken from a famed malted milk drink. Snickers: Snickers is made up of  peanut nougat topped with roasted peanuts and caramel, covered in milk chocolate. The Creation: The Snicker Bar was created in 1930 by Frank C. Mars, The bar was marketed under the name "Marathon" in the UK and Ireland until 1990, when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name Baby Ruth:Baby Ruth is an American candy bar made of peanuts, caramel and chocolate-flavored nougat covered in chocolate. The Creation: The Baby Ruth was created in 1921, after taking the place for Kandy Kake (Previous Name), the product was manufactured by Curtis Candy Company, Then was later purchased  in 1981 by Nabisco, shortly after purchased by Nestle  Oh Henry!:is a chocolate bar containing peanuts, caramel, and fudge coated in chocolate.  The Creation: It was first introduced in 1920, by the Williamson Candy Company of Chicago, Illinois. According to legend, Oh Henry! was originally named after a boy who frequented the Williamson company, flirting with the girls who made the candy Twix: Is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc., consisting of a biscuit finger, topped with caramel and coated in milk chocolate The Creation: Twix bars are typically packaged in pairs. Twix, which stands for "Twin-Stix," was first produced in the UK in 1967, and introduced in the United States in 1979. Whatchamacallit: Whatchamacallit has included peanut-flavored crisp with a layer of caramel and a layer of milk chocolate coating The Creation:

Butterfinger

On Sept. 24, 1906, total bad-ass President Theodore Roosevelt named what Wyoming landmark the nations first National Monument?

Top 10 Best Milk Chocolate Candy Bars Of All Time - ListAddicts Top 10 Best Milk Chocolate Candy Bars Of All Time Twitter By definition, candy is a rich sweet confection made with sugar or other sweeteners and often flavored or combined with fruits or nuts. Chocolate is undoubtedly the most popular delicacy in the world. Sometimes, when our blood sugar is low and we crave something sweet, we have a plenty of chocolate bars to choose from. Candy is a rich sweet confection made with sugar and usually flavored with fruits or nuts. Milk chocolate which is the main ingredient of most candy bars dates back to the 1870s, Switzerland. Daniel Peter has developed milk chocolate using condensed milk, but the German company Jordan & Timaeus had already invented milk chocolate in 1839, although it had only been available as a drink. But, from that moment on, the whole world has become addicted to chocolates. Let’s take a look at some of the best chocolate brands and most popular candy bars in the world! M&M’s Even though M&M’s are not exactly a candy bar, but they are so delicious and popular that an exception is required. These colorful button-shaped candies were invented in 1941, by Forrest Mars and R. Bruce Murrie. Forrest Mars copied the idea for the candies when he was on a trip to Spain in the 1930s, during the Spanish Civil War. He saw the soldiers eating chocolate pellets that had a hard shell of chocolate preventing the candies from melting. Then he invented his M&M’s in 1941 and the original chocolate candy was an instant hit with the soldiers. Cadbury Dairy Milk is a popular brand of milk chocolate that was introduced to us in 1905. Cadbury’s Diary Milk chocolate bar is one of the best-selling chocolate bars worldwide. According to the company Cadbury, a bar of Dairy Milk is sold every two seconds. There are many other variants of this chocolate such as caramel, fruit and nut, whole nut and a bar with a Turkish delight center. The Milky Way bar is one of the best chocolates in the world and is distributed by Mars. The candy bar consists of chocolate malt-flavored nougat, caramel, and milk. The Milky Way bar was introduced in 1923 by Frank C. Mars. The taste and the name were taken from the popular malted milk drink (milkshake). Today the Milky Way bar can be found in three varieties: Original, Lite, and Midnight. These chocolate-covered wafers got the name from an 18th-century literary club London Kit Kat. The Kit Kat bar was introduced in 1935, but it was originally known as Rowntree’s Chocolate Crisp. The name was changed to Kit Kat in 1937. Snickers chocolate bar is made of nougat, caramel, milk chocolate and roasted peanuts. This delicious and nutritious candy bar was invented in 1930 and it was named after a favorite horse of the Mars family. The Hershey’s Bar is a chocolate bar that is known as “The Great American Chocolate Bar”. The Hershey’s milk chocolate bar was first sold in 1990 and its unique flavor is widely recognized not only in the United States, but in the whole world. The milk chocolate used in these bars is cheaper to make than other types of chocolate and it gives the product a particular sour taste. 3 Musketeers is a fluffy whipped candy bar covered with chocolate and it was introduced in 1932. Originally, the product consisted of three different pieces of candy: chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla, hence the name of this candy bar. A decade later, it was converted to a nougat covered with milk chocolate. Today, 3 Musketeers comes in seven package varieties including 2 To Go, Minis, Mint, Fun Size, Standard bar, Mint Minis and 100 Calorie bar. Butterfinger is another popular candy bar that was invented in 1923 by Otto Schnering and is currently manufactured by Nestlé. This candy bar consists of a flaky, peanut butter-flavored center covered with compound chocolate. Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups are peanut butter cups covered with chocolate. This brown and yellow candy bar was invented in 1923 by Harry Burnett Reese. They were first sold in vending machines and syndicated stores, but during the 1940s and 1950s they have gained worldwide recognition. Oh Henry! is a candy bar that is made of peanuts, caramel and fudge coated in chocolate. This candy bar was introduced in 1920 by the Williamson Candy Company. According to the legend, this candy bar was named after a boy who frequented the company to flirt with the girls that were working there. It turned out that this joke had become one of the most popular candy bars in the world. Others believe that the name is a homage to the Amerian writer O.Henry.

i don't know

What color are packets of Sweet 'N Low artificial sweetener?

The Many Colors of Sweeteners Forks Over Knives The Many Colors of Sweeteners If you get confused on which colored packet sweetener is what, which ones are safe, and which colors to avoid, remember this good rule of thumb: Color Matters The yellow packet (Splenda®) = caution like in a traffic light The blue packet (Equal®) = makes you feel blue The pink packet (Sweet'N'Low® or generic saccharin*) = you're in the pink! Despite the misleading report over twenty years ago that saccharin causes cancer, in my opinion, saccharin remains the safest of all the artificial sweeteners. Its simplicity may be the key to its ability to be used by the body as a sugar substitute. Saccharin is not a "chemically combined" sweetener like the other artificial sweeteners, it's not injected with toxic chemicals like the methanol in aspartame or the chlorine in sucralose, and saccharin is the safest choice for diabetics from this group of sugar replacements. What Are Safe Natural Sweeteners? Stevia* Molasses Sorghum *Safe for diabetics. Stevia is similar to saccharin - use it sparingly or it is bitter - otherwise, it's "naturally" delicious and a much healthier choice! Secondary Natural Sweetener Choices (Use With Discretion) Fructose Trehalose * Contact the Empirical Labs' Orders Department at [email protected] information on this new sweetener. I am not a fan of sugar alcohols because they are extracted from (lifted out of) their natural sources. Sugar alcohols are actually made from sugar. Part of their structure chemically resembles sugar and part is similar to alcohol. To complicate matters more, these sweeteners are neither sugars nor alcohols-they are best described as a sugar byproduct refined by nature. But sugar alcohols fall into a "grey area" in the sweetener arena because they are actually carbohydrates (starches) more than they are sugars. They are typically used cup-for-cup in the same amount as refined sugar, but they each vary in sweetness, ranging from half as sweet to as sweet as sugar. Sugar alcohols blend well with other sugars, so they are commonly added to products such as gums, candies and mints, toothpaste and mouthwash. Please keep in mind, these "grey area" sugar alcohols can give people gastric distress if consumed in excess, but are recommended over using the chemical sweetener substitutes. 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Pink

What guitarist and Experience frontman, considered the greatest guitarist of all time, died on September 18, 1970 at a London flat of a suspected drug overdose?

4 Types of Artificial Sweeteners & Sugar Substitutes - Side Effects 4 Types of Artificial Sweeteners & Sugar Substitutes – Side Effects, Pros & Cons By Joanne Eglash Tweet Comments10 Years ago, there were three choices when it came to sweetening your tea or coffee: white sugar, brown sugar, or honey. Oh, how times have changed. Today, with the great amount of attention given to calorie, sugar, and carbohydrate intake, many people do not even consider those options. Instead, numerous sugar substitutes are available, giving consumers the choice between the yellow packet (sucralose), blue packet (aspartame), or pink packet (saccharin). Many have a preference as to which best suits their taste buds and waistline. And now, in addition to those three choices, there’s a relatively new calorie-free sugar substitute available: stevia, served in a green packet. Reasons to Use Sugar Substitutes There are three key benefits to surrendering some of the sugar in your diet: 1. Weight Loss There are 774 calories in just a single cup of sugar. You might think that you don’t consume much sugar, but most of us do actually intake a fairly large amount, according to statistics from the U.S. Department of Agriculture . Just as with salt, adding sugar to foods and beverages becomes a habit. For example, you may stir it into your coffee and sprinkle it over your oatmeal or breakfast cereal in the morning. If you decide to make pudding “from scratch” for an after-dinner desert, the directions call for two cups of sugar. Consuming too much sugar can undercut your weight loss efforts. However, if you substitute artificial sweetener for sugar, you can cut down on calories without eliminating your favorite foods from your diet. 2. Dental Care One of the most common of all disorders, according to MedlinePlus , tooth decay occurs when the bacteria in your mouth converts foods – particularly sugar and starch – into acids. From cavities to tooth loss, the resulting problems can impact your appearance and your wallet. Sugar substitutes may reduce your need for professional dental care . 3. Health Studies indicate that consuming too much sugar can increase your risk of heart disease. Researchers at UC Davis  also caution that current U.S. dietary guidelines for daily sugar intake limitations may be set too high. Currently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture advises that women limit their sugar intake to 20 grams a day. Most of us consume more than five times that much! Choosing the Right Sweetener Thinking about swapping sugar for a zero- or low-calorie sweetener? Here’s the scoop on sugar substitutes: 1. Aspartame (Equal) The familiar blue packet in the sugar substitutes bowl usually contains aspartame. With no saccharin-like aftertaste, Equal has become one of the most popular sugar substitute brands. There are four calories per packet. Advantages It is 200 times sweeter than sugar, and can be used to sweeten beverages and cereal. It also can be used in some recipes that call for sugar. Disadvantages Because it loses its sweetness if you subject it to heat for a long time, aspartame is not ideal as a baking substitute. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers it safe, those with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) must avoid it. Furthermore, WebMD reports that for those who suffer chronic headaches or migraines, aspartame can trigger these painful occurrences. It is recommended that you keep a food diary to see if you are sensitive to foods containing this sugar substitute. 2. Sucralose (Splenda) Fond of the yellow packets to sweeten your tea? You’re using sucralose, made popular by the Splenda brand. It’s 600 times sweeter than sugar, and contains 0 calories per packet. Advantages Just as with Equal, there’s no “saccharin” aftertaste, making it ideal for those with diabetes who want to satisfy their sweet tooth. Although it can be used for baking, you may need to make some adjustments by referring to a conversion chart , as sucralose is more potent than sugar. Disadvantages Can you have too much of a good thing? In the case of sucralose, yes. If you have a sensitive digestive system, you may suffer from gas, bloating, and diarrhea if you consume too much. In addition, there has been some debate about the fact that the sucralose molecule contains three atoms of chlorine , and whether that is safe for human consumption. 3. Saccharin If you go for the pink packets, you’re a saccharin fan. The most popular brand is Sweet’N Low , which contains four calories per packet. Advantages This sweetener can be used in baking and cooking, as well as for sweetening beverages and cereal. Disadvantages The most common complaint about saccharin is its bitter aftertaste. Saccharin is also categorized as a sulfonamide, and can result in allergic reactions for those who cannot consume sulfa drugs. Furthermore, it may pose health risks for the average consumer: During studies in the early 1970s on its safety, saccharin was linked with the development of bladder cancer. Consequently, food products containing saccharin bear the following warning label: “Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharin, which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.” 4. Stevia (Stevia In The Raw, Truvia) Few coffee houses offer this option, which comes in the green packet and is commonly branded as Stevia Extract In The Raw or Truvia . However, using it at home has become an increasingly popular choice. It contains no calories. Advantages Stevia’s taste lasts longer than sugar, and it can be used for baking and cooking. However, be sure to follow a conversion chart , as it may be advisable to replace sugar with half the amount of stevia extract when cooking. Disadvantages If you use extensive amounts to sweeten your food, such as plain yogurt, you can detect a bitter aftertaste. In addition, stevia was initially banned in the United States because of research that showed it caused infertility and cancer in laboratory rats. Final Word In addition to these four common, popular sugar substitutes, a number of other sweeteners are available on the market. These artificial sweeteners include Sunett and Sweet One, which contain acesulfame potassium; NutraSweet, which contains aspartame; and SugarTwin, which contains saccharin in the United States (saccharin is banned in Canada), and cyclamates in Canada (cyclamates are banned in the U.S.). What sugar substitute do you prefer? Do you avoid non-sugar sweeteners altogether?

i don't know

What marine organisms are responsible for creating the reefs that are such an important part of tropical islands?

Coral Reefs - MarineBio.org Coral Reefs Slow Life from Daniel Stoupin on Vimeo Coral reefs are a precious resource in the ocean because of their beauty and biodiversity. Coral reefs provide shelter for a wide variety of marine life, they provide humans with recreation, they are a valuable source of organisms for potential medicines, they create sand for beaches, and serve as a buffer for shorelines. Coral reefs are built by millions of coral polyps, small colonial animals resembling overturned jellyfish that use excess carbon dioxide in the water from the atmosphere and turn it into limestone . Corals are in fact animals that fall under the phylum Cnidaria and the class Anthozoa . They are relatives of jellyfish and anemones . Corals can exist as individual polyps, or in colonies and communities that contain hundreds to hundreds of thousands of polyps. For example, brain corals consist of colonies of many individual polyps; each individual polyp averages 1-3 mm in diameter. Corals can be divided into two groups: hard coral and soft coral. Hard corals, also known as stony coral, produce a rigid skeleton made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in crystal form called aragonite , with reef-building capabilities. Alternatively, soft corals, including sea fans, do not produce a rigid calcium carbonate skeleton and do not form reefs, though they may be present in a reef ecosystem. Most reef-building corals have a mutually beneficial relationship with a microscopic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae that lives within the cells of the coral's gastrodermis. As much as 90% of the organic material the algae manufacture photosynthetically is transferred to the host coral tissue. In addition to the symbiotic relationship with algae, most corals capture and consume live prey ranging from microscopic zooplankton to small fish, depending on coral size. Using its tentacles that extend outside it body, the coral uses its nematocysts , or stinging cells, to stun and kill its prey before passing it to its mouth. Once the food has been digested, the waste is expelled from the same opening. Corals are unique in that they are capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction is the more common method and can be performed in two ways: broadcast spawning or brooding . Broadcast spawning consists of both male and female coral expelling massive amounts of gametes (eggs and sperm) into the water column during synchronized events. Brooding is similar to broadcast spawning, except only the male gametes are released into the water column. Coral sperm is negatively buoyant once released and hopefully will be carried by ocean currents to female coral where they will fertilize the egg cells of the female coral. The Variety of Coral Reefs Coral reefs can be found in both shallow and deep waters and are classified into 2 general categories (hard and soft corals): Hard corals Scleractinia , also called stony corals, are exclusively marine animals; they are very similar to sea anemones but generate a hard skeleton. They first appeared in the Middle Triassic and replaced tabulate and rugose corals that went extinct at the end of the Permian . Much of the framework of coral reefs is formed by scleractinians. There are two groups of Scleractinia: Colonial corals found in clear, shallow tropical waters; they are the world's primary reef-builders (see below for examples), and solitary corals which are found in all regions of the oceans and do not build reefs. Some live in temperate, polar waters, or below the photic zone down to 6,000 m. Soft corals The Alcyonacea , or the soft corals, are an order of corals which do not produce calcium carbonate skeletons and so are neither reef-building corals nor do they lay new foundations for future corals. Instead they contain minute, spiney skeletal elements called sclerites . Aside from their scientific utility in species identification, sclerites give these corals some degree of support and give their flesh a spiky, grainy texture that deters predators. Unlike stony corals, most soft corals thrive in nutrient-rich waters with less light intensity. Almost all utilize zooxanthella as a major energy source. However, most will readily eat any free floating food, such as brine shrimp, out of the water column. Sea fans A gorgonian , also known as sea whips or sea fans (soft corals), are an order of sessile colonial cnidarian found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Gorgonians are similar to sea pens , another soft coral. Individual tiny polyps form a colonies that are normally erect, flattened, branching, and reminiscent of a fan. Others may be whiplike, bushy, or even encrusting. A colony can be several feet high and across but only a few inches thick. They may be brightly coloured, often purple, red, or yellow. In 1999, a deep coral reef 60 m below the surface was discovered by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Center for Coastal and Wetland Studies near Pulley Ridge, an underwater barrier island west of the Dry Tortugas National Park off the southern coast of Florida. The Pulley Ridge reef absorbs more light by increasing surface area and growing flat rather than the usual vertical growth seen in shallower coral reefs. Other deep water reefs include the Darwin Mounds and the Mingulay reef complex. More is known about shallow water coral reefs in tropical zones than deep-water reefs discovered recently, however much research into these unique ecosystems is being conducted. Tropical Coral Reefs Tropical coral reefs are biotic reefs formed in tropical waters by live organisms such as calcareous algae (including red algae) and corals. In contrast, abiotic reefs are formed by the deposit of sand and other materials in shallow water. Organisms responsible for building tropical (biotic) coral reefs can only grow at 20- 28°C , so although coral reefs live in all oceans, most are found between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer . The best growing habitat for coral reefs is a clear-water photic zone less than 50 m deep where light shines down and microscopic algae can best provide photosynthesis for the corals. Corals can be found throughout the oceans, from deep, cold waters to shallow, tropical waters. Shallow coral reefs have optimal growth rates in warm water ranging from 70-85°F (21-29°C). Coral reefs can be found at depths exceeding 91 m (300 ft), but reef-building corals generally grow best at depths shallower than 70 m (230 ft). The most prolific reefs occupy depths of 18-27 m (60-90 ft), though many of these shallow reefs have been degraded. Corals also need salt water to survive, so they also grow poorly near river openings with fresh water runoff. Other factors influencing coral distribution are availability of hard-bottom substrate, the availability of food such as plankton, and the presence of species that help control macroalgae, like urchins and herbivorous fish. The wide array of coral reef forms includes the Apron reef, the Fringing reef, the Barrier reef, the Patch reef, the Ribbon reef, the Table reef and the Atoll reef. The Apron and Fringe reef both reach down and out from the shore point or peninsula although the Apron reef is typically not as steep as the Fringe reef. Barrier reefs, like the Great Barrier Reef , are separated from the shore by lagoons. An Atoll reef surrounds a lagoon in a circular or uninterrupted fashion and is different from the others because there is no island in the middle. A Critical Situation Coral reefs & climate change from Earth Touch Coral reefs are extremely sensitive to changes in light, temperature ( bleaching ), overfishing , damaging fishing practices, pollution, and excess sediment from development and erosion . Reefs in Southeast Asia are most at risk of damage due to these factors. Human activity is one of the greatest threats to coral reefs, particularly the destruction of mangrove forests that naturally absorb sediment and nutrients that can suffocate coral reefs with silt and algae blooms. Former coral reef in the Florida Keys, USA. Destruction most likely due to massive former bleaching events caused by warmer surface waters, nutrient-overload from sewage and overfishing. Cyanide fishing in the Indonesian and Philippine coral reefs of South Asia stuns and injures valuable fish. Although 85% of the world's aquarium fish are captured with this destructive method, they suffer a 90% mortality rate usually several weeks after they have been poisoned by cyanide. Fishermen in developing countries depend on reef fish for income to provide for their families; however, illegal fishing practices and overfishing is depleting fish stocks in these areas, rapidly threatening the livelihood of these local populations. Fishermen hit the coral reefs with crowbars to shake out stunned fish and they also even fish with dynamite, which often destroys every living thing on the reef. Many reefs once teeming with life are now wastelands that even the most vigorous conservation efforts can't begin to restore. With approximately 85,470 sq km of tropical coral reefs, Indonesia hosts about 33% of the total coral in the world and 25% of all fish species. However, in 2000 it was reported that over 70% of the coral reefs are in bad to fair condition due to fishing practices, out of control tourism, and long periods of bleaching. Coral reefs in the Philippines were found to be 77% less productive from 1966-1986, while the national population doubled in size. If the destruction continues, we will lose about 70% of the world's reefs within 25-40 years. The effects of El Niño during 1998 and 2004 are an example of the natural factors that influence the growth of coral reefs. During this El Niño, sea temperatures rose and many coral reefs were bleached or obliterated. Coral bleaching occurs when the single-celled algae vital for coral reef survival and known as symbiotic zooxanthellae are rejected from the coral, soft corals, some sponges and even Tridacna clams . The pigment containing organisms are lost as temperature or stress level due to increased light reaches intolerable levels. As temperatures return to normal, some reefs can recover within several weeks or months. However, equilibrium may not be restored due to global warming and the bleaching effect exposes corals to white and black band diseases. There is some evidence that global warming may actually add to the productivity of an ecosystem through an increase in carbon dioxide and higher temperatures, though the validity of this evidence remains to be seen. Massive coral bleaching occurred in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia between 1998 and 2002 and in reefs in the Indian Ocean, the Maldives , Sri Lanka , Kenya , Tanzania , and the Seychelles . Most areas in the Great Barrier Reef rebounded with little damage but in some areas approximately 90% of the coral has vanished. The reefs in the Indian Ocean suffered the most damage and 90% of the coral reefs were lost in the remaining five locations. In Indonesia, the damage is less extensive but more diversity is lost in an area significantly more difficult to restore. Conservation and Restoration The fish that grow and live on coral reefs are a significant food source for over a billion people worldwide—many of whom live far from the reefs that feed them. Approximately half of all federally managed fisheries in the United States depend on coral reefs and related habitats for a portion of their life cycles. The NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service estimates the annual commercial value of US fisheries from coral reefs to be over $100 million. Reef-based recreational fisheries generate over $100 million annually in the US. Globally, one estimate shows fisheries benefits account for $5.7 billion of the total $29.8 billion global net benefit provided by coral reefs. Sustainable coral reef fisheries in Southeast Asia alone are valued at $2.4 billion per year. These numbers do not take into account the value of deep-sea corals, which are themselves home for many commercially valuable species and thus additional fisheries value. Part of the problem with the coral reefs in Indonesia was the move made in 1991 to delocalize power in the Indonesian and Philippine governments. The result was a lack of funding and national support for protection of the South Asian reefs. More recently, conservation efforts have included roping off Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) , research and implementation of electrolysis as stimulant for growth, moving reefs to new places and cutting back on harmful fishing practices—all expensive and time consuming endeavors estimated to cost over $100 million dollars. MPAs have been established in regions like Indonesia so that sustainable fisheries can be managed and ecologically important habitats will be protected with a social and biological objective. Laws similar to those found in national parks have been developed to prohibit illegal harvesting of fishes. The hope is that by designating MPAs, coral reefs will be restored, areas will become more beautiful, diversity of life will not be lost and communities will have a sustainable source of income in fishing and tourism. Work is being done to effectively manage MPAs and scientists have found that co-management, the collaboration of local, provincial and national parties, is an effective management strategy. As with many organizations, MPAs will have to overcome challenges that include finding participants, streamlining viewpoints about how effective certain ideas will be and raising enough money to implement change. An international and non-profit organization called the Marine Aquarium Council or MAC was created to make the aquarium fish trade more responsible and sustainable through education and to limit harmful fishing practices. By avoiding stock depletion, adding more governmental regulation of reefs, managing reefs better, learning how to take care of fish and food once it is caught and creating a reliable data record, the MAC hopes to avoid a ban on the aquarium industry with a loss of income to the locals and a boom in illegal fishing. Among those involved in the project are researchers, conservationists and industry operators, all who would like to find a sustainable way to meet industry demands through education in the form of international standards and certification plans. MAC hopes that consumers, collectors and retailers will begin to realize how important it is to them and others to sustain their most valuable natural resource—the coral reef. Other conservation efforts by various organizations include the intricate process of growing coral and coral reefs, a fragile organism that is sensitive to any environmental or biological change. Coral can be grown using a process known as mineral accretion where limestone is stimulated to collect on metal by a safe low voltage current, providing a nice place for baby coral to latch on and grow. The voltage itself can be provided using solar panels or energy from wave action. Scientists active in the Global Coral Reef Alliance (GCRA) grow coral reefs and will even show others the technique. To learn more and view pictures of the restoration effort visit http://www.globalcoral.org . Medicine Many species found in coral ecosystems produce chemical compounds for defense or attack, particularly the slow-moving or stationary species like nudibranchs and sponges. Searching for potential new pharmaceuticals, termed bioprospecting , has been common in terrestrial environments for decades. However, bioprospecting is relatively new in the marine environment and is nowhere close to realizing its full potential. Creatures found in coral ecosystems are important sources of new medicines being developed to induce and ease labor; treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, ulcers, human bacterial infections, heart disease, viruses, and other diseases; as well as sources of nutritional supplements, enzymes, and cosmetics. The medicines and other potentially useful compounds identified to date have led to coral ecosystems being referred to as the medicine cabinets of the 21st century by some, and the list of approved and potential new drugs is ever growing. Tourism and Recreation Every year, millions of scuba divers and snorkelers visit coral reefs to enjoy their abundant sea life. Even more tourists visit the beaches protected by these reefs. Local economies receive billions of dollars from these visitors to reef regions through diving tours, recreational fishing trips, hotels, restaurants, and other businesses based near reef ecosystems. One estimate places the total global value of coral-reef based recreation and tourism at $9.6 billion of the total global net benefit of coral reefs.

Coral

Played by George Takei, who was the helmsman on the USS Enterprise for the duration of the series?

Climate Change in the Pacific Islands Climate Change in the Pacific Islands Climate Change in the Pacific Islands On This Page References   In the Pacific Islands, we are collaborating with the Hawai`i Conservation Alliance and climate researchers at the University of Hawai`i’s International Pacific Research Center, the Department of Geography and many other Departments, NOAA, USGS, and many others. These collaborations are aimed at assessing historic climate trends and promoting the development of regional climate models that will aid in estimating future climate conditions in the Pacific Islands. Conserving native species and ecosystems is a challenging task that is destined to become progressively more difficult as global climate change accelerates in the coming years. Temperature, rainfall patterns, sea level and ocean chemistry, to name but a few, will move beyond the range of our experience, and planning effective conservation will increasingly depend on predictive models and assessments rather than knowledge and data from the past. To meet these challenges, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is making a significant commitment of personnel and funding starting in 2010 to establish cooperative centers for conservation planning, or Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs). This is part of a national initiative by the Fish and Wildlife Service to bring climate change science to bear on natural resource management. Efforts will occur in collaboration with members of the Hawai`i Conservation Alliance. The 17th annual Hawai‘i Conservation Conference attracted over 1,100 people in July, 2009, with its various lectures, symposia, and other presentations focusing on the theme “Hawai‘i in a Changing Climate.” You can view over 84 of these presentations on the web, covering a range of conservation issues from climate change to invasive species to environmental education efforts throughout the Hawaiian archipelago. To view the presentations by session, visit the Hawai‘i Conservation Alliance (HCA) web site at http://hawaiiconservation.org/2009hcc_presentations.asp or go directly to http://blip.tv/file/2393728 and browse the episodes. (The Fish and Wildlife Service is an HCA member.) The following information is excerpted or summarized from the references cited. Climate Change Overview Climate change presents Pacific Islands with unique challenges including rising temperatures, sea-level rise, contamination of freshwater resources with saltwater, coastal erosion, an increase in extreme weather events, coral reef bleaching, and ocean acidification. Projections for the rest of this century suggest continued increases in air and ocean surface temperatures in the Pacific, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and increased rainfall during the summer months and a decrease in rainfall during the winter months. In Hawai’i, annual rainfall has decreased and surface temperatures have risen during the last several decades, but it is unknown whether these trends will persist or change with global climate change. Coastal areas will be at increased risk due to greater hurricane wind speeds and coastal inundation due to the combined effects of sea-level rise and storm surges. This graph is excerpted from United Global States Research Program, 2009 Changes in ENSO and Ocean Circulation Patterns El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), resulting from the large-scale global interaction of atmospheric and oceanic circulation, is an inter-annual climatic phenomenon (approximately 3-8 years) that creates temperature fluctuations in the tropical surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. ENSO events can have a significant impact on ecosystems due to changing surface winds, ocean currents, water temperatures, ocean nutrient availability, storm frequency and magnitude, etc. ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon, but there is uncertainty regarding how global warming and the associated climate changes will impact the frequency, magnitude, and the duration of this cycle and how that will in turn affect ecosystems. For example, changes to established ocean circulation patterns can have significant effects on biological connectivity for marine organisms, the distribution of species, biological productivity, and marine debris issues. Changes in storm events can impact corals directly from wave damage or more indirectly from runoff and sediment deposition. (Baker and Smith, 2008) The Availability of Freshwater Most island communities in the Pacific have limited sources of freshwater. Many islands depend on freshwater lenses below the surface, which are recharged by precipitation. Changes in precipitation, such as the decreases currently observed in Hawai’i, are thus a cause of great concern. Sea-level rise also affects islands’ water supplies by causing saltwater to contaminate the freshwater lens and by causing an increased frequency of flooding during storm high tides. (United Global States Research Program, 2009) Sea Level Rise The melting of mountain glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets along with the thermal expansion of the oceans will likely continue to increase sea level for many hundreds of years into the future. The consensus estimate of sea level rise by 2100, published in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment, was estimated at 0.6 to 2.0 ft. Improved estimates of the range of sea level rise by 2100, which now include estimated effects of ice dynamics, lie between 2.6 and 6.6 ft, a significantly higher estimate. (Pfeffer, W.T., et al., 2008) As a result of sea level rise, low lying coastal areas will eventually be inundated by seawater or periodically over-washed by waves and storm surges. Coastal wetlands will become increasingly brackish as seawater inundates freshwater wetlands. New brackish and freshwater wetland areas will be created as seawater inundates low lying inland areas or as the freshwater table is pushed upward by the higher stand of seawater. In the Pacific Islands there are many low lying atolls, including many that are part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. These atolls are home to an estimated 10 million breeding-aged sea birds, and many marine mammals, sea turtles, coral reef communities and other fish and wildlife. Coastal Inundation Flooding will become more frequent and coastal land will be permanently lost as the sea inundates low-lying areas and as shorelines erode. Loss of land will affect living things in coastal ecosystems. For example, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which are low-lying and therefore at great risk from rising sea level, have a high concentration of threatened and endangered species, some of which exist nowhere else. With further warming, hurricane and typhoon peak wind intensities and rainfall are likely to increase, which, combined with sea-level rise, would cause higher storm surge levels. (United Global States Research Program, 2009) Ocean Acidification The ocean will eventually absorb most carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. Dissolving of carbon dioxide into ocean surface waters will increase the acidity of ocean surface waters. Oceanic absorption of CO2 from fossil fuels may result in larger acidification changes over the next several centuries than any inferred from the geological record of the past 300 million years (with the possible exception of those resulting from rare, extreme events such as meteor impacts). Virtually every major biological function has been shown to respond to acidification changes in seawater, including photosynthesis, respiration rate, growth rates, calcification rates, reproduction, and recruitment. Much of the attention has focused on carbonate-based animals and plants which form the foundation of our marine ecosystems. An increase in ocean acidity is likely to result in a decline in the ability of coral reefs to maintain their calcium carbonate structure. Phytoplankton that utilize calcium carbonate are also likely to decline in abundance, along with other carbonate-dependent animals such as marine snails and carbonate-dependent plants such as red marine algae. (Smith and Baker, 2008, and Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program, 2008). Coral Reefs Hawai`i supports more than 70% of the coral reefs in the United States with additional extensive coral reefs in the Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and National Wildlife Refuge islands and atolls throughout the Pacific. Coral reefs are particularly sensitive to the impacts of climate change as even small increases in water temperature can cause coral bleaching. Rising sea surface temperature will place many coral reefs into a temperature category that may be marginal for corals and reef ecosystems, including much of the Indo-Pacific center of reef biodiversity. Ocean acidification due to rising carbon dioxide levels poses an additional threat to coral reefs and the rich ecosystems they support. At the current rate of increase, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will reduce the saturation state of carbonate minerals in the surface ocean over the next 70 years until nearly all the locations of coral reefs are at or beyond their normal environmental limits. This implies the widespread loss of coral reefs worldwide if carbon dioxide emissions continue unabated. Coral bleaching and subsequent mortality can lead to habitat phase shifts where corals are replaced by algae. Although recent research has documented algal-dominated areas to occur naturally on many healthy Pacific reef systems, algal overgrowth, as the result of climate change, is indicative of decreased ecosystem health. (Guinotte et. al, 2003) Effects in Hawai`i In Hawai‘i, the seasonal and geographic distribution of rainfall and temperature has combined with steep, mountainous terrain to produce a wide array of island-scale climate regimes. These varying regimes in turn have supported the diversification of Hawai‘i native plants and animals. Increasing amounts of human-caused greenhouse gases will likely alter the archipelago’s terrestrial and marine environments by raising air and sea surface temperatures, changing the amount and distribution of precipitation, raising sea level, increasing ocean acidification, and exacerbating severe weather events. Hawai‘ian climate has two main seasons: Ka‘u wela, the dry high sun season from May through October with warm, steady trade winds ; and Ho‘oilo, the cooler, wet season from November through April, with weaker and less frequent trade winds, and storms that bring rain across the islands. The atmospheric processes of these seasons are (1) the Hadley Cell climate that drives the trade winds and trade wind inversion, and (2) non-Hadley Cell climate that drives winter weather events such as Kona storms, the southern tails of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, and upper level atmospheric troughs. Other important climate features that affect Hawai‘i include El Niño drought events, hurricanes, and smaller scale weather processes. Watch a video on Developing a Strategy to Address the Effects of Global Warming on Hawaii's Native Species by Stephen E. Miller, Science Advisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, Honolulu, HI. (July 30, 2008, 2008 Hawai'i Conservation Conference, Honolulu, HI.) Link to video (39 min-- please be patient while video loads) Effects of Climate Change on Temperature in Hawai‘i: Overall, the daily temperature range in Hawai‘i is decreasing, resulting in a warmer environment, especially at higher elevations and at night. The average ambient temperature (at sea level) is projected to increase by about 4.1 (2.7 to 6.7)oF by 2100 (IPCC, 2007). These changes would increase the monthly average temperature to between 77oF to 86oF. Historically, temperature has been rising over the last 100 years with the greatest increase after 1975 (Giambelluca et al., 2008). The rate of increase at low elevation (0.16 oF per decade) is below the observed global temperature rise of 0.32oF per decade (IPCC, 2007). However, at high elevations, the rate of increase (0.48oF per decade) greatly exceeds the global rate. Effects of Climate Change on Precipitation in Hawai‘i: In the oceans around Hawai‘i, the average annual rainfall at sea level is about 25 inches. The orographic (mountain) features of the islands increase this annual average to about 70 inches but can exceed 240 inches in the wettest mountain areas. Rainfall is distributed unevenly across each high island, and rainfall gradients are extreme (approximately 25 inches per mile), creating very dry and wet areas. Global climate modeling predicts that net precipitation at sea level near the Hawaiian Islands will decrease in winter by about 4-6%, with no significant change during summer (IPCC AR4, 2007). Downscaling of global climate models indicate that wet-season (winter) precipitation will decrease by 5% to 10%, while dry-season (summer) precipitation will increase by about 5% (Timm and Diaz, 2009). Data on precipitation in Hawai‘i, which includes sea level precipitation and the added orographic effects, shows a steady and significant decline of about 15% over the last 15 to 20 years (Diaz et al., 2005; Chu and Chen, 2005). These data are also supported by a steady decline in stream flow beginning in the early 1940s (Oki, 2004). Effects of Climate Change on Sea Level Melting of grounded ice and thermal expansion of the oceans are expected to continue for many hundreds of years with a predicted rise of two to three feet this century (IPCC, 2007). Low-lying coastal areas will be periodically or permanently inundated by seawater, and salt water intrusion will permanently alter low coastal wetlands and low-lying freshwater resources (Fetcher, 2009). Sea level rise also is directly implicated in increasing frequency and severity of high wave inundation and accelerate beach erosion (Fetcher, 2009), which will impact coastal habitats (e.g., nesting areas), ports, and coastal infrastructure (e.g., roads, sewers, communities)   This graph is excerpted fromUnited Global States Research Program, 2009 Effects of Climate Change on Ocean Temperature By 2100 the monthly average sea surface temperature in Hawaiian waters may increase from 73 oF to between 75oF and 79oF (Vecchi and Soden, 2007). Bleaching of coral can be induced by long-term exposure (i.e. several weeks) to temperature increases of 1.8oF to 3.6oF . Localized and large scale coral bleaching have been observed in Hawai`i (1986 -1988, 1996, 2002) during periods of high sea surface temperatures (Jokiel and Coles, 1990; Jokiel and Brown, 2004). A continuation of the warming trend in Hawaii would lead to mass bleaching similar to those observed recently in other geographic locations. Ocean Acidity and the Effects of Increased Carbon Dioxide Human-caused carbon dioxide also dissolves into the oceans and acidifies the surface waters. Models of ocean acidification predict that by 2070, conditions around Hawai‘i will be marginal for corals, with even less favorable conditions in equatorial and western Pacific areas (Kleypas et al., 1999; Guinotte et al., 2003; Raven et al., 2005; Caldeira, 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Acidification has been observed to have a profound impact on Hawai‘ian coral and crustose coralline algae, reducing growth and calcification by as much as 20% (Jokiel et al. 2008). Acidification will inhibit, and eventually end, the growth of biota that rely on calcium carbonate structures (e.g., coral reefs, plankton, and mollusks) and so disrupt the marine food web. Effects to Hawai`i’s Biodiversity Hawai`i is situated in an area of the Pacific that is protected from the effects of major annual tropical storms while simultaneously receiving an abundant supply of annual rainfall and moderate year round temperatures. Annual rainfall has decreased and surface temperatures have risen during the last several decades, but it is unknown whether these trends will persist or change with global climate change. The seasonal pattern of Hawai`i’s rainfall combines with geographic and elevational features (up to 13,400 feet) to produce extreme rainfall gradients over short distances. These unique island features produce a wide range of ecological communities that have supported the diversification of Hawaiian plants and animals. Hawai`i’s species are unique and highly vulnerable due to natural conditions of relatively small population sizes and ranges. These natural conditions have been affected by human activities with climate change impacts being the most recent and significant. It is likely that climate change will be felt very quickly and may lead to further declines and extinctions of the 400 listed Hawaiian species if conservation strategies are not quickly adjusted to meet the changes expected from climate and bioclimate modeling. Hawai`i is affected by numerous climate change issues including: sea level rise, ocean acidification, changes in tropical storm severity and intensity, changes in ocean and air temperatures, changes in amount and distribution of precipitation, the interaction of climate change and invasive species, and a magnification of fire acting as a major modifier of ecosystem structure and integrity. Climate change is already showing its effects in Hawai`i. Long-term temperature is rising and at higher elevations the rate is much higher than the global average rate Giambelluca et al., 2009). These higher elevation areas support the best remaining native ecosystems in Hawai’i. Precipitation is showing long term decreases and these decreases are expected to greatly affect drier leeward areas (Diaz et al. 2005; Chu and Chen 2005; Oki, 2004; Timm and Diaz 2009) that support the greatest amount of native biodiversity.Sea surface temperatures are steadily rising, which has lead to at least 5 recorded episodes of coral bleaching (Jokiel andColes 1990; Jokiel and Brown 2004). Sea level rise will likely exceed 1 meter by the end of the century (Fletcher 2009). The low-islands (less than 40 feet above sea level) of Hawai`i and the tropical Pacific support most of plant, bird, and invertebrate communities that are highly vulnerable to sea level rise and accompanying storm damage. The reduction in nesting and pupping beaches in the Northeastern Hawaiian Island for the Hawaiian monk seal and green sea turtle are also of primary concern. Avian Malaria Parasite and native Hawaiian birds: Climate change threatens to greatly expand the range and viability of avian malaria at higher elevations. Currently, at higher elevations, the transmission of avian malaria and the development of the malaria parasite are seasonal, both occurring during the warm summer and fall The cooler winter months are critical to the survival of Honeycreepers, when avian malaria development in suppressed by low temperatures.As global warming elevates air temperatures, seasonal, high-elevation avian malaria-free areas will shrink and eventually disappear entirely (Benning et al. 2002; Atkinson and LaPointe 2009). The spread of mosquitoes and avian malaria into the high elevations may eventually lead to the extinction of many, perhaps all, of the Honeycreepers that currently survive in these malaria-free areas. Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative This LCC includes Hawai’i, the northwest Hawaiian Islands, and other Pacific Islands within the United States' jurisdiction. The Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative (PICCC) is sponsored and partly supported by the USFWS and hosted by the Hawai`i Conservation Alliance (HCA). The PICCC steering committee is comprised of HCA members and other partners, forming a cooperative partnership of Federal, State, private, Hawaiian, and non-governmental conservation organizations and academic institutions. The goal of the partnership is to develop and maintain a strategic conservation response to the ecological changes induced by climate change. This can best be accomplished by collaboratively sharing expertise, knowledge, and resources. Cooperative members include: the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, the University of Hawaii, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Park Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Forest Service, The Nature Conservancy, the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army and Kamehameha Schools. Learn more about the Cooperative with this fact sheet (PDF 212 KB),or contact Deanna Spooner, PICCC Coordinator, at [email protected] or (808) 687-6175. References Atkinson, C.T. and D.A. LaPointe. 2009. Introduced avian diseases, climate change, and the future of Hawaiian Honeycreepers. J. Avian Medicine and Surgery Vol. 23: in press. Benning, T.L., D. LaPointe, C.T. Atkinson and P.M. Vitousek. 2002. Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system. Proc. National Academy of Sciences 99: 14246-14249 Caldeira, Ken. 2007. What corals are dying to tell us about CO2 and ocean acidification. Oceanography. Vol. 20:188-195. Chu, P.S. and H. Chen. 2005. Interannual and interdecadal rainfall variations in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Climate. Vol.18:4796-4813. Diaz, Henry F., Pao-Shin Chu, and Jon K. Eischeid. 2005. Rainfall changes in Hawai`i during the last century. 16th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. Fletcher, Charles. 2009. How high is sea level likely to rise by the end of the 21st century? A Review of Research. In press at Shore and Beach. Giambelluca, T. W., H. F. Diaz, and M. S. A. Luke. 2008. Secular temperature changes in Hawai‘i, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12702, doi:10.1029/2008GL034377. Guinotte, J.M., Buddemeier, R.W., Kleypas, J.A., October 2003. Future Coral Reef Habitat Marginality: Temporal and Spatial Effects of Climate Change in the PacificBasin. Coral Reefs (2003) 22: 551–558. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C. D. Harvell, P. F. Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury, A. Dubi, M. E. Hatziolos. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science. Vol 318: 1737-1742. Jokiel, P.L. and S.L.Coles. 1990. Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated temperature. Coral Reefs. Vol 8:1155-162. Jokiel, Paul and Eric Brown. 2004. Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawai`i. Global Change Biology. Vol 10: 1627–1641. Jokiel, P.L., K. S. Rodgers, I. B. Kuffner, A. J. Andersson, E. F. Cox, F. T. Mackenzie. 2008. Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: a mesocosm investigation. Coral Reefs (2008) 27:473–483. Kleypas, Joan A., Robert W. Buddemeier, David Archer, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Chris Langdon, and Bradley N. Opdyke. 1999. Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs. Science. Vol 284: 118-120. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program, Subcommittee on Ocean Acidification. December 2, 2008. Ocean Acidification- Recommended Strategy for a U.S. National Research Program. Oki, D.S. 2004. Trends in Streamflow Characteristics at Long-Term Gaging Stations, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5080, 120 p. Pao-Shin Chu AND Huaiqun Chen. 2005. Interannual and Interdecadal Rainfall Variations in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Climate. Vol. 18: 4796-4813. Pfeffer, W.T., et al. September 5, 2008. Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st- Century Sea- Level Rise, Science, 321. Raven, John. Ken Caldeira, Harry Elderfield, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Peter Liss, Ulf Riebesell Leibniz, John Shepherd, Carol Turley and , Andrew Watson. 2005. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The Royal Society of London. ISBN 0 85403 617 2 This report can be found at www.royalsoc.ac.uk Smith, Ellen and Baker, Jason. Pacific Island Ecosystem Complex, from Osgood, K. E. (editor). August 2008. Climate Impacts on U.S. Living Marine Resources: National Marine Fisheries Service Concerns, Activities and Needs, U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-89, 118 p. Timm, Oliver and Henry F. Diaz. 2009. Synoptic-statistical approach to regional downscaling of IPCC twenty-first century climate projections: seasonal rainfall over the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Climate. Vol. 22:4261-4280. United Global Change Research Program. May 2009. http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/regional-climate-change-impacts/islands Vecchi, Gabriel A. and Brian J. Soden. 2007. Effect of remote sea surface temperature change on tropical cyclone potential intensity. Nature. Vol. 450: 1066-1070. Last updated: November 2, 2011

i don't know

Who rules Narnia following the reign of High King Peter in the Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis?

Peter Pevensie | Heroes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia William Mosley (young) Noah Huntley Peter Pevensie is one of the main protagonists C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. In Disney's live-action films, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian, he is portrayed by William Moseley and also Noah Huntley. Contents Biography Prior story Peter was born in 1927 and is 13 years old when he appears in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. As a monarch of Narnia's Golden Age, he rules with his brother and sisters for 15 years, reaching the approximate age of 28 before returning to the age of 13 in England at the end of Wardrobe. By The Last Battle he is a 22 year old university student with his heart still in Narnia, though he had not been there since Prince Caspian, when he was 14 years old. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Peter Pevensie in the 2005 film, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. A loyal and devoted big brother figure, Peter is the oldest of the four siblings. He tries his best to protect his siblings and to act like a responsible young adult. In the book it is implied that he is more mature than his siblings because after their father was called out to fight in the war, it was left to Peter by his mother to support his three siblings through the ordeal of their father going away. He is evacuated to the countryside with his siblings by train because of the air-raids during World War II. In the countryside, they stay at the old mansion of Professor Digory Kirke. When Lucy first stumbles on the wardrobe, Peter doesn't believe her, thinking it is just her imagination until he and the other Pevensies enter the wardrobe themselves; "A jolly good hoax, Lu".(Lewis 1950, pp. 27) He later apologizes to Lucy for not believing her and is quite angry with Edmund for earlier denying Narnia's existence (Lucy had seen Edmund in Narnia before, but he had lied that they were just "pretending"); "Well, of all the poisonous little beasts".(Lewis 1950, pp. 55) This is caused by Edmund's revelation of his deceit when, upon entering Narnia, he says; "I say ... oughtn't we to be bearing a bit more to the left, that is, if we are aiming for the lamp-post?".(Lewis 1950, pp. 54–55). Peter had already been angry with Edmund before he knew that Edmund was telling lies; while not believing that Lucy had been in Narnia, he did not believe that Edmund was doing Lucy any good by jeering at her and encouraging her about her claim to have found a country in the wardrobe. During the period between Lucy claiming to have got into Narnia through the wardrobe a second time and all four siblings finally making it into Narnia together, Peter negotiates a truce between Edmund and Lucy, although his annoyance with Edmund is still visible. Edmund later strays to the White Witch (having met her when he first came into Narnia and been seduced by her promises of power) and Peter later confesses to Aslan that his anger towards Edmund (for trying to make out that Lucy was a liar) probably helped him to go wrong. Peter and his siblings had been under the protection of Mr and Mrs. Beaver after arriving in Narnia, and Mr. Beaver had suspected Edmund was a traitor from the moment he set eyes on him, but did not mention anything to the others about it until his absence was noticed and Mr Beaver figured out that Edmund had gone to the White Witch. Edmund is then rescued on Aslan's orders. Meanwhile, the others all make their way to the Stone Table to meet Aslan. Peter received his sword (Rhindon) and shield from Father Christmas after meeting him on the journey to find Aslan, and is later knighted "Sir Peter Wolf's-Bane" (Lewis 1950, pp. 121) by Aslan after he kills Maugrim the wolf, chief of the White Witch's secret police, who was trying to kill Susan and Lucy. In the American editions of the books on which the 1979 animated film was based, Lewis changed the chief wolf's name to Fenris-Ulf, after a figure from Norse mythology. In those versions, Peter is given the epithet "Fenris-bane". While the great battle is being planned, he is appointed head General of Aslan's army. After the defeat of the White Witch Jadis, self-styled Queen of Narnia, and her evil allies in the Battle of Beruna Ford, he is crowned to the Clear Northern Sky by Aslan as His Majesty King Peter the Magnificent, High King of Narnia, Emperor of the Lone Islands, Lord of Cair Paravel, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Lion. The ancient prophecy of two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve coming to sit on the four thrones at Cair Paravel then comes to fruition. This marks the end of the hundred years of winter and the reign of the White Witch, and is the beginning of Narnia's Golden Age. He and his siblings finally return to their own world (where they find themselves as children once again) 15 years later, to find that no time had passed by there. Prince Caspian After the Pevensies arrive in the ruins of Cair Paravel, they find the castle's treasure chamber, where Peter, Susan and Lucy find the gifts they were given by Father Christmas. Peter takes his sword, Rhindon, and his shield, and again serves as the leader of the group. They eventually meet Trumpkin, a dwarf who helped protect Prince Caspian X from his uncle's Telmarine army, who accompanies them on their journey to meet Aslan. When the children are forced to make a decision, Peter, as High King, has the final word. In order to stall the war long enough for Lucy to find Aslan and awaken the Narnians, Peter claims the right to a one-on-one duel with the Telmarine king, Miraz. After the Pevensie children help defeat the Telmarines, Peter formally gives Caspian the authority to rule a free Narnia. Aslan gives Caspian the authority to "rule under Us and under the High King". Peter later confided to Lucy and Edmund that he was told by Aslan that he and Susan will never return to Narnia, as they are now too old, and have learned all that they can from that world. The four children returned to their world, in which they were waiting for their trains to go to their respective boarding schools. It is learned in this book that Lucy is his favorite sister, a fact that was fairly obvious throughout the series. Voyage of the Dawn Treader While not physically present in the book, it was mentioned that Peter was under the tutelage of Professor Kirke in preparation for exams, but the other three children were unable to stay with him because he had moved out of the large house with the wardrobe and was now living in a much smaller house. In the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Peter makes a cameo appearance at a party. When Lucy transforms herself into Susan, neither Peter nor Edmund know of Lucy or Narnia. The Horse and His Boy Peter does not appear in this installment, but is mentioned. While Susan and Edmund are in Calormene escaping from Prince Rabadash, he is fighting giants in the north. (Lucy is the only one left at Cair Paravel). The Last Battle Peter has a minor role in the story. He was the only one to address Tirian, the king of Narnia at the time, in Tirian's vision of the Seven Friends of Narnia. After attending a dinner with the other Friends, Peter and Edmund went to London to retrieve the magic rings that Professor Digory Kirke buried in the Ketterleys' yard, hoping to use them to get Eustace and Jill to Narnia. Both were waiting for Lucy, Eustace, Jill, Digory, and Polly at the station platform when the train crashed and killed them all, temporarily transporting Jill and Eustace to Narnia until the end of the world, upon which they make their way to the real Narnia, or heaven, and meet back up with Peter, Edmund, Lucy, Digory, and Polly. Peter is described by Tirian as having the face of a king and a warrior. After Tirian passed through the stable door and saw Tash for the first time, Peter calmly ordered the demon to leave with his prey. After passing judgement on all the inhabitants of Narnia, Aslan orders Peter to shut the door, ending the world. Peter is one of many others allowed to stay in Aslan's Country including the parents of Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy.

Prince Caspian

Different from the flags used by the officials, what color flag is used by NFL football coaches to challenge the ruling on the field?

The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia HarperCollins boxed set (in publication order) 16 October 1950 – 4 September 1956 Media type Print (hardcover and paperback) The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children’s literature and is the author’s best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. [1] [2] Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part, for radio, television, the stage, and film. Set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals, the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world. Except in The Horse and His Boy , the protagonists are all children from the real world, magically transported to Narnia, where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician’s Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . Inspiration for the series was taken from multiple sources; in addition to adapting numerous traditional Christian themes, Lewis freely borrowed characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales. The books have profoundly influenced adult and children’s fantasy literature since World War II. Lewis’s exploration of themes not usually present in children’s literature, such as religion, as well as the books’ perceived treatment of issues including race and gender, has caused some controversy. Contents 16 External links Background and conception Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939, [3] he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe until 1949. The Magician’s Nephew , the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation. [4] :24 The original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle, the final book in the saga. Fellow children’s author Roger Lancelyn Green first referred to the series as The Chronicles of Narnia, in March 1951, after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia. [5] Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled “It All Began with a Picture”: The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself: ‘Let’s try to make a story about it.’ [6] Shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three school girls, Margaret, Mary and Katherine, [7] came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis’s home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September [8] he began a children’s story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript: This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother’s who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country. [9] In “It All Began With a Picture” C. S. Lewis continues: At first I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don’t know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him. [10] The manuscript for The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. Name The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy, written in Latin as Narnia. Lancelyn Green wrote: When Walter Hooper asked [C. S. Lewis] where he found the word ‘Narnia’, Lewis showed him Murray’s Small Classical Atlas, ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham [1914–1917]. On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia — or ‘Narni’ in Italian — is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi. [11] Publication history The Chronicles of Narnia’s seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956, selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . [12] [13] [14] The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but appeared (along with The Silver Chair) one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books (The Magician’s Nephew and The Last Battle) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. [15] [16] In the United States, the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers, while at the same time Scholastic, Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order, book clubs, and book fairs. Harper Collins also published several one-volume collected editions containing the full text of the series. As noted below (see reading order ), the first American publisher, Macmillan, numbered the books in publication sequence, but when Harper Collins won the rights in 1994, at the suggestion of Lewis’s stepson they used the series’ internal chronological order. Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of Harper Collins. [4] :24 Books The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949 [17] and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke ‘s house that leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia (1951) Completed after Christmas 1949 [18] and published on 15 October 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children’s second trip to Narnia. They are drawn back by the power of Susan’s horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need. Narnia, as they knew it, is no more, as 1,300 years have passed and their castle is in ruins, while all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan’s magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle, Miraz , who has usurped the throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia. The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952) Written between January and February 1950 [19] and published on 15 September 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia. Once there, they join Caspian’s voyage on the ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan’s country at the edge of the world. The Silver Chair (1953) Completed at the beginning of March 1951 [19] and published 7 September 1953, The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book without any of the Pevensie children. Instead, Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia together with his classmate Jill Pole . There they are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Rilian , Caspian’s son, who disappeared after setting out ten years earlier to avenge his mother’s death. Fifty years have passed in Narnia and Caspian, who was barely an adult in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, is now an old man, while Eustace is still a child. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle , face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian. The Horse and His Boy (1954) Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950, [19] The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. A talking horse called Bree and a young boy named Shasta , both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen , are the protagonists. By “chance”, they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia. The Magician’s Nephew (1955) Completed in February 1954 [20] and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955, the prequel The Magician’s Nephew brings the reader back to the origins of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings made by Digory’s uncle. They encounter Jadis (The White Witch) in the dying world of Charn, and witness the creation of Narnia. Many long-standing questions about the world are answered as a result. The story is set in 1900, when Digory was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor and host to the Pevensie children by the time of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later. The Last Battle (1956) Completed in March 1953 [21] and published 4 September 1956, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from Shift , an ape, who tricks Puzzle , a donkey, into impersonating the lion Aslan, precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia, revealing the true Narnia to which Aslan brings them. Reading order Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read. The issue revolves around the placement of The Magician’s Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others. The reading order of the other five books is not disputed. A 1970 Collier-Macmillan edition paperback boxed set (cover art by Roger Hane ), where the books are presented in order of original publication Original publication order The Last Battle When first published, the books were not numbered. The first American publisher, Macmillan, enumerated them according to their original publication order, while some early British editions specified the internal chronological order. When Harper Collins took over the series rights in 1994, they adopted chronological order. [4] :24 To make the case for chronological order, Lewis’s stepson, Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis’s 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order: I think I agree with your [chronological] order for reading the books more than with your mother’s. The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks. When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more. Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still didn’t think there would be any more, and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last, but I found I was wrong. So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them. I’m not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published. [22] In the 2005 Harper Collins adult editions of the books, the publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis’s preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page: Although The Magician’s Nephew was written several years after C. S. Lewis first began The Chronicles of Narnia, he wanted it to be read as the first book in the series. Harper Collins is happy to present these books in the order in which Professor Lewis preferred. Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view, [23] and continues, “most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis’s deepest intentions”. [4] :24 Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books’ order in his lifetime had he so desired. [24] They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – that the mysterious wardrobe, as a narrative device, is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician’s Nephew, where the word “Narnia” appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader. Moreover, they say, it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first. When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, for example, the narrator says that “None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do” — which is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician’s Nephew. [25] Other similar textual examples are also cited. [26] Doris Meyer, author of C. S. Lewis in Context and Bareface: A guide to C. S. Lewis, writes that rearranging the stories chronologically “lessens the impact of the individual stories” and “obscures the literary structures as a whole”. [4] :474 Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and the Arts in C. S. Lewis: Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds, and in Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia he writes: The only reason to read The Magician’s Nephew first [...] is for the chronological order of events, and that, as every story teller knows, is quite unimportant as a reason. Often the early events in a sequence have a greater impact or effect as a flashback, told after later events which provide background and establish perspective. So it is [...] with the Chronicles. The artistry, the archetypes, and the pattern of Christian thought all make it preferable to read the books in the order of their publication. [25] Main characters Aslan Aslan, the Great Lion, is the eponymous lion of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the King of Beasts, son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea . He is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit, as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality. [27] Pevensie family The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia. Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are introduced in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy: High King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just, and Queen Lucy the Valiant. Although introduced in the series as children, the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia. They go back to being children once they get back to their own world, but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnia reign. Echoing the Christian theme of betrayal, repentance, and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice, Edmund betrays his siblings to Jadis, the White Witch, but quickly realises the true nature of the witch and her evil intentions towards his siblings, and joins Aslan’s side. At that point he is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan’s life and he joins the fight against the White Witch. Lucy is the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings. Of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan, and of all the human characters who visit Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most. All four appear in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian; in the latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return, as they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy, and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy – Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, where Aslan tells them, too, that they are getting too old. Peter, Edmund, and Lucy appear in The Last Battle. Susan doesn’t appear in The Last Battle because by that time she has stopped believing in Narnia. Asked by a child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled “Susan of Narnia” so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited, C. S. Lewis replied: “I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me. There’s no use just asking me to write more. When stories come into my mind I have to write them, and when they don’t I can’t!…”* [28] Eustace Scrubb Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies, and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House . He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully, but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while. His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been, and he soon becomes a better person so Aslan changes him back into a boy. In the later books, Eustace comes across as a much nicer person, although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative. Nonetheless, he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch. He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair, and The Last Battle. Jill Pole Jill Pole is not related to any of the other children who enter Narnia. She is merely a classmate and neighbour of Eustace Scrubb. She appears in The Silver Chair, where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action, and returns in The Last Battle. In The Silver Chair Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world, where Aslan gives her the task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian’s lost son. In The Last Battle she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill-fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes. Digory Kirke Digory Kirke is the character referred to in the title of The Magician’s Nephew. He first appears as a minor character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, but his true significance in the narrative is only revealed in The Magician’s Nephew. He returns in The Last Battle. Polly Plummer Polly Plummer appears in The Magician’s Nephew and The Last Battle. She is the next-door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke. She is tricked by a wicked magician (who is Digory’s uncle) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded. The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back. This sets up the pair’s adventures into other worlds, and they witness the creation of Narnia as described in The Magician’s Nephew. Prince Caspian / Caspian X Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called “Caspian the Seafarer” and “Caspian the Navigator” — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian’s ancestors the Telmarines . Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair. White Witch / Jadis Jadis, commonly known during her rule of Narnia as the White Witch, is the main antagonist of The Magician’s Nephew and The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe. She is the witch responsible for the freezing of Narnia resulting in the Hundred Year Winter. The White Witch was born in the world of Charn, before the creation of Narnia, and died in battle in Narnian year 1000 . Shasta / Cor Shasta, later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy. Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland, and elder twin of Prince Corin, Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman’s son in the country of Calormen . Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of The Horse and His Boy, Shasta escapes to freedom, saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion, learns of his true identity, and is restored to his heritage. Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland, marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis , and fathers the next (and most famous) king of Archenland, Ram the Great. Aravis Aravis, daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, is the secondary protagonist in The Horse and His Boy. Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta, she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash, crown prince of Calormen, to invade Archenland. She later marries Shasta, now known as Prince Cor, and becomes queen of Archenland at his side. Bree Bree (Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah) is Shasta’s mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy. A Talking Horse of Narnia, he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured. He first appears as a Calormene nobleman’s war-horse; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, Bree organises and carries out their joint escape. Though friendly, he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story. Trumpkin Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian; he is one of Caspian’s rescuers and a leading figure in the “Old Narnian” rebellion, and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea, and he appears briefly in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in The Silver Chair. Puddleglum Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair. Though always comically pessimistic, he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene. King Tirian The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of The Last Battle. Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse, he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill. Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan’s Kingdom. Title characters Narnian universe A map by David Bedell of the fictional universe of the Narnian world. The main setting of The Chronicles of Narnia is the world of Narnia constructed by Lewis and, in The Magician’s Nephew, the world containing the city of Charn . The Narnian and Charnian worlds are themselves posited as just two in a multiverse of countless worlds that includes our own universe, the main protagonists’ world of origin. Passage between these worlds is possible, though rare, and may be accomplished by various means. Narnia itself is described as populated by a wide variety of creatures, most of which would be recognisable to those familiar with European mythologies and British fairy tales. Inhabitants See also: Narnia creatures and List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters Lewis’s stories are populated with two distinct types of character: Humans originating from the reader’s world of Earth, and Narnian creatures and their descendants created by Aslan. This is typical of works that involve parallel universes. The majority of characters from the reader’s world serve as the protagonists of the various books, although some are only mentioned in passing depending on chronology. Lewis does not limit himself to a single source of inspiration; instead, he borrows from many sources,including ancient Greek and German mythology, as well as Celtic literature . Geography The Chronicles of Narnia describes the world in which Narnia exists as one major landmass encircled by an ocean. [29] Narnia’s capital sits on the eastern edge of the landmass on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean. This ocean contains the islands explored in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. On the main landmass Lewis places the countries of Narnia, Archenland, Calormen, and Telmar , along with a variety of other areas that are not described as countries. The author also provides glimpses of more fantastic locations that exist in and around the main world of Narnia, including an edge and an underworld. [30] There are several maps of the Narnian universe available, including what many consider the “official” one, a full-colour version published in 1972 by the books’ illustrator, Pauline Baynes. This is currently out of print, although smaller copies can be found in the most recent HarperCollins 2006 hardcover edition of The Chronicles of Narnia. Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe . One, the “Rose Map of Narnia”, is based loosely on Baynes’ map and has Narnian trivia printed on the reverse. The other, made in a monochromatic, archaic style reminiscent of maps of Tolkien’s Middle-earth , is available in print and in an interactive version on the DVD of the movie. The latter map depicts only the country Narnia and not the rest of Lewis’s world. Cosmology A recurring plot device in The Chronicles is the interaction between the various worlds that make up the Narnian multiverse. A variety of methods are used to initiate these cross-overs which generally serve to introduce characters to the land of Narnia. The Cosmology of Narnia is not as internally consistent as that of Lewis’s contemporary Tolkien’s Middle-earth, but suffices given the more fairy tale atmosphere of the work. During the course of the series we learn in passing, that the world of Narnia is flat and geocentric and has different stars from those of Earth, and that the passage of time does not correspond directly to the passage of time in our world. History See also: Narnian timeline and History of Narnia The Chronicles cover the entire history of the world of Narnia, describing the process by which it was created, offering snapshots of life in Narnia as its history unfolds, and how it is ultimately destroyed. As is often the case in a children’s series, children themselves, usually from our world, play a prominent role in all of these events. The history of Narnia is generally divided into the following periods: creation and the period shortly afterwards, the rule of the White Witch, the Golden Age, the invasion and rule of the Telmarines, their subsequent defeat by Caspian X, the rule of King Caspian and his descendants, and the destruction of Narnia. Like many stories, the narrative is not necessarily always presented in chronological order. Influences Lewis’s life Lewis’s early life has parallels with The Chronicles of Narnia. At the age of seven, he moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast . Its long hallways and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent make-believe worlds whilst exploring their home, an activity reflected in Lucy’s discovery of Narnia in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. [31] Like Caspian and Rilian, Lewis lost his mother at an early age, spending much of his youth in English boarding schools similar to those attended by the Pevensie children, Eustace Scrubb, and Jill Pole. During World War II many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas because of German air raids. Some of these children, including one named Lucy (Lewis’s goddaughter) stayed with him at his home The Kilns near Oxford, just as the Pevensies stayed with The Professor in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. [32] Influences from mythology and cosmology Drew Trotter, president of the Center for Christian Study, noted that the producers of the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe felt that the books’ plots adhere to the archetypal “ monomyth ” pattern as detailed in Joseph Campbell ‘s The Hero with a Thousand Faces . [33] Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature , an influence reflected throughout the books, and most strongly in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The entire book imitates one of the immrama , a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero’s sea journey to the Otherworld . [34] [35] Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes, as in Narnia. Lewis’s term “Cair,” as in Cair Paravel , also mirrors “Caer”, or “fortress” in the Welsh language. Reepicheep ‘s small boat is a coracle , a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles. Some creatures in the book such as the one-footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek, Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology: for example, centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter. In 2008 Michael Ward published Planet Narnia, [36] which proposed that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving heavenly bodies or “planets” known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemaic geocentric model of cosmology (a theme to which Lewis returned habitually throughout his work). At that time, each of these heavenly bodies was believed to have certain attributes, and Ward contends that these attributes were deliberately but subtly used by Lewis to furnish elements of the stories of each book: In The Lion [the child protagonists] become monarchs under sovereign Jove ; in Prince Caspian they harden under strong Mars ; in The “Dawn Treader” they drink light under searching Sol ; in The Silver Chair they learn obedience under subordinate Luna ; in The Horse and His Boy they come to love poetry under eloquent Mercury ; in The Magician’s Nephew they gain life-giving fruit under fertile Venus ; and in The Last Battle they suffer and die under chilling Saturn .” [37] Similarly, Lewis’s interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more overtly referenced in other works such as his study of medieval cosmology The Discarded Image , in his early poetry as well as in Space Trilogy . Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward’s assertion that Lewis intended The Chronicles to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible, [4] :16 though Ford addresses an earlier (2003) version of Ward’s thesis (also called Planet Narnia, published in the Times Literary Supplement). Ford argues that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books, but Ward’s book answers this by arguing that the astrological associations grew in the writing. George MacDonald’s “ Phantastes ” (1858) influenced the structure and setting of “The Chronicles”. It was a work that was ” a great balm to the soul” [38] Influences on other works Influences on literature The Chronicles of Narnia has been a significant influence on both adult and children’s fantasy literature in the post-World War II era. Examples include: Philip Pullman ‘s acclaimed fantasy series His Dark Materials is seen as a response to The Chronicles. Pullman is a self-described atheist who wholly rejects the spiritual themes that permeate The Chronicles, yet his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar character types, including talking animals. In another parallel, the first books in each series – Pullman’s Northern Lights and The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe – both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe. [39] [40] [41] [42] Neil Gaiman ‘s young-adult horror novella Coraline has been compared to The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , as both books involve young girls travelling to magical worlds through doors in their new houses and fighting evil with the help of talking animals. His Sandman comic book series also features a Narnia-like “dream island” in its story arc entitled A Game of You . When the island is unmade by its creator Morpheus , the inhabitants march into the shadow of his cloak in a scene visually similar to Aslan ‘s judgement of the inhabitants of Narnia in The Last Battle . Bill Willingham ‘s comic book series Fables makes reference at least twice to a king called “The Great Lion”, a thinly veiled reference to Aslan. The series avoids explicitly referring to any characters or works that are not in the public domain. The novel Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson has Leslie, one of the main characters, reveal to her co-protagonist Jesse her love of Lewis’s books, subsequently lending him The Chronicles of Narnia so that he can learn how to behave like a king. Her book also features the island name “Terabithia”, which sounds similar to Terebinthia , a Narnian island that appears in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia: I thought I had made it up. Then, rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis, I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book. However, Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible, so both of us pinched from somewhere else, probably unconsciously.” [43] Science-fiction author Greg Egan ‘s short story “Oracle” depicts a parallel universe in which an author nicknamed Jack (Lewis’s nickname) has written novels about the fictional “Kingdom of Nesica”, and whose wife is dying of cancer, paralleling the death of Lewis’s wife Joy Davidman . Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge. [44] Lev Grossman ‘s New York Times best-seller The Magicians is a contemporary dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory, the magical land of his favourite childhood books. Fillory is a thinly veiled substitute for Narnia, and clearly the author expects it to be experienced as such. Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures, it is also accessed through a grandfather clock in the home of an uncle to whom five English children are sent during World War II. Moreover, the land is ruled by two Aslan-like rams named Ember and Umber, and terrorised by The Watcherwoman. She, like the White Witch, freezes the land in time. The book’s plot revolves heavily around a place very like the “wood between the worlds” from The Magician’s Nephew, an interworld waystation in which pools of water lead to other lands. This reference to The Magician’s Nephew is echoed in the title of the book. [45] J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series, has said that she was a fan of the works of Lewis as a child, and cites the influence of The Chronicles on her work: “I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in Kings Cross Station  — it dissolves and he’s on platform Nine and Three-Quarters, and there’s the train for Hogwarts .” [46] Nevertheless, she is at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world: “Narnia is literally a different world”, she says, “whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong. A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds. Generally there isn’t much humour in the Narnia books, although I adored them when I was a child. I got so caught up I didn’t think CS Lewis was especially preachy. Reading them now I find that his subliminal message isn’t very subliminal.” [46] New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley , the obnoxious son of Harry’s neglectful guardians, and Eustace Scrubb, the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan. [47] Influences on popular culture As with any popular long-lived work, contemporary culture abounds with references to the lion Aslan, travelling via wardrobe and direct mentions of The Chronicles. Examples include: Charlotte Staples Lewis , a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series Lost , is named in reference to C. S. Lewis. Lost producer Damon Lindelof said that this was a clue to the direction the show would take during the season. [48] The book Ultimate Lost and Philosophy, edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kaye, contains a comprehensive essay on Lost plot motifs based on The Chronicles. [49] The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell features a humorous nerdcore hip hop song titled Chronicles of Narnia (Lazy Sunday) , which focuses on the performers’ plan to see The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at a cinema. It was described by Slate magazine as one of the most culturally significant Saturday Night Live skits in many years, and an important commentary on the state of rap. [50] Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia , whose songs are mainly about the Chronicles of Narnia or the Bible, feature Aslan on all their album covers. [51] [52] In anticipation of the 9 December 2005 premiere of the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, various Christian artists released a collection of songs based on The Chronicles of Narnia. During interviews, the primary creator of the Japanese anime and gaming series Digimon has said that he was inspired and influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia. [53] Influences on music The Roar of Love is a 1980 concept album by Christian band 2nd Chapter of Acts based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe . The song “Further Up, Further In” from the album Room to Roam by The Waterboys is heavily influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia, with the title coming from a passage in The Last Battle . C. S. Lewis is acknowledged in the liner notes as an influence. Christian themes A convert to Christianity in later life, Lewis had authored a number of works on Christian apologetics and other literature with Christian-based themes before writing the Narnia books. The character Aslan is widely accepted by literary academia as being based on Jesus Christ. [54] Lewis did not initially plan to incorporate Christian theological concepts into his Narnia stories. Lewis maintained that the Narnia books were not allegorical, preferring to term their Christian aspects a “supposition”. [55] [56] The Chronicles have, consequently, a large Christian following, and are widely used to promote Christian ideas. However, some Christians object that The Chronicles promote “soft-sell paganism and occultism” due to recurring pagan imagery and themes. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] Criticism Accusations of gender stereotyping In later years, both Lewis and the Chronicles have been criticised (often by other authors of fantasy fiction) for gender role stereotyping, though other authors have defended Lewis in this area. For example, Lucy gets a healing potion and a dagger, while Peter gets a sword. Most allegations of sexism centre on the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle when Lewis writes that Susan is “no longer a friend of Narnia” and interested “in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations”. Philip Pullman , inimical to Lewis on many fronts, calls the Narnia stories “monumentally disparaging of women”. [63] His interpretation of the Susan passages reflects this view: Susan, like Cinderella , is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another. Lewis didn’t approve of that. He didn’t like women in general, or sexuality at all, at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books. He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up. [64] In fantasy author Neil Gaiman ‘s short story “The Problem of Susan” (2004), [65] [66] an elderly woman, Professor Hastings, deals with the grief and trauma of her entire family’s death in a train crash. Although the woman’s maiden name is not revealed, details throughout the story strongly imply that this character is the elderly Susan Pevensie. The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents a critique of Lewis’s treatment of Susan. [65] Other writers, including fan-magazine editor Andrew Rilstone , oppose this view, arguing that the “lipsticks, nylons and invitations” quote is taken out of context. They maintain that in The Last Battle, Susan is excluded from Narnia explicitly because she no longer believes in it. At the end of The Last Battle Susan is still alive with her ultimate fate unspecified. Moreover, in The Horse and His Boy, Susan’s adulthood and sexual maturity are portrayed in a positive light, and therefore argued to be unlikely reasons for her exclusion from Narnia. Lewis supporters also cite the positive roles of women in the series, including Jill Pole in The Silver Chair, Aravis Tarkheena in The Horse and His Boy, Polly Plummer in The Magician’s Nephew, and particularly Lucy Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Alan Jacobs, an English professor at Wheaton College, asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series (Jacobs, 2008: 259). [67] [68] In her contribution to The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy, Karin Fry, an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, notes that “the most sympathetic female characters in The Chronicles are consistently the ones who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth to Aslan through actively engaging in the adventures just like the boys.” [69] Fry goes on to say: The characters have positive and negative things to say about both male and female characters, suggesting an equality between sexes. However, the problem is that many of the positive qualities of the female characters seem to be those by which they can rise above their femininity … The superficial nature of stereotypical female interests is condemned. [69] Accusations of racism In addition to sexism, Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of fostering racism. [63] [70] Over the alleged racism in The Horse and His Boy, newspaper editor Kyrie O’Connor wrote: It’s just too dreadful. While the book’s storytelling virtues are enormous, you don’t have to be a bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this fantasy anti- Arab , or anti-Eastern, or anti- Ottoman . With all its stereotypes, mostly played for belly laughs, there are moments you’d like to stuff this story back into its closet. [71] Gregg Easterbrook , writing in The Atlantic, calls the Calormenes “standins for Muslims”, [72] while novelist Philip Hensher raises specific concerns that a reader might gain the impression Islam is a “Satanic cult”. [73] In rebuttal to this charge, at an address to a C. S. Lewis conference, [74] Dr. Devin Brown argued that there are too many dissimilarities between the Calormene religion and Islam, particularly in the areas of polytheism and human sacrifice, for Lewis’s writing to be regarded as critical of Islam. Nicholas Wanberg has argued, echoing claims by Mervyn Nicholson, that accusations of racism in the books are “an oversimplification”, but he asserts that the stories employ beliefs about human aesthetics, including equating dark skin with ugliness, that have been traditionally associated with racist thought. [75] Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia Television Various books from The Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years, including: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967 . Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each, the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing. The book was adapted again in 1979 , this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children’s Television Workshop , with a screenplay by David D. Connell. Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program , it was one of the first major made-for-television feature-length animated films. Many of the characters’ voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors and actresses with the exception of the characters Aslan, Peter, Susan, and Lucy. Between 1988 and 1990, the first four books (as published) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials . They were also aired in America on the PBS/Disney show WonderWorks . [76] They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards, including “Outstanding Children’s Program”, and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children’s Programme (Entertainment / Drama) in 1988, 1989 and 1990. [77] [78] [79] The serials were later edited into three feature-length films (the second of which combined Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader into one) and released on VHS and DVD. Radio A critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatisation was produced in the 1980s, starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirke. Collectively titled Tales of Narnia, the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours. In Great Britain, BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassette and compact disc versions of the series. Between 1998 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatisations of the entire series through its Radio Theatre program. [80] Over one hundred performers took part including Paul Scofield as the storyteller and David Suchet as Aslan. Accompanied by an original orchestral score and cinema-quality digital sound design, the series was hosted by Lewis’s stepson Douglas Gresham and ran for just over 22 hours. Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on compact disc between 1999–2003. Stage Many stage adaptations of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe have been produced over the years. In 1984, Vanessa Ford Productions presented The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at London’s Westminster Theatre. Adapted by Glyn Robbins, the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood. The production was later revived at Westminster and The Royalty Theatre and went on tour until 1997. Productions of other tales from The Chronicles were also staged, including The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1986), The Magician’s Nephew (1988) and The Horse and His Boy (1990). In 1997, Trumpets Inc., a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company, produced a musical rendition of “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe” that Douglas Gresham, Lewis’s stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations), has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis’s intent. The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian, while the music was composed by Lito Villareal. [81] [82] The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1998. The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell, with music by Shaun Davey. [83] The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward, with the revival directed by Lucy Pitman-Wallace. Well received by audiences, the production was periodically re-staged by the RSC for several years afterwards. [84] Limited engagements were subsequently undertaken at the Barbican Theatre in London and at Sadler’s Wells. This adaptation also toured the United States in the early 2000s. Film The premiere of The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian in 2008 Sceptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically, Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series. [85] In answering a letter with a question posed by a child in 1957, asking if the Narnia series could please be on television, C. S. Lewis wrote back: “They’d be no good on TV. Humanized beasts can’t be presented to the eye without at once becoming either hideous or ridiculous. I wish the idiots who run the film world [would] realize that there are stories [which] are for the ear alone.” [86] Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham, Lewis’s stepson and literary executor , and the films’ co-producer, give approval for a film adaptation. The first novel adapted was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005. Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , the film was directed by Andrew Adamson , with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus. The movie was a critical and box-office success, grossing over $745 million worldwide. Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian , released in May 2008, which grossed over $419 million worldwide. In December 2008 Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the Chronicles of Narnia film series. [87] [88] Already in pre-production at the time, 20th Century Fox and Walden Media eventually co-produced The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which was released in December 2010 going on to gross over $415 million worldwide. See also Bruner, Kurt & Ware, Jim Finding God in the Land of Narnia, Tyndale House Publishers, 2005 Bustard, Ned The Chronicles of Narnia Comprehension Guide, Veritas Press, 2004 Duriez, Colin A Field Guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press, 2004 Downing, David Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles, Jossey-Bass, 2005 Gormley, Beatrice (2005). C. S. Lewis: The Man behind Narnia. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Books for young readers. ISBN  0-8028-5301-3 [ Amazon-US | Amazon-UK ]. Hein, Rolland Christian Mythmakers: C. S. Lewis, Madeleine L’Engle, J. R. R. Tolkien, George MacDonald, G.K. Chesterton, & Others Second Edition, Cornerstone Press Chicago, 2002, ISBN 978-0-940895-48-5 [ Amazon-US | Amazon-UK ] Jacobs, Alan The Narnian: The Life and Imagination of C. S. Lewis, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005 McIntosh, Kenneth Following Aslan: A Book of Devotions for Children, Anamchara Books, 2006 Ward, Michael Planet Narnia: The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C. S. Lewis, Oxford University Press , 2008 External links

i don't know

What color was the 1993 Ford Bronco that Al Cowlings used to take O.J. Simpson on a low-speed chase up and down the LA freeway system?

Serial Killer Cars | Automobiles Famous Killers Drove 20 Serial Killer Cars You Wouldn't Want to Cut Off By Mike Rothschild 81k views 20 items tags f t p @ Many serial killers become famous (infamous?) for the sheer horror of their crimes or because of the number of people they've killed. Sometimes, when a killer attains worldwide notoriety, so too does the car they might have used in the crime. Usually a crappy old beater, but sometimes a luxury vehicle, these serial killer cars often become crime scenes themselves, and serve as mobile murder enablers where psychos like Ted Bundy, the "Green River Killer", or John Wayne Gacy find and lure victims. What kinds of cars did serial killers drive? In a few cases, the car itself is the weapon, driven by a lunatic on a mission to kill. Since these cars are so often used as evidence, they often survive trials and become tourist attractions (because profiting off of brutal murders is totally Pm89t566C, right?). You might even be able to find a serial killer death car at a museum near you. Just don't look in the trunk. Note that many of these cars are actually vans, which we all know are the worst of all. Basically, if you see an old, beat-up van (the white ones have always been the creepiest) idling in the middle of nowhere, it might be best to just move on. So teach yourself the types of rides to avoid by familiarizing yourself with the serial killer vehicles in this list.  Collection Photo: user uploaded image Z G Options B Comments & Embed 1

White

Born with the first name of George, what English author, who is one of the claimed Fathers of Science Fiction, wrote The Time Machine, and The Invisible Man, among many other works?

People v. O.J. Simpson’ Episode 2: The Chase Follow DL on People v. O.J. Simpson’ Episode 2: The Chase Has too much Kato Kaelin even for Kato Kaelin, interview at the link. Fake buff Kato is so fine with his shirt off, real Kato, meh. by Anonymous reply 600 02/26/2016 Are we really going to have new threads for every episode? Isnt the original one enough? by Anonymous Enough for thousands of posts? It already has nearly 600. by Anonymous reply 2 02/07/2016 R2 I mean, fine with me. I just didn't know we needed it. Figured we could just continue the discussion on and on. Is the 500 post thing really a rule? by Anonymous reply 3 02/07/2016 I don't know if threads automatically top out at 600 anymore, but people don't like scrolling huge threads. Have you seen any threads with over 600 posts? I haven't. by Anonymous reply 4 02/07/2016 Naw, I haven't. It's cool. Hopefully people carry on any lingering discussions from that thread here because I was enjoying the back and forth we had going on. by Anonymous 02/08/2016 [quote]I don't know if threads automatically top out at 600 anymore They do. There was a brief moment after the layout change when we had threads with over 800 posts but it didn't last long. by Anonymous reply 6 02/08/2016 All I can say is Miss Murphy and Travolta can really find the hotties, Kato is Hawt in this !!! by Anonymous reply 7 02/08/2016 Yeah, I wonder what it was Ryan Murphy saw inside Billy Magnussen that lead to the casting. by Anonymous R1, the pathetic OP just wants to be "responsible" for starting a maxed out thread. by Anonymous reply 18 02/08/2016 If it hasn't been mentioned upthread yet, I think it makes sense to have Episode 1, 2, etc. separate threads for ease of future reference. The subject is bound to come up again, sooner or later. I agree, searching through hundreds of posts/comments is cumbersome if episodes are combined in one thread, especially since the first was so popular. Plus it appears threads will max out per episode. Not sure about all the grousing over an episode 2 thread. Hope this will be the official thread for the next episode. No need to start another. I really enjoyed following along during the last broadcast and look forward again. Thanks for link, OP. reply 19 02/08/2016 R14, Episode 1 will air on Wednesday, 12 am directly after the two back to back broadcasts of episode 1 at 10 pm and 11 pm on Tuesday evening. by Anonymous Malcom-Jamal Warner on recreating the chase from HuffPo [quote]Brennan Williams [quote] Pop Culture Editor, The Huffington Post [quote]Malcolm-Jamal Warner dishes on his role in FX’s forthcoming series "American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson." The Trial of the Century will finally make its small screen debut on Tuesday in FX’s new series "American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpson." The 10-episode series, which stars Cuba Gooding Jr. (as O.J. Simpson), David Schwimmer (as Robert Kardashian), Sarah Paulson (as Marcia Clark), John Travolta (as Robert Shapiro) and Malcolm-Jamal Warner (as Simpson’s friend and former teammate Al Cowlings), will focus on Simpson’s 1995 criminal trial. The June 1994 chase, during which Cowlings drove his own white Ford Bronco away from Los Angeles police, was a can't-look-away moment in America. It lasted roughly two hours on LA's 405 freeway and resulted in Simpson surrendering himself to authorities at his suburban mansion. For Malcolm-Jamal Warner, recreating the moment was a surreal experience. “We shut down the 77 freeway for a weekend and basically recreated the scene,” he said during an interview with The Huffington Post. “It took two days to do it. And even though I knew we were shooting a TV show, it’s still something that’s very surreal when you look in the rear view mirror and you got about 20 cop cars behind you.” In November FX released a promotional clip for the series showing a portion of the chase with Gooding Jr. seen holding a gun up near his head and heard saying, "I'm not a bad person." With no official account of Simpson and Cowlings’ dialogue on record -- and the film’s cast adhering to producer’s request to avoid contacting anyone in preparation of their roles -- Warner said it took creativity to film the scene. “We still don’t know what was said during the chase. So I guess it was really just all on supposition,” Warner said. “And what we find, at least in terms of the recreation of the scene, was that there really wasn’t a game plan. They were really just trying to abide time for O.J. to get his head together.” by Anonymous FOR THOSE WHO DISLIKE THE "PER EPISODE" THREAD FORMAT, HERE'S THE ALTERNATIVE: by Anonymous reply 22 02/08/2016 Most of the replies on the first thread are about aspects of the trial, not the tv series. by Anonymous reply 23 02/08/2016 How old were Kris Jenner and Faye Resnick when this happened? Because Selma Blair is in her early 40s and Connie Britton is in her late 40s. by Anonymous reply 24 02/08/2016 [quote]“We shut down the 77 freeway for a weekend and basically recreated the scene,” he said during an interview with The Huffington Post. There is no "77 freeway" in California. From what it looked like in last week's episode, they were on the 710. [quote]They were really just trying to abide time for O.J. to get his head together. Please tell me this is a typo and not that Malcolm doesn't know the difference between "abide" and "bide." (Or maybe he actually said or meant "buy.") by Anonymous reply 25 02/08/2016 It should have been obvious this thread was meant as a continuation of the first, a generalized discussion of the case. Sheesh, some of you are so anal. This reminds me of when I first came here and didn't know what "OP" meant, all I knew was everyone seemed to hate OP. by Anonymous What say the Kardashian Girls? by Anonymous reply 29 02/08/2016 Murphy directed 5 episodes, it is in all the press coverage about the show. His stunty fingers are all over it but it works so far. Like the first thread OP, the press was treated to 6 episodes for preview and the reviews are raves. The music track to pivotal moments are supposed to remain great and the actors twist on real people will not likely disappoint as entertainment. Give Sarah her Emmy now, because those who have seen most of it already have. This is Truman Capote's version of the OJ trial, make no mistake. The well known facts give credibility to the imagined, the dull characters are embellished by performance and the more flamboyant or immoral are mocked by unflattering casting. That is the only explanation for Cuba Gooding Jr. He is a visual mockery to the real OJ. There will be no flashbacks of a living Ron and Nicole. Respect. by Anonymous reply 30 02/08/2016 I would like to point out that, even though Making a Murderer was THE MEDIA EVENT of the past 6 months, the DL did not rack up posts like the P v OJ. I am so excited about tomorrow night's episode I feel like it's he damn Oscars or something. I can't remember when I last experienced "appointment television." That was pretty much a long gone phenomenon in the age of Netflix. It's kind of fun to anticipate something on TV again. by Anonymous reply 31 02/09/2016 [quote]How old were Kris Jenner and Faye Resnick when this happened? Because Selma Blair is in her early 40s and Connie Britton is in her late 40s. Kris was 38 almost 39 when the murders happened(birthday in November). Fay turned 37, a few weeks after the murders. by Anonymous reply 32 02/09/2016 It's interesting that the two hottest (from both viewer interest and quality perspectives) have similar names: "American Crime" on ABC and "American Crime Story" on FX. by Anonymous But he still directed, produced , and assisted in the writing process , so yes he did.... by Anonymous 02/09/2016 [quote]I can't remember when I last experienced "appointment television." Same here. I forgot about the first showing and hadn't set the DVR. Moment of panic until I realized there are multiple broadcasts. I've set autotune today. It really was a watershed moment for race relations, the justice system, and maybe most importantly for evolution of 24 hr. cable news and many of us were adults when it occurred. It will be interesting to see if the story unfolds as I remember it. I had to work so I didn't follow the trial outside of nightly news broadcasts so details are a bit sketchy. The reviews note that it is historically correct, but some very minor aspects are fictionalized or changed slightly (e.g. O.J and Cowlings conversation in the Bronco; it wasn't a "funeral" but rather a viewing) by Anonymous reply 35 02/09/2016 [quote]Kris was 38 almost 39 when the murders happened(birthday in November). Fay turned 37, a few weeks after the murders. Because someone described her as a "young mother" either in a review or something, and I'm like "YOUNG!?!" Where she and Robert on good terms before the murder? by Anonymous reply 36 02/09/2016 it was a couple years after Kris had had an affair with a younger guy. That was what caused the divorce (see article below). Kris and Robert finalized their divorce in 1991 and a month later she married Caitlyn (formerly Bruce) Jenner. According to Kris she and Robert stayed friends but who knows if we can believe that by Anonymous The calculations of “American Crime Story: The People vs. O. J. Simpson.” BY EMILY NUSSBAUM Part 1 “We are Kardashians,” Robert Kardashian (David Schwimmer) tells his four children, who bounce in a booth at L.A.’s ChinChin restaurant, giddy that their dad has been recognized from his appearances on cable news, sticking up for his friend O. J. Simpson. “And in this family being a good person and a loyal friend is more important than being famous. Fame is fleeting. It’s hollow. It means nothing at all without a virtuous heart.” Is there a force more caustic, and more propulsive, than mere irony? If so, that’s the substance flowing through “American Crime Story: The People vs. O. J. Simpson,” on FX, an addictive, miraculously well-cast dramatization of the 1995 murder case, created by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, and produced by Ryan Murphy and his longtime production partner Brad Falchuk, among others. The series, like the book it’s based on—“The Run of His Life,” from 1997, by my colleague Jeffrey Toobin—is unambiguous about Simpson’s guilt in the murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ron Goldman. But this is no dutiful nineties period piece (and, yes, I know that’s a horrifying phrase, whatever your age). Instead, the series feels hot-wired with modern parallels, which extend far beyond those baby Kardashians. Without ever mentioning the links, the creators evoke the Cosby scandal and Black Lives Matter, the debate about Hillary’s “likability” and Obama’s legacy, the rise of reality TV and the expansion of cable news. It’s a tasty Proustian cronut that makes you remember the events of not only 1995 but 2015. by Anonymous 02/09/2016 Nussbaum Part 2 As one might expect of a Ryan Murphy production, particularly one done in collaboration with the writers of “Ed Wood,” “American Crime Story” is filled with dark humor, including a few camp touches. The show’s poster depicts O.J. with his hands, one wearing the notorious leather glove, over his eyes. The sixth episode is titled “Marcia Marcia Marcia.” The Beastie Boys’ “Sabotage” pounds over the Bronco chase, L.L. Cool J’s “Mama Said Knock You Out” over the not-guilty plea. Yet the series is not, in the first six episodes sent to critics, crude or cartoonish but ideologically and emotionally nuanced, with each episode providing a shift in perspective, as if turning a daisy wheel of empathy. This is in contrast with the more brutalist style of the book, which ripples with disgust at the players’ cynicism. (“Shamelessness is a moral, rather than a legal, concept,” Toobin writes, in a typical parenthetical.) In a signature move, the creators have turned Robert Kardashian, a sycophantic dope in Toobin’s telling, into a near-hero, a gloomy Sancho Panza with Christian faith. Yes, his close friend was a homicidal narcissist. But, when you commit a double murder, Kardashian (as equipped with Schwimmer’s hangdog Ross Geller gaze) is definitely the guy you’ll want by your side, baffled when you flunk the polygraph test. Murphy and his collaborators strip the story to its elements, from the time that the bloody-footed Akita dragged a neighbor over to the corpses of Brown Simpson, who had been nearly decapitated, and Goldman, stabbed multiple times. Visually, the show is pure Los Angeles, bright and dynamic, with the cameras observing with amused theatricality the pomp of elaborate L.A. houses, their kitchen islands as big as Mustique. The series’ real strength, however, is its panoply of eccentric, and almost universally delightful, performances. The most outrageous of these is by John Travolta, as the litigator Robert Shapiro, one of the few characters who come in for a real beating. Travolta plays Shapiro as an Easter Island head of fatuousness, with Spock eyebrows and pursed lips, trailing famous names like bread crumbs. Connie Britton shoplifts scenes as Nicole’s friend Faye Resnick, drawling her first line like an aria of decadence: “She was my personal angel. I wouldn’t have gone to rehab if it weren’t for her.” As Simpson, Cuba Gooding, Jr., captures the football star’s gasbag egotism but falls short of the regal charisma that drew people to him. Less showy performers hit their mark harder, especially Steven Pasquale as a terrifyingly self-controlled Detective Mark Fuhrman, all “yes, ma’am” and bigotry behind the eyes. by Anonymous 02/09/2016 Nussbaum part 3 Still, the heart of “American Crime Story” is its daring humanization of a trio of lawyers who were so filleted in the media that they’re now remembered primarily in satirical form, through imitations on “Seinfeld” and late-night TV: the prosecutors Marcia Clark (the one with the haircut) and Christopher Darden (who made O.J. try on the bloody glove in court), and the defense attorney Johnnie Cochran (“If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit”). On “American Horror Story,” Murphy’s other anthology series, Sarah Paulson has a diva-glam intensity, but her Marcia Clark is a more life-size figure, vulnerable beneath her matte lipstick and beauty mark. A fiery advocate for victims of domestic violence, Clark is guilty less of arrogance than of excessive purism: she’s so certain she’s got the goods on O.J. that she keeps taking the higher ground, dumping key witnesses when they make deals with tabloids and refusing to cut jurors based on race, even when her consultant warns her that black women hate her. As the case drags on, Clark’s confidence crumbles, degraded by tabloid gossip about her looks, her sex life, her divorce, and her child-custody battle. In one pungent sequence, Clark gets that famously awful haircut, then drifts past a firing squad of gawkers, like Carrie at the prom, as her face quivers with recognition that she’s become a dirty joke. She longs to be an avenging angel, but the world sees only a dowdy bitch. Courtney B. Vance gives a layered, subtle performance as the master showman Johnnie Cochran, Clark’s most powerful antagonist—a quiet take on a bold man. My memories of Cochran are of a huckster, a preacherly clown, like “Seinfeld” ’s Jackie Chiles. In the book, Toobin portrays him as brilliant but also monstrous, a strategist who could work racial aggrievement into a plate of cookies. The show grants him more gravitas, mainly by emphasizing the complex intersection of his private and public selves. There’s a flashback to Cochran getting pulled over by the cops, with his daughters in the car, for driving in a white neighborhood. He’s as much an observer as he is a talker, standing back as the “dream team” snipes at one another like the Real Litigators of Beverly Hills. Cochran is a master of code-switching, when it comes to the media: he dismisses the Simpson case as “a loser” to a producer, then unctuously offers sympathy when the cameras blink on. by Anonymous 02/09/2016 Nussbaum part 4 But it’s clear that, like Clark, Cochran wants justice, except from a different angle. Police brutality is not an abstraction to him; from a certain perspective, any force that hires a cop as dirty as Fuhrman has basically framed itself. Some of the best scenes take place in Cochran’s mansion, where he and his wife relax, freed from the eyes of white people, making sexy jokes and polishing his banter. “A blunders-in-blue operation,” he suggests, and then, frowning, hits on a better phrase: “Contaminated. Compromised. And corrupted!” “Oh, baby,” his wife says, laughing. “That’s it! That is it. Mmm-hmm. It has a flow, honey.” Alone among the ensemble, Cochran enjoys the greatest power of all: he knows exactly how to play himself. From the vantage point of 2016, it is far easier, for a person like me, to understand why Simpson was acquitted (and the case was about nothing if not such demographic calculations). The Rodney King acquittal and the L.A. riots were just three years before; Fuhrman reportedly collected Nazi medals, lied about using racial slurs, and bragged about torturing suspects. Why wouldn’t a black jury believe that he planted evidence? It didn’t matter that O.J. barely thought of himself as black, or that he’d palled around with cops, hosting them at Brentwood pool parties, or that he had a history of beating Nicole. Identity can function as a game of rock-paper-scissors. In Judge Ito’s court, two decades ago, race beat gender. by Anonymous 02/09/2016 Nussbaum part 5 Many of the sharpest scenes in “American Crime Story” explore the sticky interaction of race, fame, and class. When Clark’s boss tells her that they’re holding the trial downtown, she cracks, “Doesn’t Simpson deserve a jury of his peers? You know, rich, middle-aged white men?” Lawyers on both sides invoke, in sober tones, “the downtown dialect” and “optics,” code for skin tone. In one of Cochran’s most brilliant manipulations, he stages Simpson’s mansion for visiting jurors, removing nude portraits of white girlfriends, subbing in the Heisman trophy and Afrocentric art, along with the Norman Rockwell painting “The Problem We All Live With.” (“It’s on loan—from the Cochran Collection,” he jokes.) A trenchant sequence (directed by John Singleton) features a dinner party that the Vanity Fair journalist Dominick Dunne hosts for his white high-society friends, at which he regales them with seamy tidbits about the case. Midway through one of Dunne’s anecdotes, the table goes silent. The waiter has arrived, and he is black. For all its jauntiness, the show is respectful about the crime, and includes a painful scene involving Goldman’s father, who raves, devastated, at how his son has been turned into “a footnote to his own murder.” But the creative team’s most unusual choice is in pinpointing a less typical object of sympathy: Christopher Darden, the young African-American prosecutor, engaged in a flirtation with his boss, Marcia Clark. As played with gentle warmth by Sterling K. Brown, Darden lacks both Clark’s righteousness and Cochran’s canny control. When he’s promoted for his “optics,” he becomes perfect prey for Cochran’s mind games, then gets cast in the press as an Uncle Tom. In one confrontation, the lawyers clash over whether the N-word should be allowed on the stand. Only after Cochran has shredded Darden’s argument does he murmur an aside, one that only his opponent can hear: “Nigga, please.” In Darden’s failures, “American Crime Story” finds not incompetence but a buried tragedy, about the confines of identity and the isolation of being forced to pick a team, then stick with it, at any cost. He’d be an invisible man, if it weren’t for all the cameras. by Anonymous Is the Robert and Kris fight going to be in next week's episode? by Anonymous reply 53 02/09/2016 Gooding doesn't match O.J.'s charisma and larger than life physicality, but he's really becoming something else during the Bronco chase during his break down. I think he was quite good. by Anonymous reply 54 02/09/2016 Can the lunatic haters please have a thread separate from people wanting to comment and learn perspectives from normal people? by Anonymous reply 55 02/09/2016 The gratuitous Kartrashian mentions are distracting, annoying, and take me right out of an otherwise good production. They do not belong, they are not organically a part of this story, except for the late Robert obviously. If this series were done 5 years ago, the most you'd see of any of them would be maybe a glimpse of Kris in a group shot of a courtroom or funeral scene. Cuba as OJ was really great this episode. I think the criticism he didn't capture OJ's charisma was too rushed. He's picking up the story at a time when OJ is miles away from his usual public persona of charm and charisma, he's a mess, scared, possibly suicidal and likely dealing with the aftermath of having committed 2 brutal murders. I think he's conveying it well, even though I'm looking at "OJ" with very cynical eyes as I'm watching. by Anonymous reply 56 02/09/2016 He was not suicidal. No one writes a suicide note that long. No one threatens it for hours on end with a gun in their hand. If he was suicidal, he'd be dead. He thinks way too highly of himself to do that. He was doing everything in his power to seem distraught and innocent. It was a big act. Act One of a much longer performance. by Anonymous reply 57 02/10/2016 Gooding was good in this episode. Schwimmer and Travolta are still the weak links. The episode brought back memories. I was 20 at the time when the chase happened. I was home from college for the summer. My grandmother, aunt, and uncle came to stay with us that weekend and we were glued to our TVs during the chase. I remember watching some CNN follow up coverage the next day. I remember the rest of the summer 20/20 and similar shows were doing interviews with people connected to OJ and the victims. I remember 20/20 did episode on Ron Goldman and the family was interviewed including the stepmom and stepsister. There were also episodes that featured interviews with Paula Barbieri and OJ's first wife Marguerite. Both said that OJ was never violent with them. by Anonymous I don't think OJ did ut. by Anonymous reply 59 02/10/2016 I cringe when I see all the attention the Kartrashians kidz get, because it is so stereotypically gay to obsess about trashy pop culture celebs. Couldn't Murphy have done us all a favor and act like a grown up for a change? by Anonymous reply 60 02/10/2016 I disagree with the enthusiasm for Gooding's performance tonight. His whiny non-baritone(IMO one of OJ's most compelling qualities) voice during the Bronco scene was so off putting to me. Again, and I'm sorry to be so negative, the thing which made this entire episode in American history so hard to accept by millions of white people who adored him is that OJ literally oozed charm, charisma and sexiness. It blinded you to his selfish nature and loutish behavior. Gooding has NONE of that charm or charisma, and I found myself saying, "no one would ever put up with so much crappy behavior from such a sniveling punk in real life." I sure wouldn't have. But the REAL OJ, who I met and was around many times prior to the crime, was so appealing he left most women(and men) in a dizzy heap of infatuation. Seriously, even straight men had a bromance crush on The Juice. Gooding is an acceptable actor in most roles, but he just doesn't have "the it factor" which was OJ's stock and trade. And while everyone seems to agree that Scwimmer is doing Bob Kardashian no favors with his performance, the fact is he has captured him to a Tee. Bob was kind of a schlemiel/schmuck whose greatest achievement in life was being OJ's best friend. He was a decent fellow, but he never quite fit in among the B List movers and shakers which surrounded him during his marriage to Kris. And again, I enjoyed Travolta's smarmy ,unctuous self serving portrayal of Shapiro. Over all I give this episode a B-. It was hard to follow episode one, but I have a feeling that there will be several more A++ episodes to come. by Anonymous reply 61 02/10/2016 [quote]His whiny non-baritone(IMO one of OJ's most compelling qualities) voice during the Bronco scene was so off putting to me So you are criticizing Gooding for having a similar whiny non-baritone voice to one of OJ's most compelling qualities? What put you off? Such a good performance? Or your inability to capitalize on good grammar? by Anonymous reply 62 02/10/2016 "What put you off? Such a good performance? Or your inability to capitalize on good grammar?" I know you thought this was a scathing put-down, but "scathing" and "Miss Priss" definitely negate each other. It's like Jan Brady trying to be bitchy. Did you ever watch "True Blood?" Try channeling Pam, e.g., "You fucking cunt, I'm gonna shove my fist up your ass and us you as a hand warmer!" by Anonymous reply 63 02/10/2016 I'm loving this show, great performances and Kato is hilarious! my only complaint is the references to the Kardashian kids. by Anonymous reply 64 02/10/2016 I am enjoying this show, much better than anything on the fucking networks like nbc or cbs. I love Travolta in this. The actress who plays marcia cross is good too, can't remember her name, isn't she also in another show? by Anonymous reply 65 02/10/2016 Dear God, one campy moment with the Kardashian kids and you queens act like it was half the episode. Your obsession with hating them is more tedious than they are. I'm so sick of hearing about how sick you all are of hearing about them while you can't shut up about them. by Anonymous reply 66 02/10/2016 R62 I am sorry you feel my grammar is sub-par. Please use the ignore function so you won't have to suffer through another one of my posts. by Anonymous That there are so few comments supports my opinion of this episode: boring. by Anonymous reply 70 02/10/2016 R66, it's not about hating on them. If it were just "one campy moment," no one would give a shit. But was clear from the first episode Murphy was going to include gratuitous OMG IT'S THE KARDASHIAN GIRLS moments, and now it looks like it could happen in every episode. These episodes are jam packed--there are so many personalities involved and so many stories going on at the same time that they have to be very efficient with what they include and why. The show comes screeching to a halt when they appear on screen because 1) they don't belong, 2) there are more integral people who are getting little to no attention, and 3) it's such an over the top pander it's the equivalent of plopping a giant Coke can in the middle of the room. by Anonymous Young Kim Kardashian was so pretty, back when she actually looked Armenian. by Anonymous 02/10/2016 Has Robert Shapiro commented on the program or his portrayal by Travolta? It's a drag that they showed OJ holding photos of his family in the car but didn't show the cash or the items he planned to use to disguise himself. But it may make sense not to show that to the TV audience since those items weren't presented as evidence to the jury. Has Al Cowlings ever said where they were headed before being discovered by the cops? Were they traveling in the direction to OJ's mother's home once they left the Brentwood estate? by Anonymous reply 78 02/10/2016 [quote]Does anyone else old enough to have been a full grown adult during all this have a difficult time watching? It is a very creepy feeling that I have had through both episodes. It's hard not to turn it off but I have to believe there will be a payoff to watching. I'm not getting a creepy feeling at all. I was 18/19 when all of this was happening and so far, watching this is giving me flashbacks to what was going on in my life at the time, and the mid-90s in general. It all feels like ancient history now. by Anonymous reply 79 02/10/2016 I'd love to access the original video clips after the dramatized versions air on the show. For example, I want to watch Robert Kardashian read the OJ note after seeing David Schwimmer read the note. It'd be awesome if someone compiled all of those videos in the order in which they are presented on TV. Does anyone know if this resource exists? by Anonymous Robert Kardashian reading O.J's suicide note at the press conference... by Anonymous 02/10/2016 This is an absolute must watch. Barbara Walters grilling Robert Kardashian into basically admitting that he think's O.J is guilty. He also talks about O.J's suicide attempt in Kim Kardashian's bedroom. When Barbara asked Robert if he had doubt's about O.J's innocence and Robert goes on a tangent and Barbara then snaps "THAT IS NOT WHAT I ASKED YOU!!!", you can tell Robert started shitting his pants. by Anonymous reply 83 02/10/2016 HUGE clunker in the Darden scene where the neighbor talks about OJ being "a local boy -- he went to Galileo!" Galileo, OJ's alma mater, is in San Francisco, which is nowhere near Los Angeles. I'm willing to bet that fewer than 1% of Angelenos even know of that school. How would he be considered "a local boy?" If they'd said "He went to USC," that would've made a little more sense, I guess. by Anonymous reply 84 02/10/2016 Darden was on a trip to see his parents.....thats why he was on the phone in ep 1 talking to his parents and saying they didnt need him in the office so he could get away for a few days and "come up" for a visit. by Anonymous reply 85 02/10/2016 LOVED that one shot just before the commercial with Darden on one side of the literal fence and the guys maintaining OJ's innocence on the other. That's good filmmaking. by Anonymous reply 86 02/10/2016 Don't the characters seem to be exaggerated caricatures to anyone else but me? It's hard to take any of them seriously when they seem to be over-emoting like they're amateurs auditioning for their first McDonalds commercial. I'm watching solely for entertainment value; so far the performances have been borderline cringe-worthy. I did LOL last night though when Darden's neighbors joked that OJ is black now cause he has the police chasing him. That was a cleverly written line, and sadly all too real. I am looking forward to watching the courtroom drama play out. by Anonymous reply 87 02/10/2016 R87, just curious, are you old enough to recall the events in real time? Because to me many of the real people involved seemed like exaggerated caricatures and this series is capturing that very well. If you've ever heard, for example, the real recording of AC yelling "I have OJ in the car!... You know who this is, I'm AC!" he already seemed like a cartoon character. The hilariously stupid Kato, the "model" girlfriend Paula Barbieri, the affair between Clark and Darden, all of it just seemed like something out of central casting for a soap opera. by Anonymous reply 88 02/10/2016 Do people really have backyards like that, where there's barely a fence and the neighbors are just hanging out back there, just feet away from you? I'd need the type of wall that Tim the Toolman Taylor had on Home Improvement--very tall and made of wood that requires a ladder to peek over. by Anonymous 02/10/2016 [quote]The hilariously stupid Kato Was Kato really as stupid as he appeared when he provided testimony to the Grand Jury when he invoked his Fifth Amendment rights? I don't recall him being so dopey. I'll have to find some old footage. by Anonymous reply 90 02/10/2016 Apparently, Kato has a podcast where he provides his reaction to each episode after it airs. I saw him interviewed after the first episode aired. He said that while he was dismayed that he was being portrayed as a clown, he's long come to terms with the realization that it is how Hollywood wants to portray him. He seems like a pretty decent, self-aware guy. by Anonymous reply 91 02/10/2016 [quote]Darden was on a trip to see his parents.....thats why he was on the phone in ep 1 talking to his parents and saying they didnt need him in the office so he could get away for a few days and "come up" for a visit. OK, that makes sense, but then they should've made it clear that Darden's parents lived in the Bay Area. by Anonymous reply 92 02/10/2016 r87, r88 is correct. The real people in this story really did come across as over-the-top and soap operaish. The actors are giving a very accurate portrayal of things. In fact, one major reason why the OJ saga captured the public's attention is because so many of the people involved were clownish, such as r88 mentioned - Kato, Cowlings, etc. Also, Johnnie Cochran and Judge Ito. I was an adult at the time all of this happened, and people frequently commented on the bizarre cast of characters. The series is just reflecting that, and doing a great job. by Anonymous reply 93 02/10/2016 I admit I wasn't too wild about this episode. Like other posters have said there was a certain feeling of going over the top and things feeling not really real which I found a bit annoying. The whole episode had a little milking it feel to it. I agree with R74 about the Kardashian girls chanting their name: it was great since you can view the scene as a shameless attempt to include them without a good reason but at the same time as a big fuck you to all future things Kardashian. Still, I enjoyed watching it all but I was starting to wonder can the show keep my interest up for the remaining 8 episodes. The courtroom scenes better be good. by Anonymous reply 94 02/10/2016 In a weird way, the Kardashian kids fit into this story quite neatly. It's not just that the trial put that name on TV. This was the moment when real life became our entertainment. Reality TV as we know it wouldn't exist if it weren't for the OJ Trial. by Anonymous I've noticed that Sarah Paulson's big bag of acting tricks contains only cigarettes and lipstick. by Anonymous reply 96 02/10/2016 Seriously, anymore of that Kardashian bullshit and I'm out. I nearly grabbed the remote when they were chanting their names. Of course a pathetic sad queen like Murphy thinks it is adorable and a wink & nod to the audience. Barf! I'm shocked he didn't get Gaga to play Nicole. by Anonymous reply 97 02/10/2016 R90, I may be remembering him unfairly, but I recall some bizarre testimony where Kato just came across as so emptyheaded. I don't remember too many specifics, but I remember him saying a lot of random things and then when asked to explain he would get a dopey look and say "uh, I don't know." One thing I do recall was something about how he thought OJ wouldn't like it if Kato were staying in the same house as Nicole. Kato said "It just wouldn't be right" and when asked why not he said, "uh, I don't know the answer." by Anonymous reply 98 02/10/2016 Showing the Kardashians is an attempt to connect the OJ case to our current fascination with celebrity. The murder trial of a former football star/B movie actor became a national obsession; participants became "celebrities," often famous only for their connection, however tenuous, to OJ and Nicole. Everyone (almost) tried to cash in: Faye and Paula Barbieri with Playboy centerfolds, Kato with radio and TV gigs, the prosecutors and police with books. The natural outcome is reality TV and its "stars." It may not be subtle, but it's a defensible point of view. by Anonymous reply 99 02/10/2016 Incorporating the Kardashian kids into the show may have been FX's way of trying to lure young viewers who have no memory of or interest in the OJ trial. Tweens don't know who OJ is but they sure as hell know who Kim, Khloe, and the rest are. by Anonymous reply 100 02/10/2016 Ratings are in: "Keeping its momentum from the previous week, FX’s “The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story” grabbed the top spot in the Tuesday cable ratings with a 1.5 rating in adults 18-49, although it did drop five tenths from its 2.0 premiere rating last week." 3.88M viewers vs. the 5.11M of the pilot. I was actually expecting the ratings to stay about the same but this kind of drop is obviously how it normally goes. L+3 and L+7 numbers will ultimately tell how many people are staying with the show. Still, it's a hit for FX. by Anonymous reply 101 02/10/2016 I like the actor that plays Kato. I have no idea how accurate it is in comparison to real-life Kato, but he's entertaining. Isn't he the guy that dates that psycho Emma Roberts? R61, you seem like you are familiar with the actual events - how did Kardashian travel in circles with people like OJ if he was kind of schmuck? I'm not disagreeing with your observations, just curious how (at least in regards to how he is portrayed) a guy like that ended up in the company of the local glitterati. by Anonymous R102 Two words: Kris Kardashian. by Anonymous reply 104 02/10/2016 Yes to the posts about the crazy over-the-top personalities involved. All of them - every single person involved in this, especially on the defense side and including Judge Ito - were clownish caricatures of real people. They may seem overdramatic if you don't remember the actual happenings but honest to God, that's what they were like. Remember OJ's plea? "Absolutely, 100% not guilty." Who says that?! It truly was the original reality show. As far as taking dramatic license with the school reference, there is an interview with Marcia Clark where she states that the actual phone call with Simpson about Nicole's death was him being told simply that she was dead and responding, "Who killed her?" Now THAT is good TV and definitely helps with the understanding of the case against him. That conversation should have been portrayed verbatim. by Anonymous reply 105 02/10/2016 Yes, when the police called OJ they said something like "your wife is dead." The first thing OJ said was "who killed her?" It was a real red flag, an innocent man would've asked "what happened to her?" by Anonymous reply 106 02/10/2016 This show is making me reassess my opinion of Kris Kardashian. For the longest time I thought she was a barely reformed coke slut who trolled LA throughout the 80s for any entree into the good life. But it turns out that she met Robert Kardashian when she was 17 and married him when she was 23. She gave birth to her oldest daughter when she was 24 and kept on having and raising kids. This doesn't leave much time to be hanging at the Rainbow Room with Nicole and Faye. If Robert was so nerdy/schlumpy, maybe she really was the goodie-goodie "mom" of her cirle of friends in the 80s and 90s. by Anonymous reply 107 02/10/2016 [quote] Seriously, anymore of that Kardashian bullshit and I'm out. I nearly grabbed the remote when they were chanting their names. Of course a pathetic sad queen like Murphy thinks it is adorable and a wink & nod to the audience. Barf! I'm shocked he didn't get Gaga to play Nicole. Dude, what a bitter little pill you are. First it isn't a wink and a nod, their father was involved as deep as anyone was, but not one of them are coming off good. The girls have been shown so far being nothing but obnoxious. It's not a wink, it's a huge fuck you to them. Second, in one year, Lady Gaga brought the house down singing "The Sound Of Music" tribute at the Oscars, won a Grammy with Tony Bennett, starred in "American Horror Story Hotel, and won a Golden Globe for it, killed it singing the National Anthem at The Super Bowl and has been nominated for an Oscar. And how was your year? by Anonymous reply 108 02/10/2016 No, R108, a huge fuck you to them would be to ignore them completely. The Kardashian's thrive on attention, no matter how negative. by Anonymous You're right, R119. He's more on G's level by Anonymous reply 120 02/10/2016 R61 would you mind sharing some of your memories of being around OJ and if you have any of Kris Jenner and Nicole Brown? I think it's fascinating to have a poster here who was around these people by Anonymous reply 121 02/10/2016 R107 did you not see the link posted upthread detailing Kris' affair with a younger man that began in 1989? At the time her youngest (Rob Jr) was just 2 years old. She used Robert's money and spent it on her boytoy. This affair led to their divorce. The boytoy detailed an instance of Robert smashing his car with a golf club and Kris warned him not to confront Robert because she knew he kept a gun. She also married Bruce/Caitlyn by 1991, just a month after her divorce with Robert was finalized. Kris' boytoy also said he was still having sex with Kris when she was dating Bruce/Caitlyn. Also don't forget Kris' obnoxious and now infamous 1985 birthday video which features her lip syncing a song she recorded in various scenes all over LA. That must have taken time and money to create. She really was and still is trash. by Anonymous reply 122 02/10/2016 You should have stopped before your last paragraph, R122. You were convincing till then. Making a video makes you trash? And how is it "infamous"? This is the first I've ever heard of it and I'm pretty pop culture savvy. by Anonymous I'm sure in 1985 that would be considered trashy, R126. Now it's called Facebook and Instagram. by Anonymous reply 131 02/10/2016 Cuba Gooding Jr. Is a terrible actor. He's not even trying to be OJ. I almost fell off the sofa laughing when he said he was worried about all of the bystanders on the freeway. And David Schwimmer can only play Ross. Kato was hawt. Total trash. But good guilty pleasure tv. by Anonymous reply 132 02/10/2016 Here is Kato's testimony. He does come off as an idiot. Keep in mind-he wasn't some college aged guy even though he talked like one. He was in his mid 30s with a teenage daughter from a previous marriage yet he was living at Nicole's paying rent until he moved to OJ's rent-free. He wanted to be an actor and used this trial as a come-up just like several other characters. He also posed for Playgirl in 1996 by Anonymous reply 133 02/10/2016 I was around when it all happened. I was 23. I never heard of Kris Jenner or Robert Kardashian. As I watched these two episodes, I just figured this was the beginning of the Kardashian craziness. I remember them interviewing Kris Jenner back then.She seemed to love the attention and talking about her "friend" Nicole. Kris really exploited her cnnection. OJ situation opened up a golden opportunity for Kris and, eventually the Kardashian girls. For younger viewers, they only know the Kardashian girls and Kris and this shows when it all started. I agree Cuba Gooding, Jr.'s not believable as O.J. but Courtney Vance is believable as Johnny Cocoran and Schwimmer's Robert Kardashian is OK. For me it's Travolta who's all wrong as Shapiro. He's too big & beefy. I would love a younger version of F. Murray Abraham., some one like him, as Shapiro. You Tube has a ton of documentary programs, and video clips, etc. on the O.J. case including footage from the trial and live news broadcasts. I was fascinated by tapes of OJ being interviewed for the civil trial, and then some shrink analyzing him, saying he was a overbearing control freak and a huge Narcissist. Kris Jenner claims on one documentary that she "never knew" OJ was beating Nicole. Every cop in the LAPD knew but she didn't? Robert Kardashian's admission to Barbara Walters is chilling. The blood evidence. No kidding.His friends knew he was violent towards Nicole. They all knew. He really used her for a punching bag. No amount of make up could hide what he did on a regular basis. He was a monster. Nicole had all these photographs of her battered face in a safe deposit box. She told people he would kill her & get away with it. Her sister actually saw him throw her against a wall and bash her. The same sister who started some foundation for battered women. by Anonymous reply 134 02/10/2016 I can see where you'd get that impression, R135, but what I was trying to say was that the OJ case is when we all first heard the name, and IMO, it was when Kris Jenner really got a taste of being a celebrity in her own right, being interviewed and asked to share her opinion, etc. not just someone who hung out with famous people. Yes the sex tape made Kim a star, but the whole celebrity push from Kris was born during OJ. I think I remember being on Larry King a lot. Everybody was trying to cash in, like Faye Resnick clinging to Dominick Dunne, then writing a book, etc. And I'm definitely not some clueless frau. by Anonymous reply 136 02/10/2016 R135, I know you hate them and all their money and businesses, but there is definitely more to that whole thing than just the sex tape. Everything isn't as black and white (HA!) as you want to make it. It's more fun, of course, and makes us all feel better about ourselves to believe only the negative/worse things about other people and their situations rather than look at the full picture. by Anonymous reply 137 02/10/2016 r135....I think they meant that Kris was a famewhore....attributes she encouraged in her daughters. They say the apple doesnt fall far from the tree. by Anonymous Exactly, R138. That's it in a nutshell. I wish I could be succinct. by Anonymous reply 140 02/10/2016 I don't know the exact date of when it was but not long after the OJ trial, Bruce and Kris made a fitness infomercial that would play throughout the next several years. I can't find them online but when I searched, I found that Bruce had done with 1 of his previous wives in the 80s too. Kris DEFINITELY had the famewhore bug in her and used both the OJ case and her then-husband Bruce to try her hand at it. by Anonymous reply 141 02/10/2016 I don't hate the Kardashians and don't have an opinion about their fame good or bad. But I know that Nicole was murdered in 1994 and that KUWTK didn't premier until 2007 and there is a very very slight if any chance that the two are connected in any way.. Kim was part of the Paris Hilton crew and starred in an infamous sex tape. She got a lot of attention for this which resulted in a reality show on E! by Anonymous reply 142 02/10/2016 aha! someone added it in the last year. Go to 6:12 in the video and Kris is there. This was probably after she gave birth to 1 of her 2 daughters with Bruce. by Anonymous reply 143 02/10/2016 The professional soccer player she cheated with - said they had sex all the time, everywhere. For a good while. So are you telling me Bruce gave her that kind of sex life! by Anonymous reply 144 02/10/2016 LOL and of course Kris has been giving interviews basking in the attention of this mini series. She seemed excited to be portrayed on tv. BTW they include a pic in this video from before the murders-Kris, Bruce, OJ, Nicole, Faye and the kids are all at the beach together. by Anonymous reply 145 02/10/2016 and at the end of that interview lmao @ Kris saying Nicole would be proud of the empire she and her daughters created and Nicole had that same work ethic...just lovely people by Anonymous reply 146 02/11/2016 . It was more OJs lawyer-Robert Kardashian, has a daughter who made a sex tape...not Paris Hiltons friend Kim made a sex tape. by Anonymous reply 147 02/11/2016 court TV was my channel of choice during the trial and one of the commentators, I think her last name was Sullivan, had some kind of history with OJ/Nicole. I think she babysat for the older kids on occasion. But even she ended up with endorsement deals - Jenny Craig or Weight Watchers or something. the entire case was a spectacle. by Anonymous reply 148 02/11/2016 R147 that's wrong...most people had forgotten about Kim's father when her sex tape came out. The younger people who became her fans only knew her as another girl trying to imitate Paris Hilton's rise to fame via a sex tape "leak". A lot of young people didn't even know she was Paris' former assistant until later. Some just thought she was a girl imitating Paris. by Anonymous reply 149 02/11/2016 I noticed some chobani yogurts in the convenience store scene in the beginning when people were watching the announcements on screen. There's a shot with a variety of Trojan condoms, some of which are of the new, niche varieties. Doesn't bother me, I like the show, but is their production designer a baby? Not that hard to strip a set of any anachronisms when you're dressing it... I would know by Anonymous reply 150 02/11/2016 There have been many documentaries and books written on the Nicole Brown, Ron Goldman murders, aka the OJ Simpson case. Even though it was made a long time ago American Justice did the most comprehensive work until now, entitled "Why O.J. Simpson Won." I am linking it for anyone who wants good footage of all the major players, the details of the evidence, how the case played out and why the prosecution lost. by Anonymous reply 151 02/11/2016 Billy Magnussen seems to be all over the place these days. He has supporting roles in the films Bridge of Spies and Spotlight, too. by Anonymous reply 152 02/11/2016 [quote]Second, in one year, Lady Gaga brought the house down singing "The Sound Of Music" tribute at the Oscars, won a Grammy with Tony Bennett, starred in "American Horror Story Hotel, and won a Golden Globe for it, killed it singing the National Anthem at The Super Bowl and has been nominated for an Oscar. And how was your year? That is one huge fuckin' MARY! Christ! Does this person even realize how tragic they are? by Anonymous reply 153 02/11/2016 Schwimmer was good in the min series where he played against type, it was a WWII mini-series, name escapes me. He is totally Ross Geller in this. by Anonymous reply 154 02/11/2016 [quote]Billy Magnussen seems to be all over the place these days. He has supporting roles in the films Bridge of Spies and Spotlight, too. Not "Spotlight", "The Big Short". [quote]Does this person even realize how tragic they are? Facts bother you, Sweetie? You must be a Republican. by Anonymous [quote]How many people think OJ suffers from CTE? Frank Gifford had CTE and sadly never killed any blonde women. by Anonymous reply 162 02/11/2016 I just watched both episodes. I used to think OJ did it since most of these murders tend to be personal crimes of passion. I still think he most likely did it. But it also made me more curious about Ron Goldman. I remember his dad said Ron was like a footnote to his own death so it made me wonder what his life was really like. I couldn't find a lot of info but it is rather odd that his good friend Brett Cantor was murdered the year before, stabbed several times with his throat slit. Then one year after Ron is murdered, his other friend, Michael Nigg is shot to death. Michael was also a waiter at Mezzaluna and got Ron his job there. Michael and Brett's murders are still unsolved. All three of them were attractive, unmarried guys in their mid-twenties and all good friends partying it up in LA and driving really expensive cars around the city. I have no idea what any of this means. There's all the rumors about their involvement in cocaine but even if it wasn't true, it's rather coincidental three good friends would die such violent murders. by Anonymous reply 163 02/11/2016 [quote]But it also made me more curious about Ron Goldman. I remember his dad said Ron was like a footnote to his own death Fred just said that cause he couldn't squeeze a couple of extra bucks out his son's tragedy. by Anonymous Thank you, FX, for putting this on Video on Demand! by Anonymous reply 165 02/11/2016 R163, I didn't know that about Ron's friends. That's very chilling. I think there is another part of the "O.J.Case's story that isn't talked about or explored nearly enough. Faye Resnick, Nicole's close friend is an admitted addict. There were reports that Nicole and O.J. and their friends partied hard and did a lot of coke, and a lot of pot. That maybe Kato was a low level supplier. You know, the nickel/dime level dealer, the guy who can 'get it for you." This is why he stayed on the property rent free. Face it. They first met him, "ran into him" in Aspen, and he comes to live at their house rent free? Just like that? There was some connection between O.J., Nicole their crowd and drug use. Wasn't the guy who owned Mezzaluna or some other guy Nicole was dating a big user. He was shady with his business ventures. Restaurants are a good way to launder drug money. As for Ron and his friends, I think Ron probably operated on the fringes of the fast life. Probably partied and did some drugs socially. I don't think drugs had anything to do with the deaths of Nicole or Ron, though. I think Ron thought he'd "drop off the glasses" in order to hang out with Nicole. She had the candles lit and the bathtub filled. He had no way to know an angry O.J was in the process of killing her, and killed Ron when he stumbled up on him. There is no doubt in my mind O.J. killed them both. Even Robert Kardashian, O.J.'s BFF admitted to Barbara Walters just before he died, that the blood evidence trail was irreconciliable with his innocence. by Anonymous reply 166 02/11/2016 R163 That's some interesting stuff. I don't think it's far fetched at all to connect the three men who met tragic ends. There was no doubt some semi-nefarious stuff going on(read: cocaine buying/selling) but I don't think that in any way takes away from the overwhelming evidence of OJ killing RG because he was there at the wrong time. I had completely forgotten about Cantor. by Anonymous 02/11/2016 Close, r105, but not to those of us who watched the Watergate Hearings! John Erlichman's sneer! Mo Deen's hair! Martha Mitchell's booze! G. Gordon Liddy's flame! Chuck Colson's grandmother! Elliott Richardson's integrity! Maurice Stans's good name! Rosemary Woods's stretch! Alexander Butterfield's tapes! Mrs. E. Howard Hunt's cash-carrying dead hands! "I am not a crook." by Anonymous [quote]Frank Gifford had CTE and sadly never killed any blonde women. Yeah, he just fucked them. by Anonymous reply 172 02/11/2016 I honestly don't remember Kris Jenner at all from the time of the trial and aftermath. The famewhoring I remember came from Faye Resnick, Kato Kaelin, and Johnnie Cochran. by Anonymous reply 173 02/11/2016 r166 you are correct about Kato Kaelin. He was the guy who got the drugs. OJ was heavily into coke and other stuff at the time, and that's why Kato was living rent-free in his guesthouse. He was OJ's connection. Celebrities who are into drugs always, always have somebody hanging around to get them drugs because a) they're too recognizable to go on drug runs themselves, b) they can afford to have somebody else do the dirty work, and c) they don't stand a chance of getting caught in a drug bust and getting arrested. To this day, there are a lot of "Kato Kaelins" among the celebrity crowd, and wealthy people in general. by Anonymous R174, wonder if Zac finally got his own Kato. by Anonymous reply 175 02/11/2016 Another poster here wondered if Kato ever serviced OJ, and I've always wondered the same thing. Like when it was just the two of them hanging out and doing coke all night, if OJ ever had Kato blow him. It's not outside the realm of possibility. This show is bringing it all back to me, I haven't thought about any of this shit - or the crazy cast of characters - in years. by Anonymous reply 176 02/11/2016 I've watched a lot of documentaries, and I kept up with the trial,and read a lot of stuff and I have to say that even without the blood evidence, OJ was guilty. Apparently he didn't just go off on Nicole once in a while, it was a regular thing. In a one year period the police were called to the house 8 times. She had all kinds of photographs in a safety deposit box along with a few clippings from when he would beat her. It was constant. He also used to have other women stay at the house for sex and when she confronted hm, he would beat her. A couple of times he physically threw her out. Literally picked her up and threw her in the bushes outtside the house and told her to get out, etc. He did it more than once. It was a nightmare. Then he stalked her once she finally did move out to Bundy. He would stalk her late at night, peeping in the windows, following her when she left the house, show up at a restaurant if she went out fordinner on a date after the divorce. He was really sick. I'm glad he's in jail now and I wish he would've got the death penalty for killing them. by Anonymous reply 177 02/11/2016 [quote]But it also made me more curious about Ron Goldman. I remember his dad said Ron was like a footnote to his own death His sister and a ghostwriter wrote the book "His Name Was Ron". I never read the book.. I've done some google searches on him since last week. There are a lot of old LA Times articles on him. The usual information was that he moved to LA from Illinois because his father, stepmother, sister, and stepsister moved there and he missed them. He was a gym rat and made a lot of friends on the club scene. He did modeling and wanted to own a restaurant. There was an old article somewhere in which his family denied that he was romantically involved with Nicole. There were also gay rumors and IIRC, at one point the family said he had a girlfriend. by Anonymous reply 178 02/11/2016 He not only did it, r177; he planned it. The murder of NBS was timed for the night of his "alibi" flight to Chicago. OJ had the clothing (including the shoes he thought he had never worn in public), the weapon, and the route all prepared. Ron messed up the timing---such that in his subsequent haste OJ almost side-swiped Jill Shiveley's car; was late for the limo; dropped a bloody glove and left blood-stained socks at his residence---as well as OJ physically---such that OJ got cuts from the struggle. Also, Ron called out "Hey! Hey!", while Nicole had been a silent kill. Thus, the bloody Magli prints, for OJ couldn't take the time now to be careful. All IMO. reply 179 02/11/2016 It's pretty much a given that Nicole was already dead and OJ was about to leave the scene when Ron Goldman just happened to stumble upon it. That poor guy had the worst luck in the world, if he had arrived at Nicole's condo literally one minute later he would still be alive today. Like, r179 described, Ron put up a fight and that's why OJ was in such a hurry to get back home so his alibi would work, hence the dropped gloves and bloody socks and driving like a bat out of hell. That evidence alone should've been enough to convict him, if it hadn't been for those morons on the jury, who I think must've been the stupidest people alive. The limo driver who was waiting for OJ (forget the guy's name, but he was really cute) actually saw a black-clad OJ sneaking into his house from a side entrance, which was past Kato's guesthouse. by Anonymous reply 180 02/11/2016 A poignant piece of evidence that didn't matter to the case was that Goldman's shirt had 25 of Nicole's blonde hairs on it. None of his DNA was found on her. It was thought that he was cradling her wounded head when he was first attacked. by Anonymous reply 181 02/11/2016 Tosh. Nicole's hairs came off OJ as he fought and stabbed Ron, who didn't get much farther than inside the front area. "Cradling" Nicole's head would have left Ron covered in her blood. by Anonymous reply 182 02/11/2016 R180 Of course you are 100% correct about the timing. In 1994 when we were all discussing the case 24/7 ad nauseum, NOTHING irritated me more than the "OJ as murderer deniers" insisting that one man could not have killed two adults on his own, hence there HAD to be an accomplice. Of course, so one in their right mind every suggested that he walked up on the two of them and took them on as a couple. I guess that was the best they could do in an attempt to see him as innocent. by Anonymous reply 183 02/11/2016 Did he REALLY ask for orange juice when he got back to his house after the chase? by Anonymous Right, R184? Also, does everyone actually call him "Juice"? How stupid and pandering. by Anonymous reply 185 02/11/2016 R182. Tosh? Is that some white boys way of saying bullshit? READ the coroner's report. The first wound to Nicole after some words were exchanged (she was heard crying by her daughter) was a blunt force blow to the head. It is then believed that Goldman appeared and that OJ took him on, going back to Nicole to finish her off with the blade. The information I shared was reported as such by Mark Fuhrman, including the supposition that Goldman ran in someway to hold or attend to Nicole's initial attack. by Anonymous reply 186 02/11/2016 If there were standout performances out of this episode, they were from Malcolm-Jamal Warner and Bruce Greenwood. Although Garcetti's comment about wanting to run for mayor was a bit on-the-nose. by Anonymous [pquote]if OJ ever had Kato blow him. It's not outside the realm of possibility. Take you fantasies somewhere else. by Anonymous reply 188 02/11/2016 R187 I also thought Bruce Greenwood was good in the episode. Though I'm biased because I have been fan of his for years. I do wonder if the series will bring up the controversy of Garcetti moving the trial from Santa Monica to downtown LA. by Anonymous reply 189 02/11/2016 Back in 94 and 95, everyone watched NBC including The Tonight Dhoevwith Hsy Leni Thst got a lot of mileage out of dumb OJ jokes and bits. Looking at these now, not only are they not funny but they're such pointless jokes. Almost anti-humor. We ate it up. by Anonymous THank you r172! Should have thought of that by Anonymous reply 196 02/11/2016 OJ's sports agent says OJ said to him, "If she hadn't come outside with a knife, she'd still be alive." by Anonymous reply 197 02/11/2016 That is interesting R197, because one of the myriad ways that the prosecution fucked up the case is that they presented evidence that O.J. had purchased a stiletto knife that was 13 inches long with a 7 inch blade. All of the forensics showed that the wounds were made with a 4" blade that was sharp on only one side, but the prosecution was married to certain theories. They mistook a dumb jury for being dumb. Marcia Clark, Darden and the impeached testimony of Mark Fuhrman are forever responsible for the outcome of this case. They had irrefutable DNA evidence but could not present it in an understandable way. Yes there were questions raised about contamination of the blood samples, but they ran from that instead of confirming that real contamination would give you no usable outcome or a much less conclusive one. The prosecution was inept, terrible, running scared. O.J. may have been found innocent by that jury regardless, but no one will ever know.. by Anonymous reply 198 02/11/2016 I have always thought that it would be interesting if a movie was made on the civil trial. I know it won't happen. It would be interesting to have some glimpse in how Daniel Petrocelli presented some of the evidence that wasn't allowed during the murder trial. by Anonymous reply 199 02/12/2016 I agree, R199. I've never read much of anything about the civil trial but the outcome was so different. I'd love to know how the evidence was presented. by Anonymous I heard Ron Goldman was gay, so why did she have candles by the tub? by Anonymous reply 201 02/12/2016 [quote]I don't hate the Kardashians and don't have an opinion about their fame good or bad. You don't have an opinion because, clearly, you are an idiot. You are everything intelligent people on Datalounge loathe. by Anonymous 02/12/2016 [quote] They mistook a dumb jury for being dumb. The jury was "dumb," but in different ways you than you think -- they ignored the evidence. But they were also aware of very real facts that undermined the LAPD's credibility. So they came to the wrong result, but not without legitimate, if incorrect, reasons. by Anonymous [quote]I heard Ron Goldman was gay, so why did she have candles by the tub? OMG! You, like, solved the whole case!!!!! Nicole was killed because he had bad gardar!!!!! by Anonymous reply 204 02/12/2016 My lord R203, don't bother to correct me. I understand your point. How many ways are there to be dumb? Many. I understand the dynamics of this trial as well as anyone. I guess you object to harsh criticism of the prosecution? I stand by my post. It was fair. Yes the jury did ignore much of the evidence BUT yes the evidence was terribly presented or tainted by sketchy racist perception of the LAPD, not unfounded, but rather capitalized on. Books could be written about this huh? The verdict was correct, given the circumstances. But the jury was wrong. Don't get confused by that. by Anonymous reply 205 02/12/2016 Stop with this bullshit. Nicole lit candles all the time. She wasn't expecting anything other than Ron dropping off her mother's glasses. And then Ron leaving and her having a relaxing bath. Ron Goldman was a friend of Nicole's. It's not clear if he was straight or bi or gay or what. He can't clear it up now, either. But she wasn't waiting to fuck him when OJ decapitated her. She'd planned a quiet evening alone with candles and perhaps a joint in the bathtub. OJ interrupted that. Ron interrupted OJ. No good deed goes unpunished. by Anonymous reply 206 02/12/2016 I'm a man and I used to light a candle or two when taking a relaxing bath, back when I had a tub. I can totally see some women or guys of course as well lighting dozens of candles to create a nice mood just for themselves. by Anonymous reply 207 02/12/2016 "Heard crying by her daughter," r186? I own and have read every book on this crime but IIDI, and nobody claims that. by Anonymous R200, read Daniel Petrocelli's book, "Triumph of Justice." by Anonymous reply 209 02/12/2016 So...I'd cry if my ex-husband showed up, brandishing a knife, after he'd beaten the shit out of me, numerous times, and still never arrested by the LAPD. After he told me, "I could kill you and get away with it." Well, he did. reply 210 02/12/2016 And for the anti-Faye Resnick folks, it was Faye and one of Nicole's sisters who convinced her to put the pictures of her--black and blue--and her outcry statements in a safe deposit box, where OJ couldn't destroy them. A lot of good it did her. by Anonymous reply 211 02/12/2016 Nicole's friends said she often lit candles at night. It was just something she liked to do, it didn't mean she was expecting company for the evening. by Anonymous [quote]The miniseries hinted that she was expecting company in the tub Which miniseries is that? Certainly not the one we are discussing, currently airing. by Anonymous reply 216 02/12/2016 On the show, there were a lot of lit candles in the living room and more by the tub. One or two is cute but dozens are a fire hazard. But people have their quirks, fine. And with the little kids sleeping just down the hall, I can't imagine that she was planning a sexual rendezvous. by Anonymous reply 217 02/12/2016 Nicole got around so I wouldn't put it past her. Not that she deserved to die, she was divorced from OJ and had the right to see who she wanted. by Anonymous reply 218 02/12/2016 Not reading the episode 2 thread yet, just jumped in to complain that FX On Demand still doesn't have it available, at least on my cable system. What the fuck. FX used to have this problem, with AHS early seasons, especially. But I thought it was solved. All of the other cable networks I watch seem to have new episodes available the next day, certainly within 24 hours. by Anonymous Welcome to R23’s humble chapeau. I love him. by Anonymous reply 224 02/12/2016 I was watching one of the specials on the OJ case on You Tube, with Geraldo Riviera on Fox. I know. As I despise him, Mark Furmann raised some incredible points. He talked about how shabby the police work was, and how he and especially his partner were ignored. Apparently the senior detectives, Lange and Van Adder had some rivalry foing on with him. He made notes that were not read or followed up on, and a bloody finger print on the back gate of Nicole's house was lost to them. His partner discovered most of the evidence at the crime scene, and was the first one to see the trail of blood that led from Bundy to the Bronco, to Rockingham, and through the sink in the maid's room to the bloody socks in OJ's bedroom. Van Adder fucked up the sample taken from OJ to compare the DNA with the blood they found at the scene. So while we can castigate the jury, it was the LAPD that messed up big time. To think there was some conspiracy, as OJ's defense team suggested, is almost laughable. They didn't need racist, corrupt cops planting evidence. The cops were so incompetent they got OJ off easily. They didn't even secure the crime scene properly. The bodies were there for like 10 hours, and someone covered Nicole with a random blanket, which contaminated the scene and removed evidence from her back. .They never even asked his partner to testify in spite of the fact that he wrote a letter to the prosecutors telling them about all the evidence. by Anonymous R225 Did he give name of the partner? by Anonymous reply 230 02/13/2016 I have absolutely no memory of Kris Jenner during this whole saga, and I was an adult at the time and remember all the events and players in this story very well. I can't recall even hearing her name mentioned. by Anonymous reply 231 02/13/2016 R228 That's what I thought as well, but after Googling the reference, I learned that "Chapeau" is correct!! by Anonymous reply 232 02/13/2016 Yes, actually, R230, he did give the name of his partner. He didn't say everyone fucked up but him, but he did point out that the older team of Lange & Van Adder didn't read his notes as first on the crime scene, and the prosecutor confirmed that they received the letter his partner wrote, and referred it back to the two senior guys, primarily Van Adder. Van Adder was very defensive and pretty arrogant when they questioned him. He confirmed Furman's story, but then dismissed it.Van Adder was the one who walked around with OJ's blood sample in his pocket, and returned to crime scene, and took his time, etc. Van Adder confirmed that he took Furmann's notes but dismissed them diddn' readd them. Look. I don't like Furmann. He's a dirt bag. But he is also one of those guys who likes to be right and he backed up his shit. I recall an Asian guy from the coroner's office who also messed up at the crime scene. He took the stand. Furman took the stand, but Furman's partner whom Furman said really discovered most of the evicence on Bndy and on Rockingham, was never called. If he wasbeing self serving he wouldn't have given his partner so much credit. The Locksmith who changed the gate's lock on Bundy confirmed the presence of a bloody finger print but just assumed the LAPD had already processed it. by Anonymous Here's the Geraldo interview with Furman and Vanatter, etc. by Anonymous reply 235 02/13/2016 Does Furman ever explain WHY his partner was kept out of the case if he had such good evidence? by Anonymous reply 236 02/13/2016 Fihrman's partner finally wrote a letter to the prosecutors explaining the evidence, etc. and the prosecutors turned his letter over to Vanatter who was senior. I have no idea, but I think I may actually read Fuhrman's book, Murder in Brentwood. I hated Fuhrman, but he makes a compelling case, and I saw a bit of his 2010 interview on Oprah and he doesn't seem like such a one dimensional villain. The history of abuse OJ put Nicole thru is all I needed to know to decide OJ was guilty, but all that actual evidence was pretty damning. I wouldn't be surprised if a lot of cops were getting paid off by OJ, which is why they never really went very far when they were called to the house by Nicole. by Anonymous reply 237 02/13/2016 Too bad Fuhrman was a racist and lied on the stand, to be caught out by Bailey for the defense. The jury might otherwise have overlooked that, but with all the evidence being circumstantial and some other missteps by the prosecution, the acquittal was no surprise by Anonymous reply 238 02/13/2016 Fuhrman was working on a book with that woman. I thought the excuse was Fuhrman was in character as a racist cop, suggesting dialogue for the book. Although the woman testified he was a racist, right? How did they get the tapes? by Anonymous reply 239 02/13/2016 She was taping their phone convos with his knowledge...and it was a movie script they were working on. I think we all have disdain for Fuhrman's racism. Having said that, the guy is very sharp. His book is one of my favorites of the OJ murder rehashes. If he had not had a prior history with Nicole, I think he could have been a prosecutor's dream. But the defense knew he adored Nicole and hated OJ, so they went on an elaborate fishing expedition looking for a way to discredit Fuhrman.....and boy did they find the golden bass. Goodbye case. reply 240 02/13/2016 [quote]I wouldn't be surprised if a lot of cops were getting paid off by OJ, which is why they never really went very far when they were called to the house by Nicole. He didn't have to pay them. In the straight guy sports world, he was legend. That's why they never arrested him when he hit Nicole. Another reason his out of control ego knew he could kill her and get away with it. by Anonymous reply 241 02/13/2016 Fuhrman's racism became a big talking point of the trial. There was even 1 point when Fuhrman tried to deny racism by saying he had flirted with Vanity one time after pulling her over for speeding in the early 80s. Vanity did confirm the incident when the press called her about it, saying she successfully flirted with him and exchanged numbers to get out of getting a ticket. She said that Fuhrman didn't know she was black though as many people early in her career thought she was Latina (not a race I know but many people back then thought of it as 1 race). There was even talk briefly about having her testify during the case but eventually the idea was nixed. by Anonymous [quote]but with all the evidence being circumstantial DNA evidence is circumstantial? reply 243 02/13/2016 Every type of evidence other than direct eye witness is circumstantial. Which is ironic since eye witness evidence has wrongly convicted more men than anything. Most attorneys prefer a good circumstantial case. by Anonymous reply 244 02/13/2016 Furman wrote a pretty terrific book about the Martha Moxley murder. Too bad he's a racist piece of shit. Personally, I always thought OJ was guilty AND Furman planted the glove in an attempt to seal the deal. One doesn't necessarily preclude the other. by Anonymous reply 245 02/13/2016 [quote]Furman wrote a pretty terrific book about the Martha Moxley murder. Too bad he's a racist piece of shit. I haven't read any of Fuhrman's books. USA made a movie about his investigation of the Moxley murder. Chris Meloni played Furhman. It was a decent TV movie and Fuhrman was portrayed as being kind and sympathetic to Moxley's mother. by Anonymous I also suspected that Fuhrman planted the glove to cement the case. Now I kind of doubt it. by Anonymous reply 247 02/13/2016 [quote]Personally, I always thought OJ was guilty AND Furman planted the glove in an attempt to seal the deal. One doesn't necessarily preclude the other. For the millionth fucking time: when the glove was discovered, nobody had any idea where OJ was, or had been in the previous few hours. He could've been at some event with cameras all around him, for all the LAPD or anyone else knew at that moment. You don't plant evidence unless you know EXACTLY where the person you're trying to set up was in the time frame in question. by Anonymous reply 248 02/13/2016 Vince Bugliosi made the comment once that he could have convicted OJ with a legal pad and a pencil. I often wonder how different this case would have turned out if he had still been an LA DA. by Anonymous Didn't Bugliosi do some mock trial of the case and mock jury still acquitted? by Anonymous reply 250 02/13/2016 Furman's interview with Oprah in 2010 was very good. She could have held him up longer for the racist he is and how much that played in outcome of the case, but for Oprah she did a good job. Furman had a lot of interesting and damning things to say about Marcia Clark, Darden and especially Van Adder. Furman is still such a cop, but a very sharp one. The whole interview is at the link, though the first 5 minutes are just clips. For the poster who was so agitated about the blonde hairs found on Ron Goldman, it is mentioned in this interview. Murder in Brentwood is definitely worth reading, though I am done with all that stuff now. Marcia Clark is the most dishonest of all the main characters to me post trial. She got a lot of fancy dinner party invitations during this trial. Though she completely fucked the trial up, people mistook her for some seeker of justice. She was way over her head and staggeringly inept, so she wrote the obligatory book full of rationalizations and excuses, bought herself a new face and a better life. Reality TV. by Anonymous reply 251 02/13/2016 Marcia Clarke was a cocky bitch. She prosecuted Rebecca Schaeffer's killer and had some attention for that which went to her head. She fucked up the OJ case along with Christopher Darden. by Anonymous You are making generalizations about Marcia Clark based on a book by an idiotic racist?! by Anonymous reply 253 02/13/2016 R251 I agree with your assessment of Fuhrman. He is extremely bright, and he expresses himself in a manner which belies his lack of formal education and his position in life. He has a decent job as a legal/crime talking head on Faux News, and I sometimes wonder what he might have done and been were it not for his odious racism. It's the one area in which he demonstrates stupidity. And he's not bad to look at either. He's one of those men who gets more attractive with age. by Anonymous reply 254 02/13/2016 R253, who said that? Clark's ineptitude was glaringly evident throughout the trial. Bugliosi skewers her in his book (also on YouTube). by Anonymous I would never read any book Fuhrman wrote. I wouldn't trust him as far as I could throw him. by Anonymous reply 256 02/13/2016 Well it seems to me the cops fucked up the crime scene investigation and then tried to cover their asses. I'm speaking about Canatter and Lange. THey were the seniors and I think Vanatter was Fuhrman's supervisor or at least superior in rank & seniority. It was obvious Vanatter was careless and lazy.I've sen this with civil servants. They want all the credit and the glory and shove other people aside and then they fuck everything up. by Anonymous reply 257 02/13/2016 R256 I understand, but it's too bad because it is an excellent and well written book. There is virtually nothing discussed in the general arena of racism. He mainly is dealing with the scientific evidence as well as the implosion of the State's case. But again, I know where you are coming from. by Anonymous And there was no racial element to the Martha Moxley case. r233, I like your posts, but you're driving me batty! It's "Vannatter"! Thank you, r254, for belling that cat! I watched Fuhrman because he was, fittingly for this saga, movie-star handsome! by Anonymous reply 259 02/14/2016 R112 - I've kind-of thought the same thing. Paulson's Marcia-hair looks too good and too healthy compared to the real Marcia's hair at that time. It's as though the staff of the show was looking at Marcia's hair circa the Rebecca Shaeffer murder trial* - which took place about 4 or 5 years before the O.J. trail and when Marcia's hair arguably looked healthier. *Remember when some obsessed stalker murdered the actress Rebecca Shaeffer at the front door of her L.A. home - in 1989? Marcia Clark was the prosecutor in that case - so, like Johnnie Cochran (Michael Jackson's lawyer during the first molestation imbroglio) - the public had glimpsed Clark years prior to the O.J. situation. by Anonymous reply 260 02/14/2016 With all this talk of Cuba Gooding Jr. being miscast...one idea is that Omar Gooding - Cuba's younger brother - may have been a better fit for the role. Omar is taller, I believe - and clearly bigger, and his voice comes at least a little closer to matching O.J.'s. At the very least - Omar would have been an interesting choice to play Al Cowlings. O.J. and A.C. did look somewhat similar at times - they had the same general characteristics - so the resemblance between Cuba and Omar could have been channeled to that end. by Anonymous R131 wins this thread for TRUTH. by Anonymous 02/14/2016 R261 Interesting. I think that I was the one who first mouthed off about the miscasting of Cuba in Part 1 of this thread. I mentioned the fact that his voice, looks and charisma were so lacking in comparison to OJ's. I feel completely validated now because Jane Velez Mitchell, who covered the trial for CNN along with Nancy "Screech Monkey" Grace. She was on Dr Drew Wed. night discussing the FX series and SHE said the exact same thing. Jane, the out lesbian no less, said that OJ's personal charisma and physical gifts made him almost impervious to potential criticism and media negativity during the pre-murder era. And that was my point: he was so dripping with charm that few people took the rumblings of domestic abuse seriously. Sure, I remember when his "nolo contrendre" plea was accepted by the judge, and he was sentenced to probation, but it was carried on page 4 of the sports section and frankly no one was interested. Cuba just can't get that across, because he is to OJ like David Spade is to Chris Hemsworth. Okay, that is an exaggeration, but still, I doubt that Cuba could have ever charmed the pants of America in his best (Jerry Maguire) year. OJ made it look easy. by Anonymous reply 263 02/14/2016 Many people on this thread the last thread the interwebs and in all the mainstream reviews of the ACS have commented on Cuba Gooding Jr. being miscast and a misfire as OJ. There were some good suggestions and photos posted on thread one of other actors who would have been a more believable (tall, dark, handsome, charismatic, powerful) and less distracting O.J. by Anonymous reply 264 02/14/2016 [quote]I think that I was the one who first mouthed off about the miscasting of Cuba in Part 1 of this thread. I mentioned the fact that his voice, looks and charisma were so lacking in comparison to OJ's. I feel completely validated now because Jane Velez Mitchell, who covered the trial for CNN along with Nancy "Screech Monkey" Grace. She was on Dr Drew Wed. night discussing the FX series and SHE said the exact same thing. Jane, the out lesbian no less, said that OJ's personal charisma and physical gifts made him almost impervious to potential criticism and media negativity during the pre-murder era. And that was my point: he was so dripping with charm that few people took the rumblings of domestic abuse seriously. Dude, Jane Velez Mitchell, Dr Drew? Really? Your protest is ridiculous. As you say, "OJ's personal charisma and physical gifts made him almost impervious to potential criticism and media negativity", Yeah that might be true, but that is the PUBLIC O.J. you saw. This show is about the private OJ and how he acted after the murder. That's what makes the whole story so sensational, people couldn't believe the OJ they knew could do this let alone beat the shit out of his wife. Anything in in front of the camera is mute. Jane Velez Mitchell wasn't in Kim's bedroom or the Bronco and the "charming" OJ wasn't either. by Anonymous reply 265 02/14/2016 It was a mistake to cast ANY well-known actor as OJ. There should have been a nation-wide search to discover a brilliant unknown talent, much as David O. Selznick did in his quest to find the perfect Scarlett O'Hara. Think of the publicity! by Anonymous reply 266 02/14/2016 Fuhrman acquits himself beautifully in the Oprah interview. Have any of you criticizing him watched it?? He's thoughtful, reasonable, modest and quite charming, not to mention damn sexy. Oprah is clearly smitten, and that's saying something. by Anonymous reply 267 02/14/2016 Kris likes having schluby, needy husbands. Robert and Bruce ultimately seem fairly similar. Well, sort of. I'm guessing she cheated with better looking, manlier guys. by Anonymous 02/14/2016 "Clark's ineptitude was glaringly evident throughout the trial." Um, no. The cops and prosecutors did their job - there was tons of evidence against OJ. If the jurors were retarded enough to believe in a massive conspiracy that was their problem. I'll never understand in a million years why people don't blame the jurors in cases like this where the evidence is obvious. You can lead a camel to water, but you can't make him drink. by Anonymous reply 272 02/14/2016 Thanks to the poster who posted the Fuhrman interview with Oprah, I highly recommend it. Fuhrman explained in detail exactly why the case got so fucked up by the cops and the prosecution. To put it briefly, Fuhrman's partner Brad Roberts discovered lots of evidence on the night of the murders such as the bloody socks and blood spatters in the maid's bathroom at OJ's house. That idiot Vanatter claimed he discovered the evidence because he wanted the lion's share of glory, and the whole thing got bungled, and much of the evidence was inadmissable as a result. Vanatter was a jackass, and Marcia Clark was in way over her head. Fuhrman also basically called Clark and Darden idiots for having OJ try on the glove. It's common knowledge that a leather glove that's been exposed to moisture such as blood and water is not going to retain its original size, and it was also sitting in an evidence locker that was not temperature-controlled for the better part of a year. Fuhrman so much as called Clark and Darden complete morons for the whole glove business. Anyway, that's only part of it. Watch the whole interview, Fuhrman explains what went wrong with everything on that case very succinctly. And yes, Oprah was obviously quite smitten with him. by Anonymous reply 273 02/14/2016 Fuhrman calling other people idiots? That's rich. I guess he won't take credit for hurting the case with his racism and lying, so he flings blame at others. And Oprah isn't smitten with him or any other man. by Anonymous reply 274 02/14/2016 Perhaps the intelligent Fuhrman figured that actual blood and DNA evidence would out-weigh any statements he might have made years before. Everybody for the prosecution, from witnesses to experts to lawyers, misread that jury. Only suave Johnny C. knew what would persuade: African-American male charm. And since OJ wasn't going to be put on the stand, JC decided that he himself would play that role. JC played to the jury ; Marcia Clark played to the television audience, changing her hair and clothing styles accordingly, but never impressing the jury. by Anonymous reply 275 02/14/2016 The thing about the glove: even if it hadn't deteriorated and shrunk, any idiot could make it look like they couldn't get a glove over their hand, even if it fit perfectly. The way he pretended to struggle with it and then smugly and arrogantly smiled while holding up his hand with the stuck glove was, like a lot of the rest of the trial, revolting and sickening. by Anonymous reply 276 02/14/2016 Especially while also wearing latex gloves and when he hadn't taken his arthritis medicine so his joints were swollen. by Anonymous 02/14/2016 Precisely, r276! Too bad psychology, the little gray cells, cannot be entered as evidence! Imagine you are innocent of the brutal slaying of the mother of your children, and were asked to PUT ON THE MURDERER'S GLOVE, a glove stained with the BLOOD of that unfortunate woman. Would you not recoil in horror and disgust at the very thought? Now, imagine that you were, indeed, guilty, and were offered the opportunity to make it look like your own glove didn't fit. You'd leap at the chance, smugly grinning all the while at the fools who allowed this. by Anonymous reply 278 02/14/2016 Yes, the most important fact of the glove fitting was that OJ was putting it on over a latex glove. The rubberiness would've resisted the leather with every wriggle. by Anonymous reply 279 02/14/2016 What kind of ice cream was melting in the bowl? I certainly hope it was really GOOD ice cream. It was Ben & Jerry's Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough. I remember cause it's my favorite ice cream. When I read that back when, I was like, of course. by Anonymous reply 280 02/14/2016 Not to mention that when OJ tried on the glove he had his fingers splayed apart. Nobody can put on gloves like that. by Anonymous reply 281 02/14/2016 And then we heard "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit!" about a million times from that smug, arrogant, lying Johnnie Cochran. Pure evil. by Anonymous That one line of doggerel killed the prosecution. by Anonymous reply 283 02/14/2016 The night he wore it, I'm sure OJ was sweating like crazy. Anyone knows that with a glove like, if you sweat a lot, it will feel smaller the next time you try it on. People who wear gloves for tennis and golf and sweat a lot can attest to that. It was a DUMB idea for the prosecution to think this would prove anything. by Anonymous reply 284 02/14/2016 You may hate me saying this, but I liked Johnny Cochoran. Of all the lawters on both sides, he seemed to really know what his job was and he did it without getting in his own way. I couldn't stand Bailey or Shapiro, and Clarke and Darden were a disgrace. Johnny C did what he was supposed to do. He defended his client. In fact, when you look at the mountain of evidence, Johnny did good work. He counted on three things: The incompentence of the LAPD ( he had a lot of experience with that part.) the race issue, and the incompetence of the prosecutors. He also knew better than anyone else how to play to the media. He found his villain, Mark Fuhrman, to buttress his race arguments, and that was the ballgame. He was the kind of lawyer I would've wanted if I ever needed a criminal defense attorney. by Anonymous R282 I would never call Cochran "evil". He was a defense lawyer. His job is to give his client the best possible defense and he did. Everyone is entitled to a defense. If you call him 'evil' then you have to call all defense lawyers 'evil'. by Anonymous reply 291 02/14/2016 Schwimmer was an awful pick to play Kardashian. I've been trying to think of other actors and I think Michael Imperioli could have been better for the role. by Anonymous reply 292 02/14/2016 What r285 said -- my dad served on a civil case jury where JC was lead defense attorney and when he was named to the OJ team, Dad said not to bother to root against OJ -- he would walk. And he did. reply 293 02/14/2016 R265 Perhaps you misunderstood my post. My point was that the public OJ made it very difficult for the public to see him as an abuser. And my point in citing JVM was that even a woman who is not attracted to men sexually saw OJ as very attractive and charismatic. by Anonymous R290 Were you ever in Bob Kardashian's company prior to his death? I was, and in my opinion Schwimmer is not far off in his portrayal. by Anonymous reply 295 02/14/2016 [quote] I would never call Cochran "evil". He was a defense lawyer. His job is to give his client the best possible defense and he did. Yeah and that definition has been perverted to "get my client off, no matter what". The days of the evidence be overwhelming, and pleading out is long gone. by Anonymous reply 296 02/14/2016 I thought the second episode took a big quality drop from the first. Cuba Gooding Jr is not a good enough actor to carry me through 10 rewarmed episodes by Anonymous reply 297 02/14/2016 R296, it was a double murder charge. What possible incentive was there for "pleading out?" Were the People offering manslaughter and five years? by Anonymous reply 298 02/14/2016 This would be a great binge show, but it's going to move too slowly for people familiar with the case. At least judging from the underwhelming second episode. The people ignoring it now, planning to binge it later, are the lucky ones. by Anonymous reply 299 02/14/2016 If the knife did belong to Nicole, then I could see the following scenario: OJ, dressed in black, comes over to creep outside her windows (like he'd done before) to see if she's fucking someone since she blew him off at the recital, she goes to walk the dog with the knife as protection, catches OJ, and he snaps. And Goldman shows up with his exquisitely bad timing. by Anonymous reply 300 02/14/2016 r299 I said as much in the other thread. This is exactly the kind of show that Netlflix should've done, because a fast-paced show like this is made for binge-watching. This isn't the kind of show that a lot of people have the patience to have stretched out over several months. Consumer tastes have changed, but the networks have been really slow to catch on. by Anonymous reply 301 02/14/2016 I think Malcolm Jamal Warner would have made the better OJ. He's way more likable than Gooding. Gooding was good during the Bronco meltdown, though--I remember how ridiculously contrite OJ acted, like if he was a good boy, he could make it all go away. by Anonymous reply 302 02/14/2016 R301, I take your point that many people (including me) wish we could watch as many episodes of whatever we're interested in back-to-back and all at once. But is that really the model for all media going forward? Truthfully, there was more buzz about How to Get Away with Murder last year, and Serial, because they all built over a period of weeks or months. I don't watch Scandal or The Good Wife, but I hear people talking about those shows all the time. There's no "Jesus, did you see last night's House of Cards?" Maybe a slow rollout and being patient is part of growing up? We don't get the next three Avengers or Star Wars movies all at once either by Anonymous Do you seriously think in the future all mini-series won't be shown for binge-watching? by Anonymous 02/14/2016 It could've happened that way, R300. MAkes sense. This is what I understand from what I've read/heard. He killed her first, Ron came up on i,t and he did Ron. But the I read she had blunt force trauma to her head. It made me consider that he knocked her out, she fell, Ron came up on them, there was a struggle between ron & O J, he slashed Ron's throat, then finished off Nicole. But none of those scenarios answer how she came to be outside. You just did. She might have taken the dog out and may have had a knife with her as protection. It was interesting that Fuhrman told Oprah that he would say to OJ, "I know you didn't go to that house with the intention of killing them." by Anonymous reply 305 02/14/2016 I want to add my thumbs up for the suggestion that this would have moved so much better in a binge watching format. While I was mesmerized by episode 1, episode 2 had me nodding off. That was the same way that "Making a Murderer" moved for me(although the lags were few and far between.) If we could watch the episodes when we chose to, I would have quickly moved on to episode 3 which very likely would have had me back in the game. Unfortunately now, I was so disappointed with Gooding's portrayal of OJ as a whiny ninny, I have very low expectations for the series overall. And for those who will say, "OJ was a whining ninny. We just never got to see that side of him." Um, no, Anyone on the inside knows that he led the Dream Team the entire way through the trial. JC was the head coach, but OJ was the General Manager....and JC did what OJ advised him to do in many instances even when his requests were at odds with Cochran's wishes and instincts. Gooding cannot come close to exhibiting the qualities which made OJ who he was; and as I said before, those qualities were what allowed him to get away with the unthinkable for most of his life. Even those who LOATHE the man admit that he was brilliant in manipulating and keeping others under his "spell." by Anonymous reply 306 02/14/2016 The thing that I find upsetting is that OJ was clearly a psychopath and a dangerous, unstable man and his lawyers had to know they were unleashing a monster on us. by Anonymous reply 307 02/14/2016 Isn't that the truth r307! If I knew a man was a psychopath and a murderer, I could not participate in a process that would let him be a free man and not be put away. What if he killed someone else later on? I couldn't live with that on my conscience. That's what I've never understood about defense attorneys who KNOW that their client is guilty - how can they live with themselves when they're a) working to make sure their client walks and is a free man and b) what if he kills another innocent person once he's out again? I don't know how they can bear that. But then again, I'm not corrupt and dishonest. by Anonymous reply 308 02/14/2016 It wasn't Cochran who won the case, it was juror consultant JoEllen Demetrius. Dominick Dunne sagely said that of all people, she completely understood the value of stupidity. by Anonymous reply 309 02/14/2016 I think the problem with the OJ story being rolled out weekly is that we already know both the outcome and so many details of the case. There's no excitement over what might happen because we know. The real story moved along much faster in real time than how it's unfolding in the weekly format. I think everyone feels inpatient because you could immerse yourself in the story back when it happened since it was continuous fodder for the 24-hour news channels. Now, we just want to immerse ourselves in the story as a whole. by Anonymous reply 310 02/14/2016 He took his own knife, FGS. And Fuhrman's guess notwithstanding, OJ went to kill. His snubbing by Nicole earlier that day at the kid's recital topped off his rage. He knew the route, assessed the time needed (he had learned to quickly and quietly slit a throat for his upcoming TV show), and figured Chicago would be a perfect alibi. Pre-meditated. by Anonymous reply 311 02/14/2016 R308, your quaint view of the court system, let alone your notion that guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is apparently too high a test when you know he's really guilty, so who cares about proof and reliability of evidence and such.... I hope you're never accused of something you didn't do. And if you ever do something and are accused, I hope you get a good defense lawyer who puts the prosecutor to her proof by Anonymous reply 312 02/14/2016 But did he go to kill, or did he go slash her tires? That happened before and they suspected OJ. This is one part of the story I do sort of believe. His MO was to get back at Nicole for her treatment at the recital but not to kill her. by Anonymous reply 313 02/14/2016 I also doubt that OJ planned to slaughter Nicole with his children present at the Bundy Condo. Not because he was a great father, but it was far too risky. by Anonymous reply 314 02/14/2016 The dog had a leash on that he had been dragging through the blood when he was found. I guess we can't know for sure if he was actively being walked when the attack occurred or if it was pre- or post-walk. I think taking the dog out is probably the sole reason Nicole was outside. I tend to not think the killer or Ron rang her bell. Whether the knife belonged to Nicole or OJ, I'm not sure. It was quite the coincidence he bought that huge knife 3 weeks before and it vanished into thin air, right? However, there's that alleged statement “If she hadn’t opened that door with a knife in her hand, Mike, she’d still be alive.” Of course, OJ's a liar and many of the people trying to make a buck off the killing are, too, so there's that... I don't know why I feel the need to know the details of the killing. Obviously, I'm not alone. It's sad, but when I die, and if life's mysteries are actually revealed, I hope I know what happened to Nicole and Jon-Benet Ramsey. What priorities I have! by Anonymous reply 315 02/14/2016 [quote]when I die, and if life's mysteries are actually revealed, I hope I know what happened to Nicole and Jon-Benet Ramsey. What priorities I have! All to the good. Please just remember to post to us back here with the answers, and while you're at it...who really killed JFK, what's the deal with those so-called "contrails" in the sky, and since we know they got a hell of a band up there, who's singing lead these days? by Anonymous R316 Contrails are the natural product of jet aircraft as the fly through the atmosphere. CHEMTRAILS are a cause celebre among the conspiracy theory crowd. A very smart DLer who is in the field of science once explained clearly why it would be impossible for any evil overlords to be nefariously spraying the atmosphere with deadly chemicals in order to bring about some desired effect. While I cannot remember the exact reasoning, he basically said that one cannot poison a bunch of people by dumping a few hundred gallons of toxic material into the Atlantic Ocean. Apparently spraying the open sky with toxic chemicals would similarly have no effect. by Anonymous reply 317 02/14/2016 r312 it's a question of knowing a man is guilty 100% and still trying to get him off, nothing ambiguous about it. No reasonable doubt. by Anonymous reply 318 02/14/2016 Kardashian was probably counting on the prosecution not fucking it up so badly, as is well detailed by r151's link. by Anonymous [quote]Jesus, I forgot that Frank Gifford died! Clearly I need to try harder. by Anonymous reply 323 02/14/2016 Interestingly, OJ's 2 kids with Nicole are still close to him, despite the tug-of-war for custody OJ and Nicole's parents/sisters had until 2000. OJ even helped daughter Sydney move into BU when she went there starting in 2007 (he would go to jail in 2008). It's just fascinating since Nicole's parents and sisters maintain that OJ was the killer and the 2 kids were raised by both OJ and Nicole's family. I don't blame them though-they already lost 1 parent and don't want to lose a relationship with the other too. It must be too hard for them to believe without videotape that their father did it. by Anonymous reply 324 02/14/2016 Cuba Gooding also said on The View that he cheered when the O.J. verdict came in. Yes a lot of black people did, but not all. Oprah joked in the interview I posted above that if a man you were dating believed Simpson was innocent, it was time to ask for the cheque and get your ass home. I am not feeling Cuba Jr. at all as O.J. Here his equally talented and exuberant father "sings" the national anthem. The family resemblance is striking, but there is none to Simpson. Enjoy! by Anonymous Travolta playing Robert Sharpio comes off even more smarmy than the real Robert Sharpio ever did. by Anonymous reply 330 02/14/2016 I agree that Nicole looked older than 34. I never found her to be all that hot, but apparently there was something about her which straight men found extremely sexy. One of my favorite stories concerning my late dad was when we were taking a car trip from our cabin to Lake Louise in the summer of '96, I suggested that we all name who would be our "hall pass" dream partner. I said David Letterman(I know I know), my Mom said Rod Taylor circa 1965, and my dad said "the recently deceased Mrs. Simpson." Mind you he was 82. by Anonymous [quote]and my dad said "the recently deceased Mrs. Simpson." Maybe Daddy was really into the Duchess of Windsor. by Anonymous reply 332 02/14/2016 Cuba Gooding Sr. was lead singer for The Main Ingredient. They had several hits back in the day. He was extremely fine.While Jr resembles him, he is definitely not as good looking Sr. Had a very mellow voice too. by Anonymous reply 333 02/14/2016 Elizabeth Wurtzel wrote one of her meth addled essays about the golden trophy beauty prize of Nicole Brown Simpson. I remember her saying that all three Brown sisters had breast implants, lived off OJ and their parents and none of them had attended college. Nicole's kind of cheap Vivid Video porn hotness played into the trial too, I have no doubt. Poor woman. by Anonymous reply 334 02/14/2016 I think Nicole's life style in addition to being a sun worshipper, she drank, she did drugs, I don't know if she was a smoker, but all that partying, and some guy using your face as a punching bag often and repeatedly, will take a toll on your looks. So will stress, and if he was stalking her and kicking in the door to her house as he did in that 911 call, there was definitely stress by Anonymous reply 335 02/14/2016 What's with the binge bitching. Christ, DVR the thing and watch when it's over or On Demand it. by Anonymous reply 336 02/14/2016 Binge watching has changed the way people watch tv. In fact, many people aren't even watch tv shows on an actual television anymore. It's not going to go away. by Anonymous reply 337 02/14/2016 Some people here have possibly never felt rage, jealous, unquenchable "Othello" rage, the physically overwhelming blood-rush inside that needs a violent act to be expelled: throwing something; smashing glass; punching a wall; hitting out at a person. The kind that can be suddenly triggered, perhaps by seeing candles lit for a presumptive lover and strengthened by the woman's wearing a short "little black dress". OJ used his knife and not his fists this time, to finally rid himself of the source of his terrible fury, this woman he just couldn't quit, who belonged to him still in his mind. My guess is OJ needed the terrible fight for life with Ron to, in a real physical sense, calm himself. But then, in the cold light of dawn, at some point OJ realized that, though he would never be overwhelmed by a jealous rage again, Nicole would never return to him; he hadn't really "won." Thus, thoughts of suicide, the conquest of all emotion. In both moments, there were no thoughts of his children, at least, none that mattered. Hard to believe, but such incredulity is the realm of the rational. OJ hadn't lived there for awhile. But I maintain that he went with the determination to slay. One cannot ignore the gloves, the knife, the soft-soled shoes. But mostly the black gloves. Who would wear them merely to converse or even to peep? by Anonymous reply 338 02/15/2016 I should know this but......were both children really asleep upstairs and heard nothing during the murders? Did the dog not bark during all of the physical violence? Hard to imagine that was the case..... by Anonymous reply 339 02/15/2016 [quote]I should know this but......were both children really asleep upstairs and heard nothing during the murders? Did the dog not bark during all of the physical violence? Hard to imagine that was the case..... IIRC, the daughter said that she heard Nicole crying or yelling. The dog did bark during the murders which a neighbor heard while watching TV. by Anonymous reply 340 02/15/2016 Now that we know about the epidemic of football-related brain injuries among NFL players, it casts a new light on the OJ murders. Yes, he committed murder, but maybe he's not the evil villain he's been made out to be. by Anonymous reply 341 02/15/2016 Just remember, OJ did not play a position which is known for routine continuous head butts/hits. As a running back he was far more likely to be dragged down to the turf from behind. I'm not saying that it's impossible, but if you follow the sports news, the former players who have committed suicide or been autopsied and shown to have had the damage, most all of them have been defensive or offensive linemen. The one exception would be Frank Gifford, who was a back, if in fact KLG was telling the truth. by Anonymous reply 342 02/15/2016 How did the daughter hear anything if she was found sound asleep? In the book if I did it Simpson lays out exactly what happens on the night of the murder. I tend to believe his version minus "Charlie". by Anonymous reply 343 02/15/2016 I wonder if those poor kids had a drill. Were they instructed to go to their room until Nicole came and got them, not matter what they heard. There's no doubt in my mind O.J. killed her. I don't think he loved Nicole, as he claimed. I think she was the focus of all his rage, and especially since he had an obssessive need to control her. Control was majorly iportant to him. I read that when they fought, he said horrible things to her, and berated her and bullied her terribly. It would be logical to assume his kids, raised in that atmosphere, learned how to keep quiet and hide until the storm was over. Hearing there mother yelling and fighting was probably the soundtrack to their young lives. It wouldn't surprise me to discover that Nicole probably finally divorced him because as the kids were getting older they were being more noticeably affected by it all. by Anonymous reply 344 02/15/2016 Next episode, just a day away now. Here's the ep 3 synopsis. SPOILER WARNING, but not really if you're familiar with the case. Episode 3, titled “The Dream Team,” will pick up with O.J. in jail and Marcia Clark (Sarah Paulson) doing everything in her power to keep him there. According to the synopsis, the prosecutor will announce to the public that O.J. Simpson “has been charged” with the murder of his ex-wife and her friend. With potential death looming over his client’s head, Robert Shapiro (John Travolta) will run to F. Lee Bailey (Nathan Lane) for advice. The summary reveals that’s when Shapiro decides to put together “The Dream Team” — a high profile defense team made up of Bailey, Alan Dershowitz (Evan Handler), Robert Kardashian (David Schwimmer), Gerald Uelmen, John Yahoe and Carl E. Douglas. While creating an unbeatable team, Shapiro realizes that he needs Johnnie Cochran (Courtney B. Vance) on their side. But audiences know that John has no interest on taking on this case. “I like to win. [Simpson’s] case is a loser,” he said in the pilot episode when someone asked him if he would ever consider defending O.J. But it looks like Johnnie will change his tune when the charming athlete asks for his help in episode 3 of “The People v. O.J. Simpson.” by Anonymous 02/15/2016 R345 Granted I don't know much about court proceedings but isn't it odd to have 8 lawyers ? Why would you want that many? I would think it would be impossible for 8 lawyers to agree on the direction of the defense. by Anonymous reply 346 02/15/2016 R342, There have been several quarterbacks who claim to have brain injuries, and they see the least amount of contact on the field. Remember that helmets back then didn't provide the kind of protection that modern ones provide. It would only take one or two bad hits to do irreparable damage. by Anonymous reply 347 02/15/2016 Recently I saw some tape -I think it was the deposition for the civil trial, but not sure - where OJ admitted to leading up to the murder, several times he sneaked over to her house, hid outside, and looking through the windows - watching Nicole have sex with the owner of that restaurant. He mentioned blow jobs. He admitted to that! by Anonymous reply 348 02/15/2016 Since the Bundy Simpson children didn't testify in court, whoever claims the kids heard Nicole that night, whether the claimant is the child or some alleged adult confidante, comes under the category of "Dubious." The whisper-down-the-alley source for this is apparently a police report that has Sidney saying to Justin that she heard her mother's "best friend's voice and heard Mommy crying," but there is NO date or time attributed to this purported exchange. To me, it sounds like the kid overheard a fraught conversation between Nicole and Faye on some unknown date. by Anonymous reply 349 02/15/2016 A poster in another thread said that neighbor heard a male voice say "Hey, hey" or something like that on the night of the murder. It was believed to be Ron's voice. by Anonymous Are you kidding with this, R160? You might be - but sarcasm can get lost in cyberspace. If you went into a courtroom with that argument, you would get shredded. I think it's quite possible that O.J. is/was suffering from some degree of C.T.E. - perhaps along with side-effects from steroids (both anabolic and otherwise). by Anonymous reply 357 02/15/2016 R173 and R231, perhaps you had to have gotten into the books that were proliferating around the time of the trial and the trial aftermath to remember Kris. I became moderately familiar with Kris from reading the Sheila Weller book "Raging Heart" - as well as from reading the Faye Resnick book. Months after the verdict, I became a bit obsessed with the O.J. drama - and those two books were among the handful of books that I bought/read. I was a bit fascinated by the privileged (but troubled) world of O.J., Nicole and their circle....that whole breezy, moneyed L.A. lifestyle. by Anonymous reply 358 02/15/2016 Reading R174's post makes me feel so naive. All these years - and I had never thought about the possibility that Kaelin was a drug runner....though I had very recently wondered if the explanation that Nicole gave about Kato's moving in with O.J. added up. OF COURSE Kato was a drug runner! by Anonymous reply 359 02/15/2016 R297 - after viewing the first episode, I was quite excited for the second - but I agree - something about the 2nd episode was a let-down. Gooding's believability as O.J. didn't get any better; in fact, it seemed to only get worse. I think Cuba is a good actor - he is just miscast in this role, and didn't seem willing or able "bridge the gap" in terms of mannerisms, speech, and "aura" (like Will Smith did in "Concussion"; Smith looks nothing like the real-life doctor he is playing - but he bridges the gap at least somewhat via his performance). by Anonymous reply 360 02/15/2016 R347 I take it that you are not a big football fan huh? Quarterbacks are next to the top of the head injury food chain. The many concussions of Troy Aikman which caused him to retire when he still had a few good playing years in his tank is a perfect example. Now it is true that they are LESS vulnerable these days because of the NFL's "protect the QB at all costs" penalties which have been enacted since 2012. I am not saying that any position is safe from brain injury....I'm just saying that the nightmare cases and suicides we've seen over the past 10 years were almost exclusively relegated to men who hit with their heads; and RBs, WRs and QBs don't do that. by Anonymous They should have cast an unknown as OJ! by Anonymous reply 362 02/15/2016 I remember both Faye Resnick and Kris Jenner from the time of the trial because some entertainment shows focused on the celebrity connections and Nicole's friends. Of course, Resnick testified, but entertainment news shows in particular focused on Nicole's friends. Part of the interest is that Kris Jenner showed up with Bruce Jenner and sat on the prosecution's side and her ex-husband sat by OJ. Then there was talk about all of the cocaine partying on the fringes of celebrity that caught attention during the trial. by Anonymous reply 363 02/15/2016 R342 - I think running backs (the position that O.J. played) can take a lot of physical punishment, depending on their style-of-play. Tony Dorsett (similar type of running back to O.J.) is suffering mightily these days - and I think even joined the enormous class-action lawsuit against the N.F.L.. It is believed that Walter Payton (another running back) had C.T.E. - based on his erratic behavior and other mental issues post-retirement. I think fullbacks - who join running backs in the offensive backfield and often act as the running backs' personal battering rams/bodyguards - absorb a lot of punishment for running backs...but this doesn't discount the fact that the running back position can be quite punishing on one's body and brain. Besides - fullbacks are not always used. O.J. was a speedster with world-class running speed (in his prime, he might have made the Olympic team in track - or at least could have come close) - so he could run away from some of the dudes who were trying to knock him down. But the area around the line-of-scrimmage can still be a cauldron of punishment - and O.J. (like all running backs) took more than a few hard knocks. by Anonymous reply 364 02/15/2016 Why hasn't Al Cowlings ever spoken? Sh*t - he could have written a book. F*ck loyalty - your (hopefully former) bestie is a narcissistic psychopath who killed his ex-wife and a waiter. Plus he stole Marguerite from you - and you let that sh*t happen. Cowlings once dated Dionne Warwick - there may have been an obtuse reference to that in Episode Two of this show. by Anonymous reply 365 02/15/2016 I remember how - for about two years after the criminal verdict - cable TV news still sucked the udders of the O.J. Simpson saga. Show after show still obsessively made O.J. their primary subject. I think a sigh of relief was breathed when the civil trial officially started (which somewhat legitimized the continuing obsession). Washed-up actor Charles Grodin had a CNBC show that would crack me up - he was forced to maniacally rant about O.J. night after night (or at least he would suggest that he was forced). by Anonymous I can't picture Charles Grodin ranting maniacally. by Anonymous reply 367 02/15/2016 This highlight video suggests that O.J. didn't take a lot of hard hits - but keep in mind that these are *highlights*. What about the plays when O.J. was tackled at the line of scrimmage - or when some linebacker was able to get to him? It's still possible that he took his share of sub-concussive blows. But LOL at O.J. just running past everyone in this video - on the field, he Carl Lewised folks. This is another way to avoid some hits - they can't hit you if they can't catch you. by Anonymous reply 368 02/15/2016 Oh, but he did, R367. He would get that wild-eyed look and just tee off. CNBC would sit him in a chair, give him some loose guidelines, and just film the results. It was guilty-pleasure TV for someone who belatedly became obsessed with the case. by Anonymous reply 369 02/15/2016 Remember all of those '90s tabloid general interest shows (i.e. A Current Affair), and the trashtastic talk shows? All of these shows were combing over O.J. and Nicole's life for any "scoop" they could get - every day. I'm sure Kris Kardashian-Jenner and her crew were featured a lot on these shows. by Anonymous reply 370 02/15/2016 I also believe OJ could be a CTE sufferer. Shortly, after OJ's arrest for the murders, I watched an episode of 20/20, in which his first wife Marguerite Whitley was interviewed. She said that OJ was never abusive to her during their marriage. Maybe she was lying. Now with the research on CTE, I now wonder if OJ began suffering from CTE later on and that was the reason for his abusive nature with Nicole. by Anonymous Abusive only with Nicole, not before and not after, doesn't lend itself to any medical diagnosis. by Anonymous reply 372 02/15/2016 Marguerite Whitley could have said that out of fear after seeing what OJ probably did to Nicole. by Anonymous reply 373 02/15/2016 I'm not so sure, R372. His first wife wouldn't talk about it and Paula Barbieri got away from him, but never talked. I think they were scared of him. I have to wonder if someone will talk now that he's locked up. Of course he could get paroled couldn't he? His older kids probably have issues from living wiith him. I' also wonder if part of his rage with Nicole is because she wasn't Black. He semed especially violent with her. He was an abusive bully, so that tells me he probably slapped his other women around, too, but Nicole was singled out for "special treatment." He really hated her. Major control issues. As a good friend of mine once said, "You gotta know when he says, "I'm sorry, " but he really means, "Now, shut up." by Anonymous Those close to Marguerite know better. by Anonymous reply 376 02/15/2016 Black women don't hang around long for beatings and O.J. was not a world famous coke head when he was with his first wife. His first marriage was typical of many young athletes and some others who later become famous. He left her when he became rich and more sophisticated, his market value had risen. O.J. moved on up to his blonde white trophy wife. Stop trying to rationalize Simpson's pathology. He was a classic wife abuser who murdered Nicole when she finally was able to break free for good. They had quite a dance going on before that. Of course he "loved" her. Used to love her, had to kill her. by Anonymous R377 is absolutely spot on. by Anonymous reply 378 02/15/2016 He said he loved her but I don't think so. I think by the time of the divorce, there was nothing left resembling love. OJ was obssessed with Nicole. In his mind he did everything to please her, take care of her, gave her father a job, helped out her family etc. Hell in his mind he was the Golden Goose, and his fame brought her a lot of perks she never appreciated. THeir lifestyle didn't lend itself to building a strong mariage. They partied a lot did drugs, especially cocaine. There were rumors she had an affair with Marcus Allen another football player and a friend of O.J.s. He felt she was still beyond his control. What kind of love is it that allows a man to bring other women into the family home and fuck them while his wife is in the house, then beat the shit out of her when she confronts him . He actuallyi picks her up and throws her outside in the bushes and she is bruised and bloody on her hands and knees with mud and dirt all over her face and hands and clothes when the police arrive. He did that to her twice that they mentioned. by Anonymous 02/16/2016 So it's easier to believe your own assumptions. Okay. He abused Nicole because she wasn't Black?! Oh, my stars and garters! What idiocy. His first wife would be in fear after the murders? Bwahaha! No. OJ abused Nicole out of obsession. He wasn't obsessed with others; that's why everyone not Nicole or her friends. saw only his charm. by Anonymous reply 380 02/16/2016 [quote]I have to wonder if someone will talk now that he's locked up. Of course he could get paroled couldn't he? From Wikipedia [quote]Simpson was found guilty of all ten charges. On December 5, 2008, Simpson was sentenced to 33 years in prison with eligibility for parole in nine years (in October 2017). He is currently incarcerated at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada. by Anonymous reply 381 02/16/2016 With abusers it's not uncommon to single out one person for special hell. I am saying there was a special quality to his violence with Nicole. He was an abusive person and I don't think anyone was exempt including his first wife, his girl friends, etc. But with Nicole he became very irrational, crazed.His verbal and p[sychological abuse of her was really ugly. It was a form of violence all by itself. But when you add the physical violence, he wanted to destroy her. And he did. by Anonymous reply 382 02/16/2016 Y'all need to remember that he "found" Nicole when she was a green as grass 18 year old cocktail waitress. He literally took her from suburban humdrum life to a rather glitzy existence in a matter of weeks. In his mind, he discover her, molded her into the woman he wanted and he "owned" her. When she exhibited signs of independence(fucking Marcus Allen was the apex of that) he could not abide it. Had she remained "his" snow queen in his home doing what he wanted, I doubt that any of the domestic abuse and final violence would have occurred. I know women right now who are basically Nicole 2.0 and god help them if they ever grow a brain. by Anonymous reply 383 02/16/2016 "Hard Copy" - that's the name of another show that had its heyday in the '90s that I was trying to think of earlier. For a time, these shows should have added O.J. and Nicole's names as subtitles. by Anonymous reply 384 02/16/2016 I remember how Hard Copy, A Current Affair, and American Journal were scrambling for various stories related to the OJ case. by Anonymous reply 385 02/16/2016 Those shows hitched their wagons to Tonya Harding and O.J. Simpson like no shows ever had. It made you wonder how those shows ever survived before those psychos went psycho. by Anonymous 02/16/2016 "Black women don't hang around long for beatings" Good God, where did you come up with that? Janay Rice and Rihanna might disagree. Not only did they hang around, they came back. Stats on domestic violence in the AA community are notoriously hard to come by but the ones that are gathered are shocking. AAs have a domestic violence homicide rate four times that of whites. by Anonymous reply 387 02/16/2016 Yeah, I remember the heavy coverage during the Tonya/Nancy fiasco. Various people connected to the players in Tonya/Nancy and OJ sagas popped up on those shows. I think it was Hard Copy that did an entire episode on Lance Ito. They interviewed childhood friends, law school classmates and old neighbors. With Tonya Harding, the daytime news magazine shows used to send out crews to film her practices at the shopping mall rink. The Selena murder trial was covered by daytime news magazine shows for awhile. The coverage wasn't as in depth as the OJ trial. by Anonymous reply 388 02/16/2016 [quote]I remember how Hard Copy, A Current Affair, and American Journal were scrambling for various stories related to the OJ case. Don't forget E!'s wall-to-wall OJ coverage with Kathleen Sullivan. That was basically what put them on the map. And now the Kardashians keep them on the map. Time is a circle. by Anonymous reply 389 02/16/2016 Star Jones, Greta Van Susteren and Dan Abrams all became familiar faces on TV with the OJ trial. by Anonymous reply 390 02/16/2016 "Had she remained "his" snow queen in his home doing what he wanted, I doubt that any of the domestic abuse and final violence would have occurred" R383 this is not true. He was an abuser and a control freak. Everything you said was true up, until this conclusion. But you have hit on a very important aspect of domestic violence: That's the problem with victims. They think they can control the situation. They think if they do or say something, or not do or say something, they can avoid the abuse. They can't. You nailed it when you said she was as green as grass and he "owned" her., and that once she began to show some independence, (and it didn't have to be extreme behavior, like having an affair") he went off on her. My guess is that once she started having kids she was more assertive and confident, and he escalated his abusive behavior. His emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse was always part of their lives. His possessiveness and need to control, was always there, and became increasingly worse. This is a pattern with all abusers and all victims. by Anonymous reply 391 02/16/2016 The key thing for domestic violence victims to realize, is that the abuser is never going to stop, or "change" except to get worse. The victim cannot stop or change the abuser's behavior. The victim must remove themselves from that situation. Abusers are often profusely apologetic, even to giving extravagant gifts, etc. or making a big show of "reformng." And the abuser's most consistent line of argument is always that it was some external that "made them do it." It is never their fault they never take responsibility. They were drunk, or they had a bad day at work, or they had an argument with someone else , or, most often, the victim is blamed. If only the victim would do this, or stop doing that, the abuser wouldn't get so angry. So he is saying to his victim " it's really your behavior that is responsible, so you have to deal with that, it's not on me." by Anonymous reply 392 02/16/2016 One last thing: For some reason, in a lot of domestiv ciolence cases, it is pregnancy or the birth of children that triggers more extreme responses. The reason I'm "up " on this stuff is that I have a sister who was once married to a monster. She was his punching bag. They were married for 14 years and had dated for 3 before that. It was really difficult to pry her away from that environment and I had to give her support and try to understand what was going on in her head. They were middle class people, and while he was always a pig to her, I saw his violence escalate once their two kids were born. He wouldn't let her work and sabotaged every effort she had to take classes when she wanted to go back to school. He controlled all their finances, and he was a horrible horrible man. He's moved out of state and has another wife to slap around now. Never sees his kids. We're fine with that. I hope he gets cancer or "dies in a grease fire." by Anonymous reply 393 02/16/2016 [quote]Star Jones, Greta Van Susteren and Dan Abrams all became familiar faces on TV with the OJ trial. Too bad Kate McKinnon couldn't play Greta on this show like she does on SNL. by Anonymous 02/16/2016 R387, Janay Rice also defended her man saying in essence "I deserved it." OJ and Nicole weren't done with each other. They still played games with each other. They were still connected. Tragic. by Anonymous reply 395 02/16/2016 OJ's first parole hearing will be in '17. I wonder how Sydney and Justin feel about this. Once he's out, no doubt he'll be coming to their doorsteps. by Anonymous reply 396 02/16/2016 The poster who said OJ had amazing charm was correct. My sister met him briefly several years ago (after the murders) at a ski resort in Colorado. She and her husband and some friends went into a crowded bar. The husbands went to get drinks and the ladies went to look for a table. The found some room at the end of a long table. They asked if it was OK to sit at the end of the table. My sister didn't realize it a first, but OJ and some friends (men and women) were at the other end. My sister said OJ said for my sister and her friends to absolutely sit at the table and made some of his friends move to give my sister and her friends more room. OJ then offered to buy the ladies some drinks and appetizers. She said all of the girls, despite knowing he killed two people, were under a bit of a trance, as he was so nice and charming. When the husbands came back and saw it was OJ at the end of a table with some used cutlery in front of him, they freaked the fuck out and made the group change tables. by Anonymous reply 397 02/16/2016 The other thing that probably exacerbated O.J.'s violent tendencies was his sense of entitlement, of always being the "king," being catered to, and having his every need attended. The charm & good manners would evaporate if he wasn't given his due.The king's benevolence was based on your acknowlegeing his superiority. Dismiss him at your peril, especially if you were a woman. I wonder WEHT Paula Barbieri? Also, I read or heard somewhere back when all this stuff was going on, or maybe it was around the time of the "Las Vegas caper" that landed him in jail, that O.J. had mob connections, whatever that means. Anyone else hear that? by Anonymous reply 398 02/16/2016 [quote]The other thing that probably exacerbated O.J.'s violent tendencies was his sense of entitlement, of always being the "king," being catered to, and having his every need attended. The charm & good manners would evaporate if he wasn't given his due. His sense of entitlement over Nicole was also reinforced by his generosity with the Browns. IIRC, he employed a number of her family members including her father (either that or he gifted him with a Hertz franchise). He thought she was beholden. Just found this old LA Times article about how thoroughly OJ pulled all the strings in the relationship and with the Brown family by Anonymous 02/16/2016 [quote]I also believe OJ could be a CTE sufferer. How many thousand of ex-football players, getting hit season after season went on to cut off their wife's head? [quote] I watched an episode of 20/20, in which his first wife Marguerite Whitley was interviewed. She said that OJ was never abusive to her during their marriage. It's called alimony. reply 400 02/16/2016 [quote]How many thousand of ex-football players, getting hit season after season went on to cut off their wife's head? If only there could've been just ONE more. by Anonymous DailyMail did a WEHT Paula Barbieri article this week. She's married to a judge. They have a 13 y/o daughter and live in Florida. I found it interesting that she wrote OJ a Dear John letter the day of the murders. She left him to rekindle a romance with Michael Bolton. That had to have fueled some anger with OJ. by Anonymous reply 403 02/16/2016 What kind of a crackpot therapist did Nicole go to? I didn't know about this interlude that occurred less than a year before he killed her. [quote]But about 18 months after leaving Simpson, she began seeing a counselor, one friend said, a man they had all heard about in Aspen who specialized in group therapy. "We all went for a couple of months," the friend said, "and then Nicole went for the intensive, which was about $4,000, where she would go every day for, like, a month." When she emerged, the friend said, she announced that she had made a decision: "She called me up and said, 'I want my husband back.' " "She called O.J. up," the friend said. He refused to take the call, "so she drove over there in just her zoris and a little summer shift." He told her he was doing fine without her, but when she got home, he called to say he had changed his mind and wanted to reconcile. [quote]"She called O.J. up," the friend said. He refused to take the call, "so she drove over there in just her zoris and a little summer shift." He told her he was doing fine without her, but when she got home, he called to say he had changed his mind and wanted to reconcile. Before long, their relationship was tempestuous again. "He broke the back door down to get in," she pleads on a widely aired 911 tape from Oct. 25, 1993. "He's f------ going nuts. . . . He's going to beat the s--- out of me." by Anonymous reply 404 02/16/2016 Right now I cannot think of the name of the therapist R404. She was a semi=famous author of some self help book, that much I remember. She was interviewed ad nauseum on the various shows during the trial. If it comes to me, I'll get back to ya. What's weird is that I can see her face in my head, but there is no Google feature which can help me with that. by Anonymous So basic cable can now get away with saying motherfucker? by Anonymous reply 419 02/16/2016 I did not need to hear those 911 tapes again. Remember how they played them over and over and over? I think I have them memorized. Just chilling. by Anonymous 02/16/2016 R419 I was surprised too, for FX. Even on Nip/Tuck, where they said everything, they never said "fuck" or "cunt." by Anonymous reply 421 02/16/2016 O.J. needed to be famous. I was struck by his quote in that article about Nicole and how he said she came along at a very difficult time as his football career was ending. That had to send him round the bend too, and he was already a piece of shit. Of course he had a lot of endorsement deals, and celebrity appearances, and being a sportscaster and the movies he was in with Leslie Nielson. But Football really defined him. All those pro sports jocks think they're superman with all the adulation and deference in how they're treated. I don't care how much they deny it, Nicole had to worry about leaving him when her family was on his payroll. I wouldn't be a bit surprised if they discouraged her from leaving. Not Denise, but probably her mother told her to try and make the best of it or some such shit. If her mother knew. The Nicole article was really good. I was especially struck by how she hid things from her friends. How she would abruptly cancel social outings because she was beaten and bruised, black eyes, etc. and didn't want anyone to see her. Victims often feel shame. Isn't that something. I hate O.J. I don't think I'll watch the rest of it. Or maybe I will wait until they get into the trial. by Anonymous reply 422 02/16/2016 So are they going right into the trial next episode? There was a really crucial preliminary hearing that helped the defense team shape their attack on the evidence. I hope they show some of that. Travolta as Shapiro seems to have toned it down a bit. Or maybe I'm just getting used to his portrayal of Shapiro's mannerisms. I'm really liking his portrayal. by Anonymous reply 423 02/16/2016 [quote]Travolta as Shapiro seems to have toned it down a bit. Or maybe I'm just getting used to his portrayal of Shapiro's mannerisms. I'm really liking his portrayal. I also think he toned it down. Maybe Murphy told him to. by Anonymous reply 424 02/16/2016 That one recording of Nicole's 911 call on youtube is quite chilling. No doubt this was an inevitability and she seemed to know it. by Anonymous I kind of remember hearing "cunt" on AHS. by Anonymous reply 426 02/16/2016 [quote]OJ's first parole hearing will be in '17. I wonder how Sydney and Justin feel about this. Once he's out, no doubt he'll be coming to their doorsteps. Radar Online ran an article about Syndey's ex boyfriend a couple of years ago. The ex boyfriend said that Sydney doesn't believe that OJ killed her mother. He said that Sydney and her siblings call OJ all the time and they go out and visit him. There have been other stories about OJ's daughter Arnelle receiving his NFL pension checks and spending the money. by Anonymous reply 427 02/17/2016 Sounds like Sydney's FORMER boyfriend tried to pressure her to go public. I'm sure he would've received a "commission" for getting her "set up" with the right people to tell her story. There is nothing to begained by her telling her story. She is wise to keep her own counsel and buils her life away from the spotlight.I can understand her needing to believe her father did not murder her mother.Bless her and keep her safe from predators of all kinds, especially those who prey on the notoriety and want to cash in at her expense.. by Anonymous reply 428 02/17/2016 What is the guy even saying here? That he was tired of listening to her and her siblings talk about their mother's murder? [quote]Lee and Sydney broke up because of the increasing demands of his music career, but he says, “There’s no hard feelings on either side. I want to see her happy, and if this can motivate her to speak out, I hope it really does. My whole thing is, I was always tired of her and her brothers and sisters crying over spilled milk. You can’t let the world beat you up, especially when you didn’t ask to be here.” Anyway, good for her for not speaking out and seeking a life away from celebrity. It sounds like she's a smart and well-grounded young woman. by Anonymous They really are milking the Karadashian kids angle. It i ruining the show for me. by Anonymous reply 436 02/17/2016 Then don't watch it. The Kardashian kids were in one brief scene. If that's too much for you to handle, you obviously aren't that interested in the mini-series. I may have to stop watching because as someone who was in their 30s and watched all of this as it happened, it's very upsetting to watch that evil happen all over again. Cochran and Simpson especially. Hearing those 911 tapes again was more than I could take. by Anonymous reply 437 02/17/2016 Jeffrey Toobin, who wrote the book that the show is based on, was in the courtroom so he witnessed if the jury reacted one way or another to the evidence or events in the courtroom. It'll be weird to see "the jury" in the show in the coming weeks since they were so hidden at the time. by Anonymous reply 438 02/17/2016 I'm sure I am not the first person to say this, but I think the inclusion of the Kardashian kids and Kris is just Murphy's attempt to give some relevance to the tale for the Millennials who were too young to be familiar or attached to OJ's story in any way. I agree with the poster @R437 that so far the inclusion of them has been minimal, and far from distracting for me. I mean, it's not like Murphy has shot a scene of some random Kardashian kid's birthday party which Bob attended just to give more camera time and attention to the familial tie in. I am far from a fan of the tribe, but I found that one scene in Ep. 3 actually added a bit to the story. The concept of "being famous is not a goal in life" was priceless when being spoken to the three most fame hungry females in the media at this time. It also makes one wonder IF Bob had lived, would all of the Kardashian foolishness ever have happened? Probably, but ya never know. by Anonymous reply 439 02/17/2016 I think the biggest takeaway from that scene was that suddenly, Kardashian was famous. He had no idea. It pointed out where in the timeline everything about that case started to be part of our everyday lives. by Anonymous reply 440 02/17/2016 [quote]I may have to stop watching because as someone who was in their 30s and watched all of this as it happened, it's very upsetting to watch that evil happen all over again. MARY!!!! reply 441 02/18/2016 I agree, r441. Innocent people get brutally murdered all the time, probably dozens a day. Someone's being brutally raped and murdered right now. Life in America. The OJ case only differed because he's the most famous person ever accused of murder. by Anonymous reply 442 02/18/2016 Evidently, Nicole's sister is upset with David Schwimmer now. She is aware he's just an actor, right? by Anonymous I very much enjoyed Nathan Lane talking about Travolta's balls. by Anonymous reply 444 02/18/2016 I liked the new episode a lot. I've already seen it twice and I'll probably watch it again. I think it'll get more exciting once the trial gets started too. by Anonymous reply 445 02/18/2016 Travolta is really quite good in this. I think he was still trying to find the right balance in the first episode, but he's hitting his stride now. He deserves an Emmy nomination. by Anonymous reply 446 02/18/2016 I might be alone (well my partner agreed) in thinking this epiosode was petty terrible. Almost series killing for me. I thought Paulson was good in the prior two episodes but in this episode she seemed to wander in from a John Waters movie. Travolta was better than before but he seemed like he started playing a different character. The continuity seemed off. And r442, I think the poster was taking about the evil cynicism used by the defense to get that psycho off. And it IS pretty gross. Who wants to watch it succeed in slow motion with mediocre acting? We all know how it turns out. IMO by Anonymous Also, Billy Magnusson should never wear a shirt. by Anonymous reply 453 02/18/2016 I found the Daily Mail piece about Tanya Brown. It would make no sense for Schwimmer to consult with her. He would have no reason to. Once I scrolled down it became apparent, she's shilling a book with "Sister of Nicole Brown Simpson" under her name. I suspect she'd have complained if Schwimmer did contact the family. by Anonymous reply 454 02/18/2016 Ugh - getting to the bottom of a 450-post thread is not my favorite thing to do...but I see that other people are crazier than I am. There WAS a link to a "Part 3" thread posted at R434, but I guess people prefer to treat posting on Data Lounge as an extreme sport. by Anonymous She's an attention whore because she loved her brother? by Anonymous reply 463 02/18/2016 Someone has a personal issue with the Goldman family. They are not media whores and they were not seen as attention grabbers by those covering the trials back in the 90's. The Brown daughters on the other hand....let's just say that for someone who could barely stand the sight of Nicole while she was alive, the jealous older sister Denise really did the "bereaved sister" bit quite authentically before the cameras. I have the same feeling about the Browns that our anti-Goldman troll has for Ron's kin. I guess we all have prejudices and issues. by Anonymous I thought Denise and Nicole were close. by Anonymous reply 466 02/19/2016 "...for someone who could barely stand the sight of Nicole while she was alive, the jealous older sister Denise really did the "bereaved sister" bit quite authentically before the cameras. " R464 how do you know this? I'm not doubting you, just curious because I never heard of it before. I can see O.J. forbidding Nicole to deal with certain people. That's something abusers will do from time to time, but I've never read about him doing that with Nicole. It wouldn't surprise me. by Anonymous reply 467 02/19/2016 During the marriage, OJ did not want Nicole talking to divorced friends like Robin Greer, lest she get any ideas. by Anonymous reply 468 02/19/2016 Nicole was younger and prettier than Denise. In a socioeconomic sense, Nicole married well. It's the oldest story in the world...she loved her, but she also hated her because she wasn't her. I wish one of Nicole's friends could telly you how close they were during the "OJ years." It was fairly well known during the trial that Denise was finally the sister in the spotlight, and she relished every minute of it. I cannot watch that clip in which Denise says crying w/o tears "OJ grabbed her crotch and said THIS IS MINE. THIS IS WHERE BABIES COME FROM!" without gagging. I am not saying that they did not love each other as sisters, but they were not extremely close. Nicole was very close to her mom and dad. If you look at the many Cabo vacation photos which are out there, Denise was never part of the crew. I doubt that she saw her at occasions other than "family dinners" etc. through the 80s and early 90s. What I know was what I gathered through interviews and off the record chats with the "usual suspect" players in the trial drama circa 1994-1995. by Anonymous reply 469 02/19/2016 [quote]I have the same feeling about the Browns that our anti-Goldman troll has for Ron's kin. And both of you and the anti-Goldman troll have equal validity in your presumptions. by Anonymous reply 470 02/19/2016 Excuse me, but are you informed of how the anti-Goldman troll arrived at his position? Did he interview members of the Goldman family and those withing their orbit? Or are his/her opinions based on what he/she has seen on TV and read in the press? I was there and I formed my opinions based on close observation and anecdotes from friends of Nicole. by Anonymous reply 471 02/19/2016 I remember hearing or reading something about Denise's jealousy of Nicole. I'm not sure - or I can't remember - how malignant that jealousy was. But, geesh - I don't think Denise wanted Nicole dead. Denise dated Al Cowlings - which is perhaps - in a certain way - indicative of Denise's longing for what Nicole had (and Cowlings' lifelong mimicry of O.J. - down to the white Bronco). by Anonymous reply 472 02/19/2016 Perhaps a member of O.J.'s defense team brought up Denise's jealousy issues when they cross-examined her, IIRC. by Anonymous reply 473 02/19/2016 R469 - don't forget that Denise was a (fairly) successful model....so she had that over Nicole. We're not talking about Halle and Heidi Berry here. Denise and Nicole were quite comparable in looks - but Nicole's blond hair probably gave her an advantage (especially in Southern California). by Anonymous reply 474 02/19/2016 That is - Denise's *alleged* jealousy issues. This may have been something that O.J. fed to a member of the defense team. by Anonymous Wasn't soap actress Tracey Bregman pals with Nicole Brown or Kris Jenner back in the 90s? by Anonymous 02/19/2016 No problem, R478/R479 - Data Lounge somehow screwed up the formatting of my post above. Perhaps I'll ask my Mom - who has an older sister who is less than 2 years older - about the love/hate/envy thing. Of course - I imagine that the envy of older sisters toward their younger sisters can be stronger than the converse. I think part of the nature of envy is that people who are somehow in a "superior" position are more prone to stronger envy than people in the "inferior" position. There is the feeling that the "underling" is usurping their status...showing them up. As the older sibling - Denise was in that position. I mean, I know the general feeling of envy VERY well, from personal experience - I *understand* envy. I guess I just don't have much personal experience with intense sibling rivalry. And I didn't think that Nicole's blonde-status was a choice - I thought it was au naturale. She was definitely born blonde - and was blond as a child. I've seen photos. And she has blond hair in "modeling" photos that were taken of her when she was about 17...so at what point was she not blonde? by Anonymous reply 481 02/19/2016 Never forget the night of the chase. I was watching it on a television at the Century City location of the now defunct Hamptons. It was my first date with a Chippendale's dancer from San Francisco. by Anonymous reply 482 02/19/2016 I have no personal knowledge of Nicole's hair care-beauty routine. She may well have been born a natural blonde. I was reacting to R477 who stated that Denise could have easily become a blonde like her sister had she wanted to look more like her(and then signed that post "Lady Clairol.") by Anonymous reply 483 02/19/2016 Lady Clairol is misinformed, I believe. There may be childhood photos of Nicole floating about on the Internet that prove that she was - at the very least - born a blonde. Now, I know these things can change - but if Nicole's hair color hadn't changed by the time she was 17 or 18 (and there is strong evidence that it didn't) - then I think she was good. by Anonymous Is there a new thread? by Anonymous 02/20/2016 What do we know about Tracey Bregman, Cora Fishman and Cici Shahian? We obviously know about Kris and Faye and I see that Robin Greer was a small-time actress who once dated Lorenzo Lamas. by Anonymous reply 494 02/20/2016 R493 Yes, but we have said Fuck It until this one hits 600. Anyone have a link to the "motherfucker" moment? by Anonymous 02/20/2016 R486 Charming. I have no axe to grind. I was sharing some thoughts and info I learned from 20 years ago when I was in LA for the trial. I never claimed that I was RIGHT; I merely was countering the hate for the "attention grubbing Goldmans" which another poster was repeating over and over. My point was that there wasn't an attention loving deficit with either family IMO. Unfortunately this is what causes people to leave a good thread here at DL. I have no desire to spend even a few minutes defending my right to have an opinion. by Anonymous reply 496 02/20/2016 [post redacted because independent.co.uk thinks that links to their ridiculous rag are a bad thing. Somebody might want to tell them how the internet works. Or not. We don't really care. They do suck though. Our advice is that you should not click on the link and whatever you do, don't read their truly terrible articles.] by Anonymous reply 497 02/20/2016 [quote]I never claimed that I was RIGHT; I merely was countering the hate for the "attention grubbing Goldmans" which another poster was repeating over and over. Nice backtracking. You're really claiming that you thought you were countering the anti-Goldman troll (long since silenced) by spewing BS about the Browns. Riiight... reply 498 02/20/2016 I won't be claiming anything in the future now that I've been silenced by the president of the Brown Family Fan Club. "Long since??" I typed my original response minutes after reading the antisemitic rant against the Goldmans. Now fuck off asshole. You and the series no longer are of any interest to me. by Anonymous reply 499 02/20/2016 There is nothing antisemitic about calling out The Goldmans for the being the money grubbing whores they are. if they were Christian, Muslim, it'd be the same thing. by Anonymous Maybe he'll come back soon... and present hole? j/k Can you stream this anywhere legally that anyone knows of? by Anonymous reply 503 02/21/2016 [quote] There is nothing antisemitic about calling out The Goldmans for the being the money grubbing whores they are. R500 is OJ from the prison library by Anonymous reply 504 02/21/2016 R500 and other anti-Fred/Kim Goldman maniacs: I think the Goldmans' main objective is to hold O.J. accountable, and to make him "feel" regret. One of the only ways to get to a sociopath is to go after his money. I think that taking possession of the "If I Did It" book was a brilliant move to stick it to the gloating psychopath. by Anonymous reply 509 02/22/2016 Thanks R509 ! Now that the precedent has been set, how long till Murphy starts dropping MF's on AHS? by Anonymous reply 510 02/22/2016 Hope they get straight into the trial tonight, enough build-up. Bet we're gonna see those adorable screeching children again. by Anonymous reply 511 02/23/2016 I'm sure it will be the trial as the episode is titled Absolutely 100% Not Guilty. Ugh, still gives me the heebie jeebies to remember him saying that. It was so arrogant, smug, and without any kind of sensitivity to the fact that two people had been brutally murdered. Just evil. by Anonymous reply 512 02/23/2016 [quote]I'm sure it will be the trial as the episode is titled Absolutely 100% Not Guilty. How could they have the trial four episodes in? There's a lot we haven't seen yet, like Faye Resnick's book. by Anonymous tonight is jury selection along with Faye Resnicks book by Anonymous reply 514 02/23/2016 And screeching kiddies watching on the telly, instead of watching Evil Dead 2 and Killer Klowns From Outer Space with their gay uncle like normal children. by Anonymous reply 515 02/23/2016 I really hope they go all out with how famewhorish Faye Resnick is/was. The woman they chose to play her does not resemble her at all though which is a shame. Also, Ryan Murphy needs his gay card taken away if they do not include the Mark Fuhrman "I'm not racist because I tried to pick up Vanity" line whenever that story arc comes into play. by Anonymous reply 516 02/23/2016 I'm reading Fuhrman. I had to skip the "poor me " chapters. I don't care about Mark Fuhrman. He's not likeable IMO. He spends time talking about him self and how he is always wrongly accused, and misunderstood, taken advantage of, and ignored. How if people would just listen to him they could solve the case. Which is at least 50% bullshit. OK. Fine. But the chapters he devotes to the crime, the evidence, the Prosecution's strategy, and so forth, are riveting. He does a good job of analyzing Simpson's state of mind, hypothetically, and his scenario for how he thinks it happened seemd very plausible to me. He is pretty convincing arguing that he does not believe Simppson went to the house to murder Nicole. He thinks he went there because he was pissed off at her, possibly because she was seeing other guys and they had failed to reconcile. He believes she was having a casual affair with Goldman. So she lit the candles, she was sitting in the couch with her phone and a couple of carry out menus, she was going to take a bath. She heard his car in back, and looked out to see the white bronco. She took out a kitchen knife (big one) and set it on the counter, then she and the dog went to the front door to anticipate OJ. She walks outide leaving the door open, they argue, he hits her in the head, or knocks her down, and she's out cold. At this point Ron comes upon the scene . OJ hears him approach and ducks into the bushes. Ron sees Nicole on the gound and goes over to her and OJ jumps him. They fight, and OJ starts stabbing him. Ron manages to pull off his knit cap and one of the gloves. There are defensive wounds on Ron and OJ got knicked up a bit. After he kills Ron he has to finish Nicole. He is in a complete panic. He lost the glove, his cap, he's bleeding, leaving a trail complete with finger print and bloody footprints. etc. Fuhrman said there was so much evidence no one dreamed they would lose this case. Nicole's hair and fibers from Ron's clothes and OJ's clothes were on OJ, on Goldman, Goldman's blood & Nicole's blood were mixed with Simpsons inside the bronco and on OJ's socks. Also the bloody glove found on Rockingham behind Kato's room, outside. OJ's hair was inside the knit cap, etc. it was a complete mess. Fuhrman really gets into detail about how badly the Police detectives from Robbery/Homicide messed up the evidence, particularly Vanatter. Also says Marcia Clarke refused to put his partner on the stand, Vanatter ignored his notes and marcia Clarke protected VanAtter because she had worked with him before and he was senior. Lots of internal politics to this case. Anyway Fuhrman is an arrogant ass. But he got this one right. by Anonymous [quote]Didn't Ryan Murphy know that Faye Resnick was mixed race? I have wondered about that. Britton was an awful pick for the role. by Anonymous reply 527 02/24/2016 Goldman's rage was the most intense thing yet in this show and brought it back to planet earth. Ron is a footnote in his own murder. That's real. by Anonymous reply 528 02/24/2016 Connie Britton is the worst case of miscasting next to Cuba Gooding. She is ten kinds of wrong as Faye Resnick. And it's a shame, because FR could have been played hilariously. The real thing is beyond belief. And no offense Ms Britton, but Faye was much prettier in her multi-racial exotic way and considerably younger looking. Britton lookds more like a 50 something Beverly Hills housewife...not a cocaine snorting clubber. by Anonymous reply 529 02/24/2016 I think Nasim Pedrad could have played Faye Resnick in a hilarious vapid way. But, Pedrad's nose is long and a bit big. by Anonymous Carmen Electra or Denice Richards would have been perfect casting for Faye Resnick. by Anonymous reply 536 02/24/2016 Denise Richards looks great now and could have been a perfect Faye Resnick. But I suppose she still has her hands full trying to keep her children away from their psychotic father. by Anonymous reply 537 02/24/2016 r521, but what they were really obsessed with was Evil Dead 2. Excellent effects and lots of slapstick humor. The movie's actually a parody remake of the first movie. 3 nieces and 3 nephews, aged 5 to 10, were obsessed with it, we watched it over 100 times. I FF'd over the one inappropriate sexual scene. Ebert gave it thumbs up, and horror movies hardly ever got any love on that show. by Anonymous reply 538 02/24/2016 That was a glorious episode. I love how Travolta and Lane are acting like a queen, old married couple. I'm totally rooting for those two to get married in real life. And Vance is chillingly good. I was in the middle of a lot of crazy life stuff when this case was going on, so I only have a sketchy, vague sense of what happened. FWIW, I thought Britton was a hoot. I have no idea how Resnick looked or acted in real life, but I loved those scenes. by Anonymous reply 539 02/24/2016 [quote]And no offense Ms Britton, but Faye was much prettier in her multi-racial exotic way and considerably younger looking. Christ the Faye Resnick was pretty troll is back. No, just No. by Anonymous Resnick posed for Playboy. Even as a gay man, I thought the photos were pretty hot. by Anonymous reply 544 02/24/2016 I watch Nashville and I had gotten so use to Britton's country twang that it was a bit weird hearing her normal speaking voice. by Anonymous reply 545 02/24/2016 Vance has been amazing. It's like the Johnnie Cochran Experience, it's easy to let yourself believe you're watching the real thing. So many glorious moments in this episode: Brentwood Hello, the reactions to Chris Darden's presence, an unnerved Clark hearing about her unlikability, Nathan Lane hitting it out of the park as a scorned, don't fuck with me Bailey, Travolta on fire as the hapless narcissus Shapiro as well as his awkward demotion, and the jarring, primal reactions of the Goldmans. Best episode since the premier. by Anonymous Ito, Darden and Goldman are all essentially exact matches too. I agree it was great episode. by Anonymous reply 547 02/24/2016 I used to watch Law & Order Criminal intent (despite the annoying Vincent D'Onofiro) and I cannot recognize or detect Courtney Vance at all. If he doesn't get an Emmy for this.... by Anonymous reply 548 02/24/2016 I'm laughing at the thought of producers choosing Nasim Pedrad (sp?) as Fay Resnick over Connie Britton. One of these actresses is a TV star with a big following and the other is someone who a few people remember from being on SNL a few years ago. Damn those producers for trying to attract an audience for their show! by Anonymous reply 549 02/24/2016 I noticed Travolta is a producer of this series. I like his portrayal of the orange Shapiro. I didn't realize that the defense team all dislike Shapiro and said so after the trial. Cochran even said that Shapiro had "demons that need to be exorcised." Wonder what he was referring to? by Anonymous 02/24/2016 I thought Connie was hysterically mean in her portrayal of Faye Resnick. Faye will HATE it and that is all that matters. Connie being too old was just icing on the cake. She played it like Faye is a total idiot. by Anonymous reply 558 02/24/2016 I actually think Resnick is pretty in that clip. What's wrong with her? The scene with Goldman and Clark was riveting and well acted. It really put things into perspective for a grieving father. by Anonymous reply 559 02/24/2016 Marcia Clark said on The View that Goldman really said that to her and it tore her apart because it was true: Ron was totally overlooked. When I saw Marcia on the view praising the show, I was afraid it was going to make her look too good. But it doesn't. She made HUGE miscalculations. by Anonymous reply 560 02/24/2016 Cheryl Ladd is three years older than Travolta, but she looked at least ten years YOUNGER on the show. Good makeup, good genes, or good surgery? by Anonymous reply 561 02/24/2016 R561 I don't doubt that you read that Cheryl Ladd is 3 years older than Travolta, because celebs over 36 give differing birth dates over the years. But I am 2 years older than Travolta, and when I had CL on a flight in the Charlie's Angels days she told me her age when we were chatting and she was 3 years older than I at that time. Which REALLY makes her look good for her age. She was blessed with a "little girl face," and as a rule that tends to help you in your later years. Think: Sally Field. That reminds me of the one time big TV star Victoria Principal who was famous for shaving YEARS off her age(just ask the late Joan Rivers.) When I was in high school she starred in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean. I believe that her true birth year was 1946, the same as my husband. Many years later I had her and Andy Gibb on my flight, and she was complimenting me on my skin, and asked my age and what I used on my face. I told her my age, and she said "Oh! I hope that I hold up as well as you have!" And then she preceded to give me her age as 2 years younger than I was. I guess dating a much younger guy was hard on her. He looked lie her little brother. by Anonymous reply 562 02/24/2016 I feel vindicated in my call after the first episode that Travolta was the star of the show and that he didn't deserve the scathing reviews that he got. He gets better and better with each episode. I predict a Golden Globe nomination for him, but he'll be beat out by Courteney B. Vance. by Anonymous This was the best episode yet. But Cuba Gooding is still the weakest link. by Anonymous reply 564 02/24/2016 OK. I finished the Fuhrman book. Didn't care to read about his plight I was only interested in matters related to the murder and the court room and the players. He really could not stand Darden or Cochran. But hey, some of his best friends are... So now I want to read another book. Any recommendations? I want to read about what things were like before they got divorced, then reconciled, then the murders. People were so caught up in the personalities and the trial, I wasn't paying that much attention to it back then but this movie is renewing my interest. by Anonymous reply 565 02/25/2016 Have you read Fay's book?? It's a fast fun juicy read. I read them all back then, and the only one I felt was a bit boring was the one by the DA who put Manson in prison. It wasn't horrible, but it was much drier than the other ones. by Anonymous reply 566 02/25/2016 Belling the CGJr cat: He looks Black. OJ didn't/doesn't. Oj knew it. OJ said it: "I'm not Black; I'm OJ!" And CGJr is too short! There was a scene in the latest episode where one of the lawyers puts his hands on OJ's shoulders, and towers over him (at least, this is my recollection). by Anonymous reply 567 02/25/2016 You obsess about the stupidest things. You sound like the Finn Wittrock is too short to be a model troll. So fucking what? They are just telling a story. It's not a documentary. by Anonymous 02/25/2016 [quote]Finn Wittrock is too short to be a model troll. Ha ha, shit talking about Finn's height was one of the highlights of the AHS: Hotel threads. And there wasn't just one troll, there were plenty of people saying he's too short and then even more making fun of it all. by Anonymous reply 569 02/25/2016 Cuba isn't nearly as handsome as OJ was. He has a sort of doughy face with a permasnear. OJ has an awesome jawline and a very open friendly face. by Anonymous reply 570 02/25/2016 Is it possible more suitable actors didn't want to play a killer, or be dragged into the debate about his guilt and the conspiracy theories involving charges of racism? Maybe the role just wasn't enticing to many. by Anonymous Yes, Cuba makes Simpson seem like an unattractive, petulant, stupid child with zero charisma. by Anonymous reply 573 02/25/2016 I find it fairly interesting that the least interesting character on the show is Simpson. And that's not necessarily Gooding's fault. It's seems purposefully written (so far, anyway) that way. Not to paraphrase Goldman, but OJ is nearly an afterthought to his own trial. by Anonymous reply 574 02/25/2016 I said it before and I'll say it again: biggest mistake of this series was in not casting some fabulously sexy and talented unknown black actor as OJ........someone who actually resembled him but also for the thrill of creating a new star. There are enough big names surrounding him. Especially surprising coming from Ryan Murphy who should have understood the inherent publicity. by Anonymous Will this thread never fill up?! by Anonymous reply 576 02/25/2016 R565 OJ's original book "I Want To Tell You" is a good read, although obviously full of fiction. by Anonymous reply 577 02/25/2016 Shemar Moore would have made a very convincing OJ. Shemar is beautiful, and athletic, and if people claimed he was charing, etc. it would deginitely be believeable.Oh. I met Johnny Cochran, after the OJ trial. Someone I knew hired him to work a case, and he was in town. I was in his presence all of 5 minutes. We did not become besties. He smiled and ndnodded when introduced. He was very nice, not loud or flashy. and he is not a tall man. I doubt seriously if he was even close to 5'11". by Anonymous 02/25/2016 I meant "if people claimed he was CHARMING ..." not charing' I thought of one more person who could've played OJ. Boris Khodjoe. In fact he would probably be better than Shemar bcz Shemar has a baby face thing going on. He is real pretty. Boris is more "football guy" but both are really handsome and charismatic. by Anonymous The Dora who keeps trying to troll The Goldman's is a mouth-breather-hobgoblin of low intelligence. They're responsible for his present incarceration. They're his Jacob Marley. They dogged him at EVERY turn and made his "freedom" a curse. The poster who mentioned how The Goldman's recognized that attacking OJ's bank account might be their only recourse was correct. To call them self-seeking or financially motivated is vile. I have never for a moment found them to be anything but sincere in the love of their son/brother. I've always felt for them. by Anonymous 02/25/2016 But they didn't have to release "IF I DID IT..." The judge ruled OJ would not make any profit it from it. The Goldmans could have just burned the damn thing... BUT I'm sure a nice little side profit sure helped twist Fred's moustache all that much more. by Anonymous 02/25/2016 Idiot hater R587. "If I Did It" was as close as he will ever come to admitting his guilt. The Goldmans had the right to have as many people as possible read his words describing "how he would have done it." I read the stupid book, and I can't imagine anyone other than a card carrying tard reading that book and still insisting OJ is "innocent." Why in the hell do you care? Is it some deep seated anger towards men with handle bar 'staches? by Anonymous Linda Hamilton looked enough like Faye at the time, anyway. Similar shaped jaw/face. Linda was prettier. by Anonymous reply 595 02/25/2016 Lenny is too short to play OJ and he is so heavily identified with being a musician I don't think it would have been credible and I love lenny Kravitz. I'm tellin you: Boris or Shemar. If I were on my own computer right now I would post photos of them side by side with OJ. In fact, if someone wanted to oblige they could do that so you'd see what I mean. by Anonymous reply 596 02/26/2016 Fuhrman is indeed a hot daddy and still looks handsome. I read Murder in Brentwood (his book about the case). Some tidbits include that he was dating the woman with whom he was supposedly "collaborating" on the screenplay about the LAPD and that after the trial he moved to Sandpoint, Idaho, which I remember he recalled in the book as being strictly about loving the beauty of the area and not at all due to the area being a KKK/racist stronghold. I absolutely believe he is racist, but as others have said, I also believe he's bright and that he's correct in saying the LAPD bungled the case. Not sure if it would have mattered in the end given that the jury wanted to acquit. by Anonymous

i don't know

Freestyle, Greco-Roman, and Thumb are all types of what?

Greco Roman Rules Greco Roman Rules 04/09/2015, 8:15am CDT By Mark Reiland ~~These Greco Roman rules are to be used by all age groups below the senior level this year. Freestyle rules remain as they were in 2014. PENALTY FOR ILLEGAL ACTIONS Proposal: Every caution should be evaluated by caution (0)  + 2 points • For example, head butt, punching/slapping, all leg faults (offensive or defensive, holding the legs, bending the leg, kicking action.....) grasping the singlet, twisting finger, fleeing the mat,fleeing the hold, refusing to take the correct position in the par terre start.. • (Currently types of penalty depends on infraction, sometimes caution + 1pt, sometimes caution 2 pts. ACTION FROM STANDING BUT NO DANGER POSITION Proposal: The wrestler who executes a regular hold from standing position but does not bring his opponent into a danger position or cannot control him by passing behind, will score 2 points (Currently 1 point, correct throw) ACTION FROM STANDING WITH DANGER POSITION Proposal: The wrestler that executes a regular hold from standing position and places his opponent in the danger position will score 4 points. LIFT FROM PARTERRE, BUT NO DANGER POSITION Proposal: The wrestler who executes a hold by lifting his opponent from the ground and does not place him in a danger position will score 2 points.  (Currently 1 point) LIFT FROM PAR TERRE AND PLACING THE OPPONENT IN A DANGER POSITION Rule: The wrestler who executes a hold by lifting his ipponent from the ground and placing him in a danger position will score 4 points.  (Currently existing rule) • Elimination of 5 points. GUT WRENCH Proposal: All gut wrenches regardless how they are executed in danger position or not will be scored 2 points. • (Current rule; 2 pts. for danger position, 1 pt. for hand to hand, no danger) ELIMINATION OF ORDERED PAR TERRE Proposal: No more ordered par terre for passive wrestler. GOING OUT/STEPPING OUT FROM ZONE SITUATIONS Proposal: In order to encourage active wrestling, in case the attacking wrestler who steps in to protection area during his action he will not be penalized by giving 1 point to opponent. • If he can score he will receive his point(s). • If he cannot score, referee will stop the bout and restart in center. • (Current rule; the attacking wrestler will lose 1 point in case he steps out during his action.) • Pushing out will not be penalized 1 point. • 1 point for step out in other cases remains the same. • When a wrestler visibly and intentionally pushes his opponent into the protection area, he will NOT score 1 point. PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCEMENT OF PENALTIES FOR INACTIVITY IN GR WRESTLING Proposal: To avoid disqualifications from a bout as a result of 3 cautions for passivity, in GR wrestling, the wrestlers will be penalized by caution only in fleeing the hold, fleeing the mat and illegal actions. (caution + 2 points) • For passivity wrestling, penalization of passive wrestler will be without cautions as followed: • If a wrestler is blocking, interlocking fingers, thwarting his opponent or avoiding wrestling in standing position, the referee will verbally warn him by using UWW vocabulary (red/blue head up/open /contact / no block /attack...) • If the wrestler continues to be passive, the referee will ask for passivity. When either the judge or mat chairman(majority of officiating body) agress with this decision, the referee will warn the passive wrestler officially, showing passivity with his left (red) or right (blue) hand raised high up in the air and speak in a loud and clear voice using UWW vocabulary 'attention red/blue passive'  WITHOUT STOPPING THE BOUT. At the same time, one colored light (in the color of the wrestler's singlet) will be turned on at the corner of passive wrestler on the scoreboard. • In repeated cases when a wrestler again continues to be passive after a verbal warning, the referee will again ask for passivity and if the majority of the refereeing body confirms this decision, the referee will say again to the wrestler in a loud and clear voice 'attention-red/blue ! passive'. • A second light will be lit and the opponent will be awarded 1 point, which the referee will then announce to the passive wrestler, 'red/blue, attention-penalty point! WITHOUT STOPPING THE BOUT. • The two lights will turn off and the opponent will receive one technical point. • Same procedure will continue the whole bout- every two passivity lights for passive wrestler will result in one technical point to the opponent BASIC DEFENSE POSITION OF THE BOTTOM WRESTLER DURING PAR TERRE WRESTLING Proposal: In order to give a chance to the top wrestler to execute a hold in par terre wrestling, the bottom wrestler must defend himself with his both arms open/ away from the body. • The bottom wrestler cannot 'close' himself by having his elbows close to his body, or join his elbows and his knees or legs in order to prevent the upper wrestler from taking a hold. • Also, bottom wrestler must not prevent the top wrestler from executing a hold by breaking or holding his fingers and/or wrists. He is only allowed to push from his opponent's torso not the arms at all. • The wrestler who behaves against this rule, after a strict verbal warning will be IMMEDIATELY PENALIZED by a caution and 2 points and put back in par terre. GRABBING AND INTERLOCKING FINGERS FORBIDDEN Proposal: To prevent/to block a wrestler from executing a hold, or to wrestle actively by grabbing and interlocking fingers, holding wrists for long time is strictly forbidden. The wrestler will be penalized by a caution and his opponent will receive 2 points. • Also the wrestlers will be encouraged / forced to wrestle chest to chest (the original standing wrestling position in greco). • The wrestler who refuses to wrestle chest to chest will be considered passive. These are the rules as I received them. If any changes, modifications, etc. happen, you will be notified. You may pass them on to whomever you feel needs this update.  

Wrestling

What is the common name for the part of the chicken egg known as the albumen?

Olympic Sports: Wrestling - Support for Students Olympic Sports: Wrestling August 5, 2012 There are two types of wrestling in the Olympics: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. Greco-Roman wrestling is believed to be one of the oldest (if not the oldest) competitive sports in the world. Wrestling at the Olympics There are two types of wrestling in the Olympics: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. Greco-Roman wrestling is believed to be one of the oldest (if not the oldest) competitive sports in the world. In this sport wrestlers use only their arms and upper bodies in attack. Freestyle wrestling allows for the use of arms or legs and opponents can be held above or below the waist. The 1900 Olympic Games were the only Olympics that did not include some form of wrestling. Greco-Roman has been included every Games since 1908, and both styles have been included since 1920. Wrestling Practice Dummy In the 2012 London Games, both men’s Greco-Roman events and men’s freestyle events will be held for the following weight classes: -55kg; 55-60kg; 60-66kg; 66-74kg; 74-84kg; 84-96kg; and 96-120kg. Women’s freestyle wrestling events will be held in the following weight classes: -48kg; 48-55kg; 55-63kg; 63-72kg. Wrestling events will be held August 5-12, with a total of eighteen gold medals. Wrestling at Michigan State Men’s wrestling is recognized as an NCAA intercollegiate sport, and MSU has a men’s wrestling team. Home wrestling meets are held at Jenison Field House. Steve Andrus, MSU junior, was invited as a wild card to compete at the 2012 Olympic Team Trials, where he competed in the Greco-Roman style. The 2012-13 season will open November 3 at Eastern Michigan University for the Eastern Michigan Open. You can make a gift in support of the team and its facilities at the MSU Giving Website. Here’s a Beneath the Pines peek at the MSU Wrestling Team’s practice facilities: Practice facility in IM West Photo Credits: All photos taken by Katie Kelly, Communications Manager, University Scholarships & Fellowships

i don't know

What corporation owns the Seattle Marines?

Company that owns the Seattle Mariners • Mordo Crosswords - Crossword Puzzle Answers Answers, Clues and Solutions for all the Puzzles We think that knowledge should pass freely. This time, we got the following crossword puzzle clue: Company that owns the Seattle Mariners  that also known as Company that owns the Seattle Mariners dictionary.  First, we gonna look for more hints to the Company that owns the Seattle Mariners crossword puzzle. Then we will collect all the required information and for solving Company that owns the Seattle Mariners crossword .  In the final, we get all the possible answers for this crossword puzzle definition. Sponsored Links Here are more similar Crossword Clues: Corporation planning the Revolution for 2006, Console maker, Company whose name roughly means "leave luck to heaven", Company not-so-subtly advertised for in "The Wizard", Company for which Koji Kondo has composed since 1984; Try this 8 letters Solution : NINTENDO Do you have other crossword puzzle solution? Please write us in the comment box. Did we help you ? Please click Like and Share.

Nintendo

What is the medical name for your shoulder blade?

Seattle Mariners owner Hiroshi Yamauchi dies at 85, never actually attended a game Seattle Mariners owner Hiroshi Yamauchi dies at 85, never actually attended a game Kevin Kaduk Pin it Share The obituaries for Hiroshi Yamauchi, who died from pneumonia at 85 on Thursday , are being led with the fact that he was the man who turned Nintendo into an international video game giant. But not far behind is the fact that he owned a majority stake in baseball's Seattle Mariners and that his purchase of the club in 1992 helped avoid a possible move to Florida. Though Yamauchi sold his stake in the club to Nintendo of America in 2004 for estate-planning purposes, Seattle Times reporter Geoff Baker writes that Yamauchi "retained titular control of the ballclub and Mariners officials have insisted that all major decisions had to be run by him first." The interesting thing about Yamauchi's tenure is that he never actually saw the Mariners play a game in person and is believed to be the only owner in major American professional sports to lay boast to that claim. Yamauchi reportedly had an aversion to travel that kept him from ever stepping foot in Safeco Field and a Mariners' trip to play in Tokyo in 2003 was canceled due to the war in Iraq. When the team visited Tokyo last season, team officials said that Yamauchi preferred to watch the games on television. What Yamauchi's death means for the future of the Mariners remains unclear. Baker reports that Chris Larson, a former Microsoft executive, is the team's largest minority shareholder at 30.6 percent and has oft been cast as a "savior" in the eyes of the fans who didn't appreciate Yamauchi's detached guidance. Larson, however, went through an expensive divorce that could hamper any ability or desire to move into a majority stake. Pennant races are here. Spend the stretch run with us. Follow @KevinKaduk and @bigleaguestew , on Twitter, along with the BLS Facebook page . Reblog

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Jared Fogle became a spokesperson for what fast food chain, following his dramatic weight loss by eating their products?

How Jared Fogle went from Subway star to shunned spokesman - Business Insider Subway restaurant spokesman Jared Fogle walks to a waiting car as he leaves his home Tuesday, July 7, 2015, in Zionsville, Ind. AP Photo/Michael Conroy Jared Fogle is more than just a fast food icon. He's a pop culture icon. The 37-year-old Indiana native became the face of Subway 15 years ago after he lost 245 pounds primarily by eating the chain's sandwiches. Subway contacted him after hearing his story and hired him in 2000 as a spokesman. His story helped customers see Subway as a healthy choice, and over the next decade, the chain's sales nearly tripled. Fogle is now one of the most recognizable faces in the fast food industry, and is worth an estimated $15 million, The New York Daily News reported in 2013 .  But his long relationship with Subway took an unexpected turn this week. The chain decided Tuesday to  suspend its 15-year relationship with  Fogle following an FBI raid of his Indiana home amid a child pornography investigation.  Fogle hasn't been arrested or charged with any crimes, But all mentions of his name have been removed from Subway's website. The website for Fogle's charity to help end childhood obesity, the Jared Foundation — whose director was arrested two months ago on federal child-pornography charges — was down on Tuesday. Here's how Fogle went from Subway celebrity to shunned spokesman. Jared “The Subway Guy” Fogle poses with #WhereSuperHeroesEat 3D street art in celebration of SUBWAY Restaurants’ partnership with the upcoming Marvel movie “Avengers: Age of Ultron” on Monday, April 13, 2015 in Los Angeles. Matt Sayles/Invision for SUBWAY Restaurants/AP Images The birth of the 'Subway diet' Jared Fogle famously lost over 200 pounds more than 15 years ago. Before starting his Subway diet, he was a 425-pound student at Indiana University, reported  The Daily News . Food assuaged him. "Food was a comfort to me. It replaced personal relationships. It replaced extra-curricular activities. It replaced everything in my life," he told CBS in 2004. CBS noted that he would consume 10,000 calories on some days, including an entire pizza for lunch. At age 20, he decided to turn things around, and came up with the idea of subsisting solely on sandwiches from the Subway shop near his apartment. His unconventional — but clearly effective — diet including skipping breakfast. "He started skipping breakfast, and ate just two subs a day, a small turkey and a large veggie, along with some baked potato chips, and diet soda," according to CBS. "Soon, he cut his daily consumption from 10,000 calories a day to just 2,000." It takes eliminating roughly  3,500 calories to lose a pound. Eliminating close to 8,000 calories a week is quick way to let the weight fall off. Jared's rise to Subway stardom Subway caught wind of Jared's dramatic transformation, and hired him to be their official spokesperson.  His jeans from before his weight loss became iconic. AP Over the last 15 years, he has filmed more than 300 TV commercials for Subway. He also filmed a video series for the chain in which he interviewed celebrities like  Mario Lopez and former Spice Girl Mel B about how they lived healthy lifestyles. With Fogle at the forefront of Subway's image, sales soared. Nation's Restaurant News [via  The Daily News ] noted that sales nearly tripled to $11.5 billion in 2011, from around $3 billion in 1998. The company's chief marketing officer told the Daily News in 2013 that one-third to one-half of the company's growth over the previous 15 years could be attributable to Jared. And a study by Technomic's Consumer Brand Metrics found that Subway rated very highly for being relatable because of him, AdAge  reported in 2010. On a personal level, despite a blip in his own weight loss narrative in 2010 (he gained 40 pounds,  People reported), he wed Katie McLaughlin in 2010 and completed the New York City Marathon that same year.  He appeared at many events. He told People that year "was [his] new beginning." He had become a celebrity. He was even  parodied on "South Park, " which he later told Men's Health  "was surreal." He even wrote  a book called "Jared, The Subway Guy: Winning Through Losing: 13 Lessons for Turning Your Life Around." He used his recognizable name to launch  The Jared Foundation  to help put an end to childhood obesity. An uncertain future But Fogle's reputation took a hit on July 7, when the FBI conducted an 11-hour raid of his Zionsville, Indiana home.  Fox59  broke news of the raid. "FBI sources told FOX59 state and federal and state investigators were serving warrants at Fogle's Zionsville home in connection with a child-pornography investigation," wrote the news site. Fogle on July 7, 2015. Michael Conroy/AP Images Fogle's attorney, Ron Elberger, told  ABC : " Jared has been cooperating, and continues to cooperate, with law enforcement in their investigation of unspecified charges, and looks forward to its conclusion."  At first, Subway seemed confounded. The fast food chain released  a  statement : We are shocked about the news & believe it is related to a former Jared Foundation employee. We are monitoring the situation closely. The "Jared Foundation employee" to which Subway was referring was likely Russell Taylor, who was arrested on federal child pornography charges two months ago.  The Jared Foundation severed ties with Taylor following his arrest. Hours after its initial statement on the probe, Subway suspended its relationship with Fogle. Subway & Jared Fogle have agreed to suspend their relationship due to the current investigation. Jared is cooperating with authorities. — SUBWAY® (@SUBWAY) July 7, 2015 Fogle has not been arrested, but his fan base is rapidly eroding. Some have commented on Facebook stating they would forego eating Subway sandwiches because of the investigation. The Twitter hashtag  #JaredFogle  has no shortage of  obscene double entendres  deriding Fogle. However, one Subway employee noted on Facebook that employees have "nothing to do with this [Fogle's controversy]," and losing patronage could hurt employees' livelihoods. AP Regardless of the current investigation, Fogle undoubtedly contributed to Subway's rise. "[Jared's] story played a huge role in Subway’s] growth," Mary Chapman, senior director of product innovation of market research company Technomic, told the Associated Press. “It’s not just Jared the man, it’s what it represents.”  It's uncertain if the controversy will affect Subway. Fortunately for Fogle, many Subway fans are blasting the chain  for severing ties with him before any charges have been made. Some have gone so far to say that if Subway abandons Fogle, they will abandon Subway, too.

Subway

What TV series, which debuted in 1951, featured the weekly travails of, “Just the facts, ma’am”, Sgt Joe Friday?

Birth Name: Jared Scot Fogle Date of birth: August 23, 1977 Place Of birth: Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. Occupation: Television spokesperson (former), Charity foundation founder Description: **Former Subway pitchman and convicted felon Jared Fogle was left bloodied in late January during a one-sided fight with a fellow inmate, according to entertainment website TMZ. indystar.com/story/news/crime/2016/03/16/jared-fogle-attacked-prison-tmz-reports/81874794 Jared Scot Fogle also known as the Subway Guy, is a former spokesman for Subway restaurants. After his significant weight loss attributed to eating Subway sandwiches, Fogle was made a spokesperson for the company's advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015. In 2015, Fogle was investigated for paying for sex with minors and receiving child pornography. On August 19, 2015, he agreed to plead guilty in federal court to possessing child pornography and traveling to pay for sex with minors. On November 19, 2015, Fogle formally pleaded guilty to the charges and was sentenced to serve 15 years, 8 months in federal prison with a minimum of 13 years. [Wikipedia] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Fogle Children: 2

i don't know

There are 4 gas giants in our solar system. For a point each, name them.

Gas Giants - Universe Today   Universe Today by Abby Cessna A gas giant describes a planet that is not composed of mostly rock and other solid substances. Gas giants are almost entirely formed of various gases. These planets are not completely gas though. At the center, is what astronomers call a rocky center. This term is somewhat misleading though because the rocky center is actually liquid compounds, including molten heavy metals. The term was created by James Blish, a science fiction writer from the mid-1900’s. Gas giants are also called Jovian planets after Jupiter, the prototype of gas giants in our Solar System. There are four gas giants in our Solar System – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The gas giants in our Solar Systems have a number of similar characteristics. All of our Solar System’s gas giants are outer planets, which means they are the furthest planets from the Sun. Compared to terrestrial planets, gas giants are extremely large and massive. For example, Jupiter has a mass 318 times the mass of Earth, which is a terrestrial planet. Despite their size, gas giants are low-density planets because they are composed almost entirely of gas. In addition to being large, these planets rotate extremely quickly. Jupiter rotates so quickly that it has actually flattened at its poles. The gas giants are extremely cold planets, although that is mostly due to the fact that they are very far from the Sun. Gas giants also have dozens of satellites and ring systems. Saturn is famous for its beautiful rings, which can be seen with the unaided eye from Earth. Astronomers have also discovered gas giants around stars in other solar systems. In fact, these are the only extra-solar planets that scientists have been able to discover as of yet. These extra-solar gas giants seem similar to Jupiter and the other gas giants in our own Solar System. Astronomers have been studying these planets using powerful telescopes, but they have not been able to find out much information about them so far. Some astronomers are actually searching for life on these planets. They have discovered some extra-solar planets in the habitable zones of other solar systems, and they believe that life could exist on these extra-solar planets or at least the moons of these planets. Because the gas giants are farther away from Earth than the terrestrial planets, astronomers have not been able to study the gas giants extensively up close. Hopefully, that will change as NASA sends more spacecraft out to explore the outer planets. If you are looking for more information on gas giants, take a look at NASA’s planets and ThinkQuest’s habitable moons around extra-solar gas giants. Universe Today has a number of articles on the gas giants including gas giants gobbled up most of their moons and the Jovian planets . Astronomy Cast has episodes on all of our Solar System’s gas giants, so start with Jupiter .

jupiter saturn uranus and neptune

First introduced in 1939, what “law” states “in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence”, with the corollaries that “in time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out their duties”

Solar System Facts: A Guide to Things Orbiting Our Sun Solar System Facts: A Guide to Things Orbiting Our Sun By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor | January 22, 2016 12:52pm ET MORE Our solar system is a vast place, with lots of mostly empty space between planets. But out there are comets, asteroids and more rocky, frozen objects (including dwarf planets) yet to be discovered in the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Credit: NASA The solar system is made up of the sun and everything that orbits around it, including planets, moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids. It extends from the sun, called Sol by the ancient Romans, and goes past the four inner planets, through the Asteroid Belt to the four gas giants and on to the disk-shaped Kuiper Belt and far beyond to the giant, spherical Oort Cloud and the teardrop-shaped heliopause. Scientists estimate that the edge of the solar system is about 9 billion miles (15 billion kilometers) from the sun. Discovery For millennia, astronomers have followed points of light that seemed to move among the stars. The ancient Greeks named these planets, meaning "wanderers." Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were known in antiquity, and the invention of the telescope added the Asteroid Belt, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and many of these worlds' moons. The dawn of the space age saw dozens of probes launched to explore our system, an adventure that continues today. The discovery of Eris kicked off a rash of new discoveries of dwarf planets. [ Infographic: Structure of the Solar System ] Astronomers are now hunting for another planet in our solar system, a true ninth planet , after evidence of its existence was unveiled on Jan. 20, 2016. The so-called "Planet Nine," as scientists are calling it, is about 10 times the mass of Earth and 5,000 times the mass of Pluto.  [ The Evidence for 'Planet Nine' in Our Solar System (Gallery) ] Formation Many scientists think our solar system formed from a giant, rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula . As the nebula collapsed because of its gravity, it spun faster and flattened into a disk. Most of the material was pulled toward the center to form the sun. Other particles within the disk collided and stuck together to form asteroid-sized objects named as planetesimals, some of which combined to become the asteroids, comets, moons and planets. The solar wind from the sun was so powerful that it swept away most of the lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, from the innermost planets, leaving behind mostly small, rocky worlds. The solar wind was much weaker in the outer regions, however, resulting in gas giants made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. The sun The sun is by far the largest object in our solar system, containing 99.8 percent of the solar system's mass. It sheds most of the heat and light that makes life possible on Earth and possibly elsewhere. Planets orbit the sun in oval-shaped paths called ellipses, with the sun slightly off-center of each ellipse. Inner solar system The four inner four planets — Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars — are made up mostly of iron and rock. They are known as terrestrial or earthlike planets because of their similar size and composition. Earth has one natural satellite — the moon — and Mars has two moons — Deimos and Phobos. Between Mars and Jupiter lies the Asteroid Belt . Asteroids are minor planets, and scientists estimate there are more than 750,000 of them with diameters larger than three-fifths of a mile (1 km) and millions of smaller asteroids. The dwarf planet Ceres , about 590 miles (950 km) in diameter, resides here. A number of asteroids have orbits that take them closer into the solar system that sometimes lead them to collide with Earth or the other inner planets. Outer solar system The outer planets — Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune — are giant worlds with thick outer layers of gas. Nearly all their mass is made up of hydrogen and helium, giving them compositions like that of the sun. Beneath these outer layers, they have no solid surfaces — the pressure from their thick atmospheres liquefy their insides, although they might have rocky cores. Rings of dust, rock, and ice encircle all these giants, with Saturn's being the most famous. Comets are often known as dirty snowballs, and consist mainly of ice and rock. When a comet's orbit takes it close to the sun, some of the ice in its central nucleus turns into gas that shoots out of the comet's sunlit side, which the solar wind carries outward to form into a long tail. Short-period comets that complete their orbits in less than 200 years are thought to originate from the disk-shaped Kuiper Belt , while long-period comets that take more than 200 years to return are thought to come from the spherical Oort Cloud . Give Me Some Space 24"x36" Posters. Buy Here Credit: Space.com Store Trans-Neptunian region Astronomers had long suspected that a band of icy material known as the Kuiper Belt existed past the orbit of Neptune extending from about 30 to 55 times the distance of Earth to the sun , and from the last decade of the 20th century up to now, they have found more than a thousand of such objects. Scientists estimate the Kuiper Belt is likely home to hundreds of thousands of icy bodies larger than 60 miles (100 km) wide, as well as an estimated trillion or more comets. Pluto , now considered a dwarf planet, dwells in the Kuiper Belt. It is not alone — recent additions include Makemake , Haumea and Eris . Another Kuiper Belt object dubbed Quaoar is probably massive enough to be considered a dwarf planet, but it has not been classified as such yet. Sedna , which is about three-fourths the size of Pluto, is the first dwarf planet discovered in the Oort Cloud. NASA's New Horizons mission performed history's first flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015, and continues to explore the Kuiper Belt. [Related: New Horizons' Pluto Flyby: Latest News, Images and Video ] Planet Nine orbits the sun  at a distance that is 20 times farther out than the orbit of Neptune. (The orbit of Neptune is 2.7 billion miles from the sun at its closest point.)  The strange world's orbit is about 600 times farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit is from the star. Scientists have not actually seen Planet Nine directly . Its existence was inferred by its gravitational effects on other objects in the Kuiper Belt. [ 'Planet Nine': Facts About the Mysterious Solar System World (Infographic) ] The Oort Cloud lies well past the Kuiper Belt, and theoretically extends from 5,000 to 100,000 times the distance of Earth to the sun, and is home to up to 2 trillion icy bodies , according to NASA. Past the Oort Cloud is the very edge of the solar system, the heliosphere, a vast, teardrop-shaped region of space containing electrically charged particles given off by the sun. Many astronomers think that the limit of the heliosphere, known as the heliopause, is about 9 billion miles (15 billion km) from the sun. Additional reporting by Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor Additional resource

i don't know

September 24, 1906 saw that Great American, Teddy Roosevelt, declare what Wyoming landmark the first ever National Monument?

This Day in History… September 24, 1906 | Mystic Stamp Discovery Center This Day in History… September 24, 1906 U.S. #1084 – There have been several attempts to rename Devils Tower to honor its Native American history. Devils Tower Becomes First American National Monument On September 24, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt declared Devils Tower in Wyoming to be the first National Monument under the Antiquities Act. Devils Tower is a nearly vertical monolith of volcanic rock which rises 1,267 feet above the Belle Fourche River, which meanders below it. This rock formation is believed to be about 40 million years old. Once buried, erosion slowly stripped away the softer soils that once covered this impressive landmark. The tower is of great significance to several Native American tribes, who know it as Mateo Tepee, or Grizzly Bear Lodge – this name comes from an old legend. According to that legend, seven young girls were out playing when a grizzly bear began to chase them. They jumped on a small rock and prayed to the Great Spirit for help. As the rock grew, the bear tried to climb it but slid down, leaving giant claw marks. The girls then went to the sky and became the seven stars of the Pleiades. It got its current name in 1875 when Colonel Richard Irving Dodge led an expedition through the area. One of his men misinterpreted the name as Bad God’s Tower, which soon became Devil’s Tower. In 1892, Senator Francis Warren proposed setting the tower and surrounding lands aside for conservation. He succeeded and it was made into a forest reserve, though it was quickly reduced from 60 to 18 square miles. Later that year, he introduced a bill to establish the area as a national park, but no action was taken for over a decade. U.S. #1039 – It’s unknown whether Roosevelt ever visited the tower, though he may have seen it from a distance on one of his hunting trips in the Black Hills. In June 1906, Congress passed, and President Roosevelt signed, the Antiquities Act, which gave the President the authority to establish national monuments from public lands to protect significant natural, cultural or scientific features. Wyoming Representative Frank W. Mondell was among Devils Tower’s greatest supporters and urged President Roosevelt to make it a monument. As such, Devils Tower became the first national monument just three months after the act was passed. Click the images to add this history to your collection. Did you like this article? Click here to rate: [Total: 190 Average: 4.7] 32 Responses to "This Day in History… September 24, 1906" By Bob Evans September 24, 2015 - 12:56 am At the beginning if the article, you referred to the president as Franklin Roosevelt. That should read Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin was not president until 1932. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:53 am Sorry. It has been fixed. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:53 am Oops! It’s been fixed. By Judy Hironimus September 24, 2015 - 1:25 am Teddy Roosevelt not Franklin!!! By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:53 am That has been corrected! Thank you. Reply By Ron Czarnetzky September 24, 2015 - 2:55 am Love this daily feature with explanations of the history behind the subjects of various stamps. To make this feature even more interesting to stamp collectors, it would be great to add information about the stamp itself, when warranted, e.g., who designed it, why it was picked as a subject of a stamp (if it’s not obvious), and any philatelic points of interest. That would be great. But, I’ll keep reading every day even without those possible additions. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:55 am Hi Ron, Have you tried clicking on the stamp images. The images link to the info on the specific stamp. I think you’ll find the info you’re looking for on those web pages. Have fun! By Richard September 24, 2015 - 5:11 am It was Theodore not Franklin. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:56 am Indeed! This has been fixed. By Gary Cowdrey September 24, 2015 - 5:15 am I think that should read Theodore Roosevelt, not Franklin Delano Roosevelt. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:56 am You are correct. 🙂 By Darryle Crump September 24, 2015 - 6:14 am Great info except it was Theodore not Franklin Roosevelt. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:56 am That is true. By Eric Davis September 24, 2015 - 6:47 am This piece wrongly references President Franklin Roosevelt. The correct reference is President Teddy Roosevelt. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:57 am The article has been corrected. Reply By Mark Gagermeier September 24, 2015 - 6:51 am I truly enjoy this series! Thank you for creating “This day in History”. I learn “the rest of the story” as Paul Harvey used to say. One small error in this one, first paragraph states it was Franklin Roosevelt but it was Theodore that declared it a NM. Keep up the great work, I love reading these every day. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:57 am Thank you. And the article has been corrected. By Carlton Groff September 24, 2015 - 6:57 am First sentence. It was Teddy not Franklin Roosevelt. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:57 am Oops. Fixed. Reply By Gene September 24, 2015 - 7:02 am It was Teddy Roosevelt, not Franklin. Good read and informative. I love reading these every morning. Keep up the good work, Mystic. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:58 am Yes, it sure was. Thank you. By G crawford September 24, 2015 - 7:15 am Love these daily articles. I think you meant Teddy Roosevelt not Franklin. By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:58 am Thank you. The correct Roosevelt is now properly stated in the article. By Greg Slempa September 24, 2015 - 7:18 am Liked the article. Should however be President Theodore Roosevelt,not Franklin! By MysticStamp September 24, 2015 - 7:59 am Sorry. We fixed it up. By Tom L September 24, 2015 - 9:52 am Great history. Reply By Beth Kase September 24, 2015 - 10:18 am I, as well as many others, it seems love and appreciate this Day in History. I like how the stamp and story appear instead of having to click to go there. Keep up the good work and know it is appreciated. This is something I can share with the kids I come in contact with at the youth table at our stamp clubs show. The tangible information to bring the past too today’s kids. Reply By Gale Running September 24, 2015 - 11:38 am I really enjoy reading the stories. I have sent many stories to my grandson’s, hopefully they will get some good history lessons. Keep up the good work. Reply By Steve Byrd September 24, 2015 - 4:07 pm The movie “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” used Devil’s Tower as a setting for communication and eventually meeting aliens from outer space. Seems I saw a similar geologic formation in the foothills of Eastern Colorado. Of course the Colorado formation was smaller. Reply By Conrad Gaunt September 24, 2015 - 8:57 pm Theodore Roosevelt used the newly passed Antiquities Act to create our first National Monument. A National Monument has the same protections that a national park has, but a new national park must be created by a act of congress. Many presidents have used the Antiquities Act to protect scenic and historic sites when congress refused to act, usually because special interests oppose losing resources that they want to exploit. By Sam Altobelli September 24, 2015 - 11:19 pm At 82 years of age and a very long time stamp collector…. Mystic Stamps Day In History is the very first email that I press to watch….I thank you Mystic for bring this interesting program for me to enjoy ever day….History was my minor in college….esp. American History which seems to be a missing part of school classes today……………..don’t go away Mystic…….. By Larry Peters September 26, 2015 - 3:11 am Like Mr Autobelli I am 72 and been collecting sim Nce I was about 12, that along with the fact I love U.S. History NSAID this new series , ‘Day In History’ so much pleasure to read. I am looking forward to each day taking time to r Enjoy this.

Devils Tower

A mere 17 days after a previous attempt, Sara Jane Moore took a shot at which US president outside San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel on Sep 22?

Devils Tower NM: Standing Witness - Devils Tower National Monument: A History (Chapter 1) Devils Tower National Monument: A History Chapter I 1890 — Wyoming granted statehood; Wounded Knee Massacre 1893 — Panic of 1893 1903 — Wright brothers make first successful airplane flight 1906 — Devils Tower National Monument established 1908 — Ford Model T appears on market A BURGEONING CONSERVATION EFFORT IN THE EAST RESULTED in the successful establishment of parks and forest preserves. Congress joined these efforts in 1864, donating federal land in Yosemite Valley to California for a state park, an initial attempt to create parks throughout America. In 1872, Congress reserved Yellowstone National Park, located in the Wyoming and Montana territories, "as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." [ 1 ] Yellowstone National Park remained under the direction of the Department of the Interior, as there was no state government to receive and manage the new park. It was then under the management of the United States Cavalry before coming under the jurisdiction of the newly-created National Park Service in 1916. Aerial view from the southwest up the Belle Fourche River valley (Devils Tower National Monument) Other national parks were designated as such in the 1890s and early 1900s. The idealism of preserving nature often fought with the desire to promote tourism—western railroads lobbied for many of the early parks, sometimes building grand hotels in them to encourage their passenger business. From 1889 to 1892 the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad worked to extend its tracks from the South Dakota state line through Newcastle, Moorcroft, and on to Sheridan, all in Wyoming. Since the Tower could be seen from several points on this new route, it is highly probable the railroad had some influence in the movement to protect the Tower. In February of 1890 Charles Graham, a Crook County resident, filed a preemption application (for homesteading on property) for the 160 acres encompassing the Tower. Homestead applications were to be made by the person who would "prove up" the land, but reportedly, Graham worked for the Currycomb Ranch, a large outfit located west of the Tower, and had filed the claim in order to turn the land over to the ranch. A letter from the Commissioner of the General Land Office (GLO) to the District Land Office in Buffalo, WY, in August of 1890 withheld the Tower lands from settlement pending an investigation: From information received at this office it appears that a great national wonder locally known as the 'Devils Tower' technically called the 'Bear Lodge Butte,' is situated in Sec. 7, T.53N., R.65W, to which title is being sought for speculative purposes. You will, until further order, reject any and all applications offered for filing in your office, for lands embracing any portion of Sec. 7 and 18, T.53N., R.65W, Sec. 12 and 13, T.53N., R.66W [ 2 ] [T is township, N is north, R is range, W is west, the method of identifying land within the rectangular system of surveys.] Graham produced "support" of his claim in July of 1891, citing improvements on his homestead consisting of an unfinished house, a stable, and a corral, but the GLO investigation revealed that Graham had not filed the claim in good faith—instead he had filed in the interests of others, and had not lived on or worked the land. The GLO cancelled Graham's application in January 1892, and when he did not appeal the decision they cancelled his claim in June. Wyoming's Senator Francis E. Warren wrote to the commissioner of the GLO in February 1892, asking for assistance to protect the Tower and the Little Missouri Buttes from "spoliation." [ 3 ] In response, a few weeks later the Tower and the Little Missouri Buttes became part of a 60.5-square-mile forest reserve established under the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, which allowed for the creation of national forests. However, the Act did not address administration and management issues of these areas. While the reserves fell under the Division of Forestry, which in turn was under the Department of Agriculture, they would have no direct management until the Organic Act of June 1897, which allowed for organization and management of the reserves by forest rangers under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. State Forest Reserve Superintendents were appointed by the GLO for each state that had reserves, and the next year hired supervisors and forest rangers for each reserve. After an examination in the field by the GLO of the Tower forest reserve, the size was reduced to 18.75 square miles in June of 1892, with the unreserved portion reopened to settlement (in 1898). Senator Warren wanted more decisive action taken regarding the Tower. He introduced a bill (S. 3364) in the United States Senate for the establishment of Devils Tower National Park. The GLO advised that the park remain the size of the reserve, and the bill, introduced in July 1892, was referred to the Committee on Territories. Congress took no further action on the bill. Though the park idea did not receive much public support, proponents for Tower protection kept the area in forest reserve through the next decade. The Tower was a favorite gathering place for the people who lived nearby, and became a popular picnicking and camping site for those living within a day's travel by horse and wagon. The first recorded climb of the Tower by two local ranchers, Willard Ripley and William "Bill" Rogers, became the cornerstone of a Fourth of July celebration in 1893. Ripley moved to the Crook County area in 1880 with his parents Augustus "Colonel" and Pheobe Ripley when he was fifteen years old. By 1892, when he married Alice Mae "Dollie" Proctor, he was ranching on the Belle Fourche River about two miles north of the Tower. Ripley also served as a president of the Hulett State Bank. Rogers moved into Wyoming in the early 1880s. A former miner in the Black Hills of South Dakota, he worked for a Crook County rancher before creating a partnership with Wayne Morris. Their first enterprise was hauling goods with a team and wagon; eventually they bought a ranch and cattle. In 1886 Rogers and Morris parted ways, with Morris keeping the ranch and Rogers taking the cattle, and evenly splitting the rest of their gear. Rogers had married Linnie Knowles and they moved to a homestead located on Cabin Creek, later moving to Barlow Canyon, a few miles north of the Tower. Albert Knowles, Linnie's brother, recalled Rogers making a statement in 1890 that there surely was some way to get to the top of the Tower. "I'll be on top of the Tower before three years," Rogers boasted to Knowles. [ 4 ] A large, raw-boned man, Rogers feared neither man nor the devil, according to his sister, Mrs. A. T. Adams, and he planned to attempt a climb as soon as the way could be found. By the spring of 1893, Ripley and Rogers were friends, and soon to be business partners. At the urging of Colonel Ripley, who was also of the idea that the Tower could be climbed, the men began a collaborated effort to find a way to the top of the Tower. The existing drought and lean times spurred the idea that money could be made from the climb. The men tried to fly a large kite over the Tower, the plan being to get a string over the top, pull over a heavier cord, and finally a rope which would give them assistance in their climb up the Tower. They worked with the kite about three weeks when it became lodged in a crevice. While working to free the kite they realized that the crevice was a long crack between two columns that appeared to go all the way to some broken ledges about two-thirds of the way up. They determined that if they could reach those ledges they could climb unassisted to the top. From their collected years of experience on the western frontier, Ripley, Rogers, the Colonel, and friends devised a plan to build a ladder in the vertical crack. Pegs could be driven into the crevice, and boards connecting the free ends of the pegs would stiffen and brace the steps of the ladder. (The upper portion of this ladder was reconstructed in 1972 and remains visible on the Tower.) The Colonel and Rogers began cutting oak, ash, and willow trees, sawing them into pegs 24 to 30 inches long, about three inches in diameter, and sharpened on one end. They hauled the pegs by wagon to the Tower base, then climbed the talus slope to the rope and pulley Ripley had fashioned to lift the pegs up the side of the Tower. As Newell F. Joyner, custodian of the Tower from 1932 to 1947, would relate, while this may sound simple, it was anything but: It should be mentioned that the base of the upper, columnar, portion of the Tower lies about 250 to 300 feet above the picnic and camping area. The columns extend upward to the rim of the top to a length of 550 to 600 feet, except on the southeast side, where a sloping bench limits the columns to a length of some 300 feet. The ladder was placed on this southeast corner at about the only place on the whole Tower where may be found a continuous open vertical crack between two columns for their full height. All of this can be told in a sentence or two—but imagine the time and patience (and some say, nerve) required to accomplish the construction of the 350-foot ladder. . . . The pegs had to be driven into the crack. Apparently, at first the pegs were fairly heavy and long and close together. But those near the top were the opposite in each of these three respects. The pegs were necessarily driven in from the left, and Ripley, because of his left-handedness, performed this task, by no means a small feat when you consider the conditions. . . . [ 5 ] The column on the left of the crack was flat, but on the right side the rock protruded outward. Ripley stood on one stake, leaned his right shoulder and hip against the rock, and hammered with his left arm. Because of a change in the angle of the crack, the ladder's construction near the top meant going between two pegs and completing the climb with the rock on the left-hand side instead of the right. The crack in which the ladder was being constructed ended at a grassy sloping ledge (now called the Meadows) about 150 feet below the summit of the Tower. It would require a bit of a leap to get to the ledge, then a scramble to the top. Ripley, by the very act of constructing the ladder, became the first to climb the ladder and the first to complete the ascent to the top of the Tower when the last peg was driven about June 28 or 29. Dollie Ripley said, "While the ladder was built the men camped at the Tower and I cooked for them. It was very exciting and I was under an awful strain while my husband was working up there. Everyday when they went to work I didn't know whether they would all come back at night or not, but they always did." [ 6 ] She recalled in 1934, "After the ladder was finished Willard went up on top and then he came back down. He was the first to get on top. It was a very hard climb from the top of the Tower. My husband told me that there was nothing on top of the Tower but a little soil and some sagebrush." [ 7 ] While Ripley finished the ladder construction, Rogers worked on advertising the Fourth of July celebration at the Tower. The climb would be a free attraction, and the Rogers and Ripley families would make money with the food stands and dance they planned to host. Rogers also commissioned a large United States flag to be made. He planned to take it to the top of the Tower and raise it to be flown during the festivities. White muslin was purchased at the Abe Frank store in Sundance. The twelve-foot by seven-foot flag was sewn to size with yard-wide pieces by Mrs. James Thain, and Truman Fox, a Sundance artist, painted red strips and a blue field around forty-four marked-out stars. Advertising for the event included a handbill: "Devils Tower: One of the Greatest Natural Wonders in the United States, Situated in Crook County, Wyoming. The Devils Tower is a perpendicular column of rock and no human being has ever stepped upon its top. On July 4th, 1893, Old Glory will be flung to the breeze from the top of the Tower, 800 feet from the ground by Wm. Rogers." The handbill also assured visitors: "There will be plenty to eat and drink on the grounds. Lots of hay and grain for the horses. Dancing day and night." It listed speakers, presentations to be made, marshal of the day, and aides to the marshal. The poster finished with, "Perfect order will be maintained. The rarest sight of a life time will be observed, and the 4th of July will be better spent at the Devils Tower than at the World's Fair." [ 8 ] For several days previous to the Fourth, parties set out for the Tower, some from as far away as Rapid City, South Dakota—125 miles distant—a round trip that required at least a week. The Deadwood, S.D. stage arrived with a full load of passengers, and by the evening of July 3, between 700 and 800 people were camped on the north side of the Tower and along the Belle Fourche River. One lady camper even brought along a feather bed. Al Storts, a local rancher who played his fiddle for the advertised dance, said of the crowd, "That would be just a small crowd now days [1934] but it was a very big one at that time. The country was very thinly settled then and some folks traveled for two and three days to get there . . . ." [ 9 ] Considerable rain fell that night, but a clear and sunny day dawned on the Fourth. Stands had been prepared during the night, and all was in readiness for the "rarest sight of a life time." [ 10 ] At 9:00 a.m. two ministers delivered short speeches and gave an invocation. A choir sang a few songs, and a young boy gave a recitation entitled "America." Bill Rogers was presented with the flag and an Uncle Sam climbing suit—a white jacket with a red emblem and blue pants, furnished by a Deadwood merchant. By noon Rogers had reached the top of the Tower and raised the American flag. About 2:00 p.m. the wind came up. Truman Fox said he could hear the flag snapping in the breeze from where he was standing at the base of the Tower. Before long the flag tore loose and floated to the ground, where it was cut into pieces and sold for souvenirs—50¢ for a star and 25¢ for small pieces of the red and white stripes. Storts recalled, "After Rogers had put the flag up, the wind began to blow pretty hard and it wasn't long until the flag was torn off the pole and came whirling down, I can see it to this day." [ 11 ] Fiddle and organ music played as Rogers made his way down the Tower. A grand victory celebration was held. Food stands sold out, children played horseshoes and other games, and the crowd danced all night. Knowles, Rogers' brother-in-law, recalled three other men climbing the ladder that same day—Ivan Hoffer, Elzy Wood and another gentleman. These may be the men referred to in one account as three unidentified men who packed sections of the flagpole to the top of the Tower. Some accounts state that several other men went to the top that day, too, and other stories circulate that in the afternoon it was noticed that a group of boys had made the ascent and were looking down on the crowd. The most reliable of the stories tells of five boys on top of the Tower, the youngest only twelve years old. One newspaper account of the Rogers' climb began with this bold headline and lead paragraph: "He Accomplished the Feat He climbed like a squirrel and made the ascent in about thirty minutes, the distance being about 800 feet, a large portion of the way being accomplished by means of pegs driven into creases in the rock." [ 12 ] The stake ladder used for the first recorded summit of the Tower (Devils Tower National Monument) LINNIE ROGERS, WHO holds the honor of being the first woman to summit the Tower, climbed the ladder to the top of the Tower during the Fourth of July celebration for 1895, wearing knee-high leather boots and a navy blue bloomer suit with wide sleeves. She practiced for a few days with her husband before making her solo climb. Several years after Linnie's climb, Ripley and Pete Hazlebacker were riding near the Tower when they heard voices calling to them. The source of the hollering was traced to the top of the Tower. Three men had climbed up the ladder and were unable to find their way back down to the Meadows and the top of the ladder. Ripley and Hazlebacker climbed up and guided the men down to safety. Soon after this, Rogers destroyed the lower part of the ladder to prevent others from climbing and not being able to get down. The fame of Bill Rogers and Willard Ripley and the success of their 1893 Fourth of July venture did not remain a good-luck charm for the men. Sometime after Linnie's climb in 1895 she shot Rogers in the head. She said it was a ricocheting bullet; his version was she shot to injure him, and she hit closer than intended. Rogers had taught her to be a crack shot rifle expert, and he maintained if she had shot to kill him, she would have. His judgment and equilibrium were impaired by the injury, and they lost business and property. In November of 1897 Bill and Linnie stopped to see Wayne Morris, Rogers' former business partner, on their way west to find work. The Rogers' ended up in the Jackson Hole area where Bill worked as a hunting guide, before returning to Crook County. Morris later said: While working there Rogers got hurt. I heard that he was hauling a load of poles and a line or a tug got loose and Bill got throwed and landed on his head. From the effects of this blow he went insane; he got violent and was hard to handle, he didn't even know his old friends. I got into Sundance on the morning they took him to the asylum at Evanston, where he died. Friends told me it was too bad that I hadn't got to Sundance earlier so I could have seen him. Perhaps it is better that I remember him as he was when leaving for the mountains. [ 13 ] In December of 1903 Rogers was admitted to the Wyoming State Hospital in Evanston, WY, with a diagnosis of "general paralysis of the insane," [ 14 ] due to the most recent head trauma, exacerbated by a head injury ten years prior, and the more recent shooting injury. He died in February, 1904, and was buried in Spearfish, S.D. Linnie left Crook County and following two subsequent marriages died June 6, 1921, in Boise, Idaho, where she is buried in Morris Hill Cemetery. Morris had this to say about his former partner: "Rogers was a fine man, he was always a gentleman and taught me about western life. I was also intimately acquainted with his family. I have always wondered how he came to get the idea of climbing the Tower as he wasn't the kind to be doing daredevil things. He was a nice fellow to live with and when he died I lost a might good friend." [ 15 ] Willard and Dollie Ripley had four sons and their holdings increased considerably in the years after the climb, but something went wrong in the early 1930s. Ripley committed suicide in 1931, reportedly because he refused to let cancer kill him. Dollie later married Frank Heppler, who began working at the tower in 1934. In 1954 she died from an undetermined cause, possibly heart failure, during a fire at their home on national monument grounds. AFTER THAT first, widely-publicized climb, whenever the Tower was mentioned in newspaper articles, much was made of the natural phenomenon. The Crook County Monitor printed an article in its April 20, 1906 edition, several months before the Tower was declared a national monument: The fame of that great natural wonder, the Devils Tower, is by no means confined to local boundaries. It is indeed known to some extent in all nations. Miss Mabel Waddell, who has been attending school at Mellen, Wisconsin, for the past year, was requested by her teacher recently to prepare an essay, giving her the privilege to choose her subject. The Devils Tower seemed to Miss Waddell to furnish an interesting topic for easterners, and so well did she perform the work that there was an immediate demand in the school for a photograph of the great granite obelisk. The professor and the entire school showed a remarkable interest in the matter, thus giving Crook County a much-needed prominence in that part of the east. [ 16 ] On July 22, 1906, Arthur Jobe of Lead, South Dakota, arrived at the Tower with a group of friends, having left Spearfish, South Dakota, four days previously in a rented team and wagon, and crossing the Bear Lodge Mountains by way of Aladdin. They paid $1.00 per day for the team and 50 cents per day for the covered wagon. The following is from an interview Jobe gave to Superintendent Hartzell on August 18, 1958, in which he related the story of his tower climb. Jobe was 78 at the time of the interview, making him 26 at the time of his climb in 1906. Hartzell reported: While circling the Tower on foot they located the old ladder. Mr. Jobe told his girl (who later became Mrs. Jobe) to go back to camp and get the camera and the rest of the party and in the meantime he would climb the ladder so she could take pictures of him on top of the Tower. The first fifteen feet of the ladder had been burned away, making it necessary for him to take off his shoes and climb with his feet in the cracks of the rock. He started up about 10:15 a.m. He found the steps loose and had to use extreme caution. He reached the top and walked around the top experiencing considerable discomfort from cactus spines due to his bare feet. After finally contacting his girl and having his picture taken, he started down. He had failed to mark the crack leading to the ladder and made several false starts before reaching the ledge where the top of the ladder was. He found about a half dozen empty beer bottles near the top of the ladder in one of which he placed his name and address with a note. He never heard from the note. He returned to the ground some time around 1:30 p.m. bringing down several rock samples and a chip from the flag pole, which now are in the Adams Museum in Deadwood. The party returned to Spearfish, having been out ten days. [ 17 ] Reports of the climb appeared in the Deadwood and Lead papers crediting Jobe with the second climb of the Tower. But Jobe felt that if he had the inclination to climb the Tower, many other men visiting the Tower must have had the same inclination and success, and believed the evidence he found near the base and the top of the ladder likely meant other parties climbed the Tower between 1893 and 1906. Over the years after Rogers destroyed the bottom part of the ladder in the late 1890s, a few hardy souls reportedly did replace some of the damaged pegs and climb the Tower. Local legend had several local cowboys and even a few schoolboys making the ascent. THE ANTIQUITIES ACT of 1906 (Appendix B) is a short and simple conservation law of three sections drafted by archeologist Edgar Hewitt. The Act passed Congress and was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, after a long and much-argued process. One issue of contention was the authority given to the president to declare qualified public lands as national monuments. Roosevelt's "interpretation of executive authority" [ 18 ] was progressive and expansionary. In his reading of the Antiquities Act, he moved beyond the idea that the bill was a small and restricted measure to protect objects of antiquity at archeological ruins in the southwestern United States. The language of the Act enabled him to use and implement executive authority for the public good, but it was his style of leadership that transformed the Act into one of the greatest tools of land protection ever penned in the United States. Much could be said about a president favoring conservation measures when previous presidents had been generally supportive of letting public land be dispersed to homesteaders, railroads, mining firms, livestock ranchers, and other interests in the effort to promote economic development and growth in the west. While Roosevelt was a capitalist, and had great disdain for those who did not believe in it as he did, he also felt that unrestrained capitalism, and government that allowed such to occur, was destructive. Roosevelt, a progressive reformer and a defender of natural resources, came to his position on conservation from his own experience and from his friendships with men like Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester of the Forest Service, who had strong conservational beliefs, and John Muir, a Scottish emigrant to the United States who helped found the Sierra Club. Roosevelt's time at his ranch in the Badlands of North Dakota strengthened his conservational views. He theorized that the United States would be great—not because of what it had to start with, but because it protected and used its natural and national assets wisely. He gave a speech on the Fourth of July, 1886, in Dickinson, ND, expounding his belief that citizens had a responsibility to protect the land, and to leave a part of it—whether scenic, scientific, or historic—for the future. After being elected vice president in November of 1900, Roosevelt ascended to the presidency on September 14, 1901. President McKinley had been shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6 and died eight days later. In November of 1904 Roosevelt was reelected president, and continued his work in conservation and preservation. The Antiquities Act of 1906 was, in one part, the culmination of a goal of the American archeological community that wished to see historic and cultural sites and remnants on public lands be conserved and protected, as well as to make them available for research, inspection, and study. Vandalism, protection for sites, and improper scientific study were the three main problems for archeologists working in the field. The bill also provided means for designating, preserving, and administering special parts of federal lands for the benefit of the public, the land, and the future. Though conservationists and preservationists have philosophical differences about what should be done with public lands, natural resources, and wildlife, the unity of the two factions in their support of the Act, along with the backing of sympathetic progressive politicians, provided the necessary energy for passage of the legislation after a formulation period of five years. All agreed that something needed to be done to insure that "objects of historic and scientific interest" [ 19 ] were maintained so future generations could enjoy, learn from, and experience them. The Antiquities Act provided a definitive statement that the differing factions could support with unity. By using his views regarding maximum benefit to the public and the presidential discretion afforded him by the Act, Roosevelt greatly broadened the legal extent and capacity of the Antiquities Act with his first national monument declaration, Devils Tower National Monument. Wyoming's Representative Frank W. Mondell from Newcastle had informed President Roosevelt of a fantastic geologic formation located in a federal forest reserve in northeastern Wyoming. Senator Francis Warren's earlier efforts to have the area declared a national or state park were never acted on by Congress, but Mondell was an influential member of the House Committee on Public Lands, a committee on which he would later serve as chairman, and he had the power to catch the president's attention. Mondell also came from a strong position in Congress—by 1906 he had served five terms in Washington. Mondell lived in Newcastle, Wyoming, about sixty miles south of the Tower and along the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. His descriptions of the Tower and the surrounding area enhanced his recommendation to Roosevelt to declare the Tower a national monument. Such status would help distinguish the Tower's substantial scientific quality, and also recognize and increase its economic impact for the northeastern region of Wyoming. President Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower National Monument on September 24, 1906. In his announcement he wrote: And, whereas, the lofty and isolated rock in the State of Wyoming, known as the 'Devils Tower,' situated upon the public lands owned and controlled by the United States is such an extraordinary example of the effect of erosion in the higher mountains as to be a natural wonder and an object of historic and great scientific interest and it appears that the public good would be promoted by reserving this tower as a National monument with as much land as may be necessary for the proper protection thereof. [ 20 ] Devils Tower National Monument (DTNM), at just over 1,150 acres, would be much smaller than the 18.75-square-mile forest reserve, with Roosevelt following a principle in the Antiquities Act: ". . . and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected . . ." [ 21 ] The land outside the national monument boundary remaining from the forest reserve would be restored to settlement in 1908. Wyoming could now lay claim as home to America's first national park (Yellowstone), its first national forest (Shoshone), and its first national monument. Designating the Tower as a national monument highlighted the flexibility of the Act—not just in its status qualifications or in the discretion afforded the president, but in the new opportunity for various national monuments to be created that otherwise might not have been. The Tower would not have been satisfactory as a national park or national forest, the only two options available before the Antiquities Act was enacted. In fact, as stated by Hal Rothman, author of Preserving Different Paths: The American National Monuments, before it was declared a national monument, "Devils Tower remained in limbo, neither large nor important enough to become a national park," and before 1906 "was an anomaly . . .in the federal system." [ 22 ] With this first national monument declaration, Roosevelt expanded the boundaries of the terms set forth in the Antiquities Act, and greatly broadened the spectrum of potential sites for future presidents. By remaining faithful to the expectations of Congress that national monument sites would be fairly small, Roosevelt successfully curtailed any lasting disagreement about his choice. Further aiding Roosevelt in his first use of the Antiquities Act was the support and consultation of a home-state congressman. Representative Mondell could defend the site in Congress and Wyoming and, as a member of the House Committee on Public Lands, could funnel necessary appropriations to the national monument. This was significant, since the Act did not specify that monuments would receive congressional appropriations, and the administrative authority would belong to whichever governmental department owned the land. Under the current system, national parks received monies only when Congress chose to provide support or when sufficient and well-placed pressure was applied. Having a congressional sponsor in Mondell ensured a chance of success for the national monument to receive some funding within the constraints of the existing administrative and appropriations arrangement. The Antiquities Act was considered by many to be created solely to protect archeological sites in the Southwest. By accepting the Tower, located outside the southwest region, as a national monument, opposition to the Act was defeated. If the Tower could be named a national monument, based on scientific interest, then other such national monuments would follow. By honoring the president's ability and discretion to name scientific national monuments as allowed in the Act, then it would follow that the president had the discretion to declare the national monument area to be as large or as small as might be necessary. Within just four months of the passage of the Antiquities Act, a model for its use had been created. Surprisingly, no mention is made of the DTNM declaration in any of the local newspapers, nor in the editions of the larger Wyoming newspapers of that time. For all of the discussion, contention, and deliberation the issue had given rise to among the politicians in Washington, there was little-to-no fanfare locally. THE COMMISSIONER OF the General Land Office (GLO) directed the local Land Office and the Special Agent of the district to oversee the newly-established Devils Tower National Monument. They were to prevent vandalism, removal of objects, and unauthorized occupation of national monument grounds. From 1908 to 1919 E. O. Fuller served as Special Agent with the U.S. Land Field Service, with the headquarters at Cheyenne, Wyoming, and as such, the responsibility for protecting DTNM fell to his office. Fuller was born January 30, 1875 on a farm near Decatur, Illinois, and spent part of his childhood on his parent's homestead in western Kansas. He worked on farms and ranches in Oregon, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma from 1891 to 1902, and lived in the Chickasaw Nation before it became Oklahoma. For five years he was Register and Receiver's Clerk of the U. S. Land Office, first serving in Alva, Oklahoma, and then at North Platte, Nebraska, before becoming Special Agent in 1908. His duties as Special Agent included land examinations and appraisals, estimating timber, and securing evidence in land fraud cases which were tried in the U. S. courts. His area, the Seventh Field Division, encompassed what are now Wyoming, Nebraska, and South Dakota. A Wyoming newspaper carried an article about souvenir hunters damaging the Tower by chipping rock from it. The story was picked up by papers in New York and Washington, D.C., claiming that the giant formation was being undermined and threatened. Fears were voiced that the famous landmark might soon be destroyed. The Commissioner of the GLO sent Fuller instructions to place warning signs at DTNM asking people not to harm the Tower. Fuller posted the signs, and visited occasionally, hoping to prevent people from damaging and destroying the natural features of the area. Devils Tower at a glance. . . 1890 — 1910

i don't know

"Kid tested. Mother approved." is the advertising slogan for what cereal?

Cereal Slogans - Advertising Cereal Slogans Cereal.com - Cereal, All Day, All The Way   Cereal Commercials | Breakfast Shop | Breakfast Cereals | Cereal Recipes Cereal Slogans Here is a collection of cereal advertising slogans and jingles. Some of them are current, while others are from yesteryear. This is meant to be a fun page in which reading these slogans may bring back memories. If you know of a cereal slogan or jingle that we are missing, please share it with us . Index of Cereal Slogans A is for apple, J is for Jacks. Cinnamon toasty Applejacks Alpha-Bits "Take a bite, take a bite, take an Alpha-Bits bite. You can make a game out of eating every letter in sight. A, B, C...X, Y, Z." Cheerios "The Big G stands for Goodness" (1962) "Go with the Goodness of Cheerios" (1964) "Nutrition: Thats the Cheerios Tradition" (1971) "Oats, the Grain Highest in Protein" (1971) "Toasted Whole Grain Oat Cereal" (Current) Cocoa Krispies cereal "Let Cocoa Krispies fill your spoon, and soon you'll be gazing at a cocoa moon. sitting under a chocolate palm tree, by the cocoa sea." Coca Puffs Cereal Slogan "I'm coo-coo for Cocoa Puffs!" Cornflakes 1983, Sit down to a familiar face Corn Pops "I vant to eat your cereal!" Cream of Wheat From 1930's radio: Cream of Wheat is so good to eat, and we have it everyday. We sing this song; it will make us b, and it makes us shout, "Hooray!" It's good for growing babies, and grownups too to eat. For all the family's breakfast, you can't beat Cream of Wheat. Donkey Kong Cereal Slogan "Donkey Kong! Donky Kong Cereal! Crunchy Barrels of fun for your breakfast! You'll love that crunch!" Frosted Flakes Show'em you're a tiger, Show'em what you can do, the taste of Tony's Frosted Flakes, brings out the tiger in you, in you! Fruit and Fibre Cereal Slogan "Fruit and Fibre. Tastes so good, you'll forget the fiber." Fruity Pebbles (rap version) "I'm Rapmaster Barney and I'm here to say, I love Fruity Pebbles in a major way!" Golden Grahams "Oh...those Golden Grahams... those Golden Grahams. Golden honey, just a touch, with grahams golden wheat." Grape-Nuts Flakes Cereal Roar, Boys, Roar, It tastes like more, What a flavor, Zippity-zow - its grand - and how! Honey Nut Cheerios "We're gonna tempt your tummy, with the taste of nuts and honey, its a honey of an O, it's Honey Nut Cheerios." Honey Nut Cheerios "Race for the taste, the honey sweet taste!, the honey-nutty taste of Honey Nut Cheerios" "Nobody can say no to the honey nut O's in Honey Nut Cheerios" Honey Combs brand breakfast cereal "Honey Comb's big! Yeah, yeah, yeah! It's not small...no, no, no!" Kellogg's Corn Flakes "Taste them again, for the first time" Kellogg's Frosted Flakes "Kid tested. Mother approved." Kix Cereal Slogan "Kids like Kix for what Kix has got", "Moms like Kix for what Kix is not." Life Cereal 'He likes it! Hey Mikey!' Lucky Charms "Always After My Lucky Charms- They're Magically Delicious!" Mr. T cereal Do you recall Mr. T cereal? slogan went like: "Mr. T cereal! Golden flakes, crispy T's.. one bite and you're gonna be eatin' with the team that's teaming up with Mr. T! Pac-Man cereal slogan "Now Pac-Man isn't just a game you play, it's a crispy corn cereal that's coming your way! New Pac-Man! Chomp! Chomp! Delicious! There's Inky, and Pinky, and Blinky and Clyde! We're marshmallow bits you'll find inside new Pac-Man! Chomp! Chomp! Delicious!" Raisin Bran Two scoops of plump juicy raisins Rice Krispies Snap, Crackle, Pop, Rice Krispies. Shredded Wheat Cereal (1982) Bet you can't eat three Smurfberry Crunch Cereal (jingle) "Smurfberry Crunch is fun to eat; A Smurfy, fruity, breakfast treat; Made by Smurfs so happily; It tastes like crunchy Smurfberries; it's fun to eat and tasty too; in berry red and Smurfy blue! Sugar Crisp Cereal Sugar Bear can't get enough. Trix cereal "Silly Rabbit, Trix are for kids!" Waffle-O's Breakfast cereal with a cowboy cartoon character. Waffle-o Bill sang "Get along little blueberry critters, git along". Wheaties Cereal Slogan

Kix

On Sept 22, 1827, who supposedly met an angel called Moroni who directed him to a long-buried book, inscribed on golden plates, which inspired him to write The Book of Mormon?

15 Simple, Nostalgic, Memorable Cereal Slogans - Mandatory mandatory 15 Simple, Nostalgic Cereal Slogans We Should Never Forget Gotta have my slogans. by  Matt Branham Feb 18th, 2015 Remember the days when you would roll out of bed in your jammies, run down the stairs and have your mom pour you a bowl of your favorite cereal? Wait, that was today? That’s sort of weird. Anyway, while you’re wolfing down your favorite brand of milk soup, take a stroll down Memory Lane with some simple, nostalgic cereal slogans from way back when it was okay that your mother did everything for you. Wheaties – “The Breakfast of Champions” Wheaties is a trailblazer of a cereal, with its classic line “breakfast of champions” first appearing in the 1930s. What’s more impressive is Wheaties was the first cereal to have its own jingle (1926), and it was also the first to have its own TV spot (1939). Kix – “Kid Tested, Mother Approved.” A cereal since 1937, Kix didn’t introduce the all-famous line for their ads until 1978. They originally ran with the slogan, “Kids love Kix for what Kix has got. Moms love Kix for what Kix has not,” but its wordiness was overrun by a simpler slogan for the crispy, corn crunch. Rice Krispies – “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” One of the earliest and most memorable lines in cereal came in 1932, just a few years after the Kellogg’s brand started serving Rice Krispies. In 1939, the three amigos Snap, Crackle and Pop appeared, their names based off the sounds of the cereal after milk was added. Snap was the solo character to first represent the brand until they decided to bring on Crackle and Pop soon after. Life Cereal – “He Likes It! Hey Mikey!” The longest running catchphrase for a cereal ad belongs to Life, who introduced the slogan in 1972. The young boys in the original ad used the phrase “I’m not gonna try it – you try it. Let’s get Mikey…he hates everything.” Mikey would reprise his role for the cereal brand later a young adult. Lucky Charms – “They’re Magically Delicious!” The cereal was originally called Frosted Lucky Charms when this slug line made its debut in 1964. Since then, Lucky the Leprechaun has an additional line all the kids love, “They’re always after me lucky charms!” in his lighthearted Irish accent. Cocoa Puffs – “I’m Cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs!” Sonny the Cuckoo Bird went cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs ever since his first appearance in the cereal’s 1963 ad, the term that made its way into the American language ever since. And since then, he’s only gotten more cuckoo with illustrative improvements and extra cuckoo animations for his commercials with the chocolatey, crunchy corn puffs. Golden Grahams – “So Happy Together” With a musical rendition of “So Happy Together” for the golden graham cracker cereal in the ’80s, their ads featured people enjoying Golden Grahams together in groups with the reworked version of the song playing in the background. Catchy! Trix – “Silly Rabbit, Trix Are for Kids!” The brand started serving up bowls in 1954, but it wasn’t until a few years later that the bunny made his way onto the box. The original ad was “Rabbits are supposed to like carrots. But I hate carrots. I like Trix.” After changing the perspective to that of the children eating the Trix, General Mills ran a campaign to see if kids actually thought the bunny should get his Trix. Surveys said yes — one bowl. Frosted Flakes – “They’re Gr-r-reat!” Originally Sugar Frosted Flakes in 1952, Tony the Tiger is an O.G. when it comes to the frosted corn cereal flakes with most of the ads revolving around the energetic tiger. Although it’s the most famous ad line, it was originally “They’re not good. They’re great!” to start. “They bring out the tiger in you,” and, “the taste adults have grown to love,” are other popular lines from Tony. Cinnamon Toast Crunch – “The Taste You Can See!” Although first produced in 1950, the cinnamon flavored cereal didn’t bring on its animated bakers until 1986. The three aproned amigos never spoke a word that wasn’t the cereal’s brand name until 1995, when they started using the phrase, “The taste you can see.” Apple Jacks – “We Eat What We Like” Debuted as Apple O’s in 1965, the Apple Jacks moniker didn’t appear until the ’70s. The brand used to have mascots like Apple Guy and Apple Car, but by the ’90s they advertised – like many brands – kids getting together to enjoy the cereal pretending parents just don’t understand. But this particular classic ad recalls when the adult actually articulated the words “you just like them” for the kids, cleverly appealing to both age demographics. Fruit Loops – “Follow My Nose, It Always Knows” Toucan Sam made his first appearance in 1963 under the familiar voice of Mel Blanc, the man behind Bugs Bunny and other “Looney Tunes” characters. The full catchphrase used to be “Follow my nose, it always knows, the flavor of fruit wherever it grows!” Since, Toucan has a little crew of birds with him in his latest colorful, high quality ads involving treasure hunts and birdlike fun. Kellogg’s Corn Pops – “Gotta Have My Pops!” Originally Sugar Pops in 1951 with the phrase “Sugar Pops are tops,” then Sugar Corn Pops in 1978, the cereal picked up their catchy slogan “Gotta have my Pops” in 1988. In the late ’90s, they ran a popular commercial featuring two stickler parents watching their out-of-control adolescent scarfing down his Pops using that same slug line. That kid was Aaron Paul before he broke bad. Honey Nut Cheerios – “It’s a Honey of an O” The personified bee started buzzing around everyone’s gluten-filled kitchen in 1992 despite the brand starting out in the late ’70s. Its original slogan was “It’s a honey of an O.” While there were many other popular slogans, the 1995 ad with Buzz and the line, “Nobody can say ‘No’ to Honey Nut Cheerios” took hold until 2004 when they went with a healthy alternative: “Bee happy. Bee healthy,” a clever play on words and terrible two-time grammatical error. Raisin Bran – “Two Scoops of Raisins” Although the cereal has been around since the ’40s, its original slug line “cereal with fruit” wasn’t nearly as well-received as “Two scoops of raisins in every box!” in the late ’60s. With an average of 220 raisins in each box, math geniuses could conclude that a single scoop contained more than a hundred raisins. Corn flakes sprinkled with sugar and loaded with raisins made Raisin Bran one of the most loved cereals in history. Screechios – “New Cereal of the Champs” Wait, that’s not real cereal! Oh, the Zack Attack. Now we know why Screech truly wasn’t invited to Jimmy Fallon’s “Saved by the Bell” reunion on “The Tonight Show.”

i don't know

When The Simpsons kicks off it's new season this Sunday, it will mark the start of what season?

FALL PREMIERE DATES FOR THE 2015-2016 SEASON | on Fox FALL PREMIERE DATES FOR THE 2015-2016 SEASON   FALL PREMIERE DATES FOR THE 2015-2016 SEASON b FOX ANNOUNCES FALL PREMIERE DATES FOR THE 2015-2016 SEASON   ANDY SAMBERG HOSTS THE 67TH PRIMETIME EMMY® AWARDS LIVE COAST-TO-COAST SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 20   SEASON TWO OF “GOTHAM” AND NEW FUTURISTIC CRIME DRAMA “MINORITY REPORT” PREMIERE MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 21   COMEDY-HORROR SERIES “SCREAM QUEENS” DEBUTS WITH A SPECIAL TWO-HOUR PREMIERE EVENT TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22   NEW COMEDIES “GRANDFATHERED” AND “THE GRINDER” KICK OFF TUESDAY NIGHTS, BEGINNING SEPTEMBER 29   NEW MIAMI MEDICAL PROCEDURAL “ROSEWOOD” AND TV PHENOMENON “EMPIRE” PREMIERE WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23   SUNDAY FUNDAY RETURNS WITH ALL-NEW SEASONS OF “BOB’S BURGERS,” “THE SIMPSONS,” “BROOKLYN NINE-NINE,” “FAMILY GUY” AND “THE LAST MAN ON EARTH” SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 27   “BONES” AND “SLEEPY HOLLOW” RETURN THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1   NEW SEASONS OF UNSCRIPTED SERIES “MASTERCHEF JUNIOR” AND “WORLD’S FUNNIEST” BEGIN FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 6   FOX has set the fall premiere dates for its new and returning series.   The 2015-2016 season begins with the 67TH PRIMETIME EMMY® AWARDS, which returns to FOX, airing LIVE coast-to-coast from the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on Sunday, Sept. 20 (8:00-11:00 PM ET live/5:00-8:00 PM PT live). The special will be hosted by Emmy® Award-winning writer, actor and comedian Andy Samberg (BROOKLYN NINE-NINE).   The stakes are higher than ever as GOTHAM explores the origin stories of some of the most ambitious and depraved Super Villains, including The Riddler, The Joker and Mr. Freeze, and Bruce Wayne (David Mazouz) uncovers more secrets from his father’s past, in the Season Two debut on Monday, Sept. 21 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT), followed by the series premiere of futuristic crime drama MINORITY REPORT (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT).Based on Steven Spielberg’s international blockbuster film and the first of his films to be adapted for television,MINORITY REPORT follows the partnership between a man (Stark Sands, “Inside Llewyn Davis”) haunted by the future and a cop (Meagan Good, “Think Like A Man” franchise, “Californication”) haunted by her past, as they race to stop the worst crimes before they happen.   Award-winning executive producers Ryan Murphy (“Glee,” “American Horror Story”), Brad Falchuk (“Glee,” “American Horror Story”) and Ian Brennan (“Glee”) meld comedy, mystery and horror in SCREAM QUEENS, which debuts with a special, two-hour series premiere event on Tuesday, Sept. 22 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT). All hell is about to break loose on the Wallace University campus when, exactly 20 years after a mysterious tragedy, a devil-clad killer begins to target the sisters of Kappa House. The super-charged anthology series is a modern take on the classic whodunit with a killer cast, including Emma Roberts (“American Horror Story: Freak Show,” “Scream 4”), Jamie Lee Curtis (“Halloween,” “A Fish Called Wanda,” “True Lies”), Lea Michele (“Glee”), Abigail Breslin (“Little Miss Sunshine”), Oliver Hudson (“Nashville,” “Rules of Engagement”), Keke Palmer (“Akeela and the Bee,” “Masters of Sex”), Nick Jonas (“Kingdom”) and pop superstar and actress Ariana Grande, among others. With at least one casualty each week until the mystery is solved, anyone could be the next victim – or the murderer. On Tuesday, Sept. 29 the series will make its time period premiere (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT).   On Tuesday, Sept. 29, new comedies GRANDFATHERED (8:00-8:30 PM ET/PT) and THE GRINDER (8:30-9:00 PM ET/PT) kick-off an all-new Tuesday. GRANDFATHERED is a coming-of-middle-age story starring John Stamos (“Full House,” “ER”) as the ultimate bachelor whose life is turned upside down when he discovers he’s not only a father, but a grandfather. The series also stars Josh Peck (“The Mindy Project”). THE GRINDER, starring Emmy Award nominee Rob Lowe (“Parks and Recreation,” “The West Wing”) and Emmy Award and Golden Globe nominee Fred Savage (“The Wonder Years”), follows a famous TV lawyer (Lowe) who is going from show business…to the family business. After his hit series, “The Grinder,” is canceled, he moves back home and joins his brother (Savage) at their family’s real-life law firm – despite having no law degree, no license to practice and no experience in an actual courtroom.   Set against the vibrant backdrop of one of the world’s hottest cities – Miami – new medical procedural ROSEWOOD premieres on Wednesday, Sept. 23 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT). The series stars Morris Chestnut (“Nurse Jackie,” “The Best Man” franchise) as DR. BEAUMONT ROSEWOOD, JR., the city’s top private pathologist. Brilliant, cool with tons of charisma, Rosewood teams up with the tough-as-nails DETECTIVE ANNALISE VILLA (Jaina Lee Ortiz, “The After”), to uncover clues no one else sees and help the Miami PD solve the city’s most challenging cases.  The series comes from executive producer Todd Harthan (“Psych,” “Dominion”) and also stars Lorraine Toussaint (“Orange is the New Black”).   EMPIRE, broadcast television’s biggest hit, returns at 9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT, following ROSEWOOD. The series will pick up three months after the shocking arrest and incarceration of Empire Entertainment head LUCIOUS LYON (Terrence Howard). Knowing Lucious won’t be held much longer in prison, COOKIE (Taraji P. Henson) and her allies within the Lyon family make a desperate attempt to seize control of the company. But as the Lyons continue to battle each other, a bigger external threat emerges that could force them to unite.   The fun returns to Sundays beginning Sept. 27, with the season premieres of Emmy Award-winning comedy BOB’S BURGERS (7:30-8:00 PM ET/PT), the unprecedented 27th season of THE SIMPSONS (8:00-8:30 PM ET/PT), the Golden Globe-winning live-action comedy BROOKLYN NINE-NINE (8:30-9:00 PM ET/PT), the 13th season of FAMILY GUY (9:00-9:30 PM ET/PT) and the critically acclaimed live-action comedy THE LAST MAN ON EARTH (9:30-10:00 PM ET/PT).   On Thursday, Oct. 1 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT), BONES returns for its 11th season. Picking up six months after the Season 10 finale, BRENNAN (Emily Deschanel) and BOOTH (David Boreanaz) have moved on to a new town and new jobs, having given up their old life and settled into a blissful death-free existence. But a murder unlike any other draws them back to investigate with their former colleagues at the Jeffersonian and FBI. At 9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT, SLEEPY HOLLOW picks up after a disquieting break in the demonic action, as our heroes – ICHABOD CRANE (Tom Mison) and ABBIE MILLS (Nicole Beharie) – adjust to a world seemingly without Moloch, witchy wives, evil sons and headless ex-best friends. However, nothing is ever quite as it seems, and the eerie calm will quickly give way to the next tribulation, driven by a surprising supernatural presence that will challenge Crane and Mills in ways they never imagined.   Judges Gordon Ramsay, Graham Elliot and Christina Tosi find the next best junior chef in America, when MASTERCHEF JUNIOR returns Friday, Nov. 6 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT), followed by all-new episodes of WORLD’S FUNNIEST (9:00-10:00 PM ET/PT), in which host Terry Crews (BROOKLYN NINE-NINE) and weekly guest panelists, such as Wayne Brady, Margaret Cho, Natasha Leggero and Sherri Shepherd, bring fresh, unexpected takes on the best in hilarious, heartwarming and other viral videos of the week.   Fall premieres of new and returning series are listed below in chronological order (all times are ET/PT):   8:00-11:00 PM LIVE ET/        67TH PRIMETIME EMMY® AWARDS 5:00-8:00 PM LIVE PT

twenty two

September 20, 1973, saw the famous Battle of the Sexes tennis match when former world #1 tennis player Bobby Riggs dropped his match against what female tennis star?

ABC's Fall TV Premiere Dates for the 2016-17 Season Revealed | E! News ABC's Fall TV Premiere Dates for the 2016-17 Season Revealed By Email ABC Forget summer, the TV networks are getting ready for fall! Fox, NBC, The CW, CBS and now ABC have all announced the fall premiere dates for their 2016-17 TV season, and your poor DVR has until September before it starts working overtime again. ABC gets things started with Dancing With the Stars on Monday, Sept. 12. Start speculating on the dancers now! Everything else kicks off after the Emmys air on Sunday, Sept. 18. Hot new series Designated Survivor bows on Wednesday, Sept. 21 and Grey's Anatomy and How to Get Away With Murder return Thursday, Sept. 22—and just in case you forgot, Scandal is being held for midseason to accommodate Kerry Washington 's pregnancy. And the laughs will have to wait for some—ABC is holding some of its comedies until October. Check out the full ABC schedule (and the other networks) below. Read 8-10 p.m. Dancing with the Stars Sunday, Sept. 18 7-8 p.m. 68th Emmy Awards Arrival Pre-Show 8-11 p.m. 68th Emmy Awards Tuesday, Sept. 20 8-10 p.m. Dancing with the Stars Results Show 10-11 p.m. Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Wednesday, Sept. 21 10-11 p.m. How to Get Away with Murder Friday, Sept. 23 8-8:30 p.m. Last Man Standing 8:30-9 p.m. Dr. Ken 8-9 p.m. Once Upon A Time 9-10 p.m Secrets and Lies 10-11 p.m. Quantico 7:00-8:00 p.m. America's Funniest Home Videos Monday, Oct. 3 9-9:30 p.m. Fresh Off the Boat 9:30-10 p.m. The Real O'Neals Read Ben Higgins, Lauren Bushnell Get Bachelor Spinoff Reality Series on Freeform CBS CBS gets things started with the launch of Case Closed, the six-hour limited event docu-thriller that reexamines the JonBenét Ramsey murder case 20 years later, on Sunday, Sept. 18, before officially kicking off its fall TV season on Monday, Sept. 19 with the biggest comedy on TV: The Big Bang Theory, plus the highly anticipated return of Kevin James to network television in his new sitcom. The following night sees the return of NCIS, TV's highest-rated show, as well as the debut of former NCIS star Michael Weatherly's new drama, Bull. Plus, the network also set premiere dates for Survivor, Criminal Minds and Matt LeBlanc 's new sitcom... Sunday, Sept. 18 8:30-10:30 p.m.: Case Closed (Part One) Monday, Sept. 19 8 -8:30 p.m.: The Big Bang Theory 8:30-9 p.m.: Kevin Can Wait    9-11 p.m.: Case Closed (Part Two) Tuesday, Sept. 20 8-9 p.m.: DC's Legends of Tomorrow 9-10 p.m.: Supernatural 9-10 p.m.: Jane the Virgin Friday, Oct. 21 8-9 p.m.: The Vampire Diaries 9-10 p.m.: Crazy Ex-Girlfriend So Many Movie Remakes and TV Revivals Are Coming at You—But Will They Last? Fox Fox revealed that Monday, Sept. 19 will mark the return of its two DC Comics series, Gotham and Lucifer. The following day will see the season premieres of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, New Girl and Scream Queens. On Wednesday, Sept. 21, new drama Lethal Weapon will debut before season three of Empire, and on Thursday, Sept. 22, the new drama Pitch will debut after the season two premiere of Rosewood. Rounding out Fox's week of premieres is the Friday return of Hell's Kitchen and the debut of new series The Exorcist, and the Sunday return of Bob's Burgers, The Simpsons, Family Guy and Last Man on Earth along with new comedy Son of Zorn on Sunday, Sept. 25. Fox's full fall premiere schedule is as follows: Monday, Sept. 19 8:30-9 p.m.: Son of Zorn 9-9:30 p.m.: Family Guy 9:30-10 p.m.: The Last Man on Earth NBC On the NBC front, the first show to return to the network's schedule is Blindspot, which will debut at 10 p.m. on Sept. 14 after the finale of America's Got Talent. Then, on Monday, Sept. 19, things really ramp up. The Voice will debut its eleventh season—including the debut of new coaches Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys —followed by the premiere of the new Ted Danson- Kristen Bell comedy The Good Place. On Tuesday of that week, you'll get your first glimpse at the new show that will probably make you cry the most, This Is Us (just trust us on that one). The network has also slated the premieres of time travel drama Timeless, the second seasons of comedy Superstore and drama Chicago Med, and the newest seasons of The Blacklist, Chicago P.D. and Chicago Fire. Read NBC Find out when your favorite (or new favorite) show is back with NBC's full fall premiere schedule: Wednesday, Sept. 14 Brazil E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our US edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Canadian edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our UK edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Australian edition? E! ist überall Dieser Inhalt ist für internationale Besucher verfügbar. Möchtest du ihn in der deutschen Version anschauen? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our German edition? E! est partout Une version adaptée de ce contenu est disponible pour notre public international. Souhaitez-vous voir ça dans notre édition française ? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our French edition? Yes!

i don't know

What English author, known as the Father of Science Fiction, was born on September 21, 1866, and wrote such stories as The Land Ironclads, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau?

Celebrating Authors Born In September - Curiosity Quills Press Celebrating Authors Born In September » Happy September, everyone! For most people, school has started up again (or is about to), and summer is drawing to a close. With a couple of months until Halloween, there’s not much to celebrate right now, but we at CQ find any excuse for a slice of cake (or three!). So we’d like to raise our glasses, and give three cheers to the authors born in September!   September 1 - Karen Kincy Karen Kincy (Kirkland, Washington) can be found lurking in her writing cave, though sunshine will lure her outside. When not writing, she stays busy gardening, tinkering with aquariums, or running just one more mile. Karen has a BA in Linguistics and Literature from The Evergreen State College. Karen’s Clockwork Menagerie: A Shadows of Asphodel Novella is out today, and she shares a birthday with main character Konstantin. Check out Karen’s birthday giveaway here: https://curiosityquills.com/book-release-clockwork-menagerie/     September 10 - Emma L. Adams Emma spent her childhood creating imaginary worlds to compensate for a disappointingly average reality, so it was probably inevitable that she ended up writing speculative fiction. She was born in Birmingham, UK, which she fled at the first opportunity to study English Literature at Lancaster University. In her three years at Lancaster, she hiked up mountains, skydived in Australia, and endured a traumatic episode involving a swarm of bees in the Costa Rican jungle. She also entertained her creative writing group and baffled her tutors by submitting strange fantasy tales featuring dragons and supernatural monsters to workshops. These included her first publication, a rather bleak dystopian piece, and a disturbing story about a homicidal duck (which she hopes will never see the light of day). Now a reluctant graduate, Emma refuses to settle down and be normal. When not embarking on wild excursions and writing fantasy novels, she edits and proofreads novels for various publishing houses and reads an improbable number of books. Emma is currently working on the Alliance series, a multiple-universe adult fantasy featuring magic, monsters, cool gadgets and inappropriate humour. Her upper-YA urban fantasy Darkworld series is published by Curiosity Quills Press. Book four in Emma’s Darkworld Series, Demon Heart , is out October 19, 2015!   September 11 - D.H. Lawrence David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 - 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who published as D. H. Lawrence. His collected works, among other things, represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, some of the issues Lawrence explores are emotional health, vitality, spontaneity and instinct.     September 13 - Roald Dahl Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 - 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. Dahl’s short stories are known for their unexpected endings and his children’s books for their unsentimental, often very dark humour. His works for children include James and the Giant Peach, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, The Witches, Fantastic Mr Fox, The BFG, George’s Marvellous Medicine, and The Twits. Adult works include Tales of the Unexpected and My Uncle Oswald.     September 15 - Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976) was an English crime novelist, short story writer, and playwright. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best known for the 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections that she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigative work of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Jane Marple, Parker Pyne, Harley Quin/Mr Satterthwaite, and Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. She also wrote the world’s longest-running play, The Mousetrap. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for her contribution to literature.     September 21 - Stephen King Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of contemporary horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have sold more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows, and comic books. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and six non-fiction books. He has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine.     September 21 - H.G. Wells Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 - 13 August 1946), known primarily as H. G. Wells, was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. He is now best remembered for his science fiction novels, and Wells is called the father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898).     September 23 - Christine Baker Christine Baker has been writing on and off for twenty years. Her most loyal fans include her two Shih Tzu, Tonks and Darwin. Whenever she’s writing, there’s sure to be snackems around. She currently resides in the dusty town of Winnemucca, Nevada, and one day hopes to live where there are real trees (The kind with leaves, not needles) where she can ride her motorcycle year round. Her husband Jeramie has yet to complain of less than appetizing meals when she’s on a roll, and her three boys know when to tip-toe through the house. Christine’s short story, Lana’s End, is available now in the Gears of Brass Anthology .   September 24 - Andrea Berthot Andrea Berthot’s last name has a silent “t,” like the word “merlot” - which fits, since that is her favorite drink to have at the end of the day. Back when she was born in Salina, Kansas, her last name was Price, and she grew up loving singing, acting, reading, and of course writing. By day she teaches high school English, creative writing, forensics, and directs the yearly musical, and by night (or rather, by early morning, as her brain is more alive at 5am than 5pm) she writes Young Adult stories involving history, romance, magic, literature, and some good, old-fashioned butt-kicking. She lives in Winfield, Kansas with her husband and their two sons, Maximus and Leonardo Andrea’s novel, The Heartless City , is available now.   September 24 - Jessica Gunn Born in Connecticut and raised on science-fiction and fantasy, it was inevitable Jessica Gunn would end up writing novels. She spent most of high school binge-watching a plethora of “old” and current sci-fi shows before diving into fanfiction. Jessica wrote her first novels in high school. In college, Jessica studied anthropology where she learned enough about ancient civilizations and flintknapping to inspire GYRE, her first published novel. But being honest, daydreams of Atlantis and other ancient mysteries have captivated her for over a decade. Jessica now lives as a continuous student of the writing craft in small-town Connecticut. She remains an avid fan of stories of the wormhole and superhero variety. Oh, and villains. She loves villains. When not working or writing, she can be found attending to her ever-growing TBR pile and hiking the forests of New England. To catch up with Jessica, follow her on Twitter (@JessGunnAuthor) or on her website, www.jessicagunn.com. Jessica’s novel, Gyre , is scheduled for release February 2016.   September 24 - F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the “Lost Generation” of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby (his best known), and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with age and despair.     September 25 - William Faulkner William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 - July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays, and screenplays. He is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally and Southern literature specifically. Though his work was published as early as 1919, and largely during the 1920s and 1930s, Faulkner was relatively unknown until receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature, for which he became the only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate. Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; also on the list were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) is often included on similar lists.   September 26 - T.S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 - 4 January 1965), usually known as T. S. Eliot, was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and “one of the twentieth century’s major poets”. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to the old Yankee Eliot family descended from Andrew Eliot, who migrated to Boston, Massachusetts from East Coker, England in the 1660s. He emigrated to England in 1914 (at age 25), settling, working and marrying there. He was eventually naturalised as a British subject in 1927 at age 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), which is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement. It was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.”

H. G. Wells

Sept 21, 1937 saw the publishing of what classic J.R.R. Tolkien novel, subtitled “There and Back Again”?

H G Wells - The English Literary Canon The English Literary Canon The Canon Portal ‎ > ‎ The Major Canon by Period ‎ > ‎ The Modern 20th C - Under Construction ‎ > ‎ H G Wells Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)[1] was an English author, best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary. Together with Jules Verne, Wells has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction".[2] Wells was an outspoken socialist and sympathetic to pacifist views, although he supported the First World War once it was under way, and his later works became increasingly political and didactic. His middle period novels (1900–1920) were less science-fictional; they covered lower-middle class life (The History of Mr Polly) and the 'New Woman' and the Suffragettes (Ann Veronica).  Biography Early life Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 47 High Street, Bromley, in the county of Kent, on 21 September 1866.[1] Called "Bertie" in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and amateur cricketer) and his wife Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant). The family was of the impoverished lower middle class. An inheritance had allowed them to purchase a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it was never prosperous: the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. They managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop; Joseph received an unsteady amount of money from playing professional cricket for the Kent county team.[3] Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played. A defining incident of young Wells's life was an accident he had in 1874, which left him bedridden with a broken leg.[1] To pass the time he started reading books from the local library, brought to him by his father. He soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen. Wells continued at Morley's Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph's career as a cricketer, and his earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss. No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their boys as apprentices to various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium: Hyde's.[4] His experiences were later used as inspiration for his novels The Wheels of Chance and Kipps, which describe the life of a draper's apprentice as well as being critiques of the world's distribution of wealth. Wells's mother and father had never got along with one another particularly well (she was a Protestant, he a freethinker), and when she went back to work as a lady's maid (at Uppark, a country house in Sussex) one of the conditions of work was that she would not have space for her husband or children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and neither ever developed any other liaison. As for Wells, he not only failed at being a draper, he also failed as a chemist's assistant, and after each failure, he would arrive at Uppark — "the bad shilling back again!" as he said — and stay there until a fresh start could be arranged for him. Fortunately for Wells, Uppark had a magnificent library in which he immersed himself, reading many classic works, including Plato's Republic, and More's Utopia. Teacher H. G. Wells in 1907 at the door of his house at Sandgate In October 1879 Wells's mother arranged for him to join the National School at Wookey in Somerset as a pupil tutor, where a distant relative, Arthur Williams, had recently been appointed head teacher.[4] In December that year, however, Williams, whose previous experience as a teacher had been in the West Indies, was dismissed for irregularities in his qualifications and Wells was returned to Uppark. After a short apprenticeship at a chemist in nearby Midhurst, and an even shorter stay as a boarder at Midhurst Grammar School, he signed his apprenticeship papers at Hyde's. In 1883 Wells persuaded his parents to release him from the apprenticeship, taking an opportunity again to become a pupil and pupil teacher, at Midhurst Grammar School where his proficiency in Latin and science while a student was remembered.[3][4] The years in Southsea had been the most miserable of his life thus far, but his good fortune at securing a position at Midhurst Grammar School meant that Wells could continue his self-education in earnest.[3] The following year, Wells won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science in South Kensington, now part of Imperial College London) in London, studying biology under Thomas Henry Huxley. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in 1909. Wells studied in his new school until 1887 with a weekly allowance of twenty-one shillings (a guinea) thanks to his scholarship. This ought to have been a comfortable sum of money (at the time many working class families had "round about a pound a week" as their entire household income)[5] yet in his Experiment in Autobiography, Wells speaks of constantly being hungry, and indeed, photographs of him at the time show a youth so thin as to be virtually starving. He soon entered the Debating Society of the school. These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through The Republic by Plato, he soon turned to contemporary ideas of socialism as expressed by the recently formed Fabian Society and free lectures delivered at Kelmscott House, the home of William Morris. He was also among the founders of The Science School Journal, a school magazine which allowed him to express his views on literature and society, as well as trying his hand at fiction: the first version of his novel The Time Machine was published in the journal under the title, The Chronic Argonauts. The school year 1886-1887 was the last year of his studies. In spite of having previously successfully passed his exams in both biology and physics, his lack of interest in geology resulted in his failure to pass and the loss of his scholarship. It was not until 1890 that Wells earned a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology from the University of London External Programme. Upon leaving the Normal School of Science, Wells was left without a source of income. His aunt Mary, a cousin of his father, invited him to stay with her for a while, so at least he did not face the problem of housing. During his stay with his aunt, he grew interested in her daughter, Isabel. In 1889-90 he managed to find a post as a teacher at Henley House School where he taught and admired A. A. Milne.[6][7] Personal life H.G.Wells's home, Maybury Hill. In 1891 Wells married his cousin Isabel Mary Wells, but left her in 1894 for one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins (known as Jane), whom he married in 1895.[8] He had two sons with Amy: George Philip (known as 'Gip') in 1901{d.1985} and Frank Richard in 1903.[9] During his marriage to Amy, Wells had liaisons with a number of women, including the American birth-control activist Margaret Sanger[10] and novelist Elizabeth von Arnim. In 1909 he had a daughter, Anna-Jane, with the writer Amber Reeves,[9] whose parents, William and Maud Pember Reeves, he had met through the Fabian Society; and in 1914, a son, Anthony West {1914-1987}, by the novelist and feminist Rebecca West, twenty-six years his junior.[11] In spite of Amy Catherine's knowledge of some of these affairs, she remained married to Wells until her death in 1927.[9] Wells also had liaisons with Odette Keun and Moura Budberg. "I was never a great amorist," Wells wrote in Experiment in Autobiography (1934), "though I have loved several people very deeply."Artist As one method of self-expression, Wells tended to sketch a lot. One common location for these sketches was the endpapers and title pages of his own diaries, and they covered a wide variety of topics, from political commentary to his feelings toward his literary contemporaries and his current romantic interests. During his marriage to Amy Catherine, whom he nicknamed Jane, he sketched a considerable number of pictures, many of them being overt comments on their marriage. It was during this period, and this period only, that he called his sketches "picshuas." These picshuas have been the topic of study by Wells scholars for many years, and recently a book was published on the subject.[12] Games Seeking a more structured way to play war games, Wells also wrote Floor Games (1911) followed by Little Wars (1913). Little Wars is recognised today as the first recreational wargame and Wells is regarded by gamers and hobbyists as "the Father of Miniature War Gaming."[13]. Writer Wells's first non-fiction bestseller was Anticipations (1901).[14] When originally serialised in a magazine it was subtitled, "An Experiment in Prophecy", and is considered his most explicitly futuristic work. Anticipating what the world would be like in the year 2000, the book is interesting both for its hits (trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of population from cities to suburbs; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual freedom; the defeat of German militarism, and the existence of a European Union) and its misses (he did not expect successful aircraft before 1950, and averred that "my imagination refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocate its crew and founder at sea"). Statue of a The War of the Worlds tripod, erected as a tribute to H. G. Wells in Woking town centre, UK. His early novels, called "scientific romances", invented a number of themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon. He also wrote other, non-fantastic novels that have received critical acclaim including Kipps and the satire on Edwardian advertising, Tono-Bungay. Wells wrote several dozen short stories and novellas, the best known of which is "The Country of the Blind" (1904). His short story "The New Accelerator" was the inspiration for the Star Trek episode Wink of an Eye.[15] Though Tono-Bungay was not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in The World Set Free (1914). This book contains what is surely his biggest prophetic "hit." Scientists of the day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years. The rate of release is too slow to have practical utility, but the total amount released is huge. Wells's novel revolves around an (unspecified) invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosive— but which "continue to explode" for days on end. "Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century," he wrote, "than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible... [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands." Leó Szilárd acknowledged that the book inspired him to theorise the nuclear chain reaction.[16] Wells also wrote nonfiction. His bestselling three-volume work, The Outline of History (1920), began a new era of popularised world history. It received a mixed critical response from professional historians.[17] Many other authors followed with 'Outlines' of their own in other subjects. Wells reprised his Outline in 1922 with a much shorter popular work, A Short History of the World,[18] and two long efforts, The Science of Life (1930) and The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). The 'Outlines' became sufficiently common for James Thurber to parody the trend in his humorous essay, "An Outline of Scientists" — indeed, Wells's Outline of History remains in print with a new 2005 edition, while A Short History of the World has been recently reedited (2006). From quite early in his career, he sought a better way to organise society, and wrote a number of Utopian novels. The first of these was A Modern Utopia (1905), which shows a worldwide utopia with "no imports but meteorites, and no exports at all";[19] two travellers from our world fall into its alternate history. The others usually begin with the world rushing to catastrophe, until people realise a better way of living: whether by mysterious gases from a comet causing people to behave rationally and abandoning a European war (In the Days of the Comet (1906)), or a world council of scientists taking over, as in The Shape of Things to Come (1933, which he later adapted for the 1936 Alexander Korda film, Things to Come). This depicted, all too accurately, the impending World War, with cities being destroyed by aerial bombs. He also portrayed the rise of fascist dictators in The Autocracy of Mr Parham (1930) and The Holy Terror (1939), though in the former novel, the tale is revealed at the end to have been Mr Parham's dream vision. H. G. Wells in 1943 Wells contemplates the ideas of nature versus nurture and questions humanity in books such as The Island of Doctor Moreau. Not all his scientific romances ended in a happy Utopia, and in fact, Wells also wrote the first dystopia novel, When the Sleeper Wakes (1899, rewritten as The Sleeper Awakes, 1910), which pictures a future society where the classes have become more and more separated, leading to a revolt of the masses against the rulers. The Island of Doctor Moreau is even darker. The narrator, having been trapped on an island of animals vivisected (unsuccessfully) into human beings, eventually returns to England; like Gulliver on his return from the Houyhnhnms, he finds himself unable to shake off the perceptions of his fellow humans as barely civilised beasts, slowly reverting back to their animal natures. Wells also wrote the preface for the first edition of W. N. P. Barbellion's diaries, The Journal of a Disappointed Man, published in 1919. Since "Barbellion" was the real author's pen name, many reviewers believed Wells to have been the true author of the Journal; Wells always denied this, despite being full of praise for the diaries, but the rumours persisted until Barbellion's death later that year. In 1927, Florence Deeks sued Wells for plagiarism, claiming that he had stolen much of the content of The Outline of History from a work, The Web, she had submitted to the Canadian Macmillan Company, but who held onto the manuscript for eight months before rejecting it. Despite numerous similarities in phrasing and factual errors, the court found Wells not guilty.[20] In 1934, Wells predicted that the world war he had described in The Shape of Things to Come would begin in 1940, a prediction which ultimately came true one year early.[21] In 1936, before the Royal Institution, Wells called for the compilation of a constantly growing and changing World Encyclopedia, to be reviewed by outstanding authorities and made accessible to every human being. In 1938, he published a collection of essays on the future organisation of knowledge and education, World Brain, including the essay, "The Idea of a Permanent World Encyclopaedia." Near the end of the second World War, Allied forces discovered that the SS had compiled lists of intellectuals and politicians slated for immediate arrest upon the invasion of England in the abandoned Operation Sea Lion. The name "H. G. Wells" appeared high on the list for the crime of being a socialist in The Black Book. Wells, as president of the International PEN (Poets, Essayists, Novelists), had already angered the Nazis by overseeing the expulsion of the German PEN club from the international body in 1934 following the German PEN's refusal to admit non-Aryan writers to its membership.[22] Politics Wells called his political views socialist. He was for a time a member of the socialist Fabian Society, but broke with them as he intended them to be an organization far more radical than they wanted. He later grew staunchly critical of them as having a poor understanding of economics and educational reform. He ran as a Labour Party candidate for London University in the 1922 and 1923 general elections after the death of his friend W. H. R. Rivers, but at that point his faith in the party was weak or uncertain. Social class was a theme in Wells's The Time Machine in which the Time Traveller speaks of the future world, with its two races, as having evolved from "the gradual widening of the present (19th century) merely temporary and social difference between the Capitalist and the Labourer..Even now, does not an East-end worker live in such artificial conditions as practically to be cut off from the natural surface of the earth? Again, the exclusive tendency of richer people..is already leading to the closing, in their interest, of considerable portions of the surface of the land. About London, for instance, perhaps half the prettier country is shut in against intrusion."[23] Nevertheless, without irony, Wells has this very same Time Traveller speak in terms antithetical to much of socialist thought, referring approvingly and as "perfect" and with no social problem unsolved, to an imagined world of stark class division between the rich assured of their wealth and comfort, and the rest of humanity assigned to lifelong toil: "Once, life and property must have reached almost absolute safety. The rich had been assured of his wealth and comfort, the toiler assured of his life and work. No doubt in that perfect world there had been no unemployed problem, no social question left unsolved."[24] His most consistent political ideal was the World State. He stated in his autobiography that from 1900 onward he considered a World State inevitable. He envisioned the state to be a planned society that would advance science, end nationalism, and allow people to progress by merit rather than birth. In his book In the Fourth Year published in 1918 he suggested how each nation of the world would elect, "upon democratic lines" by proportional representation, an electoral college in the manner of the United States of America, in turn to select its delegate to the proposed League of Nations.[25] This international body he contrasted with imperialism, not only the imperialism of Germany, against which the war was being fought, but also the more benign imperialism of Britain and France.[26] His values and political thinking came under increasing criticism from the 1920s and afterwards.[27] Lenin's attempts at reconstructing the shattered Russian economy, as his account of a visit (Russia in the Shadows; 1920) shows, also related towards that.[clarification needed] This is because at first he believed Lenin might lead to the kind of planned world he envisioned. Despite being a strongly anti-Marxist socialist who would later state that it would have been better if Karl Marx had never been born. The leadership of Joseph Stalin led to a change in his view of the Soviet Union even though his initial impression of Stalin himself was mixed. He disliked what he saw as a narrow orthodoxy and obdurance to the facts in Stalin. However he did give him some praise saying in an article in the left-leaning New Statesman magazine, "I have never met a man more fair, candid, and honest" and making it clear that he felt the "sinister" image of Stalin was unfair or simply false. Nevertheless he judged Stalin's rule to be far too rigid, restrictive of independent thought, and blinkered to lead toward the Cosmopolis he hoped for.[28] Wells believed in the theory of eugenics. In 1904 he discussed a survey paper by Francis Galton, co-founder of eugenics, saying "I believe .. It is in the sterilisation of failure, and not in the selection of successes for breeding, that the possibility of an improvement of the human stock lies." Some contemporary supporters even suggested connections between the "degenerate" man-creatures portrayed in The Time Machine and Wells's eugenic beliefs. For example, the economist Irving Fisher said in a 1912 address to the Eugenics Research Association: "The Nordic race will... vanish or lose its dominance if, in fact, the whole human race does not sink so low as to become the prey, as H. G. Wells images, of some less degenerate animal!"[29] Wells had given some moderate unenthusiastic support for Territorialism before the First World War, but later became a bitter opponent of the Zionist movement in general. He saw Zionism as an exclusive and separatist movement which challenged the collective solidarity he advocated in his vision of a world state. No supporter of Jewish identity in general, Wells had in his utopian writings predicted the ultimate assimilation of Jewry.[30][31][32] Wells brought his interest in Art & Design and politics together when he and other notables signed a memorandum to the Permanent Secretaries of the Board of Trade, amongst others. The November 1914 memorandum expressed the signatories concerns about British industrial design in the face of foreign competition. The suggestions were accepted, leading to the foundation of the Design and Industries Association.[33] In the end his contemporary political impact was limited. His efforts regarding the League of Nations became a disappointment as the organisation turned out to be a weak one unable to prevent World War II. The war itself increased the pessimistic side of his nature. In his last book Mind at the End of its Tether (1945) he considered the idea that humanity being replaced by another species might not be a bad idea. He also came to call the era "The age of frustration." Religion Wells wrote in his book God The Invisible King that his idea of God did not draw upon the traditional religions of the world: "This book sets out as forcibly and exactly as possible the religious belief of the writer. [Which] is a profound belief in a personal and intimate God."[34] Later in the work he aligns himself with a "renascent or modern religion...neither atheist nor Buddhist nor Mohammedan nor Christian...[that] he has found growing up in himself." [35] Of Christianity he has this to say: "…it is not now true for me. … Every believing Christian is, I am sure, my spiritual brother … but if systemically I called myself a Christian I feel that to most men I should imply too much and so tell a lie." Of other world religions he writes: "All these religions are true for me as Canterbury Cathedral is a true thing and as a Swiss chalet is a true thing. There they are, and they have served a purpose, they have worked. Only they are not true for me to live in them. … They do not work for me."[36] Final years He spent his final years venting his frustration at various targets which included a neighbour who erected a large sign to a servicemen's club. As he devoted his final decades toward causes which were largely rejected by contemporaries, his literary reputation declined. One critic said, "Mr. Wells is a born storyteller who has sold his birthright for a pot of message."[37] Wells was a diabetic[38] and a co-founder in 1934 of what is now Diabetes UK, the leading charity for people living with diabetes in the UK. He died of unspecified causes[39] on 13 August 1946 at his home at 13 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, London.[40] Some reports indicate the cause of death was diabetes or liver cancer.[41] In his preface to the 1941 edition of The War in the Air, Wells had stated that his epitaph should be: "I told you so. You damned fools."[42] but his wish was not granted as he was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 16 August 1946 and his ashes were later scattered at sea.[43] A commemorative blue plaque in his honour was installed at his home in Regent's Park.

i don't know

What nursery rhyme character kept his wife in a pumpkin shell?

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Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater

Known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions, what legendary creatures has the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle?

Nursery Rhymes that begin with the letter P, mothergoose.com Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes Indexed A to Z - Nursery Rhymes that begin with "P" A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Some Mother Goose Rhymes that begin with "P". Left column: / Pairs or Pears / Pancake Day / Pat-a-Cake / Pease Porridge /Peter, Peter Pumpkin Eater/Peter Piper / A Pig / Pins / The Piper and His Cow / Pippen Hill / Play Days / Right column: / A Plum Pudding / Polly and Sukey / Poor Old Robinson Crusoe! / Pretty John Watts / Punch and Judy / Pussy-Cat and Queen / Pussy-Cat and the Dumplings / Pussy-Cat by the Fire / Pussy-Cat Mew / PAIRS OR PEARS Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers; A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where�s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? A PIG As I went to Bonner, I met a pig Upon my word and honor.   See a pin and pick it up, All the day you�ll have good luck. See a pin and let it lay, Bad luck you�ll have all the day. THE PIPER AND HIS COW There was a piper had a cow, And he had naught to give her; He pulled out his pipes and played her a tune, And bade the cow consider. The cow considered very well, And gave the piper a penny, And bade him play the other tune, �Corn rigs are bonny.� PIPPEN HILL As I was going up Pippen Hill Pippen Hill was dirty; There I met a pretty Miss, And she dropped me a curtsy. Little Miss, pretty Miss, If I had half-a-crown a day, I�d spend it all upon you. PLAY DAYS How many days has my baby to play? Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Pussy-cat ate the dumplings, the dumplings, Pussy-cat ate the dumplings. Mamma stood by, and cried, �Oh, fie! Why did you eat the dumplings?� PUSSY-CAT BY THE FIRE Pussy-cat sits by the fire; How can she be fair? In walks the little dog; Says: �Pussy, are you there? How do you do, Mistress Pussy? Mistress Pussy, how d�ye do?� �I thank you kindly, little dog, I fare as well as you!� PUSSY-CAT MEW Pussy-cat Mew jumped over a coal, And in her best petticoat burnt a great hole. Poor Pussy�s weeping, she�ll have no more milk Until her best petticoat�s mended with silk.  

i don't know

Who's missing: Chico, Groucho, Gummo, Zeppo?

Locations - The Marx Brothers The Marx Brothers Support this site, shop here: search: keywords:  |  Disclaimer  |  Frank Bland's Why A Duck?  |  Mikael Uhlin's Marxology  | Choose your colour:  Light Dark Custom Search Most of this list of places where the Marx Brothers lived or which are otherwise of significance has been compiled by Bob Siler 1864-1880 – Dornum, Ostfriesland, Germany The Schönberg family lived here until they emigrated to New York, but there is no identifiable place in Dornum related to the Schönberg family or the Marx Brothers. Minnie visited Dornum with Groucho and Chico in 1900, and Groucho came for a visit in the 1950s. Dornum Market place Dornum Synagogue, Abraham Moses Schönberg, the great-grandfather of the Marx Brothers was one the the founder members. Jewish cemetery in Dornum Poster advertising a walking tour through Dornum 1885-1909 – New York 376 East 10th Street - Lower East Side: Louis and Fanny Schoenberg (Minnie's parents) lived here. 1885 after they were married Samuel and Minnie Marx lived here: 354 East 62nd Street - Upper East Side 217 East 78th Street - Upper East Side 1890 - 1895 239 East 114th Street: Groucho was born here on October 2, 1890. 137 East 119th Street: lived here for two years 234 East 122nd Street: briefly 703 East 135th Street 179 East 93rd Street - Manhattan: they lived here 3rd Street - Goodkinds Bakery: Harpo worked here as a boy stacking wood. The Seville Hotel: Harpo also worked here as a bellhop 96th Street And Lexington - PS 86: Chico and Harpo attended this school before dropping out 1900 13 East 118th Street: Louis Schönberg was working at this address as a clerk. 1909-1920 – Chicago 4696 Calumet Avenue: The family lived here 1911 The Willard Theatre: Chico and Arthur Gordon were a singing act with Italian accents when the played here. 1912 - 1917 4512 Grand Blvd (now: 4512 S. King Dr.): Minnie bought this three-story Brownstone. She put a thousand dollars down payment with a $20,000 mortage. (Image from chicago.freeservers.com) 1917 - 1920 La Grange, Illinois: The Marx family moved to this 27 acre farm on US 66, Route 45. Chico and his bride moved into the Grand Avenue home. 1920 Chico moved back to New York. The other members of the Marx family soon followed. 1920-1931 – Back in New York 1920 West 55th Street - New York City: Chico and Betty settle into an apartment here. 161 East 79th Street: Groucho and Ruth moved into an apartment 1925-1931 East 57th Street - New York City: Harpo lived here in a penthouse apartment 412 West 47th Street - New York City: Alexander Woolcott lived here in a apartment 1925-1929 654 West 161St Street And Riverside Drive - New York City (Upper West Side): Groucho and his family moved into this two bedroom apartment, where they lived until 1929. 1929-1931 – Great Neck, Long Island, New York 21 Lincoln Road, Phone number - G.N. - 183: Groucho's first home. He lived here before moving to Hollywood Great Neck Estates: Chico lived here, one newspaper article give the address of 11 Myrtle Drive Little Neck, Long Island, New York: Sam and Minnie Marx lived here, the Great Neck directory has: 34 Jayson Ave, Phone number - IMP - 2579 Richmond Hill The Marx family lived at this home on what is now 89th Avenue and 134th Street (87-48 134th Street) during the 1920's. (Image from richmondhillhistory.org) 1920-1930 – Astoria, New York Paramount's Astoria Studio: Here they made their first two films, "The Cocoanuts" (1929) and "Animal Crackers" (1930) Summer of 1930 – Great Neck, Long Island, New York Harpo rented a house from a Major Henry Holthusen as described in this article: 1931-1979 – Hollywood In 1931 the Brothers Marx packed up their families and left their New York roots and headed for Hollywood, where they would remain for the rest of their lives. 8152 West Sunset Blvd - West Hollywood, The Garden of Allah The brothers and their families stayed here for a short time upon arriving in Tinsel Town before moving into homes of their own. Only Harpo remained at the Garden. Unknown Addresses Groucho. Ruth and their two children moved into a rented house in Beverly Hills, near the school his children would be attending. Chico, Betty and their daughter moved into a three bedroom beach house in Malibu. They lived between the homes of John Gilbert and Joan Bennett. Zeppo moved into a rented house in Hollywood. Chico 123 North Elm Drive - Beverly Hills This was the first house he owned. After he and Betty divorced he moved out. He moved back in in his last years with his second wife. He died here on October 11, 1961. Harpo also lived here for a time. 901 Rexford Drive - Beverly Hills: This was his second home. 9401 Sunset Blvd - Hollywood: 1931-1933 (Harpo lived there in 1933) 724 Elm Drive (now North Elm Drive) - Beverly Hills, early 30s Delongpre Avenue - Hollywood, The Delongpre Apartments: He was living here in 1936 932 Bedford Drive - Beverly Hills, 1940s 720 N. Maple Drive - Beverly Hills, 1940s 409 1/2 N. Spalding Drive - Beverly Hills, 1940s Harpo 8358 West Sunset Blvd - Los Angeles The Sunset Towers Apartments, 1930s 123 North Elm Drive - Beverly Hills, 1930s 720 N. Maple Drive - Beverly Hills, 1930s 9401 Sunset Blvd - Hollywood, 1933. (Chico had lived there 1931-1933) 701 North Canon Drive - Beverly Hills, early 40s 9437 Santa Monica Blvd - Beverly Hills, 1942 Groucho 710 North Hillcrest Road - Beverly Hills, 1933-1945 In 1933 he paid $44,000 for the construction of this fourteen room house, with seven baths, a billard room and servant quarters for three. It was depression and the construction company building the house went bankrupted. The morage company repossessed the house until Groucho could pay up what was owed. He and Ruth and their two children moved in. In 1943 he and Ruth divorced. In 1945 he sold the house for $200,000. Ralph Edwards once lived here. In recent years film composer Lalo Schifrin has called it home. Westwood Village, 1943-1950 He lived in a house here from time to time. 1277 Sunset Plaza Drive - Beverly Hills, The Sunset Plaza Towers, 1946 9437 Santa Monica Blvd - Beverly Hills, 1947 806 North Foothill Drive (now North Foothill Road) - Beverly Hills, 1945-1957 View Larger Map In 1945 Groucho and his second wife, Kay Gorcey Marx, the ex-wife of Leo Gorcey, moved into this Mediterranean-style, two-story house. When they divorced in 1950 he kept the house. In 1954 he married his third and last wife, Eden Hartford, and they lived here until 1957, before moving to a new home. 1083 North Hillcrest Road - Beverly Hills, 1957-1977 In 1957 Groucho and Eden moved here. When they divorced in 1970, he kept the house and continued living here until his death. He died here in 1977. 9021 Melrose Avenue - West Hollywood, Suite 202, 1960s-1970s: Office Site 9039 Vista Grande Street - West Hollywood, 1974: Office Site, run By Erin Fleming Gummo 601 North Beverly Drive - Beverly Hills Zeppo Marx Havenhurst Drive - Beverly Hills, 1930s: He lived in an apartment where he was robbed twice. 937 North Bedford Drive - Beverly Hills Devonshire Street - Northridge, 1940s His ranch was connected to Barbara Stanwyck's ranch. They started breeding horses and called their ranch "Marwyck". 524 North Beverly Drive - Beverly Hills, 1953 Margaret Dumont 121 S. Mansfield Avenue - Los Angeles She lived here from the 1940s to her death. Palm Springs/Rancho Mirage Harpo and Susan Marx 71-111 La Paz Road, "El Rancho Harpo": Harpo was living here until his death on September 28, 1964 (Google Earth placemark) 37-962 Da Vall: at the Tamarisk Country Club 37-631 Palm View Drive A Susan Marx is listed as the original owner of this house which was built in 1970. Groucho 1416 N. Palm Canyon, Located in the Old Las Palms area: It was built in 1938 by cowboy actor, Hoot Gibson. 37-982 Da Vall at the Tamarisk Country Club 36-928 Pinto Palm Way at the Tamarisk Country Club. Barbara Marx purchased this house after her divorce from Zeppo Marx. The house remained in her name after her marriage to Frank Sinatra. (Google Earth placemark) Gummo Da Vall Drive: Gummo's first home in Palm Springs 37-661 Golf Circle: at the Tamarisk Country Club 37-130 Palm View Drive (now Palm View Road). Architect Val Powelson designed this one-story residence in 1957. The rear elevation faces the 3rd fairway of the Tamarisk Country Club golf course. Gummo's son, Robert, was a contractor in partnership with Powelson, who together formed the Marval Construction Company. (Google Earth placemark) Zeppo 37-791 Halper Drive: at the Tamarisk Country Club He also had another home in Palm Springs, but the address is unknown. Tamarisk Country Club Tamarisk Country Club opened 1952 on the former Harry Taylor ranch, purchased from San Francisco real estate and theater magnate Joseph Blumenfeld. Incorporated in 1951 by a group of 65 investors, including Hollywood notables Jack Benny, George Burns, Danny Kaye, Sol Lessor, and the Marx Brothers, Tamarisk attracted many members from the Hillcrest Country Club in Los Angeles. Gummo was one of the founders, signing the original 1951 incorporation document with Lou Halper and Joseph Blumenfeld. It offered home sites along the fairways as a means of financing club improvements. In the grounds is a Marx Road (Google Earth placemark) . Marx Related Addresses The Marx Brothers owned several homes where they lived at from time to time, such as: 9437 Santa Monica Blvd - Beverly Hills 1150 S. Beverly Drive - Beverly Hills, 1950s: Marx Brothers Office Site Gloversville, New York: Harpo and Seymour Mintz landed in jail here. Neshobe Island, Lake Bomoseen, Vermont: Harpo spent much time here with Alexander Woolcoot Grauman's Chinese Theater, 6925 Hollywood Boulevard, Hollywood, CA (Images from "Marxorama" and "Groucho Slept here") 6821 Hollywood Blvd.: Groucho's Star on the Walk of Fame for his work on Radio (image used by kind permission of Andy Lopusnak ) 1734 Vine Street: Groucho's Star on the Walk of Fame for his work on TV Marx Grave Locations Minnie Marx and Sam Marx: Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Section 2, Block 1000, Lot 373, Glendale, Queens County, New York Manfred Marx is buried next to Minnie's mother, Fanny Schönberg: Washington Cemetery, Brooklyn, Kings County, NY Chico Marx: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, CA. Freedom Mausoleum - Sanctuary of Worship. (His crypt is at the very top) (Image at findagrave.com ) Harpo Marx: Cremated at Hollywood Forever and his ashes were allegedly sprinkled into the sand trap at the seventh hole of the Rancho Mirage golf course Gummo Marx: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, CA. Freedom Mausoleum - Sanctuary of Brotherhood (Across the hall from Chico) (Image at findagrave.com ) Groucho Marx: Eden Memorial Park, Mission Hills, CA. His ashes are in a columbarium near the office. Zeppo Marx: Cremated and scattered Eden Hartford Marx, Groucho's last wife: Westwood Memorial Park - Westwood, Ca. Mary D. Marx (1916-2002), Chico's last wife: Pacific View Memorial Park, Corona Del Mar, Orange County, CA. Magnolia Court, 939, Space 5 Margaret Dumont: Chapel Of The Pines Crematorium - Los Angeles. Private Vaultage  |  Disclaimer  |  Frank Bland's Why A Duck?  |  Mikael Uhlin's Marxology  | Choose your colour:  Light Dark Custom Search This site uses material originally created by Frank Bland for his website Why A Duck?. Frank did kindly give me permission to use this material. The Marx Brothers - Los Hermanos Marx - האחים מרקס - マルクス兄弟 - Les Freres Marx - 마르크스형제 - Братья Маркс - Bröderna Marx - برادران مارکس - I Fratelli Marx - Братята Маркс - Bracia Marx - Germans Marx - الأخوة ماركس - 馬克思兄弟 - Αδελφοί Μαρξ - Irmãos Marx

Harpo

Who was the president for all but the last 6 months of the Korean war?

David Bromwich reviews ‘Groucho’ by Stefan Kanfer and ‘The Essential Groucho’ by Groucho Marx, edited by Stefan Kanfer · LRB 10 May 2001 by Groucho Marx , edited by Stefan Kanfer Penguin, 254 pp, £6.99, September 2000, ISBN 0 14 029425 2 Julius was the original name, but one may as well call him Groucho, from the ‘grouch bag’ carried by travelling showmen. His parents were Jewish immigrants: Simon Marrix, of a family of tailors from Alsace-Lorraine, and Minna Schoenberg, the daughter of a Dutch magician who emigrated when his work in Germany ran out in the 1870s. All of the Marxes appear to have been clever with words – Simon spoke French, German, Yiddish and English – and they were quick to absorb the cosmopolitan slang of the New York streets. Simon naturalised his name to Sam and set up business as a tailor out of the same three-room apartment on East 93rd Street that held Minna, her parents and the five boys; but the couple always had an air of waiting for something riper, and improvisation would become the family mood. With Sam, the nickname that finally stuck was Frenchy. He devoted his spare time to pinochle, whereas Minnie – the name she preferred – was a born entrepreneur and had a successful brother in show business. Uncle Al had given up trouser-pressing for vaudeville, and offered excellent advice once the boys got their start with the usual mix of banter, slapstick and melody hung on the barest pretence of lyrics: Went fishing last Sunday and caught a smelt. Put him in the fire and the fire he felt. Of all the smelts I ever smelt, I never smelt a smelt like that smelt smelt. Leonard (Chico), Adolph (Harpo), Julius (Groucho), Herbert (Zeppo) and Milton (Gummo): Groucho was a middle child, if you want to make anything of it. He was the first to succeed, at the age of 15, with a vestigial talent for singing, but a miasma of rotten luck trailed his early efforts. When he went on the road with the Leroy Trio, Leroy fell hard for the second boy, a ‘buck-dancer’ named Johnny Morris, and the two ran off with all the money Groucho had stuffed in his mattress. How, he wondered, did his mother pay his way back from Cripple Creek, Colorado? ‘Probably hocked one of my brothers.’ By the time the brothers were well launched in the early 1910s, Groucho and Minnie together had taken charge, and the loutish authority with which he brought order to the pack would have made anyone seem older. Many of the neighbourhood boys they used to hang out with were dead or in jail by then, and Minnie saw how little her children were doing besides chase women and arrange transactions with petty thieves. Chico stole casually from his father’s business and only realised how serious it was when Frenchy said he would kill him if he ever did it again. So, you get the feeling, Minnie sent them in one by one like a football coach alternating glances between the field and the bench. There can be no doubt that with Groucho, as with W.C. Fields, the relish he conveyed in the role of a churl had an accessible motive in youthful experience, though it is hard to agree with Stefan Kanfer that the result in his life and art was ‘to inter the adult and present a child persona to the public’. Actually, he is one of those characters, like Petronius or Squire Western, whom it is impossible to imagine as a child. But this comes to no more than a small error of tact in a highly professional biography. Kanfer’s feeling for Groucho’s life and milieu is expert, the anecdotes come out right and he knows how not to spoil a joke. The only real annoyance is a scarcity of dates. You have to leaf back and forth and triangulate in order to learn the month, the year, and sometimes the decade when a thing happened. But quite a lot of Groucho’s material is quoted at length – letters, pieces written for magazines, celebrated ad libs and whole scenes from his movies – and more of the same is reprinted in The Essential Groucho. They are good books to have. The Marx Brothers were put together from an arbitrary estimate of the talents of the boys as their mother understood them. Chico was supposed to have the brains and the sex appeal. On the way to converting his genius for numbers into an immaculate instrument for gambling, he learned honky-tonk piano from a defective teacher, frills and trills for the right hand, oompah for the left: a demi-style that would stand him in good stead when the act lay fallow, and assist an inborn facility for seducing whole lines of chorus girls. The result placed a built-in ceiling on his competence, but it worked nicely as a sight gag for the eye and ear. Harpo would emulate him in this as in other respects, but he was a gentler-hearted boy, and of the famous three would be the only one to stop, by his own decision, and have a life of ordinary happiness with a family. His first observable talent appeared when he paid a visit in drag to some neighbours and flirted successfully with the men. The harp would come later. He jibbed at the advice from Uncle Al that he stop talking, but was brought over soon enough by the applause and the laughter. Harpo’s angelic and sociopathic qualities came to seem a natural counterpoint to the twisted allusiveness of Groucho, within whose careering speeches the most arcane point of history, literature or topography might be required knowledge for the audience – the fact, for instance, that Panama is the name of a street in Los Angeles a few miles south of Wilshire Boulevard. The first of the brothers to form an act together were Groucho, Harpo and Gummo. Minnie came along for the ride and, as their business manager, felt sufficiently grand to rename herself Minnie Palmer. On a gig one night in Waukegan, Illinois – fabled town: was it not the Waukegan conservatory that taught Jack Benny the violin? – the brothers looked past the footlights and saw at the piano, inexplicably, the wandering right hand of Chico, whom they had long since written off. Harpo, wearing a fruit-covered hat, plucked an apple and an orange, Chico dodged and hurled them back, somebody lowered the curtain and the three Marx Brothers were four. Show business is full of incongruities. Gummo, drafted into the Army and told by Minnie that they could do without him, would withdraw entirely and then come back as Groucho’s agent. Zeppo, his replacement, the blandly forgettable brother in the early movies, before he joined the group had been a mechanic working for Ford who packed a gun and had a sideline in stolen cars. By 1915, the family was prosperous enough to buy 27 acres in La Grange, Illinois, which Minnie and Frenchy decided to fit out as a chicken farm. All except Gummo were rejected by the Army, for reasons of age or incapacity, and so the show went on through the Great War. One of the earliest sketches to lodge in the memory of lifelong fans was a skit about the Emperor Napoleon called I’ll Say She Is! Its mode is runaway farce, a pastiche without a prayer for logic, and any sample suggests about as much as any other: ‘Our just is cause. We cannot lose. I am fighting for France, Liberty, and those three snakes hiding behind the curtain. Farewell, vis-à-vis Fifi D’Orsay. If my laundry comes, send it general delivery, care of Russia, and count it – I was a sock short last week.’ A memory of the three brothers all playing Napoleon in their tricorn hats would find its way into Finnegans Wake, according to Thornton Wilder, a formidable scholar of Joyce. ‘This is the three lipoleum Coyne Grouching down in the living detch.’ When told of the homage in later years, Groucho was well pleased and only a little sceptical. ‘Did a New York policeman, on his way back to Ireland to see his dear old Mother Machree, encounter Joyce in some peat bog and patiently explain to him that, at the Casino Theater at 39th and Broadway, there were three young Jewish fellows running around the stage shouting to an indifferent world that they were all Napoleon?’ But the world in the postwar years was not indifferent to the brothers, even if Groucho was the only one prudent enough to consolidate his gains. A natural tightwad and a careful investor, he settled in Long Island with his wife Ruth, and by 1929 had amassed a fortune of $250,000, to say nothing of 24 bungalows in Far Rockaway. Most of it went down in the crash that year. ‘You lose your money in the market,’ Chico said. ‘I toss mine away on dames and gambling. Who had the most fun?’ A conviction that he was among the unlucky would drive Groucho’s comedy for the rest of his days. The Cocoanuts, which opened on Broadway in 1929 and ran for 377 shows, was their real breakthrough. The brothers had joined forces with George S. Kaufman, a great wit and a cabaret writer of exquisite timing and pitch, and as might have been predicted, the solid support made them even bolder with improvisations. ‘I may be wrong,’ Kaufman was heard to say at a rehearsal, ‘but I think I just heard one of the original lines.’ Kaufman, along with his collaborator, Morrie Ryskind, wrote to the skills of the brothers as no one had before: Mrs Potter: I don’t think you’d love me if I were poor. Groucho: I might, but I’d keep my mouth shut. The material was a portable basis for anything they did, and the play sometimes ran on for hours – a drama critic straggling in around midnight found the action so unexplained that he assumed the show was just getting under way. Eventually, Groucho offered a reward for recovery of the plot, which had ‘gone missing’. You did not have to see the show in order to win. Anyway, the plot of The Cocoanuts, some hokum about real estate in Florida, had been the frailest excuse for the yards of shtik: Groucho instructing Chico in the fine art of bidding up the price and Chico bidding against himself until Groucho, the auctioneer, is left holding the goods. Animal Crackers, another Kaufman-Ryskind collaboration, had even less plot and was all the better for that. Groucho as Captain Spaulding, ‘the African explorer’, was seen for the first time in his true colours as arriviste, romantic soliloquist and grammarian. Groucho: Mrs Rittenhouse, ever since I met you I’ve swept you off my feet. Something has been throbbing within me. Oh it’s been beating like the incessant tom-tom in the primitive jungle. There’s something that I must ask you . . . Mrs Rittenhouse: Why, Captain, I’m surprised. Groucho: Well, it may be a surprise to you but it’s been on my mind for weeks. It’s just my way of telling you that I love you, that’s all. I love you. I love you . . . There’s never been . . . Mrs Rittenhouse: Captain! Mrs Whitehead: I beg your pardon, am I intruding? Groucho: Are you intruding? Just when I had her on the five-yard line. I should say you are intruding. Pardon me, I was using the subjunctive instead of the past tense. Yes, we’re away past tents. We’re living in bungalows now. This is a mechanical age, of course. Mrs Rittenhouse: Mrs Whitehead, you haven’t met Captain Spaulding, have you? Mrs Whitehead: Why no, I haven’t. How are you? Groucho: How are you? Mrs Whitehead: I’m fine, thank you. And how are you? Groucho: And how are you? That leaves you one up. Did anyone ever tell you you had beautiful eyes? Mrs Whitehead: No. Groucho: (Coy) Well you have. (To Mrs Rittenhouse) And so have you. (To camera) He shot her a glance . . . as a smile played around his lips. (Back to the ladies) In fact, I don’t think I have seen four more beautiful eyes in my life. Well, three anyway . . . You have got money, haven’t you? Because if you haven’t we can quit right now. The routines in Animal Crackers also locked in for ever the relationship of two of the brothers. From now on, Chico will be the passive instrument by which Groucho outwits himself. It is an ancient device, the trumping of the big-time hustler by the small-time con artist whose only advantage is a genius for inadvertence; and nobody ever did it better. Groucho: What do you get an hour? Chico: For playing, we get-a ten dollars an hour. Groucho: I see. What do you get for not playing? Chico: Twelve dollars an hour. Now for rehearsing we make special rates. That’s-a fifteen dollars an hour. Groucho: And what do you get for not rehearsing? Chico: You couldn’t afford it. You see, if we don’t rehearse, and if we don’t-a play, that runs into money. Margaret Dumont, most imperturbable of straight men, was the aristocratic foil to all the boys in Animal Crackers, and when the circus of Harpo reeled around her, or poked her with a stick, or got his foot caught in her sleeve, Dumont’s suffering was magnificently concealed. When Groucho once failed to supply a cue altogether, she walked on stage unbidden and was greeted with the unperformable ‘Ah, Mrs Rittenhouse! Won’t you – lie down.’ The baiting of Dumont was carried into earnest practice on the road, and she was Groucho’s unhappiest real-life casualty until his wives Ruth, Kay and Eden. His first marriage, to Ruth Johnson, took a long time to unravel. She had fallen in love with his quickness. Closer up, Groucho resembled his on-stage character in ways she found disturbing. He could say ‘I want to be alone,’ in a vaguely Slavic basso profundo fine-tuned for hilarity, and yet he stayed close to his family, was sparing of publicity and fairly often did want to be alone. In his twenties he discovered the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, and some time later the novels of Henry James. He liked to read and now began to write for publication – humorous essays and sketches at first, in the manner of Robert Benchley. ‘I dislike night life and clubs,’ he told a friend in a letter. He refused to push to the front of the line at fancy restaurants by telling the head waiter who he was. Ruth was put out by the show of intractability, which she rightly saw as aimed against her, and she felt thoroughly at home with the show-business life of partying, gossip, nightclubs, drinking. This was in the 1920s in New York. In Hollywood a decade later, they went with separate crowds and her drinking turned to alcoholism. Groucho was an affectionate and dutiful father to both of his children by this marriage: Arthur, whose memoir of Groucho is perceptive and has some human depth, and Miriam, known in Hollywood as a girl of charm and intelligence whom her father doted on past anyone’s good. In the divorce settlement, he would give Ruth half of everything. Miserly in his usual dealings with people, and often harsh beyond expectation or measure, he was not finally ungenerous towards anyone he had once cared about. But it was a thankless occupation to be his waiter or housekeeper, director or scriptwriter, collaborator or superior. A sentimental view of the Marx Brothers misses the point about them even more than it does about Chaplin. They were nervous and resourceful fighters who rose from the bottom and never forgot it, and they deployed the slapstick aggressions of everyday life as a coarse stimulant and a way of gaining private ends. At the request of Kaufman and Irving Berlin, the producer of The Cocoanuts, Sam Harris, agreed one day to beard them in their dressing-room and secure their obedience to the written text. Presently, noises were heard from the corridor with a thump and velocity not much like the sound of negotiations. The producer’s clothes hurtled out of the door, and a moment later the producer himself, stripped naked, who said to the writer and the songwriter: ‘I guess you better handle it.’ The brothers had learned to think fast growing up because a double-cross was always coming. The verbal dexterity that Groucho practised was akin to that, and he has something in common with the political gangster of a later era who said: ‘I double-cross myself twice a day just to keep in practice.’ The greatest presence of mind was required in dealing with Harpo’s sudden entrances and scrambles in pursuit of a dame, spilling, from his outsize pockets, fruit, silverware, mouse-traps, party favours, bathtub toys. These disruptions were mult-iplied, without notice to Groucho or Chico, in the out-of-town performances of The Cocoanuts, where Groucho acquired a reputation for ad lib comments that never missed a beat, once declaring as Harpo honked on his stick and chased a chorus girl from left to right, ‘First time I ever saw a taxi hail a passenger,’ and as he careened from right to left before the dialogue could restart: ‘The 9.20’s right on time. You can always set your clocks by the Lehigh Valley.’ This coolness under assault was related to another of Groucho’s qualities, a propensity for treating every manifestation of the world as intelligible: the more bizarre the more intelligible. Riddles that do not bend to the strategy are pushed aside but left standing as objects of scorn to a man who has other fish to fry. He showed a Socratic aplomb in despatching his enemies, the satisfied and well-appointed, to the limbo of impotence. When, in later years, on his quiz show, You Bet Your Life, a linguist with an accent disclosed that he could speak 11 languages, Groucho asked: ‘Which one are you speaking now?’ Mis-anthropy was, with him, a deep, familiar, in-the-grain affair. Nowhere in its vicinity could you find a reassuring alloy of self-love. The broad iconoclasm led some of his fans to hope for political satire, but, with allowances for bile, he was essentially a New Deal liberal and outwardly as unpolitical as Will Rogers, whom he would come to know and like. A revealing exception occurred in 1971, when an interviewer for an underground paper asked him, ‘Do you think there’s any hope for Nixon?’ and Groucho replied: ‘No, I think the only hope this country has is Nixon’s assassination.’ The FBI went after him, and he insisted he had spoken in jest, but the remark was characteristic. Groucho would have recognised in Nixon a misanthropic genius who denied his nature and in the process lost the ability to face unpleasant facts which is the only non-poisonous gift of misanthropy. Nixon’s bad faith continued over a lifetime with effects so psychically deranging that he was only free to lie: in this sense, Groucho was speaking the literal truth when he said there was just one way to get rid of him. He himself was close to being such a man and certainly knew from inside the spirit of resentment that spreads to everything. But Groucho in an odd way expected nothing from the world. He only hoped it would turn out a better bargain than himself. The energy of the Marx Brothers together works as a partial antidote or inoculation against Groucho’s misanthropy. Chico and Harpo stand as living allegories of the sloth and anarchy that are a necessary condition for Groucho. But he was the guts of the act. Nobody ever got out of dips in a routine faster, or higher on the upswing, than he almost always did. At the same time he knew that his comedy was sufficiently logical, rhetorical and inhuman, and was wary of going the whole length with a verbal texture that took on a life of its own. This explains why his attitude toward puns was equivocal. True, they were his bread and butter, as they were for so much of vaudeville, and Kaufman had shown how far they could go to trigger the dialogue. The technique would be adapted with continuous fluency in Duck Soup: ‘Sir, you try my patience.’ ‘I don’t mind if I do. You must come over and try mine some time.’ But as Groucho saw it, a pun should be a thing of a moment, gone in a moment. The more precious the composition, the more on-purpose the effect, and with a whiff of purpose humour dies. Premeditated puns are for this reason an enemy of humour, and though some of Groucho’s best ones – ‘Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana’ – chime too resonantly to have been ad libbed, he made up for that by delivering them on the run. His practical doubts about pastiche were to become a cause of discord in his relations with a gifted writer who contributed heavily to the early Marx Brothers movies. S.J. Perelman, a warm disciple of Joyce, had an exorbitant appetite for wordplay. Groucho, who might have been supposed the ideal audience, looked on the effects with a canny professionalism. The puns that riddled the scripts Perelman worked on were like raisins in an overdeveloped rum cake, but Groucho was the one who would have to swallow them on screen by twos and threes. His instinct was right when he found the verbiage in Monkey Business otiose and inconsequent. Though for a long time Perelman held this against him, the movie would have been better paced had Groucho used an even stronger hand. Puns are a waste of the medium, the extra thing that wrecks the thing you came to see, like perfume at a chamber music recital. The reason one still remembers Groucho and Chico as artists-of-the-pun is that they were stupendously good at the dramatic build-ups which make a fast line tell. Each of their best films – Duck Soup, Animal Crackers and (though with longueurs) A Night at the Opera – clinches the effect perhaps two dozen times. But Perelman was aiming much higher, with verbal riffs so egregious they required a fatal pause to sink in and left no room for a reply. Chico, Harpo and Groucho make a comprehensible and self-contained troupe – the grifter, the zany and the charlatan – and no explanation is needed when the plot sets them against the world. But certain polarities underlie all the action with a dreamlike obstinacy. Harpo the silent rebukes Groucho and Chico the talkative. Groucho the climber is exposed by Harpo and Chico the clamberers. There is always, too, in Groucho, a hint of animosity towards Chico – to learn that Minnie had nicknamed Groucho ‘der Eifersuchtige’ (‘the jealous one’) does something to deepen the joke. No matter where they meet, they look as if they had met each other already on undisclosed business somewhere else. Chico may call Groucho ‘Boss’, yet he knows that Groucho has no competence at anything, and that his mannerly façade will crumble at the slightest pressure. On the other hand, Groucho has no doubt that the appearance of innocuousness in Chico is misleading: he is not a delightful scamp, but the usual breed of rat, or, if dumber than the usual, strictly so from some fault of his own. ‘I’ve known you a long time’ is Groucho’s song of their pre-relationship and it runs through all the elaborate fencing and all the hatching of plots. He is apt to shoot a glance at Chico that gives this away almost anywhere in their longer exchanges. Take the moment at the start of the auction-fixing dialogue in The Cocoanuts, when Chico lets fall a typical non sequitur and Groucho says: ‘Well, let’s go ahead as if nothing happened.’ Several blips like that in close succession come into the scene in the captain’s cabin in Monkey Business. ‘Would you get up off that flypaper and give the flies a chance?’ ‘Do you suppose I could buy back my introduction to you?’ Finally, at the end of Groucho’s patience: ‘There’s my argument – restrict immigration.’ When in Duck Soup he hails Chico from the balcony of the ministry of state in Freedonia – a European leader casually saluting a peanut vendor and inviting him up – it is clear they are old acquaintances and meant for conspiracy. Groucho always has an intimation that Harpo and Chico together spell trouble, but it is trouble he knows he deserves. To work his magic he needs a higher-class mark than they do – his cigar and tails are qualifications necessary for success; but the audience knows that he will be gulled by the antic pair who drive a cheesier trade. They are inert, lumpen, almost aimless. Harpo is often shown sleeping or sleepwalking not because he is tired but to prove that their mental condition is a perfect torpidness. They live and breathe only to pick off the next meal and a night’s lodgings, if possible – none the worse if one’s companion in bed is a horse or a cow. Once that much is assured, nothing remains to stop their rational faculties from going belly-up. Groucho’s scheming is the antithesis of their inertia, but just as reflexive, since it steers him more than he steers it. Does he ever sleep? ‘He is the best phony,’ a dissident teenager said recently after watching one of the movies. The quality of the best phony is to put the others in their place – an evil spirit that wards off evil spirits. A dim perception of the genie-like charm that hangs about his character must have been what made the Groucho nose-and-moustache briefly popular as an anti-rotarian trademark. This was a kind of homage that never attached to a single trait of, say, Keaton or W.C. Fields, his legitimate peers in comedy, and it missed the real point about Groucho. Nobody would want to imitate this imitation. He used greasepaint rather than a fake moustache in early films for the same reason: he had found by stage experience that the plainness of the embellishment did no harm to the illusion. The susceptibility of his fraudulence to brazen copying is an inferred weakness that Chico and Harpo are allowed to play with in Duck Soup, when they dress up as Groucho – the only gag in that effervescent film that is milked dry – but there is a payoff in the mirror scene, where it emerges that two Grouchos are exactly as real as one. What could never have been deduced from Groucho’s other attributes is his athleticism: the spring in his step and crook in his back that come to seem another mark of his indomitable unpleasantness. To prove his vitality, he has to test it against an immovable object, and that is the function of the gravity of Margaret Dumont. Groucho’s sallies at her are often dialogues in themselves. He neither expects nor receives any response but slow-footed dismay, melting complaisance or impersonal chastisement, all quite distinct reactions which Dumont knew how to keep in discrete chambers of a flawless and stupefied etiquette. Every verbal situation he subjects her to is bewildering, and she is never stumped, but rather stands impervious and expectant, a being unto herself whose world outside Groucho is unfathomable yet surely populous and governed by the clearest conventions. When he talks to her, Groucho might as well be playing handball – she is the wall – and in the famous harangue he is only saying what his behaviour already shows. Mrs Teasdale: I’ve sponsored your appointment because I feel you are the most able statesman in all Freedonia. Groucho: Well, that covers a lot of ground. Say, you cover a lot of ground yourself. You’d better beat it. I hear they’re going to tear you down and put up an office building where you’re standing. Her aristocratic sluggishness makes an unconscious balance with the humbler lethargy of Chico and Harpo. Even where her tone is distrustful and her attitude punitive, as in A Night at the Opera, Dumont is never cruel or malicious. But her worldly insensibility fits Groucho, whose life is a delirium of worldliness, as snugly as poetic justice. Groucho suffers, no, not suffers, is a perpetual fever of thought, thought grafted onto ambition and swarming with profane purpose. Who are these people? The question was asked in effect by many admirers of the Marx Brothers: by Perelman when he first saw them on stage in Providence in 1916, by the critic Otis Ferguson, and by many budget-minding producers at the end of their tether. Chico is crudely ethnic and liable to have a name like Chicolini. Harpo, never named, is the speechless hic or ille whom exasperation can only hint at with the feeblest gestures. What is clear about Groucho by comparison is that he has never had a real surname. Driftwood, Firefly, Spaulding, Hackenbush: the name he begins any movie with seems already an alias. There is a joke about this in Duck Soup, absurdly funnier than it should be, where the old-world courtier and snot Trentino calls Groucho, alias Rufus T. Firefly, an upstart. Trentino: I’ve said enough. I’m a man of few words. Groucho: I’m a man of one word. Scram! (Trentino exits.) The man doesn’t live who can call a Firefly an upstart. Why, the Mayflower was full of Fireflys, and a few horseflies, too. The Fireflys were on the upper deck and the horseflies were on the Fireflys. You know there will be hell to pay from the word ‘Mayflower’. The transition from flower to firefly to horsefly enacts the birth of anarchy from the spirit of naturalisation: a public joke on patrician resentment of Jewish immigrants because they were so many, a private joke on the interchangeability of the boys when Minnie first brought them together. The Groucho character seems to be most of all a disreputable uncle, greedy, lascivious, deploying his cynical wit with a care for the posture in which each victim drops. Children are of no interest to such a person and the Marx Brothers films accordingly have no children in them. The kids at the puppet show who cheer Harpo in Monkey Business, when he crimps and bloats his face to be mistaken for one of the puppets, are an exception of convenience only. Yet Harpo makes perfect sense to children everywhere when he is going berserk in the middle of an obscure grown-up procedure like the stamping of visas. The dog that never was housebroken, the creeper-vine that gets tangled in everything, as in the cabin-cramming scene of A Night at the Opera where he feels up stewards and stewardesses indifferently and is allowed to sway like a drunken dancer because he is ‘sleeping off his insomnia’ – these manifestations are tedious or loathsome only if you are the one who has to keep order. But order is an abstraction to children, and success a grown-up hindrance. Margaret Dumont tells Groucho in A Night at the Opera that the ‘riff-raff you associate with on this boat’ make it impossible for her to trust him with money. Riff-raff is what they are, and what one wants them to be, and Groucho belongs to them in spite of himself. This recognition is worked out with masterly economy in two unforgettable scenes that turn on bargains between Groucho and Chico. The dialogue about the contract in A Night at the Opera has Chico petulantly finding fault with one detail and another – starting with the phrase ‘the party of the first part’ (‘No, that’s no good’) – until most of the clauses in the contract are scrapped with cheerful indifference on both sides: Chico: No, I don’t like it. Groucho: You don’t like what? Chico: Whatever it is – I don’t like it. Groucho: Well, don’t let’s break up an old friendship over a thing like that. Ready? (They rip again.) At the end of the scene, when a shred of paper remains, Chico says: ‘I forgot to tell you. I can’t write.’ Groucho answers with equanimity: ‘There’s no ink in the pen, anyhow. But listen, it’s a contract, isn’t it?’ The ‘tootsie-fruitsie’ scene in A Day at the Races has a more leisurely pace and rides longer on the collapse of Groucho’s hopes. He is looking to bet on a horse that will be a sure thing; Chico is the ice-cream vendor whose advice he unhappily takes. By an Iago-like series of blank responses, with the sowing and reaping of a doubt, the tootsie-fruitsie vendor gets him to pay a dollar for a book that will pick the winning horse. However, it proves to be written in an indecipherable code; to crack it you need a second book with the key to the code (free, but with a ‘printing charge’ of one dollar); but the page-references in the code book make no sense without a master code book (delivery charge: two dollars); variables in the code depend on whether the horse is a filly, but to find that out you need something called a Breeder’s Guide (Groucho: ‘Where can I get one? As though I didn’t know’). The race is over by the time he has doped out the long-odds favourite of Chico’s library, and in the meantime Chico has turned a nice profit betting on the horse Groucho wanted to bet on until he heard the fatal cry of ‘Get your tootsie-fruitsie ice cream.’ After A Day at the Races in 1937, the Marx Brothers movies came at long intervals, and most of the juice was gone. Yet Groucho’s celebrity would prove lasting and convertible to work in other media. He entertained for the Armed Forces during World War Two, and was an intermittent presence on radio. Kanfer has a memorable description of his appearance on a one-shot programme with Bob Hope whose premise was meeting up with celebrities in the middle of nowhere. The earlier guests went over their limits and Groucho was furious by the time he got his cue: ‘Why, Groucho Marx! What are you doing way out here in the Sahara Desert?’ ‘Desert, hell. I’ve been standing in a draughty corridor for forty-five minutes.’ At which, Kanfer says, ‘Hope went limp with laughter and the script slipped from his hands. Groucho put his foot on it. For the next twenty-five minutes, the two comedians improvised their exchanges, much of them taken up with references to a notorious Los Angeles madam.’ His career wound down amiably in a manner that spared him the graceless exposure and exit of so many stars from vaudeville or motion pictures. He was the host of You Bet Your Life, which started on radio in 1947 and lasted on TV for many seasons, into the early 1960s, with trappings so chintzy and prizes so minimal that it sailed over the game-fixing scandals of 1959. The point of the show was the give and take between contestants and host. They had to be ‘prepped’ not to feel anxious in his company, but their eagerness made them natural straight men, while Groucho, with a real cigar now which he puffed slowly, was a sword that still sometimes glinted. Groucho: You have 22 children! Why do you have so many children? That’s a big responsibility and a big burden. Woman: Well, because I love children, and I think that’s our purpose here on earth, and I love my husband. Groucho: I love my cigar too, but I take it out of my mouth once in a while. He was a familiar face now to a third generation. Yet his stance remained that of the unrepentant upstart, fretted by big-city posers with appetites smaller than his who jump the queue with a truly revolting savoir-faire. American television in the 1950s, most of all in the sitcoms and the prize-shows, offered itself as a well-adjusted part of the new suburban landscape. Instant folkways like the backyard barbecue or the ‘luau’ imported from Hawaii were accordingly blended into the plots. The aim was to feed the commercials, but Groucho adapted the requirements with a free hand: Groucho: You’re in the luau business? What do you do? You cater these things? Max: Yes. Groucho: Well, suppose I wanted to throw one of these nightmares. What’s the first thing I have to do – steal a banana tree? Max: No. First thing I do is go into the backyard of your house to look over the grounds. Groucho: Why do you have to look over my grounds in the back of the house? Max: So I can dig a five-foot hole. Groucho: Max, if your food’s that bad, you’ll have to find someplace else to bury it. Moments like this give a clue to the man, but the most revealing portrait of him, in these later years, is a profile that S.J. Perelman wrote in 1952. Perelman visited the set of A Girl in Every Port, and the article includes a report of a dinner with Groucho between calls. There is about as much certainty here as in the Marx Brothers movies about the source for any and all of the lines, but on the internal evidence one is disposed to grant Perelman’s claim that he was telling pretty much what he saw and heard. In the playroom of Groucho’s ‘repossessed hacienda on Hillcrest Drive’, the veterans are accompanied by ‘two statuesque actresses’, Chiquita and Queenie. The latter tells Groucho that he needs a woman to take care of him: ‘What did you have in mind?’ ‘Oh, I don’t know,’ she said coyly. ‘You don’t?’ he demanded, rounding on her. ‘Then what do you mean by teasing me to the brink of madness, mocking me with a smile like a scimitar?’ He flung aside his knife with a bitter laugh. ‘Do you know what it means to stand here night after night, sawing away at cheap pot roast and thirsting for a coquette’s kisses?’ ‘Hey, this meat is awful dry,’ complained Chiquita, our other dryad. ‘Isn’t there any gravy?’ ‘Gravy, gravy!’ shouted Groucho. ‘Everybody wants gravy! Did those six poor slobs on the Kon Tiki have any gravy? Did Scipio’s legions, deep in the burning African waste, have gravy? Did Fanny Hill?’ ‘Did Fanny Hill what?’ I asked ‘Never mind, you cad,’ he threw at me. ‘I’m sick to death of innuendo, brittle small talk, the sly, silken rustle of feminine underthings. I want to sit in a ball park with the wind in my hair and breathe the cold, clean popcorn into my lungs. I want to hear the crack of seasoned ash on horsehide, the roar of the hydra-headed crowd, the umpire’s deep-throated “Play ball!”’ So graphically had he limned the colour and excitement of the game that the three of us hung there with shining eyes, too rapt even to spurn the paper-thin, parsimonious slices of meat he had served us. ‘Golly!’ breathed Chiquita. ‘I feel as though I had really witnessed the game!’ ‘So do I,’ said Groucho, yawning, ‘and I’m pooped. I’ll thank you two harpies to clear out and take that lush with you.’ At their last meeting, when both men were around eighty, Perelman asked, ‘Do you mind if I smoke?’ and was told calmly: ‘I don’t care if you burn.’ Groucho was a faithful correspondent who took pride in his ability to write with a certain sharpness: the letters to his children that Kanfer quotes are strong and far from casual. He was faster and less reserved in dealing with professional flak-catchers, waterflies and company goons, as in his famous encounter with the Warner Brothers legal department over the copyright on the title A Night in Casablanca. Did Warner Brothers own a piece of the action for a film that promised to be a send-up of their money-maker? The case was full of possibilities: they might be supposed to own the plot, any allusion to any version of the plot, even, maybe, the name of the city in the title. Groucho seized the opportunity in a letter in which a soufflé of more-in-sorrow pieties gives way to deadpan sarcasm: It seems that in 1471, Ferdinand Balboa Warner, your great-great-grandfather, while looking for a shortcut to the city of Burbank, had stumbled on the shores of Africa and, raising his alpenstock (which he later turned in for a hundred shares of common), named it Casablanca. I just don’t understand your attitude. Even if you plan on re-releasing your picture, I am sure that the average movie fan could learn in time to distinguish between Ingrid Bergman and Harpo. I don’t know whether I could, but I certainly would like to try. You claim you own Casablanca and that no one else can use that name without your permission. What about ‘Warner Brothers’? Do you own that, too? You probably have the right to use the name Warner, but what about Brothers? Professionally, we were brothers long before you were. We were touring the sticks as the Marx Brothers when Vitaphone was still a gleam in the inventor’s eye, and even before us there had been other brothers – the Smith Brothers; the Brothers Karamazov; Dan Brothers, an outfielder with Detroit. It is the letter of the shyster lawyer he had always half wanted to be, but the joke was lost on the Warner Brothers legal department, who asked for an explanation of the plot, and, when offered a shuffle of gags, wrote back again in quest of clarification. The letters were broadly circulated, and Warner Brothers retired in confusion. Quite different, in the affiliations it brought to light, was his drawn-out correspondence with T.S. Eliot, begun by Eliot when he asked for a signed picture of Groucho and, on receiving a studio portrait, wrote back to say that this was not what he had in mind. What Eliot wanted was a picture of Groucho in action in a Marx Brothers movie. His approach to the star in these letters is meek-to-fawning, but it is also, in his usual way, testing. Groucho, one would have thought, was the incarnation of the human beast that ‘tears at the grapes with murderous paws’. Was he also then a companion with whom one might ‘take the air in a tobacco trance’? The writers circle each other discreetly and a little warily, but by November 1963, two years into the correspondence, first names have been exchanged and Groucho offers a disquisition: The name Tom fits many things. There was once a famous Jewish actor named Thomashevsky. All male cats are named Tom – unless they have been fixed. In that case they are just neutral and, as the upheaval in Saigon has just proved, there is no place any more for neutrals. There is an old nursery rhyme that begins ‘Tom, Tom, the piper’s son,’ etc. The third President of the United States’ first name was Tom . . . in case you’ve forgotten Jefferson. So, when I call you Tom, this means you are a mixture of a heavyweight prizefighter, a male alley cat, and the third President of the United States. A good-natured characterisation, informed by remarkable intuition. Eliot for his part made the mistake once of talking down to Groucho with affected bonhomie, referring to his wife as ‘Mrs Groucho’. He was met in reply with fond regards for ‘your lovely wife, whoever she may be’. In Groucho’s next letter, she has become ‘Mrs Tom’. After this small but useful lesson in democratic manners, all posturing ceases and a tranquil equality reigns. And yet, for all the vivacity that remained, it is hard to speak of Groucho’s last decades without sadness. In 1945, he married Kay Gorcey, wife of the ‘dead end kid’ Leo Gorcey, and when he was 56 had a third child with her, Melinda. This marriage like his first began compatibly enough but worked toward a miserable dissolution. His third and shortest marriage would end when his young wife Eden Hartford walked out on him. Well into his eighties, he lived to see himself rediscovered not only by the Dadaist fringe of the 1960s antiwar movement but by Dick Cavett, Woody Allen and other literate and nostalgic entertainers. He appeared now as the honoured guest in public celebrations and televised specials which showed his energy waning but his mischief fundamentally unchanged. He presided over the rehearsals of Minnie’s Boys, a slop-sentimental musical about the young Marx Brothers. He was a famous rich man losing his interest in life when he was taken over by a young actress, Erin Fleming, opportunistic, deranged and affectionate in unstable proportions, who became his secretary, chaperone and interpreter to the world until his death. Kanfer hangs a mystery on this relationship but what was happening was plain to anyone who saw them on talk shows in the 1970s. Groucho always brought her along, and was suspiciously docile beside her, but he must have been glad to have the choice taken out of his hands. It was either a graceful descent to a death alone or the life he ended up having with this companion: chock-full of amusements and massive partying, not at all in his style, and wrangles that sometimes came to blows. The stories got around, in glimpses, from unscheduled visits to the house by old friends, and there were efforts to separate them. Although he never disowned his family, Groucho steadily asserted that he loved his caretaker. The result after he died was a legal battle that deprived Fleming of everything and squandered most of his estate. Groucho is honoured now with a more singular veneration than he ever knew in his life. He is an easily quoted exemplar for standup comics like Billy Crystal, Eddie Murphy, Paul Reiser and Jerry Seinfeld, whose subject is the vicissitudes of the instincts and whose stock in trade is the fast one-liner. These performers are more routinely transgressive than Groucho was, and they lack the pathos that was the undersong of his bitterness. The reckless attitude of the smarter standup comics now says nothing personal: it is an assumption, a given. You may listen to them for an hour with pleasure and without hearing a characteristic touch. Groucho looked ruefully on his fortune as bait for gold-diggers, but after a monologue by one of the prospering comics today, a self-respecting and eligible woman could ask for a date. They are presentable guys, and comedy is what they do, not what they are. There was always on the contrary a sense about Groucho that he was a desperate man, that he would do anything in the right circumstances for the right effect – the metaphysics of sauve qui peut were hardly separable from the constitutional necessity of fetching a laugh. You can see the principle at work in Horse Feathers, where Chico and Harpo disrupt a classroom with pea-shooters, and Groucho, the professor, drones on with the lesson craftily, then dives under a desk and attacks with a pea-shooter he just happens to have with him. It is the abortion of authority that sinks every pretence, nothing like the smooth delivery of the upscale shopper and man of taste. But the truth about the way that comedy has changed may be simpler than any relative calibrations of genius or motive. Square America died in the late 1970s, about the time that Groucho died, and bad as it was to live with, satire needed that world acutely. Without the dumb resistance of conventional manners to rub against, satire can point to no visible correlative of the ugliness it partakes of and deplores. Groucho’s was not what the happiness makers call a happy life. On the other hand, he seems to have believed with Imlac in Rasselas that life affords less to be enjoyed than to be endured. The reflexive humour would far outlast the intelligence, and in his final years his quick responses to verbal cues, the association slyly caught and slotted in place, could generate an appearance of wit without a mind to support it. Asked by Woody Allen what he was up to, he replied: ‘Erin’s busy putting together a documentary about me. In the meantime I plan on dying.’ This might be a quip, or might be a string of words launched into dead air. The same optical illusion recurs where a large enough talent has had the time to break down, so that, by a trick of resemblance, the later performances cast a doubt on the earlier. Did his work obey a consistent purpose after all? Such estimates are hard to make, and probably wrong to attempt, and after the vague promise of a settled judgment, with a shadowy span of posthumous chapters, his biographer has the decency to deliver nothing conclusive. For Groucho and for others, at a high cost which neither would have spared, his way of being staved off boredom. The imitation of his life that one saw in the movies was a germ of anarchy with nobody’s blessing, and imparted, as from a master to novices, a love of the daily scrimmage and contempt for the smarm and truckling that are the regime of worldly success. The cruel effects of his temper, well hidden from common view, were mostly confined to those nearest to him; and in a driven and harried career one turns with pleasure to one interval, his second bachelorhood in the 1940s. Groucho had for companionship then his daughter Miriam, who adored him and after the divorce elected to live with him, and got into scrapes because she had a mouth like his. From day to day he subsisted on the plateau of modest prosperity which the industry counts as failure. His courtship of Kay Gorcey was still some way off, and Miriam’s trouble with alcohol; further off were the paydirt of You Bet Your Life, the cover story in Time, the scrap-book encomia and academic testimonials; mercifully remote the wretched happiness of his dotage with Erin Fleming and the draining waste of the attacks on her by his family – the unsatisfied, the protective, the ever-estranged family. He thought all families were ‘a big responsibility and a big burden’. In these middle years almost alone, Groucho rose early and shaved with an electric razor, economising the steel that others needed and pointing out that, though the shave might not be very close, he could read books while he did it. He would spend the morning working on a play with Norman Krasna – a musical, until they decided it would be better without the songs – which some years later would flop resoundingly, but who could worry about that now? He liked to waste an hour in the mild futility of tending the vegetable garden he nicknamed Marx’s Dust Bowl. In the afternoon, he would ‘put on his traditional uniform – shorts, sweatshirt, sneakers and beret – and pedal to his office’ in downtown Beverly Hills, there to whistle up to the second-storey window, from which his secretary lowered a basket. For twenty minutes more or less, he would read and respond to letters, write cheques, salute passers-by, ‘dictate an answer or two by shouting them up’. On his bicycle again to shop at the grocery store and bakery, with goodies hung from the handlebars, he would pedal back to the Dust Bowl, where, often, the screenwriter who lived next door would invite him over for supper. Groucho sat at the head of the table because, he said, he was the oldest, and from that position he held forth and directed the conversational traffic. All this, before the fall of the big studios, when craft and unbankable wit survived in odd corners without much fuss. At the trial contesting his estate, a psychologist, a Dr Schindler, offered as proof of senility an answer to a diagnostic question, ‘What direction is Panama?’ ‘You get in your car,’ Groucho told the German shrink, ‘and drive down Sunset Boulevard.’ Contact us for rights and issues inquiries. Letters Vol. 23 No. 11 · 7 June 2001 At Groucho Marx’s last meeting with S.J. Perelman, ‘when both men were around eighty, Perelman asked Groucho, “Do you mind if I smoke?” and was told calmly: “I don’t care if you burn.”’ The story is told by David Bromwich ( LRB, 10 May ). By coincidence this morning I happened to watch Chickens Come Home, an early Laurel and Hardy talkie, on TV. At one point in the film Laurel finds himself alone in a room with a rather outraged lady. After a while he says to her, ‘Do you mind if I smoke?’ to which she replies: ‘I don’t care if you burn up!’ Could this have been a standard exchange among comedians from early vaudeville days? Had Groucho Marx a very good memory for quotable lines from obscure early Laurel and Hardy talkies? Or did Stan Laurel and/or Oliver Hardy (or their writers) hear this exchange in an even earlier Groucho stage routine? Or at a party? C. McLeod Vol. 23 No. 14 · 19 July 2001 Groucho Marx’s joke, mentioned by David Bromwich ( LRB, 10 May ), is probably older than C. McLeod suggests ( Letters, 7 June ). Joyce, who loved old jokes, provides a version in Finnegans Wake: ‘Akst to whether she minded whither he smuked? Not if he barkst into phlegms.’ Since many of Joyce’s jokes come from music-hall routines and old copies of Punch, it seems likely that this one antedates Chickens Come Home, the Laurel and Hardy movie watched by McLeod, by thirty or forty years. Edmund Epstein

i don't know

Whose record did the Simpsons surpass for the longest-running animated series?

On This Day in Animated History: The Simpsons Break The Flintstones Record - Sitcoms Online Message Boards - Forums On This Day in Animated History: The Simpsons Break The Flintstones Record User Name Mark Forums Read Welcome to the Sitcoms Online Message Boards - Forums. You are currently viewing our boards as a guest which gives you limited access to view most discussions and access our other features. By joining our free community you will have access to post topics, search, view attachments, communicate privately with other members (PM), respond to polls, upload content and access many other special features. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our community today ! Join Date: Feb 03, 2002 Location: What Ain't No Country I Ever Heard Of...They Speak English in What? Posts: 62,201 On This Day in Animated History: The Simpsons Break The Flintstones Record February 9th, 1997 - Fox cartoon series "Simpsons" airs 167th episode the longest-running animated series in cartoon history "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show" is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of The Simpsons, which originally aired February 9, 1997.[2] In the episode, The Itchy & Scratchy Show attempts to regain viewers by introducing a hip new character named Poochie, who will be voiced by Homer. The episode is largely self-referential and satirizes the world of television production, fans of The Simpsons and the series itself. It was written by David S. Cohen, and directed by Steven Dean Moore.[2] Alex Rocco guest starred as Roger Meyers, Jr. for the third and final time, and Phil Hartman guest stars as Troy McClure.[2] Poochie would become a minor recurring character and Comic Book Guy's catchphrase, "worst episode ever" is introduced in this episode. With "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show", the show's 167th, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones in the number of episodes produced for a prime-time animated series.

The Flintstones

Last week saw the demise of what CBS soap opera, having been the longest running soap opera ever?

The Simpsons - Example Problems The Simpsons The Simpsons is a long-running animated television series , with 17 seasons and 360 episodes since it debuted on December 17 , 1989 on FOX . The TV series is a spinoff of a skit originally aired on The Tracey Ullman Show ; it is produced by Gracie Films for 20th Century Fox . Highly satirical , the show lampoons many aspects of the human condition, but primarily parodies the " Middle American " lifestyle its titular family exhibits, and more generally American culture, society, and even television itself. The Simpsons is seen by many critics as the greatest animated series ever, including Time , which named it the best TV show of the 20th century in 1998 . It has had a huge influence on post– Cold War popular culture . The Simpsons was also one of the key shows that changed the view of cartoons to a more adult standard. It is considered a sign of definite status as a celebrity or other important figure to be featured or asked to parody oneself in an episode of the show. The Simpsons have been the subject of several video games like The Simpsons Hit & Run , and a feature-length movie on the fictional family is expected in 2008 . Contents Main article: List of characters from The Simpsons The main characters were originally created by Matt Groening as part of a series of original animated segments for The Tracey Ullman Show . Over the course of the series Groening has used many of the themes present in his long-running comic strip series, Life in Hell . (For instance, the idea of creative school children constantly being persecuted and suppressed by totalitarian grown-ups stems from the strip.) Many of the characters in The Simpsons take their names from important people and places in Groening's life — for example Lisa, Maggie, Marge and Homer share names with Groening's sisters, mother and father respectively. Bart, however, is an anagram for brat . The show's basic premise centers on the antics of the family : Homer and Marge , their children Bart , Lisa and Maggie , the colorful citizens of Springfield, and occasional guest stars. File:Simpsons cast.jpg The Simpsons sports a vast array of secondary characters. Homer, a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , is a generally well-meaning buffoon whose short attention span often draws him into outrageous schemes and adventures. Marge was once intelligent and sophisticated, but has come to conform with the stereotype of housewife /mother. Bart, the oldest sibling, is a troublemaker and classroom terror ("the devil's cabana boy" is how Lisa once described him ) who thinks of himself as a rebel while Lisa is a brainy student, vegetarian , Buddhist and jazz music fan who dreams of a better future (she is referred to as "the future of the family"). Maggie is an eternal baby , and despite the fact that numerous years (and birthdays) clearly pass (for example, many Christmas episodes), the Simpsons do not appear to age. Some characters' ages have fluctuated throughout the years; this is most likely due to simple oversight on the part of the writers. Homer describes his family as "upper lower middle class", and this appears to be about right. The Simpson family (which sometimes includes Homer's father, Abraham "Abe" Simpson ) lives in a relatively large five-bedroom house bordering a friendly neighbor on one side, Ned Flanders , and many varying things, including a cemetery , on the other. The Simpson lifestyle yo-yos depending on whether or not Homer is employed at the time; Marge is largely a stay-at-home mom. The Simpsons go several years into the internet age before acquiring a computer, reflecting the fact that the Simpson family is perpetually several years out of date. Setting Main article: Springfield (The Simpsons) The Simpsons is set in the fictional United States town of Springfield . Throughout the show's history fans have tried to determine where Springfield is by taking the town's characteristics, surrounding geography and nearby landmarks as clues (as Lisa once said of the state, "It's a bit of a mystery, yes, but if you look at the clues, you'll figure it out.") However, both the town itself and its location are fictional. Nearly every state and region in the U.S. has been both suggested and ruled out by conflicting "evidence" of a location for Springfield, so that the town could not really be anywhere. It seems it is kept indeterminate on purpose so that the location can suit any plot, as Springfield and its surrounding areas have been shown to contain coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, and tall mountains, or whatever the story requires. (See Where Is The Simpsons' Springfield? for more information on this issue.) Creator Matt Groening has stated that Springfield has much in common with Portland, Oregon , the city he grew up in (see Matt Groening's Portland ), and the name "Springfield" was chosen because virtually every state has a town or city with that name. Animation scholars and fans have noted that the series uses the medium of animation to its advantage, allowing the show to take place in many settings and feature a far greater cast of characters than a live-action sitcom. The cost of having an episode of The Simpsons take place in the mountains, Europe , the city park, or a cruise ship on the ocean (all of which simply use drawn and painted backgrounds) is hardly more than placing the family in the more conventional sitcom settings of a living room, a kitchen, and perhaps one or two related settings. This allows for far more flexibility in plot development than a typical live-action sitcom constrained by physical limitations and logistics. Themes Authority, especially in undeserving hands, is a constant target of the show's often sharp satire. This probably explains the often strong negative reaction to the show from social conservatives . This negative reaction was most pronounced during the early seasons of the show. Nearly every authority figure in the show is portrayed unflatteringly: Homer Simpson is thoughtless and irresponsible, the antithesis of the ideal 1950s TV father, though he always comes through for his family in the end. Marge Simpson is also of the '50s stereotype category, and attempts to exercise control to compensate for her husband's failings. Springfield police chief Clancy Wiggum (voiced by Hank Azaria in an Edward G. Robinson -influenced tone) is obese, stupid, lazy, corrupt and not overly concerned with constitutional rights (not to mention that he somewhat resembles a pig). File:Simpsons 350.jpg Promotional artwork for The Simpsons' milestone 350th episode. During the more recent years of Simpsons production, some social conservatives have come to embrace the show. One of the main explanations of this shift is that the Simpsons portrays a traditional nuclear family among a lineup of television sitcoms that now portray less traditional families. The show has toyed with the possibility of extramarital affairs, such as when Homer falls for a female nuclear technician who shares his love of donuts, or when Marge's ex-boyfriend Artie Ziff tries to rekindle their old romance. Nevertheless, these affairs never occur, and by the end of every episode, Homer and Marge's marriage is strongly affirmed. Social conservatives and some evangelical Christians have also pointed to the positive role model of devout Christian Ned Flanders , whose fretfulness is occasionally ridiculed but whose decency never wavers despite constant provocation from Homer (except that time that he had pre-marital sex). In several episodes, God actually intervenes to protect the Flanders family, invoking such Protestant concepts as Predestination . As compared with the Simpsons family, the Flanders family is relatively well-off and less dysfunctional, reflecting certain theories expressed by sociologist Max Weber in his seminal work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Race relations are also the subject of satire in the show, as the handful of African American characters are almost always portrayed as being more intelligent and rational than their "Yellow" counterparts. Some people interpret this as a satire of Hollywood and liberal TV's portrayal of exaggerated 'reverse stereotypes' in which the computer genius is always a black actor. For instance, Dr. Hibbert , despite a tendency to laugh at the most inappropriate times, is arguably among the least dysfunctional characters in the series, and is certainly more professionally qualified for medical practice than Dr. Nick Riviera . Furthermore, Officer Lou is constantly lecturing Chief Wiggum on his inept law enforcement practices, and even Homer's co-worker Carl, in addition to possessing a Master's degree in Nuclear Engineering, occasionally lambasts Homer's stupidity. The show also routinely mocks and satirizes show business conventions and personalities. Krusty the Klown has an enthusiastic following among Springfield's kids, but offstage he is a jaded, cynical hack, in poor health from a long history of overindulgence and substance abuse. He will endorse any product for a price. Kent Brockman is a self-important, spoiled TV news anchorman with little regard for journalistic ethics. Many wealthy characters are members of the Republican Party , which meets in a dark castle. Even Rupert Murdoch —whose corporate empire includes The Simpsons' broadcast network, Fox—has been gently spoofed in a couple of episodes. In fact, Fox itself has been ridiculed many times, and Fox News has been portrayed as extremely biased towards conservatives. Plots A standard "template" Springfield situation, in terms of characters and events, has emerged over the years. Each episode presents some sort of change in that situation, its consequences, and almost always how things get back to normal. Episode plots rarely follow any sort of linear course, often taking several digressions to move storylines in unexpected directions. For example, the description of the 2003 episode " Dude, Where's My Ranch? " offered to Shaw Cable subscribers reads: "After David Byrne turns Homer's anti-(Ned) Flanders song into a monster hit, the family vacations at a dude ranch , where Lisa falls in love." The plots of many episodes focus on the adventures of one particular family member, frequently Homer. However the plots have never been particularly predictable or constant and tends to be very character-driven. Recurring themes in episodes include: Homer gets a new job (Simpson writers had Homer count 30 of them in a recent episode but the actual list is far longer) or attempts to make money in a get-rich-quick scheme . Marge attempts to escape the monotony of keeping house by finding employment or taking up a hobby. Bart causes a large problem and attempts to fix it. Lisa embraces or advocates the merits of a particular political cause or group. The entire family goes on vacation. (Because of these vacations the entire family has been to every continent on Earth with the exception of Antarctica .) Grandpa Simpson or Grandma Simpson needs help sorting out issues from their past and calls upon the main Simpsons family. Sideshow Bob attempts to kill Bart. There are several types of scenes that recur often and have become conventions of the show's storytelling style. Examples of these stock scenes include: A scene at the very beginning of the show in which the family goes somewhere together, like a cartoon festival or a cider mill. After a few minutes there, the main plot begins. A scene, often near the middle of the show, in which Homer and Marge are in bed together discussing the events of the story so far. A scene in which the family is eating dinner together and talking about the events of the plot. Conceptually this is very similar to the "Homer and Marge in bed" scenes, but including Bart and Lisa. A scene in the morning in which Marge is preparing breakfast, and the kids and Homer are eating before going to work or school as they talk about what they are going to do. This is often near the start of the episode. A scene in which Homer is at Moe's Tavern escaping the hassles of work and family to be with his friends. A scene in which one or more Simpsons are watching a TV program, which the viewer watches along with them. A crowd scene, in which the entire town of Springfield convenes to witness some notable event, protest something, attend a civic meeting, or even start a riot. Many recurring minor characters appear and speak. TV anchorman Kent Brockman reporting on the events of the plot. Scenes that cut from the main action to show what a secondary character, like Krusty or Mr. Burns, is doing at the time. A fantasy in which one of the Simpsons imagines how something might turn out. Trademarks A memorable couch gag . The Simpsons opening sequence is one of the show's most memorable trademarks. Almost every episode opens with a title shot coming through the cumulus clouds and into the school where Bart is writing sentences on the class chalkboard , presumably set as a punishment by one of his teachers for some mischievous deed or wayward comment; Homer is shown leaving the power plant, with Mr. Burns (seen putting his watch to his ear, then shaking it to get it to work) and Smithers in the background (second season onwards); Marge and Maggie are shown checking out at the supermarket with Maggie traveling across the scanner, ringing up at $847.63, the then-annual cost of raising a baby (although a 'trivia question' shown as a wraparound for commercials during the episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" claims that the register says "NRA4EVER" — National Rifle Association For Ever, ironically and comedically portraying the liberal writers of the show as gun-crazed right-wingers); The sequence then introduces Lisa (who leaves a band rehearsal, usually playing a different saxophone solo); the family is then shown on their way to their house at 742 Evergreen Terrace (the address varied in the beginning, but the writers now use 742 Evergreen Terrace exclusively). The members of the family weave dangerously through traffic and in between fellow (and, from the second season onward, familiar) Springfield denizens, all miraculously reaching home at the exact same time. Upon entering, they all speed towards the family room couch where, in comedic parallel with the audience, they settle to watch their "must-see" TV show. For each episode, the sequence includes four variations: Bart writes something different on the chalkboard, Lisa plays a different solo on her saxophone , Homer screams in a different way (only done in the first couple of seasons), and the family attempts to sit on the couch as something goes awry in an often surreal manner. In the syndicated version, part or all of the opening sequence is usually cut in order to include more commercials in the show's allotted timeslot. The " couch gag " sequence is frequently used to help show staff make the show longer or shorter, depending on the length of the episode itself. Most couch gags last only about five seconds, but the longest one on record lasted 46 seconds. The chalkboard gag lasted several seasons before it was cut (for most episodes, see Bart chalkboard gags ) to save time; however, it was reintroduced for the premier episode of the 17th season with a self- and education-jeering "Does any kid still do this anymore?" The first season opening sequence featured a number of differences from the later seasons, including a shot of Lisa riding her bike on the way home and Bart's way home consisting of snatching a bus stop sign, forcing several dazed Springfieldians to chase the bus, rather than just riding past a number of well-known characters. The series' distinctive theme tune was composed by musician Danny Elfman . The current arrangement, which dates back to the third season, is orchestrated by Alf Clausen . Marge Simpson finds the tune annoying. Bart introducing a segment of " Treehouse of Horror IV " in the manner of Rod Serling 's Night Gallery . An annual tradition is a special Halloween episode consisting of three separate, self-contained pieces. These pieces usually involve the family in some horror , science fiction , or supernatural setting; they always take place outside the normal continuity of the show (and are therefore considered to be non- canon ), and completely abandon any pretence of being realistic. Regular Simpsons characters play humorous special roles, occasionally being killed in gruesome ways by zombies, monsters, or even each other. These Halloween segments have parodied many classic horror and science fiction films; often one of the segments spoofs an episode of The Twilight Zone . Some include " Nightmare at 20,000 Feet ", " To Serve Man ", " Living Doll ", " It's a Good Life ", and " Little Girl Lost " In later years the series dropped the framing device of characters telling stories, but kept the Treehouse title; for several years the characters broke the fourth wall and introduced their pieces directly to the audience. In Treehouse of Horror II the writers decided to give the cast and crew of the show scary names in the opening and closing credits (like "Mad Matt Groening" and "James Hell Brooks"). This also became a tradition, and has been done in every Halloween episode except I, XII, and XIII. The names have changed in subsequent seasons. Another mainstay of the Halloween shows is the appearance of the two space aliens Kang and Kodos , introduced in the second segment of the first " Treehouse of Horror ." Also, secondary characters such as Moe, Willie, Lenny, and Carl almost always die before each halloween episode is over. In a section of " Treehouse of Horror VI " called "Homer³", Homer and Bart go into a three-dimensional world created by Pacific Data Images (Now owned by Dreamworks SKG), a computer animation company. This segment from the Halloween show was also used as a segment of a film shown in the IMAX 3D film Cyberworld . This was one of the few times The Simpsons have strayed from their traditional 2D animation, along with a live action cameo by Regis and Kathie Lee in " Treehouse of Horror IX ", a couple of claymation scenes in " 'Tis The Fifteenth Season " featuring The California Prunes and Jimmy Stewart , and a live action couch gag consisting of a sketchbook being flipped by a hand to make the characters run towards the couch and sit down. Another recent episode featured a CGI trailer for a comedy about humanoid playing cards. Other Treehouse segment name parodies include " Citizen Kang ", " Nightmare on Evergreen Terrace ", " The Thing and I ", " House of Whacks ", and " Reaper Madness ". Guest celebrities Template:See Many episodes feature celebrity guests contributing their voices to the show, as either themselves (especially during the middle of the Simpson's years, i.e. seasons 7 to 13) or as fictional characters (mainly during the early and later seasons). Production/history The primordial Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show . The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short "Good Night" airing on April 19 , 1987 . Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were aired by the BBC in the UK the first time the shows were broadcast, but not subsequently, though some of them, including "Good Night", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire ", however the intended first episode was " Some Enchanted Evening ", but when "Some Enchanted Evening" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" first. The Simpsons was the first true TV series hit for Fox; it was the first Fox show to appear in the top twenty highest-rated shows of the time. It also sparked controversy, as Bart Simpson was portrayed as a rebellious troublemaker who caused trouble and got away with it. Parents' groups and conservative spokespersons felt that a cartoon character like Bart Simpson provided a poor role model for children. When a Simpsons T-shirt was marketed featuring Bart and the logo "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')", Simpsons T-shirts and other merchandise were banned from public schools in several areas of the United States . File:TIME Best of 1990.jpg Bart appears on the cover of a 1990 TIME issue. The outcry against Bart was reflected in the second season opener, featuring an episode called Bart Gets an F where Bart's school wants to make him repeat the fourth grade. In this episode, the school counselor quotes the controversial T-shirt by stating, "He is an underachiever... and proud of it." In September 1990 , Barbara Bush said in an interview for People magazine that The Simpsons was the dumbest thing she had ever seen. Six years later, an episode had George and Barbara Bush move to Springfield and leave after George gets involved in a feud with the Simpson family (in a style reminiscent of Dennis the Menace and Mr. Wilson ). Mr. and Mrs. Bush were both portrayed by voice actors. One of the Simpsons DVD sets includes a special feature that presents an exchange of letters between the First Lady and show staff. In another address, Mr. Bush said that America needed to be closer to The Waltons than to The Simpsons, causing Bart to say they were a lot like the Waltons, since they were both praying for an end to the Depression . File:Simpsons plane.jpg The "Simpsons Plane" The writers have shown a love for cameo appearances by celebrities and extended pastiches of contemporary and classic movies , as well as subtle visual jokes. In 1995 , Western Pacific Airlines repainted a Boeing 737 jet with Simpsons characters to promote the series. On February 9 , 1997 The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones as the longest-running prime time animated series in America, however it has not yet beaten several Japanese anime series such as Sazae-san (which has been running since 1969) and Doraemon (running since 1979). In 2004 Scooby Doo surpassed The Simpsons in number of episodes. In January 2003 , it was announced that the show had been renewed by Fox through 2005  — meaning it has replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ( 1952 to 1966 ) as longest-running sitcom (animated or live action ) ever in the United States. In 2004 , the series was renewed through its 19th season. Some take the view that The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet should continue to be counted as the longest-running sitcom as The Simpsons is animated, not live-action, although this view is declining as more authorities unambiguously credit The Simpsons as television's longest-running sitcom. In its 1998 issue celebrating the greatest achievements in arts and entertainment of the 20th Century , TIME magazine named The Simpsons the century's best television series. In that same issue, Bart Simpson was named to the Time 100 , the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people. He was the only fictional character on the list. Since the series originated as part of The Tracey Ullman Show, it is also considered the longest running and most successful spinoff of all time. Over the years, virtually every Simpsons character has appeared on a magazine cover, ranging from TIME to Christianity Today and even Airliners . The Simpsons' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 21 Emmy Awards , 22 Annie Awards , a Peabody and numerous others. On January 14 , 2000 the Simpsons were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The voice actors have been involved in much-publicized pay disputes with Fox on more than one occasion. In 1998 , the voice actors stopped working, forcing 20th Century Fox TV to increase their salary from $30,000 per episode to $125,000. The actors were supported in their action by series creator Matt Groening. [1] As the revenue generated by the show continued to increase through syndication and DVD sales, six actors (playing over 50 characters) — Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria , and Harry Shearer — stopped showing up for script readings in April 2004 after weeks of unsuccessful negotiations with Fox. They asked for $360,000 per episode, or $8 million for a 22-episode season. On May 2 , 2004 , the actors resolved their dispute with Fox after having their demands met. The universally reported claim that this dispute was in fact a full-blown strike is denied by Harry Shearer. [2] Since as early as Season 4, the show has drawn criticism from some fans for straying too far from its comedic structure, for becoming too "mainstream," and changing character personalities without explanation. Some consider its parody of the prequel Star Wars trilogy in the episode Co-Dependent's Day being very harsh considering the show's own "downfall." These attacks have been countered by less hardcore fans stating that the show was always more or less mainstream, and nonsensical personality changes and the structural changes were done in a spirit of creative experimentation, and has not damaged the show (see Criticism). Producers The series has gone through numerous executive producers , also known as show runners , throughout its run. The showrunner is in charge of every aspect of the show for a season. Season 13–present: Al Jean Season 17 is the current series Voice actors and their characters Dan Castellaneta provides the voice of Homer Simpson and many other characters. All episodes (with the exception of one) list only the voice actors (not the characters they voice) in keeping with the mystique of having the audience not associate any one character with an actor — this is to discourage the audience from easily identifying exactly which voice actor did what. Yeardley Smith , voice actress of Lisa Simpson, and Marcia Wallace , voice actress of Edna Krabappel , are the only cast members who only do one voice, though both have on occasion voiced one-shot characters. Dan Castellaneta performs the voices of Homer Simpson and his dad, Abraham Simpson, while Julie Kavner performs the voices of Marge Simpson's family. Nancy Cartwright performs the voice of Bart Simpson and other children from the school that he attends. Guest stars had performed as well. For an in-depth list of cast members, see List of cast members of The Simpsons . Writing John Swartzwelder is the most famous of the writers on the Simpsons' staff, personally writing over 50 episodes (more than any other Simpsons writer). According to the DVD commentaries, he used to write episodes while sitting at a booth in his favorite restaurant. When the restaurant closed down, he bought the booth and had it installed in his house. Current late-night talkshow host Conan O'Brien was a writer during the fourth and fifth season. He wrote " New Kid on the Block " (9F06), " Marge vs. the Monorail " (9F10), " Homer Goes to College " (1F02) and part of" Treehouse of Horror IV " (1F04). Ian Maxtone-Graham has been a prominent writer for The Simpsons since the eighth season. The character Professor John Frink was named for writer/producer John Frink . Animation Produced " The Fat and the Furriest " and " She Used to Be My Girl ". The Simpsons has been animated by many different studios over the past 18 years, both domestic and overseas. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was solely produced domestically at Klasky Csupo . Klasky Csupo was also the animation studio during the first three seasons of the half-hour length series, however, due to the increased workload, production was now being subcontracted to overseas studios, usually in Korea , where labor is cheaper. While character and background layout is done by the domestic studio, inbetweening , coloring and filming is done by the overseas studios. Throughout the years, different overseas studios have animated different episodes, even episodes within the same season. During season four, Gracie Films made a decision to switch domestic production to DPS Film Roman , which continues to animate the show to this day. The last episode to be animated by Klasky Csupo was " A Streetcar Named Marge ". After season 13, production was switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint . Originally, the switch was intended to happen during season 12 with the episode " Tennis the Menace ", but after seeing the results, Gracie Films decided to hold off for two more seasons. Tennis the Menace, however, being already completed, was broadcast this way. The Simpsons has been widely distributed internationally; for a list of distributors, see List of TV channels that air The Simpsons . "The Simpsons" is one of the longest running TV shows ever created. By the end of its 16th season, the show had accumulated 356 episodes (see list) . Cultural impact A number of neologisms that started on The Simpsons have entered common usage. The most famous of which is Homer's saying: " D'oh! ", which is referred to in scripts, as well as three episode names, as "annoyed grunt". D'oh is now listed in the OED , but without the apostrophe. "D'oh" is the accepted spelling, and is certainly the most common; the closed captions for the program (at least in the U.S.), however, spell it "D-OHH". Note: A much earlier use of the same expression, often similarly used to denote thwarted expectation, was established in the long-running BBC (UK) radio series 'The Archers', where it was used, almost as a catch-phrase, by the character 'Walter Gabriel' (voiced by actor Chris Gittings). Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as " cheese-eating surrender monkeys " was used by conservative National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg , a fan of the show, in 2003 , after France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq , and quickly spread to other journalists. The expression "excellent" — drawn out as a sinister and breathy "eeeexcelllent…" in the style of Montgomery Burns — has also entered popular use, as have Homer's triumphant "Woohoo!" and Nelson Muntz 's mocking "HA-ha!". "Woohoo" subsequently became the catch phrase of Melissa Joan Hart 's portrayal of Sabrina in Sabrina The Teenage Witch . Homer's unsporting "IN YOUR FACE!" has become a standard vocalization of unsporting behaviour, particularly in children. The phrase was not invented by The Simpsons, but they made it popular. On The Straight Dope , Slashdot and Fark , the popular meme "I, for one, welcome our new <Insert topic here> overlords!" stems from a quote of Kent Brockman from the episode " Deep Space Homer ". It can also be heard on VCPR radio in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. The character Waylon Smithers . Since the debut of the show, the term "Smithers" has become a common eponym for a spineless underling. The show's creators also take pride in having passed on schoolyard rhymes to a new generation of children who otherwise may not have heard them. See also: List of neologisms on The Simpsons and Bands Names From The Simpsons Fan controversy In spite of the devotion the show has inspired among its fans (or perhaps because of it) there has been an extraordinary amount of analysis of the show's strongest and weakest periods, especially among its most ardent fans. This brand of criticism is distinct from the broader debate over the show's sociopolitical themes that have drawn fire from both ends of the political spectrum. Fans hold a wide range of views on which period in the show's history was the best. Some prefer the earliest seasons, particularly 2 and 3, when the show focused more on realistic, character-driven humor instead of what they perceive as cheap, throwaway gags. Others prefer seasons 4–7, when Al Jean/Mike Reiss, David Mirkin and Bill Oakley/Josh Weinstein were the showrunners. Under Mirkin, the show began to focus more and more on social satire, as well as shifting focus away from young Bart to Homer. In contrast, seasons 9–12 and the appointment of Mike Scully as showrunner are often considered to be the show's lowest point creatively. While many fans feel Scully's first two seasons, seasons 9-10 weren't terrible, it is believed that season 11 is where the show began to deteriorate significantly, with the show beginning to focus on more supporting characters for shifting attention away from the Simpsons, with the exception of Homer. The show also became heavily reliant on celebrity guest stars (who almost always were cast to play themselves) and often episodes bent the rules of realism in order to justify these types of episodes. Fans also criticize more recent episodes for being boring and having a lack of plot and innovation that the earlier episodes had. Simpsons writer Mike Reiss had this to say: "much of the humanity has leached out of the show over the years....It hurts to watch it, even if I helped do it." [3] The biggest controversy is on the change in Homer's personality. Some fans believe that under Scully, the character of Homer became unrealistically stupid and uncaring in most episodes, while inexplicably contradicting his own political and moral beliefs in others. This reinvention, referred to as "Jerkass Homer" by online fans, caused a large backlash from many longtime fans of the series, who felt the show had jumped the shark . The episode where Homer is raped by a panda is one low point they continually cite. Many such fans welcomed the return of Al Jean as showrunner, calling it a return to the show's roots. However, to some people the more stupid Homer became the funnier, which has caused them to say that the show is getting better every season. Some feel the complete opposite in it that the series has entered an irreversible decline, and should be cancelled (they feel that the show could tarnish its own legacy if it continues at this pace). Others feel that The Simpsons has become almost a part of their life and without it, TV will never be the same. While some argue that The Simpsons is past its prime, the show remains an important aspect of pop culture, and is particularly influential among teenagers. Its popularity has earned it numerous awards and appearances on magazines such as TV Guide . And most fans argue that the constant changes in the American culture and psyche make it impossible for The Simpsons to pass its prime. Academia Serious academic work has been done on the show. Simpsons-related publications include: Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation by Chris Turner ISBN 0679313184 Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture (Contemporary Film and Television Series) by John Alberti ISBN 0814328490 The Simpsons And Society: An Analysis Of Our Favorite Family And Its Influence In Contemporary Society by Steven Keslowitz ISBN 1587362538 The Gospel According to the Simpsons: Leaders Guide for Group Study by Mark I. Pinsky, Samuel F. Parvin ISBN 066422590X The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer by William Irwin (Editor), Mark T. Conard (Editor), Aeon Skoble (Editor) ISBN 0812694333 The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family by Mark I. Pinsky ISBN 0664224199 The Gospel According to Bart: Examining the Religious Elements of The Simpsons by Beth L. Keller Simpsons publications File:Simpsons comic books.jpg Simpsons comic books Numerous different Simpsons-related comic book series have been published by Bongo Comics since 1993 . The Simpsons, Futurama, and Bart Simpson comics are also reprinted in the UK , under the same titles, with various stories from the other Bongo series reprinted in the main Simpsons comic. Music has been a recurring theme in The Simpsons with virtually all members of the cast breaking into song at least once during the course of the series. Perhaps the best known song is " Do the Bartman ," which was released as a single and became an international success. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history (although it would later be overtaken by the first season of Chappelle's Show ) [4] . The six DVD volumes rank as the best-selling television DVD series of all time. In particular, these DVDs have been released in North America ( Region 1 ), Europe ( Region 2 ) and Australia / New Zealand / Latin America ( Region 4 ). With the incredible popularity of The Simpsons, especially amongst children, it was only natural for the video game industry to turn to the characters and world of Springfield. While there have always been flops, the vast majority of the Simpsons games did very well in the market and some, namely The Simpsons: The Arcade Game and Bart vs. the Space Mutants, are considered minor video game classics in their own right. Many books have been written on The Simpsons, with several being comic book presentations of stores, episode guides, or in-depth guides on families or characters. See: The Simpsons DVDs Movie Talk about a possible feature-length Simpsons movie has been going on since the early days of the series. The episode " Kamp Krusty " was originally going to be a movie, but became a regular episode after difficulties were encountered in trying to expand the script to feature-length. Rumors were circulated on the Internet about a movie already being in development, but it was not until 2004 that any were confirmed. In that year, producers announced a theatrical movie is in the very early stages of development, and that it will not be released until after the series ends. With the series being renewed for a twentieth season, an estimated premiere date for The Simpsons Movie was set for the summer of 2008 . This was confirmed by 20th Century Fox June 6 , 2005 . Just like the series, the movie will be animated (Matt Groening recently turned down a proposal to make a live action film based on the characters, as this would likely ruin the franchise and anger fans) and will star the six main voice actors: Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria , Harry Shearer , and most likely Marcia Wallace , Maggie Roswell , Pamela Hayden , and Tress MacNeille . It is speculated that there will also be guest stars appearing in large roles or cameos . IMDb has also created a page for The Simpsons movie , and claims a release date of November 2008 . News website Corona posted a popular April Fool's Day hoax describing fictional plans for a live action movie. Debut in Arab/Muslim Countries The program finally made an official debut in Arab/Muslim countries in September of 2005. In addition to being dubbed in Arabic, references to alcohol (Duff Beer & Moe's Tavern), pork (bacon & hot dogs), and numerous other themes have been deleted or significantly modified. The characters were also given typical Arabic names as part of the retooling. See also

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Which Italian fashion designer was shot and killed outside his Miami home by Andrew Cunanan in 1997?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1997: Versace murdered on his doorstep 1997: Versace murdered on his doorstep Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace has been shot dead on the steps of his Miami mansion. The incident happened shortly before 0900 local time (1400 GMT) as the 50-year-old designer returned from the fashionable News Caf� where he bought breakfast and Italian newspapers. Witnesses described a white man in his mid-twenties taking a gun from a backpack and shooting Versace twice in the back of the head as he unlocked the gates to his Ocean Drive home. A gun was found with discarded clothes in a red Chevrolet pick-up truck abandoned in a car park. Prime suspect Police have traced the weapon to Andrew Cunanan, 27, a gay prostitute with an "affluent clientele". He is already on the FBI's most wanted list in connection with four other murders - all of the victims were, like Versace, homosexual. Miami police chief Richard Barreto described Cunanan as the sole suspect, but he did not know if he had any relationship with Versace. Hundreds of people have gathered opposite Versace's three-storey, Mediterranean style home, the only residential building in the art deco section of Ocean Drive. Police have sealed off the area round the blood-stained steps to the house - Casa Casuarina - where Versace lived most of the time with his friend Antonio D'Amico. Around the world Versace's stores have been closing as they received news of the tragedy. Tributes are pouring in from the many rich and famous friends who enjoyed wearing Versace's flamboyant designs. Amongst them Princess Diana has issued a statement saying she was "devastated at the loss of a great and talented man". Versace had just released his new winter collection and a glamorous television launch planned for the Spanish Steps in Rome has been cancelled. With the help of his sister Donatella and his brother Santo, Versace transformed the family firm into a multimillion-dollar fashion empire.

Gianni Versace

What is the most populous city in China?

Serial Killer Andrew Cunanan Homicide After a four- hour siege by a SWAT team , Andrew Cunanan, one of FBI's most wanted men in America, was found dead in the upstairs bedroom of a Miami Florida house boat eight days after the culimination of a killing spree that took that claimed the lives of five men, including Italian designer Gianni Versace. Identified by thumbprints the cause of his death was a self inflicted gun shot. The boat's caretaker told police he saw a stranger aboard and heard a shot fired. The house boat was located 2 1/2 miles north of Versace's mansion. A mile from the hotel where Cunanan stayed for two months before the slaying. Andrew Phillip Cunanan was born on August 31, 1969 his father, in the Philippines, denies his son's homosexuality, saying he was "an altar boy" with a good Catholic upbringing. His mother referred to him as a "high-class homosexual prostitute." In high school he was openly gay. His friends said he was a toy for old, wealthy men. He graduated from The Bishop's School in La Jolla, California, in 1987. Acquaintances say Cunanan a was soft-spoken intellectual, fluent in several languages and well versed in world affairs. He was handsome, outgoing, lavish, and ostentatious. At parties he craved attention. He socialied with the elite though he had no money. Friends said he changed the last six months he was in San Diego. Some friends felt he had some sort of break down after being rejected by his lover and his best friend. His friends attended an extravagant going away party for him in April at California Cuisinewhen he said he was moving to San Francisco. He didn't go to San Francisco, though. He bought a one-way ticket to Minneapolis, where he stayed with a former lover, David Madson, 33. He arranged a fling with an old friend, Jeffrey Trail. His friend Jeffrey Trail was his first murder in a three-month killing spree beginning April 27, 1997, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trail's body, with his head bashed in, was found wrapped in a rug in Madson's loft on April 29th. The second victim, architect Jeff Madson, was killed May 2, 1997. His body, with a single shot to the head, was found four days later about 60 miles north of Minneapolis. Cunanan then drove to Chicago to kill Lee Miglin, 72, a real-estate developer, with a saw blade and pruning shears on May 4. The fourth victim, William Reese, 45, a cemetery caretaker, was killed for his car on May 9, 1997. Reese was killed by a single shot to the head with a .40-caliber Taurus. He hid in Miami Beach, Florida, for months before the fifth murder. July 15, 1997, Andrew Cunanan a 27-year-old multi-murderer shot and killed Gianni Versace on his front steps in Miami Beach, Florida, U.S as he was returning home after a morning walk. According to Clint Van Zandt, a former FBI special agent: "Short of leaving his name signed on the pavement in front of Gianni's house, there's not much else he could do to say, 'Look at me. I'm the one that did this.'" In Los Angeles, police released a videotaped statement by Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's: "These past few months, you have been portrayed as a horrible and despicable person. But I just want you to know that I remember and I know who you really are, and I love you unconditionally. The Andrew Cunanan I know is not a violent person. The Andrew Cunanan who is the godfather to my children is not a thief. The Andrew Cunanan I know is close to God and knows that whatever has happened, He will always forgive ... stop what you are doing ... contact an attorney or the police ... " FBI warned two wealthy socialites, Harry de Wildt and oil heir Gordon Getty that they were mentioned by friends of Cunanan. de Wildt said. "It seems that Gordon and I are two of his biggest idols here in San Francisco. Apparently he admired our lifestyles, much like he admired Gianni Versace for his success. So there's a lunatic somewhere in the world, I'm not nervous." There was speculation that Cunanan's was HIV positive; but his autopsy found him HIV-negative. PETA vice president, Dan Matthews, actually praised Cunanan for murdering Versace in Genre magazine, with the sick statement, "he finally got Versace to stop using furs" At the time of his death, many believed the Italian fashion designer known for his daring fashions and glamorous lifestyle was at a peak. Born December 2, 1946, in Reggio Calabria, his mother was a dressmaker, and Gianni was raised watching her work on designs in her boutique. After graduating from high school, Versace worked for a short time at his mother's shop before moving in 1972 to Milan, where he worked for several Italian ateliers, including Genny, Complice, Mario Valentino, and Callaghan. Backed by the Girombellis, an Italian fashion family, Versace established his own company, Gianni Versace SpA, in 1978 and staged his first ready-to-wear show under his own name that same year. His brother, Santo, served as CEO, and his sister, Donatella, was a designer and vice president. Versace designed throughout the 1980s and '90s and built a fashion empire by producing ensembles that oozed sensuality and sexuality. His most famous designs included sophisticated bondage gear, polyvinyl chloride baby-doll dresses, and silver-mesh togas. Versace's detractors considered his flashy designs vulgar. Unfazed by such criticism, Versace staged his seasonal fashion shows like rock concerts at his lavish design headquarters in Milan, with groupies and paparazzi awaiting the arrival of both his celebrity friends, such as Elton John and Madonna, and his loyal models, such as Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, and Naomi Campbell, who were paid such high salaries that the press dubbed them “supermodels.” Versace was credited with turning the fashion world into the high-powered, celebrity-besotted industry it remains to the present day. As his success continued to grow, Versace began establishing boutiques throughout the United States with the help of his family. He also focused on publishing a series of coffee-table books that featured his sketches and photographs of his creations by esteemed photographers such as Richard Avedon , who also worked on Versace's advertising campaigns. Versace's interest in the new and daring continued to flourish, and in 1989 he designed a line of haute couture for the first time. Also in 1989 he created costumes for the San Francisco Opera; a great enthusiast of the opera and ballet, Versace explored costume design as a side interest throughout his career. In 1993 Versace was diagnosed with a rare cancer of the inner ear. He battled this cancer successfully and then began to pass much of his business responsibilities onto his family. His company had expanded to produce clothing for men, women, and children, as well as handbags, precious jewelry, perfume, and items for the home. Versace's work was honoured by a posthumous retrospective held from December 1997 to March 1998 at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. After his death his sister took over as head designer for the Versace label.

i don't know

Which eighties band was comprised of George Michael & Andrew Ridgley?

Andrew Ridgeley | Biography & History | AllMusic google+ Artist Biography by Kim Summers Born in Surrey, England in 1963, Andrew Ridgeley is known as the silent musician of Wham! , the '80s rock group with George Michael which produced such hits as "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" and "Careless Whisper." Although he occasionally helped write music, sang, and played instruments, his chief role in the group was that of George Michael 's best friend. Since the breakup of Wham! In 1986, Andrew Ridgeley has spent his time producing and album and pursuing his own personal interests. He produced several solo songs including "Shake," "Red Dress" and "Mexico." Ridgeley 's musical influences include the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , the Everly Brothers and David Bowie . George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley shared the same dream of becoming musical stars. The two met in their childhood and formed a band which was originally called the Executives and eventually was changed to Wham! UK. After the duo went touring internationally, they dropped the UK in the title. The group eventually became the first '80s rock band to have an album with three number one hits. The album, Make It Big, sold more than one million copies. In 1984, Wham! became the first non-Asian pop band to play in China. Much to the chagrin of millions of fans worldwide, the two disbanded in 1986 to pursue solo careers. George Michael became a popular international solo artist, while Andrew Ridgeley went to Monaco to become an auto racer. His days as an auto racer did not last long, as he crashed several cars and had difficulty getting sponsors. He then went back to singing and also signed with Columbia Records in 1990. The partnership produced only one album, Son of Albert , logically named after Ridgeley 's father. His musical style was quite different on this album than it was when he was with Michael. His first single, "Shake," had only moderate success and reached number 13 on the Australian charts. "Red Dress," another single from the album, did not make the charts at all, even though Michael sang some of the backup vocals. The album's sales were unsuccessful, and when it reached only #70 on U.S. charts, Columbia canceled Ridgeley 's contract. Despite the downfall of Ridgeley 's singing career at Columbia Records in 1990, he still used his musical talents elsewhere. He played guitar at Michael's live performance of "Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me" and was seen with Princess Diana and David Bowie at an AIDS benefit in 1993. He married Keren Woodward , a member of the band Bananarama ; they have one son. Ridgeley has no intention of returning to the music industry and spends his time surfing, motor racing and owning a restaurant, Bar 92.

Wham!

Yesterday marked the first day of fall. Was it a solstice? Or an equinox?

Wham! | Child Of The 1980's Child Of The 1980's Wham! Posted by Big Boo on July 15th, 2008 Wham! were undoubtedly one of the biggest bands of the 1980’s, with George Michael (real name Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou) and Andrew Ridgley becoming household names for a large proportion of the decade. Whilst most of the credit (and fans adoration) for the band generally goes to George, being main vocalist and song writer, it was Andrew who kept the style of the band fresh, adapting their look to match the songs they created. However, whilst it might seem amazing now, Wham! very nearly may not have taken the UK by storm in the way they did if it wasn’t for Top of the Pops. The boys first started a band called The Executive in 1981, but soon changed the name to Wham! and their first single Wham Rap was released. You might be surprised to learn it tanked at the time, mainly due to a UK ban as it was a double A-side single containing two versions of the song, the social mix and the anti-social mix, the latter version attracting the ban. In the summer of 1982 they released Young Guns, which was struggling outside of the top 40 when the band appeared on Top of the Pops thanks to another act dropping out, but in the end made it to number 3. From that moment on girls around the UK became enamoured with the group, particularly George Michael who at the time was yet to reveal that he was gay. Whether this would have made a difference or not I can’t say, but their first album, Fantastic, shot to the top of the album charts. A re-release of Wham Rap in 1983 saw it hit the top ten this time round, and in the same year Club Tropicana and Bad Boys both stormed the charts as well. As the years went by Wham! enjoyed repeated chart success, topping the UK charts four times with disco favourite Wake Me Up (Before You Go Go), Freedom, I’m Your Man and The Edge of Heaven. They narrowly missed out on a Christmas number one with Last Christmas, beaten only by Band Aid and Do They Know It’s Christmas, but given this featured George Michael anyway he can’t really complain. In 1986 Wham! announced they would be splitting up, which whilst it saddened fans was predictable given that George Michael had already started his solo career with Careless Whisper.  They went out with a bang though, playing to a sell out crowd at Wembley stadium for a single farewell concert.  They boys could probably have sold enough tickets to fill Wembley several times, but they were adamant that they only wanted to play a single date. After that, George Michael has enjoyed great success as a solo artist, reinventing his image in 1987 with the release of Faith.  He may have courted controversy a few times since then, but he is still a very popular singer today.  Andrew Ridgley on the other hand had little success with his solo career, and after trying his hand at both acting and, bizarrely, rally driving, moved to Cornwall where he is a partner in a firm making surfing equipment and campaigns for environmental group Surfers Against Sewage.  He is also married to Keren Woodward, better known as one third of eighties girl band Bananarama.

i don't know

Of Oscar Madison and Felix Unger, which one was the slob?

The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Two men, a neat freak and a slob separated from their wives, have to live together despite their differences. Creators: Oscar and Felix appear together on Password and Felix is sure that they can win. 8.7 Oscar, on the advice from girlfriend Nancy, tries being nicer to Felix. In trying too hard to be so, it causes him to sleepwalk and hit Felix on the head with a rolled up newspaper every night. 8.7 Felix and Oscar appear on Let's Make a Deal to get a new bed for Felix after Oscar set his on fire. 8.6 2017 Golden Globes Nominees Back After 20 Years Golden Globes are feeling nostalgic! Find out which Golden Globe winners from more than 20 years ago snagged nominations yet again for their performances this past year. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. a list of 23 titles created 14 Jun 2011 a list of 49 titles created 10 Jul 2011 a list of 27 titles created 09 Mar 2013 a list of 33 titles created 09 Mar 2015 a list of 25 titles created 9 months ago Title: The Odd Couple (1970–1975) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 5 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards  » Photos The professional and personal misadventures of a psychologist and his family, patients, friends and colleagues. Stars: Bob Newhart, Suzanne Pleshette, Bill Daily A compassionate teacher returns to his inner city high school of his youth to teach a new generation of trouble making kids. Stars: Gabe Kaplan, Ron Palillo, John Travolta The lives and trials of a young single woman and her friends, both at work and at home. Stars: Mary Tyler Moore, Edward Asner, Gavin MacLeod The misadventures of an author turned innkeeper in rural Vermont and his friends. Stars: Bob Newhart, Mary Frann, Tom Poston The staff of a struggling radio station have a chance at success after the new programming director changes the format to rock music Stars: Gary Sandy, Gordon Jump, Loni Anderson The staff of a New York City taxicab company go about their job while they dream of greater things. Stars: Judd Hirsch, Jeff Conaway, Danny DeVito This sitcom follows recently divorced mother (Ann Romano) and her two teenage daughters (Barbara and Julie) as they start a new life together in Indianapolis, They are befriended by the ... See full summary  » Stars: Bonnie Franklin, Valerie Bertinelli, Pat Harrington Jr. A greasy-spoon diner in Phoenix, Arizona is the setting for this long-running series. The title character, Alice Hyatt, is an aspiring singer who arrives in Phoenix with her teenaged son, ... See full summary  » Stars: Linda Lavin, Beth Howland, Vic Tayback An eccentric fun-loving judge presides over an urban night court and all the silliness going on there. Stars: Harry Anderson, John Larroquette, Richard Moll The misadventures of a cantankerous junk dealer and his frustrated son. Stars: Redd Foxx, Demond Wilson, LaWanda Page A nouveau riche, African-American family who move into a luxury apartment building develop close, if occasionally fractious, relationships with other tenants. Stars: Isabel Sanford, Sherman Hemsley, Marla Gibbs A working class bigot constantly squabbles with his family over the important issues of the day. Stars: Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner Edit Storyline Felix and Oscar are an extremely odd couple: Felix is anal-retentive, neurotic, precise, and fastidiously clean. Oscar, on the other hand, is the exact opposite: sloppy and casual. They are sharing an apartment together, and their differing lifestyles inevitably lead to some conflicts and laughs. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]> 24 September 1970 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: La extraña pareja See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The original Broadway production of "The Odd Couple" by Neil Simon opened at the Plymouth Theater on March 10, 1965, ran for 966 performances and was nominated for the 1965 Tony Award as Best Play. See more » Goofs In the opening credits for the entire series, the type of luggage Felix is carrying changes. When he is indoors (leaving his apartment or arriving at Oscar's) he is carrying a white suitcase. But when he is walking outside he is not carrying the white suitcase. See more » Quotes (Claremont,USA) – See all my reviews Great comedic concept from Neil Simon—the slob and the neat freak, two divorced men living together in a small Manhattan apartment. But it's really Klugman and Randall that make the premise work so well—their chemistry is simply superb. Klugman seems a natural for Oscar the slob, with his sour expression and grouchy manner. Then there's Randall as Felix, with his no-fat body and absurdly picky manner. You just know he never played with mud pies or put on dirty socks. It's amazing the writers get so many hilarious variations on the same theme—Felix carrying on with his finicky obsessions to an annoying degree. He just can't seem to help himself. At the same time, we can't help sympathizing with poor Oscar who retaliates by turning his bedroom into a city dump. Actually actor Randall pulls off a really difficult trick: he manages to make Felix annoying without being dislikable. Any hint of the latter and the show would have fallen flat. And who can forget the superb supporting cast, especially hawk-nosed Al Molinaro as Murray, the New York City policeMAN. He fits amiably right in with whatever the shenanigans might be, maybe too amiably for a cop. Then there're the rest of the poker playing characters, plus the girls led by Klugman's real life wife Brett and Father Knows Best's Elinor Donahue. Since nearly all the hijinks occur in the small apartment, the writers have their work cut out for them, and rise to the occasion they do, with only an occasional misfire. My favorite parts are when some poor put-upon old lady gets enough of Felix's extremes and swats him with her purse—he always looks so surprised, like he can't figure out why. Anyway, it's one of the best character-based comedies of the 70's or any TV decade. 2 of 2 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

The Odd Couple

What magazine, with its iconic yellow border, was first published on Sept 22, 1888?

The Odd Couple - Raven Theatre - Chicago The Odd Couple Raven Theatre 6157 N. Clark St Chicago Neil Simon's classic comedy offers a hilarious tale of ordinary men who are extraordinarily irreconcilable. Oscar Madison, the super slob and Felix Unger, the ultimate neat freak battle as recently single middle-aged roommates. The explosively bad union brings reality T.V. at it's finest to the stage. Thru - Aug 8, 2010 Average Rating based on 6 reviews Highly Recommended Not Recommended Chicago Reader - Somewhat Recommended "...But even allowing for the benighted attitudes of the period, the play isn't all that funny. Masterful physical comedian Jon Steinhagen makes a schlumpy but convincing Felix, nailing the character's blind innocence. Wisecracking slob Oscar is harder to like; if he's not charming he's just a jerk, and charm eludes actor Eric Roach here. Michael Menendian's production is gorgeous and the supporting cast is fine, but Simon's play remains one helluva sow's ear." Laura Molzahn Copley News Service - Recommended "...������� Newcomers to �The Odd Couple� may have a better time than veterans of the play. The lady sitting next to me on opening night was convulsed with laughter throughout the evening. This obviously was her first exposure to the play and she was having a ball. In any case, though I�ve seen funnier poker scenes, Steinhagen�s Felix Unger is worth the price of admission." Dan Zeff Time Out Chicago - Somewhat Recommended "... The first act is tightly choreographed comedic ballet, well executed by Steinhagen, Roach and the cadre of comic actors portraying their poker buddies. By the middle of Act II, however, we need to identify with and care about Oscar and Felix�s foibles and neuroses. Instead, Menendian and cast skip along the surface of their misery, and by the third act we�re no longer invested. Understated Steinhagen comes closest to embracing that pathos, but Simon�s play works against him. It�s hard to find the heart of your character when you�re surrounded by caricatures." Ryan Patrick Dolan ChicagoCritic - Recommended "...The Odd Couple is one funny show that still can make audiences laugh. In the hands of a dedicated ensemble, director Menendian encourages physical movement to add depth and laughs to the rich comedy. We see all the players running around like wild men with hints of farce and burlesque."

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The Beaverton, Or sporting goods company Nike takes their name from a Greek Goddess. What was Nike the Goddess of?

NIKE, Inc. | Company Profile from Hoover’s Call (866) 473-3932 today to get started with a FREE TRIAL !   NIKE, Inc. Company Profile Fleet-of-footwear NIKE, named for the Greek goddess of victory, is the world's #1 shoe and apparel company. NIKE designs, develops, and sells a variety of products and services to help in playing basketball and soccer (football), as well as in running, men's and women's training, and other action sports. Under its namesake brand, NIKE also markets sports-inspired products for children and various competitive and recreational activities, such as golf, tennis, and walking, and sportswear by  Converse  and Hurley. NIKE sells through more than 1,000-owned retail stores worldwide, an e-commerce site, and to thousands of retail accounts, independent distributors, and licensees. † Some telephone numbers on the Hoover’s site may be on a country’s do not call or do not contact list including, but not limited to, the United Kingdom’s CTPS or TPS registers. It is a legal requirement that companies do not make sales or marketing calls to registered numbers. These are central opt out registers whereby corporate subscribers and individuals can register their preference not to receive unsolicited sales and marketing telephone calls. By using the information provided on the Hoover’s sites, as the direct marketer you represent and warrant that you will use such information in compliance with all applicable local, state, national or international laws and regulations, including any local do not call registers or marketing regulations, and agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Dun & Bradstreet and each of its affiliates in the event your use violates such laws and regulations. Additional NIKE, Inc. Information Sales Preparation

Victory

In which country did the Contras battle the Sandinistas throughout most of the 1980s?

4 P's of Nike | Nike | Shoe • INTRODUCTION:  Nike Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the UnitedStates. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, which is part of the Portlandmetropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008(ending May 31, 2008). As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. Nike andPrecision Castparts are the only Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the state of Oregon,according to The Oregonian.The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and PhilipKnight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek  Νίκη pronounced [ník  ː ɛ • BACKGROUNDS:  Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports, was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operatedas a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, making most sales at track meets out of Knight's automobile.The company's profits grew quickly, and in 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located onPico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and OnitsukaTiger was nearing an end. BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear thenewly designed Swoosh by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike in June 1971, andwas registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on January 22, 1974.Today the OnitsukaTiger brand is owned by one of Nike's competitors, ASICS.The first shoe to carry this design that was sold to the public was a soccer shoe named"Nike,” which was released in the summer of 1971. In February 1972, BRS introduced its first line of  Nike shoes, with the name Nike derived from the Greek goddess of victory. In 1978, BRS, Inc.officially renamed itself to Nike, Inc. Beginning with Ilie Nastase; the first professional athlete tosign with BRS/Nike, the sponsorship of athletes became a key marketing tool for the rapidly growingcompany.The company's first self-designed product was based on Bowerman's "waffle" design. After the University of Oregon resurfaced the track at Hayward Field, Bowerman began experimentingwith different potential outsoles that would grip the new urethane track more effectively. His effortswere rewarded one Sunday morning when he poured liquid urethane into his wife's waffle iron.Bowerman developed and refined the so-called 'waffle' sole which would evolve into the now-iconicWaffle Trainer in 1974. 3

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September 19th is International what Day?

International Talk Like A Pirate Day – Sept. 19, every year since 2002 Happy New Year! Plan to Party Like a Pirate in 2017 Cap’n Slappy and Ol’ Chumbucket want to wish everyone a happy new year. There’s plenty of freebooter fun coming in 2017 and we hope we get a chance to run into you on the road. Right now, winter has laid its icy grip across most of the country. In much of the land, ports are ice-locked and pirate hearts mostly hibernating as we await the spring thaw. But not in Florida. Here’s a date for you to scribble into your calendar. If you can get to either of these on Jan. 28, more power to you. You’ll have a grand time. The first is one of the big ones, Gasparilla, in Tampa on the gulf side of the state. It’s one of the biggest pirate festivals in the U.S., featuring the country’s third longest parade, which draws more than 300,000 to the streets to watch. In all, about a million people are estimated to take part in at least one Gasparilla-related event. On a smaller scale but deeply piratical, up the coast on the Atlantic side the St. Augustine Swashbucklers will be holding the Old City Pirate Festival that same weekend, Jan. 27 and 28. St. Augustine is the oldest European-settled city in the U.S. and a great site for a festival. The streets of the old city have rung to the boots of some of the legendary pirates, and at the end of January you can add yours to the list. I’ll have my nose to the grindstone, working on a new book I’ll be excited to share with our fans, but I plan to come up for air Feb. 28 when Mardi Gras rolls into New Orleans. The rest of the world calls it Tuesday – we call it, “The best strolling party you’ve ever been to and barely remember.” And I’m tentatively scheduled for a road trip March 11 to take part in the Savannah Quill Book Convention in Savannah. We’ll be planning at least one or two other stops on the road to and from the Georgia Coast, so keep your ears open for word of pirates! And there’s definitely planning going on for getting out there and partying with the brethren throughout the year. We’ll let you know what’s going on as soon as we do! Win a Signed Copy of ‘Chrissie’ News for my friends who are on Goodreads: Starting Thursday you have a chance to win a signed copy of “Chrissie Warren: Pirate Hunter.” For the next three weeks Goodreads is hosting a giveaway of four copies of my young-adult adventure pirate adventure novel. If you’re interested and haven’t signed up or just want to check it, you can go to Goodreads.com. One of the things they have at Goodreads is giveaways. With three clicks, Goodreads members can sign up to win books offered by authors. The winners are randomly chosen by Goodreads. And from Nov. 18 to Dec. 8, you can enter to win one of four autographed copies of “Chrissie.” When it goes online I’ll post the link. Give the Gift of Adventure this Holiday Season If you want to give the gift of adventure this holiday season, check out my young-adult swashbuckling novel “Chrissie Warren” Pirate Hunter.” You can order a copy autographed by the author (me) online at Big Cartel. Big Cartel is at http://tinyurl.com/nu5ajsz Make sure when you check out that you use the “Notes to Seller” tab on the checkout page to tell me who you want the autograph made out to. Otherwise I’ll put a generic signature. If you’re giving it as a gift, make sure you tell me the person’s name. The “Notes to Seller” tab is at the end of the payment section – not where I’d have put it, but they didn’t ask me. You can also find the book (not autographed) in both paper and ebook at Amazon and all the other usual places. And don’t forget, with the holidays close upon us, you want to make sure you have a copy of “Pirate Santa.” With a story by our own Cap’n Slappy and our pal Clay “Talderoy” Clement and terrific art work by Jun Alvarado, it’s a must have for the pirates at the holiday season. You can order it at: John “Ol’ Chumbucket” Baur Music Review: Mason’s ‘Pirate Party’ Rocks the Corsair Classics (Oct. 25, 2016) How many versions do think have been recorded of “Drunken Sailor?” Of “Blow the Man Down,” “Haul Away Joe” or “Bully in the Alley?” It’s a rare pirate band that doesn’t have at least one of them – or all of them – on their playlists and CDs. And there are a lot of good pirate bands out there, a lot of recordings. So if you’re a pirate musician, how do you do something different with it? How do you make your version distinctive? If you’re Tom Mason, it’s not a problem. Tom Mason and the Blue Buccaneers have a new CD out, and it’s a must-add to anyone’s collection of pirate music. The album is aptly titled “Pirate Party.” It fits. This is the disc you’ll put on when you gather the brethren for a bacchanal. It’s a lot of fun.

International Talk Like a Pirate Day

On Sept 22, 1827, Joseph Smith, Jr supposedly met an angel called Moroni who directed Smith to a long-buried book, inscribed on golden plates, which inspired him to write what?

Welcome to the Official site for Talk Like A Pirate Day - September 19 Translate us: Whoops! Wrong page! We've moved, mates! Check out the shiny new home page ! And be sure t'update yet bookmarks for all the latest ITLAPD news!

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The 24th Amendment to the US constitution makes what illegal?

Full Text of the 24th Amendment to the US Constitution American History Expert By Martin Kelly The 24th Amendment to the US Constitution was passed by Congress on January 23, 1964 to make poll taxes illegal for federal elections. Poll taxes are taxes that some states began charging during Reconstruction as a way to African Americans from voting. In 1966, the Supreme Court extended the protection against poll taxes to include state elections, citing the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment . Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Section 2.

Poll tax

Mount Ranier is the highest mountain in the state of Washington. What is the second hightest?

24th Amendment - Kids | Laws.com Share 0  Share 0  Tweet 0  +1 0  Share 24th Amendment Share Share 0  Tweet 0  +1 0  Share 0  The 24th amendment was important to the Civil Rights Movement as it ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented many African Americans.  Poll taxes, combined with grandfather clauses and intimidation, effectively prevented African Americans from having any sort of political power, especially in the South.  When the 24th amendment passed, five southern states, Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi still had poll taxes.  Most Southern states, at one time or another had poll taxes and in severe cases, had cumulative poll taxes that required the voter to pay taxes not just from that year, but also previous years they had not voted. What is the text of the 24th amendment? Section 1 The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress (citizens have the right to elect their representatives in national, state, local and primary elections) shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. (poll taxes are a barrier to voting and will be repealed) Section 2 The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (Congress will enforce these provisions and enact laws that help to enforce the 24th amendment) Why was the 24th amendment important? The 24th amendment is important because African Americans in the South faced significant discrimination and could not vote for elected officials that would work to end the discrimination.  Although the poll tax was never a large sum of money, it was just enough to stop poor African Americans and whites from voting.  Although the 15th amendment protected the rights of citizens to vote in elections, this did not stop creative measures specifically tailored against African Americans, such as literacy tests, which represented an unfair burden to the poor and illiterate, who by the constitution are entitled to their vote. Ratification Illinois was the first state to ratify the 24th amendment in 1962.  The ratification process ended in 1964 with South Dakota being the 38th state to ratify the amendment.  Unsurprisingly, most Southern states, except Florida, that had had the poll tax, voted against or failed to ratify the amendment.  Some of these states kept the poll tax law in legal code, even though they could no longer enforce it.  The Supreme Court would later rule against other forms of taxation on voters, such as Virginia requiring a certificate of residence to vote, which came at a price.

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Sept 20, 1973 saw the Battle of the Sexes, the tennis match that had which two players facing off against each other?

HBO Casts Roles of Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs for ‘Battle of the Sexes’ Tennis Tale | TVWeek Search Deadline HBO Casts Roles of Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs for ‘Battle of the Sexes’ Tennis Tale Mar 10, 2015  •  Post A Comment A well-known actress and actor will play Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs in HBO’s upcoming project about the so-called “Battle of the Sexes” tennis showdown in 1973. Deadline.com reports that the roles have gone to Elizabeth Banks and Paul Giamatti. Banks is a two-time Emmy nominee who’s known for her performances as Betty Brant in the “Spider-Man” movies. Giamatti received an Oscar nomination for “Cinderella Man” and won an Emmy for “John Adams.” The untitled project from HBO and Playtone will be written by David Auburn (“Proof”) and executive produced by Playtone partners Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman, and by Banks and Max Handelman, her partner in Brownstone Productions. A feature treatment of the historic tennis match, “Match Maker,” is also in the works, from Chernin Entertainment and Gary Sanchez Productions. Elizabeth Banks

billie jean king and bobby riggs

“From the halls of Montezuma…” is the opening lyric to the official hymn of what branch of the U.S. armed forces?

HBO Casts Roles of Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs for ‘Battle of the Sexes’ Tennis Tale | TVWeek Search Deadline HBO Casts Roles of Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs for ‘Battle of the Sexes’ Tennis Tale Mar 10, 2015  •  Post A Comment A well-known actress and actor will play Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs in HBO’s upcoming project about the so-called “Battle of the Sexes” tennis showdown in 1973. Deadline.com reports that the roles have gone to Elizabeth Banks and Paul Giamatti. Banks is a two-time Emmy nominee who’s known for her performances as Betty Brant in the “Spider-Man” movies. Giamatti received an Oscar nomination for “Cinderella Man” and won an Emmy for “John Adams.” The untitled project from HBO and Playtone will be written by David Auburn (“Proof”) and executive produced by Playtone partners Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman, and by Banks and Max Handelman, her partner in Brownstone Productions. A feature treatment of the historic tennis match, “Match Maker,” is also in the works, from Chernin Entertainment and Gary Sanchez Productions. Elizabeth Banks

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What is the name of the asshat, English judge on American Idol, notorious for his blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults and wisecracks about contestants and their abilities?

Simon Philip Cowell - Genealogy Genealogy Join the world's largest family tree Gender Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Son of Eric Selig Philip Cowell and <private> Brett (Dalglish) Brother of <private> Cowell; <private> Cowell and Stephen Cowell Half brother of <private> Cowell; <private> Bailey (Cowell); <private> Cowell and <private> Cowell Occupation: Music executive, television producer and entrepreneur Managed by: Oct 7 1959 - London Borough of Lambeth Parents: Julie Brett, Eric Philip Cowell Siblings: Nicholas Cowell, June Cowell, Michael Cowell, John Cowell, Tony Cowell Wife: half sibling About Simon Philip Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell is an English music executive, television producer and entrepreneur. He is known in the United Kingdom and in the United States for his role as a talent judge on TV shows such as Pop Idol, The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent, and American Idol. He is also the owner of the television production and music publishing house Syco. Cowell is notorious as a judge for his blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults and wisecracks about contestants and their abilities. Cowell is known for combining activities in the television and music industries, having promoted singles and records for various artists, including television personalities. He was most recently featured on the sixth series of The X Factor, the third series of Britain's Got Talent, and can currently be seen on the ninth season of American Idol.

Simon Cowell

Located in Wyoming, what was the first National Monument, as declared by Teddy Roosevelt on Sept 24, 1906?

Horoscope of celebrities born on October, 7, [1/3] 225,927 clicks, 28th man, 60th celebrity Biography of Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, pronounced ( listen); born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia (birth time source: Astrodatabank gives 9:30 Moscow time (not Saint Petersburg time) was the second President of Russia and is the current Prime Minister of Russia as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004, he was re-elected for a s... 63,129 clicks, 280th man, 489th celebrity Biography of Simon Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is an English A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. He is known in the United Kingdom and United States for his role as a talent judge on TV shows such as Pop Idol, The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent and American Idol. He is also the owner of the television production and music publishing house Syco. As a judge, Cowell is known for his blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults and wisecracks about contestants and their abilities. He is also known for combining activities in both the television and music industries, having promoted singles and records for various artists, including television personalities. He was most recently featured on the sixth series of Britain's Got Talent and the first seas... 59,380 clicks, 297th man, 521st celebrity Biography of Thom Yorke Thomas Edward Yorke, born October 7, 1968 in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England, is an English musician, best known as the lead singer of the English rock band Radiohead (listen Creep . He has also recorded as a solo artist; he released his debut album, The Eraser, in July 2006. Yorke mainly plays electric guitar, acoustic guitar and piano, but he has also played drums and bass guitar (notably during the Kid A and Amnesiac Radiohead sessions). Yorke is also an electronic musician, and The Eraser was heavily influenced by electronic music. In 2005, Yorke, along with his manager Nate Jackson, became spokesmen for Friends of the Earth and their campaign to reduce carbon emissions. He has... 36,345 clicks, 601st man, 1,076th celebrity Biography of Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (October 7, 1900 � May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. As Reichsf�hrer-SS he controlled the SS and the Gestapo. As founder and officer-in-charge of the Nazi concentration camps and the Einsatzgruppen death squads, Himmler held final command responsibility for implementing the industrial-scale extermination of between 11 and 14 million people. This was aimed particularly at Jews, but also against those of many other nationalities, races and conditions Nazi ideology considered inferior. Himmler committed suicide with cyanide when he was a captive of the British army after Germany had lost World War II.... 30,370 clicks, 610th woman, 1,398th celebrity Biography of Toni Braxton Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, and actress who was popular during the 1990s. She has won six Grammy Awards. The RIAA named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. Early life and career Braxton is the oldest of six children. She attended elementary school at Quarterfield Elementary School, and middle school at Corkran Middle School in Glen Burnie, Maryland. She also attended Glen Burnie High School in Glen Burnie, Maryland. Her father was a clergyman, and the Braxton children were raised in a strict religious household. Braxton's first performing experience was singing in her church choir. She attended Bowie State University to obtain a teaching degree but decided to pursue a musical career. 19... 24,830 clicks, 1,097th man, 1,918th celebrity Biography of Bernard Lavilliers Bernard Lavilliers (born on 7 October 1946 (birth time source: Didier Geslain)) is a French singer. He was born Bernard Oulion in Saint-�tienne, Loire. The band Fatals Picards wrote a song Bernard Lavilliers, satirizing Lavilliers' image as a former adventurer. Discography Premiers pas... (1968) Les po�tes (1972) Le St�phanois (1974) Les Barbares (1976) 15e Round (1977) T'es vivant...? (1978) Pouvoirs (1979) O gringo (1980) Live 80 (1980) Nuit d'Amour (1981) Etat d'Urgence (1983) Tout est permis, rien n'est possible (1984) Olympia Live 84 (1984) Voleur de feu (1986) Gentilshommes de fortune (1987) If... (1988) Live�On the Road Again 1989 (1990) Solo (1991) Champs du possible (1994�95) Duos Taratata (1996) Clair-Obscur (1997) Histoires (1998) Histoires en sc�ne (... 21,305 clicks, 1,030th woman, 2,478th celebrity Biography of Irma Grese Irma Grese (born October 7, 1923 at Wrechen near Pasewalk, Mecklenburg � died December 13, 1945 Hameln) was a supervisor at the Nazi concentration camps at Ravensbr�ck, Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. Dubbed the "Bitch of Belsen" by camp inmates for her cruel and perverse behaviour, she is one of the most notorious of the female Nazi war criminals. Background Irma Grese was born to Alfred Grese, a dairy worker and a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) from 1937, and Berta Grese. Irma Grese had four siblings. In 1936, her mother committed suicide. Grese left school in 1938 at the age of 15, due to a combination of a poor scholastic aptitude, being bullied by classmates, and a fanatical preoccupation with the Bund Deutscher M�del (League of German Girls, a Nazi ... 20,536 clicks, 1,535th man, 2,632nd celebrity Biography of Niels Bohr Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 � November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1922. He was also part of the team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe N�rlund in 1912, and one of their sons Aage Niels Bohr grew up to be an important physicist, who like his father received the Nobel prize. Niels Bohr is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century.... 15,559 clicks, 2,497th man, 4,217th celebrity Biography of Yo-Yo Ma Yo-Yo Ma (Traditional Chinese: 馬友友; Simplified Chinese: 马友友; Pinyin: Mǎ Yǒuyǒu) (b. October 7, 1955) is an American cellist and winner of multiple Grammy Awards. Childhood and early career Ma was born in Paris to Chinese parents and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a conductor and composer. His family moved to New York when he was seven years old. Ma began studying violin, and later viola, before taking up the cello in 1960 at age four. The child prodigy began performing before audiences at age five. At eight years old, he appeared on American television in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. By fifteen years of age, Ma had graduated from high school and ap... 14,716 clicks, 1,839th woman, 4,569th celebrity Biography of Alesha Dixon Alesha Anjanette Dixon (born 7 October 1978) is an English singer, MC, songwriter and television personality. After finding fame in the all-girl trio Mis-Teeq, she is expected to release her debut solo album in 2008 after the initial UK release of the album Fired Up was cancelled. Fired Up will be released in Japan in February 2008 under Victor Records. Alesha was crowned Strictly Come Dancing Champion 2007, beating Matt Di Angelo. Alesha is one of seven children born to an English mother and Jamaican father. She is the only child of both her parents - she has two half brothers on her mother's side and one half sister, and three half brothers on her father's side. She was educated at Monks Walk school, Welwyn Garden City, Herts and had planned to become a PE teacher after leaving colleg... 13,268 clicks, 3,176th man, 5,288th celebrity Biography of Enki Bilal Enki Bilal (born Enes Bilalović on October 7, 1951) is a French comic book artist and film director. Born in Belgrade, Serbia (former Yugoslavia).He moved to Paris at the age of 9. There, at 14, he met Ren� Goscinny and with his encouragement tried turning his talent to comic books. He worked on Goscinny's magazine Pilote in the 1970s, publishing his first story, Le Bol Maudit, in 1972. He began working with script writer Pierre Christin in 1975 on a series of dark and surreal tales. The Nikopol trilogy (La Foire aux Immortels, La Femme Pi�ge and Froid �quateur) took more than a decade to appear but is probably Bilal at his best, writing the script as well as doing all the artwork - the final chapter, Froid �quateur, was even awarded the book of the year award by the very ser... 11,293 clicks, 3,960th man, 6,606th celebrity Biography of Desmond Tutu Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. In 1984, Tutu became the second South African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Tutu was elected and ordained the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). Tutu chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and is currently the chairman of The Elders. Tutu is vocal in his defence of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. Tutu also campaigns to fight AIDS, poverty and racism. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, an... 11,116 clicks, 2,698th woman, 6,742nd celebrity Biography of Ulrike Meinhof Ulrike Marie Meinhof (October 7, 1934 � May 9, 1976) was a German left-wing militant and co-founder of the Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) after originally working as a journalist for the monthly magazine konkret. Early life Ulrike Meinhof was born in 1934 in Oldenburg. In 1936, her family moved to Jena when her father, art historian Dr. Werner Meinhof, became director of the city's museum. Her father died of cancer in 1940, causing her mother to take in a boarder, Renate Riemeck, to make money. In 1946 the family moved back to Oldenburg because Jena fell under Soviet rule as a result of the Yalta agreement. Ulrike's mother, Dr. Ingeborg Meinhof (maiden name unknown at present), who worked as a teacher after World War II, passed away 8 years later from cancer. Renate Riemeck too... 10,117 clicks, 4,564th man, 7,619th celebrity Biography of John Mellencamp John Mellencamp, previously known by the stage names Johnny Cougar, John Cougar and John Cougar Mellencamp, (born October 7, 1951) is a Grammy-winning American rock singer-songwriter, musician, painter and occasional actor known for his rootsy, organic brand of heartland rock that is infused with catchy pop hooks and evocative, introspective lyrics about such hot-button subjects as politics, racism, poverty and mortality. He has sold over 40 million albums worldwide and has amassed 22 Top 40 hits in the United States. In addition, he holds the record for the most tracks by a solo artist to hit number-one on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, with seven. Mellencamp is also one of the founding members of Farm Aid, an organization that began in 1985 with a star-studded concert in Champa... 9,522 clicks, 4,978th man, 8,277th celebrity Biography of Lapo Elkann Lapo Elkann (born October 7, 1977) is a New York-born Italian industrialist, former marketing manager and heir to the automaker Fiat. He is the brother of John Elkann, who is widely expected to become the head of the Fiat group. Lapo Elkann, who is an avid Juventus fan, was engaged to the Italian actress Martina Stella. Elkann is a son of the novelist Alain Elkann and his former wife, Margherita Agnelli. He is a grandson of Fiat chairman Gianni Agnelli and a stepson of Serge Graf von der Pahlen. In addition to his brother, John, Elkann has a sister, Ginevra Elkann, and five half-siblings by his mother's second marriage: Maria, Pierre, Sophia, Anna, and Tatiana. He survived a nearly fatal drug overdose that put him in a coma on October 10, 2005 in Turin, Italy, while in the company... 9,483 clicks, 3,313th woman, 8,316th celebrity Biography of Viktor Lazlo Viktor Lazlo (real name Sonia Dronier) is a Belgian singer born on October 7, 1960 in Lorient. Her biggest hit was "Breathless", in 1987, and that year she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest, held in Belgium. Discography Albums Most of her albums were released in an English/international and a French version. The discography lists both albums (naming the international version first). Also, numerous compilation albums have been released. The discography only lists the albums, which were released by the record companies she was signed to at that moment. 1985 She / Cano� Rose 1987 Viktor Lazlo 1989 Hot and soul / Club Desert 1990 Sweet Soft & Lazy - The Exclusive Collection (official compilation album, incl. several new songs) 1991 My delicious poisons / Mes poisons d�licie... 9,261 clicks, 5,173rd man, 8,585th celebrity Biography of Shawn Ashmore Shawn Robert Ashmore (born October 7, 1979) is a Canadian film and television actor. Early life Ashmore was born in Richmond, British Columbia (October 7th, 1979 - Libra), to Linda, a homemaker, and Rick Ashmore, a manufacturing manager. He attended Turner Fenton Secondary School. His identical twin brother, Aaron Ashmore, is also an actor. Aaron and Shawn have played twins in several movies, but have also pursued roles independently. Aaron is slightly taller than Shawn in addition to being more muscular and, according to Aaron, Shawn often gets cast as the nice guy while Aaron himself is cast as the bully. Aaron stars as Jimmy Olsen on the TV show Smallville. Career Ashmore's most famous role may be as Iceman in X-Men and its sequels X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand. While many of ... 9,114 clicks, 5,322nd man, 8,812th celebrity Biography of Lay (Exo-M) Lay, born Zhang Yixing (simplified Chinese: 张艺兴; traditional Chinese: 張藝興; pinyin: Zhāng Y�xīng) on October 7, 1991, is from Changsha, Hunan, China. In 2008, he was cast into S.M. Entertainment through the company's global casting system. Prior to joining S.M. Entertainment, Lay was a local child star in China, and made guest performances in various Chinese variety shows. In 2011, Lay briefly worked for SHINee in their concert tour as Jonghyun's dance replacement. Lay was formally introduced as a member of Exo on January 17, 2012. Exo (/ˌɛks ˈoʊ/ EKS-oh; Korean: 엑소), stylized as EXO, is a South Korean-Chinese boy band produced by S.M. Entertainment that debuted in 2012. Exo comprises twelve members who ar... 9,105 clicks, 3,497th woman, 8,830th celebrity Biography of Jelena Jensen Jelena Jensen (born October 7, 1981) is an American actress. Early years Jelena Jensen was born in Los Angeles, California. She went to college at Chapman University in Orange County, California and graduated Magna Cum Laude in May 2003 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Film and Television Production with an Emphasis in Producing. Career Jensen had her first photo shoot with Scott St. James, which was published in the August 2003 edition of Club magazine. Since then she has worked with many photographers, including Suze Randall, Holly Randall, Ken Marcus and Richard Avery; and with directors such as Andrew Blake and Bunny Luv. She has also modeled bondage. Originally only a "softcore" actress, in 2009 she began doing hardcore boy/girl scenes but only on her website - which she herse... 9,033 clicks, 5,397th man, 8,925th celebrity Biography of Nelson Dida N�lson de Jesus Silva (born October 7, 1973 in Irar�, Bahia), best known as Dida, is a Brazilian goalkeeper. He currently plays for Italian Serie A club A.C. Milan, with whom he is a two-time winner of the UEFA Champions League. Early club career Though he was born in Bahia, Dida was raised in the smaller northern state of Alagoas. His footballing role models were goalkeepers Valdir Peres and Rinat Dasaev, whom he watched on television during the 1982 FIFA World Cup. His club career began in 1990, at the age of 16, with Alagoas team Cruzeiro de Arapiraca (not to be confused with Cruzeiro EC). Two seasons later, he signed with hometown club Vit�ria, who would win the 1992 state championship. In 1993, Dida made 24 first-team appearances for Vit�ria after winning the Under-21 FIFA World ... 8,886 clicks, 5,526th man, 9,144th celebrity Biography of Canaletto Giovanni Antonio Canal (Venice, Republic of Venice, October 7, 1697 � April 19, 1768, Venice), better known as Canaletto, was a Venetian artist famous for his landscapes, or vedute, of Venice. He was also an important printmaker in etching. Early career He was born in Venice on October 7, 1697, as the son of the painter Bernardo Canal, hence his mononym Canaletto ("little Canal"), and Artemisia Barbieri. His nephew and pupil Bernardo Bellotto was also an accomplished landscape painter, with a similar painting style, and sometimes used the name "Canaletto" to advance his own career, particularly in countries�Germany and Poland�where his uncle was not active. Canaletto served his apprenticeship with his father and his brother. He began in his father's occupation, that of a theatrical ... 8,269 clicks, 6,162nd man, 10,151st celebrity Biography of R. D. Laing Ronald David Laing (7 October 1927 � 23 August 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who wrote extensively on mental illness and particularly the experience of psychosis. He is noted for his views, influenced by existential philosophy, on the causes and treatment of mental illness, which went against the psychiatric orthodoxy of the time by taking the expressions or communications of the individual patient or client as representing valid descriptions of lived experience or reality rather than as symptoms of some separate or underlying disorder. He is often associated with the anti-psychiatry movement although, like many of his contemporaries also critical of psychiatry, he himself rejected this label. He made a significant contribution to the ethics of psychology. Laing was born in the Gov... 8,039 clicks, 6,437th man, 10,573rd celebrity Biography of �douard-Jean Empain Baron �douard-Jean Empain, born October 7, 1937, is a Belgian industrialist, mostly known by the general public for his kidnapping in 1978. Since 1971, Baron Empain was CEO of the Schneider group. On January 23, 1978, Baron Empain was kidnapped when exiting his home in Paris, France. His captors, led by Georges Bertoncini, requested a ransom of 100 million French francs. In order to pressure the family in paying, they amputated Empain of his little finger. Empain was freed by his captors on March 26, 1978 after one of his takers was arrested by the police.... 7,988 clicks, 4,184th woman, 10,697th celebrity Biography of Holland Roden Holland Marie Roden (born October 7, 1986) is an American actress and is best known for her role as Lydia Martin in MTV's popular teen drama Teen Wolf. Career Roden made her professional debut in 2007 in the cancelled HBO series 12 Miles of Bad Road playing Bronwyn. In 2008 Roden was cast as Emily Locke in Lost. She played the character Skylar in the 2008 movie Bring It On: Fight to the Finish, and during 2008�2010 she appeared in TV series including CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Cold Case, Pushed, Weeds, Community and Criminal Minds. She's dating Colton Haynes. Since the series debut on June 5, 2011, Roden plays the character Lydia Martin in the MTV series remake of Teen Wolf, starring alongside Tyler Posey, Dylan O'Brien, Tyler Hoechlin and Crystal Reed. During 2011-2012 Roden... 7,949 clicks, 6,560th man, 10,774th celebrity Biography of Brandon Quinn Brandon Quinn (born October 7, 1977 in Aurora, Colorado) is a popular American actor best known for his lead role as Tommy Dawkins in Big Wolf on Campus. He moved to Montreal, Canada, where he met his wife, Rachel Catudal. The couple now live in Los Angeles with their daughter, Chloe (2006) and son, Ezra. Filmography Motion pictures Silent Night Malachance Fizzy Business Express: Aisle to Glory (1998) Fast Glass Television Entourage � Tom (2007) The O.C. � Spencer Bullit (2006) Vanished � Mark Valera (2006) Without a Trace "The Stranger" � Bartender (2006) Twins "Musical Chairs" � Keith (2005) Charmed � Agent Murphy (2005) Reba "Flowers for Van" � Michael (2005) CSI: Crime Scene Investigation "No More Bets" � Dead guy (2004) Drake & Josh "Football" � Mar... 7,702 clicks, 4,394th woman, 11,301st celebrity Biography of Mila Par�ly Mila Par�ly (7 October 1917 � 14 January 2012) was a French actress best known for the roles of Belle's sister in Jean Cocteau's La Belle et la B�te and as Genevi�ve in La R�gle du jeu. She gave up acting in the late 1950s in order to take care of her race-car driving husband Thomas Mathieson, who had been injured in an accident. She also worked with such notable directors as Max Oph�ls, Robert Bresson, Fritz Lang and G.W. Pabst. She returned to acting briefly in the late 1980s. Par�ly died on January 14, 2012 in Vichy where she had spent the last fifty years of her life. Filmography The Shanghai Drama (1938) The Rules of the Game (1939) Le Lit � colonnes (1942) Beauty and the Beast (1946) Dernier refuge (1947) Snowbound (1948) Mission in Tangie... 7,646 clicks, 7,012th man, 11,449th celebrity Biography of Charles Dutoit Charles �douard Dutoit (born October 7, 1936) is a Swiss conductor, particularly noted for his interpretations of French and Russian 20th century music by composers. He has made influential modern recordings of Hector Berlioz's Romeo et Juliette and Maurice Ravel's ballets Daphnis et Chloe and Ma Mere l'Oye. Dutoit was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, studied there and graduated from the Geneva Conservatory where he won first prize in conducting, then he went to the Music Academy in Siena by the invitation from Alceo Galliera. In his younger days, he frequently attended Ansermet's reharsals and had a personal acquaintance with him. He also worked with Karajan at Lucerne as a member of the festival youth orchestra and studied with Charles M�nch at Tanglewood. Dutoit began his professional ... 7,401 clicks, 7,460th man, 12,089th celebrity Biography of Oliver North Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. Currently, he is an American conservative political commentator, host of "War Stories with Oliver North" on Fox News Channel, and a New York Times best-selling author. His latest book, American Heroes, offers a first-hand account of his extensive coverage of U.S. military units engaged in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines. He is a 1968 graduate of the United States Naval Academy and was a career officer in the Marine Corps, retiring at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel after twenty years of service. North was at the center of national attention during the Iran-Contra Affair, during which he was a key Reagan administration official involved in the ... 7,356 clicks, 4,681st woman, 12,227th celebrity Biography of June Allyson June Allyson (October 7, 1917 � July 8, 2006) was a Golden Globe-winning American film and television actress, popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Early life Allyson was born Eleanor (Ella) Geisman in the Bronx, New York City, New York, United States, North America. Her parents were Clara Provost and Robert Geisman. Her paternal grandparents, Harry Geisman and Anna Hafner, were immigrants from Germany, although Allyson has claimed that her last name was originally "Van Geisman", and was of Dutch origin. In 1918, when June was only six months old, her alcoholic father, who had worked as a janitor, abandoned the family. To make ends meet, her mother worked as a telephone operator and restaurant cashier. Allyson was brought up in near poverty. In 1925, when she was eight, a dead tree br... 7,154 clicks, 7,978th man, 12,884th celebrity Biography of Clive James Clive James AM (born Vivian James, on October 7, 1939 in Sydney, New South Wales (birth time source: British Entertainers, Franck C. Clifford)) is an expatriate Australian author, poet, critic, memoirist, talk show host, television presenter, travel writer and cultural commentator. James was born in Sydney, Australia. He was allowed to change his name as a child because "after Vivien Leigh played Scarlett O'Hara the name became irrevocably a girl's name no matter how you spelled it". His father was taken prisoner by the Japanese during the Second World War and, although he survived the POW camp, he died when the plane returning him to Australia crashed. James, who was an only child, was therefore brought up by his mother in the Sydney suburb of Kogarah. An IQ test taken in childhood... 7,070 clicks, 8,183rd man, 13,173rd celebrity Biography of Th�odore Gosselin Th�odore Gosselin (October 7, 1855 - February 7, 1935) was a French historian who wrote under the pen name G. Lenotre. Under the pen name Lenotre, Gosselin wrote articles in publications such as Figaro, Revue des deux mondes, Monde illustr� and Temps. He also produced numerous works dealing with the French Revolution, especially the Reign of Terror, constructed from his research into primary documents of the era. His work was recognized and admired by his contemporaries and Gosselin was made an officer of the L�gion d'honneur and in 1932 was elected to the Acad�mie fran�aise. Gosselin died before being able to sit in the Academy and never made the speech which he had written in homage to his predecessor, Ren� Bazin. His works include: Paris R�volutionnaire, La Guillotine et les ex�cuteu... 6,682 clicks, 9,225th man, 14,666th celebrity Biography of Ren� Bergeron Ren� Bergeron, born October 7, 1890 in Paris and died March 13, 1971 in Paris, was a French actor. Filmography 1929-1939 * 1929 : Le Capitaine Fracasse d'Alberto Cavalcanti et Henry Wulschleger * 1930 : La Douceur d'aimer de Ren� Hervil * 1931 : Gagne ta vie d'Andr� Berthomieu * 1931 : C�urs joyeux d'Hans Schwarz et Max de Vaucorbeil * 1932 : Les Croix de bois de Raymond Bernard * 1932 : La Chanson d'une nuit d'Anatole Litvak * 1932 : Quatorze Juillet de Ren� Clair * 1933 : La Rue sans nom de Pierre Chenal * 1933 : Au bout du monde d'Henri Chomette, Gustav Ucicky et Henri Chomette * 1934 : La Banque N�mo de Marguerite Viel et Jean Choux * 1935 : D�d� de Ren� Guissart * 1935 : Et moi, j'te dis qu'elle t'a fais de l'�il de J... 6,539 clicks, 9,664th man, 15,296th celebrity Biography of Imad Lahoud Imad Lahoud, born October 7, 1967, in Beyrouth, Lebanon, is a French businessman and software engineer, involved in the Clearstream affair. Clearstream Banking S.A. (CB) is the custody and settlement division of Deutsche B�rse, based in Luxembourg. It was created in January 2000 through the merger of Cedel International and Deutsche B�rse Clearing, part of the Deutsche B�rse Group, which owns the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Cedel, established in 1971, specialized in clearance and settlement. In 1996 it obtained a bank license. In July 2002 Deutsche B�rse purchased the remaining 50% of Clearstream International for �1.6 billion. Deutsche B�rse's strategy is to be a vertical securities silo, providing facilities for the front and back ends of securities trading. In 2008 Clearstream contr... 6,528 clicks, 5,644th woman, 15,338th celebrity Biography of Genevi�ve Fraisse Genevi�ve Fraisse, born October 7, 1948 in Paris, is a French writer, philosopher and feminist. Works * Femmes toutes mains, essai sur le service domestique, Seuil, 1979. * Cl�mence Royer, philosophe et femme de science, La D�couverte, 1985, r��dition 2002. * Muse de la raison, d�mocratie et exclusion des femmes en France, Alinea 1989, Folio-Gallimard 1995. * La Raison des femmes, Plon, 1992. * La Diff�rence des sexes, PUF, 1996. * Les Femmes et leur histoire, Folio Gallimard, 1998. * La Controverse des sexes, PUF, 2001. * Les Deux gouvernements : la famille et la Cit�, Folio Gallimard, 2000. * Le M�lange des sexes, Gallimard jeunesse, 2006. * Du consentement, Seuil, 2007. * Le Privil�ge de Simone de Beauvoir, Actes Sud, 2008. ... 6,463 clicks, 9,910th man, 15,655th celebrity Biography of Raymond L�vesque Raymond L�vesque, born October 7, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec, is a Canadian author, singer, composer, poet, novelist, actor and playwright. Awards * 1980 - Prix de l'ADISQ pour son �uvre * 1996 - M�daille Jacques-Blanchet * 1997 - Prix Denise-Pelletier * 1997 - Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Qu�bec. * 2005 - Refus du prix du Gouverneur g�n�ral par conviction souverainiste * 2005 - Bene merenti de patria pour le refus du prix du Gouverneur g�n�ral. Bibliography Poetry * 1968 : Quand les hommes vivront d'amour * 1971 : Au fond du chaos * 1971 : Le Malheur a pas des bons yeux * 1974 : On veut rien savoir * 1977 : Le Temps de parler * 1981 : �lectrochoc * 1989 : Quand les hommes vivront d'amour II Miscellaneous ... 6,234 clicks, 6,159th woman, 16,946th celebrity Biography of Laura Adani Laura Adani, born October 7, 1913 in Modena, died August 30, 1996 in Moncalieri, was an Italian actress. Filmography Aria di paese, regia di Eugenio De Liguoro (1933) Il treno delle 21.15, regia di Amleto Palermi (1933) Torna, caro ideal!, regia di Guido Brignone (1939) L'orizzonte dipinto, regia di Guido Salvini (1941) L'amico delle donne, regia di Ferdinando Maria Poggioli (1943) Arrangiatevi!, regia di Mauro Bolognini (1959) Vento del sud, regia di Enzo Provenzale (1959) Le massaggiatrici, regia di Lucio Fulci (1962) Amore mio, aiutami, regia di Alberto Sordi (1969) Borsalino, regia di Jacques Deray (1970)... 5,959 clicks, 6,650th woman, 18,641st celebrity Biography of Linda Griffiths Linda Griffiths, born October 7, 1956, is a Canadian actor and playwright. Born in Montreal, Quebec, Griffiths studied at Dawson College, the National Theatre School for one year, and McGill University. Griffiths is "one of Canada's 'originals', known not only for the quality of her work, but for the range of her career' (Maclean's Magazine, 1991) She is the recipient of five Dora Mavor Moore awards, a Gemini award, two Chalmer�s awards, the Quizanne International Festival Award for Jessica, and Los Angeles� A.G.A. Award for her performance in John Sayles� film Lianna. She has twice been nominated for the Governor General�s Award (The Darling Family, 1992 Alien Creature, 2000). The Darling Family was made into a feature film, directed by Alan Zweig. Best known for writing (in collabo... 5,924 clicks, 12,141st man, 18,857th celebrity Biography of Sam Querrey Sam Querrey (born October 7, 1987 in San Francisco, California, United States) is a pro American tennis player from Thousand Oaks, California. Many tennis experts have touted Querrey as America's next great talent, including Davis Cup Captain Patrick McEnroe. Querrey stands at 6'6, 200 pounds. He has a huge serve and forehand. Querrey turned down a scholarship offer from USC to turn pro. He cracked the top 100 World Singles rankings following his third round performance at the Australian Open. He is sometimes referred to as "The New Todd Martin." On June 11, 2006, Querrey became the first player to win a challenger event in his pro debut. He claimed tournament victories in the Yuba City and Winnetka challengers. He won his first round match at the Indian Wells Masters tournament over... 5,827 clicks, 12,595th man, 19,510th celebrity Biography of Jean-Paul Riopelle Jean-Paul Riopelle, (7 October 1923 - 12 March 2002) was a painter and sculptor from Quebec, Canada. Born in Montreal, he studied under Paul-�mile Borduas in the 1940s and was a member of Les Automatistes movement. He was one of the signers of the Refus global manifesto. In 1949 he moved to Paris and continued his career as an artist, where he commercialized on his image as a "wild Canadian". His life and artistic partner was the American painter, Joan Mitchell. They kept separate homes and studios near Giverny, where Monet had lived. They influenced one another greatly, as much intellectually as artistically, but their relationship was a stormy one, fueled by alcohol. At times their styles were remarkably similar. Riopelle's style changed gradually from Surrealism to abstract expres... 5,823 clicks, 12,622nd man, 19,551st celebrity Biography of Dirk Dautzenberg Dirk Dautzenberg, born October 7, 1921 in Duisburg, is a German actor. Filmography (source: http://german.imdb.com/name/nm0202474/ ) Falsche Tod, Der (2007) (TV) "Klinikum Berlin Mitte - Leben in Bereitschaft" .... Ernst Hofer (1 Folge, 2002) - Nachtschicht (2002) TV Folge .... Ernst Hofer "Unser Charly" .... Herr Urban (1 Folge, 2001) - Die Delfine von Florida (2001) TV Folge .... Herr Urban Solist - Kuriertag, Der (2001) (TV) "Cleveren, Die" (1 Folge, 2000) - Der Lebensretter (2000) TV Folge Coup, Der (1997) (TV) .... Lohmann "Zwischen Tag und Nacht" (1995) TV-Serie "Alte, Der" .... Bosse / ... (5 Folgen, 1979-1994) ... alternativ: The Old Fox (UK) - Trauma (1994) TV Folge .... Franz Tauber - Braut ohne Ged�chtnis (1990) TV Folge .... Kurt Olden...

i don't know

Which TV comedy is set in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company?

The Office Merchandise | DVDs & Shirts | NBC Store - Dunder Mifflin, Shop by Theme Dunder Mifflin Shop by Theme: Remove This Item Dunder Mifflin The Office seasons 1-8 DVDs provide hours of laughs and great memories, but don't forget the other fantastic Office merchandise. There’s our best-selling World’s Best Boss Mug. And who can forget the infamous Dundie Awards Michael gave out to his dumbfounded employees? Our extensive selection of The Office t-shirts might inspire you to wear a new one every day for a month, if you were so inclined!

The Office

In which state would you find the gold depository at Fort Knox?

Scranton TV station snubs 'Dunder Mifflin' ad - Yahoo Finance New Zealand Wed, Jan 18, 2017, 8:12 PM NZDT - New Zealand Markets closed Scranton TV station snubs 'Dunder Mifflin' ad Scranton TV station snubs ad for real-life Dunder Mifflin paper during Academy Awards telecast Associated Press –  Sat, Feb 23, 2013 8:20 AM NZDT Recommend Print SCRANTON, Pa. (AP) -- A northeastern Pennsylvania TV station is refusing to run a commercial for the real-life Dunder Mifflin paper brand. Quill.com produces a line of paper products inspired by the fictional company at the center of "The Office," the long-running NBC comedy set in Scranton. Quill had planned to run an ad on WNEP-TV, the ABC affiliate, during this Sunday's Oscars telecast. But WNEP declined to air the spot. Paul Bessinger works for Lincolnshire, Ill.-based Quill, a division of Staples. He tells The Times-Tribune of Scranton (http://bit.ly/YhwSUt ) the spot was apparently declined because "The Office" airs on a rival network. Michael Last at WNEP declined to comment. The ad will air instead on another ABC affiliate, in Utica, N.Y. Like Scranton, Utica is home to a Dunder Mifflin branch on "The Office." ___ Information from: The Times-Tribune, http://thetimes-tribune.com/ @YahooNZBusiness on Twitter, become a fan on Facebook Johnson promises UK won't weaken EU AAP Boris Johnson insists the UK does not want to "weaken or undermine" Europe after the prime minister was perceived … % Chg   Your most recently viewed tickers will automatically show up here if you type a ticker in the "Enter symbol/company" at the bottom of this module. You need to enable your browser cookies to view your most recent quotes. Search for share prices Sign-in to view quotes in your portfolios. Follow us Personal finance & investment intel, fresh from the market. On This Site Terms Quotes are real-time for NASDAQ, NYSE, and NYSEAmex when available. See also delay times for other exchanges . Quotes and other information supplied by independent providers identified on the Yahoo! Finance partner page . Quotes are updated automatically, but will be turned off after 25 minutes of inactivity. Quotes are delayed at least 15 minutes. All information provided "as is" for informational purposes only, not intended for trading purposes or advice. Neither Yahoo! nor any of independent providers is liable for any informational errors, incompleteness, or delays, or for any actions taken in reliance on information contained herein. By accessing the Yahoo! site, you agree not to redistribute the information found therein. Fundamental company data provided by Capital IQ . Historical chart data and daily updates provided by Commodity Systems, Inc. (CSI) . International historical chart data and daily updates provided by Morningstar, Inc . Yahoo! News Network

i don't know

A Hoosier is a native of which state?

Hoosier | Define Hoosier at Dictionary.com Hoosier a native or inhabitant of Indiana (used as a nickname). 2. (usually lowercase) any awkward, unsophisticated person, especially a rustic. Origin of Hoosier 1920-30, Americanism; of uncertain origin Related forms Examples from the Web for Hoosier Expand Contemporary Examples Our legislators passed laws regarding consent and record keeping to ensure high standards of quality and care for Hoosier women. Swing States Sit Out Obamacare: What Four Holdouts Are Doing David Freedlander September 26, 2013 Historical Examples The Hoosier rosebud allowed a delicate pink to manifest itself on her cheeks, and looked down in soft confusion. David Lannarck, Midget George S. Harney The effect was tremendous, and the Hoosier's shouts could be heard for miles. British Dictionary definitions for Hoosier Expand (US) a native or inhabitant of Indiana Word Origin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Hoosier Expand "native or resident of Indiana," by c.1830, American English, of unknown origin; fanciful explanations were printed in 1830s newspapers. Said to have been first printed Jan. 1, 1833, in the "Indianapolis Journal," in a poem, "The Hoosiers Nest," by John Finely, which poem was said to have been written in 1830 ["The Word Hoosier," "Indiana Historical Society Publications," vol. IV, No. 2, 1907], and to have been in oral use from late 1820s. Seemingly it originated among Ohio River boatmen; perhaps related to English dialectal (Cumberland) hoozer, used of anything unusually large [Barnhart]. For other theories, see the above quoted source. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Slang definitions & phrases for Hoosier Expand A prison guard (1930s+ Prison) [origin uncertain; perhaps related to southern Appalachian hoozer, ''anything unusually large, humdinger''] Hoosier

Indiana

Jermajesty was the son of which member of The Jackson 5?

What Is a Hoosier? — Indiana Historical Society What Is a Hoosier? The Nenkom family poses in 1930 in Terre Haute. (The Martin Collection, IHS) It’s safe to conclude the Hoosher and Hoosier nickname adopted by Indiana residents and for them by their nearby neighbors was derived from the dialect term (probably traceable from England) not uncommon among southern immigrants to Indiana and the Ohio Valley several years before [John] Finley arrived and penned his famous poem [The Hoosier’s Nest]. Although the term implied a frontier roughness just beyond the most recently settled and “civilized” regions (which of course were always moving west), its subsequent widespread acceptance in the 1830s and 1840s was definitely good-natured, if not independent-minded, in meaning then and thereafter. It is also safe to discount several factually unsupported theories, thoughts of local immaculate conceptions, and variations thereof as folklore or urban legends: Hoosa; Hoose; Hoosier’s men, food, or customers; Houssieres, Husher (probably the phonetic “Hoosher” pronunciation of Hoosier); Hussar; Huzur; Huzzah; Who’s yer/here; Who’s ear; etc. Although the old double-sense meaning still occasionally surfaces (usually among newcomers or visitors, linguistic researchers, or those who may enjoy making fun of Indiana residents), it remains embraced in its modern appellation as primarily positive. Moreover, the word is a regional nickname, like many others whose precise origins do not necessarily burden the modern, continued appellations. Perhaps one of the more eloquent conclusions was offered by Walter Havinghurst in The Heartland (1962) when he observed: “Whatever its origin, the name of Hoosier has had a lasting appeal for Indiana people and has acquired a quite enviable aura. For more than 100 years, it has continued to mean friendliness, neighborliness, an idyllic contentment with Indiana landscape and life.” It appears that [researcher] George Blakey’s observation still holds that Finley’s creative effort “helped define Indiana identity” and contributed to a “stereotype that the state has accepted affectionately, if not realistically – that of a rustic, rugged, individualistic land.” Excerpted from “The Meanings of Hoosier – 175 Years and Counting,” an article by Steve Haller, senior director, IHS Collections, which appeared in the Fall 2008 issue of Traces.

i don't know

What Revolutionary War hero, who regretted that he had but one life to give his country, was hung by the British on Sept 22, 1776?

Patriot Nathan Hale Was Hanged Nathan Hale statue at Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, where he attended college Patriot Nathan Hale Was Hanged September 22, 1776 "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." Have you heard this famous declaration before? American patriot Nathan Hale said it on September 22, 1776, his last words before he was hanged for spying on British troops. How did this come to pass? Hale, born in Coventry, Connecticut, on June 6, 1755, and a teacher by trade, joined his five brothers in the fight for independence against the British. page 1 of 3

Nathan Hale

Called the Queen of the Skies, the first of what widebody airliner rolled out of the Everett assembly plant on September 30, 1968?

Great American Men | Home of the Brave Home of the Brave Archived Posts from this Category January 9, 2009 [3] Comments   During the summer of 1755, a patriot was born in Coventry, Connecticut. His name was Nathan Hale, and he was the sixth of twelve children born to Richard Hale, a prosperous farmer, and his wife Elizabeth (nee Strong). Nathan was raised in the Christian faith by his Puritan parents, and studied under the village minister until he was fourteen.  In 1769 he before enrolled in Yale University with his older brother Enoch. He played sports and joined a literary fraternity, and was among the thirteen highest-ranking scholars in his class. After his graduation at age eighteen, Hale became a schoolmaster at East Haddam and later in New London, probably intending to become a Christian minister at some point.  But the Revolutionary War interrupted his plans. On April 19, 1775, Nathan’s five brothers fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.  Risking his career and reputation for what he believed, Nathan himself joined the 7th Connecticut Regiment as a first lieutenant in July of that same year.  He worked hard in his position as an officer.  Once, when his men were despairing, Nathan offered them his own slender salary if they would just stay on another month.  When General Washington reorganized the army, Nathan was placed in the 19th Connecticut Regiment as a Captain.  Several men asked to be put under his command. By the spring of 1776, General Washington moved the army to New York to guard it against an impending British invasion.  Nathan was stationed at Bayard’s Mount, erecting fortifications and breastworks, but he saw no combat.  The British slowly forced the American army to retreat farther and farther back. September of 1776 arrived, and General Washington desperately needed to know where the British intended to invade Manhattan Island.  Espionage was considered highly dishonorable, but it was the only thing to be done.  General Washington called for volunteers.  Hale stepped forward. He went behind enemy lines on September 12th, disguised as a Dutch schoolteacher looking for work.  He was glad to finally be doing something valuable for the cause he believed in, and worked hard to gather the information the patriots needed. Nine days later, on September 21st, he was returning to American lines when he was stopped by the British on Long Island.  Because of the incriminating maps and information he carried, Hale was taken to General William Howe, commander of the British forces.  He readily stated his name, rank, and object in crossing the British lines.  The General sentenced him to death on charges of espionage.  His execution was to take place the next day, on the morning of September 22nd. Placed in the custody of the cruel Provost Marshall, he spent the night alone.  He asked for a minister and then for a Bible; both requests were refused.  Finally, he asked for paper, pen, and ink.  Provost Marshall refused this, too, but another British officer had compassion on the young man and brought him the writing materials.  Captain Hale wrote two letters, which were never delivered and probably destroyed. The next morning at 11 a.m. Captain Nathan Hale was hung for a spy.  His reported last words, a paraphrased quote from Joseph Addison’s play Cato, will forever be remembered in American history.  “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”  Hale was 21 years old. His body was left hanging for several days as a warning and example.  Then it was taken down and lain in an unmarked grave.  Captain John Montresor of the British army crossed the American lines under a white flag to report Hale’s capture and execution.  He and other British soldiers had noticed the young man’s composure and bravery even in the face of death. Captain Nathan Hale, America’s first spy, was a man of firm convictions, strong moral character, and deep faith.  He was willing to pay the ultimate price for “his country”…even though his country was in poor shape during that September of 1776.  This was the lowest point of the American Revolution.  Countless battles were being lost and many soldiers were deserting.  But Nathan Hale still believed in the young nation.  Before his executors, he announced that he considered the United States of America worth dying for.  He probably believed that no one would know his fate, and if they did, would be ashamed of his dishonorable death.  But he gave his all anyway.  Now, over two hundred years after his death, the country Nathan Hale fought to free remembers him as one of its greatest fathers and greatest patriots.   “Nathan Hale”, Trey F., The Blue Darter’s Guide to the American Revolution, http://darter.ocps.net/classroom/revolution “Patriot Nathan Hale was Hanged -September 22, 1776”, America’s Library, http://www.americaslibrary.gov “The Execution of Nathan Hale, 1776”, Eyewitness to History,   www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2000) “Nathan Hale”, Wikipedia, www.en.wikipedia.org “The State Hero: Nathan Hale, 1755-1776”, State of Connecticut, www.ct.gov (2002) “Captain Nathan Hale (1755-1776)”, by Rev. Edward Everett Hale, The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, www.connecticutsar.org “Captain Nathan Hale (1755-1776)”, (c) Mary J. Ortner, Ph.D, The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, www.connecticutsar.org  (2001) “Nathan Hale -Wars and Battles, 1755-1776”, U-S-History, www.u-s-history.com “Nathan Hale Revisited: A Tory’s Account of the Arrest of the First American Spy”, by James Hutson, published in the Library of Congress Information Bulletin, July/August 2003 – Vol. 62, No. 7, ww.loc.gov “Nathan Hale”, The American Revolution Home Page, Ronald W. McGranahan, http://americanrevwar.homestead.com  (2004) “The Last Days and Valiant Death of Nathan Hale”, American Heritage Magazine, American Heritage Publishing, www.americanheritage.com  ( 2008 )   [24] Comments   Artist's conception of Crispus Attucks George Washington. Samuel Adams. Paul Revere. These names are part of the story and legacy of our nation. But the name of Crispus Attucks may not be recognized by many. In fact, he was a man we know very little about, although he has been called “the first to defy, the first to die” and “the first to pour out his blood as a precious libation on the altar of a people’s rights”. To this day, his life remains shrouded in mystery. On October 2, 1750, an advertisement was printed in the Boston Gazette.   “Ran away from his Master, William Brown of Framingham, on the 30th of Sept. last: a mulatto Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 Feet and 2 inches high, short curl’d Hair, his Knees near together than common; and had on a light colour’d Beaverskin Coat, plain new buckskin breeches, blue yarn stockings and a checked woolen shirt.” The piece went on to promise a reward to anyone who would find and return the runaway slave. The advertisement was printed again on November 13th and November 20th. No one knows for sure who this slave was, but many scholars speculate that it could have been one Crispus Attucks, who, in March of 1770, was a dockworker and sailor in the ports of Boston. He was of African, and perhaps Wampanoag Indian, heritage. Very little is known of this man, but he was probably born into a family of slaves. His father may have been a man named Prince Yonger, who was brought to America on a slave ship from Africa and married a Native American woman named Nancy Attucks. Many historians believe that Crispus, yearning for freedom at a young age, escaped to Nantucket in Massachusetts and found work as a harpoonist on a whaling ship. Following his dream of liberty, Crispus worked for 20 years as a merchant seaman before that fateful March of 1770, which found him in Boston, possibly awaiting passage to the Carolinas. Tensions between the colonies and the motherland across the sea had been mounting ever since the French and Indian War. Many of the American colonists vehemently believed that certain acts passed by King George III and the heavy taxation without colonial representation he had enacted were violations of their rights as Englishmen. After the American complaints reached London, the king ordered some of his troops to encamp in Boston. These soldiers made life difficult for the Bostonians with their drunken brawls and rowdy, spiteful ways. They often terrorized the streets at night or disrupted church services with their riotous singing. At last, Samuel Adams called for the sailors and dockworkers of Boston to demonstrate against the British troops planted by the king. Crispus Attucks, well knowing the value of freedom, was quick to answer this call. On March 5, 1770, about 40 to 50 colonists, armed with sticks, clubs, and snowballs, were gathered at King Street. Tensions had finally reached a boiling point. Scattered fights and rumors of beatings had flown throughout the city that day until a small crowd had begun taunting the British sentry on duty at the Customs House. When the sentry called for backup, the mob refused to be daunted. The townspeople gathered snowballs from the thick drifts at their feet, and tossed them angrily at the British troops. Suddenly, a British musket fired and three men lay dead in the snow. Others were wounded; two were wounded fatally. Crispus Attucks was the first to fall.  This tragedy became known as the Boston Massacre, and it was one of the biggest sparks to light the fire of the impending Revolution. Boston honored these men as martyrs for the cause of liberty. Crispus’s body lay in honor at Faneuil Hall, awaiting burial. On the day of the funeral, much of the city closed. Bells were rung, and thousands of people joined the solemn march to the Old Granary Burial Ground, where the bodies were lain in a common grave. This was one of the oldest cemeteries in Boston and other notables such as John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Paul Revere were later buried here. Crispus Attucks has been remembered throughout American history in a number of ways. He was a hero and a martyr during the Revolutionary War. The abolitionists of the mid-nineteenth century lauded him as a great African-American hero and patriot, and declared a “Crispus Attucks” day on March 5. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote of him as an example of moral courage. A monument on Boston Commons bears his name and the names of the other four men who died. Poet John Boyle O’Reilly wrote a poem for the unveiling of this monument, calling Crispus “the leader and voice that day.” The United States Treasury minted a special commemorative coin in 1998 called “The Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar”, which bears the image of Crispus Attucks on one side and a family of African-American patriots on the other. James Neyland wrote this of Attucks:   “He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.” As long as history is told, the first fallen fighter in America’s struggle for independence will be remembered. His story is all the more remarkable because Crispus Attucks began life as a slave. His African and Wampanoag heritage make him a hero to Americans whose skin is not white; reminding them that they, too, have a birthright in this nation. But in truth, he is a hero to all of us. Without letting bitterness towards the country that had enslaved him overrule his convictions, Crispus Attucks gave his life for the cause of freedom. And in doing so, he gave the freedom he loved to a nation. His was the first sacrifice for liberty, and after it was made, there would be no looking back. Resources: Leave a Comment   Ronald Wilson Reagan was the fortieth President of the United States of America.  He believed in his country and in its people, and inspired a nation with his vision of confidence and hope for the future.  His was an ideal of “peace through strength” during a turbulent time in world history, believing that “no arsenal or no weapon in the arsenals of the world is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women.”  He was born in 1911 in Tampico, Illinois and died in 2004, a victim of a 10-year struggle with Alzheimer’s disease.  He left behind his wife, Nancy, to whom he had been lovingly married for 52 years, and three children (one adopted during a previous marriage to actress Jane Wyman).  Throughout a lifetime of struggles against Communism, the Cold War, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, divorce, the death of two children, an assasin’s attempt on his life, and other tragedies, Ronald Reagan remained strong and kept a sense of humor that touched a hurting and confused nation at its deepest level. Reagan attended high school in Dixon, Illinois, and went on to work his way through Eureka College, where he played football and acted in school plays in between his studies of sociology and economics.  After graduation, he worked as a radio sports announcer until 1937, when he won a contract as a film star in Hollywood, California (the same year he joined the Army Reserves).  Reagan went on to act in 53 films, and became president of the Screen Actors Guild.  While serving in this capacity, arguments over Communism caused Reagan to change his political position from liberal to conservative.  He soon became enthusiastically involved in his new party, working as a television host and a spokesman for conservatism.  He won the Governorship of California in 1966 by a margin of over a million votes, and his term was renewed in 1970. In 1976 Reagan fought for the Republican Presidential nomination against Gerald Ford, but lost the bid by a narrow margin.  Ford went on to lose the election against Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.  In 1980, Ronald Reagan was the Republican Party’s nominee, and Reagan selected former Texas Congressman and U.N. Ambassador George H.W. Bush as his running mate.  He took the election and won a re-election in 1984; this time receiving all the electoral votes but those in Minnesota and Washington, D.C.  At almost 70 years of age, he was the oldest man yet to be elected President. 69 days into his first term, Reagan was shot by a crazed young man named John Hinckley Jr.  Reagan wrote later that, as he lay in the hospital and watched Jim Brady, one of the men who had been shot trying to protect him, being wheeled past his room in a coma, he said a prayer for him, but thought, “I didn’t feel I could ask God’s help to heal Jim, the others, and myself, and at the same time feel hatred for the man who had shot us, so I silently asked God to help him deal with whatever demons had led him to shoot us.” Ronald Reagan believed in forgiveness, faith, strength and perserverance in pain.  He also lived these things.  He believed in “better tomorrows”.  He believed in “empathy”; in “developing a knack for putting yourself in someone else’s shoes”.  He believed that “a people free to choose will always choose peace”, that “democracy is worth dying for, because it’s the most deeply honorable form of government ever devised by man.”  Ronald Reagan trusted in the importance of small-town America and the traditional family, stating that “all great change in America begins at the dinner table”; and in the power of small businesses (“entrepreneurs and their small enterprises are responsible for almost all the economic growth in the United States”). That “freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We didn’t pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on for them to do the same.”  He wanted to be able to “…be sure that those who come after will say of us…that in our time we did everything that could be done. We finished the race; we kept them free; we kept the faith.”  He kept to his famous philosophy of “peace through strength”, exhorting his countrymen to fight oppresors and tyrants (“when you can’t make them see the light, make them feel the heat.”).  He fought drug addiction (“Let us not forget who we are. Drug abuse is a repudiation of everything America is.”).  He was adamantly opposed to racism and discrimination, saying, “The glory of this land has been its capacity for transcending the moral evils of our past. For example, the long struggle of minority citizens for equal rights, once a source of disunity and civil war, is now a point of pride for all Americans. We must never go back. There is no room for racism, anti-Semitism, or other forms of ethnic and racial hatred in this country.”  He was also a strong, born-again Christian, believing that “without God, democracy will not and cannot long endure” and “within the covers of the Bible are all the answers for all the problems men face.” His marriage to Nancy was one of the most important parts of his life.  He loved her with a deep and lasting love that a nation whose view of marriage had been rocked noticed.  And she was devoted to him, heart and soul.  He saw her as a gift from God, writing in his diary, “I pray I’ll never face a day when she isn’t there[,] of all the ways God had blessed me, giving her to me was the greatest – beyond anything I can ever hope to deserve.”  Later, he wrote, “…it is almost impossible for me to express fully how deeply I love Nancy and how much she has filled my life.  From the start, our marriage was like an adolescent’s dream of what a marriage should be. It was rich and full from the beginning, and it has gotten more so with each passing day. Nancy moved into my heart and replaced an emptiness that I’d been trying to ignore for a long time. Coming home to her is like coming out of the cold into a warm, firelit room. I miss her if she just steps out of the room.” Ronald Reagan was a high successful President and, most importantly, a truly patriotic American citizen.  He loved his God, his family, his country, his brothers and sisters of America.  And up until the end of his life, these things were his driving passions.  In November of 1994, Ronald Reagan penned a hand-written letter to America, announcing his recent diagnosis. “I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer’s Disease… At the moment I feel just fine. I intend to live the remainder of the years God gives me on this earth doing the things I have always done… I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you.” On June 5, 2004, at the age of 93, Ronald Reagan passed away.  But the things he lived for will remain, and he will always be remembered as a truly great American. Resources: 1 Comment   The Virginia Convention on the ratification of the Constitution was just getting started on June 4, 1788, when George Nicholas stood up to speak. This beloved soldier and patriot was said to have been the first man to fire a shot against the British as they invaded Philadelphia. Those on the floor were concerned that the newborn Constitution would prove too weak to prevent future tyranny and so would bring about the abolition of the freedom these young colonies had so recently fought to win. “An enlightened people,” said Nicholas, “Will never suffer what was established for their security to be perverted to an act of tyranny.” This statement was simple, but it made all the difference. The Convention members understood his meaning. An enlightened citizenship would never allow power-hungry men to twist the original meaning of the Constitution into something which would suppress their freedom. The founding fathers had installed enough safeguards to ensure this. All it required was that the people of America remain enlightened. We must ask ourselves this question: are we an enlightened people? Are we protecting ourselves against tyrants who would take away our liberties? Or have we become lazy and ignorant, not educating ourselves as to the Constitution and the decisions being made in our courts today? Dr. Michael Farris writes, “If we are honest about our situation, we have to conclude that George Nicholas’s optimism has not been fulfilled. The Constitution was intended for our liberty. The Supreme Court was especially intended to protect our liberties. Instead, the Court has twisted the Constitution and made it an instrument of tyranny.” We the people must once again educate ourselves. We must once again prove ourselves enlightened. By reading Supreme Court cases, studying Constitutional law, making informed voter choices, letting our elected officials hear our voices, and paying attention to the decisions they make, we will be enlightened, we will have freedom and we will not be tyrannized. I believe that if many people studied the recent Supreme Court cases they would be absolutely shocked at how our freedoms are being usurped. The founding fathers would be dismayed and outraged. We, the people of America, have a responsibility to ourselves, to our children, to our forefathers, and to this great land itself. Let us be enlightened. 1 Comment   March 23, 1775 dawned in Richmond.  The nip of a fading winter was still in the air; the ladies and gentlemen had not yet abandoned their warmer clothing.  But within St. John’s Church, a debate was raging hot. Proceedings in Philadelphia had reached a fever pitch.  The colonies would fight for their liberty, and Virginia was smugly sure that Britain would bend.  Aye, America would win her freedom with hardly a fight…the redcoats would be gone with the next ship.  The Revolution could be won peacefully. The Virginia Assembly was now listening to a man who was not so sure.  This young lawyer from Hanover County saw the danger of approaching British troops and urged Virginians to take arms.  The Revolutionary Convention prepared itself to hear his unpopular position.  What could this Patrick Henry say to change their minds? “I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided,” he was saying, “and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House.” Assemblymen shifted uncomfortably.  Had not they themselves seen the great ships in their own harbors?  The marching armies drilling in the squares? This fearless lawyer spoke upon that knowledge.  “Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging.” His voice was rising, his speech impassioned.  “If we wish to be free– if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending–if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained–we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!” His voice rose above the clamor.  “Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable–and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. ” And now his voice grew louder still, speaking each word with the fervor of one who believed it with all his soul.  “It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace– but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” The Virginia Revoluntionary Convention was on its feet, shouting.  The mood had turned, the tempest swelled.  Moments later, when a vote was called, Patrick Henry’s position won by a mere half dozen votes.  Virginia was called to arms…called to protect itself bravely against the British.  Virginia had entered the Revolution. Who was this man?  During his life, Patrick Henry was many things.  First a shopkeeper, opening a store with his elder brother William, which quickly failed.  Then a farmer, working to till the land of his young bride, Sarah Shelton.  But when fire destroyed this place, called Pine Slash, Patrick Henry once again tried his hand at storekeeping.  This, too, failed, and so he worked at Hanover Tavern, owned by his father-in-law, and studied books of law.  In 1760, this young self-taught jack-of-all-trades convinced the panel of Virginia attorneys to admit him to the bar, despite his lack of education and knowledge.  He quickly made good in the courts of Hanover and nearby counties, and soon found fame in winning the famous Parsons’ Cause case at Hanover Courthouse, in which he argued against a law which would diminish the pay of ministers in the colonies, on behalf of one Reverend James Maury.  His speech defied the authority of Britain and earned him fame in the colonies. Soon, this radical lawyer became as one with the fight for independence.  He was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1765 and the Second Continental Congress in 1775.  He argued on behalf of persecuted Baptist ministers and against the Stamp Act (nearly committing treason in the process).  His eloquence gained him recognition as the most celebrated orator of early America.  His firey words and rebellious beliefs gained him popularity as well as enemies in this turbulent time, and to the crown, he was the face of insubordination in Virginia (an edict was issued against him by Governor Dunmore in 1775).  For a brief time he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Virginian forces, despite his inexperience, but it was soon apparent that the military was not his calling.  George Washington said, “I think my countrymen made a capital mistake when they took Henry out of the senate to place him in the field.”  Although his men were fiercely loyal to him and threatened to desert if he resigned, Henry refused to allow his pride to hurt the cause he believed in, and urged his men to respect their new commanders. Patrick Henry went on to serve five terms as governor of Virginia (1776-1786).  He declined a sixth and continued with his law practice.  He declined a position in the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention in 1787, but was elected to the Virginia Convention a year later.  He strongly opposed the Constitution at first because it did not contain a Bill of Rights, but his opposition helped cause one to be written in 1791. In the years 1794-1796 Patrick Henry declined the offices of governor of Virginia, U.S. Senator, Chief Justice, Secretary of State, and ambassador to Spain and France.  His health was failing.  He retired to Red Hill with his second wife, Dorethea Dandridge (his first wife having died in 1775), where he eventually died on June 6, 1799, shortly after his election to the state legislature.  He was 63 years old.  The Virginia Gazette reported the death of this great man, writing, “As long as our rivers flow, or mountains stand, Virginia . . . will say to rising generations, imitate my Henry.” Unlike many of his contemporaries, Patrick Henry never served in high office or sought political power for himself.  His convictions were radical and deeply held.  He made the Revolution understandable and important to the common American men and women with his passionate, honest speaking, and was “”the man who gave the first impulse to the ball of revolution.”  As Thomas Jefferson said, ““It is not now easy to say what we should have done without Patrick Henry.  He was before us all in maintaining the spirit of the Revolution.” Even in his death, Patrick Henry worked to build up the young nation he loved.  In a letter written to be opened after his passing, he said that whether or not the independence of America “will prove a Blessing or a Curse will depend on the Use our people make of the Blessings which a gracious God hath bestowed on us. If they are wise, they will be great and happy. If they are of a contrary Character, they will be miserable. Righteousness alone can exalt them as a Nation. Reader! whoever thou art, remember this, and in thy Sphere, practice Virtue thyself, and encourage it in others. P. HENRY”  

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What Latin phrase, which translates as "let the buyer beware", is taken to mean that the purchaser of an item is responsible for checking whether the goods suit his need?

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Good evening everyone, my name is Joe MacDonald and I operate a specialised House inspection and Consultancy business. Namely: Property Advice Inspection Service Ltd. I was asked by Sacha at the National bank to give a short talk on house inspection and I am privileged to be here tonight to share some of my knowledge with you. My experience includes a short stint at Otago University when I quickly found I much preferred working with my fathers builders than doing accountancy. I took on an Adult apprenticeship, gained my trade certificate and soon became self employed. I have carried out mainly residential work in the Gore area for around 30 years. About 12 years ago, I saw a gap in the market for doing a professional job of house inspection. I listed Property Advice as a company and my services include completing over 700 reports to date have been well received. I had also worked part time as an insurance assessor for about two years. I still keep my hand in with the odd smaller building project, but keep this to minimum so as not to be seen to be looking for work generated by inspections. Caveat Emptor is a Latin term used in our legal system that literally translates to �let the buyer beware� Sure we have some consumer guarantees and warrantees in law, but realistically there is a reasonable expectation for people to lookout for themselves. Pursuing any injustices can often cost more in legal fees and stress than remedying the problem. Prevention is better than cure. Commonly pressure is applied on purchasers to sign contracts as soon as possible in fear of missing a property. Better to miss out than buy a lemon. The simple precaution of getting legal advice, before signing any documents, will ensure that your best interests are taken care of. The transaction will generally involve using a lawyer anyway and it is unlikely that you will be charged any more for getting involved with them early in the proceedings. With good legal advice and/or normal common sense you will be called on to consider getting a � builders report� Good Real estate agents are now also suggesting that this might be a wise choice given the number of dubious building practices and materials in the industry. The term �builder�s report� is used locally in a general sense. I have found that expectations vary considerably on what is required from or meant by a builder�s report. Initially, most people want to keep cost to a minimum and think a quick look by a builder will suffice. Traditionally, a local builder or friend in the industry has been asked to view the property and check for structural defects. Normally this is done over a 10 to 15 minute walk through and the guy is rewarded with a box of beer or the promise of future work. This type of report is invariably done verbally as the guy has no wish to be held accountable should he get it wrong. Should his preferences of work not include fixing rotten weatherboards or sagging piles for example, he is may be likely to unfairly dissuade the purchase of the property. When considered, the thoroughness and dependability you require on the purchase of your most important asset may not always be met from this type of inspection. I never cease to be amazed by the number of people who blunder into the huge expense of a house purchase without seeking any advice at all. Most houses are far from perfect. Using the services of a professional house inspector at a cost of around point 2% of the purchase cost is money well spent on good information and my clients have saved themselves many thousands of dollars by using this information to their advantage. There is no official qualification for a pre-purchase house inspector, and so the assumption that a qualified builder can do this work is probably the reason that the term �builder�s report� comes about. In England and other countries a specialised industry has developed with appropriate training under the banner of Building Surveyors. Recognising the need for similar specialisation in the industry, New Zealand has developed at standard for the inspection of residential property.NZS4306 This standard lists all of the appropriate inclusions that a purchaser should be aware of in regard to the quality of the house and the present and future expenditure required to bring it up to a good standard. A report carried out meeting these standards ensures professionalism, accountability, and consistency. My company�s reports follow these guidelines and include usually between 50 and 75 captioned images along with supporting summary pages including a top to toe survey of all components of the property. Where relevant, cost estimations are given and council building compliances are checked. Companies specialising in Pre-purchase inspection using operators with trade qualifications therefore should be sought out. With a relatively low population in the lower south island, reputations can usually be checked out with a few enquiries. Armed with a (let us refer to it as) pre-purchase report, you will be able to make an informed decision on whether to proceed with the purchase. Clearly identified issues can be priced out and the report becomes a valuable negotiating tool ensuring you are paying the true worth of the property. Cost associated with inspections In most cases, the person commissioning a report pays for it. This would generally mean that several people interested in buying a particular house all have to go through the process and expense of various reports individually. In some cases a seller might commission a report to firstly determine any defects on the property, thus giving them to the opportunity to rectify matters. The report or amended report can then be shown to prospective purchasers. Independence and professionalism are important here so check the credentials of the reporter. Liability issues arise for the inspector when copies of his report are shown publically, so if you require a copy of the report for your own reliance, you will have to negotiate with the inspector to address it to you thus limiting his liability to those that pay for the information. In Queenstown, Wanaka and larger cities you could expect to be charged between $600 and $800 for a full written report. Locally fees are generally around $400.These are for average sized properties. A small price when compared to the price of the house, but a significant amount if you add this to valuation and LIM costs. It is therefore important to be quite sure that this is the house for you. Most of my reports are commissioned once an offer has been made and accepted. This offer is subject to the client being satisfied with the builders report. If significant unforeseen expenditure is required, such as a new roof, or even a water cylinder at $2000, the report cost may seem small indeed. The report will give you documented proof for re-negotiating the price if necesary. If looking at a number of houses and you are not quite sure which to choose, you may be able to negotiate with your inspector to just do a verbal commentary in your presence and provide you with a key point summary. My company offers this service for $200 or more depending on specific reporting requirements.. Increasingly, banks and insurance companies require building report information. When borrowing or lending money, it is important to know just how much is involved, so any maintenance or remedial work required on a house needs to be provided for. Your inspector should be reasonably current with building costs and able to provide some ball park cost estimates for such work. With building experience, most will be happy to advise on structural change potential. This may however be beyond the scope of a Pre-purchase inspection and offered at an extra charge. While banks have some interest in builder�s reports, especially when lending a high percentage of the cost, they are likely to be more interested in a registered valuation report to substantiate the value of the property and so protect their investment. This cost is also usually worn by the purchaser. LIM reports These are a document produced by District Councils to provide the purchaser with all the relevant information that they have on file regarding a property. The foremost concern with a LIM is to ensure that Building Code compliance has been met at the property and matters can be resolved before they become the problem of the new owner. Other matters can be unearthed such as mine shafts under the property, planned development in the area, contamination and flood proneness etc.. These matters may or may not be common knowledge and so people are often advised by lawyers to obtain such a report. You have now probably invested around $1000 in due diligence, so hopefully there are no hitches with the sale. Information on compliances from the LIM must be interpreted and so a good pre purchase report should in most cases identify structural changes and work that has required consent or permitting. In the case of my company, and as part of my fee, I will normally check the Council file and report on consent matters. With this information on hand you then have the choice of paying for a LIM or risking consequences of not doing so. Insurance matters. With the recent hits the insurance companies have taken in CHCH many have tightened insurability criteria. Full insurance is likely to be a bank requirement if borrowing is high so insurability may need to be one of the first matters considered. Houses pre 1945 have a number of boxes to be ticked which include wiring, concrete piles, no scrim linings and good roofing. These matters will normally be covered in your pre-purchase report. Conclusions. A builders report is not a guarantee that all defects have been identified. Many defects can lurk behind the scenes where invasive inspection is generally not an option. A person experienced in house inspection is your best chance at discovering any existing problems before they become your problems. Talking with the neighbours is also a good source of information on any history the house may have had. LMa������  K X Y b y z  !  ( 0 � T W d u � � � � � 1 E W � ��������������������ʳʨ��ʨʜ���{�p�p��hPB\h�P CJ aJ hPB\h �CJ aJ hPB\h�`�CJ aJ hPB\hEi�CJ aJ hPB\hEi�5�CJ aJ hPB\h%>CJ aJ hPB\h��CJ aJ hPB\hw^5�CJ aJ hPB\hw^CJ aJ hPB\h.P�CJ aJ hPB\CJ aJ hPB\h2�CJ aJ hPB\h2�5�CJ aJ )�K U V W � � � o�������789:�67��$�����������������������������gd�2�
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Financial Advisers Dumfries - AFL Financial Planning Services Financial News Updates Financial Planning For The New Year As another January rolls around, it's time for the New Year's resolutions list. This is therefore generally the time when there are articles full of helpful suggestions for resolutions you could make. In the real world, however, we generally know what resolutions we should make. In fact we often make them. The problem, however, tends to relate to keeping them. So, let's look at ways you can give yourself the best chance of sticking with your resolutions throughout the year. Make resolutions meaningful in the real world Let's take a fairly common financial resolution - save money. The first question is: �Why do you want to save money?�. There are lots of potential answers to this from retirement, to a home deposit, to the holiday of a lifetime. Once you have stated your savings goal, you can get a realistic idea of the amount you need to save, which then leads into creating a feasible savings plan over a realistic time frame. This turns an abstract idea into a way to finance something you really want and that has meaning. Pay yourself first (and automatically) If you've set a realistic budget then treat savings and investments in the same way as you probably treat paying your bills. Prioritise them and automate them. Set up direct debits so that the income you've allocated to saving and investing goes straight where it is supposed to go. Make sure that you have an instant-access savings account so that if you do make a mistake, or if a genuine emergency arises, you can bump up the level of your current account. Set yourself milestones Another advantage of connecting your resolutions to your goals is that it gives you the opportunity to recognise and celebrate progress. This could be when you make a purchase using money you've saved rather than taking on debt, or when you've achieved a percentage of your savings target. Recognise your achievement in some way, even if it's just ticking off a box on a savings chart. Make your resolutions public Making your nearest and dearest aware of your resolutions has two advantages. Firstly it helps to keep you on track. You've published your goals and there's a good chance your family and friends are going to take an interest in them and ask you about them, which will help to keep you on track. Secondly, it will help them to understand any changes in your habits. For example, if one of your resolutions is to save money, then you may well need to make changes to your current lifestyle. Making those close to you aware of this can help to smooth that process. Keep tracking your progress and be prepared to make changes Resolutions To Avoid For Millenials Everyone knows that New Year is a time for resolutions and hence it's a time when the internet becomes filled with articles suggesting what resolutions you should make. In the spirit of being a little different, however, we thought we'd suggest a few resolutions to avoid - and why. Cut up the credit cards We're glad you've realised that credit cards can be damaging to your financial health, but cutting them up and swearing never to use them again is actually throwing out the baby with the bathwater. First of all, credit cards can be a lifeline in an emergency. Yes, it's better if you have enough savings for an emergency but if you don't credit cards been other options, like payday loans, by a long margin. Secondly having a credit card means you can avoid putting your debit card details on the net. Having a credit card compromised is an unpleasant experience, but having to change your entire bank account is probably a whole lot worse. Thirdly, even without any added perks, credit card purchases of over �100 are subject to extra protection under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act. This is in addition to the chargeback schemes run by card companies themselves. Finally, for better or for worse, credit scores matter. In addition to helping determine if you get accepted for credit at all, let alone at what rate, they can also be checked by landlords and employers. Pay down debt Now this may seem like a bit of a strange comment, so let us explain. Rather than just deciding you need to pay down your debts, you need to take a long, hard, look at your current financial situation and determine: � What debts you have � What kind of debts you have � How you acquired these debts � What savings you have in place If you have no savings at all, then counterintuitive as it may seem, it may actually be in your best interests to work on building a cash cushion first, before you really start to tackle your debts. That way, you'll be in a much better position to deal with life's slings and arrows without resorting to more credit - assuming you're in a position to get it. Once you have this in place, you need to look at what debts you have an how much they are costing you. Then look at what kinds of debts they are and why you acquired them. For example, racking up credit card debt due to an expensive holiday is very different from having a mortgage to pay off. At that point and only at that point, can you start to tackle high-interest consumer debts such as credit card debts. Start with the highest-interest debt first. For lower-interest debt, such as mortgages, a bit more judgement is called for. If you're confident of your ability to pay off your mortgage over the long term, then you may wish to look at investing your disposable income for better returns over the long run, for example, by paying extra into a pension scheme. If, however, you are less confident about this, then it may be better to pay as much as you can into your mortgage so that you are in a better position if your circumstances change and if you are really unsure about your ability to manage your mortgage over the long term, you should, perhaps, look at renting. Save for a rainy day The UK has lots of rainy days, how much money will you need to cover them? Having cash savings does have a lot of benefits and it's generally a good idea to have some. Just shoving your money into a savings account, however, could see you miss out on better investment opportunities. Think hard about how much money you feel you need, in your situation, as a cash cushion for foreseeable expenses and emergencies. Once this is in place, however, ask yourself seriously whether cash savings are still your best option. If necessary, get some professional advice on this. Buy To Let Tax As the old saying goes, �If something seems too good to be true, chances are it probably is.�. Anyone tempted to try using creative financial transactions to reduce a tax bill should write out this sentence in big, capital letters using a thick, colourful pen and pin it somewhere clearly visible. There are plenty of legally-acceptable ways of reducing the amount of tax you pay, ISAs are one obvious example of this. The Inland Revenue, however, understandably takes a dim view of people taking advantage of what could be called grey areas in tax law. It tends to pursue these rather vigorously and it does so on taxpayers' money, while those it pursues generally have to fund their own legal bills. Hence, in very blunt terms, there is no real penalty on HMRC if it loses a case, whereas a taxpayer who loses a case faces a hefty legal bill in addition to the original tax bill. As well as this, when there is a dispute between HMRC and a taxpayer (be it a company or a private individual), the Inland Revenue can insist that any money it claims is owed be paid to it upfront on the understanding that it will be returned if the individual in question wins their case. In fact, under certain circumstances, HMRC can actually take money directly out of people's bank accounts. In very simple terms, therefore, HMRC have a lot of power and have had a lot of practice in using it. Hence, buy-to let-landlords (and indeed anybody else), should think very careful about engaging in any sort of activity, which could feasibly incur their displeasure. Buy-to-let landlords should also be aware of the fact that buy-to-let is a controversial topic from a political perspective. This could potentially mean that HMRC would be encouraged to pursue buy-to-let landlords for political reasons, even if, economically, there were far more compelling targets. Taking all this into consideration suggests that buy-to-let landlords would be well advised to proceed with caution when it comes to the new �buy-to-let loophole� being publicised in the mainstream media. In this scheme, landlords set up a limited company to own their property. Instead of claiming mortgage tax relief, now at 20% for all buy-to-let landlords, including higher-rate tax payers, landlords pay corporation tax at 20% instead. In addition, they can offset reasonable running costs (including mortgage payments) against tax. There is, however, a price to be paid for all of this, which is that buy-to-let landlords have to go through the expense and hassle of setting up the company in the first place. Buy-to-let landlords may also find that it actually increases some of their expenses, particularly mortgage expenses since lenders will assess companies differently from private individuals. Some lenders may not even offer mortgages to companies. There is, however, an even more sophisticated version of this scheme in which landlords create a �beneficial interest company trust�. The trust holds the beneficial interest in the property on behalf of the company. All income from the property goes into the trust and hence is treated as corporate income (20% tax), but the landlord continues to own the title to the property. Hence there is no need to re-mortgage. There is, however, a great need to remember that it is illegal for individuals to transfer personal assets into a company solely for the purpose of avoiding tax. In case of dispute the onus would be on the taxpayer to show that there was a commercial basis for their action (other than its tax benefits) rather than on HMRC to show that the taxpayer had deliberately acted to reduce their tax bill. YOUR PROPERTY MAY BE REPOSSESSED IF YOU DO NOT KEEP UP REPAYMENTS ON A MORTGAGE OR ANY OTHER DEBT SECURED ON IT. Help To Buy Scheme As the bells ring out the old year and ring in the new, they will also be ringing out the Help to Buy guarantee scheme and ringing in the Help to Buy ISA and Lifetime ISA. More accurately the Help to Buy scheme is due to come to a close at the end of this year and at this point it can probably be assumed that if the government had intended to extend it, it would have announced its intentions by now. The Help to Buy ISA is already in place and accounts can be opened until 30th November 2019. Accounts will be able to accept contributions until 2029. The Lifetime ISA is due to roll out in April 2017 and to continue indefinitely. What exactly is the Help to Buy scheme? The original Help to Buy scheme is actually two schemes. There is the Help to Buy equity loan and the Help to Buy mortgage guarantee. The equity loan is only available on new builds and buyers required a (minimum) 5% deposit. The government then lends up to 20% of the remaining purchase price (40% in London) and the buyer takes out a mortgage for the rest. The mortgage guarantee scheme is exactly that. Supporters of the schemes argue that they provided essential support for first-time buyers and those on lower incomes. Opponents argue that they simply encourage house price inflation. Likewise now the scheme is coming to a close the Bank of England has stated that it believes the Guarantee scheme is no longer necessary, while the Intermediary Mortgage Lenders Association has stated the exact opposite. Only time will show who is right. What exactly is the Help to Buy ISA? The Help to Buy ISA essentially allows first-time buyers of any age to save up to �12K (including interest). The government will then add a 25% bonus up to a maximum of �3K. This money must be used to purchase a house and the funds are only paid upon completion. In other words, if mortgage lenders require an upfront deposit (as is often the case), the buyer needs to find it from other funds. What exactly is the Lifetime ISA? The Lifetime ISA was introduced to help those aged 18 to 39 to buy a house and/or to save toward their retirement. They can be opened at any point between those ages and holders can continue to pay into the accounts until they reach the age of 50. Savers can contribute a maximum of �4K per year and will receive a 25% bonus. Hence, in principle a saver could contribute �128K and receive a bonus of �32K for a total of �160K. At this point it is unclear whether the government will allow savers to continue to make contributions after this age without the bonus (or even with the bonus). Accounts must be held for a minimum of 12 months before any money can be withdrawn for any purpose or the bonus is lost. Any money withdrawn before the age of 60 has to be paid directly to a conveyancer or the bonus is lost. In practical terms this means that the funds can only be used for an exchange deposit rather than an up-front mortgage deposit. There is an exception for people diagnosed with a terminal illness, who can withdraw all their funds after their diagnosis. After the age of 60 the whole fund can be withdrawn, tax free. From the point of view of home buying are there any important differences between the ISAs? The Help to Buy ISA can only be used to purchase property up to a value of �250K (or �450K in London), whereas the Lifetime ISA can be used to purchase property up to a value of �450K anywhere in the UK. Your home may be repossessed if you do not keep up repayments on your mortgage The tax efficiency of ISAs is based on current rules. The current tax situation may not be maintained. The benefit of the tax treatment depends on individual circumstances. The value of your investments and any income from them may fall as well as rise and is not guaranteed. You may get back less than you invest. State Pension Rules If you're a man born after 6th April 1951 or a woman born after 6th April 1953 then you are, or will be, receiving the state pension under the rules introduced in April 2016. Admittedly the younger you are, the likelier it is that these rules could be changed before you reach pension age, but for now here is a quick guide to what to expect from the new state pension. Payments are still based on NI contributions, but, in principle, only contributions from the claimant Under the old system, married women were able to pay a reduced rate of NI contributions. This right stopped in 1977, but those who had already opted in were allowed to continue to pay the lower rate. This means that women aged in their mid-fifties or older could still be paying the pre-1977 rate, possibly having forgotten that they chose to do this in the first place. Women in this situation may wish to seek professional advice or at least contact an organisation such as The Pensions Advisory Service since you may be able to increase your level of State Pension based on your husband's NI contributions, but there is a complex set of rules around this. Payments are based on NI contributions alone, the Additional State Pension has ceased to exist Those who have already paid extra contributions towards an increased state pension will find these contributions honoured but the level of extra payment they will receive will depend on various factors. Likewise those who opted out of the additional state pension may find that they receive less state pension than they expected. Again, the rules governing this transition are somewhat complex and so it may be worth speaking to a professional or other competent adviser. The NI clock was reset on April 6th 2016 Basically for state pension purposes, your NI contributions prior to this date were converted into a �starting amount�, which should be at least equal to what you would have received under the old system. If your starting amount is higher than the full new state pension, you will receive the payment you have already accrued but will not be able to continue to increase your pension by making further contributions. If it is the exact same as the full amount of the new state pension then your pension will be frozen at its current level. If it is less, you may be able to make up the difference so that you receive the full state pension, for example by paying extra, voluntary, NI contributions. You need 10 years' worth of payments to qualify for the new state pension and 35 years' of payments to receive the full amount. Anything in between this will see your state pension increased on a pro-rata basis. Again, if you are worried about having less than you expected, you may be able to increase the amount of new state pension you receive by paying extra, voluntary, NI contributions. If you have lived and worked overseas then it may be possible to use the NI contributions you made abroad as part of the qualifying period for the UK new state pension. This would typically apply in the EEA/Switzerland, the Channel Islands/Isle of Man and the U.S.A as well as a handful of other countries with reciprocal arrangements with the UK. The actual payment you receive would, however, still usually be based on your UK contributions. For example if you worked for 10 years in the U.S.A. and 5 in the UK, then your 10 years' of U.S. contributions would see you qualify for the new state pension, but the payment would be based on your 5 years of UK contributions. Deferment is still possible, albeit less attractive Under the old system, for each year you deferred your state pension, it was increased by 10.4%. The new state pension offers a much less generous 5.8%. Additionally the government has withdrawn the option to take your deferred pension as a lump sum. Autumn Statement 2016 The chancellor has spoken and we now know where we stand, at least for the next 6 months (until the full budget). Possibly the most surprising news from this Autumn statement is that it was the last of its kind and next year's Spring statement will likewise be the last ever. From now on the UK will have annual Autumn budgets and make Spring statements. The least surprising announcement was that the proposed rise to fuel duty has been scrapped. Given that this is the 7th consecutive year the government has frozen fuel duty, this was probably widely expected, but will still probably be welcome news to many people, particularly those who travel frequently. The rest of the budget was arguably a mixed bag. Here is a summary of the three most important areas. The Economy It's understandable that debate on the economy was overshadowed by Brexit, particularly since, at this point in time, there now seems to be a question mark over whether it will actually happen at all, let alone when and how and what effect it will have. Philip Hammond, however, is essentially obliged to work on the basis that it will and is therefore proceeding with caution. The government has ended its commitment to return to a budget surplus by the 2019-2020 financial year. Instead debt will rise and is forecast to peak in 2017-2018. Personal Finances Pensioners may have raised their eyebrows at the chancellor's commitment to maintain the triple lock system for this parliament. The triple lock system refers to the practice of increasing the state pension in line with average earnings, the consumer price index or 2.5%, whichever is highest. While it is undoubtedly reassuring to pensioners, it is also expensive and was recently criticised by the Work and Pensions Committee as being both unsustainable and unfair. The fact that Philip Hammond set a deadline on this commitment may be a hint that the government will look to drop it in the next parliament. Interestingly Philip Hammond also suggested a new bond for savers of all ages, paying 2.2% interest. No further details of this were given, but at first glance it sounds like a similar idea to the �pensioner bonds� of 2015 and may be intended to cushion the blow of removing the triple-lock guarantee. For working adults, the chancellor raised the National Living Wage (formerly known as the minimum wage) to �7.50 (from April 2017). He raised the income tax threshold to �11,500 (also effective next April) and committed to raise the higher rate threshold to �50,000 by the end of this parliament. At the same time, he removed the tax benefits on salary sacrifice/benefits in kind schemes, but notably exempted schemes relating to childcare and pension saving along with schemes linked to ultra-low emission cars and the cycle-to-work scheme. Infrastructure The headline-grabbing announcement that the taxpayer would fund repairs to Buckingham Palace was made before the budget and Philip Hammond was also notably silent on the matter of repairing the Palace of Westminster (otherwise known as the Houses of Parliament). He did, however, manage to find a relatively modest �7.6 million to fund repairs to Wentworth Woodhouse, known to Jane Austen fans as the probable inspiration for Mr Darcy's home of Pemberley. He also committed �2.3B to provide 100,000 new homes in areas of high demand as well as �1.4B for 40,000 affordable homes. The chancellor also promised almost �1.5B to fund various transport projects. The vast majority of this went to improving local transport networks in England with �220M to combat traffic pinch points and �110M for East West Rail. The digital economy was not forgotten with a commitment of �1B to improve broadband access. This is in addition to 100% business rate relief for spending on new fibre infrastructure. Pre-Christmas Planning Going by TV commercials, the official countdown to Christmas starts right after Remembrance Sunday. In terms of financial planning, now is really the deadline for getting your Christmas in order so that you avoid going into the New Year with a financial hangover. There is one top tip, which we would like to emphasise ahead of everything else. 1. Plan your Christmas to suit your budget, rather than the other way round Christmas is supposed to be about peace and goodwill, not about spending until your credit card screams. If something is too expensive for the amount of cash you have available, then it is too expensive, end of story. This goes for gifts, food, socialising and everything else connected with Christmas. If people really care about you, they'll accommodate your financial situation. They may even be relieved at your honesty taking a strain off them. If you're worried about receiving expensive gifts when you've only bought cheaper ones, then start setting expectations now, particularly for children. 2. Be firm with your budget and flexible with your shopping The first point to remember about any form of Christmas shopping is that anything which has an obvious connection with Christmas is going to carry a premium price tag. Look for ways to avoid or work around this. For example, you could avoid the typical roast-meat-and-all-the-trimmings dinner and enjoy food which is non-typical but still special, whether it's poached salmon or curry. Likewise, you could pass on traditional Christmas cake and just go for a normal cake or other dessert. 3. Remember the power of packaging Christmas is a time when manufacturers bring out their most attractively packaged products and many shops offer gift-wrapping services. There is, however, absolutely nothing to stop you taking items in ordinary packaging and making them look beautiful yourself. What's more, this can often be done very easily. For example it would probably work out much cheaper to buy a pretty, empty tin off eBay and fill it with sweets than to buy a special Christmas tin of the same sweets out of a shop. Likewise many gifts can be put into pretty baskets and will look just fine without being covered in cellophane. This is an excellent solution for toiletries. Basically it's a safe bet that any kind of pre-packaged gift set can be recreated more cheaply without any crafting skills being necessary. 4. Give creative IOUs instead of shop-bought (or crafted) gifts In spite of what the internet might suggest, crafting can work out just as expensive as shop bought and that's even before you factor in the reality that your time also has a value. Even if you have a craft hobby which you enjoy, are you really going to want to commit to making all your presents when there is generally so much else to do this time of year? There is, however, one DIY gift, which, literally, anyone can make in minutes and which can also work perfectly for any one of any age. It is the gift of IOU vouchers. For example, instead of giving your child the current, must-have, toy, give them a voucher to stay up an extra hour on Fridays, Saturdays or school holidays. Make a voucher single use, or multi-use (just make sure multi-use vouchers have a way to track how often they've been used). 5. Practice saying no Whatever your views on Christmas, it's hard to argue that it's become increasingly commercialised over the years, to the point where people can feel under pressure not only to spend more than they can afford on their nearest and dearest, but also to give gifts or at least cards to an ever-widening circle of people and then, of course, there is the growing practice of the Secret Santa. On top of all this, there may be pressure to attend events you would prefer to avoid. Practice saying no. It saves both money and stress. It's The Economy �It's the economy, stupid� has been taken as a fundamental truth in modern politics. Brexit therefore left political commentators stunned as a slim majority of the electorate voted in favour of a decision which the commentators believed defied all economic sense. Economic data is often presented in the form of pie charts. In real life, some people get huge slices of the pie, while others survive on crumbs. Those who get the biggest slice of the pie tend to be the happiest with the status quo; those who get the crumbs are the likeliest to want change. Trump, ironically rather like Obama, was elected on a platform of change. One of the changes Trump's voter base wants to see is an economy where there is enough pie for them to get at least a small slice rather than just crumbs. The question now is - can Trump deliver? His plan for economic growth essentially rests on three pillars: cut taxes, remove red tape and withdraw from international agreements (particularly trade agreements). How do these stack up in reality? Tax cuts Ultimately taxes are what pay for government spending. Even though governments can borrow money, the basic idea behind this is that they will ultimately pay the loans back through tax revenues. Therefore, cutting taxes reduces the amount of money governments have to spend and increases the amount of money left in the hands of companies and private citizens to spend (or save) as they wish. Trump takes the free-market point of view that keeping taxes to a minimum encourages private investment and private spending and will therefore stimulate economic growth. Remove red tape The U.S. presidential election took place on the same day as news broke that a woman from California faced a year in jail selling home-made food through a Facebook group a couple of times a month. Her arrest came after a year-long investigation and a home-visit from an undercover officer. The prosecutor, Kelly McDaniel's comment on why this case was being pursued is essentially �the law is the law�. This case has made headlines in the U.S. and while some do agree that it was inappropriate for the woman to accept payment for food made in premises without any form of hygiene certification, many are questioning the severity of the sentence and the fact that additional misdemeanour charges were added after the woman asserted her right to a public trial. Red tape is the ban of small businesses and private individuals everywhere and cases such as this do little to inspire confidence in the idea that such regulations are intended to protect consumers from unscrupulous businesses rather than to protect established and larger businesses from incoming competition. This case may help Trump push through a process of deregulation, which could potentially allow smaller companies to flourish. Withdraw from international (trade) agreements It is probably this last part of Trump's economic policy, which is most likely to send shivers down the spines of business owners and governments around the world. Although Trump has indicated that he intends to withdraw from climate-related agreements, economists will probably be more concerned by the fact that he also intends to withdraw from/refuse to enter into trade agreements, including the North America Free Trade Agreement and the Trans Pacific Partnership. Presumably he will also be unwilling to enter into the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, although given the controversy behind this agreement; this may be welcome news to some on this side of the Atlantic. In simple terms, Trump believes that these agreements make it too easy for companies to employ workers outside of the U.S. to produce goods (and indeed offer services) which are then sold to people in the U.S. While his approach flies in the face of the trend towards globalisation, it's a very open question as to how much globalisation has benefitted the majority of people who voted for Trump. Contactless & Mobile Payments � Do You Feel Safe? Payment cards have been around for decades now and have transitioned from being read on manual imprinters and validated by signature to being read from a microchip and validated (generally) by PIN. They have now moved into the next stage of their development and can now support contactless payments in which customers literally just tap and go. At the same time, mobile operators and handset makers have caught on to the fact that smartphones are an essential part of everyday life and are attempting to use them to get into the payment market. Apple has launched ApplePay and its Android counterpart is known as Android Pay (although Android giant Samsung has its own version of it called Samsung Pay). The basic idea behind them is the same as for contactless payments, consumers just tap and go. While this is indisputably convenient, questions have been asked about whether or not it offers the same sort of level of security as chip-and-PIN (or signature) transactions. Contactless and mobile payments cannot be as secure as chip-and-PIN payments In the most basic of terms, the short answer is no. There is simply no way a form of payment, which removes the need to verify the identity of the cardholder can be as secure as one which does. A more relevant question, however, is whether or not contactless and mobile payments offer enough security for their intended purpose. Contactless and mobile payments are intended for low-value transactions Contactless and mobile payments are being promoted as a way to speed up high-volume/low-value transactions at places such as fast-food outlets, coffee shops and such like. Basically they are being presented as being a win for both merchants and cardholders neither of whom are likely to enjoy dealing with queues. At current time, the limit for contactless transactions is �30 per transaction and card-issuing banks are able to set their own limits regarding, for example, how many contactless transactions are permitted before the card has to make a chip-and-PIN transaction to confirm that it is being used by the legitimate cardholder. Mobile payments work along similar lines and can offer an additional level of security through the fact that access to the relevant service requires access to the mobile handset, which can be secured through various means, for example Apple now has a level of biometric authentication with fingerprint recognition. Dealing with accidental payments and deliberate fraud Whether or not you class accidental payments on contactless cards as a security issue is a matter of opinion but it is a matter of fact that they can happen. Contactless cards and mobile payments essentially broadcast the relevant card details over a very short distance. This means that, in principle, if you happen to have one or more cards in the vicinity of a card reader, their details could be picked up and you could be charged. In this case, it might be possible to have the merchant cancel the transactions or use a chargeback scheme. There are also some wallets available which claim to be able to block the signal between the card and the reader, meaning that users have to take their cards out physically in order for them to work. As yet, it remains to be conclusively proven how efficient these are. This then leaves the issue of deliberate fraud. The consumer association Which? carried out a study, which indicated that it was technically possible to skim data from contactless cards and use them to make online transactions. These kinds of transactions would, in theory at least, probably be a matter for a chargeback scheme. Were Your Parents Right When They Told You To Budget Your Spending Better? Budgeting is the skill of making sure that your pay lasts the whole month, ideally with a little left over. Nobody ever said it was necessarily going to be easy, let alone fun, but it's essential for peace of mind. Here are five signs that you may need to work on your budgeting and why they matter. You frequently need to �borrow� money (or get other help) from family and friends Life happens and sometimes getting help from your nearest and dearest is the only option, sometimes it's just a far more attractive option than getting a commercial loan. If, however, you find yourself regularly needing financial (or other) help from those close to you, then it's time to look closely at your budgeting to see how you can put a stop to this, even if you are managing to pay the money back (eventually). If you're becoming dependent on financial gifts, or not paying back loans, then you owe it to those you love and to yourself, to sort yourself out. Even if the people concerned can afford it, they need to take care of their own future and living to a ripe and happy old age can be expensive. You're only making the minimum payment on your credit card(s) The minimum payment is a limit rather than a target. The longer you carry a balance on a credit card, the more likely it becomes that you could wind up paying more in interest than you actually borrowed in the first place. Even if it doesn't get that far, the simple fact of the matter is that credit cards (and other forms of high-interest credit) are a really expensive way of borrowing money and should generally be paid off as quickly as possible. If you're only making the minimum payment each month, then you need to take a hard look at your budget to see how you can increase the repayment. You continually find yourself relying on your overdraft Overdrafts can have their uses, particularly for those whose income varies from one month to the next, but ideally they should be used as safety nets for occasional emergencies rather than being used month after month. Another danger of relying on overdrafts is that an unforeseen expense or a bill you've forgotten could tip you into unauthorised overdraft, which often carries penalty fees and interest charges. A few of these can add up to become uncomfortably expensive. You have nothing left over at the end of the month Even if you don't actually have any debt, even if, in fact, you do actually have some savings, running down to zero by the end of the month is generally best avoided if at all possible. There are many reasons for this. One of them is that if you have any sort of unexpected expense, then you'll have to dip into your savings to pay for it and then how will you replace those savings? You'd be hard-pressed to say where your money is actually going The main purpose of budgeting is to make sure that you're managing your money appropriately. Its usefulness is probably most obvious to those with little money who need to make sure that they cover all their essential expenses and see if they can possibly squeeze out a little extra to put aside for emergencies. It is, however, still useful for those on higher incomes for whom getting from one pay packet to the next is less of a concern. Basically you can only know whether or not you're making best use of your money if you actually know where your money is going in the first place. Will Pension Freedom Leave You Unable To Manage Your Money? Whatever criticisms can reasonably be made about annuities, they do have one great benefit. They are simple. You make a one-time purchase in return for which you get an income for life. Unfortunately that income may not be anything close to what you hoped it would be. In recognition of this, the government brought in pensions freedoms, which essentially give today's generation of retirees the ability to keep their pension funds invested and draw an income from them instead of having to buy an annuity. While this idea sounds attractive in principle, it's worth thinking about whether or not it could feasibly work for you in practice. The background to pensions freedoms While none of the main political parties has yet to make any serious move to abolish the state pension, the fact of the matter is that it is a significant drain on government funds, particularly in view of longer life expectancy. With that in mind, there has been general agreement across the main parties, that people should be encouraged to save for their later years. The problem was that recent decades have seen a perfect storm in the pension market. Defined benefits (final salary) schemes have been largely eradicated from the private sector. Their place has been taken by defined contributions schemes in which the eventual pay-out is based on investment returns rather than pegged to an employee's salary. The Equitable Life and Mirror pensions scandals shook confidence in private-sector and employer-based schemes respectively. To crown it all, the restrictive nature of annuities was a source of frustration for modern retirees, who wanted more flexibility than the product was designed to offer. In an attempt to push forward the principle and practice of individuals saving for retirement, the government offered new pensions freedoms designed to address the needs of today's generation of pensioners. One of these freedoms was the ability to use a pension fund in essentially the same way as any other form of investment capital, with all the potential for risk and reward this entails. Having a right does not mean that it is a good idea to make use of that right With freedom comes responsibility. In this case, the responsibility for ensuring that a pension pot lasts a lifetime is shifted from the annuity provider to the private individual. Unless the person in question has a guaranteed income from another source, they are in essentially much the same position as a professional gambler. Their income is entirely dependent on the performance of their investments. Now, there are people who make a lot of money as professional gamblers but it is unarguably a risky profession and one which requires commitment in terms of time, energy and mental strength. Some older people may enjoy this slightly edgier lifestyle, while others may have alternative incomes (such as buy-to-let or income from part-time businesses), which mitigates the risk, but for everyone else the potential rewards on offer thanks to pensions freedoms has to be weighed up carefully against the potential risks. Older people also need to be aware of and realistic about their chances of succumbing to age-related conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. What options are available? Arguably anyone with any sort of financial responsibility should have measures in place to ensure that their financial business can be managed easily in the event of their becoming incapacitated and wound up easily in the event of their death. Those entering the later stages of life should certainly take care of this while they are still able. They should also think clearly about the different stages of aging and be realistic about how they are going to cope with them. One approach might be to ease into retirement and to keep working to some extent in order to minimise the need for pension income, while keeping the pension pot invested and, hopefully, growing. They can then buy an annuity at a later date, when its simplicity becomes more appealing and the rate on offer is likely to have increased as the individual will be older at the time of its purchase. The value of investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise. You may not get back the amount originally invested. Service Industry Puts Recession Fears To Bed The Markit/CIPS purchasing managers' index (PMI) is a monthly survey which is eagerly watched by those with an interest in the financial health of UK PLC. This month, the August data for the crucial service sector showed healthy growth. A trampoline or a dead-cat bounce? As Harold Wilson is said to have remarked, a week is a long time in politics. It is now two months and counting since the historic Brexit vote and while the jury is still out on what that vote actually means in reality, in the real world of the high street and online, the dust appears to be at least starting to settle. The July data for the PMI showed a decline, hence at least part of the increase this month is simply regaining the lost ground, but it is still growth rather than decline. It should also be noted that August is an unusual month in that it contains extended school holidays as well as a bank holiday (in much of the UK). It is therefore a time when the leisure, entertainment and hospitality industries would be expected to be pretty much in full swing. Economists are therefore likely to be watching eagerly to see if this strong performance continues over the run-up to Christmas and beyond. Financial services in a fragile state? While the service sector has many components, it's hard to dispute the importance of the financial services sector and there are still jitters in this area, some of which may be connected with Brexit. It was only shortly after the Brexit vote that Lloyds announced job losses in the UK. It is, however, unclear just how much, if any of these announced cuts, was actually due to Brexit itself. While the UK could, in principle, lose its right to act as a clearinghouse for Euro transactions, the jobs which are currently being lost have nothing to do with this area. They relate to branch closures and the harsh reality is that as customers have moved to online banking, the need for physical branches has been reduced, hence their vulnerability to cost-cutting measures. This has nothing to do with Brexit; it is a reflection of changing consumer habits. Lloyds has also admitted to being under investigation by the Financial Conduct Authority due to its behaviour towards customers who were having difficulty paying their mortgages and could feasibly have more potentially costly skeletons rattling in its cupboards. It also has to consider how an extended period of ultra-low interest rates could affect its profitability (and indeed business model). Other banks will have their own strengths and weaknesses and while none may be overjoyed by Brexit, it remains to be seen in what way and to what extent it will affect them. Will manufacturing benefit from Brexit? While the service sector plays a crucial role in the UK economy, it's worth remembering that the manufacturing sector also contributes. As with so much to do with Brexit, it's still very early days, but a weak pound could be great news for UK manufacturing. Even though it will mean that the import of raw materials becomes more expensive in real terms, it can help to make UK exports more affordable on the international market. It can also help to reduce the cost of employing workers in the UK as compared to those in lower-wage economies. The outlook for UK manufacturing may also depend on global oil prices since manufactured goods need to be physically transported from the factory to the retailers. Low oil prices benefit companies which want to transport goods over long distances, such as between Asia and Europe. If oil prices increase, then transport costs can become more of an issue, which makes it more attractive to manufacture goods closer to their intended destination. Have You Got The Right Home Insurance Policy? Even without the Euros, insurance arguably ranks well behind football in terms of fun topics of conversation; nevertheless, getting the right home insurance can make a big difference both to your peace of mind and your finances. Here are some helpful tips on making the right decision. 1. Consider buying buildings insurance and contents insurance from the same provider Basically this will eliminate the possibility of two insurance companies bickering over who is responsible for paying out in the event of a claim, leaving you trapped in the middle. 2. Understand what is and isn't covered In terms of buildings insurance make sure you are clear on whether the potential pay-out is the rebuilding value of your home (the value of the bricks and mortar) or the purchase price of your home. There's a good chance it's the former, which means that if you base your cover on the latter, you could end up paying a whole lot more than you need to for cover which is much less than you think it is. In terms of contents insurance, in addition to the overall level of cover, pay particular attention to any exemptions, limitations or specific requirements for particular items, typically ones which are very much targeted by thieves. Common examples of these include certain electronics (such as mobile phones), jewellery, money and bicycles. In some cases it may actually be worthwhile excluding these items from your home insurance and getting specialist insurance instead. For example, you could exclude bicycles from your main home insurance and get a specialist policy which covers you for theft from inside and outside the home, plus public liability in the event that you have an accident. You also need to be clear on where you stand with regards to items kept in outbuildings such as garages and sheds. 3. See if you can reduce the cost of your home insurance by improving security in your home Insurers are likely to demand home-owners guarantee a certain level of security as a condition of their cover. For example this could include having a certain standard of locks on doors and windows. You may, however be able to reduce the cost of your cover by taking additional measures such as installing a proper home safe. Even if this does not reduce the cost of your cover, it may still be the best place for irreplaceable items such as jewellery with sentimental value. 4. Be clear on the type of cover offered There are basically two types of contents cover. New-for-old cover is essentially what it says. If an item is damaged, it will be replaced with an equivalent item (or the cash value thereof). With indemnity cover, you are compensated for the estimated value of the item at the time it was damaged (or destroyed). This takes depreciation into account and therefore may not be nearly enough to purchase an equivalent item new. 5. If you do any work from home make sure you're covered for it Insurance companies have long since caught onto the idea that these days many people have some sort of home office, even if it's just for managing the household finances and perhaps doing a bit of work from home now and again. If, however, you are doing anything more than that, then it is strongly recommended to check where this leaves you in terms of your policy. In particular, if you are actually running a business from home, then, as a minimum, your insurers will probably want to know about it. If your business essentially involves you working alone at a computer then it is unlikely to make much of a difference to your premiums, but if you are using expensive and/or specialist equipment and/or receiving clients or other visitors, then it is very likely to have an impact as insurers will probably perceive it as a higher risk. Are You Caring For Your Workers Enough? As the old saying goes, if a job's worth doing, it's worth doing well. This is why companies look to find the best candidates for any given position, be it entry-level or senior management and also why they look to hold on to good workers. Obviously there is a monetary element to worker retention, but there are other ways to increase the odds of your staff staying with you. One of these elements is the aspect of health and happiness in the workplace. Ill health can force early retirement Recent research by the TUC showed that ill health forces up to 12% of workers to retire up to 5 years before their planned retirement date. The research highlighted the potential challenges involved in raising the state retirement age in response to extended life-spans. In simple terms, we may be living longer but that does not necessarily mean that we are able to go on working for longer. Whether or not it is feasible for any given individual to go on working into their late 60s and 70s depends on a number of factors. Some of these involve circumstances beyond an employer's control, such as their family-health history, but others can be influenced by the workplace. Employers will already be aware of health-and-safety legislation and their legal obligation to keep their employees from being unreasonably exposed to harm at work, but there are many more steps employers of all sizes can take to promote healthy living on the part of their employees. This cannot only help them to make the most of older people in the workplace, but can also help to reduce disruptive absences due to sickness. Appreciate ergonomics and use them wherever possible Repetitive strain injury is a risk in any occupation where people repeatedly undertake a habitual action. In these days it is often associated with office workers using keyboards and mice, but it actually occurs across a variety of occupations �housemaid's knee�, and �tennis-player's elbow� are examples of this, even card dealers can get RSI from the recurring actions involved in dealing cards. Take a look at what your company does and how it does it to help to avoid these kinds of injuries. The growing-bigger problem It's unlikely to come as a surprise to anyone that people in the UK are growing bigger and it's not necessarily healthy. While the fundamental reason for this is that people are consuming more calories than they need for their lifestyle, the reasons why this is the case may vary. Employees may not know about healthy eating, in which case fun, work-place based events to educate them may make a difference. Alternatively, it may be an issue with time pressure, in which case there may be steps you as an employer can take to help them and thereby to help yourself. For example, you may find you need to wean people off a culture of working through lunch and into one of taking a break to eat properly and rest their minds. You may also need to encourage people to leave at the end of a standard work day, instead of working extensive overtime on a regular basis (even if it is paid). This may mean taking on more staff or outsourcing work to agencies or freelancers or automating it. The cost of this needs to be seen in the context of avoiding losing an employee and having to go through the recruitment process again, with all the disruption that can cause. Exercise is about more than just weight Possibly the most obvious reason for exercising is that it helps people to keep their weight down, but it can have other benefits too, for example team or club sports can have a social element. Even when budget is too tight for subsidised gym membership or other perks, there may be ways you can help. For example you could participate in the government's cycle-to-work scheme. High Street Prices And What A Lower Pound Means For Your Purse There are winners and losers in every change and this also holds true for changing currency values. In the most basic terms, a weak pound means that you need more pounds to buy other currencies and less of another currency to buy pounds. An effect of this is that in practical terms, it costs more to buy in goods from overseas and less for people overseas to buy goods from the UK. As with many aspects of life, however, in the real world the situation can be a bit more complicated. Let's take a look at how a lower pound can impact the high street in ways which may be less than obvious. House prices and the high street The UK housing market is core fodder for the press and can easily make headlines in the main body of popular newspapers rather than simply being relegated to the financial section. The weakness of the pound is almost guaranteed to have an impact on the housing market, although precisely what that overall impact will be is still unclear. The lower cost of doing business in the UK may attract international buyers and investors, but it may also make life more challenging for those looking to move abroad, who need to be able to finance a property purchase there. It may also influence how many international construction workers and tradespeople work in Britain. If house prices show signs of rising, then this may increase consumer optimism, but it may also mean that first-time buyers and those looking for bigger property may start to channel their disposable income into building up a deposit rather than using it for consumer spending. If house prices fall, it may drive some home owners into negative equity, for which they may try to compensate (or be obliged to compensate); thereby reducing the income they have available for consumer spending. On the plus side, however, lower house prices are great news for first-time buyers (and tend to be good news for those trading down), who could then use their disposable income on house-related consumer purchases (new appliances, furniture, d�cor etc.). Holiday prices and the high street Low fuel prices may be good news for the aviation industry, but a weak pound makes foreign holidays more expensive as it raises the effective price for everything from accommodation to food and entertainment. While the obvious candidates to feel the pain of this are travel-related companies such as travel agents and airlines, this could also have a trickle-down effect on other businesses. For example, holidays abroad can entail the purchase of new luggage, clothes and toiletries and may involve spending at airport stores. If foreign holidays become too expensive for the average consumer, they may choose to save their money instead, which could have a negative impact on the high street, alternatively they might choose to spend their money in other ways, in which case the high street might even benefit. Employment and the high street Employment is a major factor in whether or not people have disposable income to spend on the high street. A weak pound can make UK exports more attractive, although exporters will still have to account for the cost of buying in materials from overseas. A weak pound can also make the UK a more attractive prospect for investors when compared to lower-wage economies. At the same time, it can make imports more expensive and leave some retailers with a decision as to how much of the price increase they can absorb and how much they can, or want to pass on. If there is high employment, retailers may opt to absorb the price increases and compensate for the weak pound with higher demand. If, however, employment is weak, then retailers may have little choice but to pass the cost on to those who can still afford to pay it. SME Finance Tips SMEs' needs are different both to those of individual freelancers and to those of big corporations. Here are some tips to help SMEs deal with the issues of pensions, loans and money-saving in general. 1. Pensions Arguably the most important money-saving tip of all is to make sure that you are fulfilling all of your obligations under the auto-enrolment scheme. By this point in time, all companies with 30 or more employees should already have a work-place pension scheme running (with some exceptions for newer employers). Smaller companies will be obligated to join up in the near future. Since auto-enrolment is mandatory whether companies like it or not, it may be worth getting some professional advice on what specific options may minimise its cost to your company. Steps could include anything from passing out more work to freelancers, to phasing in your contributions at the minimum level permitted by law to deferring the enrolment of specific employees, to using salary exchange to pay contributions. To stay on the right side of the law and to make the most of the options available to you, it may be best to consult an expert. 2. Loans Business finance for SMEs has been a simmering topic for years and the credit crunch has made it even more of an issue. Where conventional lenders hesitate, alternative lenders step in. For SMEs therefore, there are two keys to getting finance. The first is to make themselves as attractive a customer as possible. This is about more than just showing that your income is more than your expenses. It's also about showing responsibility and consistency, for example always remembering to make payments on time. The second is about being ready to look beyond the established high-street lenders. Even if they're prepared to offer loans, there may be far better deals available elsewhere. 3. Money saving in general It may seem trite, but saving money starts with ensuring that you are protected against risks which could damage or even destroy your business, so start by making sure that you have enough of the right insurance cover, such as Employers' Liability insurance and Public Liability insurance. Also make sure that you are clearly following all relevant laws such as Health and Safety laws and Equality and Diversity legislation. Breaking these laws, even unintentionally, can lead to fines, which can ruin a small business. After this, many of the ways in which businesses can save money are similar to the ways in which private individuals can save money. Start by looking at basic bills such as energy and water. If you're renting or leasing premises, then you may be slightly constrained by what your landlord will do, but you'll only find out if you ask. Landlords tend to prefer to keep good tenants and if your request is reasonable, you may well find they're prepared to act on it. Even with the constraints of renting, however, you may find that when you look into the matter, there are energy-saving measures old and new, which can make a difference. Old-fashioned draft-excluders can make a significant difference to heating bills, while modern energy-efficient mini-PCs are more than capable of most office tasks and need very little electricity to power them. On the subject of PCs, using services like Skype numbers can allow businesses to combine the solid impression given by a landline telephone number, with the cost-efficiency of internet telephony. This can offer substantial savings over using a traditional telephone system. Interest Rates & Inflation In principle, interest rates and inflation act a bit like a child's see-saw. When interest rates go up, people are encouraged to save rather than spend. This reduces demand, which encourages suppliers to lower their prices, which results in lower inflation. When interest rates go down, the reverse happens. That, at least, is the general theory. Of course, in the real world, many other factors can come into play. For example, if there is a bad harvest, then the price of the affected crop is very likely to go up regardless of what happens with interest rates. Inflation and the economy While the idea of continually-increasing prices may seem like bad news, it's actually fundamental to a healthy economy. In essence it acts as a �call-to-action� to consumers, preventing them from waiting for prices to drop further. An example of how this works in practice can be seen in the stock market. When a company is experiencing steady growth, consumers are happy to buy its shares in the expectation that they will see a return on their investment. When a company's stock price begins to drop, existing investors may try to sell their shares to mitigate their own losses, while potential investors sit on the sidelines to see how far the price will drop. At its most extreme, this sort of behaviour can lead to the classic �boom and bust� cycle. Interest rates and asset prices Interest rates can influence asset prices, including house prices. When interest rates go down, the cost of borrowing typically becomes cheaper. Up until relatively recently, this had the potential consequence of allowing consumers to take out larger mortgages, meaning that they were able to buy more expensive properties. Hence lower interest rates had the potential to feed into the demand for property and therefore to increase house prices. In recent times, however, the mortgage market review has tightened up the mortgage-lending market. Specifically it has forced lenders to look very closely at the likelihood of borrowers being able to manage a mortgage over the long term. This includes considering factors such as the potential for higher interest rates and the potential for borrowers to experience a reduction in income (or even a temporary loss of income). In principle, this could mean that, going forward, the level of interest rates at any given moment has, at most, limited influence on the housing market. At this point, however, it is still rather early to draw definite conclusions about this. The Bank of England and the Monetary Policy Balancing Act One of the Bank of England's responsibilities is to try to ensure that the UK experiences steady economic growth. Specifically, the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee aims to ensure that the UK experiences continual inflation of exactly 2%, neither more nor less. Of course, even Olympic archers miss the absolute centre of the target some of the time and hence it is considered acceptable for inflation to be between 1% and 3%, if, however, it is any lower or higher than this, then the governor of the Bank of England has to write an open letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer to explain why this has happened and what the Bank of England proposes to do about it. Over recent years, a sluggish economy has seen interest rates kept very low. Because of this, there is a case for arguing that, realistically, there is only one way for interest rates to go and that is up. While this may be true over the very long term, it is entirely possible that the Bank of England will hold fast to its current low-interest-rate policy until there are very clear and consistent signs of growth in the UK economy. Have You Got The Right Home Insurance Policy? Even without the Euros, insurance arguably ranks well behind football in terms of fun topics of conversation; nevertheless, getting the right home insurance can make a big difference both to your peace of mind and your finances. Here are some helpful tips on making the right decision. 1. Consider buying buildings insurance and contents insurance from the same provider Basically this will eliminate the possibility of two insurance companies bickering over who is responsible for paying out in the event of a claim, leaving you trapped in the middle. 2. Understand what is and isn't covered In terms of buildings insurance make sure you are clear on whether the potential pay-out is the rebuilding value of your home (the value of the bricks and mortar) or the purchase price of your home. There's a good chance it's the former, which means that if you base your cover on the latter, you could end up paying a whole lot more than you need to for cover which is much less than you think it is. In terms of contents insurance, in addition to the overall level of cover, pay particular attention to any exemptions, limitations or specific requirements for particular items, typically ones which are very much targeted by thieves. Common examples of these include certain electronics (such as mobile phones), jewellery, money and bicycles. In some cases it may actually be worthwhile excluding these items from your home insurance and getting specialist insurance instead. For example, you could exclude bicycles from your main home insurance and get a specialist policy which covers you for theft from inside and outside the home, plus public liability in the event that you have an accident. You also need to be clear on where you stand with regards to items kept in outbuildings such as garages and sheds. 3. See if you can reduce the cost of your home insurance by improving security in your home Insurers are likely to demand home-owners guarantee a certain level of security as a condition of their cover. For example this could include having a certain standard of locks on doors and windows. You may, however be able to reduce the cost of your cover by taking additional measures such as installing a proper home safe. Even if this does not reduce the cost of your cover, it may still be the best place for irreplaceable items such as jewellery with sentimental value. 4. Be clear on the type of cover offered There are basically two types of contents cover. New-for-old cover is essentially what it says. If an item is damaged, it will be replaced with an equivalent item (or the cash value thereof). With indemnity cover, you are compensated for the estimated value of the item at the time it was damaged (or destroyed). This takes depreciation into account and therefore may not be nearly enough to purchase an equivalent item new. 5. If you do any work from home make sure you're covered for it Insurance companies have long since caught onto the idea that these days many people have some sort of home office, even if it's just for managing the household finances and perhaps doing a bit of work from home now and again. If, however, you are doing anything more than that, then it is strongly recommended to check where this leaves you in terms of your policy. In particular, if you are actually running a business from home, then, as a minimum, your insurers will probably want to know about it. If your business essentially involves you working alone at a computer then it is unlikely to make much of a difference to your premiums, but if you are using expensive and/or specialist equipment and/or receiving clients or other visitors, then it is very likely to have an impact as insurers will probably perceive it as a higher risk. 6 Really Obvious Ways To Save Money We hate to be the ones to say it, but now probably really is a good time to start watching your pennies in readiness for Christmas. We know it's in December but for those who are paid monthly it's 4 or 5 pay packets away (depending on exactly when you get paid). Looked at from that perspective, it makes sense to start saving now, even though (hopefully) it'll be some time before the carols start playing. To help you get started, here are 6 really obvious ways to save money. Cull regular expenses you only use occasionally (or never). Gym memberships are the obvious example of this. While pay-as-you-go rates can work out more expensive for those who go to the gym several times a week, for those who go less often, they can actually work out cheaper, plus there are lots of other ways to exercise both indoors and outdoors, without the need to pay regular fees - even for those who live in shared accommodation and studios. Subscriptions are another category to check, magazines, online entertainment sites, food parcels, if you're not getting full use out of them, then unsubscribe. Eat more home-cooked food Eating out can be fun, but meals out, take-aways and ready-meals all cost more than food prepared at home. Even buying ready-to-use ingredients such as jars of pasta sauce generally costs more than buying the ingredients and making them yourself. We appreciate that if you don't like cooking it can be a chore to come in tired after work and then have to make yourself something for dinner and then prepare a packed lunch for the next day (or do it in the morning when you'd rather be in bed) but you can break yourself in gently. Even if you start by only cooking at the weekends, freezing a couple of portions and making one packed lunch for Monday, you'll still be starting to save the pennies and as you get better at cooking and managing shopping, you may find you can do more than you thought. Learn to ignore food packaging and to look at ingredients instead Premium food brands with high-quality, attractive packaging may indeed be worth the extra money - or they may not. A look at the ingredients should give you a good idea as to whether or not the higher price is justified. For basic items you may well find that supermarket own brands and such like are every bit as good as their more expensive counterparts. Use up what you have before you buy the same or a similar item If you have a drawer full of T-shirts, you don't actually need any more no matter how good they look or what a good price they are. If you're a (paper) notebook lover and you already have a stack of them, you don't need any more, even if they're on special offer. Basically if you already have a stock of something, whatever it is, use it up first before you buy any more. Be suspicious of special offers Some special offers can be very good value, but some simply tempt us to spend money on items we would otherwise have ignored. It doesn't matter how cheap something is or what a good discount it is, if you don't really want it and won't actually use it or are only using it because you've bought it, then it's probably a waste of money. Learn to love pre-loved New may be nice but pre-loved can be much more prudent financially speaking. In particular, if you know you don't actually need to very latest model of phone/tablet/other consumer electronics item, then you can potentially make meaningful savings by going for a refurbished �last generation� item. 10 Minute Review Of Our Economy At this point in time, the economy seems to be dominated by one word �Brexit�. While the whole country is waiting to see what exactly will happen when, it's difficult to make any sort of predictions for the future, so instead we're focussing on the present with our 10-minute guide to the economy. The housing market A mortgage is a long-term commitment and as such both the lender and the borrower need to feel confident that the latter will be able to keep up with the repayments over the long term. Jitters over potential job losses, particularly in the banking sector and fears that falling demand (due to reduced immigration and/or the repatriation of current immigrants) are unhelpful for the mortgage market and therefore unhelpful for the housing market. The financial sector For better or for worse the FIRE (Finance, Insurance and Real Estate) sector plays a key role in the UK economy. At the moment, it is an open question whether or not the financial services sector will hold on to its coveted passports, which enable them to sell their products and services throughout the entirety of the common market. It is also an open question as to whether or not they will continue to be able to process transactions in Euro from the UK. Some banks, such as Lloyds, have already announced job losses in the UK, although it is unclear whether or not this is directly (or even indirectly) connected to the issues surrounding the Brexit. Online banking and the move to digital payment methods (such as Visa, MasterCard and PayPal) has reduced the need for customers to visit branches, while demographic movements can see formerly busy branches losing customers to other locations. The Bank of England (interest rates). The Bank of England has made it clear that it will do everything it can to keep the good ship UK PLC on a steady course, even if it is through uncharted waters. The BoE essentially has two key weapons at its disposal, the option of making low-priced (or even free) credit available to banks (which, in theory should be passed on to businesses and other consumers) and interest rates. Its challenge is to provide enough stimulus to keep the economy moving without providing so much that investors get nervous about the state of the UK economy, which could lead to the UK having its credit rating downgraded, thereby making it more expensive for the UK itself to service debt. At the moment, the BoE is essentially feeling its way through a new situation along with everyone else and only time will tell how well it will manage its task. The retail sector The big news in the retail sector has arguably been the demise of BHS, however given the history behind that company's woes it would be very difficult to pin this on Brexit. Likewise Marks and Spencer's clothing arm saw dismal sales in the first quarter of 2016, prior to the result of the referendum and it remains to be seen how well Marks and Spencer will address the issues which led to this. The issue facing the retail sector is, of course, that it relies on consumers spending money, which means that it relies on consumers having money to spend. If consumers are uncertain about their job prospects, then it is entirely possible that they will rein in their spending, which, of course, hits retailers who specialise (or generate significant income) from discretionary purchases. For this reason, any weakness in the pound is bad news for companies which rely on imported goods (or on imported materials to make goods at home) as this increases the effective price, which means that vendors have a choice between cutting into their own margins (if they have room to do so) or passing the cost onto consumers and accepting that this may make them less attractive. 4 Things To Know About Interest Rates Although it may not seem like it at first, interest rates really are interesting. High rates are great news for savers but bad news for borrowers and vice versa. Regardless of whether you're a saver or a borrower, it's important to understand 4 key points about interest rates. For savers interest rates are in a race against inflation Life is often a balancing act between conflicting goals and possibilities. In financial terms, this generally boils down to risk versus reward and/or cost versus benefit. Higher-risk investments can offer the possibility of great returns but, pretty much by definition, there is also the possibility of losing your initial investment. Cash savings can be viewed as safe in the sense that there is a relatively low risk of the saver losing their deposit, but if inflation (the cost of living) outpaces interest rates (the return on investment), savers can find their nest egg losing its value in real terms. This can be particularly challenging for older people on fixed incomes (pensioners) who do not necessarily have the long-term investment horizon of the younger generation but who do have a need for a reliable source of income to maintain themselves. The interest rates available to consumers may be completely different to central-bank rates About once a month, the press reports on the activities of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England, which sets the Bank of England's interest rates. These are the rates charged (or paid) to banks which borrow from or deposit with the Bank of England. These rates may then feed through into consumer products such as savings accounts, mortgages and credit cards, some of which track this base rate. Some products, however, are fixed-rate and hence are unaffected any changes to the interest rates set by the Bank of England for the life of the fixed-rate deal. The key point to understand is that the interest rates offered to consumers are influenced by a number of factors as well as the base rate. Some of these are generic, such as what the banks think of the economy in general. Some, however, are specific to each individual, such as their credit history. Then, of course, there is the simple fact that banks need to pay their own bills and make a profit for their shareholders. The same product can have different interest rates, applied in different ways Credit cards in particular can charge different interest rates for purchases and cash advances (this is in addition to any fees they charge on cash withdrawals). In addition to this, the interest levied on purchases may be applied after a grace period, whereas the interest levied on cash withdrawals may be applied straight away, even if it is only actually charged when the monthly statement is created. If you would like to check this then it should be make clear in your terms and conditions, although you may find it easier just to send a message to your lender's customer-service team to put the question to them directly. Interest can be simple or compound With simple interest, the interest payments are calculated purely on the basis of the initial sum deposited or lent. So, for example, if you deposit �100 then the interest you receive will always be based on that initial �100. With compound interest, however, interest is calculated on a rolling basis. Hence for example, if, after the first year you had received a total of �10 in interest payments, your next year's interest payment would be calculated on the whole �110 rather than just the �100 you initially deposited. This is great news for savers but, of course, terrible news for borrowers and is part of the reason why those who take out high-interest credit can wind up paying more in interest than they borrowed to begin with. Saving For Big Occasions Little things can mean a lot but big events can cost a lot. Hopefully you will either be planning them well in advance or have a lot of notice of them, so that you have time to get your finances in order with the help of our useful tips. 1. Start by making a budget When you're working out how much money you're going to need, think about what is absolutely essential for your event, what is a nice to have (and how important it is to you) and what you can live without. The essentials are what you're absolutely going to need to finance. The optionals will depend on how your saving goes. 2. Look at the state of your finances at the moment Hopefully you'll already have money left over at the end of each month, in which case you will need to decide how much of it to reallocate to saving towards this, specific event. If it's not enough, or, if you're not generating a cash surplus each month, then you will need to look at how you can make savings elsewhere. This means you need to know where your cash is going at the moment. Your bank statements will be a good place to start. Counter-intuitive as this may sound, start by looking at the small transactions; these are the likeliest candidates for (relatively) painless trimming. You may, however, find that your bank statements are too generic to be very helpful. For example, you may see that you spent money at a supermarket, but not actually remember what you bought. In that case, you need to start looking more closely at your receipts to see how much of your spending was actually essential and how much of it can be trimmed if need be. If this still isn't enough then you're going to have to look at ways of raising more money. Depending on how much is required and the nature of the event this could mean anything from selling your old stuff to asking for sponsorship to asking family and friends to contribute to the cost of your event. 3. Find a place where your money can make more money Storing your pennies in a piggy bank will keep them near to hand, but you'll make more money putting your savings to work in some way. Again, what you can do with your savings pot will depend on various factors, in particular how much time you have to grow your savings and whether or not you'll need access to your money at short notice in the run-up to it. For events up to a year away, realistically speaking, some sort of instant-access, interest-bearing savings account is likely to be the only feasible option. If you're working to a longer time frame then you may like to look at bonds or even investing in the stock market. 4. Try to save first and spend what's left over Aim to pay yourself first. Put away the necessary amount (or even a bit more) into your chosen savings vehicle; then use the remaining money as your budget for the month. By removing the money from your current account, you can encourage yourself to see it as �gone� and to work with the money you have remaining. If you aim to save a bit more than you actually need, then you always have the option of dipping into your savings if you absolutely have to. If you find yourself needing to dip into the money you have saved for your event's essentials then it may be time to ask yourself if you need to rework your plans either to lower the cost of your event or to give yourself more time to save up for it. Brexit And Social Housing The impact of Brexit on the housing market combines two of the UK's favourite topics of conversation. Only time will tell what impact, if any, there will actually be, but we think it's still worth taking a look at how the UK's withdrawal from the EU could impact the property market. All housing statistics are from the House of Commons Briefing Paper 04737, published on 29th March 2016. Social housing Social housing is often a highly desirable option for those on lower incomes, offering both affordability and security. Between April 2014 and March 2015, only 9% of social lettings in England were made to those born overseas (including non-EU citizens). As of Q1 2015, 18% of those born outside the UK were social-housing tenants, compared with 17% of those born within the UK. While the levels of participation are similar, the fact that the number of people born overseas is much smaller means that any potential exodus of EU migrants is likely to have a much more limited impact on the availability of social-housing stock. The private rental market In the first quarter of 2015, 39% of all those born overseas were renting privately. Almost three quarters of the migrants who had arrived in the UK within the 5 years prior to the study, were in the private rental sector. While this obviously implies that any potential mass departure of EU citizens would have a much greater effect on the private rental market than it would on social housing, the fact that EU migrants form a relatively small segment of the population as a whole would limit the impact of their absence. It's also worth noting that the term �the private rental market� covers everything from budget accommodation for low-income workers to luxury family homes and is spread across the UK. It's therefore a reasonable assumption that the areas with the highest proportion of EU migrants will feel the most impact of any significant outflow. Precisely what this impact would be is still very much an open question. In theory, falling demand should lead to lower rents for tenants and therefore lower yields for landlords. In practice, if landlords are relying on rents to cover a BTL mortgage, then they may decide (or be forced) to play safe and sell their property. This would reduce the availability of rental property, thereby making it more likely that remaining landlords could charge higher rents and thereby obtain higher yields, but it would increase the supply of housing stock for sale, hence potentially lowering prices. Private home ownership At Q1 2015, 43% of UK residents born overseas owned their own home (as compared to 68% of the UK-born population). Given that buying a home is a substantially more complicated process than everyday shopping, it indicates a level of commitment to staying in one place for more than a short time. It also indicates that an individual either has the funds to buy a home without a mortgage or the necessary income (and security of income) to get a mortgage. Hence it is a feasible assumption that EU citizens who own their own homes could be in a reasonably strong position if they wished to stay but needed to apply for a visa/work permit. In an extreme case, however, where there was a mass departure of EU nationals (voluntarily or otherwise) then their previous homes would presumably be absorbed either into the supply of property for sale or into the supply of property for rent. According to the law of supply and demand, increased supply should lead to reduced prices, which could be good news for first-time buyers and those looking to move into larger properties, except that lower prices may not necessarily translate into increased affordability. Cash buyers may be able to grab bargains, but those dependent on mortgages may find lenders insisting on even more substantial deposits and on compelling evidence that the potential buyer's situation is stable enough for them to make payments over the long term, even if interest rates go up. Brexit And EU Tourism While the Brexit debate rages on, much of the attention has been focussed on banks and their highly-valued EU passports. It is, however, worth remembering that Brexit could impact on other industries, particularly tourism, which has varying degrees of importance across the EU. In a post-Brexit world, there are a number of factors which could influence its economic health. Pound v Euro exchange rates If the pound continues to fall then it will become cheaper for people from other EU countries to come to the UK for leisure travel. While the UK's weather may not be enticing, it has plenty of other attractions and a soft pound could be just what the UK's tourist industry needs to encourage more visitors. On the other hand, if the pound strengthens, then it may be more of a challenge to attract EU tourists to the UK, but it could be easier for UK tourists to head overseas. If, however, exchange rates settle to a consistent level, then different factors are likely to come in to play. Ease of Travel All visitors to the UK are currently required to go through border control but at this time visitors from the EU only require national identity cards, rather than passports. In theory this could change, but it is an open question as to whether or not this would actually happen. Travellers from the UK already expect to have their passports checked at least once when they arrive on the EU mainland. If the EU continues as an open-borders zone, participating in the Schengen agreement, then it is a reasonable assumption that UK tourists would be allowed to pass freely between member states. If the Schengen agreement is abolished, then it is likely that border controls would return, but this in itself would not necessarily mean that UK tourists would need a visa, just that they would need to be prepared for passport controls as is already the case when travelling outside the EU. Cost of Travel There are various factors involved in the cost of travel. One is oil prices, which are highly unlikely to be impacted by Brexit. Another is local taxation, which may or may not be impacted by Brexit. A third is, quite simply, supply and demand. At this point in time, there are numerous EU nationals living and working or studying in the UK as well as UK nationals doing likewise in the EU. This generates a certain amount of demand for travel as people visit friends and family who are now resident in a different country to them. If this situation changes and the demand for travel drops then, counter intuitively, this may well result in higher travel prices. The reason for this is that some airlines, particularly the budget ones, may begin to drop routes or even abandon their business completely, which would leave their remaining competitors in a stronger position to raise fares and improve their own margins. Cost of Insurance At the moment, those who hold an European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) card can access local health services on a like-for-like basis with residents of the relevant country. Depending on how Brexit happens, this right may be withdrawn, which would mean that travellers would have to take out insurance to cover any medical issues. While this is also the case outside the EU, the actual price charged by insurers might be a factor in any travel decision. The �feel-good factor� While many of the issues surrounding Brexit have been couched in economic terms, it's probably fair to say that for many people, emotional issues are also an important consideration. In simple terms, holidaymakers want to know that they'll be welcome in any country they choose to visit. Safety is another key point. If the UK manages to project an international image of hospitality and security, then there is a very good chance that visitors will still choose to come here even if other destinations are cheaper and/or more convenient. Brexit & EU Property In all the press excitement about Brexit and the property market, one group of (potential) property owners seems to have been largely overlooked. This is, of course, the people who either have bought, are in the process of buying or would like to buy property in the EU. On the one hand, this is understandable since they are very much in the minority of property owners in the UK. On the other hand, this is probably of scant comfort to those who are currently in this situation and wondering where they stand. Sorting out your status One of the reasons why it's so difficult to give any sort of firm comment on anything to do with Brexit is because at this time it's totally unclear what Brexit actually means in reality. Sadly this state of affairs is likely to continue until the Conservative party elects a new leader and, we assume, article 50 is invoked and the exit negotiations begin in earnest. Even then there could still be a long wait for any final outcome since the parties concerned have up to two years to conclude their negotiations and, in principle, could actually take longer if there was agreement from all concerned. The outcome could be anything from the UK moving essentially seamlessly into the European Economic Area (EEA), in which case it will be largely business as usual, or failing to reach any agreement at all, in which case the relationship between the UK and the EU would be governed by World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules. Alternatively it could be some sort of halfway-house agreement, as yet to be determined. Anything short of full EEA membership could impact on the plans of those looking to ease into a �soft� retirement, i.e. one bolstered by some work as well as those currently relying on some level of local income. Getting there and back Regardless of whether an EU property is a permanent home or a holiday property, it's a reasonable assumption that there will be at least a certain degree of travel between the property and the UK. Given that those with UK passports can travel to numerous countries without needing a tourist visa, it seems highly unlikely that Brexit would cause difficulties in this area. The pound in your pocket To be fair, the issue of Pound/Euro exchange rates has been an issue for UK pensioners living in the EU for a long time. The sudden drop in the pound did, however, bring it into sharp focus. In the long term, a more pressing issue could be how pensioners would be treated by the UK government in a post-Brexit world. At the moment, EU-based pensioners are treated the same way as their UK-based counterparts and any increases in pensions are automatically passed on to them. Even if the UK joins the EEA, it may be within the bounds of possibility that the UK will seek to treat EU-based pensioners in the same way as their counterparts living outside the EU, meaning that they could feasibly be excluded from future rises in the state pension. Even if this was, technically, a breach of the freedom-of-movement rules which also apply to EEA countries, the other member countries might allow it if they did not see this as having an impact on their citizens. The availability of mortgages Regardless of whether central governments lay down any rules restricting the ability of non-EU nationals to obtain mortgages, it is entirely possible that lenders may feel more nervous about advancing funds to borrowers who are non-EU nationals, particularly if their home country is experiencing economic and/or political turbulence, which could affect exchange rates and hence the borrower's income. If they choose to lend at all, they may demand larger deposits and higher interest rates. Pension & Brexit Much of the post-Brexit discussion has focused on what might be called �visible� topics, such as immigration. It is, however, also important to think about financial matters and to take whatever steps are necessary to mitigate any potential negative consequences. In this article, we'll take a look at Brexit and what it means (or could mean) for pensions and pensioners. The UK state pension The UK state pension is based on National Insurance contributions. These are paid by those in employment (which can include self-employment) and are paid on behalf of those in receipt of certain benefits. While it is arguably unlikely that any changes would be made to current entitlements for existing pensioners, there are plenty of open questions regarding future entitlements. George Osborne has already indicated that he thinks that taxes (and presumably NI) would need to go up and spending would need to go down to cope with the economic impact of a Brexit. This could have a number of implications for the state pension such as increased NI contributions being required to claim it, the state-pension age being increased (further) and/or the triple-lock guarantee being abandoned. Defined-benefits workplace pensions This type of pension scheme has already largely been abandoned in the private sector and employers who continue to offer such schemes tend to be ones in which there is a significant degree of union influence, this generally means the public-sector or formerly-national industries such as public transport, some of which at least continue to receive government (for which read taxpayer-funded) subsidies. Public-sector pensions have become an increasingly-contentious issue over recent years and could feasibly become a new battle-ground in a post-EU UK. Defined-contributions workplace pensions These are the de facto standard for workplace pensions and have been heavily promoted by the government over recent years (�We're all in�). In these schemes, employees and employers both make contributions to a pension pot in readiness for an employee's retirement. These contributions are currently determined as a percentage of the employee's salary. When the auto-enrolment scheme was announced, the plan was to mandate a steady rise in the level of contributions over the forthcoming years. The Brexit decision may cause that position to be rethought. It may also cause employees to rethink their commitment to workplace pensions and either to look for alternative ways to save for retirement (ones which offer more flexibility) or to suspend their preparations for retirement in order to focus on present needs. Personal pensions Personal pensions are essentially defined-contributions pensions without the involvement of an employer. They allow the self-employed and those out of employment (e.g. home-makers) to save towards a pension, but as with their workplace counterparts, they may lose favour to more flexible (if less tax-efficient alternatives) if people need to focus on the present. Pensions in general Ultimately all pensions, including taxpayer-funded ones are dependent on the returns from private enterprise (or state-owned assets). As the city of Detroit has so clearly demonstrated, life can get very interesting when commitments made by governments or government-backed organisations prove too much for the revenues which can reasonably be generated by the current generation of taxpayers. Likewise governments which have worked to incentivise people to save towards their retirement are likely to be very unhappy if they find that people have taken advantage of tax benefits only to lose the money they have saved over the years through poor investment choices. Hence it is possible that some people in government make seek to reverse the (relatively) new pensions freedoms and force pensioners back into annuities. The potential problem with this approach, however, is that it may simply encourage people to avoid pensions, in spite of their tax benefits. Whilst all decisions are very much up in the air, if you have any concerns or questions regarding your current financial options we recommend that you talk to a financial adviser who should be able to allay your fears and answer your questions. Summer Holiday Tips It's coming to the time when many people will be thinking about their summer holidays. Before heading off on your travels, take a look at our tips on how to save money. 1. Make sure you have the right insurance This tip is so important we'd like to highlight it. Even if you're travelling within the EU and have an EHIC card, it's still very worthwhile considering taking out extra medical insurance as well, particularly if you don't speak the language of the country you're visiting. If you're going outside the EU then it's crucial to have medical insurance as a minimum and this needs to cover both the country or countries you intend to visit at the time you intend to visit them and also any and all activities you could possibly wish to undertake. Remember that lower-priced insurance policies may have restrictions which could invalidate your policy so be sure to check. If you do have an accident or fall ill on holiday, having the right insurance could make a world of difference to your situation and prospects. NB: EHIC cards expire so check yours is valid before you travel. 2. Keep your browsing clean You can be tracked on the internet. Websites might not know who you are (unless you register) but they can generally tell when a particular computer is making repeat visits to them and get an idea of why based on the user's activity, for example their searches. They may then use this information to adjust their offers and prices to encourage the user to spend the most money. To avoid this, keep your browsing history clean. If using Google Chrome avoid this by right-clicking on links and choosing �Open link in incognito window�. For other browsers, check the internet to see how to clean your browsing history. 3. Avoid getting caught out by add-ons Low-cost airlines have become somewhat infamous for this, but there are plenty of other culprits including car-rental companies, insurance companies and hotels. Make sure you compare prices which include everything you need rather than just looking at headline prices. 4. Turn off your data Even if you're travelling within the EU, data charges can add up for the simple reason that there's a temptation to use more data, for example to look up online maps. A bit of advance-planning can put a stop to this. For example, you can use an app like Navmii to download maps to your phone. Admittedly it's more basic than true satnav but it does the job without the cost of data. Similarly an old-fashioned paper-dictionary and/or phrase book doesn't need a data connection. If you don't want to carry one, download an ebook to your phone. If you're travelling outside the EU, data charges can be very expensive and turning it off completely is arguably the best way to avoid nasty surprises when you get home. 5. Check any local laws This is particularly true if you're planning on driving. Again, if you're planning on driving within the EU, your UK driving licence should be accepted in all member countries. There may, however, be local rules to which you are still expected to adhere. For example, in many EU countries it is compulsory for motorists to carry a warning triangle in their car and some require other equipment as well such as a reflective vest and/or first aid kit. In France motorists are also required to carry an approved breathalyser. While this is only likely to be checked if you are stopped for any reason, a bit of prior research can help to avoid problems with local law enforcement. If you're travelling outside the EU, you will need to check if you need an International Driving Permit. If you do, make sure to use a reputable source such as the Post Office to get one. Please note most countries require an IDP 1949 but Brazil, Iraq and Somalia still require an IDP 1926. You will also need to check up on other local laws related to driving. Brexit Initial Review It was the result which took the bookmakers by surprise. Maybe it would have been different if the weather had been dry and sunny in the South East of England. Since you can't run history twice, we'll never know. What we do know is that the UK as a whole voted to leave the EU, so let's look at what that means in practical terms for those seeking to take care of their finances. Impact on the Pound The pound dropped in the run up to the referendum, but began to climb again as polls indicated that the Remain camp had secured a significant lead. Notwithstanding this, the news carried stories of panicked travellers queuing to secure their holiday funds before a potential Brexit saw a drop in the value of the pound. Brexit is now confirmed and it is only to be expected that, in the short term at least, it will have an impact in the value of the pound. A drop in the value of the pound is, of course, bad news for holidaymakers (and the companies which serve them) and it's bad news for those who depend on imports. On the other hand, it makes the UK a cheaper holiday destination for people from overseas and it's great news for exporters. Impact on Business as a Whole Obviously any impact to the pound could have a knock on impact to UK-based companies. Those that benefit from a strong pound could be hurt by a fall, whereas those who aim to attract custom from overseas could benefit from it. Access to the EU's single market is a more interesting issue. The Remain campaign touted it as one of the major benefits of membership. The Leave campaign, however, pointed out that trade is (or should be) a two-way street and that countries which set up trade barriers against UK exports can expect to have their own exports treated the same way. How this works out in practice remains to be seen. It also remains to be seen what impact this will have on the highly-controversial TTIP(The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership). In the short term, it is highly likely that there will be a drop (or at least volatility) in the stock market; this could open up a window of opportunity for investors to find bargains amongst companies with solid fundamentals, which have simply been caught up in economic turbulence. Impact on the Financial-Services Sector At the moment UK financial institutions can operate across the EU under one licence (or passport), whether or not they retain this ability depends on a number of factors. If the UK moves, more-or-less seamlessly into the EEA/EFTA then it could feasibly be business as usual. If not then the UK would have to negotiate specific agreements with its former EU partners. Given the strength of the UK's financial-services sector and the fact that European rivals would presumably love the opportunity to take over business from them, then this might prove trickier than negotiating trade agreements. Impact on the Housing Market If the UK's population drops then it seems a reasonable assumption that the demand for housing (to buy or to rent) will also drop and since prices in a free-market economy are a function of supply and demand, it therefore follows that prices for accommodation will also drop. As is so often the case in life, there are winners and losers in this situation. While sellers and landlords may regret the reduced demand, the plight of �generation rent� and �would-be first-time buyers� has been a constant source of news topics and any fall in house prices (or rental prices) would presumably be welcomed by them. As with all changes, it makes sense to not make rash decisions based on yesterday's vote but to take a view on what's happening and keep an open mind. There will be initial fallout � for instance the drop in the pound but over the next few weeks the dust will clear and ways to move forward will become clear. Lifetime ISA The Lifetime ISA will be available from April 2017 and will work on a top up basis, meaning that for every �4 saved, the government will add �1. At the same time the ISA allowance will be raised to �20,000. Anyone between the ages of 18 and 40 can open a Lifetime ISA, and any savings put in before their 50th birthday will receive an added 25% bonus from the government. The ISA can be used for either retirement saving or towards a house deposit. The money can be withdrawn tax-free after the saver s 60th birthday, but if it is withdrawn at anytime before the age of 60 savers will lose their government bonus, including any interest or growth. They will also have to pay a 5% charge. Pushed into pensions The Lifetime ISA could become part of the pension regime, falling under the �40,000 annual allowance for pension contributions. Your annual allowance for pensions will be �40,000, but you have to deduct from it any payment you make into your Lifetime ISA. It could be the beginning of the end of the current regime as we know it, albeit something that takes place over the next 30 to 40 years, he said. Claire Trott, director at Sipp provider Talbot and Muir, pointed out people who wanted to withdraw savings before they turned 60 faced a large exit penalty. You can use the funds at any time to buy your first home, however if you want to withdraw the funds at any time before you re 60, the government will reclaim their bonus, and there s a 5% charge as well, including any growth, she said. Brexit & The Property Market On 23rd June, the UK will go to the polls to decide whether or not to remain as part of the EU. At this time the end result would appear to be anybody's guess. If there is a Brexit, what impact could it have on commercial property investment? Demand might be severely impacted Immigration is undoubtedly one of the hot topics in the Brexit debate. On the one hand there are a number of EU immigrants currently living in the UK, who could potentially (but not definitely) find themselves being required to leave if the UK chooses to exit the EU. On the other hand there are a number of UK nationals living in the EU, who could potentially (but not definitely) be obliged to return home if the UK chooses to exit the EU. From a property-investment perspective, the worst-case scenario would be the EU immigrants being forced to leave without the UK nationals being obliged to return. While this would seem unlikely on the face of it, it could not be completely ruled out since many of the UK nationals living abroad are retirees, who are not competing in the local job market. There could be a flood of property on the market If EU immigrants are obliged to leave the UK then those who are housed in rental property will need to terminate their rental contracts. EU immigrants who are owner-occupiers may choose to sell their property or they may choose to hold onto it and become landlords themselves. This, in and of itself, may not necessarily be bad news. A short-term glut of supply could become a buying opportunity, although it's always worth remembering that there is a difference between low-priced and a bargain. Investors always need to be looking for quality property with the right features rather than just grabbing properties which are �priced to sell�. There could be a shock to lending Mortgage lending is at the core of the housing market and even those who have sufficient funds to operate purely out of their own funds can find themselves being affected by it. In simple terms, the more relaxed lenders feel, the more likely it is that there will be competition for the best properties since it will be easier for people to buy them with the help of mortgages. Conversely the more anxious lenders feel, the easier it is for cash buyers to build their own portfolios without competition from people who need mortgages. Also, when it is difficult to get a mortgage, people are more likely to rent, if only because they are unable to buy, which creates further demand for rental property. A Brexit could trigger a second independence referendum in Scotland During the independence referendum in 2014, much was made of the fact that an independent Scotland could not consider itself guaranteed membership of the EU. While it is unclear what impact (if any) this ultimately had on people's voting choices, however many pro-independence commentators in Scotland have argued that it was such an important plank of the �No� campaign that a vote for Brexit should trigger a second referendum in Scotland, particularly if the majority of the people in Scotland vote to remain in the EU, but are, effectively, over-ruled since England has a much more substantial population. This could raise a whole new set of questions relating to a potential new relationship between Scotland and England, which, as a minimum, could create uncertainty in the property market, at least in the short term. As always, however, it's important to remember that property investment is a long-term game and issues which create short-term volatility or other challenges are generally resolved over time. Pension Scams � Don't Get Caught Out While the new pensions freedoms have been welcomed by many, some have raised concerns about the prospect of retirees being scammed out of their hard-earned pension pots. While this is a possibility, it's worth remembering that the days of buying annuities had their own challenges, with people realistically looking at a seriously-impaired quality of life if they went for an inappropriate provider. Those on the verge of retirement were, therefore, regularly advised to shop around for the best deal. Similar logic applies in the light of the new pensions freedoms, caveat emptor, let the buyer beware. Here are some useful pointers to avoid being parted from your money. 1. Get to know the provider thoroughly before you part with your cash. In the old days, it was standard advice never to be pressurized into giving details to a cold-caller. This is still good advice, but in this age of e-mail and internet, you need to be cautious about digital communications too. In particular look out for any e-mails which purport to come from financial services companies, including ones with which you already do business. Check the actual e-mail address (it's often easy to spot scam e-mails just by looking at this) and avoid clicking any links in the actual e-mail. If it says it's from a particular company and you think it is, go to the company's website and find the information yourself or use an external, reputable, telephone directory to find the company's number and call them. Even when you're happy that you know the identity of the person you're dealing with, make sure you thoroughly understand any deal on offer before parting with your cash. 2. Never let yourself be rushed into anything If a deal's good today then why would it stop being good tomorrow or next week or even next month? If someone's trying to pressurize you into acting quickly, you have to ask yourself why. There's a huge difference between buying tickets to the must-see event, which is guaranteed to sell out quickly and investing a pension pot to create an income which will last you for the rest of your life. 3. Be very suspicious of changes to established services Companies in general (and financial services companies in particular) tend to give their customers as much notice as possible with regards to changes in their service. This is especially true when it comes to anything involving customers being able to send money to them. If you receive any communication purporting to be an urgent change to an established service then you should verify it directly with the provider by phone (or face to face). If you receive an e-mail advising you of a change in bank-account details then you absolutely must verify it before making any payment into it as there is a distinct possibility it is a scam. 4. Understand the rules around pension funds Making sure you understand the ground rules of pension funds can help you to make better-informed decisions, which will also help you to avoid scams. For example, if anyone says (or even implies) that they can make it possible for you to access your pension pot before the age of 55, then alarm bells should start ringing immediately. As always, if a deal sounds too good to be true it probably is. 5. Be aware of the risks of unusual investments There can be a very fine line between high-risk investment and scam, in fact it can arguably boil down to the provider's intentions. You may be prepared to use part of your pension pot for a bit of a gamble in the hope of achieving the highest returns, but be ready to investigate such investments very thoroughly so that you are totally aware of (and comfortable with) the time-scale and element of risk. Are You Saving Tax Efficiently? If you've always been a saver but never considered an Individual Savings Account (ISA) you could be losing out to the taxman. Make your savings work harder ISAs are tax-efficient savings plans that allow you to shelter up to �15,240 in the 2016/17 tax year from income and Capital Gains Tax. Around 13 million adult ISA accounts were contributed to in 2014/15. That's around �79bn being saved with an average of �6,064 in each account. There are two types of ISA: cash ISAs, and stocks and shares ISAs. You can put your money in to one cash ISA, or one stocks and shares ISA or split your investment between the two. Tax efficiency With a cash ISA you don't pay tax on savings accounts interest. For a stocks and shares ISA you don't pay tax on any income or capital gains tax you've made on your investment. You can include shares in companies, unit trusts and investment funds, corporate bonds and government bonds. More freedom Since 6 April 2016, you can withdraw and reinvest money into your ISA without losing your ISA tax benefits as long as the repayment is made in the same tax year as the withdrawal. Please seek advice or check with your provider before making withdrawals. A higher allowance from 2017 The Chancellor's most recent Budget announcement confirmed an increase in the allowance to �20,000 from April 2017. This welcome move will allow people to save even more money in a tax efficient way. The tax efficiency of ISAs is based on current rules. The current tax situation may not be maintained. The benefit of the tax treatment depends on individual circumstances. Although there is no fixed term, you should consider stocks and shares ISAs to be a medium to long term investment of ideally five years or more. The value of your stocks and shares ISA and any income from it may fall as well as rise and is not guaranteed. You may get back less than you invest. Pension Changes � What Do You Need To Know? Officially the UK now has pensions freedom. For some people however, this may equate to pensions confusion. Here is a quick and simple guide to the new pensions rules. Rule 1 � The state pension becomes the new state pension The talk about pensions freedoms relates to private, direct contributions pensions. The state pension operates according to its own set of rules. In short the old system of state pension + additional state pension is being replaced with a single-tier scheme and you will need at least 35 years of NI contributions to qualify for the full pension, as opposed to the previous 30. Rule 2 � Pensions freedoms only apply to defined contributions pensions Defined contributions pensions are pensions where you save to create a pensions pot and the benefit you receive is based on the value of that pot. Defined benefits pensions, often known as �final salary� pensions are ones in which you receive a previously-agreed benefit regardless of the value of your pension pot. You may be able to swap a defined benefit pension for a defined contribution one, but that is a significant move. Rule 3 � The lifetime pensions allowance is reduced The amount of money you can save, tax-free into a direct contributions pension has been reduced from �1.25 million to �1 million. You can choose to save more than this but you will have to accept a hefty tax liability on withdrawals (55%). While this may seem like a huge sum to accumulate, people are being increasingly encouraged to start saving for pensions at as early an age as possible, even people on average incomes may find themselves bumping up against this barrier. Rule 4 � 55 and 75 are the two ages to remember You can now access your pension pot from age 55 (planned to be 57 from 2028). If you die before your 75th birthday then your heirs will receive the whole pot tax free. If you die after that your heirs can either monetize the pot and pay 45% tax or receive an income from it, taxed as income. Rule 5 � Annuities are now optional For decades the price of the tax-efficiency of pensions as savings vehicles had to be set against the eventual requirement to buy an annuity. Now those with defined contributions pension pots can choose whether or not an annuity is right for them. This could be a very significant decision for many people. Annuities provide a guaranteed income for life. The advantage of this is obvious. The disadvantage is that annuities may offer far less generous returns than other options, such as keeping the money invested. Rule 6 � You can withdraw up to a quarter of your pension pot without paying tax You can either withdraw a quarter of the pot at once or you can make smaller withdrawals as and when you need them, in which case the first quarter 25% of the withdrawal will be tax-free and the rest taxed as income. Rule 7 � Let the buyer beware People may disagree on the niceties of retirement planning, but there is huge and broad consensus on its importance. Making arrangements to have an income at a time of life when working may no longer be desirable even if it is possible is a hugely important part of financial planning. Greater freedom of choice can mean greater challenges in making the right choice. Because of this the government has set up the Pension Wise service to help people to take informed decisions. This service, however, can only provide general guidance rather than personally-tailored advice, for the latter you would need to contact a professional financial advisor. The Granny Lives In what appears to have been a classic example of the law of unintended consequences, the government's attempt to rein in the buy-to-let market (and thereby help first-time buyers competing against private landlords), has had the effect of hindering those trying to provide care for relatively who are elderly but still have at least some degree of independence. Now the offending rules have been diluted, although they may still cause headaches for some. The background to the problem As of 1st April, those buying properties which the government considers to be second or subsequent homes pay an additional 3% stamp duty if the property is valued at over �40K (except in Scotland where no extra tax is payable). There are various exceptions in place to try to ensure that people who end up as what might be called accidental owners of second properties, for example those who have inherited them or those who have moved into a new home as the result of a relationship break-up. As the rules were originally drafted, houses with annexes were automatically classified as second homes and triggered the extra charge. To make matters worse, the charge was (and is) applied to the value of the whole property rather than just the annex. The importance of annexes In terms of the recent legislation regarding stamp duty on second homes, the term �granny flat� should really be taken to mean �granny annex�. In short, a property only qualifies as a second home if it is capable of being sold independently of the main property and as such it requires its own entrance as well as its own supply of utilities. Hence giving grandparents a �granny flat� of their own inside an existing home would be outside the scope of the regulations. To assist those who simply want a bit of extra space for elderly relatives, the government has announced that it will exclude annexes with a market value of �40K or less and/or which are valued at a maximum of a third of the total cost of the home. The exact date of the rule change is yet to be confirmed, but this news will still undoubtedly be welcomed by many people as will the news that those who have already been forced to pay the charge may be eligible for a refund. Finding the value Of course, the decision as to whether or not the tax is payable depends on the value of the annex and determining that may be less than simple. A property may have separate access, but still be challenging to sell as a single unit. According to the treasury the valuation would be generated as part of the sales process. This suggests that it would be a part of the mortgage valuation or home-buyer's report. There are, however, three problems with this approach. Firstly, it's unclear what would happen if nobody actually bothered to check the independent sales value of the annex as part of the home-buying process. Secondly, valuing real-estate is arguably part science, part art and part experience. While it does lean heavily on comparables, comparables become more challenging when there is a change in the law which could feasibly affect house prices making previous sales less relevant. Comparables are also challenging on properties of a highly individual character, including those which have been changed by renovations such as the addition of extensions. Finally, while a significant number of house purchases do involve mortgages and therefore mortgage valuations, there is still a small but relevant number of house purchases which are essentially cash transactions and which would rely on the honesty of the purchaser to self-certify accurately in accordance with the law. How Is EU Uncertainty Affecting Every Day Life People in the UK (and in particular in Scotland) could be forgiven for showing signs of voters fatigue. A general election in 2015 has been followed by elections for the Scottish Parliament and the EU referendum is drawing ever closer. As voting day nears, both sides in the Brexit debate have been putting forward their respective arguments about how the UK exiting the EU could affect people living here. In the mean time, to a certain extent, the UK is in limbo, with people viewing some key decisions, particularly financial decisions, in the light of the potential for the UK to leave the EU. Here are three areas which could be heavily impacted by the outcome of the EU referendum. House Prices Immigration from other EU countries has helped to boost demand for housing and therefore raise house prices. One of the key arguments made by the �Leave� camp is the fact that the UK would regain control over its own borders and, in short, could stop, or at least restrain, further immigration and even, in theory at least, revoke the permission to stay of immigrants who are already here. Fewer people translates to less need for housing and therefore could serve to lower house prices. Of course, this is good news for first-time buyers and it is not necessarily bad news for those who only own residential property. While sellers may well receive less for their home than they might have done previously, they would also be likely to pay less for another property into which to move. Buy-to-let landlords, however, are unlikely to be thrilled at the thought of having a property sitting empty and declining in value at the same time, particularly not when they have paid extra stamp duty to buy it. Financial Services There has been huge debate about how a Brexit would affect the financial services market in general and the City of London in particular. The reality here is that the impact, if any, will probably only become clear in the event of a vote to leave. Part of this impact will be direct in the sense that the UK financial services market will have to reassess its relationship with the EU and see where it stands in terms of having access to EU markets (and of having to provide access to the UK market to competitors from other EU countries). Another part of it is likely to be indirect, since the financial-services industry depends greatly on consumer confidence and as yet it is unclear how this would be affected by a Brexit. Employment This issue is closely bound up with the topic of immigration. On the one hand, EU immigration is good news for employers as it expands the labour pool making it easier for them to find skilled workers and to keep down wages for less-skilled jobs. On the other hand, less-skilled British workers are currently competing against EU immigrants for the available jobs. How much of an impact a Brexit would have would depend on the extent to which the government moved to curb immigration. At one end of the scale it could simply restrict new arrivals but allow those already here to stay indefinitely, while at the other it could, in theory at least, deport established immigrants. There is also a question of how many jobs in the UK have been created as a result of immigration and what would happen to these jobs if the UK were to exit the EU and reduce immigration. One example of this is the retail industry, where immigration provides extra custom. At current time, employers in these environments may well be postponing decisions about permanent headcount until after the EU referendum. Should You Consider A Junior ISA? Becoming a parent for the first time is a shock to the system in a great many ways. Lack of sleep is pretty much unavoidable. Lack of time for anything other than taking care of the baby is a hazard of being a parent. Lack of money, however, can be avoided with careful planning. Financial Planning for Children � the Cost Curve Parenthood can roughly be broken down into three stages, pre-school years, school years and post-school years. In the earliest years, children are hugely expensive and the first child most of all since all the relevant baby items such as cots, prams, pushchairs and such like have to be acquired. The school years can be a great relief to some parents since they mean a steady reduction in childcare requirements as children grow to be more independent, while still living at home. Then the post-school years arrive, when children are technically young adults but may very will still be financially dependent on their parents. This is where the expenses of parenting can quickly ramp up again, particularly if children wish to go to university and live away from home. Even if children do not wish to study at University, there is a good chance they will need some form of further training and possibly other forms of help to improve their employment situation such as driving lessons, a car and, of course, insurance. That's where Junior ISAs can come in. Essentially they allow parents (along with family and friends) to build up savings for a child, which they can only access when they reach 18. The Basics of Junior ISAs For the tax year 2016/2017 the Junior ISA allowance is �4,080. This allowance can be held in cash, in which case the interest is tax free or invested in which case the gains are generally tax free. Junior ISAs are available to UK-resident children aged under 18 and, under current rules, there is an extra boost for those aged 16 and 17 because they are old enough to open adult ISAs themselves but are still eligible to hold Junior ISAs. This could feasibly be a useful way to make a last-minute push to build funds before the child reaches legal adulthood at 18. When considering opening a Junior ISA for your child, it's important to realize that any money which goes into it stays locked away until they reach 18 (unless they become terminally ill or die). Depending on your point of view this may be an advantage, which enforces saving discipline, a disadvantage as it stops anyone from accessing the cash in case of real need or an irrelevant point. The Pros and Cons of Junior ISAs The benefits of Junior ISAs are much the same as for their adult counterparts, i.e. they are a tax efficient way of saving, however parents might wish to consider how much of a benefit this actually is. In other words, how much interest is the child likely to earn and how much other income do they have? If they're not likely to pay tax on their savings in any case, then the key benefit of a Junior ISAs is somewhat irrelevant. One feature of Junior ISAs which parents may wish to think about carefully is that on the child's 18th birthday, the money becomes theirs to do with as they please. In other words, if you're plan is for them to use the money to go to university and theirs is to use it to go travelling, then basically there's nothing you can do about it. Parents wishing to keep at least a degree of control over how the funds are used will need to look at alternative options such as trusts. The value of investments and any income from them can fall as well as rise. You may not get back the amount originally invested. HM Revenue and Customs practice and the law relating to taxation are complex and subject to individual circumstances and changes which cannot be foreseen What Do Stamp Duty Changes Mean For You? The housing market probably ranks close to the weather in terms of stereotypical conversation topics in the UK. As a change to stamp duty factor which has the potential to affect house prices, changes to stamp duty can also be widely debated. The latest comes on the back of the March 2016 budget and, in short, it means that almost anyone buying a second or subsequent property (of a value of �40K or over) for any reason will pay a 3% surcharge on stamp duty. Charities and registered social landlords are, however, exempt from this surcharge. The Three Possible Scenarios in Property Purchase 1. The buyer is a first-time buyer or someone who has already sold their previous main home and owns no other property. At the end of the purchase they will only own one property. Only the basic rate of stamp duty is payable. 2. The buyer currently owns only one property (typically as their main home). They intend to sell their current residence after they have bought a replacement. At the time of the purchase, they will own two properties and therefore the surcharge will be payable. They will, however, be entitled to a refund of the surcharge provided that their original home is sold within three calendar years of the purchase of the second property. 3. The buyer already owns at least one property and intends to keep at least one other property in addition to the one they are purchasing. At the end of the transaction they will own two or more properties. The surcharge is payable. NB: In this context the term property refers to property in England, Wales or NI. At current time, property in Scotland or elsewhere (including the EU) is ignored for the purposes of deciding whether or not the surcharge is payable. By the same token, people from outside the UK who wish to buy a single property in this country either for their own use or for investment purposes will be exempt from the surcharge. Read more here Property also means standard residential property, e.g. homes such as caravans, mobile homes and houseboats are all excluded. Some Key Points Regarding the New Surcharge Married couples and civil partners are treated as being a single unit. In other words, the surcharge is still payable even if the couple buy the two properties in different names. Similarly parents who buy property with their children while owning a home of their own will trigger the surcharge. Having said that, couples who have officially separated are treated as individuals, even if they are not actually divorced (or had the civil partnership dissolved). Those who inherited a share in a property up to 36 months prior to the purchase of another property, will be exempt from the surcharge provided that their share is a maximum of 50%. What Does The New Surcharge Mean in Practice? It remains to be seen what impact this new surcharge will have on the housing market. In simple terms only time will tell if this new surcharge will cause a reduction in the number of properties being bought as buy-to-let investments or if buy-to-let landlords will simply absorb the charges and pass them on to their tenants. For some buy-to-let landlords, it may be cost-effective to run their portfolio by means of a limited company. Some financial services providers are already adjusting their offerings in the light of this, for example by allowing mortgages to be taken out by limited companies rather than individuals. This approach, however, will depend on each individual's situation and given the effort and costs involved in setting up a limited company, it is strongly recommended to take professional advice before embarking on this course of action. Your property may be repossessed if you do not keep up repayments on your mortgage Are You Prepared For Auto-enrolment? �We're all in� and if we're not we soon will be. If the auto-enrolment scheme (which has cross-party support) succeeds in its aims, this statement will only be a slight exaggeration. Saving for retirement has become a huge issue and a combination of measures, of which auto-enrolment is one, aims to encourage people to make saving for their later years a key part of their financial planning. Starting in October 2012, larger companies have been obligated to enrol eligible employees into workplace pension schemes between then and now the auto-enrolment scheme has been extended to companies with fewer and fewer employees to the point where employers with fewer than 30 employees are now obligated to have auto-enrolment in place by April 2017. After this date there will essential be a mopping up exercise for special cases such as employers without PAYE schemes or employers who started in business on or after April 2012 Read more here. Ultimately, the aim will be to have all employers of any size participating in the scheme by 1st February 2018. Of any size means exactly that, even if you are a private individual just employing a nanny or carer, if the employee is eligible for auto-enrolment then you have a legal duty to enrol them unless they actively opt out. If you are registered as an employer than you will have received (or will soon receive) a letter from the pensions regulator advising you of your obligations and the relevant compliance dates. If you have not done so already, then it would be very advisable to check whether or not you fall under the aegis of the scheme and if so who needs to be enrolled. Ideally this should be done at least a year before your probable staging date, which at this point means as soon as possible. Around six months before your staging date, you will need to get to grips with the actual practicalities of auto-enrolment, in particular you will need to choose a scheme and look at how your processes will integrate with it. You may find that you need to update existing processes and/or software to ensure compliance with the scheme. Undertaking this exercise should also provide a clearer idea of what costs will be involved in the implementation. On the staging date itself, you will need to assess and enrol eligible employees according to their status at that time. To begin with, you will need to ensure that anyone who should legally be classed as an employee is actually recognized as having this status. Employers may wish to note that the government has previously expressed concern about people being treated as self-employed when they are essentially acting as employees. After this, you will need to check each and every member of staff against the eligibility criteria, bearing in mind that some staff will need to be put into the auto-enrolment scheme unless they specifically choose to be excluded whereas others will only need to be put into the auto-enrolment scheme if they specifically ask to be included. The relevant staff will need to be informed, in writing, of the auto-enrolment scheme and their rights and responsibilities in relation to it. Once all this is complete, employers will need to complete the declaration of compliance. After the initial round of enrolments, employers will need to ensure that changes such as new hires, promotions and significant changes to employment (e.g. part-time workers going full time and vice versa) are incorporated into the auto-enrolment scheme. In addition to this, every three years, employers will need to contact any members of staff who have opted out of auto-enrolment and either enrol them into the workplace pension scheme or (re)confirm their opt out. What Could The Brexit Mean For Your Finances? The reality of the potential Brexit is that nobody can know what it will mean in practice until it happens (if it happens). In some ways, the result of the referendum may have very little result on financial planning. Regardless of whether or not the result of the vote is to leave or to stay, mortgages will still need to be paid, retirement savings organised and healthcare managed. There are, however, some, perhaps unexpected, ways in which a Brexit could impact your finances, particularly if you travel in Europe. These issues may make little to no difference in terms of the overall economic debate since many of the issues raised will apply equally to people from the EU travelling to or otherwise working with the UK, but they may impact on the finances of particular individuals. 1 - Payment for visas At the moment the EU is technically a superstate without borders. If there is a Brexit then countries may require UK citizens to have visas to pass through their borders. Of course, these visas may be issued for free or for a nominal charge, however UK citizens would still need to be aware of the requirements for them and the need to check for them might impact on transport arrangements, e.g. the requirement to arrive at international train stations in time for checks to be undertaken. 2 � Roaming charges for mobiles/tablets In a similar vein to borderless travel, the EU has regulated charges for travellers who roamed between networks within its borders. This regulation applies to calls, texts and data and essentially aims to minimise the impact of moving across national borders. If the UK were to leave the EU then travellers could find themselves in the same situation as when travelling outside the EU at the moment. 3 � Increased cost for goods from the EU/delivering goods to the EU The EU is a free-trade area, which means that individuals and businesses can send goods (and services) across intra-regional borders without any customs duties being paid. If the UK leaves this free-trade zone then the buying and selling of goods across national borders may become subject to customs charges. In addition to the fees themselves, this may cause the shipment of physical goods to take longer and become more burdensome to the sender and/or recipient, as they may need to manage customs declarations. There may also be the complication of dealing with different sets of legal systems, rather than having one set of pan-EU rules, which, again, may add to costs. 4 � Increased cost for travel insurance At this point, travellers within the EU can access local healthcare services on the same basis as local residents. All that is required for this is an EHIC card (European Health Insurance Card). This reduces the potential liability for travel insurance companies. Again, if the UK withdraws from the EU, it may cease to be possible for travellers to make use of this system which could have an impact on the cost of travel insurance. 5 � Increased cost for using payment cards within the EU Financial institutions which issue payment cards such as Visa and Mastercard, set their own fees and charges, which reflect the costs they pay themselves. At the moment, even though the UK is outside of the Eurozone, it is part of the EU itself and therefore banking and other financial services work on the same free-market basis as other goods and services. In the event of a Brexit, this may mean increased costs for UK financial institutions when they do business in the EU, including when their payment card holders use their cards in EU countries and this may result in higher charges for using cards overseas. Budget 2016 Key Points Budget 2016 is now upon us and we can finally see the main budgetary issues for the year ahead. Here are the key points which could affect personal finances. 1 � A New Sugar Tax �Sin� taxes are nothing new with taxes on alcohol and cigarettes having been in place for years. The latest food item to go on the tax �naughty list� is sugary drinks. To be introduced in about two years, there will be two bands depending on the level of sugar in the drink. In England and Wales, the money raised will be used to provide increased funding for sport at primary-school level. The devolved governments in Scotland and NI will decide themselves how the funds raised in their respective jurisdictions will be spent. 2 � Smokers Also Feel the Pinch With a 2% increase on the price of cigarettes and 3% on the price of rolling tobacco, smoking has just become an even more expensive habit. Alcohol however escapes tax increases with freezes across the board on the duty payable on beer, wine and spirits. While the purported aim of this freeze is to help pubs, those who like a tipple of any sort. 3 - Fuel Duty Stays Frozen It has been several years since fuel duty was last raised and so the continuation of the freeze was hardly a surprise. While the biggest beneficiaries are, of course, the heaviest users of fuel, such as transport companies, fuel costs feed into the everyday expenses of people in the street too. Leaving aside the cost of motoring, fuel costs affect how much it costs to transport staple items such as food from A to B and therefore how much is costs in shops. 4 � Sharing Just Got More Attractive There are now two separate allowances (of �1K each) for micropreneurs engaged in trading and/or earning income from property, meaning that individuals could potentially make up to �2K tax-free income from occasional activities such as trading on eBay or letting out driveway space. Of course, these activities would still be subject to all relevant regulations and any local-authority restrictions. It should be noted that the definition of trading is essentially the provision of goods or services, which extends beyond simply running an online micro-business. It could, for example, feasibly cover more traditional business types such as hostess parties and other forms of direct sales. It could also make it possible for those with hobbies to earn some income from their handiwork, e.g. by opening up an etsy shop. 5 � Class 2 NICS Are Mixed At current time, the self-employed are required to pay Class 2 NICS on profits of �5,965 or over and Class 4 NICS on profits of �8,060 or over. As of April 2018, Class 2 NICS will be abolished and Class 4 NICS will be reformed, although the shape of the reform has yet to be made public. This again could be of assistance to those who have an �extra� or �side� income such as those who have a self-employed job in addition to a main job or those who only earn a small amount e.g. by working a small business alongside childcare commitments. 6 � A Premium Tax on Insurers Whether or not this is good news may depend largely on where you live. A premium tax on insurance companies will be used to pay for new flood defences and the improvement of existing ones in England. If insurance companies choose to pass on this cost to customers in the form of higher premiums, then those outside of flood-prone areas will essentially find themselves paying higher insurance costs to protect those in higher-risk areas. What Is A Relevant Life Policy And Should You Have One? A relevant life plan is an in case of death in service insurance scheme for an employee paid for by the employer. It is designed to pay out a lump sum should the employee die or be diagnosed with a terminal illness. Should a small business be looking for new high level staff it can be offered as part of a benefits package. It is best suited to Directors wishing to provide their own individual &#39death in service' benefits without having to take out a scheme for all employees and high-earning employees who&#39s &#39death in service' does not form part of their &#39lifetime allowance' (�1.25 million 2014/15) This scheme is not suited to sole traders or where this is no employee-employer relationship. Tax Benefits

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Riverside, Iowa proclaims itself to be the "official future birthplace" of what fictional captain?

Future Birthplace of James T. Kirk, Riverside, Iowa Ground Zero Kirk. A bench offers relief to those whose knees go weak. Future Birthplace of James T. Kirk Riverside, Iowa James T. Kirk, captain of the Starship Enterprise, will be born in Riverside, Iowa, on March 22, 2228. Helpful Kirk banner marks the alley that leads to his birthplace. Steve Miller, a Riverside councilman, knew this before anyone else. Steve was a Trekkie, and he read in Gene Roddenberry's book, Making of Star Trek (1968) that Kirk would be born in a small town in Iowa. The book didn't name the town. Miller thought, "Why not Riverside?" At the next council meeting (March 25, 1985) Miller proposed that Riverside declare itself the Future Birthplace of James T. Kirk. The motion passed unanimously. Riverside quickly altered its town slogan from "Where the best begins" to "Where the Trek begins," and changed its annual summer festival from River Fest to Trek Fest. Miller jabbed a stick into the ground behind the town barber shop (he owned the property) and declared that it was the future birth spot. An engraved monument was eventually placed on the spot for present (and future) fans. Later, a bench was added for contemplation along with a Shuttlecraft-shaped donation box for upkeep. Miller's inspiration became official Star Trek canon in May 2009, when Riverside was identified as Kirk's hometown in the Star Trek reboot movie. The entire town was invited to a special secret preview screening of the film, a day before its official release, in Iowa City, the nearest town with a movie theater. Star Trek fans, as finicky stewards of series factoids, sometimes wonder why the March 22, 2228 date on the Riverside monument differs from the March 22, 2233 date usually accepted as Kirk's birthday. The answer is that the 2233 date wasn't promoted until 1993, with the publication of the book, The Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. Riverside's date had been established years earlier. Take your pick which to believe, but both agree that March 22 is the day, which also happens to be William Shatner's real birthday.

James T. Kirk

Born John Chapman on Sept 27, 1774, what pioneer nurseryman spent most of his life wandering through the Midwest, planting fruit orchards?

Riverside Iowa IA | Warrant Search | Outstanding Arrest Warrants  Female Riverside Iowa IA Warrant Search If you want to search for outstanding arrest warrants in Riverside Iowa IA - the easiest and safest way would be to use an online warrant search service that will allow you to gather information from several different local and national databases and provide you with a detailed report regarding the individual's warrant status, without leaving the comfort of your home or office. If you are doing a new search on yourself, it is recommended that you use govwarrantsearch.org. This is a discreet warrant search service that will allow you to search anonymously without fear of prosecution. This is probably one of the most trusted and thorough services in the industry. With govwarrantsearch.org, you will have access to the same technology that both law enforcement and private investigators use on a daily basis. The service will compile everything about your subject in one detailed report and make for easy analysis. Having all of this information in less than a minute is as easy as filling out the form above. If you prefer the "manual" approach - You can always visit your local law enforcement office for this information. The police officer will charge you a nominal fee and provide you with a print-out of the individual's warrant record. It is not suggested to do this type of search on yourself. Obviously, the police officer will be forced to arrest you if they find that you have a Iowa IA warrant against your record. The Definition of a Warrant The simplest way to define a warrant is: a court document that commands police to take a particular action. There are several different types of warrants, but the most common are arrest warrants and search warrants. While arrest warrants command police to arrest individuals, search warrants command of the police to search specified locations. A warrant is a legal document, signed by a judge and administered by the police. The Definition of an Arrest Warrant Fortunately in the United States, Police Departments are not allowed to randomly arrest its citizens. First, a judge must sign a legal document called an arrest warrant before law enforcement can make an arrest. Arrest warrants can be issued for various reasons, but, failure to appear at court is the most common cause. Keep in mind that police officers will enter homes and places of business to incarcerate fugitives with arrest warrants on their record. How to Find Out If You Have a Warrant in Riverside Iowa IA : Whether you're searching for a warrant on yourself or others, you have a few options to get the job done. The first option is to head down to your local police department and make a warrant request. The only problem with this option is that you usually need a good reason to do a search on someone else. If you convinced the officer that you have a good reason - obtaining a warrant report will cost a nominal fee, and a bit of patience. Keep in mind that this is a low priority request, and the police officer at the front desk will often take their time with your arrest warrant search. A word of warning: this method is not suggested if you are doing an arrest warrant search on yourself. If the police determine that you have an active warrant, they will arrest you and you will not have a chance to prepare your defense. You also shouldn't use this method when checking on the status of family members or close friends as well. This is because the police will attempt to gather information about the person's whereabouts. You could even be brought into the situation if you attempt to deceive the police, as obstructing justice is a crime. The easiest and safest way to check if someone has an outstanding warrant on file is by using a public online search engine, like govwarrantsearch.org. This site will allow you to instantly investigate anyone's background using all national databases and receive the information that you need without having to go anywhere in person. You can easily gather information from many databases with a single click, and either conduct an in-state search for warrants in Riverside Iowa IA , or use the "Nationwide" option to search for warrants anywhere else in the entire United States. Aside from being quick and easy, an online search is also beneficial because of the privacy that it affords you. You can avoid putting your freedom in jeopardy by searching online. Using a public online search like govwarrantsearch.org is the recommended method for anyone that needs arrest warrant information. Bench Warrants Defined A bench warrant is placed against any individual that does not show up for a court date as scheduled. This warrant directs law enforcement to seek out this individual and place them into custody. As far as the police are concerned, an individual with a bench warrant is a fugitive at large. If you have a bench warrant against you, it is important to take care of the situation as soon as possible. Usually, local law enforcement officers are very active when it comes to serving bench warrants. It is not uncommon for the police to arrive at your home at 2 AM to take you to jail. Search Warrants Defined A search warrant is a court order document that allows a particular law enforcement agency to search a home or place of business for proof of illegal activity. Search warrants are signed by a judge and very specific in nature. Law enforcement must adhere to the verbiage of the document or risk having their evidence inadmissible in court. Search warrants have a specific expiration date and the police cannot continue to return without a new search warrant. If you are served with a search warrant, you should ask to read the warrant to ensure that the police are following the court order properly. It will detail the types of evidence that can be removed, when they are allowed to search, as well as the limitations on where law enforcement are allowed to search. While law enforcement officers are allowed to confiscate any contraband that they locate during the search (drugs, unregistered weapons, etc.), they can only remove evidence listed in the search warrant. Outstanding Warrants and Active Warrants Explained Both active warrants and outstanding warrants have the same meaning and can be used equally in the eyes of the law. With that being said, the term, "outstanding warrant" is most often used to describe warrants that are several years old. Regardless of the chosen phrase, both outstanding warrants and active warrants are court-ordered documents that allow law enforcement to arrest an individual using any means necessary. I Have Not Been Notified By The Police - Could I Still Have An Arrest Warrant On File? You should never wait on notification from the police to determine if you have an arrest warrant on file. The sad truth is that the majority of individuals arrested were unaware of a warrant on their record. Silvia Conrad experienced this first hand when a police officer randomly appeared at her place of work. She was completely unaware of a warrant placed against her, but was hauled off to jail. While it may create an embarrassing experience, the police will do whatever it takes to apprehend you. To understand why you may not be notified properly, you should look at it from the prospective of the police. It basically makes law enforcement's job much easier. The police would rather catch you off guard than prepared and ready to run. Bottom Line - Whether you have been notified or not, the police will find you and arrest you to serve their warrant. How to Avoid Being Picked Up On An Arrest Warrant Before you get your hopes up and think that you can actually live a normal life with an arrest warrant on your record, you must realize that this is an impossible venture. Even if you were capable of eluding the police for quite some time, your life would be anything but normal. The thought of a looming arrest would always be on your mind, and would force you to constantly `watch your back' for the police. Unfortunately, the sad truth is that the majority of arrest warrants get served years after the warrant is issued. "Don't Run!" is probably the best advice that one can receive. Its much better to take care of the problem as soon as possible than wait until you've gotten your life back together and find that you're being drawn back into the same old situation.. Do Arrest Warrants Expire? Regardless of the state that the warrant was filed, there is no expiration of an arrest warrant. These warrants will only go away in the case of: a) Death   General Information from wikipedia:  Riverside, Iowa Riverside is a city in rural Washington County, Iowa, United States, along the English River on Iowa Highway 22. It is part of the Iowa City, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 928 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Highland Community School District.Riverside proclaimed itself the future birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk, a fictional character from the television series Star Trek, with the agreement of Gene Roddenberry. History The settlement of Riverside was established in 1872 and incorporated in 1882. The name, suggested by a Dr. Mott, is probably a reference to the townsite's location on the English River.The Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway built a 66-mile branch from Iowa City to What Cheer via Riverside in 1879. Riverside was just west of Iowa Junction, where the lines east to Muscatine and north to Iowa City diverged. Geography Riverside is located at 41°28′55″N 91°34′36″W / 41.48194°N 91.57667°W / 41.48194; -91.57667 (41.481891, -91.576631). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 square miles (2.6 km²), all of it land. Riverside is approximately 15 miles south of Iowa City along U.S. Route 218 and 30 miles west of Muscatine on Iowa Highway 22. Riverside is on the north bank of the English River. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 928 people, 378 households, and 249 families residing in the city. The population density was 921.6 people per square mile (354.8/km²). There were 396 housing units at an average density of 393.3/sq mi (151.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.00% White, 0.54% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.43% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.32% of the population.There were 378 households out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.08.In the city the population was spread out with 27.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $41,080, and the median income for a family was $52,344. Males had a median income of $30,526 versus $26,645 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,744. About 1.2% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. Future birthplace of Captain Kirk Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, asserts in his book The Making of Star Trek that the character of James Tiberius Kirk had been born in the state of Iowa.In March 1985, when the city was looking for a theme for its annual town festival, Steve Miller, a member of the Riverside City Council who had read Roddenberry's book, suggested to the council that Riverside should proclaim itself to be the future birthplace of Kirk. Miller's motion passed unanimously. The council later wrote to Roddenberry for his permission to be designated as the official birthplace of Kirk, and Roddenberry agreed.The proclamation declaring the city the 'Official Future Birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk', signed by Gene Roddenberry, is housed, along with a 'Cigarstore Indian'-style carved wooden statue of James T. Kirk, at the Riverside Area Community Club (RACC), in a former beauty salon along Highway 22 in downtown Riverside. A large stone and plaque in the rear of the building purports to be the site of the future farmstead and birthplace of James T. Kirk, and the home of his family, in the c. 2230s. On the east end of downtown a former storefront now houses the The Voyage Home Heritage Center &amp; Star Trek Museum, a unique collection of East Central Iowa regional history; it also houses a display of Star Trek and 'Invasion Iowa' (see below) memorabilia, including Trek Fest Guests' autographed materials.Nearby, Murphy's Bar and Grill in Riverside displays a special plaque of its own in the back section of the bar. The two sites are popular with tourists during the annual Trek Fest.The city now hosts an annual Riverside Trek Fest that includes such events as a parade, carnival rides, and fireworks in the evening. The 2003 festival featured a 'Spockapalooza' battle of the bands, as well as a lawn mower 'trektor' pull. Other Trek Fests have featured minor celebrities as guests, including Grace Lee Whitney (The Original Series' Yeoman Janice Rand), and Charles Napier (The Original Series' Adam of 'The Space Hippies' of the episode 'The Way to Eden'). In 2008, the Trek Fest sponsor 'Riverside Area Community Club' invited actor Walter Koenig, to be the Fest grand marshal. Koenig portrayed The Original Series' (TOS') navigator, Ensign Pavel Chekov.The 2009 25th anniversary edition of the Riverside Trek Fest featured special guests actors George Takei (TOS' helmsman, Lt. Hikaru Sulu), Nichelle Nichols (TOS' Communications officer, Lt. Nyota Uhura), and Walter Koenig. Trek Fest's 2009 grand marshal was the aforementioned Steve Miller, returning to Riverside for the silver anniversary event.Although not considered 'canon', at least two Star Trek novels had material based in the real city of Riverside. 'Best Destiny', an immediate sequel to the events shown in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, depicted Kirk's childhood in Riverside. The novel's opening chapter depicts a pre-teen Kirk, playing with friends in fields, in rushes and river wetland along the English River. This river in real life lies along the south side of downtown Riverside, bordering the site of the annual Trek fest, and ending at the city's boundaries.Another novel, Final Frontier, not to be confused with Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, was written as a 'prequel' novel to the original series. Telling about the space adventures of James T. Kirk's father, Commander George Samuel Kirk, Sr., the opening and closing passages of the novel depict Captain Kirk, now an adult, mulling over his Starfleet career options shortly after his first five-year mission. The younger Kirk was also depicted, walking around the farmhouse owned by his family in Riverside. Its wrap-around veranda had views of both the English River and the Iowa River to the east, which mirror the site of the real 'Kirk's Birthstone' marker.The USS Riverside NCC-1818 display/float, can be seen in the city's Triangle park, from the program Google Earth at the coordinates of 41°28'48.46' N, 91°34'42.78' W. As of November 2009, the Triangle Park will become Veterans' park, complete with a regional Veterans' Memorial monument; the temporary display area of the USS Riverside is at The Voyage Home Heritage Center and Star Trek Museum nearby on Highway 22.The film Star Trek, set in an alternate reality from the main Star Trek universe, shows that Kirk was born in space and raised in Iowa. Nearby are the (fictional) Riverside Quarry, where young Jim Kirk destroys a 20th Century Chevy Corvette in an act of vandalism, and the Riverside Shipyards, identified by name by Captain Christopher Pike as the construction site of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701), and an embarkation point for Starfleet Academy recruits, including an older Jim Kirk. <i>Invasion Iowa<i>Invasion Iowa</i> During a September 28, 2004, town meeting, the city learned that its residents had become the unwitting stars of a Spike TV reality show inspired by the Kirk connection. Over a week earlier, William Shatner had arrived in the city under the guise of filming a science fiction movie called Invasion Iowa. Tags:

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What famed American architect was the leader of the Prairie School movement?

Prairie School Architecture » Frank Lloyd Wright Prairie School Architecture Purcell & Elmslie Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator. He designed more than 1,000 projects, of which more than 500 works were completed. Through much of his career, Wright promoted the concept of organic architecture. He was a leader of the Prairie School architectural movement and developed the concept of the Usonian home. His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright (1825 – 1904), was a locally admired orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer and itinerant minister. His mother was Anna Lloyd Jones (1838 – 1923), a county school teacher. When his mother was expecting him, she declared he would grow up to build beautiful buildings. She did whatever she could to encourage this aspiration. When he was an infant, she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from periodicals. When Wright was nine, she bought him a set of building blocks, known as Froebel Gifts. He spent much time playing with these geometrically-shaped blocks and assembled them in various formations. These exercises would have an effect on his approach to design, as many of his buildings are notable for their geometric clarity. Soon after Wright turned 14 his parents separated. The divorce was finalized in 1885. Originally named Frank Lincoln Wright, he changed his name after his parents’ divorce to honor his mother’s Welsh family, the Lloyd Joneses. Wright attended a Madison high school. He was admitted to the University of Wisconsin – Madison as a special student in 1886. After two semesters, Wright left the school in 1887 without earning a degree. That same year, he went to Chicago in search of employment. Because of the destructive Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and a sudden explosion in population, new development was abundant in the city. Within days, he was hired as a draftsman with the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee. Other draftsmen that also worked for Silsbee at the time included future fellow Prairie School style architect, George G. Elmslie. While Silsbee was predisposed mainly to Victorian and revivalist style architecture, Wright sought more progressive work. After less than a year there, he moved on to become an apprentice in the Adler & Sullivan firm. Sullivan took a liking to Wright and bestowed him with great design responsibilities. He soon earned a private office, which he shared with his old friend and draftsman George Elmslie – hired by Sullivan at Wright’s request.  He continued to do well and earned a 5-year contract, rising to the position of head draftsman. Also in charge of all residential design work done in Sullivan’s office, he collaborated on five houses, two of which are still standing. Wright was continuously short on funds, though his poor finances were likely due to his expensive tastes in cars and clothing. To supplement his income, he accepted independent commissions for at least nine houses, conservatively designed in variations of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. Eight of these early houses remain today. His “bootleg houses,” as he called them, had a dual effect of getting him fired and truly launching his career. Sullivan learned of Wright’s independent works in 1893 when he recognized a house that was unquestionably a Frank Lloyd Wright design. Since Wright’s contract strictly forbade outside projects, the episode led to his departure from Sullivan’s firm. Wright then established his own practice in Chicago with his old colleague Cecil Corwin, who eventually decided he did not particularly like architecture and went on in search of a new profession. With both Sullivan and Corwin gone, Wright moved into the newly completed Steinway Hall Building in 1894. The space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, Dwight H. Perkins, and Perkins’ apprentice Marion Mahony. These young architects, inspired by the philosophies of Louis Sullivan and the Arts and Crafts Movement, formed what would eventually become known as the Prairie School. Mahony was the first licensed female architect in the United States. She also designed furniture, leaded glass windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright’s houses. Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright’s future employees launched their careers at Steinway Hall. Wright’s projects during this period were either Sullivanesque in decoration with Wright’s usual emphasis on simple geometry and horizontal lines, or more traditional dwellings in Dutch Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Queen Anne styles. As an emerging architect, Wright could not afford to turn down a project over disagreements in artistic preference, but even his most conservative designs retained scattered Sullivan inspired details. By 1901, Wright had completed about 50 projects, including many houses in Oak Park. Between 1900 and 1901, Frank Lloyd Wright truly honed the Prairie School Style and heralded its appeal. During this time, he completed four houses which are now considered the first of the Prairie style. Simultaneously, he distributed his new ideas for the American house through two publications in the Ladies’ Home Journal. The articles were in response to an invitation from Curtis Publishing Company President Edward Bok as part of a project to improve modern house design. “A Home in a Prairie Town” was published in the February 1901 edition and “A Small House with Lots of Room in it” appeared in the July issue of the same year. Although neither of the house plans were ever constructed, more people requested similar designs in the years to come. Wright’s designs were “Prairie Houses” because their horizontal lines were intended to complement the land around Chicago. These houses were typically low buildings with gently sloping roofs, clean outlines, and built using unfinished materials. Plans for these homes were custom made to integrate with the existing landscape on their lots, as opposed to trying to change the land to suit the dwelling. The interiors of Wright’s Prairie School style homes were just as different from traditional styles as their exteriors were. These houses are the first examples of the “open plan,” which developed out of necessity at the turn of the 20th century when servants began to disappear from most American households. By developing homes with more open plans, the woman of the house could be cooking or cleaning in the kitchen, while still keeping track of the children or guests in the next room. In fact, much of modern architecture can be traced back to Wright’s innovative work. Beyond the manipulation of space, Wright concerned himself with organic architecture down to the smallest details of his designs. Whether it was a large commercial project to a relatively modest house, Wright conceived basically every detail of a project’s design, internally and externally. His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated interior design elements that are repeated in windows, carpets, furniture, doors, tables, chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design. Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the very first electric floor lamps and then-novel spherical glass lampshades. He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks, glass bricks and zinc cames for his leadlight windows. As Wright’s career progressed, so did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture. Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. During the later 1920s and 1930s Wright’s Organic style had fully matured with the design of the Graycliff Estate, Taliesin West, and the legendary Fallingwater. One of Wright’s most famous private residences, Fallingwater was completed in 1937 for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr., at Bear Run, Pennsylvania. To place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, Wright designed it with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, with limestone used for all vertical structures and concrete for the horizontals. Taliesin West, Wright’s winter home and studio complex in Scottsdale, Arizona, was a laboratory of sorts for Wright from 1937 to his death in 1959. Now the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and archives, it continues today as the site of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture. In addition to helping invent the Prairie School style of architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright single-handedly created a building philosophy known as Usonian. Usonian is a term that usually refers to a series of approximately sixty middle-income family homes designed by Frank Lloyd Wright beginning in 1936. Usonian Homes were typically small, single-story dwellings without a garage or much storage, and often L-shaped to fit around a garden terrace on odd lots. They were constructed native materials, flat roofs and large overhangs for passive solar heating and natural cooling, lots of windows for natural lighting, and radiant-floor heating. The Usonian design is considered among the aesthetic origins of the popular “ranch” tract home popular in the American west of the 1950s. Frank Lloyd Wright was interested in site and community planning throughout his career. He had 41 commissions on the scale of community planning or urban design. Wright is also responsible for a series of concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City.  His commissions and theories on urban design began as early as 1900 and continued until his death. Wright authored 20 books and many articles, but his colorful personal life often resulted in his name being in the headlines rather than the bylines. He was also a popular lecturer in both the United States and in Europe. Frank Lloyd Wright died on April 9, 1959 while undergoing surgery in Phoenix, Arizona to remove an intestinal obstruction. Late in his life and for a long time after his death, Wright received much honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received Gold Medal awards from The Royal Institute of British Architects in 1941 and the American Institute of Architects in 1949. He was awarded the Franklin Institute’s Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities, including the University of Wisconsin, and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. He was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as “the greatest American architect of all time”. In 2000, Fallingwater was named “The Building of the 20th century” in an unscientific “Top-Ten” poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia. Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times and fathered seven children, four sons and three daughters, and one adopted daughter. His interest and success in architecture has seemingly been inherited by his progeny. His son, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., went on to become a notable architect in Los Angeles. Eric Lloyd Wright, Wright Jr.’s son and Wright Sr.’s grandson, is currently an architect in Malibu, California. John Lloyd Wright, another son and architect who practiced extensively in the San Diego Area, invented Lincoln Logs in 1918. John’s daughter, Elizabeth Wright Ingraham, is currently an architect in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Her daughters are Christine, an interior designer in Connecticut, and Catherine, an architecture professor at the Pratt Institute. A great-granddaughter of Wright, Melissa Galt, currently lives and works in Atlanta as an interior designer. A great-grandson of Wright, S. Lloyd Natof, currently lives and works in Chicago as a master woodworker who specializes in t custom wood furniture. Frank Lloyd Wright Quotes “No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live together each the happier for the other.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright “Organic architecture seeks superior sense of use and a finer sense of comfort, expressed in organic simplicity.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright “The architect should strive continually to simplify; the ensemble of the rooms should then be carefully considered that comfort and utility may go hand in hand with beauty.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright “True ornament is not a matter of prettifying externals. It is organic with the structure it adorns, whether a person, a building, or a park.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright “Form follows function-that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright “Every great architect is – necessarily – a great poet. He must be a great original interpreter of his time, his day, his age.” ~ Frank Lloyd Wright E.S. Hoyt House Historical Significance: National Recognition: o   The E.S. Hoyt House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and is logged as item number: 75000981 and record number: 369042 A "Must See" on Architectural Tours: o   Minneapolis Institute of Arts Architectural Tour o   Red Wing Walking Tour of Historic Places o   Red Wing Trolley Tour  Featured in these Publications: o   "At Home on the Prairie - The Houses of Purcell and Elmslie" by Dixie Legler and Christian Korab o   "Prairie Style - Houses and Gardens by Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School" by Dixie Legler and Christian Korab o   "Minnesota" by Greg Breining - Photography by Paul Chesley Archived History of the E.S. Hoyt House in the Northwest Architectural Archives at the University of Minnesota: o   Original Blueprints on Linen o   Parabiographies by William Gray Purcell that discuss his recollection of the home in great detail o   Original negatives and photographs of the home under construction o   Sketches of the home, windows, and fireplace mosaic

Frank Lloyd Wright

Dying of kidney failure on Sept 28, 1914, which business magnate partnered with Alvah Roebuck to found a still existing department store?

Frank Lloyd Wright: Biography of American Architect • For a general guide, see: American Architecture (1600-present). • For tower design, see: Skyscraper Architecture (1850-present). RARE BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE If you are looking for a source of rare or secondhand books on Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie House domestic building designs, see: Rare Art Books . Biography Described by the AIA in 1991, as the greatest of all American architects , Frank Lloyd Wright was a multi-talented architect, interior designer, engineer and writer, who championed what he called "organic architecture". This organic approach to design - inspired by American colonial art as well as rustic 19th century architecture - assigned the highest priority to creating harmony within and between the different parts of a building, and between the building and its surroundings. Influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, this approach also paid the closest attention to craftsmanship and the use of natural, local materials. Two of Wright's best-known examples of organic design are Robie House, Chicago (1908-10), and the utopian site-specific Fallingwater (1936-37), a holiday home at Bear Run, Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright was the leading figure in the "Prairie School", a highly influential style of residential suburban architecture, which introduced new spatial and lighting concepts. Later in his career, he developed a more modest type of family residence, known as the Usonian house. Wright also produced numerous masterpieces of commercial 20th century architecture , notably Unity Temple (1905-8), the Unitarian church in Oak Park; The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1915-22); the Johnson Wax Administration Building (1936-39) Racine, Wisconsin; Price Tower (1955), the concrete and copper skyscraper in Oklahoma; and the futuristic Guggenheim Museum, New York (1956-9). His contribution to American art featured designs for more than 1,000 buildings, including houses, churches, schools, offices, hotels, and museums, as well as several unique skyscrapers. Unlike many other architects, Wright also designed many of the fixtures and fittings in his buildings, such as the stained glass and the furniture. He was also a skilled lecturer in both America and Europe, and wrote more than 20 books. But Wright also attracted controversy, not least for his numerous marriages, extramarital relationships, bankruptcy, and the devastating environmental effects of his suburban designs, as well as the lurid 1914 murder of his mistress and six others, in his Taliesin studio in Wisconsin.     How Frank Lloyd Wright Changed Architecture Wright's architecture is marked by a richness of conception, unity of expression and fertility of invention that acknowledges the fundamental laws of design while drawing strength and inspiration from a profound respect for American traditions, landscapes and native materials. In addition, his designs destroyed once and for all our age-old idea of interior space - that a room was the space enclosed by four walls - by creating interiors that were "defined" rather than strictly "enclosed". By this means the measurable values that had previously characterized interior space gave way to a space whose perimeters were no longer "absolute", but relative to the ever-changing position of the viewer. As a result, the space seems, psychologically, much larger, more restful and more varied than its actual dimensions would suggest, with the result that a comparatively small house or office not only appears much bigger than it is but also serves a greater number of functions. For these reasons, architecture since Wright has been different from before, a fact that secures his position as America's greatest designer and one of the leading architects of all time. In addition, no matter how large or small the building, Wright supervised almost every detail of the exterior and interior design. As to the latter, for instance, he designed a huge range of different furniture, carpets, unusual glass windows, and lights, and was one of the first architects in America to design and supply purpose-built furniture and fittings. He was also highly innovative in his use of new building materials, including precast concrete blocks, glass bricks, zinc rather than lead cames for his windows, as well as novel glass lampshades.   Architectural Apprenticeship Born Frank Lincoln Wright in the rural community of Richland Center, Wisconsin, Wright changed his middle name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honour of his mother's family, following the divorce of his parents in 1885. While working summers on his uncle's farm he acquired his deep respect for nature, natural materials and the agrarian way of life. He never attended architecture school, learning instead by apprenticeship with architectural firms in Chicago: first with J.L. Silsbee, who specialized in revivalist Gothic architecture and other Victorian styles; then for nearly six years with Adler & Sullivan, after which he entered private practice in 1893. His subsequent career, primarily devoted to residential architecture, divides into three periods of approximately 25 years each. For details of European designers active at the turn of the century, see: Joseph Olbrich (1867-1908); Victor Horta (1861-1947); Hector Guimard (1867-1942) and Peter Behrens (1868-1940). First Period (c.1890-1914): Prairie School Architecture The first period, reaching maturity in 1900 and continuing until World War I, was characterized by the so-called Prairie house. These long, low buildings, with broadly overhanging low-pitched roofs and often without an attic or basement, integrated comfortably into the flat prairie landscape on the outskirts of Chicago, their rows of casement windows and extended wall surfaces emphasizing the horizontal dimension and thus helping create a powerful and restful sense of repose. Materials were of the region, the woodwork being neither planed nor painted, only stained against the weather. The new Prairie design - for which Wright borrowed a number of ideas from Japanese art and architecture - created a connection between the house's inside and outside, that was unknown to western architecture. Wright's first successful house design was for William H. Winslow House (1893) in River Forest, Illinois. This attracted the attention of Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912), former pupil of William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) and the most influential architect in Chicago, who tried and failed to headhunt Wright as principal designer for Burnham and Root, offering a 4-year education at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, as a sweetener. Other examples of Wright's pre-Prairie House architecture included: Heller House (1896) and Rollin Furbeck House (1897). These were followed by the first mature examples of the new style - the Ward Willits House (1901), Highland Park, Illinois; the Darwin D. Martin House (1904), Buffalo; the Edwin H. Cheney House (1904), Oak Park, Illinois; the Frederick C. Robie House (1910), Chicago; and the Avery Coonley House (1908), Riverside, Illinois - a design progression that moved increasingly toward greater abstraction. In addition, he also designed more traditional homes for his more conservative clients. These included: These included Bagley House (1894), a Dutch Colonial Revival style residence; Moore House I (1895), a Tudor Revival style house; and Charles Roberts House (1896), a Queen Anne style residence. Near the end of this period Wright built Taliesin, his own home and studio, at Spring Green, Wisconsin. In non-domestic Prairie architecture, he strove for greater monumentality while inventing powerful yet beautifully integrated forms that expressed the diverse functional parts of the building: the Larkin Administration Building (1904), Buffalo; and Unity Temple (1908), Oak Park, Illinois, being the best-known examples. Unity Temple, the most abstract and block-like of Wright's early designs, is thought to have been inspired by Wright's childhood use of Froebel kindergarten toys, which could be assembled to form three-dimensional shapes. Wright did not work in isolation but was at the head of a vital and highly creative movement known as the Prairie School. It included Robert C. Spencer, Jr, Myron Hunt, Dwight H. Perkins, and Marion Mahony, who also designed leaded glass windows, light fixtures and furniture for Wright's houses. These were the years of the Arts and Crafts movement and Craftsman and Mission furniture, as well as the California bungalow, all of which were interrelated with the Prairie School and, like it, succumbed to the new wave of conservatism and revivalism that followed World War I. However, a number of Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural principles had a significant influence on Europrean architects, including Le Corbusier (1887-1965) as well as designers at the Bauhaus Design School , founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Weimar. Second Period (c.1914-35): Experimentation, Textile Block Houses During Wright's second period - which began with the tragic axe murders of his mistress Mamah Cheney, her children and four others, at Taliesin, which was then destroyed by fire and lasted until the mid-1930s - he executed few commissions apart from the Imperial Hotel (1915-22), Tokyo, which he had designed before the war. These years, however, proved immensely inventive as he explored and developed a whole new grammar of architectural forms and structures based on geometric shapes other than the square and rectangle: acute and obtuse angles, octagons, hexagons, circles and arcs. Among his experiments were the "textile block houses" he designed and built during the 1920s, on the hills of Los Angeles. Inspired in part by Pre-Columbian art , these structures used precast concrete blocks with a patterned, exterior surface, decorated with geometric motifs and joined to one another using steel attachments. Designed so as to be well protected from the outside heat, with internal shaded patios and areas of water, well-known examples include the Alice Millard House, Pasadena; the John Storer House, West Hollywood; the Samuel Freeman House, Hollywood; and the Ennis House in the Griffith Park area of Los Angeles. This period of experimentation provided him with an entirely new vocabulary that he exploited during the final quarter century before his death in 1959, the spiral Guggenheim Museum (1943-59), New York, being the best known example. The 1920s and early 1930s saw him turn increasingly to the written word, and in 1932, at the age of 65, he published An Autobiography, which, along with his other articles, books and lectures, introduced a new, nationwide audience to his ideas and brought him an increasing number of clients and commissions. That same year he founded the Taliesin Fellowship for training young architects. Third Period (c.1936-59) Johnson Wax Building, Usonian House, Fallingwater, Price Tower, Guggenheim Wright's third great period began in 1936 with three stunningly different designs - Fallingwater (1936); the Johnson Wax Administration Building and Research Tower (1936, 1944), Racine, Wisconsin; and the Paul R. Hanna House (1936), Stanford, California. Usonian House He also returned to the problem of the small, single-family house, and, while incorporating all of the spatial ideas originally invented for the Prairie house, he produced a much more modest type known as the Usonian house, a name derived from "United States of North America." Usonian houses were flat-roofed structures, without attic or basement, built on gridded concrete slabs. Typically, they featured sandwich walls with wood siding and plywood cores, and small kitchens ("workspaces") adjoining the dining area. Living areas featured built-in seating and tables, and the focus (as in Prairie Houses) was the fireplace. Wright built dozens of different types of Usonian house, beginning in the mid-1930s. An early prototype is the Malcolm Willey House, Minneapolis (1934), but the Usonian ideal reached maturity in the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House, Madison, Wisconsin (1937). Later versions included the Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (1941), and the Hanna-Honeycomb House (1937) in Palo Alto. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The New York Guggenheim Museum (1959), one of Frank Lloyd Wright's most famous piece of architecture took 16 years to finish (1943–1959), and sparked a huge debate as to whether art museums should merely present artworks or constitute a work of art in their own right. The building's unique spiral layout was intended to allow visitors uninterrupted viewing of the museum's chronological collection of abstract art , by strolling down the circular ramp. Unfortunately, some temporary displays are currently designed to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway! The illusionist exterior of the museum features a widening concrete coil which appears to grow larger with height, and bulges restlessly, which only adds to the impression that the building is somehow alive. Price Tower One of two important skyscrapers designed by Frank Lloyd Wright - the other is the Johnson Wax Research Tower in Racine - the 19-story Price Tower (1956) was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. Wright was one of the few skyscraper architects to reject the minimalism and rectilinear geometry of the Modernist style, and so produced a uniquely faceted design for this concrete and copper building. In addition, the tower featured a new structural system which employed a reinforced concrete and a core system of cantilevering that permitted a more flexible layout of floor space and an exterior which was quite different from the square or rectangular modernist box. Wright was so dismissive of the " International Style ", championed by Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) and the Second Chicago School of architecture , including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , that he nicknamed the latter's owners Louis Skidmore, Nathaniel Owings and John Merrill "three blind mies!" Awards During his long career, Wright received numerous honours and awards for his pioneering designwork. They included Gold Medal awards from both The American Institute of Architects (1949) and The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1941. He was also awarded the Franklin Institute's Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. In 2000, in an informal poll at the AIA convention in Philadelphia, Fallingwater, his famous Prairie house, was named "Building of the 20th century". In the poll, Wright featured alongside many of the USA's top architects including Eero Saarinen (1910-61), I.M. Pei (b.1917), Louis Kahn (1901-74), Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969), but was the only architect with more than one building on the list. The other Wright buildings cited were the Guggenheim Museum, the Robie House and the Johnson Wax Building. Now regarded as one of the greatest architects of the modern era, Wright's unique contribution to modern art consists of his revolutionary 'open-plan' design for houses, combined with his use of natural resources - features which have become the basis of 20th century residential architecture around the world. He set a clear example to his contemporaries, who were perhaps overly impressed with European design styles, that American traditions were more than capable of supplying innovative solutions in the field of domestic and public architecture. Other Famous American Architects

i don't know

Winning all 13 tricks in a hand of Contract Bridge is known as what?

How to Play Bridge | HowStuffWorks How to Play Bridge NEXT PAGENEXT   Contract Bridge took off as an international rage in the 1930s and is considered today by many to be the ultimate card game. Even those who have been playing for decades still find room to learn. In this article, we will cover the basics of Contract Bridge, including bidding, playing, and scorekeeping. After you understand the rules for Contract Bridge, you can learn some of the variations like Auction Bridge, Honeymoon Bridge, Reverse Bridge, and Three-Handed Bridge. Let's begin with the rules of bidding in Contract Bridge: Number of players: Four, playing as two pairs, with partners facing each other. Tradition refers to the pairs as North-South and East-West. Object: Following an auction, to score points by taking tricks during the play and to eventually win a rubber of two games. The cards: Each deal requires a regular 52-card deck. It's customary to keep a second pack ready for the next hand. To play: After all the cards have been dealt out, dealer begins the auction (also called the bidding). When the bidding is over, the play of the hand starts. The play comprises 13 tricks in all. Understanding the bidding: Most games with auctions or bids use a brief and simple procedure. Bridge is special in allowing players to have a creative and complex auction. In the diagrammed deal, West deals and passes, and North opens the bidding 1 . . This is a bid to take 12 out of the 13 tricks on the hand, which South expects to happen. The next three players all pass. South, the first to bid s for the winning bidders, becomes declarer at a contract of 6. In Bridge, players on both sides bid for their side's right to choose the trump suit or to play the hand at NT (no-trump). The dealer starts the bidding. A bid is a number 1-7 plus a suit ( , , , , or NT). The number, added to six, indicates how many tricks your side is to take with the suit bid as trumps. Each time it's your turn, you may bid or pass (make no bid). Simply put, if you can manage to win the bid at a suit in which your side has more cards than the other side has, it will greatly help in winning tricks. Useful Bridge Terms Undertricks: number of tricks the declaring side falls short of the contract Void: no cards in a suit Vulnerable: a side that has won a game in a rubber For a complete listing of card terminology, click here . The lowest bid, 1 , is a contract your side would fulfill by taking at least 7 tricks with clubs as trumps. Similarly, 1 indicates 7 tricks with diamonds as trumps; 3 means 9 tricks with diamonds as trumps; 3 NT means 9 tricks with no suit as trumps. The bidding can start with any opening bid. During the auction, players in turn may pass or bid (or in frequent cases, may double or redouble). Each new bid must be higher than the previous bid. The new bid may be in a higher-ranking suit without increasing the number of tricks: s rank lowest, followed by , , , and NT. The easiest way to remember the suit ranking is that the four suits rank alphabetically, and NT ranks the highest of all. (In Bridge, s and s are called majors; s and s are called minors). Or, if you go to a higher number of tricks, you can bid in any suit or NT. The auction ends as soon as three players in a row pass. The last bid becomes the final contract. Whichever partner first bid the winning trump suit is called the declarer. (In the hand above, South becomes the declarer because he bid s before North). By the way, don't let any other player see your cards during the auction. Double and redouble: If your opponent has made the most recent bid, at your turn you may double (just say the word "double"). This means you double the stakes, i.e., if you make your contract, you win double the number of points -- your risk is also correspondingly greater. Either opponent can then redouble. Three passes end every auction, so it's quite possible for the final contract to be doubled or redoubled, increasing the score. Bidding Strategies: When you are first learning to play bridge, determining what to bid can be confusing. As you continue to play, you will quickly learn that making an intelligent bid is key to winning the game. It will take a lot of practice to understand all the nuances of bidding, and we won't get into any of the fine points here -- whole books have been written about bidding strategies!  However, to help you get started, here are some basic guidelines to help you develop your bidding skills. Arrange your hand according to suit. Now assign points to your cards in the following way: Aces, 4 points; kings, 3 points; queens, 2 points; jacks, 1 point; singleton (only one card in a suit), 1 point; void (no cards in a suit), 2 points. Add up your points. Now look at your cards to determine which is your strongest suit. To bid a suit as trump, you'll want to have 4-5 of the suit with a minimum of 1-2 high cards. If you have 16-18 points and a fairly even distribution of cards in each suit, you may consider bidding no trump. The general rule of thumb is to open a bid (to bid first on your team) only if you have 13 or more points. Of course, it's a different story if your partner has already bid because he is signaling to you that he already has sufficient points to open. In that case he is asking you if you can support his suit or if you have another suit you'd like to introduce. In answering your partner's opening bid, you should have at least 6-8 points to support his suit and 8-10 if you're introducing a new suit. On the other hand, if your partner has passed and you don't have 13 points, it may be wise for you to pass as well. As you and your partner bid back and forth, try to ascertain how many points you have as a team. For instance, if you believe that your partner's points and your points combine to total 28 or more, you should have enough to take a bid of 4. For a bid of 6, 33 points should suffice, and for a bid of 7 (a "grand slam"), you should have 36 points between you. There are numerous other point-counting conventions, but these cover some of the essentials. Of course, every rule has some exceptions, and you must also pay attention to your opponents' bidding. You may find that they're bidding a suit that is particularly strong in your hand. Then you have to decide, based on what your partner has bid and your own points, whether it would be a better strategy to allow your opponents' bid to go through and try to set them or try to win the contract yourself and thus earn game points. Now that you understand the rules and strategies for the auction portion of Contract Bridge, you're ready to read about playing the hand. Up Next

Grand Slam

What poet lamented "Water, water, everywhere, Nor any a drop to drink" in a 1789 poem?

Grand Slam Force Terms Grand slam force The Grand Slam Force is a bidding convention in contract bridge that was developed by Ely Culbertson in 1936. It is intended to be used in cases where the combined hands of a partnership are so strong that a slam (winning at least 12 tricks) is a near-certainty and a grand slam (winning all 13 tricks) is a possibility. It allows one partner to gain information on the quality of trumps in the other partner's hand. When this convention is in force, a bid of 5NT (No Trump), when it does not conflict with other conventions used by that partnership (e.g., a 5NT Blackwood bid), is forcing to slam in the suit last bid, unless the trump suit has already been agreed on earlier in the auction. The partner of the 5NT bidder bids as follows: 6 of the agreed trump suit if holding one of the top three trump honors (e.g., the ace) 7 of the agreed trump suit if holding two of the top three trump honors (e.g., the king and queen) For example, if a partnership is using the Grand Slam Force and one member bids 1♥ and his or her partner bids 5NT, it is implied that hearts are the desired trump suit. The original bidder will sign off with 6♥ with one of the top three heart honors, and bid 7♥ with two of the top three heart honors. As with all bidding systems, the Grand Slam Force has its limitations. Also, numerous variations on this convention have been developed.

i don't know

What bird breed was used by coal miners to detect the presence of toxic gases in the mines?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1986: Coal mine canaries made redundant About This Site | Text Only 1986: Coal mine canaries made redundant More than 200 canary birds are being phased out of Britain's mining pits, according to new plans by the government. Modern technology is being favoured over the long-serving yellow feathered friend of the miner in detecting harmful gases which may be present underground. New electronic detectors will replace the bird because they are said to be cheaper in the long run and more effective in indicating the presence of pollutants in the air otherwise unnoticed by miners. The gas detectors will be hand-held and carry a digital reading which appears on a screen alerting miners to the extent of the gases. The birds' replacement will be introduced gradually next year. Miners are said to be saddened by the latest set of redundancies in their industry but do not intend to dispute the decision. The removal of the canaries will end a mining tradition in Britain dating back to 1911, since when two canaries have been employed by each pit. Signs of distress They are so ingrained in the culture miners report whistling to the birds and coaxing them as they worked, treating them as pets. The canary is particularly sensitive to toxic gases such as carbon monoxide which is colourless, odourless and tasteless. This gas could easily form underground during a mine fire or after an explosion. Following a mine fire or explosion, mine rescuers would descend into the mine, carrying a canary in a small wooden or metal cage. Any sign of distress from the canary was a clear signal the conditions underground were unsafe and miners should be evacuated from the pit and the mineshafts made safer.

Canary

What can be a condiment, a gas, or a Colonel?

canary in a coal mine meaning canary in a coal mine meaning What Does It Mean to be a "Canary in a Coal Mine"? To be a canary in a coal mine is to serve as a warning to others. The term got its start when miners actually used canaries to... canary in a coal mine - Wiktionary Mar 31, 2013 · Something whose sensitivity to adverse conditions makes it a useful early indicator of such conditions; something which warns of the coming of greater ... canary in the coal mine - Community Dictionary canary in the coal mine - someone or something used to indicate when a situation might be turning dangerous; derived from when coal miners would take a canary down ... Re: Canary in a coal mine - The meanings and origins of sayings ... Re: Canary in a coal mine. Posted by ESC on September 14, 2001. In Reply to: Re: Canary in a coalmine posted by Rita on September 13, 2001: : Can someone tell … To act like the canary in the coal mine - Idiom - WordReference … 13 replies from December 2006 to December 2010 I suppose "to act like a canary in a coal mine" might mean to be the person who ventures first into a dangerous situation as a test case. Here's an example: ... canary in a coal mine | definition by Idiom Quest Definition of canary in a coal mine from the idiom database. Study examples of the expression canary in a coal mine. Translate the meaning of the phrase canary in a ... Urban Dictionary: canary in the coal mine 1. canary in a coal mine. The thankless task of being the first one to take a hit, from the practice of coal miners of bringing down a caged canary to see if there's ... What does canary in a coal mine mean? Definition of canary in a coal mine in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of canary in a coal mine. What does canary in a coal mine mean? Information and ... the canary in the coal mine - WordReference Forums 9 replies from February 2008 to July 2009 Hi, I'm having a hard time with this meaning of the figure of speech (the parts i don ... A long time ago, coal-miners used to take canaries down the mine. If the ... canary in a coal mine - definition and meaning An allusion to caged canaries mining workers would carry down into the tunnels with them. If dangerous gases such as methane or carbon monoxide leaked into the mine ... -Canary In A Coal Mine – Scribbles and Scratches from the Road  · We would like to show you a description here, but the site you’re looking at won't allow us. Canary in a coal mine - Idiom Definition - UsingEnglish.com Definition of 'Canary in a coal mine' from our dictionary of English idioms and idiomatic expressions "Canary in the coal mine?" mean? - Yahoo! Answers 完整问题 6 条留言 · 共 5 条回答 Oct 13, 2008 · Best Answer: Canaries were carried into the coal mines years ago because of the "coal gas" that can be present. Canaries … Urban Dictionary: canary in coal mine - Urban Dictionary, May 9 ... (NOUN) An idiom that's a 21st Century update of the old canard "canaries in a coal mine"; describes the warning signs given when seeing filthy carp... What does canary in a coal mine mean? | ChaCha Apr 08, 2013 · What does canary in a coal mine mean? ChaCha Answer: Miners brought the birds in cages with them. As long as the canary in a coal min... What does the phrase "the canary in the coalmine" … 最佳答案 10 条留言 · 共 9 条回答 Feb 02, 2009 · Today it's used to mean the conclusive proof that something bad is going to happen. 4 years ago; ... Now take a look at this - Canary in a Coal Mine Canary In A Coalmine Lyric Meaning - The Police Meanings Canary In A Coalmine meanings. ... In the olden days, miners who went deep into coal shafts used to carry a golden canary with them into the chambers below. Grammarly Answers | What is the meaning and origin of 'canary … What is the meaning and origin of 'canary in a coal mine'? What does the expression "Canary in a Coal Mine" mean? What's the Canary in a Coal Mine Expression Really Mean? What does the phrase,'canary in the coalmine' … 最佳答案 9 条留言 · 共 8 条回答 Jun 15, 2007 · Best Answer: The phrase living like a canary in a coal mine often refers to serving as a warning to others Life for an actual canary in a coal mine … What does the phrase 'canary in the coal mine' mean? | ChaCha Aug 10, 2012 · What does the phrase 'canary in the coal mine' mean? ChaCha Answer: Life for an actual canary in a coal mine could be described in th... Canary in a Coal Mine: What Does It Mean - Pet Birds, … The saying "Canary in a coal mine" came from back when canaries used to help out coal miners, sometimes even giving their lives! Canary in a coal mine: (phrase ... POLICE - CANARY IN A COALMINE LYRICS Canary in a coalmine. Send "Canary In A Coalmine" Ringtone to your Cell. ... Add Song Meaning. Zenyatta Mondatta Tracklist. 1: Behind My Camel: 2: Bombs Away: 3 ... What is a coal mine canary - The Q&A wiki The phrase of a "canary in a coal mine" refers to an early. ... What does that red line at the top of you tube browser mean? In: Entertainment & Arts. Answer it! Canary in a coal mine | Idiomatic Expressions A score of 5 would mean you hear or read the expression about as often as other expressions. Language software. Home. Canary in a coal mine. What does the term "the canary in the mine" … 最佳答案 10 条留言 · 共 9 条回答 Nov 26, 2007 · What does the term "the canary in the mine" mean? (USA?)? 6 years ago; Report Abuse; by Adze ... The actual canary in a coal mine … Canary In A Coal Mine Idiom American Expressions and … Canary In A Coal Mine Idiom American Expressions and English Idioms - What does Canary In A Coal Mine Idiom mean? What does a canary in a coal mine mean? - … 最佳答案 6 条留言 · 共 5 条回答 Oct 06, 2008 · Best Answer: Long ago miners took a caged canary down into the mine. If the air was good, the canary lived if the air was toxic with gases, the canary … canary in a coal mine - Everything2.com Today, 'canary in a coal mine' is an idiom used to describe something that gives a warning, usually to its own detriment, ... dampf, meaning vapor. Blackdamp; Re: Canary in a coal mine - The meanings and origins of sayings ... Re: Canary in a coal mine. Posted by Taffy Jones on November 27, 2001. In Reply to: Canary in a coal mine posted by JM Goethals on November 27, 2001 Is Japan the canary in the coal mine? - MarketWatch  · 6 天前 Is Japan the canary in the coal mine? 0 Comments. Tweet. new. Portfolio Relevance. LEARN MORE. ... interest rates will as well; meaning bond values will drop, ... The Official Site of The North East PA Miners Meaning of the phrase "Canary in a coal mine" Gases in Coal Mining Pictures of Canaries in the Coal Mines The most famous canary is Tweety Bird of Looney Tune … Domestic Canary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Etymology  · Use in research  · Trivia The phrase "canary in a coal mine" is frequently used to refer to a person or thing which serves as an early warning of a coming crisis. By analogy, ... The New Canary in the Coal Mine | It's Our Environment ... the term of the “canary in the coal mine. ... Our myth, if her voices highest, its mean their hope rainfall. But after that the snakes can eat them. Canary in the coal mine - The Carillon | University of Regina ... ... or to change its meaning and guidelines, ... the canary in the coal mine can be best understood as a warning that other freedoms and rights of citizens are in ... Canary in a coal mine - My China Connection | My China … 更多中文解释请点粗体字, 由 iciba.com 提供. The idiom “canary in a coal mine” originated in the nineteenth century. To avoid noxious fumes such as ... NBC Alarmism: Could Penguins Be 'Canary in the Coal Mine' of ... Genevois agreed: "Yeah, I mean that could be the canary in the coal mine, exactly." ... SANDERS: Is that a canary in the coal mine for us as humans? GENEVOIS: ... Canary in a Coal Mine I suppose most people have heard the phrase "canary in a coal mine." The phrase refers back to a practice used by coal miners until well into the 20th century. Pet Sayings: Canary in a coal mine | Tails Of The City | an … Jul 27, 2008 · The expression, “canary in a coal mine” is now used to mean an early indicator or harbinger of the future. (As in, ... what does the proverb canary in a coal mine mean - Ask Community Canary in a coal mine refers to trouble up ahead. The canary in the proverb is the warning entity for others. This saying was created by miners to detect methane and ... A Canary In Real Estate's Coal Mine - Seeking Alpha  ·  · 12 天前 ... however, it remains, at a minimum, a canary in the real estate market's coal mine. ... it does mean that real-estate-focused investors should be more vigilant and ... CANARY IN A COALMINE Lyrics - POLICE First to fall over when the atmosphere is less than perfect Your sensibilities are shaken by the slightest defect You live you life like a canary in a coalmine You ... where does the term "canary in a coal mine" come from? Askville Question: where does the term "canary in a coal mine" come from? : Science Coal Mine Canaries: God bless the coal mine canaries Jan 10, 2012 · I always said that my friend was a canary in a coal mine. Meaning that, she is exposed to chemicals like PineSol or pesticides on her salad, ... Canary In A Coal Mine - Rochester, NY - Public Figure | Facebook Canary In A Coal Mine, Rochester, NY. 147 likes · 1 talking about this. Canary in a Coal Mine | Anna Vogelzang I said, 'it must be my foreign blood, I mean, I'm Dutch, I think that they are known for bad behavior, ... would you sing out like a canary in a coal mine? Canaries in the Coal Mines - We're Dedicated to helping your … How Canaries Saved the Lives of Coal Miners: One of coal mining’s earliest systems for warning of the presence of methane gas, the canary in the coal mine, Welcome: A Canary In A Coal Mine Sep 17, 2011 · What Does It Mean to be a "Canary in a Coal Mine"? ... Life for an actual canary in a coal mine could be described in three words ® … the canary in the coal mine - WordReference Forums 9 replies from February 2008 to July 2009 Hi, I'm having a hard time with this meaning of the figure of speech (the parts i don ... A long time ago, coal-miners used to take canaries down the mine. If the ... canary in a coal mine - definition and meaning An allusion to caged canaries mining workers would carry down into the tunnels with them. If dangerous gases such as methane or carbon monoxide leaked into the mine ... -Canary In A Coal Mine – Scribbles and Scratches from the Road  · We would like to show you a description here, but the site you’re looking at won't allow us. Canary in a coal mine - Idiom Definition - UsingEnglish.com Definition of 'Canary in a coal mine' from our dictionary of English idioms and idiomatic expressions "Canary in the coal mine?" mean? - Yahoo! Answers 完整问题 6 条留言 · 共 5 条回答 Oct 13, 2008 · Best Answer: Canaries were carried into the coal mines years ago because of the "coal gas" that can be present. Canaries … Urban Dictionary: canary in coal mine - Urban Dictionary, May 9 ... (NOUN) An idiom that's a 21st Century update of the old canard "canaries in a coal mine"; describes the warning signs given when seeing filthy carp... What does canary in a coal mine mean? | ChaCha Apr 08, 2013 · What does canary in a coal mine mean? ChaCha Answer: Miners brought the birds in cages with them. As long as the canary in a coal min... What does the phrase "the canary in the coalmine" … 最佳答案

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Graphite is a form of which chemical element?

carbon (C) | chemical element | Britannica.com chemical element charcoal Carbon (C), a nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table . Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful—it makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth ’s crust—yet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. In 1961 the isotope carbon-12 was selected to replace oxygen as the standard relative to which the atomic weights of all the other elements are measured. Carbon-14 , which is radioactive, is the isotope used in radiocarbon dating and radiolabeling. Properties and uses On a weight basis, carbon is 19th in order of elemental abundance in the crust of Earth, and there are estimated to be 3.5 times as many carbon atoms as silicon atoms in the universe . Only hydrogen , helium , oxygen , neon , and nitrogen are atomically more abundant in the cosmos than carbon. Carbon is the cosmic product of the “burning” of helium in which three helium nuclei, atomic number 4, fuse to produce a carbon nucleus, atomic number 12. In the crust of Earth, elemental carbon is a minor component. However, carbon compounds (i.e., carbonates of magnesium and calcium ) form common minerals (e.g., magnesite , dolomite , marble , or limestone ). Coral and the shells of oysters and clams are primarily calcium carbonate . Carbon is widely distributed as coal and in the organic compounds that constitute petroleum , natural gas , and all plant and animal tissue. A natural sequence of chemical reactions called the carbon cycle —involving conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by photosynthesis in plants, the consumption of these carbohydrates by animals and oxidation of them through metabolism to produce carbon dioxide and other products, and the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere —is one of the most important of all biological processes. carbon group element: Carbon as an element was discovered by the first person to handle charcoal from fire. Thus, together with sulfur , iron, tin , lead, copper, mercury , silver , and gold , carbon was one of the small group of elements well known in the ancient world. Modern carbon chemistry dates from the development of coals, petroleum, and natural gas as fuels and from the elucidation of synthetic organic chemistry, both substantially developed since the 1800s. Similar Topics polyolefin Elemental carbon exists in several forms, each of which has its own physical characteristics. Two of its well-defined forms, diamond and graphite , are crystalline in structure, but they differ in physical properties because the arrangements of the atoms in their structures are dissimilar. A third form, called fullerene , consists of a variety of molecules composed entirely of carbon. A fourth form, called Q-carbon, is crystalline and magnetic. Yet another form, known as carbon black , is amorphous in structure and includes charcoal , lampblack , coal , and coke , although X-ray examination has revealed that these substances do possess a low degree of crystallinity. Diamond and graphite occur naturally on Earth, and they also can be produced synthetically; they are chemically inert but do combine with oxygen at high temperatures , just as amorphous carbon does. Fullerene was serendipitously discovered in 1985 as a synthetic product in the course of laboratory experiments to simulate the chemistry in the atmosphere of giant stars. It was later found to occur naturally in tiny amounts on Earth and in meteorites . Q-carbon is also synthetic, but scientists have speculated that it could form within the hot environments of some planetary cores. The word carbon probably derives from the Latin carbo, meaning variously “coal,” “charcoal,” “ember.” The term diamond, a corruption of the Greek word adamas, “the invincible,” aptly describes the permanence of this crystallized form of carbon, just as graphite, the name for the other crystal form of carbon, derived from the Greek verb graphein, “to write,” reflects its property of leaving a dark mark when rubbed on a surface. Before the discovery in 1779 that graphite when burned in air forms carbon dioxide, graphite was confused with both the metal lead and a superficially similar substance, the mineral molybdenite. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Pure diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is a poor conductor of electricity . Graphite, on the other hand, is a soft slippery solid that is a good conductor of both heat and electricity. Carbon as diamond is the most expensive and brilliant of all the natural gemstones and the hardest of the naturally occurring abrasives. Graphite is used as a lubricant. In microcrystalline and nearly amorphous form, it is used as a black pigment , an adsorbent, a fuel, a filler for rubber , and, mixed with clay , as the “lead” of pencils . Because it conducts electricity but does not melt, graphite is also used for electrodes in electric furnaces and dry cells as well as for making crucibles in which metals are melted. Molecules of fullerene take the form of spheroidal closed cages containing various numbers of carbon atoms and long hollow cylinders (the latter being known as nanotubes). They show promise in a range of applications, including high-tensile-strength materials, unique electronic and energy-storage devices, and safe encapsulation of flammable gases such as hydrogen. Q-carbon , which is created by rapidly cooling a sample of elemental carbon the temperature of which has been raised to 4,000 K (3,727 °C [6,740 °F]), is harder than diamond, and it can be used to manufacture diamond structures (such as diamond films and microneedles) within its matrix. Elemental carbon is nontoxic. Periodic Table of the Elements Each of the amorphous forms of carbon has its own specific character, and, hence, each has its own particular applications. All are products of oxidation and other forms of decomposition of organic compounds. Coal and coke, for example, are used extensively as fuels. Charcoal is used as an absorptive and filtering agent and as a fuel and in the manufacture of gunpowder . (Coals are elemental carbon mixed with varying amounts of carbon compounds; coke and charcoal are nearly pure carbon.) In addition to its uses in making inks, carbon paper , typewriter ribbons, and paints , carbon black also is added to the rubber used in tires to improve its wearing qualities. Bone black , or animal charcoal, can adsorb gases and colouring matter from many other materials; a major use is in decolourizing raw sugar . Connect with Britannica Carbon, either elemental or combined, is usually determined quantitatively by conversion to carbon dioxide gas , which can then be absorbed by other chemicals to give either a weighable product or a solution with acidic properties that can be titrated. Production of elemental carbon Until 1955 all diamonds were obtained from natural deposits, most significant in southern Africa but occurring also in Brazil , Venezuela , British Guiana (now Guyana ), and Siberia . The single known source in the United States , in Arkansas , has no commercial importance, nor is India , once historically a source of fine diamonds, a significant present-day supplier. The primary source of diamonds is a soft, bluish-coloured peridotic rock called kimberlite (after the famous deposit at Kimberley, South Africa ), found in volcanic structures called pipes; but many diamonds occur in alluvial deposits presumably resulting from the weathering of primary sources. Isolated finds around the world in regions where no sources are indicated have not been uncommon. Natural deposits are worked by crushing, by gravity and flotation separations, and by removal of diamonds by their adherence to a layer of grease on a suitable table. The following products result: (1) diamond proper—distorted cubic-crystalline, gem-quality stones varying from colourless to red, pink, blue, green, and yellow; (2) bort—minute, dark crystals of abrasive but not gem quality; (3) ballas—randomly oriented crystals of abrasive quality; (4) macles—triangular, pillow-shaped crystals that are industrially useful; and (5) carbonado—mixed diamond–graphite crystallites containing other impurities. The successful laboratory conversion of graphite to diamond was made in 1955. The procedure involved the simultaneous use of extremely high pressure and temperature with iron as a solvent or catalyst . Subsequently, chromium , manganese , cobalt , nickel , and tantalum were substituted for iron . Synthetic diamonds are now manufactured in several countries and are being used increasingly in place of natural materials as industrial abrasives . Graphite occurs naturally in many areas, the deposits of major importance being in South Korea , Austria , China , Mexico , Madagascar , Germany , Sri Lanka , and Russia . Both surface- and deep-mining techniques are used, followed by flotation , but the major portion of commercial graphite is produced by heating petroleum coke in an electric furnace . A better crystallized form, known as pyrolytic graphite, is obtained from the decomposition of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons by heat. Graphite fibres of considerable tensile strength are obtained by carbonizing natural and synthetic organic fibres. Britannica Lists & Quizzes

Carbon

It is generally believed that what Philadelphia widow created the first Stars and Stripes in 1776?

Properties of Matter Element Card: Carbon Carbon combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. Compounds Carbon forms a wide variety of compounds , many of which are important components in living things. It is present in the compounds found in coal and limestone. Uses Charcoal is used in filters to absorb impurities in water or smells from the air. It is also used as a fuel for cooking (for example, in barbeques). Graphite is used as a lubricant and to make pencil leads. Diamond is used in jewelry and in cutting tools (because of its hardness). Notes Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe . Combined with other elements, carbon is found in all substances made from oil, including plastics. This diamond is uncut.

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Mohair is a silk-like fabric made from the hair of what domesticated animal?

Mohair - YouTube Mohair Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 30, 2014 Mohair /ˈmoʊhɛər/ is usually a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. Both durable and resilient, mohair is notable for its high luster and sheen, which has helped give it the nickname the "Diamond Fiber", and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair takes dye exceptionally well. Mohair is warm in winter as it has great insulating properties, while remaining cool in summer due to its moisture wicking properties. It is durable, naturally elastic, flame resistant, crease resistant, and does not felt. It is considered to be a luxury fiber, like cashmere, angora and silk, and is usually more expensive than most wool that comes from sheep. Mohair is composed mostly of keratin, a protein found in the hair, wool, horns and skin of all mammals. While it has scales like wool, the scales are not fully developed, merely indicated. Thus, mohair does not felt as wool does. This video is targeted to blind users. Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA Creative Commons image source in video Category

Angora goat

For a point each, name the 2 countries that share a physical border with Belize.

pinstripe suit Mohair Suits You can choose a from any designer range of mohair fabrics that we offer. Those who do choose a mohair suit will find that it is both durable and resistant, while being famous for its high luster and sheen. Mohair suits made from mohair are a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. Mohair is made of mostly keratin, which is a protein found in wool of most mammals. However Mohair Suits do not feel like wool suits. It is typically 25-40 microns in diameter, and thus is considered to be a luxury material, much like cashmere Angora and Silk. The diameter of the fiber increases as the animal ages, and so you will often find that finer suits are made from the shorn hair of the younger goat, while coats and other outerwear will be made from the thicker mohair of older Angora goats. At Tailor Made we have a large range of Mohair fabrics, from designers such as Ermenegildo Zegna, Cerruti and Loro Piana. Tailor Made London also offers materials which are a combination of Mohair and another material. Mohair suits, jackets and trousers are becoming more popular and are very contemporary. Mohair suits are ideal for lightweight purposes. Despite this fact, mohair is very warm as it has good insulating properties. Mohair suits are better than linen suits because they crease less and they also are stretch and flame resistant. A big thank you for my DJ. Fits perfectly, looks great and feels luxury. Awesome job.- June 2013 Book an appointment online or call us on 020 75 66 00 77. [vCitaMeetingScheduler type=widget height=90] Social Links

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Sperm, pilot, and beluga are all types of what?

Types of Whales: Baleen Whales and Toothed Whales (with Videos) - EnkiVillage Types of Toothed Whales Whales are enormous, intelligent mammals that live in the ocean. Unlike fish that breathe through gills, they breathe into their lungs through blowhole(s). Their bodies are smooth and streamlined to make movement in water easily. Apart from sea cows (manatees), whales are the only other set of mammals that live under water their entire lives and have fully adapted to the deep ocean life. Want to know different types of whales? Whales can be basically classified into two categories, toothed and baleen. As the name suggests, toothed whales have teeth, and the baleen don’t have teeth. However, there are many other differences between them. Types of Baleen Whales In the two types of whales, the baleen whales will normally be much bigger than the toothed whales. While the toothed whales have one blow hole, the baleen whales have 2. Compared to the tooth whales, they are not fast swimmers. The baleen whales lack dorsal fins and the few that have very small ones. As for the Toothed Whales, each one of them possesses not less than one dorsal fin. Below is a list of 5 of the common baleen whales 1 ​Blue Whale So far, blue whales are considered to be the largest animals existing on the surface of the earth. Their lengths go up to 100 feet and weigh between 100-150 tons. Without a doubt, this makes the blue whale the largest mammal in the world. In spite of their large size, blue whales have dorsal fins that are relatively small located three-quarters down their backs. The skin of the whale is unique with mottled grayish-blue coloration. This coloration comes in handy during photo-identification research. It helps separate individual blue whales and helps scientists study more about them in general. For more information watch the video below: 2 Bowhead Whale Scientifically known as Balaenamysticetus, the bowhead whale is named after its jaws, which are high and arched, resembling a bow. Bowhead whales are cold-water whales that live in the Artic. They are black in color. As an adaptation to the cold waters that the whales live in, they have a blubber layer that is more than 1½ feet thick. This layer keeps the whales warm and insulated from the cold waters. Due to over-exploitation and whaling, the bowhead whales have drastically decreased in population size over the years. Regardless of this knowledge, they are still listed as least concern. In terms of weight, these whales are among the largest of whale species in today’s existence. For more information watch this video: 3 Fin Whale The second largest animal in the world is the fin whale. These whales owe their nickname, razorback, to the plates and grooves that cover their bodies. Their lengths go up to 65 feet and weigh about 73 tons. The conspicuous features of the fin whales are their flippers and dorsal fins. Their tails are wide and have a notch in the middle. Unique to other whale characteristics, the fin whale is very symmetrical. For more information watch this video: 4 Gray Whale Most people notice the gray whale when they look into the ocean. Their characteristics make them familiar in several ways. They weigh about 36 tons and can grow to more than 50 feet in length. They have whiskers around their mouths that help them know what is happening in their surroundings. You are likely to spot the gray whales living in small clusters, but at times you will get them in larger groups. However, they do not spend their life time in one group. Often, you will see them diving out of the ocean at incredible speeds. Researchers believe they do this to get rid of any parasites on them. For more information watch the video below: 5 Right Whale You cannot fail to recognize the sheer size of these whales. They grow up to 60 feet in length and can weigh up to 100 tons. One of the ways you can distinguish a right whale from others is by the calluses on their heads. They also have a unique blowhole that is V-shaped. As for their color, they can either be black or dark gray. So far, 4 different groups of right whales have been identified. About 400 right whales are alleged to live in the north Atlantic. Around 25 of them live in the North Pacific and roughly 15,000 in the southern regions. For more information watch this video: Types of Toothed Whales In the two types of whales, toothed whales are characterized by the aggression they have towards each other, more so the male species during the mating season. Their strong teeth are what they use to fight with each other to get the right to mate the females. Toothed whales are also quite dangerous as they hit boats. However, researchers say they do this not out of aggression but out of curiosity. Famous types of toothed whales include: 1 Beluga Whale You can easily see a beluga whale because of its unique look. The whales lack dorsal fins, and their skin is pure white. They are also quite small in size. They have a broad, round like head and a huge forehead. They have 5-inch thick blubber that is an adaptation to their arctic and sub-arctic habitats. They also have a tough dorsal fin that makes it possible for them to navigate through the icy sea waters. Beluga whales get their food on the seabed, which is 1000 feet deep, and the water column. The beluga whales population stands at hundreds of thousands. For more information watch this video: 2 Narwhal Whale In terms of size, Narwhal whales are mid-range in respect to other whale sizes. The males have a distinct feature - a long straight tusk along the jaw. Most people are puzzled at what its function is and others assume that it is for fighting. However, whales have no enemies except for human beings. According to researchers, this tusk is supposed to trigger sexual attraction. In old Norse, narwhal means “corpse whale”. This might have come from the color of their skin that is bluish-gray with white spots. The young ones are brown in color. For more information watch this video: 3 Pilot Whale Pilot whales have two species that are quite difficult to distinguish at sea. The long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) and the short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) are best differentiated by analyzing their skulls. Pilot whales as a whole occupy a wide range of waters worldwide. The long-finned pilot whales are found in cold waters while the short-finned pilot whales are found in the tropical and subtropical waters. Pilot whales are hardly seen compared to other whale species. This is due to their tendency of staying in deep waters. Human beings praise of their high levels of intelligence. For more information watch this video: 4 Sperm Whale Of all the toothed whales, sperm whales are the largest. Most people think of Moby Dick story when they see one. Its body color is grayish. They have a large head that house rows of sharp teeth. A mature sperm whale is 67 feet long and weighs 56 tons. Their brains are the largest in the animal kingdom, weighing 20 pounds and have one blow hole. They produce spermaceti oil from their heads and thus their name. Sperm whales are found in most oceans. For more information watch this video: ANY IDEAS ABOUT THIS TOPIC? Please Log In or add your name and email to post the comment. NAME:

Whale

What part of the human body is affected by meningitis?

Ocean Giants | The Whales: A Size Comparison | Nature | PBS The Whales: A Size Comparison March 22, 2012 Explore more from this episode More Whales range in size from the blue whale, the largest animal known to have ever lived on Earth to various pygmy species, such as the pygmy sperm whale that reaches a length of around 10 feet. Whales may all be part of the same order, but shapes and sizes vary tremendously depending on species. Click on image to enlarge. More from Ocean Giants (11)

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Established on September 25, 1890, Sequoia National Park is in what state?

Sept. 25, 1890: Sequoia National Park established Sept. 25, 1890: Sequoia National Park established Christy Karras Pin it Share Many things about Sequoia National Park are big: Not only is it full of massive trees, it’s home to the highest point in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney (14,494 feet). The park itself spans more than 400,000 acres; when counted together with slightly larger Kings Canyon National Park next to it, you’re talking about combined acreage bigger than Yosemite. Sequoia trees are among the largest living organisms on earth, and some of the largest are on the slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. The park’s Giant Forest has five of the world’s 10 largest trees, so a hike here can be an awe-inspiring experience. Most of the park is inaccessible to cars, making it a peaceful backpacking getaway just two hours east of bustling Fresno, Calif. The 35-mile High Sierra Trail is a favorite, passing through forests that give way to steep glacial canyons and scree-covered high-elevation slopes. There’s camping at both developed and wilderness sites throughout the park. Sequoia was one of the nation’s first national parks, designated at about the same time as Yosemite (which was already set aside as protected land but was officially made a national park on Oct. 5, 1890). Native people had lived in the area off and on for centuries; the first white settler, Hale Tharp, carved a literal “log home” out of a fallen sequoia. Tharp and John Muir later were instrumental in preventing logging in the area, efforts that later led to the national park’s formation. Reblog

California

Last week, the Department of Justice released a detailed report on Operation Fast and Furious, which allowed what to be smuggled across the Mexican border?

Sequoia National Park established Sequoia National Park established by gary_satanovsky Initially, the Spanish explorers of Alta (upper) California were content with exploring the coastline, and settling the presidios (forts) from San Jose to San Francisco. Then they discovered the almost perpetual fog was hiding another mountain range inland: the Sierra Nevada mountain range, so named for the serrated, snowy peaks. There was not much gold in the hills, but lots of pristine timber and virgin farmland, and loggers took full advantage, clearcutting their way into acres of forests. The result not only destroyed beloved nature spots of some of the San Joaquin valley farmers down below, but also changed water flows. Cries for conservatism began to go up. On this day, September 25, in 1890 the land on the Sierra Nevada mountains around the San Joaquin Valley was organized into the Sequoia National Park. George W. Stewart, a California-born reporter for the Visalia Delta newspaper led the conservationist cause. Stewart crusaded in the editorial pages against the destruction of forests east of his town. He quixotically proposed for a state law against the cutting of the giant sequoia trees, and finally got his proposal heard in Congress through a sympathetic senator. Today’s History

i don't know

Now a National Historic Site, at what Washington DC location (10th St NW) did the first presidential assassination take place?

Ford's Theatre Ford's Theatre Show Less Where Abraham Lincoln’s legacy lives. The site of Lincoln’s assassination, Ford’s Theatre offers museum exhibits, live theatre and immersive learning. Happening At Ford’s Events, Performances, Tours Explore the History Stories, Artifacts, Resources Education & Impact Programs, Support, Reach Happening At Ford’s Events, Performances, Tours Save for Later Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? January 21-February 19, 2017 Filled with acerbic wit, Edward Albee’s American masterpiece is both wildly funny and heart-wrenching. Next Showing Explore the History Stories, Artifacts, Resources Discover Investigate the Assassination Uncover clues from the night of April 14, 1865. Begin your own investigation into the night of the assassination. Follow the events of April 14, 1865 and piece together how Booth was able to sneak into the presidential box and assassination President Lincoln.  Ford’s Theatre: 1865 to Today A site of tragedy becomes a living memorial. Education & Impact Programs, Support, Reach For Teachers Week-long professional development About Enhance your teaching practice by exploring Civil War and Reconstruction sites in the nation’s capital. Discover how historical events in the Washington area continue to shape our world. Historic Site Visit Visit the site of Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and learn about its lasting impact on our nation. Explore These Topics The Fateful Day President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865. Learn how and why it happened, and see the event’s lasting impact on our nation. Explore Booth's Murderous Plan Today many people consider Abraham Lincoln one of the United States’s greatest presidents. Why would John Wilkes Booth want to murder him? Explore An Overnight Vigil As Lincoln lay dying in a back bedroom of a small Washington boarding house, the home became the hub of the U.S. government. What happened in the Petersen House the night of April 14, 1865? Explore The Fateful Day President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865. Learn how and why it happened, and see the event’s lasting impact on our nation. Explore Booth's Murderous Plan Today many people consider Abraham Lincoln one of the United States’s greatest presidents. Why would John Wilkes Booth want to murder him? Explore An Overnight Vigil As Lincoln lay dying in a back bedroom of a small Washington boarding house, the home became the hub of the U.S. government. What happened in the Petersen House the night of April 14, 1865?

Ford's Theatre

Fanilows are fans of what singer/songwriter/performer?

Washington, DC Travel Itinerary-- TEXT ONLY VERSION Welcome to Historic Washington, DC! Mayor Vincent Gray Courtesy of District of Columbia, Executive Office of the Mayor On behalf of the 601,000 residents of our nation’s beautiful and historic capital, I want to welcome you to this virtual tour of the District of Columbia. Hop aboard Metrorail, Metrobus, or our D.C. Circulator bus for a comfortable and affordable way to tour the city. Explore our entire city – from the many museums, memorials and other cultural attractions ringing the National Mall to the treasures far beyond Washington’s monumental core, such as the National Arboretum along New York Avenue Northeast or the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site in the storied Anacostia neighborhood. Visit spectacular Union Station – designated as a “Great Public Space” by the American Planning Association in 2008 – not only for its historic architectural grandeur, but also for its modern-day excitement as a shopping, dining, entertainment and transportation center. The District of Columbia’s cultural heritage is rich and varied. The city is home to about 600 historic landmarks and more than 40 historic districts, each with its own unique heritage and appeal. More than 25,000 properties are designated as historic, and most are also listed in the National Register of Historic Places. These include the iconic monuments and commemorative places that define Washington as the nation’s capital, as well as the unique commercial districts, historic homes, beautiful houses of worship and other cultural monuments that make up our many vibrant neighborhoods. Washington’s communities reflect the diversity and vitality of our city. Downtown D.C. is home to many of our most famous government and cultural institutions, monuments, historic hotels, restaurants, theaters and art galleries. From the hills of historic Anacostia, you can get an unrivaled view of our city’s iconic skyline. In Georgetown, explore some of the District’s oldest buildings and best shopping and dining. On Capitol Hill, government office buildings nestle near elegant Victorian rowhouses in a vibrant residential neighborhood. The brownstones of LeDroit Park have been home to educators at Howard University and many prominent African Americans over the last 150 years. Neighboring Shaw and U Street are the historic home of fraternal organizations, theaters, and jazz clubs that earned the area the nickname “Black Broadway” in the 20th Century. Today, Shaw/U Street is home to a thriving mix of historic treasures and new condo buildings, restaurants and shops. Through this website, you can explore Washington’s dynamic neighborhoods and learn about our many historic landmarks. Make your next vacation an unforgettable adventure. We’re ready to welcome you to Washington, D.C.! List of Sites Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens The L'Enfant & McMillan Plans The plan of the city of Washington was designed in 1791 by Pierre L'Enfant, and mapped the following year; a design which remains largely in place. For nearly a century, the realization of physical changes to the original plan were gradual until the second important benchmark in the development of Washington's urban plan: the McMillan Commission and its 1901-02 recommendations. The McMillan Commission plans were implemented predominantly during the first three decades of the 20th century, and continued sporadically thereafter. For nearly 100 years, a legal height limit of 160' has preserved the broad, horizontal Baroque nature of the city, allowing light and air to reach the pedestrian level, and resulting in a picturesque skyline pierced by steeples, domes, towers and monuments. On January 24, 1791, President George Washington announced the Congressionally-designated permanent location of the national capital, a diamond-shaped ten-mile tract at the confluence of the Potomac and Eastern Branch Rivers. A survey of the area was undertaken by Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker. Forty boundary stones, laid at one-mile intervals, established the boundaries based on celestial calculations by Banneker, a self-taught astronomer of African descent and one of the few free blacks living in the vicinity. Within this 100 square mile diamond, which would become the District of Columbia, a smaller area was laid out as the city of Washington. (In 1846, one-third of the District was retroceded by Congressional action to Virginia, thus removing that portion of the original district which lay west of the Potomac River.) In March 1791,the surveyors' roles were complemented by the employment of Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant to prepare the plan. Major L'Enfant (1755-1825), a French artist and engineer who had formed a friendship with George Washington while serving in the Revolutionary War, requested the honor of designing a plan for the national capital. The fact that the area was largely undeveloped gave the city's founders the unique opportunity to create an entirely new capital city. After surveying the site, L'Enfant developed a Baroque plan that features ceremonial spaces and grand radial avenues, while respecting natural contours of the land. The result was a system of intersecting diagonal avenues superimposed over a grid system. The avenues radiated from the two most significant building sites that were to be occupied by houses for Congress and the President. L'Enfant specified in notes accompanying the plan that these avenues were to be wide, grand, lined with trees, and situated in a manner that would visually connect ideal topographical sites throughout the city, where important structures, monuments, and fountains were to be erected. On paper, L'Enfant shaded and numbered 15 large open spaces at the intersections of these avenues and indicated that they would be divided among the states. He specified that each reservation would feature statues and memorials to honor worthy citizens. The open spaces were as integral to the capital as the buildings to be erected around them. L'Enfant opposed selling land prematurely, refused to furnish his map to the city commissioners in time for the sale, and was reluctantly relieved of his duties by George Washington. Ellicott was then engaged to produce a map and reproduced L'Enfant's plan from his memory. In the context of the United States, a plan as grand as the 200 year old city of Washington, DC, stands alone in its magnificence and scale. But as the capital of a new nation, its position and appearance had to surpass the social, economic and cultural balance of a mere city: it was intended as the model for American city planning and a symbol of governmental power to be seen by other nations. The remarkable aspect of Washington, is that by definition of built-out blocks and unobstructed open space, the plan conceived by L'Enfant is little changed today. The McMillan Plan As the city approached its centennial, there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the city. As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the city. A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as secretary. At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac Flats. As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the fray. AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civic space. When the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic core. The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., architect Charles F.McKim, and sculptor Augustus St. Gaudens. Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L'Enfant. The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L'Enfant. In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around the city. To protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts commission. Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all public buildings. Influenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DC was symbolic and innovative for the new nation. Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil War. The foremost manipulation of L'Enfant's plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the nation. L'Enfant's plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and vistas. Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended vistas. Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'Enfant. The Federal Presence The first Federal presence was the Monumental Core. The monumental core consists of a gigantic triangle anchored by the Capitol, the Washington Monument, and the White House. This triangle, carefully oriented to the topography of the low-lying basin in which the federal city was built, provides the basis of the L'Enfant plan and all subsequent modifications. L'Enfant regarded the Capitol building the central focus of the design of the Federal City. He placed the Capitol on the west end of Jenkin's Hill which he described as " a pedestal waiting for a monument." He felt that public buildings should be placed on hills so that they held commanding views. Axial vistas with reciprocal views were a basic part of his planning philosophy. The Capitol grounds were redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1874 in the naturalistic tradition with serpentine paths and heavy foliage. In 1897 the Library of Congress was constructed, and no further development took place until the Senate Park Commission Plan of 1902. The Senate and House office buildings and the Supreme Court were constructed in accordance with grand plan for the Beaux Arts inspired buildings to serve the needs of the legislative and judicial arms of government. In 1791, George Washington and L'Enfant settled on the location of the "President's Palace," on a high ridge with views extending down to the Potomac. It provided an answering vista to the Capitol at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue, a great diagonal avenue linking the two buildings. To the south, the Washington Monument is located off-axis, and to the north is Sixteenth Street beginning at the edge of Lafayette Square. The White House grounds to the south, the ellipse, contains major sculptural memorials from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. L'Enfant designed 16th St to have the same width as the large diagonal avenues and Lafayette Square in front of the North fa�ade of the terminates the 16th Street axis. The design of Lafayette Park was not in place until 1824, and the present landscape plan dates from the 1930s. Between 1798 and 1800 two executive office buildings, the Treasury Department and the War Office, were constructed adjacent to White House. The new Treasury building was begun in 1836, and work continued for three decades. The placement of the Treasury building on this site effectively blocks the vista between the Capitol and the White House. The present Old Executive Office Building that was formerly the State, War, and Navy Building was built between 1871 and 1888. Jefferson's original conception of the capital was to provide a "public walk" in the center of the city which linked the Capitol Building and the White House. L'Enfant had provided for an avenue lined with great residences, but his plan was forgotten in the intervening years. Andrew Jackson Downing provided for a curvilinear plan in 1851. And the Mall we see today is the result of the McMillan Plan lined with museums and the Department of Agriculture. The Old Patent Office (7th, 9th, F and G Streets, NW) which now houses two Smithsonian Museums, the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery was built between 1836 and 1857(Open to the public, but soon to be closed for major renovations). This site is outside the monumental core, and sits on the same high ridge as does the White House and had been noted on L'Enfant's plan as a place for a nondenominational church dedicated to America's heroes. The Patent Office was perceived as a fitting substitute, and the Smithsonian Museums have carried on that tradition. The United States Tariff Commission Building (United States General Post Office) at 8th and F Streets, is another grand public building in this same area and plans are currently underway to redevelop the property. Off the monumental core, but adjacent to the grounds of the Capitol is the Old City Post Office at Massachusetts Avenue and North Capitol Street, NE. This building was designed by Daniel Burnham in the City Beautiful tradition in 1914 and contains a Post Office Museum that is open to the public. Also in the tradition of the City Beautiful is Union Station at Massachusetts and Delaware Sts NE also designed by Daniel Burnham in 1903-8. Open to the public, it serves not only as a railroad station, but also contains a multitude of the shops, cinema, and restaurants in one of the most effective adaptive use projects in the city. The Federal Triangle is located on a triangular site bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue, Constitution Avenue, and 15th Street. Ten structures designed by different architects are located on the site. Two of the structures, the Old Post Office and the District Building, were constructed between 1899-1908. The rest were constructed between 1926 and the 1930s except for the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center which was designed and constructed in the 1990s. The planning for the Federal Triangle was one of the last City Beautiful efforts on such a monumental scale in the nation. The triangle achieves a harmony of scale and proportion through the use of similar materials and an elaborate landscape plan. From the time of the McMillan Commission Plan the area to the west of the ellipse was planned for monumental buildings which would enframe the newly extended Mall. By the 1930s, the growing expansion of the Federal government led to the conception of a formal plan for a monumental complex of Federal buildings to balance the Federal Triangle on the east side of the ellipse. This new area was called the "Northwest Rectangle" and soon saw a large complement of Federal buildings such as the Public Health Service (1931-33), the New Interior Department (1936) and the Federal Reserve (1937). The grand plan for the Northwest Rectangle was never completed. Later government buildings in the area, the Department of State (1957-60), the Civil Service Commission (1960s) and the Federal Reserve Annex (1970s) reflect modernist rather than classical design. After World War II, there was much more decentralization of Federal agencies, many of which are now located in the regional areas of Maryland and Virginia. Washington's Neighborhoods It was after the Civil War that Washington experienced the rapid growth that would continue for the rest of the century. Washington was inundated with freed blacks, army widows, retiring veterans and government workers forcing an expansion beyond the boundaries of the L'Enfant Plan. Instrumental in shaping the city and its expansion was Alexander Sheperd, who as a friend of President Grant's, became the head of the Board of Public Works in 1870. "Boss Sheperd" became the official governor of the territory in 1873, and began an extensive system of public works which would fill in the Tiber Canal, pave at least one-third of the streets, and create a modem sewer system and the construction of over 1000 buildings. These excessive expenditures, however, caused congress to abolish the territorial government. In 1878, the Organic Act stripped the District of all self-government and put the District in the control of a Senate committee. Real estate speculation in undeveloped areas became rampant, and several of the biggest investors were Senators Francis Newlands, John Sherman, and William Morrie Stewart. In addition, the invention of the electricpowered streetcar made the development of Washington beyond Boundary Street possible. This led to the location of neighborhoods at higher elevations, which were perceived to be cooler and have cleaner air. There are three geographic areas that define the suburban development of the city. The suburbs in Anacostia, southeast and northeast were created for lower income White and African American working classes. The northwest area east of Rock Creek Park was largely settled by middle-income and government workers The northwest area west of Rock Creek Park which was settled, in part, by upper-income Whites. In southeast, Uniontown, one of Washington's first suburbs, was created for Navy Yard workers. Berry Farms and Congress Heights, south of Uniontown (now part of the Anacostia Historic District) were similarly settled. Most African Americans settled into the NE and SE quadrants of the city as housing costs rose and some areas became segregated. The Northwest Sector of Washington east of the Rock Creek gorge, developed faster than the NE and Anacostia sections. Development in this area started in the 1870's and appealed to the burgeoning middle-class population. LeDroit Park, planned along 7th Street just north of Boundary, developed its own street system and names. Mt. Pleasant was first subdivided in 1865. The irregular street system, a grid of different block sizes, picked up the extended 13th and 14th Streets of the L'Enfant City. Columbia Heights, along 14" Street south of Mt Pleasant was platted and developed in the 1880s as the terminus of the new electric street car line running north-south on 14th St. In 1886, east of the Soldier's Home, 134 acres were subdivided as Brookland, and serviced by the B & O railroad. These neighborhoods are characterized by the ubiquitous row house, constructed of brick and usually three or four stories high. Further north along the B&O railroad line and at the Maryland border is Takoma Park, one of the first commuter suburbs utilizing the train. Here single family houses graced the yards in a more traditional suburban setting. The development of the West Side of Rock Creek Park was driven by the formation of powerful real-estate syndicates which were in place by the 1880s. Prestigious and moneyed families were living in the Massachusetts Avenue and Dupont Circle Districts. The Joel Barlow Kalorama estate just west of Dupont Circle was developed in the 1880s. Development beyond Rock Creek Gorge was possible only after the gorge was bridged in 1886 at Klingle Road and at Calvert Street in 1891. Woodley Park developed rapidly in the 1880s after the construction of the bridges as well as the streetcar lines. One of the best examples of suburban growth being spurred by street railway companies is the Rock Creek Railway, an integral part of the Chevy Chase Land Company's plan for development along Connecticut Avenue. The Rock Creek Railway Company had originally been chartered in 1888, but not constructed, until after the formation of the Chevy Chase Land Company. The Chevy Chase Land Company was founded in 1890 b Nevada Senators Francis Newlands and William M. Steward, together with Colonel George A. Ames. Having been involved previously in the development of the Dupont Circle area, Newlands began to purchase undeveloped land north of Rock Creek in the late 1880s. The Company's 1700 acres flanked the corridor now known as Connecticut Avenue extending into Chevy Chase, Maryland. Newlands constructed trestle bridges at Calvert and Klingle streets and extended Connecticut Avenue directly through his 1700 acre property into Maryland. Another street railway line was the Georgetown and Tenallytown Railway Company, chartered in 1888. In 1890, the railway began operating connecting Georgetown to the extant village of Tenallytown. The line traveled the length of what is now Wisconsin Avenue, stretching from the Potomac River to the Maryland State line. Cleveland Park was served by both street rail lines. In 1888, Congress passed the Highway Act which forbid "any plat or subdivision that did not conform with the general plan for the city." The streets and avenues of the city were to be continued and exactly aligned with the existing roads, and new circles and squares were to be created at major intersections. There followed the Highway Acts of 1893 and 1898 to legislate conformance with the street patterns and platting. The automobile led to an even greater growth especially in the northwest quadrant. Spring Valley, Wesley Heights, and American University Park were developed in the 1920s and largely constructed by the WC and AN Miller Company. In the southwest quadrant, the urban renewal pressures of the 1950s and 1960s led to wholesale demolition of the existing fabric of the area and the construction of new housing. Takoma Park Historic District Takoma Park was founded and developed as a suburb by Benjamin F. Gilbert in 1883. Takoma Park was the first commuter suburb in the area and was originally located on approximately 100 acres of land around the B & O Railroad tracks. Gilbert, in planning his suburb, ignored jurisdictional lines, and the original town of Takoma Park thus is located in the District of Columbia, Prince George's and Montgomery County, Maryland. (Part of Takoma Park, Maryland, has been designated a historic district and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places). When Gilbert selected this site, few roads extended north from Washington city, and during the first few years of its existence, Takoma Park depended almost entirely on the steam railroad for the movement of goods and people. Takoma Park was advertised as being located high above the swampy, malaria-ridden Washington City, and possessing such amenities as fresh spring water and beautiful cottages and villas surrounded by spacious, landscaped lawns. The residences of Takoma Park were within walking distance of the train station. The styles of architecture which highlight the development of this community can be described generally as follows: (1) the earliest houses were primarily combinations of Shingle and Stick styles and Pattern Book or Victorian cottages or variations of Queen Anne cottages. These houses are mainly of frame and shingle construction with asymmetrical massing and flowing roofs and exhibit a variety of design detail in the treatment of porch piers and balustrades, cornice detailing and trim. Some examples are: 7130 Chestnut Street, 600, 535, 517 and 208 Cedar Street; (2) the turn-of-the-century Transitional house, frequently with Colonial Revival details was popular during this period. The facades are frequently symmetrically ordered with Colonial Revival details such as Doric or Ionic piers and period window detail. Some examples can be found at 516 Cedar Street and 521 Butternut Street; (3) the bungalow, a style derivative of 19th-century British Colonial architecture in India, was a popular style and is characterized by a low house with veranda and broad overhanging gables. Some examples of bungalow variations can be found at 7106 Piney Branch Road, 202 Cedar Street, and 410 Aspen Street. Takoma Park is roughly bounded by Aspen St., NW, on the south; Piney Branch Rd., NW, and 7th St., NW, on the west; and Eastern Ave., NW, on the northeast. The buildings described are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Takoma. Rock Creek Park The Rock Creek Park Historic District encompasses public reservation 339 created for the scenic and recreational enjoyment of the people of the United States on September 27, 1890. Rock Creek Park is a natural reserve within a heavily urbanized area and in this respect it is unusual. Unlike other great American parks designed in the 19th century such at Central Park in New York (1856), golden Gate Park in San Francisco (1870), or the Boston Metropolitan Park System (1878-1895), Rock Creek Park was created by the forces of nature. The origins of the park go back to 1866 when a Senate committee suggested finding a tract of land for the presidential mansion which had healthfulness and good water, access and capability of adornment. Maj. Nathaniel Michler was appointed to prepare a report for possible sites. Although the President's mansion was not moved to a new site, Michler's proposal for a park took root. By the 1880s local banker Charles C. Glover promoted the park to members of Congress, and in 1890 it was established as a park. The boundaries were defined in 1891 and followed the topography. It is a narrow creek bed in its lower third near the Maryland border and contains broad meadows and woods near the site of the National Zoo. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., the landscape architect for the McMillan Commission was a strong advocate for preserving the natural scenic beauty of the park.The National Capital Planning Commission designed the roadways for the park in the 1920s and 1930s. Automobile access was limited to certain areas and pleasure driving became one of the park's amenities. The National Zoological Park , (NR) an important work of Frederick Law Olmsted, was designed in 1892 and is a major component of Rock Creek Valley. Linnean Hill or the Pierce-Klingle Mansion (NR) is located in the park at 3545 Williamsburg Lane. This large stone farmhouse was originally constructed by Issac Pierce in 1823 with later additions. The house now serves as the headquarters for the superintendent of Rock Creek Park. Pierce Mill (NR) at Beach Drive and Tilden was originally built in 1820 and first restored by the NPS in 1934-36. The Friends of Pierce Mill are now raising funds to again restore it to a working mill. Nearby are located Pierce Springhouse and Barn (NR) in the 2400 block of Tilden Street which were built in 1829 and restored in 1934-36. The core of the Rock Creek Park Historic District is the creek and the picturesque gorge like scenery. Particularly impressive is a one-mile stretch of rapids and a rocky stream bed immediately south of Military Road. In contrast to the bold and picturesque valley core, Rock Creek Park also has gentle slopping hills and grassy meadows. The Park is located along Rock Creek and tributaries from the National Zoo to the DC boundary. Rock Creek Parkway is a public parkway accessible to the public during all hours of the day. Metro stop: Woodley Park-Zoo.   Pierce Mill Peirce Mill is significant as the last existing mill in the District of Columbia and the only 19th-century gristmill maintained by the National Park Service that operates on a full-time basis. It stands as a unique symbol of the milling industry which flourished along Rock Creek. The mill's owner, Issac Pierce, left his Quaker parents in Pennsylvania to seek his fortune in Maryland. After Maryland ceded 10 square miles to form the new Federal city, Pierce bought 150 acres along Rock Creek. By 1880 Pierce owned 1,200-2,000 acres of the land along Rock Creek, extending from Chevy Chase to the present National Zoological Park. Pierce built the present mill either in 1820 or 1829. He died in 1841 leaving his estate, including the mill, to his fourth child, Abner Cloud Peirce who continued to operate the mill. Between 1934 and 1936 Pierce Mill was restored as a Pubic Works Administration (PWA) project. The mill was again placed in operation on December 1, 1936, and ground corn meal and flour for use by government cafeterias. It was closed again in 1958 because of the lack of trained millwrights and a decrease in the water volume in the millrace. Since then, it has been maintained solely as a historic site. Visitors to Pierce Mill today can see old wooden gears and massive stones. A living museum, the mill represents part of the 1820s economy of America, an era when men tapped power from wind and water. Pierce Mill is located at 2375 Tilden St., NW. It is open Wedneday through Sunday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. Metro stop: Friendship Heights. Cleveland Park Historic District Cleveland Park is unusual because of its concentration of architect-designed late Victorian frame houses reminiscent of New England summer homes. Also unusual is the fact that the suburban development that began in 1894 was superimposed upon land previously occupied by estates, extant examples of which remain. Cleveland Park maintained its rural ambiance throughout the period of its development to the 1940s. All of the streets between the avenues in Cleveland Park retain the suburban flavor of the initial development with a preponderance of single-family dwellings set in generous natural surroundings. President Grover Cleveland summered in Cleveland Park at Red Top (Oak Hill) which was demolished in 1927. The oldest house in Cleveland Park is Rosedale (Forrest Home) located at 3501 Newark Street. This asymmetrical, frame farmhouse with chimneys at both ends was built in 1794 by Uriah Forrestre, recalling the 17th-century colonial frame buildings of the southern states. Even older are stone buildings that now form the wings of the house, probably built c. 1740. Twin Oaks, located at 3225 Woodley Road, is the only remaining example of a house designed to be a summer home located in the historic district. It is an early example of a Colonial Revival house and was designed in 1888 by Francis Richmond Allen on a 17-acre estate which was originally part of a 50-acre tract. Twenty acres of this tract were sold in 1911. Tregaron (The Causeway) is located on that remaining 20 acres of the above tract at 3029 Klingle Road. This brick Neo-classical mansion stands on a crest of a hill and was designed in 1912 by Charles Adams Platt. In 1940, the estate was sold to Marjorie Merriweather Post and her husband Joseph Davies, who built a Russian Style Dacha on the grounds. The Homestead (La Quinta) is located at 2700 Macomb Street and was the last country house built in Cleveland Park. It was designed in 1914 by Frederick B. Pyle and in 1930 was enlarged into a Georgian mansion. In 1945, the newly independent Indian government purchased the house as a residence for the Indian Ambassador. Most of the single family dwellings in the streetcar suburb were built between 1894 and 1930. During the first construction phase (1894 to 1901), the houses were individually designed by local architects and builders who employed a great variety of styles representing the eclecticism of the day. Robert Thompson Head, the most prolific architect for the Cleveland Park Company, was influenced by Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Japanese, and Prairie styles. Waddy Wood introduced the first Shingle and Mission Revival homes in the neighborhood. During this period all of the houses were constructed of wood and employed a proliferation of decorative details which include turrets, towers, oriel and bay windows, steep gables with half timbering, tall pilastered chimneys, Palladian windows, Georgian porches, Richardsonian arches, decorative brackets and Adamesque swags. The houses with their varied verandas were situated on generous lots and set well back from the street. During the second phase of construction there was an increasing simplification of house design. The houses continued to be primarily constructed of wood but some were covered with pebble dash, and the first brick houses were built in 1904-5. The Foursquare house with evident Prairie style influence was popular. The front porch continued to be a standard feature. There are a number of significant apartment houses in the district as well as commercial structures. Some outstanding examples are noted below. The Broadmoor located at 3601 Connecticut Avenue was designed by Joseph Abel in 1928 and is representative the eclecticism of that period. Tilden Gardens is located at 3900 Connecticut Avenue and was built in 1927-30 by architects Parks and Baxter and Harry Edwards. Sedgewick Gardens at 3726 Connecticut Avenue designed by Mihran Mesrobian in 1931 is a significant Art Deco building. The low-rise commercial area along Connecticut Avenue also has significant buildings. The firehouse at 3522 Connecticut Avenue, designed in 1916 by Snowden Ashford, is the oldest commercial building. Arthur Heaton's nationally acclaimed 1930 design for the Park and Shop, an early automobile-oriented neighborhood shopping center located at 3507-23 Connecticut Avenue, is a domestically scaled Colonial Revival style example of this influential building type. The Uptown Theater designed by John J. Zinc in 1939 at 3426 Connecticut is a significant Art Deco building, and one of the last large period movie houses in the city. Several residences constructed since 1941 are outstanding examples of the work of nationally significant architects. I.M.Pei designed a house at 3411 Ordway Street in 1962. Washington architect, Winthrop Faulkner, designed a series of homes on Ordway and 35th Streets in 1963, 1968 and 1978 for his family illustrating his architectural styles. Waldron Faulkner, his father, designed 3415 36th Street for himself with Art Deco and Greek decorative motifs. The Cleveland Park Historic District is a site that has major interrelated historic, architectural, and cultural significance. The particular qualities that make it significant arise from its unique character as a livable intown community (almost like a village) of single-family houses, apartment buildings and small businesses. It continues to be home to many prominent Washingtonians. Cleveland Parks is roughly bounded by Klingle and Woodley Rds., NW, on the south; Wisconsin Ave., NW, on the west; Rodman and Tilden Sts., NW, on the north; and the rear of properties along Connecticut Ave., NW, on the east. The buildings described are private and are not open to the public. Metro stop: Cleveland Park. National Cathedral The National Cathedral, completed in 1990, is the culmination of a two-century-long plan for a majestic Gothic style cathedral. This richly decorated cathedral is located on a landscaped 57 acre plot of land on Mount Saint Albans in Northwest Washington, 400 feet above sea level. The cathedral consists of a long narrow rectangular mass, the eight bay nave and the five bay chancel, intersected by a six bay transept. Above the crossing, rising just over 300 feet above grade, is the Gloria in Excelsis Tower. The Cathedral is the sixth largest in the world, second largest in the United States. The top of the tower is the highest point in DC. The one story porch projecting from the south transept has a large portal with a carved tympanum. This portal is approached by the Pilgrim Steps, a long flight of steps 40 feet wide. The primary building material is gray Indiana limestone; some concrete and structural steel are used sparingly. The building abounds in architectural sculpture, wood carving, leaded glass, mosaics, artistic metal work, and many other works of art, including over 200 stained glass windows. Most of the decorative elements have Christian symbolism or are memorials to famous persons or events. On January 4, 1792, descriptions from President Washington's disclosed plan for the "City of Washington, in the district of Columbia" were published in The Gazette of the United States, Philadelphia. Lot "D" was set aside and designated for "A church intended for national purposes, ..., assigned to the special use of no particular sect or denomination, but equally open to all." The National Portrait Gallery now occupies that site. A century later in 1891, a meeting was held to renew plans for the cathedral. In 1893 the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia was granted a charter from Congress to establish the cathedral and the site on Mount Saint Albans was chosen. Bishop Satterlee chose Frederick Bodley, England's leading Anglican church architect, as the head architect. Henry Vaughan was selected to be the supervising architect. The building of the cathedral finally started in 1907 with a ceremonial address by President Theodore Roosevelt. When construction of the cathedral resumed after a brief hiatus for World War I, both Bodley and Vaughan had passed away; American architect Philip Hubert Frohman took over the design of the cathedral and is known as the principal architect. The Cathedral has been the location of many significant events, including the funeral services of Woodrow Wilson and Dwight Eisenhower. Its pulpit was the last one from which Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke prior to his assassination. The Cathedral is the burial place of many notable people, including Woodrow Wilson, Helen Keller, Admiral George Dewey, Bishop Satterlee and the architects Henry Vaughan and Philip Frohman. The Cathedral is located at the corner of Wisconsin and Massachusetts Aves. It is open to the public daily from 10:00 am to 4:30 pm. Gardens are open daily until dusk. Good Shepherd Chapel is open for private prayer 6:00 am to 10:00 pm daily. Metro stop: Tenleytown/AU. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park The Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal is one of the most intact and impressive survivals of the American canal-building era. The C&O Canal is unique in that it remains virtually unbroken and without substantial modification affecting its original character for its entire length of 185 miles. The C&O Company was chartered in 1825 to construct a shipping canal connecting tidewater on the Potomac River in DC with the headwaters of the Ohio River in western Pennsylvania, thereby providing an economical trade route between the eastern seaboard and the trans-Allegheny West. The company acquired the rights of the Potomac Company, formed by George Washington and associates to improve navigation on the Potomac. That venture had attempted to achieve its objective by deepening the channel and cutting skirting canals around impassible rapids, but the flow of the river proved too erratic to make these measures successful. This experience led C&O promoters to adopt plans for a separate canal paralleling the river. President John Quincy Adams turned the first spadeful of earth in ceremonies at Little Falls, Maryland, on July 4, 1828. On the same day, construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad westward from Baltimore was begun-a move that would have significant implications for the ultimate fate of the canal and the canal era generally. From the start, numerous difficulties retarded the progress of the canal construction. An acute labor shortage forced the company to campaign for workers from other states. Numerous disputes arose with landowners that resisted efforts to purchase the right-of-way. Between 1842 and 1847, construction was at a standstill. The canal was finally completed to Cumberland, Maryland, in 1850, bringing the total cost of the project to over $11 million. During the years following the Civil War, the coal trade increased rapidly until in 1871, the peak year, some 850,000 tons were carried down the canal. During these few profitable years more than 500 boats were in frequent operation on the canal. In the late 1870s the canal trade began to decline as many of the Allegheny coal operators began to ship over the B&O Railroad, the canal's greatest competitor. This development, together with the effects of the nationwide economic depression in the mid-1870s and major floods in 1877 and 1886, again put a severe strain on the finances. In 1889 an enormous flood forced the canal company into receivership, and the B&O Railroad emerged as the majority owner of the company's bonds. In 1924, by which time the railroad had captured almost all of the carrying trade, another damaging flood struck. This time the repairs necessary to resume operation were not made, and the active era of the canal came to an end. In 1938 the railroad, hurt by the Depression, sold the entire canal to the United States government, and the canal was placed under the National Park Service. In 1961, President Eisenhower proclaimed it a national monument. An act of Congress in 1971 authorized the acquisition of additional land and establishment of the C&O Canal National Historical Park. The canal survives as an excellent illustration of 19th-century canal-building technology. The magnitude of the engineering achievement is exemplified by the length of the canal, its 74 lift locks to accommodate a rise of 605 feet, the 11 stone aqueducts spanning the major Potomac tributaries, 7 dams supplying water to the canal, hundreds of culverts carrying roads and streams beneath the canal, and a 3,117-foot tunnel carrying the canal through a large shale rock formation. The C&O Canal runs along the Potomac River west from Rock Creek The Chesapeake and Ohio National Historical Park is located along the C&O Canal from Rock Creek Park to the DC boundary and extends into Maryland. The park is open during all daylight hours. Some of the park's five visitor centers operate on a seasonal schedule. The Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal is the subject of an online-lesson plan produced by Teaching with Historic Places, a National Register program that offers classroom-ready lesson plans on properties listed in the National Register. To learn more, visit the Teaching with Historic Places home page . National Zoological Park The National Zoological Park was planned by F.L. Olmstead & Co., one of the most influential and prolific American landscape architectural firms in history, and its location in the spacious and picturesque Rock Creek Valley marked an important departure from the 19th-century practice of confining zoological collections to limited areas. In addition to its important place in the history of landscape design, major scientific investigations, such as S.P. Langley's experiments in aerodynamics, are also a significant part of the Zoo's history. The National Zoo preceded the founding of the New York Zoological Park and Munich's Hellabrun Zoo, and thus may have been the first major zoo to be located in a spacious, landscaped setting. The Zoological Park's primary aim was not for the entertainment of people, but for the preservation of endangered animals indigenous to the United States. The Zoo was created at a time when American's were concerned about "the closing of the frontier" and the dominance of a new, urban, industrialized society, and the Zoo's animals were reminders to visitors of the disappearing American Wilderness. In addition to conventional animal houses, extensive pastures for grazing were planned along with natural rock quarries to contain bears, a scheme that was unsuccessful. Only two of the original buildings exist today, the Principal Animal House, now the lion house, and the New Mammal House, the present monkey house. The Zoo borders Rock Creek Park with entrances at 3001 Connecticut Ave., on Harvard St. and on Beach Dr. It is open daily from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm between April 15th and October 15th. The rest of the year it is open daily from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. It is closed on December 25th. Admission is free. For more information call 202/633-4800 or visit the zoo's website . Metro stop: Woodley Park/Zoo. Old Woodley Park Historic District The neighborhood now known as Old Woodley Park is a distinct urban neighborhood, characterized by stately queues of dignified 20th-century rowhouses carefully articulated in the classical language of architecture, embellished by the rich greenery of street landscape, and bordered by sweeping parklands. Its current boundaries were delineated in the mid-1870s as a subdivision of rural property. Later the noted land speculator Thomas Waggaman acquired Woodley Park and, after his untimely demise, the numerous rows of refined dwellings were built, tangibly forming the singular 20th-century neighborhood that retains its 19th-century name. The unique architectural character of Old Woodley Park is formed by strings of handsome, 20th-century rowhouses and townhouses constructed by a variety of notable local builders and architects. The actual building construction that eluded this area for so long was begun and largely completed in only 25 years (1905-1929), and resulted in a cohesive urban neighborhood consisting primarily of attached houses and the services which attended (and continue to attend) them. Connecticut Avenue is now the major thoroughfare dividing Woodley Park. Extended in 1890, it has become a major access road to upper northwest Washington. Today, the length of Connecticut Avenue is lined primarily by tall structures, mainly apartment buildings and office buildings, punctuated by groups of smaller commercial buildings. In Woodley Park, however, sufficient numbers of single-family residences stand along Connecticut Avenue to remind the passerby that it once was conceived to be an elegant residential boulevard. Old Woodley Park Historic District is roughly bounded by 24th and 29th Sts., NW, to the west; Cathedral Ave., NW, to the north; Rock Creek Park to the east; and Calvert and Woodley Rds., NW, to the south. The buildings described are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Woodley Park-Zoo. Georgetown Historic District Georgetown was formally established in 1751 when the Maryland Assembly authorized a town on the Potomac River on 60 acres of land belonging to George Beall and George Gordon. George Town was named in honor of King George II and soon flourished as a shipping center. Tobacco was the lifeblood of the community, and Georgetown soon prospered as a shipping center with a profitable European and West Indian trade. Commerce and industry developed along the waterfront, where wharves and flourmills were constructed. During the Revolution, Georgetown served as a great depot for the collection and shipment of military supplies. When the town was finally incorporated in 1789, a textile mill, paper factory and more flourmills were established. Georgetown's character was profoundly affected by the establishment of the nation's capital to the east in 1791. Although it was included in the new Federal District, it retained its own character. Georgetown rapidly gained a reputation as the fashionable quarter of the capital and drew eminent visitors from this country and others. Congress incorporated Georgetown as part of Washington City in 1871. After the Civil War, large numbers of freed slaves migrated to Georgetown. The African American community flourished, becoming increasingly self-reliant. In the 1880s the waterfront prospered. But in the 1890s the C & O Canal was severely damaged by a Potomac River flood, and the Canal Company was bankrupted. The area went into an economic decline and in the period after World War I, Georgetown gained a reputation as one of Washington's worst slums; its homes were neglected and the area deteriorated badly. This trend began to reverse itself in the 1930s with the New Deal and reached a high point when Senator John F. Kennedy resided in the neighborhood in the 1950s. Although there are some pre-Revolutionary buildings in the district, most of the housing stock dates from the period after 1800. The Old Stone House NR at 3051 M Street is the oldest intact house. It was built in 1765 for Christopher Lehman. It is owned by the National Park Service and is open to the public. Most of Georgetown is occupied by residential areas whose regular streets and rowhouses set the tone for the entire neighborhood. A variety of styles illustrate the national trend of architectural development from Georgian mansions and town houses through early Federal and Classical Revival houses to the ornate structures of the ante and post-bellum periods. The majority of the building stock was constructed after 1870 and is characterized by rowhouse construction popular in the late Victorian era. The commercial corridors of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street as well as the waterfront areas are characterized by development from every era. The City Tavern NR at 3206 M Street was built in 1796. The Forrest-Marbury House NR at 3350 M Street is a large Federal townhouse built by Col. Uriah Forrest c. 1788-90. Here Forrest hosted the dinner closing the deal for the purchase of the land for the Federal City. The Thomas Sim Lee Corner at 3001-3009 M Street, 1789-1810, consists of early Federal shops with dwellings above. The Dodge Warehouses at 1000-1008 Wisconsin Avenue and 3205 K Street are Federal-era warehouses on the waterfront and date from 1813-1824. In the Federal period, brick replaced stone in construction of both residential and commercial buildings. The mansions of wealthy shipowners, merchants and land speculators were built above the harbor on Prospect and N Streets. Hotels, taverns, banks and other commercial buildings were constructed along M Street and in the waterfront area. Speculative housing appeared, including the notable Federal row at 3337-3339 N Street built c.1815 by John Cox and the row at 3255-3267 N Street built c.1812 by Walter and Clement Smith. St. John's Church at 3420 O Street designed by William Thorton was completed in 1809. On the heights above the town, the squares remained intact and undivided. Bellevue NR was renamed Dumbarton House when it was acquired by the Colonial Dames of America. It was built c.1800 and located at 2715 Q Street. Evermay NR 1623 28th Street was built by Samuel Davidson c.1801. William Hammond Dorsey built the house at 3101 R Street now known as Dumbarton Oaks c.1801. The house and gardens are open to the public at special hours. Tudor Place NR at 1644 31st Street built between 1805-1816, was designed by William Thorton, original architect of the US Capitol. It is maintained as a house museum and is open to the public by appointment. In 1848, Oak Hill Cemetery was laid out by George de la Roche in the fashionable picturesque manner. The Chapel and probably the gates were designed by James Renwick in 1850. The Van Ness Mausoleum NR was built in 1833 by George Hadfield and moved to the cemetery in 1872. The Mount Zion Cemetery (Female Union Band Society) NR is located at 27th and O Streets. The graveyard was established in 1842 by the Female Union Band Society, a benevolent association which provided burial for free blacks. The Mount Zion United Methodist Church NR at 1334 29th Street is the home of one of the oldest African American congregations in the city. The Custom House and Post Office NR was built in 1857-8 at 1221 31st Street to handle increased shipping from the canal. It was designed by Ammi B. Young. The Georgetown Market NR at 3276 M Street is a public market on a site used as a market since 1795. The present market was built in 1865. It still serves as a food store and is open to the public. The Vigilant Fire House NR is the city's oldest extant firehouse and was built for the Vigilant Fire Company established in 1817 and in operation till 1883. The present building was built in 1844. There are approximately 58 houses listed in the DC Inventory as individual Georgetown landmarks that are of Federal City/Pre-Civil War importance. Listed below are the names of those that are also listed in the National Register: the Walker House at 2806 N St.; the Haw House at 2808 N St.; Beall House at 3017 N St.; Halcyon House at 3400 Prospect St; Quality Hill at 3425 Prospect St; Prospect House at 3508 Prospect St. After the Civil War, the brick rowhouse made its appearance in Georgetown. The brick rowhouses of the 1870s and 1880s exhibited elaborate bracketed cornices and then corbelled cornices in the 1880s and 1890s. It is the Queen Anne rowhouse that found the greatest favor with Washington builders and was also used frequently in commercial architecture. Residential architecture of the 1890s took the form of a rowhouse in a minimalist late Victorian, late Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival styles and various combinations. Overall, Georgetown's population continued to climb, as reflected in its construction of public schools. The Phillips School built in 1890 at 27th and N Streets was one of several schools constructed to serve the African American community. The Volta Laboratory and Bureau (Alexander Bell Laboratory) at 3414 Volta Place was a brick carriage house adapted by Alexander Graham Bell in 1885 and used until 1922 as his laboratory. The Volta Bureau NHL, built in 1893 by Peabody and Sterns, is at 3417 Volta Place. Several examples of Renaissance Revival and Colonial Revival can be found from the early decades of the 20th century in Georgetown commercial architecture. Rowhouse development continued to flourish with the Colonial Revival a popular form. Although the waterfront remained primarily commercial, the Potomac Boat Club at 3530 K Street and built in 1870 and is a charming example of the Shingle Style. The Washington Canoe Club NR built in 1890 also afforded recreational uses. The Georgetown Historic District is roughly bounded by Reservoir Rd., NW, and Dumbarton Oaks Park on the north; Rock Creek Park on the east; the Potomac River on the south; and Glover-Archbold Parkway on the west. Unless otherwise noted, the buildings described above are private and not open to the public. Metro Stop: Foggy Bottom. Oak Hill Cemetery, Chapel & Gatehouse The Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel is the only known example of James Renwick's Gothic Revival ecclesiastical design in Washington, DC. The one story rectangular chapel, measuring 23 by 41 feet, was built in 1850 and sits on the highest ridge of the Oak Hill Cemetery. The beautifully proportioned chapel is considered an excellent example of Gothic Revival Architecture, as evidenced by its steeply pitched roof, buttresses, and its pointed arched windows with tracery . Renwick, one of the pre-eminent architects of the 19th century, designed both the Grace Church and St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York and was the architect for the original Smithsonian Institution. The Oak Hill Cemetery was created by William W. Corcoran, also founder of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, in 1848. The chapel is one of several landmarks in the cemetery, which also includes the Van Ness Mausoleum, designed by George Hadfield, and the monument to E.M. Stanton, President Lincoln's Secretary of War. The Oak Hill Cemetery is located at 30th and R Sts., NW. It is open weekdays only from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. It is closed holidays and during funerals, and photography is not permitted. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom Mt. Zion Cemetery The Mount Zion Cemetery is composed of two separate adjacent cemeteries, the old Methodist Burying Ground and the Female Union Band Society Graveyard. The two cemeteries equally share the three acres of land. There is no fence or other visible demarcation separating the two cemeteries which over time have become known as the Mount Zion Cemetery. The Mount Zion Cemetery is a physical reminder of African American life and the evolving free black culture in the District of Columbia from the earliest days of the city to the present. The land for the Old Methodist Episcopal Burying Ground was purchased in 1808 by the Dumbarton Street Methodist Episcopal Church. The membership of the Dumbarton Street M.E. Church was fifty percent black, consisting of both free blacks and slaves. At the time, Georgetown was about thirty percent African American. In 1816 the black members of the Dumbarton Street M.E. Church formed the Mount Zion Methodist Church. Eventually the Mount Zion Methodist Church took over the cemetery in 1879. The Female Union Band Society was a cooperative benevolent society of free black women whose members were pledged to assist one another in sickness and in death. The society was created in 1842 and purchased the land for the burial ground that year. Mt. Zion Cemetery illustrates the significant contribution of African Americans to the development of Georgetown and the work of an early benevolent society organized by black women for their own benefit. The cemetery fell into neglect and disrepair until 1976 when volunteer workers under the direction of the Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation cleared away underbrush, trash, and ground cover. The Mount Zion Cemetery is located at 27th and Q Sts, NW. The cemetery is open daily during daylight hours, to arrange for a tour contact Mt. Zion Church at 202-234-0148. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom. Montrose & Dumbarton Parks Montrose Parks occupies land that belonged to ropemaking magnate Robert Parrott during the early 19th century. Parrott generously allowed Georgetown residents to use his tract of land for picnics and meetings. The area became known as Parrott's Woods and by the early 20th century it had fallen into disrepair. Sarah Louisa Rittenhouse spearheaded a group of women who petitioned Congress to buy the acreage and establish Montrose Park "for the recreation and pleasure of the people." Adjacent to Montrose Park is Dumbarton Park, a wilderness area of 27 acres that was established by Mr. and Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss who purchased Dumbarton Oaks House in 1920. Mr. and Mrs. Bliss hired Beatrix Ferrand to create the masterful 10 acre formal gardens around the house. The Blisses gave a majority of Dumbarton Oaks to Harvard University in 1940. Montrose and Dumbarton Parks are public parks accessible to the public. Dumbarton Oaks is located at 1703 32nd St., N.W. From March 15 through October, the gardens are open daily, except Mondays, from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm; November-March 14: 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm. They are closed during inclement weather, national holidays, and Christmas eve. The museum and shop are open daily (except Monday and federal holidays) from 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm. Tudor Place Designed by Dr. William Thornton, who also designed the U.S. Capitol as well as the Octagon House , Tudor Place was the home of Thomas and Martha Custis Peter. Martha Custis Peter was the step-granddaughter of George Washington, who left her the $8,000 in his will that was used to purchase the property in 1805. The property, comprised of one city block on the crest of Georgetown Heights, had an excellent view of the Potomac River. A previous owner of the property had begun improvments by building what are now the house's wings. Thornton then provided the central structure and the joining elements to the wings, combining them with buff-colored stucco over brick. The "temple" porch and supporting columns provide a most striking addition to the front. The gardens and the historic house museum's collections are as rich and interesting as the home itself. A focal point is the collection of over 100 objects that belonged to George and Martha Washington. Over the years, both the home and gardens have been enriched by 180 years of Peter family ownership. Tudor Place gives a rare glimpse into American cultural and social history. Tudor Place is located at 1644 31st St., NW. Tuesday through Saturday tours are available from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm; last tour begins at 3:00 pm.. On Sunday tours are available 12:00 pm to 4:00 pm; last tour begins at 3:00 pm. Tours are on the hour. A fee is charged. Garden Tours are self-guided. The garden is open from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, Monday through Saturday and 12:00pm to 4:00pm on Sundays. For more information about visiting Tudor Place, please call 202-965-0400. Dumbarton House Dumbarton House is a significant example of early Federal period architecture that features 18th- and 19th-century furniture and decorative arts (paintings, textiles, silver, and ceramics), made and used during the Republic's formative years.  Constructed around 1800 in an Adamesque Federal style, the home’s design is a distinct departure from the earlier traditional Georgian Style. The building is associated with the early history of Georgetown and with several prominent public figures. The house is located on part of a 795-acre tract in Georgetown once own by Colonel Ninian Beall, a member of the Maryland House of Burgesses and Commander-in-Chief of Maryland’s Provincial Forces from 1625 to 1717.  Beall was one of the first settlers in the Georgetown area; he patented the tract as “The Rock of Dumbarton” in honor of the land of his birth in Scotland.  The part of the land on which the mansion now stands remained in the Beall family until 1796, when the four and ½-acre lot on which Dumbarton House was eventually erected was sold. The Federal Government and its many civil servants moved to Washington in 1800, and the family of Joseph Nourse, the First Register of the United States Treasury, lived in the home from 1804-1814.  Tradition has it that the next resident, Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, sheltered the “President’s Lady,” Dolley Madison, in August 1814, when she was fleeing from the burning White House and invading British troops. The National Society of Colonial Dames of America, a patriotic nonprofit organization founded in 1891 to collect and preserve objects of significant historical interest and to educate citizens about them, purchased the house in 1928 in order to preserve the mansion and adapt it for the organization’s headquarters and as a house museum of early American architecture.  The Colonial Dames renamed the property Dumbarton House after the original patent.  In 1932, the organization embarked on an extensive restoration project to return the house to its original early Federal style.  Two eminent professionals in the fields of architecture and landscape design, Fiske Kimball (1888-1955) and Horace Peaslee (1884-1959), directed the restoration of the property.  Dumbarton House is still the headquarters of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Dumbarton House is located at 2715 Q Street, NW in Historic Georgetown, Washington, DC.  Available for private and corporate events, Dumbarton House provides an historic and intimate venue for elegant receptions, weddings, parties, teas and meetings for 150-200 guests. The house is open to the public Tuesdays through Sundays, from 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM (last museum entry is 2:45 PM). Self-guided tours are available year round. Guided tours are available by prior reservation by calling 202-337-2288.. The house is closed on Federal holidays, and Thanksgiving Weekend. The admission fee is $5 for adults; students are free.  Closest Metro stop: Dupont Circle, Red Line; Metrobus routes to 27th & Q: D-2, D-4, D-6; two-hour street parking; limited on-site parking. Georgetown University Georgetown University, founded in 1789, is the oldest Catholic University in America and since 1805 has been administered by the Society of Jesus. The first buildings were constructed around the "old quadrangle," including Healy Hall, constructed between 1877--1909 and designed by Smithmeyer and Pelz. Healy Hall was erected under the stewardship of the Rev. Patrick S. Healy, S.J., who undertook the massive fundraising needed and as a result the building was completed in several stages. The building houses the elaborate auditorium Gaston Hall and the recently restored Riggs Library and has a 200-foot-high central clock spire and a smaller, secondary spire on its southwest corner. The Old North Building, begun in 1792, the Chapel of the Sacred Heart, a row of brick academic buildings and the old Infirmary form the other sides of the old quadrangle. The first parcel of land that was to become Georgetown University was acquired in 1789 by a committee of five clergymen. On this 1 � acre the committee began to construct the first university building which was ready for occupancy in 1791. Referred to as "Old South," it was torn down at the turn of the 20th century. The first students enrolled in September, 1791 and by the end of the school year, the enrollment was 66 students. In 1793, an additional two acres was purchased to provide a site for what is now know as the Old North Building which was used as a dormitory and refectory for boarding students. In 1805 the Society of Jesus was reestablished in the United States and took over the administration of the college from the Corporation of the Clergy of Maryland. Georgetown University remains a Jesuit school today. By the early 19th century the College was firmly established as a leading Catholic educational institution, and in 1815 a congressional act raised the rank of Georgetown from a college to university Georgetown University is located at Prospect and 35th Sts., NW. The Georgetown University Transportation Shuttle (GUTS) provides a free ride to Georgetown University to and from Metrorail locations at Dupont Circle (in the District) and Rosslyn (in Arlington, VA). Tours of the campus can be scheduled by calling the Admissions Office at 202/687-3600 between 9:00 am and 5:00 pm. Volta Laboratory & Bureau The Volta Laboratory and Bureau building, a National Historic Landmark, was constructed in 1893 under the direction of Alexander Graham Bell to serve as a center of information for deaf and hard of hearing persons. Bell, best known for receiving the first telephone patent in 1876, was also an outstanding figure of his generation in the education of the deaf. Both his grandfather and father were teachers of speech and young Bell worked with them. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell moved to Canada with his family in 1870 and a year later moved to Boston to teach at a special day school for deaf children. He became a renowned educator by opening a private normal class to train teachers of speech to the deaf and as a professor of vocal physiology and the mechanics of speech at Boston University. During this time he also invented the phonautograph, the multiple telegraph and the speaking telegraph or telephone. In 1879, Bell and his wife Mabel Hubbard, who had been deaf from early childhood, moved to Washington, DC The following year, the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs for the invention of the telephone. Bell used the money to found Volta Associates, along with his cousin Chichester A. Bell and Sumner Tainter, whose laboratory was focused on the research of recording and transmitting sound. In 1887, the Volta Associates sold the record patents they had developed at the laboratory to the American Gramophone Company, and Bell took part of his share of the profits to found the Volta Bureau as an instrument "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the Deaf." The Bureau, which was first housed at Bell's father's house at 1527 35th Street, worked in close cooperation with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (known since 1956 as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf), organized in 1890, of which Bell was elected President. The Volta Bureau officially merged with this Association in 1908. The work of the Bureau increased to such a volume that in 1893 Bell constructed this neoclassic yellow brick and sandstone building to specifically house the institution. Bell constructed the building across the street from his father's house, the first headquarters of the Bureau. The Volta Bureau is located at 1537 35th St., NW. There is limited accessibility to the public. Call for appointments at 202/337-5220. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom. Custom House & Post Office The building that houses the Custom House and Post Office of Georgetown was designed by Ammi B. Young, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury from 1852 to 1862. The Custom House and Post Office is one of a number of buildings that Young designed for the Treasury Department. Georgetown was established as a port of entry to the United States by an act of Congress approved March 22, 1779. By 1856 the problem arose of where to build a permanent custom house for the District. Congress appropriated money to build a Custom House in Georgetown. Completed in 1858, the building housed a post office on its first floor and custom house and Georgetown city offices on its second floor. The basement was used for storage of goods awaiting inspection. In 1864 Senate Bill #210 was introduced, proposing the abolishment of Georgetown as the port of entry and making the official port Washington City. The mayor of Georgetown led a violent fight against the bill, charging that Congress was attempting to destroy his city. He convinced Congress, but when Georgetown was absorbed into the District of Columbia, the name of the port was officially changed to Washington. In 1967, the Custom House moved out of its second floor space. The post office still occupies the first floor. The Custom House and Post Office is located at 1221 31st St., NW. It is open Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom. Old Stone House The Old Stone House, located at 3501 M Street in Georgetown, was built in 1765, making it the oldest standing building in Washington, DC. The exterior of the house is constructed of locally quarried blue granite. The house was built by Christopher Layman, a cabinetmaker by trade, as both a residence and a shop. Layman died shortly after constructing the house. It was sold to Cassandra Chew who added a wing to the rear of the house in 1767. The street (then called Bridge Street) was a main thoroughfare for road traffic from the Western frontier and paralleled the canal into Georgetown. The house has been used throughout its history as a residence or residence/shop, until it was purchased in 1953 by the U.S. Government. Although there have been attempts to prove that the Old Stone House was either George Washington's Engineering Headquarters and/or Suters Tavern, neither theory has been substantiated. The house is a good surviving example of pre-Revolutionary American vernacular architecture. The Old Stone House , administered by the National Park Service and located at 3501 M St., NW, is open Wednesday through Sunday, 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. It is closed New Years Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom Georgetown Market The Georgetown Market, located at 3276 M Street, between East and West Market Streets in Georgetown, was built in 1865 on the site of an earlier 1795 market, which was the first public market in Washington, DC. The one-story brick market originally measured 40 feet with three bays across the front and 150 feet and nine bays along the sides. The M Street facade of this functional arcaded market house consists of a recessed round-arched door six feet wide and sixteen feet high, flanked on either side by a round-arched window. The basement of the market is probably part of the 1796 market, or it may have been constructed when the C & O canal was built in 1831. The foundation walls are four feet thick and rise 15 feet high, supporting the market floor. The long history of the site shows the depth of Georgetown's commercial activity, from Revolutionary times to the present. Prior to the market in 1795, the site was occupied by a butcher's market, and subsequently replaced by a debtors prison. In 1795 a frame market house was constructed. Due to the growth of Georgetown at this time, the frame market was torn down a year later and replaced by an expanded and more permanent market house. Although the market was expanded several times from 1795 to the Civil War, the market had become run down. In 1865 the old market was razed and the current market was built. The market held butchers, fish mongers, dairy farmers, and sellers of produce. In 1966 Congress passed legislation directing the District of Columbia to preserve the market as a historic landmark, to operate and maintain it as a market, and to make a small portion of the market available to the National Park Service for the C & O Canal Museum. The Georgetown Market is now occupied by Dean and Deluca gourmet food store and is located at 3276 M St., NW, in Georgetown. It is open Sunday through Thursday from 10:00 am to 8:00 pm and Friday and Saturday from 10:00 am to 9:00 pm. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom Georgetown Commercial Buildings Georgetown's commercial history began on the waterfront as a shipping center. Sprawled along the waterfront were warehouses and wharves, sailor's taverns, flour mills and a fleet of ships. Tobacco was the lifeblood of the new community, and in 1745, a "Rolling House" for the inspection and trade of the crop was called for by the Maryland legislature. Completed in 1747, the Rolling House stimulated the growth of the settlement. Licenses for taverns were issued and soon commerce and industry developed on the waterfront. The 1763 Treaty of Paris, ending the French and Indian War, opened up trade along the Ohio River Valley area on which Georgetown placed high hopes. Georgetown's taverns and the hotels provided fashionable lodging for the merchants who visited the thriving port. During the American Revolution, Georgetown served as a depot for the collection and shipment of military supplies. When the town was incorporated in 1789, it continued to thrive as a textile mill, a paper factory and flour mills flourished on the waterfront. By an act of Congress, Georgetown was made the port of entry for imported goods for all the waters and shores from the Pomonky Creek north of the Potomac River, to the head of the navigable waters of the Potomac. Further stimulating the economy, the opening of the canal system of the Potomac Canal Company from 1785 to 1802 made Georgetown a terminal port at tidewater for much of the western trade. Georgetown was profoundly affected by the establishment of the District of Columbia as the nation's capital. Although Georgetown was included in the new District, it retained its distinct character and became the center of Washington's social and diplomatic life in the early part of the 19th century. As the federal city developed, Georgetown's business and social affairs shifted from the waterfront to Bridge Street (now M Street), which became the principal avenue of approach to the new capital from the west. Many legislators and their families stayed in the Georgetown hotels and taverns, and did their shopping there as well. The future seemed bright at the turn of the century, but Georgetown's financial growth proved to be temporary as its commercial importance declined with the advance of Alexandria, Baltimore and Philadelphia. The western and Potomac valley trade did not develop as expected because of the failure of the canal-and-lock system to function except during high water stages of the river. By 1819, the Potomac Canal Company was almost bankrupt. Although Congress, in 1825, granted a charter to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company to build a canal from the tidewater to the Cumberland, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reached it first, and the western trade never materialized. When the poor prospects for commerce were realized, Georgetown encouraged industrial development to revitalize its economy. With the onslaught of immigration and industrialization, Georgetown had become urbanized. It was incorporated into Washington, DC, in 1871 in recognition of its development. By the time World War I was over, Georgetown had gained a reputation as one of Washington's worst slums. This trend began to reverse itself in the 1930s, when New Deal politicians and government officials rediscovered its charm and convenience to Washington. Georgetown became once again the chic enclave for the affluent and political. Nowhere is the revitalization effort more evident than the lively commercial district on M Street and Wisconsin. Filled with shops, restaurants and other businesses, this area is the one of the major centers of activity in Washington, DC. Georgetown's Commercial Buildings are located in the heart of the Georgetown Historic District between M St. and the waterfront. The Farmers and Mechanics Branch Riggs Bank is open during banking hours. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is open to the public during daylight hours. For more information, please call 301/739-4200. The Old Stone House is located at 3051 M St., NW and is open to the public Wednesday through Sunday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. For more information, please call 202/426-6851. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom. Massachusetts Avenue Historic District The Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is linearly conceived. L'Enfant planned Massachusetts Avenue as a transverse avenue crossing the city diagonally from the Eastern Branch to Rock Creek. The longest of the transverse avenues, it is roughly parallel to Pennsylvania Avenue and, like Pennsylvania Avenue, is 160 feet wide. In the years 1890 to 1930, Massachusetts Avenue between Scott Circle and Observatory Hill developed as an elegant boulevard lined by the sumptuous homes of some of the richest and most influential citizens of the United States. In these years a remarkable degree of architectural quality, coherence and unity was achieved, creating a street fa�ade unique in the city and perhaps in the nation. The Depression of 1929 destroyed the lifestyles of many of the families who built these great houses. Embassies, associations, foundations and clubs moved in. Today the character of the Avenue is that of an Embassy Row. In the late 1880s and 1890s houses along Massachusetts Avenue were built of brick or combinations of brick and brownstone in the Queen Anne, Chateauesque, Richardsonian Romanesque and early Georgian Revival styles. Between 1900 and 1910 palatial residences designed in the eclectic Beaux Arts manner were erected as far north as the intersection of S Street and Massachusetts Avenue. These ranged from incisive, white limestone geometrically massed buildings in the Louis XV and XVI manner and Italian 16th century styles to neo-classical as well as buildings with 16th century northern European origins. From 1910 until the early 1930s, the Beaux Arts style of architecture continued to flourish along the Avenue. Construction has continued on a smaller scale up to the present day. Many of the buildings in the district possess individual architectural and historical significance, many are listed individually in the National Register and/or in the DC Inventory of Historic Places. These are as follows: Cosmos Club (Townsend House) NR 2121 Mass. Ave.; 1899-1901 Designed by Carrere and Hastings in a Beaux Arts mid-18th century French manner Larz Anderson House (Society of the Cincinnati) NR Open to the public for guided tours Tuesday-Saturday, 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. For information call: 202-785-2040. Designed by Little and Browne in a Beaux Arts early 18th century English manner. Washington Club, (Patterson House) NR 15 Dupont Circle; 1901-1903 Designed by McKim, Mead and White in a Beaux Arts Neo-classical decorative Italianate manner. Indonesian Embassy (Walsh McLean House) NR 2020 Mass.Ave.; 1901-1903 Designed by Henry Anderson in a Beaux Arts style combining Louis XV and Art Nouveau influences. Egyptian Embassy (Joseph Beale House) NR 2301 Mass Ave.; 1907-1909 Designed by Glenn Brown in a Beaux Arts 18th century Roman Revival manner. British Embassy Designed by E.L. Lutyens in a late Beaux Arts Neo-Georgian Palladian manner. Japanese Embassy NR Designed by Delano and Aldrich in a late Beaux Arts Neo-Georgian manner. Sulgrave Club (Wadsworth House) NR 1801 Mass Ave.; c.1900 Architect unknown; designed in a Beaux Arts eclectic 18th century manner. Embassy of Uzbekistan (Old Canadian Embassy; Moore House) NR 1746 Mass Ave.; 1906-1907 Open to public by appointment by calling 202/588-6000. 1785 Mass. Ave., 1915-1917 Designed by Jules Henri deSibour in a Beaux Arts Louis XVI manner. Phillips Collection (Duncan Phillips House, Phillips Memorial Gallery) NR Open to the public Tuesday through Saturday 10:00 am to 5:00 pm. On Sunday it is open noon to 7:00 pm. Thursday there are extended hours from 10:00 am to 8:30 pm. 1600-1612 21st St.; 1896-7 Designed by Hornblower and Marshall in a style combining early Georgian revival with Richardsonian Romanesque elements. Alice Pike Barney Studio Designed by Waddy Wood in a whimsical, Spanish derivative style. Blaine Mansion Designed by John Fraser in the Chateauesque style. Samuel M. Bryan House (Church of the Savior Ecumenical) 2025 Mass Ave.; 1885 Designed by W. Bruce Gray in a style combining Chateauesque and Richardsonian Romanesque elements. Chancery of Iraq (Boardman House) 1801 P St.; 1890 Designed by Hornblower and Marshall in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Beale House Designed by Glenn Brown in the Italian Renaissance style. Peruvian Chancery (Old Australian Embassy) 1700 Mass Ave.; 1909-1910 Designed by Jules Henri deSibour in the 16th century manner of Italian Classicism. Brazilian Embassy (McCormick House) 3000 Mass. Ave.; 1931 Designed by John Russell Pope in a late Beaux Arts, early 16th century Italian Renaissance manner. Cameroon Embassy (Hauge House) 2349 Mass. Ave.; 1906-7 Designed by George Oakley Totten in a Beaux Arts early 16th century French manner. Massachusetts Avenue Historic District includes buildings fronting on Massachusetts Avenue from 17th St., NW to Observatory Circle. Unless noted above all embassies and houses mentioned are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. National Trust for Historic Preservation The National Trust for Historic Preservation headquarters, also known as the McCormick Apartments, was constructed between 1917 and 1922 and designed by Jules Henri de Sibour. Sibour was commissioned by Chicago-based millionaire Stanley McCormick to create "the most luxurious apartment building in Washington." The building contained just one unit per floor and became one of the most fashionable residences in the city, attracting such tenants as Lord Duveen, Pearl Mesta, and Andrew Mellon. Built on a corner lot, the building is reminiscent of Parisian apartment buildings with its rusticated first floor, mansard roof, and wrought-iron balcony and balustrade railings. Today the building houses the headquarters for the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Chartered by Congress in 1949, the National Trust is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting the irreplaceable. It fights to save historic buildings and the neighborhoods and landscapes they anchor. Through education and advocacy, the National Trust is revitalizing communities across the country and challenges citizens to create sensible plans for the future. It has six regional offices, 20 historic sites, and works with thousands of local community groups nationwide. The National Trust for Historic Preservation is located at 1785 Massachusetts Ave. Tours are available by appointment by calling 202/588-6000. Kalorama Triangle Historic District This area historically was part of the 19th century estate "Kalorama" and enjoyed a reputation for its natural ambience. It was not until the turn of the century that urban development extended the city of Washington into and beyond the borders of this area. The land that now comprises Kalorama Triangle was subdivided in the early 1880s. It was the redelineation of Connecticut Avenue (1897-1907) in conjunction with construction of bridges and the introduction of two major streetcar lines that formed Kalorama Triangle and established its urban character. Kalorama Triangle, due to the contracted period of time during which it was developed, as well the awareness of architectural styles, is a particularly important illustration of the aesthetics of middle-class speculative housing during the early years of the 20th century. The neighborhood is composed both of examples of high style architecture and modest builder-designed dwellings, but it is primarily a showcase for the stylistic variations of popular trends. Three important styles are abundant in Kalorama Triangle: English Arts and Crafts, Georgian Revival and Mediterranean (including both Italian and Spanish derivatives). The first house constructed on the newly subdivided land was the Fuller House NR in 1893 at 2317 Ashmead Place. This house, designed by its owner, Thomas Fuller, is an early and important representation of the influence of the English Arts and Crafts Movement on residential architecture in the United States. In 1898, Walter Peter introduced the Georgian Revival style into the district with his design for the residence at 1842 Mintwood Place. This style met with great popularity as a mode for rowhouse design. An example of the Colonial Revival style is 1901 Biltmore Street. It was built in 1901 by Alex Miller to the design of Speiden and Speiden. Several dwellings, 1848 and 1923 Biltmore Street, for example, illustrate a mixture of both Mediterranean and Georgian Revival styles. A.R.Taylor built 1923 Biltmore Street in 1907 and Arthur B. Heaton designed 1848 Biltmore Street in 1909. 1850 and 1852 Biltmore Street provide the most handsome examples of the Mediterranean influence in the Kalorama Triangle. They were designed and built by W. Granville Guss for himself in 1911. The popularity of the Spanish Revival style rose in the 1920s. The firm of Sonneman and Justement designed a row of houses on Ashmead Place that were built in 1921. Other significant buildings are listed below: Lothrop Mansion NR 2029 Connecticut 1915-17 Hunter and Bell Kalorama Triangle presents many building types and a variety of styles. Its buildings are important both individually and for their relationship to each other. They present a visually rich medium composed of picturesque streets lined with rows of three-and four-story dwellings and anchored by solid blocks of multi-family apartments. Together, the form, size, scale, and the ornament materialize into a significant period piece. Kalorama Triangle is roughly bounded by Columbia Rd., NW, on the east and south; Connecticut Ave., NW, Rock Creek Park on the west; and the rear of the properties on the north side of Calvert St., NW, on the north. The buildings referred to above are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Woodley Park/Zoo. Mount Pleasant Historic District Mount Pleasant is a densely developed urban neighborhood with a distinct architectural character. It contains a rich array of architectural forms representing every period of its development. Significant vestiges of the village's origins are successfully juxtaposed with the residential, commercial and institutional buildings of the early 20th century. An early building in the district, Ingleside (Stoddard Baptist Home) NR at 1818 Newton Street was designed by Thomas Ustick Walter and constructed in 1850 in Italian Villa style. A new addition was added in the 1970s. An example of architecture surviving from the first years of the village is the vernacular house at 3423 Oakwood Terrace built in 1871 by S.P. Brown. The turn of the century marked a major change in the appearance and population of Mount Pleasant. The rural atmosphere that distinguished the early village soon gave way to a distinctly 20th century appearance. With the advent of an extensive streetcar system and the revival of the building industry, many parts of the district were expanded as residential areas. Mount Pleasant with its healthy elevation and beautiful wooded terrain, was a prime location for this development. Rowhouses of many sizes and styles were built throughout the area serving as a unifying element, framing the large detached houses, semi-detached houses, and groups of townhouses. The majority of construction took place from 1900 to 1930 and reflects in large part the popularity of the Classical Revival styles in both privately commissioned and speculative designs. The North Side of the 1800 Block of Park Road NR boasts a unique group of 10 single-family residences built between 1903 and 1911 in the Colonial Revival style and designed by some of Washington's best known architects. Another distinctive group of 12 semi-detached Georgian Revival rowhouses is 1644-1666 Park Road NR . They were designed by Appleton P. Clarke, Jr., and built in 1906. Mount Pleasant Street serves as the commercial corridor for the community. A number of apartment houses, churches and schools are scattered throughout the community. The most significant institution and formal architectural structure is the Mount Pleasant Branch Library at the corner of Lamont and 16th Streets. It was constructed in 1925 and designed by New York architect Edward J. Tilton in the Italian Renaissance style. Mount Pleasant Historic District is roughly bounded by 16th St., NW, on the east; Harvard St., NW, on the south; Rock Creek Park on the west; and Piney Branch Park on the north. The buildings listed above are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Woodley Park-Zoo. Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District As early as the mid-17th century, the boundaries of the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District as it is known today were being formed by property lines of the early land grants. During the 40-year period between 1663 and 1703, 18 landowners acquired by grant or sale all of the land which eventually became the District of Columbia. Among the earliest purchases was the land which includes the present Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood. Known in the 19th century for its idyllic landscape, the area underwent rapid development in the early 20th century as the city of Washington's growing population moved away from the established urban center in its quest for the suburban ideal. Today, Sheridan-Kalorama is comprised of a network of cohesive town and suburb-like streetscapes. The streets are lined with a variety of housing forms, each of which contributes to a sophisticated residential image that is unique within DC. This distinctive area, a verdant residential enclave nestled in the midst of the city, contains buildings erected between 1890 and 1988. Individually, the neighborhood's buildings are among the most distinguished residential examples of late 19th and early 20th century revival style architecture in the United States. Major streets and minor roads alike hold naturally significant buildings by some of the country's most celebrated architects juxtaposed with the urbane work of accomplished urban designers. The earliest urban architecture in this area dates to the Victorian Period. The Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival once dominated the neighborhood. Also, examples of the English Arts and Crafts can be found as can the English Gothic Revival. In the 20th century, more disciplined interpretations derived from historic precedents dominated the architecture. The Colonial Revival style was a major movement in this period as was Beaux Arts Classicism and Italian and French Classicism. Some of the most distinguished buildings are listed below: Codman-Davis House (The Louise Home) NR 2145 Decatur Place 1906-7 Ogden Codman The house designed in an English Georgian stylistic manner is U-shaped and set back from the street. Just west of the house connecting S and 22nd Sts. is a neighborhood landmark, the Spanish Steps. The steps and their lion-head fountain were designed and constructed by the Municipal Office of Public Works in 1911. 2340 S Street 1915 Waddy Wood Operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation it is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. It is closed Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years Day. This house was occupied by President and Mrs. Wilson subsequent to his presidency. It is a Georgian Revival House with Adamesque interiors. The Textile Museum (Tucker and Myers House) NR Tucker House 2320 S Street, 1908 Wood, Donn and Deming Myers House 2310 S Street, 1912 John Russell Pope The Textile Museum is open to the public Monday through Saturday from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm, and Sundays from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm. An eclectic mixture of Georgian Revival to Beaux Arts styles. The Lindens (King Hooper House) NR 2401 Kalorama Road The Lindens was erected in Danvers, Massachusetts in 1754 by an unknown architect. It was moved to Kalorama in 1935 and rebuilt under the guidance of Walter Macomber. Friend's Meeting House NR Fieldstone buildings similar to those in Pennsylvania characterize this church. St. Margaret's Church 1820 Connecticut Avenue 1895;1900 James G. Hill; 1913 Arthur B. Heaton Tiffany windows and exposed roof trusses on the interior contribute to the charm of this church. Charles Evans Hughes House (Chancery of Burma) NHL 2223 R Street 1907 George Oakley Totten Home of Charles Evans Hughes, 10th Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Windsor Lodge (William E. Borah Apartment) NHL 2139-41 Wyoming Avenue 1910 Apartment 21E was the residence of Idaho Senator William E. Borah, leading Republican progressive and a powerful force in promoting isolationist foreign policy during the 1920s. The Dresden Dumbarton Bridge (Buffalo Bridge) NR Q Street over Rock Creek Park 1914 Glenn Brown, architect; Alexander Proctor, sculptor Roughly bounded by Connecticut Ave., NW and Florida Ave., NW on the east; P St., NW on the south; and Rock Creek Park on the west and north. All the buildings listed above are private and not open to the public unless noted. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. Woodrow Wilson House Woodrow Wilson is the only American President to select Washington to be his home following his final term in office. Late in 1920, Woodrow Wilson's second term neared its end, and Mrs. Wilson started to search for an appropriate residence. On December 14, Mr. Wilson insisted that his wife attend a concert and when she returned he presented her with the deed to this S Street house. Built by Henry Parker Fairbanks in 1915, the red brick house of Georgian style was designed by the architect Waddy B. Wood. The Wilsons installed an elevator and a billiard room, constructed a brick garage and placed iron gates at the entrance to the drive. Some partitions were changed and shelves were built for Mr. Wilson's 8000-volume library. Wilson, partially paralyzed from a stroke he suffered in 1919, spent his few remaining years in partial seclusion at the house, under the continuous care of his wife and servants. On February 3, 1924, he died in the upstairs bedroom and was laid to rest in Washington National Cathedral. Mrs. Wilson continued to live in the residence until her death in 1961. Prior to that time, she had donated it and many of the furnishings to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which opened the Woodrow Wilson House to the public in 1963. Included in Mrs. Wilson's gift to the American people are furnishings, portraits, books, autographed photographs of personages identified with events in Wilson's administration, a Gobelin tapestry, commemorative china, and early furniture owned by the Bolling family of Virginia. The Woodrow Wilson House is located at 2340 S St., NW. It is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. It is closed Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years Day. Groups are admitted year round by reservation. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. The Woodrow Wilson House is the subject of an online-lesson plan produced by Teaching with Historic Places, a National Register program that offers classroom-ready lesson plans on properties listed in the National Register. To learn more, visit the Teaching with Historic Places home page . Meridian Hill Park The name Meridian Hill comes from a proposal in the early 1800s to establish an official meridian or longitudinal base point, for map-making and other purposes, through the mid-point of the White House. A plaque at the upper entrance to the park from 16th Street takes official note of an 1816 meridian marker which stood on the proposed meridian. Meridian Hill Park was designed and built between 1912 and 1936, and has been under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service since 1933. The idea of a park at the site goes back to the 1901 McMillan plan for the city, which suggested a park on both sides of 16th Street at Meridian Hill in recognition of the site's panoramic views and important position relative to the L'Enfant Plan for the city.The park is divided into two principal areas: the lower park, with a water cascade of linked basins, symmetric stairways and a large reflecting pool surrounded by a plaza; and the upper park with an open mall, wooded areas flanking the mall, and a broad terrace overlooking the lower park. The land comprising Meridian Hill park was purchased by Congress in 1910, due in part to the efforts of Mary Foote Henderson, a private citizen and park advocate with considerable real estate interests in the area. The first plans for the park were drawn up by landscape architect George Burnap, and approved by the Commission of Fine Arts in 1914. Burnap's Italianate design suited the steep topography and exploited the views from the crest of the escarpment. The features of his design were centered on a single longitudinal axis extending north-south through the site. The elevated north end of the park featured a fountain, formal gardens, and a great terrace. A water cascade of linked basins was planned for the steep slope to the south, terminated by rectangular reflecting pools in a plaza at the foot of the hill. In 1917, landscape architect Horace Peaslee replaced Burnap but largely remained true to Burnap's intentions; however, Peaselee abandoned the elaborate formal gardens of the upper portions of the park and replaced them with an open mall. The construction of the park relied on techniques and materials advanced for their time. The terraces, walls and pavements-almost all the structural elements in this highly structured landscape-were rendered in pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete treated in a variety of ways. The concrete contractor, John J. Earley, was a highly skilled craftsman who interpreted mosaic pavements, urns, balustrades, niches, and planting containers in concrete. A number of important monuments and memorials have been placed in the park since the 1920s. The Buchanan Memorial (Hans Schuler, sculptor; William G. Beecher, architect), was one of the first planned although it was not dedicated in its site until 1930. It remains the only memorial to President James Buchanan in Washington. In 1922, a statue of Joan of Arc, a copy of the figure by Paul Dubois at Reims Cathedral, was installed directly on the main cross axis of the park. Dante (Ettore Ximenes, sculptor) was also put in place that year. A marble allegorical figure of Serenity (Jose Clara, sculptor) was installed in 1925. The scope and ambition of Meridian Hill Park set it apart; the idea of creating a Renaissance villa landscape in the middle of an American city to serve as a public park and cultural institution has no true parallel. The park is perhaps the most ambitious and successful example of Neoclassical park design in the United States, and it is an example of extremely high artistic merit. The breadth of its ambition, its remarkable integrity, and the masterful sureness of its design and construction single it out for recognition. Meridian Hill is located between 16th and 15th Sts. approximately one and one-half miles north of the White House, from Florida Ave. to Irving St., NW. Metro stop: Columbia Heights Meridian House Meridian House, at 1630 Crescent Place, was built by Ambassador Irwin Boyle Laughlin. He purchased the land in 1912, two years after his friend Henry White bought the adjacent site. After a long and distinguished career with the US Foreign Service, Mr. Laughlin retired in 1919 and filled his house with his collections of 18th-century French drawings and Oriental porcelains and screens. Although he later returned to the diplomatic corps, serving as Ambassador to Greece and Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, Mr. Laughlin also played an active role in Washington’s artistic and historical communities. Meridian House was built in the 1920s by renowned architect John Russell Pope. Pope was well-known in the DC architectural scene for designing the Jefferson Memorial, the National Gallery of Art (West Building) and the National Archives. In 1929, Meridian House was described by Architectural Forum as: "Perhaps as fine a piece of work of its kind as this country can show... Certainly the manner of this house has not in this country been better done, not only in terms of stylistic authenticity, but in terms of pure architecture, meaning good taste in selectivity, in elimination, in execution. It cannot from its nature do otherwise than set a standard which should endure permanently." Renovated in 1994, Meridian House's principal rooms retain their original architectural detail including the 18th century European overdoor paintings, antique brass hardware, and lighting fixtures. The classical symmetry of the Louis XVI style is reflected throughout the house. The dining room features a beautiful Mortlake tapestry, which dates to the late 17th century. Purchased by the Laughlin family in England, the tapestry depicts the legendary reception given to Alexander the Great by the Greek philosopher Diogenes. An almost identical tapestry hangs in Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. The reception gallery remains much as it was at the time the Laughlin family occupied the house. The wrought-iron and marble-topped side tables, the four Waterford crystal torcheres in the corners, the blue Chinese temple jars, and the antique clock and barometer on the mirrored walls are all part of the original furnishings. The loggia, which links the major reception rooms and rear garden, includes four marble busts sculpted in France, representing the four seasons. The dining room also features two portraits one of Ambassador Laughlin and one of his daughter, Gertrude Laughlin Chanler, as a child. A portrait of Mrs. Laughlin hangs nearby in the Chairmen's Study. All three were painted by Philippe de Laszlo, a renowned portrait artist of the early 20th century. The rear and side gardens largely retain their original design. The pebbled courtyard has 40 linden trees, imported from Europe when the house was built. The statues throughout the garden are original to the house, as are the statues at the four roof-line corners. Meridian House is located at 1630 Crescent Place, NW. Open Hours – 8:00am to 6:00pm, Monday through Friday, with additional open hours when an exhibition is on view in the Cafritz Galleries. The house is available for special event rentals. Call 202-667-6800 for further information or visit the website www.meridian.org. Metro stop: Dupont Circle or U Street. White-Meyer House White-Meyer House was designed by renowned architect John Russell Pope, who designed the Jefferson Memorial, the National Gallery of Art (West Building) and the National Archives. Located at 1624 Crescent Place, the house was home to two prestigious Washington families. The property was purchased in 1910 by distinguished American diplomat Henry White, who served as ambassador to Italy and France. The red brick Georgian house was completed in 1912 at a total cost of $155,497. During the Whites' occupancy, the house was the scene of many significant social and historical events. Notable guests included Georges Clemenceau, Robert Cecil, Henry Cabot Lodge and President Warren Harding. In 1917, at the request of the Department of State, Ambassador White lent the house to the French mission of Marshall Joffre for its headquarters, and the French flag flew from the residence while high-level strategic meetings took place inside. Marshal Joffre later wrote that in this house "were sown the seeds of military and naval cooperation which bore fruit several months later on the battlefront." When Henry White died in 1927, the property passed to his son, John Campbell White. Eugene Meyer, who subsequently became owner of The Washington Post, rented the house for several years before purchasing it in 1934. The Meyers' daughter Katharine (Katharine Graham) spent her teenage years in the house. Prominent guests included Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Thomas Mann, Earl Warren, and John and Robert Kennedy. After the Meyers' deaths, the house became the property of the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation and was leased for use by the Antioch Law School Library. In 1987, the house was purchased and restored by Meridian International Center. Great care was taken to retain the house's architectural integrity and preserve as much of the original garden as possible. Throughout the house, ceilings and walls have been refinished and architectural details and period hardware restored or recreated. The renovation, completed in 1988, won an American Institute of Architects award for excellence. White-Meyer House is located at 1624 Crescent Place, NW. Open Hours – 8:00am to 6:00pm, Monday through Friday, with additional open hours when an exhibition is on view in the Cafritz Galleries. The house is available for special event rentals. Call 202-667-6800 for further information or visit the website www.meridian.org. Metro stop: Dupont Circle or U Street. Striver's Section Historic District The name of the district, "Strivers' Section", derives from the area's longstanding association with leading individuals and institutions in Washington's African American community. The recognition of a special enclave of African American leaders in the area goes back more than 80 years, when it was described by a contemporary writer as the "Strivers' Section" or the "community of Negro aristocracy." Since the earliest developments in the 1870s, the area has been associated with African American leaders in business, education, politics, religion, art, architecture, science and government. The most important of these figures was Frederick Douglass , runaway slave, abolitionist, orator, writer and civil servant, often called the Father of the Civil Rights Movement. Douglass built the southern three buildings of a five-house, Second Empire style row at 2000-2008 17th Street in 1875-76. His son inherited the houses from his father and lived at 2002 from 1877 until his death in 1908. The area was also home to other notables. James E. Storum, the educator and entrepreneur who founded the Capital Savings Bank, the first AfricanAmerican owned banking institution in DC lived at 2004 17th St. Calvin Brent, the late-19th-century architect lived on V Street. James C. Dacy, editor, Realtor and DC Recorder of Deeds from 1904-1910, also lived in the area. This tradition of community and neighborhood leadership continues today. Architecturally, the Strivers' Section is characterized by late-19th and early-20th-century rowhouses and a variety of apartment houses. A small commercial area has evolved along Florida Avenue. An institutional building, the handsome firehouse at 1624 U Street (now a restaurant), adds to the area's character. Most of the rowhouses are relatively simple, rhythmically repeating, speculative buildings. These houses range in scale from two-story houses to grander imposing styles. The single, flat-fronted Italianate rowhouses with their ornamental moldings and cornices that stand on the south side of the 1700 block of T Street, (1764-1778) are generally considered the earliest buildings in the area. Similar rowhouses, also dating c.1875, can be found in the 1900 block of New Hampshire Avenue. The Richardsonian Romanesque Revival style is prominently represented in the massive red sandstone mansion 2102 17th Street designed by E.D. Frazier. Richardsonian Romanesque is displayed on houses at 1730-1738 V Street and 1700-1704 Florida Avenue. Another grouping designed by N.T. Haller in 1895 is located at 1822-24 New Hampshire Avenue. The Edwardian 1700 blocks of T and U Streets are architectural focal points of the district. Apartment houses, mainly constructed during the first quarter of the 20th century, appear throughout the district. Within the area, the apartment houses range from luxurious to plain. The Strivers' Section remains remarkably intact, both architecturally and for its historical associations, and makes a significant contribution to DC. The Striver's Section Historic District is roughly bounded by Swann St., NW on the south; Florida Ave., NW on the north and west; and the 16th Street Historic District on the east. The buildings are private residences and are not open to the public. Metro stop: Dupont Circle Dupont Circle Historic District It was the Board of Public works under the leadership of Alexander Shepherd that spearheaded the way for the development of Dupont Circle. Nevada Senator William Morris Stewart led the "California Syndicate" which bought up tracts of undeveloped land. The style of the neighborhood was set when Stewart erected his mansion (now demolished) in the 1870s. By the late 1880s the Dupont neighborhood was an affluent and vibrant neighborhood. In 1871 the Corps of Engineers began construction of Dupont Circle itself which at the time was called Pacific Circle. In 1882 Congress authorized a memorial statue of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis duPont in recognition of his Civil War service. The bronze statue was erected in 1884. In 1921 the statue of Dupont was replaced by a double-tiered white marble fountain. It was designed by sculptor Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon. Three classical figures, symbolizing the Sea, the Stars and the Wind are carved on the fountain's central shaft. The Dupont Circle Historic District is a primarily residential district extending generally in all directions from Dupont Circle. The area was developed in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. Two types of housing predominate in the historic district: palatial mansions and freestanding residences built in the styles popular between 1895 and 1910; and three-and-four-story rowhouses, many of which are variations on the Queen Anne and Richardsonian Romanesque Revival styles, built primarily before the turn of the century. The mansions line the broad, tree-lined diagonal avenues that intersect the circle and the rowhouses line the grid streets of the historic district. This juxtaposition of house types and street pattern gives the area a unique character. When the Dupont Circle area first became a fashionable residential neighborhood some of this community's wealthiest residents constructed houses here. One early Victorian house still standing is the Christian Heurich Mansion (Washington Historical Society) NR at 1307 New Hampshire Avenue. It was built in 1892-4 and designed by John G. Meyers for the owner of the Heurich Brewery. Stanford White of McKim, Mead and White, was the partner in charge of the design for 15 Dupont Circle for Robert W. Patterson, (The Patterson House NR). The 1901 \building is currently the home of the Washington Club. White also designed the Thomas Nelson Page House NR at 1759 R Street. The 1896 structure is in the Colonial Revival style. Jules Henri deSibour designed the Embassy of Columbia at 1520 20th Street in 1906 in a French country Chateau style. The Perry Belmont House (International Order of the Eastern Star) NR was designed in the Beaux Arts style by Samson and Trumbauer in 1901. It is located at 1618 New Hampshire Avenue. The Boardman House (Embassy of Iraq) at 1801 P Street was designed by Hornblower and Marshall in 1890. The Weeks House (Women's National Democratic Club) NR was designed by Harvey Page in 1892 with an addition by Nick Satterlee in 1966. The Scott-Thropp House (Church of Scientology) NR at 1701 20th Street was designed by Hornblower and Marshall in 1890 in an eclectic manner. Another large, commanding building is St. Matthew's Cathedral and Rectory NR at 1725-39 New Hampshire Avenue designed by Heins and LeFarge in 1893. The majority of the houses in the Dupont Circle Historic District are not mansions, however. The blocks along the grid streets are lined with rowhouses that were occupied by middle-class professionals and official Washingtonians. The styles employed in designing these rowhouses which were built from the 1880s into the first decade of the 20th century, range from Queen Anne to Richardsonian Revival to Renaissance and Georgian Revival. Variations on Queen Anne and Richardsonian Romanesque were most prevalent in this area of DC. Some of the rows were designed as a unit by a single architect while others were individually built and designed. The row on the south side of the 1700 block of Q Street, designed in 1889 by T.F. Schneider, is one of the most impressive Richardsonian rows in the area. The north side of the 2000 block of N Street is one of the finest Second Empire rows in the district. These houses were built between 1879 and 1881 by Christopher Thom. The 2000 block of Hillyer Place contains a variety of styles, especially Queen Anne and Richardsonian Romanesque. One of the most varied and architecturally intact blocks is the 1700 block of N Street which reflects the breadth of architectural talent in the area. A commercial corridor along Connecticut Avenue and P Street west of the circle developed in this district. The early commercial buildings are small in scale and do not detract from the district's character. In recent years, pressure for large-scale commercial office development on Connecticut Avenue has been intense. A number of new office buildings, some unsympathetic to the historic district line the northern and southern fringes of Connecticut Avenue. Dupont Circle Historic District is roughly bounded by Rhode Island Avenue, NW; M and N Sts., NW, on the south; Florida Avenue, NW, on the west; Swann St., NW, on the north; and the 16th Street Historic District on the east. The buildings described are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. Phillips Collection Duncan Phillips, Jr. opened the Phillips Collection in a wing of his home in 1921 as a memorial to his father and brother, who had died in 1917 and 1918 respectively. Duncan Phillips, Jr had already displayed his interest in art in the book he wrote entitled, The Enchantment of Art, published in 1914. In the winter of 1921 the gallery in a wing of Duncan's house was opened so that the public could view his collection of modern paintings without going through the house where Duncan and his family lived. Around 1930 the Phillips family moved out of the house so that it could be used entirely for museum purposes. Some of the artists featured in the gallery include: El Greco, Manet, Renoir, Van Gogh, Monet, Degas, Gauguin, and Cezanne. Duncan Phillips not only founded the museum, but he donated his art collection and home, and also served as its active director until his death in 1966. His wife Marjorie Acker Phillips and his son Laughlin Phillips both succeeded him as the directors. Today, The Phillips Collection continues to offer an inviting place to view and understand art. The Duncan Phillips House is located at 1600 21st St., NW. The museum is open to the public Tuesday through Saturday 10:00 am to 5:00 pm. On Sunday it is open 11:00 am to 7:00 pm. Thursday there are extended hours from 10:00 am to 8:30 pm. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. Heurich Mansion The Christian Heurich Mansion (Heurich House Museum) commonly known as the Brewmaster's Castle, was built in 1892-1894 by German immigrant, Christian Heurich, as a private residence. Mr. Heurich was one of Washington's wealthiest citizens and known philanthropists. Born in 1842, Christian Heurich became a brewer while still in Europe and arrived in the United States at the close of the Civil War. By 1873 he was the sole owner of the Christian Heurich Lager Beer Brewery, which later became the Christian Heurich Brewing Company. The interior of the house, including most of the family furniture, has been carefully preserved and displayed much as it was when the Heurich's lived there. Some of the most interesting interior elements in the house include: the curving staircase made of brass, marble, and onyx; the elaborately carved wooden fireplaces in nearly every room; the large quantities of gold leaf decoration; and the richly ornamented bathtubs and washbasins. On April 19, 1955, Mrs. Heurich deeded the house to the Historical Society of Washington, DC, which received the building shortly after her death on January 24, 1956. The Historical Society occupied the house until 2003 when the newly formed Heurich House Foundation bought it and continues to operate it as a museum. The Christian Heurich House is located at 1307 New Hampshire Ave., NW. Walk-in tours are available Thursday through Saturday at 11:30am and 1:00pm, with an additional tour on Saturday at 2:30pm. There is a suggested donation. The museum is also available for private tours and special event rentals. Call 202-429-1894 for further information or visit the website . Metro stop: Dupont Circle St. Matthew's Cathedral St. Matthew's Cathedral is one of the most impressive houses of worship in the United States. The red brick church, designed by C. Grant La Farge in 1893, has eclectic features inspired by Italian churches. The simplicity of the exterior contrasts with the rich decorations of the interior. Its imposing copper ribbed dome is one of the visual focal points of the Washington skyline. The Roman Catholic parish of St. Matthew's was established in 1839 to relieve the overcrowding at St. Patrick's Church. On July 22, 1939, Pope Pius XII announced that the archdiocese of Washington was established and that St. Matthew's was its cathedral. In 1947 Washington was made an independent archdiocese, and St. Matthew's continues as a cathedral. The cathedral has been the site of a number of important services, most notably the funeral of President John F. Kennedy on November 25, 1963. Today a memorial marks the location of Kennedy's casket during the service. Pope John Paul II celebrated mass at St. Matthew's in 1979. St. Matthew's Cathedral is located at 1735 Rhode Island Ave., NW. It is open to the public for services. For more information call 202/347-3215. Metro stop: Farragut North. Embassy Gulf Service Station The Embassy Gulf Service Station, designed in 1936 by Gulf Oil Corporation architect P.L.R. Hogner, was conceived and sited to complement its setting as part of an aesthetic directive by the Gulf Oil Corporation to construct a gas station with details, materials and massing more commonly associated with the mainstays of the communities such as banks and libraries. More than 170,000 gas stations were doing business in the United States by 1933. By 1937, Gulf Oil corporation alone boasted 60 service stations in Washington. The construction of the Embassy Gulf Service Station was part of Gulf's corporate expansion in Washington, DC. The exacting reviews and regulations in Washington necessitated that most of the Gulf stations designed for the city required further adaptation from their original designs. The siting of the station adjacent to Rock Creek park triggered a review by the Commission of Fine Arts, as well as review by the National Park Service and the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission. The Embassy Gulf Service Station is an important symbol of Gulf Oil's commitment to developing gas station architecture as community assets worthy of praise and preservation. The Embassy Gulf Service Station is is located at 2200 P St., NW. It is open to the public during normal hours of operation. 16th Street Historic District The 16th Street Historic District is characterized by the linear experience of the street itself. 16th Street, one of the most important numbered streets in the Federal City, is a major element of the L'Enfant Plan. This section of the 160-foot wide street, with its vista south to the White House, is contained between two major elements of the L'Enfant Plan-Scott Circle on the south and Florida Avenue, NW, originally known as Boundary Street on the north, and the sharp rise of Meridian Hill. The physical aspect of 16th Street, combined with the architectural quality of the buildings within the district boundaries and the historical importance of the area, constitute the essence of the historic district. The integration of scale, proportion and use add to the historic district's strong sense of place, which is reinforced by the architectural quality of its buildings. The buildings range in type from a small, one-story office building, to three and four-story rowhouses, large detached houses, churches, small apartment buildings, monumental apartments and institutional buildings. They generally date from c.1875-to the 1920s, and their styles, including Italianate, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and the many styles of the Beaux Arts, clearly reflect the eclectic character of American architecture. The street was developed primarily with rowhouses, most of which were individually designed and built. Large detached houses are also found in this district, one of the best-preserved and visually interesting late-19th-early 20th-century streetscapes in DC. Some of the earliest houses stand on the northwest corner of 16th and T Streets. The two Italianate structures at 1900 and 1902 16th Street date from 1878. More common are the brick rowhouses with projecting bays and fanciful rooflines. An early example dating from 1875 stands at 1904 16th Street. This two-story house is two bays wide with a steep pitched gable. One of the finest examples of the Italian bracketed style still standing is the 1878 Huntley House at 1601 16th Street. Perhaps the finest of the Queen Anne houses are those in the row at 1837-41 16th Street. Built in 1890, these houses incorporate the irregularity of massing, variety of color and texture, and the round turrets of the style. A number of Richardsonian Romanesque houses still stand such as the Sherman House at 1401 16th Street which was built in 1888 by Charles and Samuel Edmonston. The three-story Hampton P. Denman House at 1623 16th Street was designed by Fuller and Wheeler in 1886. The outstanding example of this style is 1628 16th Street designed in 1890 by Harvey Page. A house which reflects the varied sources of eclecticism is the Flemish Revival House at 1720 16th Street, which was built in 1892. An excellent example of Federal Revival stands at 1610 R Street. It was designed in 1910 by Jules H. deSibour. Institutional uses also began to spread up 16th Street at about the same time the Beaux Arts classicism that was influenced by the 1893 Colombian Exposition began to sweep the country. The Carnegie Institution at 1530 P Street, designed in 1908 by Carrère and Hastings, and the Jewish Community Center at 1529 16th Street, designed by B. Stanley Simmons in 1920, are excellent examples of Neo-classical design. Late Gothic Revival can be seen in the Church of the Holy City at 1611 16th Street designed in 1895 by R. Langford Warren and built by Paul J. Pelz. Gothic elements were also applied to the Chastleton at 1701 16th Street, one of Harry Wardman's buildings. One of the district's most unusual buildings is the Temple of the Scottish Rite at 1733 16th Street. Designed by John Russell Pope and constructed between 1911 and 15, it was modeled after the tomb of King Mausolus at Halicarnassus. The architects responsible for these buildings include many of the most prominent architects working in DC at this time. On 16th Street, their buildings, and those of many others, work exceptionally well. The imaginative, varied facades of these buildings create a rhythmic streetscape and a continuous visual experience seldom so well preserved in the District of Columbia. The 16th Street Historic District includes buildings fronting on 16th St., NW, from Scott Circle to Florida Ave. The buildings are private residences and not open to the public. Metro stop: Dupont Circle or U Street-Cardozo. Scottish Rite Temple One of the most unusual buildings in the eclectic Sixteenth Street Historic District is the Temple of the Scottish Rite at 1733 16th Street. The building, designed by John Russell Pope who also designed the National Archives and the Jefferson Memorial, was constructed between 1911 and 1915. It was built to headquarter the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of the 33rd Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Rite of Freemasonry. An international fraternal order, the Masons have claimed a number of past Presidents, such as George Washington and Harry Truman, as members. Pope used the tomb of King Mausolus at Halicarnassus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, as his model for the Temple. Outside, guarding the temple doors, is a pair of monumental sphinxes that represent wisdom and power. The Temple is laced with symbolism in its design and decor, much of which requires close attention and may not be obvious to non-Masons. In 1931, the building was voted the fifth most beautiful building in the world by a group of members from the Association of American Architects. The library, the first public library in the District of Columbia, contains one of the world's largest collections of materials on and by Scottish poet Robert Burns, who was a Freemason. The Library was opened to the public at the request of Albert Pike who donated his personal collection of books with the stipulation that they be available for use, free of charge, by the general public. One of the most striking monuments in the nation's capital, the imaginative facade of the Temple creates a visual experience worth viewing. The Scottish Rite Temple is located at 1733 16th St., NW, between R and S Sts. Tours are offered on weekdays from 8:00 am to 2:00 pm. Appointments must be made to peruse the library's collections. For further information, please call 202/232-3579. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. Charles Sumner School The Charles Sumner School was constructed in 1872 and designed by Washington architect Adolph Cluss. Named for US Senator Charles Sumner, a major figure in the fight for abolition of slavery and the establishment of equal rights for African Americans, it was one of the first public school buildings erected for the education of Washington's black community. Charles Sumner opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the return of fugitive slaves by Union troops. He also fought for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, the creation of a Freedman's Bureau, the admission of testimony from African Americans in the proceedings of the US Supreme Court, pay for black soldiers equal to that of whites, and the right of African Americans to use streetcars in the District of Columbia. The Sumner School was built on the site of an earlier school constructed in 1866 under the auspices of the Freedmen's Bureau. Since its dedication in 1872, the School's history encompasses the growing educational opportunities available for the District of Columbia's African Americans. Sumner School stands as one of the few physical reminders of the presence and history of African Americans in one of the most historic areas of the city. It is one of a series of modern public buildings constructed by the District of Columbia government during the period of intensive municipal improvement which cumulated in Alexander R. Shepard's remarkable transformation of the city in the early 1870s. A century later, the school had fallen into disrepair. Through the concerted efforts of Richard L. Hurlbut and others, a meticulous $5 million renovation was undertaken from 1984 to 1986. The school now houses a museum and conference center, of which Hurlbut was named curator and director, according to his obituary in the Washington Post. The Charles Sumner School is located on 17th and M Sts., NW. It now houses a museum and archive for the DC public school records and artifacts. Spaces are available for meetings and programs for non profit and government organizations on a limited basis. The museum is open to the public free of charge Monday-Friday, 10:00am to 5:00pm; the archives are open by appointment only Monday-Friday 10:00am to 4:00pm, please call 202-730-1421 to schedule an appointment. If you are interested in arranging for one of the meeting spaces, please call 202-730-0478. Nearest Metro Stop: Farragut North (Red Line) Mayflower Hotel Built in 1925, the Mayflower Hotel, an architectural and social landmark in the capital city, was the dream of Washington developer Allen E. Walker, a prominent businessman credited with developing Brookland and large areas of northwest Washington during the boom that followed World War I. Its opening function, the annual banquet of the Washington Chamber of Commerce, was totally eclipsed by Calvin Coolidge's Inaugural Charity Ball held two weeks later in the Grand Ballroom. The ball began a long tradition of presidential use of the Mayflower. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover ate lunch at the hotel every day for 20 years, and President Harry Truman lived at the Mayflower during the first 90 days of his presidential term. Franklin Roosevelt lived in Suite 776 during his pre-inaugural period and dictated his famous, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself" speech there. In 1942, the hotel staged Washington's first blackout drill, installed air raid sirens and first aid stations on every floor, turned the roof into an observation post and made plans to convert the barbershop into an emergency hospital. Harry S. Truman announced his intention to run for the presidency in 1948 at a Jackson Day dinner at the Mayflower ("I want to say that during the next four years there will be a Democrat in the White House and you are looking at him.") The Mayflower's history of ownership has reflected the changing economic and social history of the capital. The Depression of World War II ushered in many changes at the grand hotel. It underwent several renovations by different owners who covered the hotel's exquisite gilt, murals, skylights and carvings in "modernization" efforts. Today, the Mayflower has been restored to its original splendor. The decision to restore the hotel emphasizes the Mayflower's historic ongoing position as an architectural and social landmark in the capital city. The Mayflower Hotel is located on 1127 Connecticut Ave., NW. For further information call 202/347-3000. Metro stop: Farragut North. The Mayflower Hotel is a Historic Hotels of America member, a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Metropolitan Methodist African Episcopal Church The history of the Metropolitan AME Church is very important in the development of the AME Church in the District of Columbia. The impetus for the organization of the church was dissatisfaction among the District of Columbia's black community with the predominately white Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church. One group of parishioners organized themselves and petitioned for the first AME church in the District. The building that houses Metropolitan was built at a cost of $70,000 and dedicated on May 30, 1886. The church was designed by architect George Dearing. Throughout its history, the church has had parishioners who were very important in the history of Washington's African American community, including Frederick Douglass and Altheia Turner. Funeral services for Frederick Douglass and former US Senator Blanche K. Bruce were held at the church. The Metropolitan A.M.E. Church is located at 1518 M St., NW. It is open to the public Monday through Saturday from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm. Services are held on Sunday at 8:00 am and 11:00 am. For information call 202/331-1426. Metro stop: Farragut West. Greater 14th Street Historic District The Greater 14th Street Historic District is significant for its representation of residential and commercial development resulting from the establishment of the 14th Street streetcar line. Fourteenth Street has been a transportation corridor since its earliest days when it served as a primitive route from the north into the Federal City; subsequently it functioned as a main city thoroughfare carrying a major streetcar line, serving its community as a residential and commercial destination; and finally, its automobile related business serving the Nation's Capital and its suburbs. This major commercial and transportation corridor is flanked by rare ante-bellum dwellings, intact rows of Victorian housing and commercial buildings punctuated by important local churches and public buildings, grand and discreet turn of the century apartment buildings, and a rich variety of twentieth century auto-related buildings. The Greater 14th Street area is a primarily residential area that surrounds a major commercial corridor. Initially developed during the mid-to-late 19th century, much of the area's brick Victorian architecture remains intact. Early 20th century replacement architecture is found most notably along 14th Street. There are several buildings located in the historic district that are also individual landmarks. The Gladstone and Hawarden Apartment Buildings NR at 1419 and 1423 R Street are among the earliest extant middle-class apartment buildings in the city and the first documented twin apartment buildings. The Queen Anne/Romanesque Revival facades illustrate the final phase of Victorian eclecticism. They were built (1900-1901) and designed by local architect George S. Cooper. The Alma Thomas House NR is located at 1530 15th Street. It was the home and studio of a nationally recognized artist. It was built in 1875; the architect is unknown. The oldest church in the district is the Luther Place Memorial Church NR at 1226 Vermont Avenue at Thomas Circle. It is a distinctive Gothic Revival Church and a notable example of Post-Civil War architecture. It was built 1870-73, and originally designed by Judson York and later modified by Harkness and Davis. St. Luke's Episcopal Church NHL was the city's first independent African American Episcopal church. It was established in 1879 by Reverend Alexander Crummel, one the foremost African American scholars of the 19th century. It was designed in the Early English Gothic style by Calvin Brent, the city's first African American architect and was built in 1876-79. The Mount Olivet Lutheran Church at 1302 Vermont Avenue was designed by R.G. Russell in the Gothic Revival style in 1882. The Grace Reformed Church, Sunday School and Parish House NR is located at 1405 15th Street. Theodore Roosevelt attended this church regularly during his presidency. It is a Gothic Revival church built of Cleveland greystone and bearing sculpture by James E. Early. The church was built in 1902-03 and designed by Paul Pelz and A.A. Ritcher. The 14th Street Historic District is roughly bounded by S St., NW on the north; 11th and 12th Sts., NW on the east; N and O Sts., NW on the south; and the 16th St. Historic District on the west. The buildings listed above are not open to the public; churches are open during scheduled services. Metro stop: Dupont Circle. Greater U Street Historic District The Greater U Street Historic District is a Victorian-era neighborhood, developed largely between 1862 and 1900. The area consists of a coherent group of row houses constructed overwhelmingly by speculative builders and real estate developers along streets established by the L'Enfant Plan. The neighborhood's rapid development was in response to the city's strong demand for housing following the Civil War, the growth of the Federal government in the late 19th century, and the expansion of Washington's economy and population. Development was made possible by the laying of streetcar tracks along 14th and 7th Streets by the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company in 1862. The new streetcar technology opened up this vast area for residential development, making it convenient for the first time for government employees and others to commute downtown to work and shop. By the end of the 19th century, the transportation corridors along 14th and 7th Streets had developed as neighborhood-based commercial areas. Most of the district's brick Victorian-era architecture remains intact along its residential streets and commercial corridors. The historic district is also significant as the center of Washington's African American community between c.1900 and 1948. While always racially and socio-economically diverse, the area was predominately white and middle class until the turn of the century. As Washington became increasingly segregated, the neighborhood emerged as a "city within a city" for Washington's African American residents. U Street became the city's most important concentration of businesses, entertainment facilities, and fraternal and religious institutions owned and operated by African Americans, while the surrounding neighborhood became home to many of the city's leading African American citizens. This second phase of development is most tangibly evident along U Street, and its immediately adjacent blocks where buildings of significant stature and architectural expression were built by and for the African American community. While the area remained an important commercial and cultural center for the African American community through the 1960s, the neighborhood began to change in character after racially restrictive real estate covenants were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, thus allowing African Americans access to housing throughout the area. Today, the Greater U Street neighborhood is defined by a variety of architectural styles and building types ranging from the 19th-century residential and commercial architecture to the early- to mid-20th-century African American fraternities/societies, theaters, and jazz clubs for which the area gained international acclaim. Between the commercial transportation corridors, the streetscapes are defined by rows of 19th-century dwellings punctuated by churches, corner stores, and schools. There are 12 individually notable landmarks within the historic district which are listed below. The Evans-Tibbs House NR is located at 1910 Vermont Avenue and was the home of Lillian Evans Tibbs, known as Madame Evanti, the first internationally acclaimed African American opera star. It was designed by R.E. Crump and built in 1894. The Lincoln Theatre NR, located at 1215 U Street, was constructed as a first-run house for an African American clientele. Built in 1921, it is a significant collaboration between noted theater designer Reginald Geare and Harry M. Crandall, a leading Washington theater operator. The Prince Hall Masonic Temple NR at 1000 U Street was the home of the first African American Masonic Order in the south. The Neoclassical building was designed by prominent African American architect Albert I. Cassell, and built in 1922-30. The Southern Aid Society/Dunbar Theater NR at 1901-3 7th Street was built in 1921 and designed by Isaiah T. Hatton, and Reginald Geare, theater architect. The True Reformer Building NR at 1200 U Street was built in 1903 for the United Order of True Reformers. It was the first major commission of John A. Lankford, prominent African American architect. Frelinghuysen University (Edward P. Goodwin House) NR at 1800 Vermont Avenue served as the first permanent home of Frelinghuysen University to provide academic, vocational and religious education for African American working class adults. It was built by Diller B. Goff in 1879. The Lincoln Congregational Temple United Church of Christ NR is located at 1701 11th Street. It is an unusual example of Italian Romanesque Revival architecture designed in 1928 by Howard Wright Cutler. It is the home of an influential congregation. The Anthony Bowen YMCA (12th Street Branch) NHL can be found at 1816 12th Street. It is the home of the nation's first African American chapter of the YMCA, and founded by former slave Anthony Bowen in 1853. The present building dates from 1908-1912 and was a major commission of W. Sidney Pittman, one of the nation's first African American architects. The Howard Theater NR at 620 T Street was built in 1910 and designed by J. Edward Storck. It was the city's first legitimate theater for African American audiences and entertainers. The Whitelaw Hotel NR at 1839 13th Street is an apartment hotel, which long served as a unique meeting place and public accommodations for notable African Americans during the era of segregation. It was the work of Isaiah T. Hatton, locally trained as an African American architect, and built in 1919. The Mary Ann Shad Carey House NHL, the home of the first African American female journalist is located at 1421 W Street. After the Civil War, she became the nation's first African American female lawyer. The house was built c.1890. The Manhattan Laundry NR is located at 1326-46 Florida Avenue. It is a complex of vernacular and architect-designed commercial buildings representing more than 50 years of commercial growth. The Greater 14th Street Historic District is roughly bounded by Florida Ave., NW; 12th St., NW; and S and 16th Sts., NW. Unless otherwise noted above all buildings are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: U Street-Cardozo. Logan Circle Historic District This approximately eight-block area is a unique, virtually unchanged example of a prosperous, late-19th-century residential neighborhood constructed around a large open urban space. The focal point of the district is Logan Circle, an important element of the 1791-92 L'Enfant Plan and Ellicott Plans for the Federal City. Impressive three-and-four-story townhouses, closely grouped, surround the circle and some of the radial streets. Nearly all were constructed during the 25-year period between 1875-1900 and present an almost solid street fa�ade of Late Victorian and Richardsonian architecture. In the center of the circle itself is a bronze equestrian statue of Major General John A. Logan on a pink marble base. The sculpture was designed by Franklin Simmons. Logan was Commander of the Army of the Tennessee during the Civil War and later the Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic. Logan also served as Representative and Senator from Illinois. President McKinley attended the dedication ceremonies in 1901. One of the greatest distinctions of the Logan Circle Historic District is the way in which the buildings, individually and in groups, occupy the irregularly shaped lots and frontages created by the non-grid pattern of the streets. Despite variations of style, detail, and individual excellence, it is the unity of materials, scale and period character, which make this group of buildings a distinct and significant historic district. Nos. 1 and 2 Logan Circle is a double house designed in the Second Empire style and constructed around 1880 which aggressively occupies the prominent southwest position on the circle. Nos. 4-14 and 1500 13th Street are 11 townhouses which occupy the northwest quadrant of the circle and typify the architecture of the district. Of varied High Victorian and Richardsonian styles, constructed of several kinds of stone and brick, all are three to five stories in height. No. 4 is particularly noteworthy for its porches and detailing. No. 1500 13th Street has considerable ornamental ironwork with the original cast-metal porches, rails and fences remaining. Nos. 1314-1344 Vermont Avenue is a series of houses which represents excellent examples of late-19th-century domestic architecture. They date from 1875 to 1890 and are constructed of brick, pressed brick and stone. Mt. Olivet Lutheran Church at 1308 Vermont Avenue is an individually designated landmark within the District of Columbia. The church was erected between 1882 and 1884 as the Vermont Avenue Christian Church. R. G. Russel of Hartford, Connecticut, designed the church in the High Victorian Gothic style. In its heyday, the circle was a fashionable address, the home of prominent businessmen and statesmen. By the mid-1890s, the wealthy were beginning to build their mansions further west toward Dupont Circle. Today, Logan Circle is the focus of renewed restoration and preservation activity. The Logan Circle Historic District generally includes the buildings in the immediate vicinity of Logan Circle. Privately owned these buildings are not open to the public. Metro stop: Shaw-Howard University. Mary McLeod Bethune House The Mary McLeod Bethune Council House, a National Historic Site, was significant as a center for the development of strategies and programs which advanced the interests of African American women and the black community. Mary McLeod Bethune Council House was the residence of Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955), renowned educator, national political leader, and founder of the National Council of Negro Women from 1943 to 1955. She was one of America's most influential black women. On December 5, 1935, in New York, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women. Expressing a desire to see black women united to "meet the unfolding of larger things," the organization decided on the following objectives: to promote unity of action among women's organizations in matters affecting the educational, cultural, economic, political and social life in America; to build a fellowship of women devoted to developing friendly relations among all people in the world; to collect and preserve information about and affecting women; and to work for the complete elimination of any and all forms of discrimination and segregation based on race, religion, color, national origin and sex. The Council's first office was located in Mrs. Bethune's living room at 1812 Ninth Street, NW. Several years after the organization formed, the growing membership required a larger headquarters, and the organization moved to this house at 1318 Vermont Avenue, NW. It was at this Victorian townhouse that Mary McLeod Bethune, as the president of the National Council of Negro Women, received heads of state, government officials, and leaders from around the world. The house was the first national headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women, and is now the site of the Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Museum and the National Archives for Black Women's History. The Archives, which houses the largest manuscript collection of materials pertaining to black women and their organizations, contains extensive correspondence, photographs, and memorabilia relating to Mary McLeod Bethune. Both the museum and archives actively collect artifacts, clothing, artwork, and other materials which document the history of black women and the black community. The Mary McLeod Bethune Council House is located at 1318 Vermont Ave., NW. It is open from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm Monday through Saturday. The facility is closed most Federal holidays. There are no admission fees, but donations are accepted. For more information, please call 202/673-2402. McPherson Square. General Oliver Otis Howard House The General Oliver Otis Howard House is located on the campus of Howard University. Constructed between 1867 and 1869, it was the home of Major General Oliver Otis Howard, the founder of the school and its first President from 1869 to 1873. The house still retains many of its decorative elements such as the high mansard roof, elaborate dormer windows, tower, and decorative iron balustrades. The Board of Howard University was able, through General Howard, to purchase a one-acre lot including a frame building to begin operation of the school. The Howard House was among the first buildings constructed. Although the Trustees voted to give General Howard a lot upon which to build a residence, he instead purchased the lot for $1,000. In 1909, when the University began to expand, the Howard House was purchased. The house has had varied uses over the past century. For example, between 1936--1942, the Howard House was the home of Miss Lulu V. Childers, and served as the Conservatory of Music which she directed. From 1967 to 1972, the African Language Center and African Studies Department were located there. The building presently is used for conferences and special events. General Oliver Otis Howard House is located on the Howard University Campus at 2401 Sixth St., NW. It is not open to the public. Metro stop: Shaw/Howard U. LeDroit Park Historic District The LeDroit Park Historic District was originally a planned architecturally unified subdivision of substantial detached and semidetached houses designed by James McGill and constructed mainly between 1873 and 1877. LeDroit Park presently contains 50 of the original 64 McGill houses. The remaining brick and frame rowhouses were constructed in the late 1880s and 1890s. The McGill houses were designed in the tradition of A. J. Downing's Country Houses which first appeared in 1850 and depicted homes designed in the style of Italian villas, Gothic cottages, and other stylistic variations. Illustrated in prospectuses published by the developer entitled, "LeDroit Park Illustrated," and "Architectural Advertiser," the houses are depicted with varied facades and similar floor plans. There is one block left which includes all of the original McGill houses and no intrusions (the 400 block of U Street). Another block which contains several very handsome McGill houses is the 500 block of T Street. The Gothic style house at 317 T Street is a fine example of McGill's style. Located next door at 325 T Street is a Second Empire style house. The double house on Third and T Streets constructed for General William Birney and Mr. Arthur Birney also has a high mansard roof. The house retains its patterned and scalloped roof, a finial and elaborate molded wood cornice and dormers. The house at 201 T Street (later the home of Frelinghuysen University) still retains some Eastlakian motifs, combined with Italian Villa style alterations, added probably in the 1880s. The rowhouses, constructed in the late 1880s and 1890s, are primarily low-rise brick buildings with fine terra cotta and decorative brickwork. They have rooflines which are frequently accented with turrets, towers, pedimented gables and iron cresting. The original developers took care in landscaping the area with the planting of ornamental trees and hedges. The circle at the juncture of T and 3rd Streets provides a focal point for the district. LeDroit Park was developed by Amzi L. Barber, one of the founders of Howard University. Barber married the daughter of successful real estate broker LeDroit Langdon and resigned his post at Howard in 1873. LeDroit Park was developed as an exclusively white residential area, and this policy was enforced to the extent that a fence enclosed the area and guards were stationed at the gates to restrict access. This fence became a focal point of unrest. In July of 1888, the fence was torn down by protesting African Americans, which signaled a movement toward the integration of the area. In 1893, a barber, Octavius Williams, became the first African American to move into the subdivision. The LeDroit Park area was integrated for only a short time, and by the beginning of World War I, the white families had moved out. Among the prominent African Americans who lived in LeDroit Park were Robert A. Terrell, the first African American municipal Judge and his wife, Mary Church Terrell, a distinguished educator, suffragette, and civil rights activist. She was the first African American to serve on the DC School Board. Her house, at 326 T Street is a National Historic Landmark. Major Christian Fleetwood, a Civil War hero, General Benjamin Davis, the first African American general, and violinist Clarence Cameron White also resided in LeDroit Park. Walter Washington, the first mayor of DC elected under home rule and his wife, Benetta resided at 408 T Street, and the poet Paul Laurence Dunbar resided at 321 U Street. The Frelinghuysen University also had its roots in LeDroit. This school, located at 201 T Street and founded in 1906 by Dr. Jesse Lawson and Dr. Anna J. Cooper, was established to provide evening education classes for employed African Americans who were unable to attend school during the day. LeDroit Park remains essentially intact today and serves as home to many prominent African Americans. The LeDroit Park Historic District is roughly bounded by Rhode Island and Florida Aves. on the south; Howard University on the west; Elm St. on the north; and 2nd St. on the east. All the houses mentioned above are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Shaw-Howard University Mary Church Terrell House This house was the home of Memphis-born Mary Church Terrell, who at age 86 led the successful fight to integrate eating places in the District of Columbia. Local integration laws dating back to 1872 and 1873 had disappeared in the 1890s when the District Code was written. The laws had required all eating-place proprietors "to serve any respectable, well-behaved person regardless of color, or face a $1,000 fine and forfeiture of their license." Terrell launched a campaign to reinstate these anti-discrimination laws. On February 28, 1950, she and several colleagues entered segregated Thompson Restaurant. When they were refused service, they promptly filed a lawsuit. In the three years pending a decision in District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co., Terrell targeted other restaurants, this time using tactics such as boycotts, picketing, and sit-ins. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional. Terrell is responsible for other civil rights gains. Again in her 80s, she succeeded in persuading the local chapter of the National Association of University Women to admit black members. Earlier in her life, she was president of the National Association of Colored Women, founder of the NAACP's Executive Committee, member of a committee investigating alleged police mistreatment of African Americans, and the first black woman in the U.S. to earn an appointment to a school board. The Mary Church Terrell House is located at 326 T Street, N.W. in Washington, DC It is not open to the public. Blagden Alley - Naylor Court Historic District Blagden Alley is a historic district defined by middle-class residences, churches and small apartment buildings which display a rich variety of Victorian architectural styles dating from the 1860s to the 1890s. In the interior of each block are extant examples of utilitarian alley dwellings, such as working class residences, stables and commercial buildings that are hidden behind the buildings facing the streets. The area illustrates how different classes, races and services were physically organized in the 19th-century city of Washington. The names Blagden Alley and Naylor Court were derived from two 19th-century property owners, Thomas Blagden and Dickerson Nailor. Blagden owned property in the area and ran a lumberyard in the city. Dickerson Nailor (now spelled Naylor) also owned property and was a grocer. After the Civil War, Washington's downtown became increasingly commercial and residential development grew north to the Blagden Alley area in the 1870s and attracted several prestigious, affluent residents. The elegant townhouse, the Blanche K. Bruce House (NHL) at 909 M Street was constructed in 1873. Bruce was the first African American to serve as a Senator in Congress (R-Miss, 1875-1881). To the south was a house built by Alexander "Boss" Shepard, the chief of the Board of Public Works during the 1870s. Streetcar lines connected 9th and 7th Streets with downtown in 1873, and these streets served as the main commercial corridors. After the Civil War, many African Americans migrated to Washington and came to live in the alley dwellings. They were small and poorly constructed buildings, mainly of wood and brick. The living conditions were overcrowded and unsanitary. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, there were concentrated efforts to have the alley dwellings demolished. Bladgen Alley and Naylor Court are two of only a handful of alleys which are extant. The Blagden Alley neighborhood continued to serve as a closely-knit, racially mixed middle and working class neighborhood into the 20th century. However, the widening of 9th Street with its subsequent loss of street trees and yards, the flight of the middle class to the suburbs, the increase of absentee landlords and the 1968 riots led to deterioration of the area. Today, there is interest in renovating and restoring the homes, and the area has an active community group interested in fighting crime. New residents have been attracted to the area by the charm of the buildings and the proximity to downtown. Blagden Alley-Naylor Court is bounded by 9th, 10th, M and O Sts., NW. All of the buildings mentioned are private and not open to the public. Metro stop: Mt. Vernon Sq-UDC. Foggy Bottom Historic District The Foggy Bottom Historic District is comprised primarily of private residences and, except for a single alley warehouse and a few buildings built as corner stores, only rowhouses survive. They form a cohesive neighborhood of modest dwellings, built in a limited range of materials and styles. Primarily flat-fronted structures, the rowhouses are generally two or three stories in height. The buildings in the district date primarily from the late 1870s to the first decade of the 20th century and they reflect the stages of the neighborhood's development. Among the earliest houses is a frame house at 25th and I Streets that may have been associated with the Underground Railroad. The long blocks of similar flat-fronted, two-story rowhouses, generally built after 1885, represent the culmination of the vernacular building tradition in the district. The significance of Foggy Bottom's vernacular architecture is further enhanced by the 19th century alley dwellings that are located in Snow's Court (between 24th and 25th Streets and K and I Streets) and Hughes Mews (between 25th and 26th Streets and K and I Streets). The area originally housed workers from such nearby industries as Godey's lime kilns, the Washington Gas and Light Company, the glass works, the Abner/Drury and Christian Heurich breweries, and Cranford's Paving Company. The population of Foggy Bottom came to consist primarily of poor immigrants who lived close to work. These people were mostly of German and Irish extraction. Foggy Bottom was described in those days as being low and swampy with fogs settling in over the river banks and mixing with smog from the gas works. Today, the development of a parkway along the Potomac, the trend toward restoration and preservation of neighborhood areas, the proximity to memorials, the Department of State and such high-rise buildings as the Watergate have lent Foggy Bottom a special place in the city. However, the late 19th-century working class neighborhood is still discernable from its immediate surroundings. Foggy Bottom serves as a visual reminder of Washington's little known industrial heritage. The Foggy Bottom Historic District is roughly bounded by 25th St., NW, on the east; New Hampshire Ave. and H St., NW, on the south; 26th St. on the west; and K St. on the north. Foggy Bottom is comprised primarily of private residences that are not open to the public. Metro stop: Foggy Bottom-GWU. Abbe House(Arts Club of Washington) This elegant Federal town house, built in 1808, was home to Cleveland Abbe (1838-1916), father of the United States Weather Bureau, from 1877 to 1909. The house had previously been home to James Monroe while he was Secretary of State and War under President James Madison, and then again for the first six months of his own presidency from March through September of 1817. Abbe purchased the house a few years after moving to Washington, DC, to assume the position of Assistant Chief to the Signal Officer and direct the establishment and growth of the United States Weather Bureau. Abbe, a meteorologist, had recognized that with the expansion of the telegraph system a central location could be established to collect meteorological data from around the country and determine weather patterns upon which to base weather predictions. He worked with the Associated Press to put his idea to work in 1871, and because of his success was asked to head a new government agency concerned with weather conditions. As head of the Weather Bureau, Abbe not only helped create an institution dedicated to an important branch of the earth sciences, but he also became a skilled and practiced advocate of the benefits of science in elite Washington political and beauracratic circles. Although he made important contributions to the profession of meteorology, publishing approximately 300 papers, Abbe was above all a teacher and propogandist who strove to gain public acceptance of the benefits and value of science. His own life spanned the period from science as natural history to science as sophisticated and specialized individual physical and biological disciplines. In acting as a public spokesman for the interests of science in an age of ever increasing specialization, Abbe helped secure society's support for an elite activity few Americans understood. After Abbe's death in 1916, his family sold the house to the Arts Club of Washington, which has used the house for nearly a century. As the organization grew, the Arts Club established itself as a social and cultural center and it welcomed many of the important artists, musicians, performers and writers who visited the city. The Cleveland Abbe House is located at 2017 I St., NW. Now the Arts Club of Washington, it is open to the public Tuesday-Friday from 10:00am to 5:00pm and Saturdays from 10:00am to 2:00pm. The Arts Club has three major public galleries, weekly concerts, monthly literary evenings and offers many free multidisciplinary cultural events for visitors. Call or visit the Arts Club website for further information. Metro stop: Farragut West Octagon House The Octagon House, built between 1798 and 1800, was designed by Dr. William Thorton, the architect of the U.S. Capitol, and completed by 1800. Colonel John Tayloe, for whom the house was built, owned Mt. Airy plantation, located approximately 100 miles south of Washington in Richmond County, Virginia. Tayloe was reputed to be the richest Virginian plantation owner of his time, and built the house in Washington at the suggestion of George Washington. In 1814, Colonel Tayloe offered the use of his home to President and Mrs. Madison for a temporary "Executive Mansion" after the burning of the White House by the British. Madison, who used the tower room above the entrance as a study, signed the Treaty of Ghent there, which ended the War of 1812. This three-story brick house, adapted to an irregular-shaped lot, displays a dramatic break with the traditional, late Georgian and early Federal house planning that preceded it. The Octagon achieves a zenith in Federal architecture in the United States, through its brilliant plan which combines a circle, two rectangles, and a triangle, and through the elegance and restraint of the interior and exterior decoration. The materials used in its construction, including beautiful sculptured mantels made of "coade stone," were brought from England. The Octagon House became the home of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) on January 1, 1899, and complete ownership of the property was acquired in the year 1902. The AIA still owns the building, but the institute is headquartered in a larger building located directly behind it. The house has undergone extensive renovation since 1996, culminating in efforts to restore it to its original period appearance. The Octagon House is located at 18th St. and New York Ave. NW. Prearranged group tours are available by appointment. The museum is open 1-4pm Thursday through Saturday for free, self-guided visits. Contact the museum at 202-626-7439 or visit the Octagon House website for further information. Metro stop: Farragut West DAR Constitution Hall Constitution Hall was designed by prominent architect, John Russell Pope, and is a monumental Neoclassical design constructed of Alabama limestone. The building houses the largest auditorium in the District and was finished in 1929. It was built by the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), to accommodate their annual Continental Congress and other activities but also served as an unofficial cultural center for more than forty years. The building was center of a Civil Rights crisis when use of the hall was denied to African American singer Marion Anderson in 1939. In 1902, the DAR commissioned New York architect Edward Pearse Casey to design an appropriate headquarters building and assembly hall in the Nation's Capital at 1776 D Street, NW. The Georgian Revival building of Vermont marble with monumental Ionic porticos was built between 1904-10. The meeting place for DAR conferences, it was the site of the Washington Arms Limitation Conference in 1921-22, one of the most significant international attempts to reduce global tension through disarmament and mutual pledges of arbitration. Constitution Hall is located at 311 18th Street, NW and is open to the public during performances. DAR headquarters is located at 1776 D St., NW. The DAR headquarters, library and museum are open Monday-Friday 8:30 am to 4:00 pm and Sunday from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm. Museum tours are Monday through Friday from 10:00 am to 3:00 pm. Closed Saturday and Federal holiday weekends. U.S. Department of the Interior The U.S. Department of the Interior building covers 5-acres on a 2-block site bounded by 18th, 19th, C and E Streets, NW. This project of the Public Works Administration from the Great Depression Era continues to serve its original purpose of housing the Department of the Interior. It sits 1-block south of the first Interior building--now the U.S. General Services Administration headquarters--and is connected to it by a tunnel under Rawlins Park. The Interior building is 7 stories with a basement (an additional floor between the 5th and 6th stories is devoted entirely to mechanical equipment). Above the central axis is a setback 8th story. The building is arranged into 6 east-west wings connected by a central north-south spine. This massing creates ten U-shaped courts, allowing each of the 2200 rooms an exterior exposure. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes (who established the Historic American Buildings Survey, now a program of the National Park Service) was so involved with the design and construction of the Interior building that when the building opened, it was referred to as "Ickes new home." Ickes personally selected Waddy Butler Wood as architect and worked very closely with him to ensure comfort and efficiency in the innovative new building. The Interior building featured a number of 'firsts' for Federal buildings: the first to have a central vacuum cleaning system, one of the earliest to be air-conditioned, and one of the first to incorporate a parking garage in the building. The somewhat austere 'Moderne' exterior belies the interior's abundant artwork and ornamentation. The building's 3 miles of corridors are lined with many murals and sculpture. Six Native American artists painted more than 2200 square feet of murals. The central corridor contains the Grand Staircase and has a checkered marble floor, bronze railings and a coffered plaster ceiling. A pair of marble bas reliefs by Boris Gilbertson adorn the walls: one of moose and the other of buffalo. The buffalo motif is found throughout the building including in the Departmental Seal and on the doorknobs of the Secretary of the Interior's Executive Suite. The Executive Suite has oak paneling with a marble fireplace. Besides offices, the building contains an auditorium, museum, Indian arts and crafts gift shop, library, post office and gymnasium-all part of the original design. The U.S. Department of the Interior is located at 18th, 19th, C and E Streets, NW. The building is open to the public Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm. Blair House Built in 1824 for Dr. Joseph Lovell, first Surgeon General of the United States who organized the Army Corps of Engineers, this National Historic Landmark serves as the official guest house of the President of the United States. In 1836, Francis Preston Blair, Sr., a member of Andrew Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet" and copublisher of the Globe, the influential mouthpiece of the administration, purchased the Blair House. Moving for a time in the 1840s to a country house in Maryland, the Blairs rented the property to a succession of notable tenants, including the first Secretary of the Interior, Thomas Ewing, whose daughter married William Tecumseh Sherman at the house in 1850. In 1852, the Blairs moved back to the residence and constructed a house next door for Elizabeth Preston Blair, the only daughter of Francis Preston Blair. The two houses began to be used as one, almost as they are today. Montgomery Blair, son of Francis Preston Blair, resided in the house as well, and was a trusted advisor to President Lincoln before and during the Civil War. The Blairs opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and threw their weight to the free soil movement and the newly forming Republican Party. Montgomery Blair advised Lincoln on important matters such as the reinforcing of Fort Sumter and was instrumental from holding Maryland out of the Confederacy. At a conference at the Blair House in 1861, it was decided that Admiral Farragut would command the assault on New Orleans. After the Civil War, Blair influence began to fade, but the prominence of the family continued to be recognized in Washington society. The house once again took on national recognition when, in 1942, it became the official residence of visiting dignitaries and served as a temporary home for President Harry S. Truman during the remodeling of the White House. Blair House is located at 1651-1653 Pennsylvania Ave., NW. It is not open to the public. Metro stop: McPherson Square. Decatur House Completed in 1819, Decatur House is significant as the first private residence constructed on Lafayette Square and the last of Benjamin Henry Latrobe's city houses in America to be preserved. Latrobe is also known for his architectural work on the Capitol , the White House and Saint John's Church . Like other Latrobe residential designs, Decatur House emphasizes the vestibule, making it the architectural center of the interior. The vestibule's reconciliation of three geometric forms (rectangle, circle, and semicircle) is another of Latrobe's architectural contributions, one first seen in his designs for the Capitol. The house was designed for Commodore Stephen Decatur who was at the height of his naval career when the house was constructed, and he and his wife, Susan Wheeler Decatur, wished to establish themselves in Washington society. The Decaturs lived on Lafayette Square only 14 months--Commodore Decatur was slain in a gentlemen's duel with Commodore James Barron on March 20, 1820. The house's second great era was ushered in with its purchase in 1871 and occupancy by General and Mrs. Edward Fitzgerald Beale. Modifications made during the Beale years resulted in a rich Victorization of Latrobe's classical design. Upon Mrs. Beale's death in 1902, Decatur House became the property of their son Truxton and his wife, Marie Beale. Restoration in 1944 and again during the 1960s attempted to return the Decatur house to its original architectural appearance. Overtly threatened with destruction three times in the past, Decatur has served as an anchor in saving remaining historic buildings lining Lafayette Square. n 1956, Mrs. Marie Beale bequeathed Decatur House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which operates the property as a house museum. Decatur House is located at 748 Jackson Pl., NW. Beginning January 1, 2011 Scheduled tours of the Decatur House are discontinued in order to allow needed preservation and conservation efforts to proceed on the building. The gift shop will remain open to visitors and the operation of education programs and special event site rentals will not be affected.   Metro stop: Dupont Circle. The Decatur House is the subject of an online-lesson plan produced by Teaching with Historic Places, a National Register program that offers classroom-ready lesson plans on properties listed in the National Register. To learn more, visit the Teaching with Historic Places home page . Renwick Gallery The Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, a National Historic Landmark, was erected between 1859 and 1861 by William Wilson Corcoran (1798-1888), Washington banker and philanthropist, as an art gallery for his private collection of paintings and sculpture. The building was designed by James Renwick, Jr., a prominent New York architect who designed St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York and the Smithsonian Building (The Castle) in Washington. During the Civil War, Corcoran left Washington to live in Paris with his daughter and son-in-law, a member of the Confederate diplomatic corps in France. The gallery building was seized by the U.S. Army in August 1861 for use as a storage warehouse for the records and uniforms for the Quarter Master General's Corps. In 1864, General Montgomery Meigs cleared and converted the building into his headquarters office. After the Civil War, Corcoran returned to Washington and pressed for the return of the art gallery, which was returned to his control on May 10, 1869. Corcoran immediately established a board of Trustees, and in 1870 the gallery was chartered by an act of Congress. After an extensive restoration, the gallery opened to the public on January 19, 1874. The collection quickly outgrew its building, however, and in 1897, the gallery moved to a larger building on 17th Street where it remains today. The Federal government first rented and then purchased the old gallery for use by the U.S. Court of Claims which occupied the building from 1899 to 1964. In 1965 S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian, met with President Johnson and requested that the building be turned over to the Smithsonian for use as a gallery of art, crafts and design. Restoration of the building for the Smithsonian began in 1967, and the building reopened as the Renwick Gallery in 1972. The Renwick Gallery is located at the corner of 17 St. and Pennsylvania Ave., NW. The Renwick is open every day of the year, except December 25th, from 10:00 am to 5:30 pm. Extended summer hours are determined annually. Metro stop: McPherson Square. St. John's Church Long known as "the Church of the Presidents," St. John's Episcopal Church has served virtually as the chapel to the White House for nearly two centuries. Every President since James Madison has worshiped here on some occasion. As far back as 1816, records show that a committee was formed to wait on the President of the United States and offer him a pew. James Madison chose pew 54 and insisted on paying the customary annual rental. The next five Presidents in succession--James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and William Henry Harrison--occupied this pew during their terms of office. Since then, by tradition, pew 54 has been set aside for Presidents of the United States. There are other ways in which the church is further connected with Presidents. Many Presidents have been members of the church. James Madison's wife, Dolly, was baptized and confirmed here. Franklin D. Roosevelt paid homage to tradition by spending a few minutes in prayer here on his two inauguration days. The church was built in 1816 by Benjamin Latrobe, the noted architect who worked on the Capitol and the White House , as well as the Decatur House . The original Classical style church was built in the form of a Greek Cross, where each arm was equal in length. Latrobe conceived of his churches as meeting houses, with open preaching space unencumbered by piers and columns. As a result, he insisted on simplicity in architecture and a pulpit centrally located so that all might see. St. John's size soon proved inadequate for the growing congregation. In 1820, workmen extended the west transept arm and fronted it with a Roman Doric portico, which resulted in a Latin Cross form. Over time, further alterations, such as the triple-tiered steeple, significantly altered Latrobe's plan, but the original structure is still recognizable. Having seen more than its share of national occasions as well as the roster of those who have worshiped in this church, its significance goes without saying. However, there are many notable treasures in the church such as the twenty-seven handsome memorial windows adorning the building. An 18th-century prayer book placed in the President's pew has been autographed by many of the Presidents. A silver chalice and a solid gold communion chalice, encrusted with jewels, are also among its treasures. St. John's is still a living parish in the heart of Washington, DC With its bright yellow stuccoed walls, and golden cupola and dome, St. John's is a lively ornament to Lafayette Square . The church stands as one of the few remaining original buildings left near Lafayette Park today. St. John's Church is located at 16th and H Sts., NW at Lafayette Square in Washington, DC Every Sunday after the 11:00 am service, there is a guided tour of St. John's. The church is available for public visitation from 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm everyday. Metro stop: McPherson Square. Franklin Square Franklin Square is an active and bustling area of downtown Wsahington, DC. The Franklin School, completed in 1868 and designed by Adolph Cluss, is a focal point of the square. The school was a model of advanced design in its day and the scene of Alexander Graham Bell's first wireless message. On June 3, 1880, Bell sent a message over a beam of light to a window in a building at 1325 L Street, NW. The school trustees declared that the construction of such buildings as Franklin School "will do much to redeem us from the imputation so often made that the city of Washington is a mere dependent upon Government and that it does nothing itself for the advancement of its citizens." The Franklin School won prizes as the most modern schoolhouse design at both the Vienna and the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. The Franklin School has been renovated in recent years and is now used as private business offices. Many historic places around Franklin Square no longer exist such as the house where Frances Hodgson Burnett, author of Little Lord Fauntleroy, lived at 1219 I Street and the Capitol Garage, constructed in 1926, that stood at 1312-1320 New York Avenue. However, historic places such as Franklin School and the Almas Temple remain, and along with the new, surrounding monumental office buildings make Franklin Square a dynamic and ecelectic area. Franklin Square is a public park that is accessible to the public. Lafayette Square Historic District Lafayette Square is a seven-acre public park located directly north of the White House on H Street between 15th and 17th Streets, NW. The Square and the surrounding structures were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970. Originally planned as part of the pleasure grounds surrounding the Executive Mansion, the area was called "President's Park". The Square was separated from the White House grounds in 1804 when President Jefferson had Pennsylvania cut through. In 1824, the Square was officially named in honor of General Lafayette of France. Lafayette Park has been used as a race track, a graveyard, a zoo, a slave market, an encampment for soldiers during the War of 1812, and many political protests and celebrations. The surrounding neighborhood became the city's most fashionable 18th century residential area - home to a number of Washington personalities including Lincoln's Secretary of State William Henry Seward and South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. Andrew Jackson Downing landscaped Lafayette Square in 1851 in the picturesque style. Today's plan with its five large statues dates from the 1930's. In the center stands Clark Mills' equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson, erected in 1853; in the four corners are statues of Revolutionary War heroes: France's General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette and Major General Comte Jean de Rochambaeu; Poland's General Thaddeus Kosciuszko; Prussia's Major General Baron Frederich Wilhelm von Steuben. Buildings around Lafayette Square include: the White House , the Old Executive Office Building , the Department of the Treasury , St. John's Episcopal Church , the Blair-Lee House , Decatur House , and the Renwick Gallery . Other buildings around Lafayette Square include: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) building, 810 Vermont Avenue, that was built in 1916 on the site of the distinguished Arlington Hotel (1868-1913). Veterans Affairs runs the nation's largest hospital network, involving 170 hospitals nationwide; The Hay-Adams Hotel, 16th and H Streets, named after two of Lafayette Square's most distinguished residents, John Milton Hay and Henry Brooks Adams, whose adjoining homes once occupied the site. Turkish-born Armenian architect Mirhan Mesrobian designed the 143-room hotel in 1927, using Rome's Farnese Palace as an inspiration for the Italian Renaissance exterior; The New Executive Office Building, 722 Jackson Place, and the National Courts Building, 717 Madison Place, built in 1968-1969 on either side of the Square behind the existing historic buildings. John Carl Warnecke designed the 10-story structures to harmonize with Lafayette Square's historic character and retained the domestic facades but joined the separate interiors; and The White House Historical Association, 740 Jackson Place, located in one of the five buildings constructed as part of the redevelopment of Lafayette Square in the 1960's. The Association is a non-profit historical and educational organization chartered in 1961 to enhance understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of the White House. Since its founding, the White House Historical Association has contributed more than ten million dollars for the benefit of the White House. Lafayette Square Park is located on H St. between 15th and 17th Sts., NW. A public park, it is accessible to the public. Metro stop: McPherson Square. The Hay-Adams Hotel, located in Lafayette Square Park, is a Historic Hotels of America member, a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The White House* The White House, one of the most recognizable buildings in Washington, DC, was designed by James Hoban, an Irish-born and-trained architect who won a competition organized by President George Washington and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson in 1792. The competitions were held to determine who would design the nation's two most important buildings, the President's House and the Capitol. It is believed that Jefferson, competing under a pseudonym, submitted designs and lost both competitions. Hoban's inspiration for the house was drawn from an Anglo-Irish villa called the Leinster House in Dublin. Although President Washington oversaw construction, he never lived in the house. President John Adams, elected in 1796 as the second President, was the first resident of the White House. Abigail Adams, President Adams' wife, was known to have complained about the largely unfinished new residence. President Thomas Jefferson, upon moving to the house in 1801, was also not impressed, and dismissed the house as being too big. Jefferson made several structural changes under architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe such as the addition of terrace-pavilions on either side of the main building and single-story wings for storage. In addition to replacing the slate roof with one of sheet iron, Jefferson further improved the grounds by landscaping them in a picturesque manner. While James Madison was President from 1809 to 1817, the White House was torched by the British in the War of 1812. Although the fire was put out by a summer thunderstorm, all that remained were the outside, charred walls and the interior brick walls. Madison brought Hoban back to restore the mansion, which took three years. It was during this construction that the house was painted white. Hoban later added the South and North Porticos, using a slightly altered design by Latrobe. Expansion and further alterations were made when President Theodore Roosevelt declared the house unsafe to inhabit. He had the original building remodeled. By making the third-story attic into habitable rooms and adding the Executive Office wing and the East Gallery, Roosevelt separated his work space from his family life. In 1909, architect Nathan C. Wyeth extended the office wing adding the well-known oval office. Although used informally for some time, it was President Theodore Roosevelt who gave the White House its official name. Finally, the last major renovation took place when President Harry Truman decided that again the building was unsafe and had to be gutted. Steel replaced the original frame and paneling, and a balcony was added to the South Portico. The White House, an architectural symbol of the American presidency and the nation's power, remains a stylistically simple residence and an example of the stolid republican ideals of the Founding Fathers. The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW. Tours of the White House are currently limited to parties of 10 or more people, requested through one's Member of Congress and will be accepted up to six months in advance. These self-guided group tours will be scheduled approximately one month before the requested date, from 7:30am to 11:30am Tuesday-Saturday, excluding Federal holidays. For the most current tour information, please call the 24-hour line at 202-456-7041. The National Park Service operates the White House Visitor Center, located at 15th and E Sts., NW, open daily from 7:30am until 4:00pm. Metro stop: McPherson Square * The White House, U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Capitol, and related buildings and grounds are legally exempted from listing in the National Register of Historic Places, according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Old Executive Office Building (Eisenhower Executive Office Building) The Old Executive Office Building, a National Historic Landmark, was built between 1871 and 1888. Designed by Alfred B. Mullet in the Second Empire Style, the building housed the Departments of State, War, and Navy. Much of the interior was designed by Richard Von Ezdorf using fireproof cast-iron structural and decorative elements. The building became seen as inefficient and was nearly demolished in 1957. Since 1981, major renovations have been carried out including the development of a comprehensive preservation program and the formulation of a master plan for the building's continued adaptive use. The building continues to house various agencies that comprise the Executive Office of the President, such as the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget and the National Security Council. Many celebrated national figures have participated in the historical events that have taken place within the Old Executive Office Building's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. President Herbert Hoover occupied the Secretary of Navy's office for a few months following a fire in the Oval Office on Christmas Eve, 1929. In recent history Richard Nixon had a private office here during his presidency. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was the first in a succession of Vice Presidents to the present day that have had offices in the building. The Old Executive Office Building is next to the White House and can be viewed from the street. The Old Executive Office Building (Eisenhower Executive Office Building) is located at 17th St. and Pennsylvania Ave., NW. Metro stop: Farragut North or Farragut West. Corcoran Gallery of Art The Corcoran Gallery was founded by Washington philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran in 1869. It was originally situated at the corner of 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, but rapid growth forced the relocation of the Gallery in 1897 to its present location between New York Avenue and West Potomac Park. A fine example of French Beaux Arts design with Greek inspired details, the Corcoran was designed by Ernest Flagg. Flagg, who also designed the Singer Office Building in New York and the Annapolis Naval Academy, attended the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. When the Gallery opened at its new location in 1897, President Cleveland attended the inauguration. Throughout its history, the Corcoran Gallery has contributed significantly to the advancement of American art through its policy of exhibiting and interpreting contemporary American Art. The Gallery also houses a comprehensive early American collection that reflects a variety of subject matter and range of expressions demonstrating the development of American art. Corcoran founded the Gallery for the purpose of "encouraging American genius" in the arts and built the first Gallery to house his collection of paintings and statuary. The original building was restored and is now the Renwick Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Congress approved a public act incorporating the Trustees of the Corcoran Gallery and provided it with its charter in 1870. Mr. Corcoran then gave, in addition to the original building and grounds and his personal art collection, an endowment of $900,000 for the perpetual establishment and maintenance of the Gallery. He stipulated that the Gallery be opened without admission charge to the visitors at least two days a week. He then bequeathed an additional sum of $100,000 as an endowment for the Corcoran School of Art. At the present day site, a second section of the building, known as the "Clark Wing," was built to house the collection of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark and financed by a grant from the Clark family. The Clark Wing was designed by Charles Adams Platt, who also designed the Freer Gallery of Art. A small section at the west end of the new wing was built at the same time at the Gallery's expense. The Clark Wing was inaugurated in 1928 with President Coolidge in attendance. The permanent collection of the Gallery consists of well over 14,000 items, most of which are American. Its collections of European holdings are based primarily on the Clark collection mentioned above, and the Walker collection, from collectors Mary and Edward Walker. The Gallery houses the Corcoran School of Art, the only professional art school in the District of Columbia, as well as varied educational programs open to the public. Not only is the Corcoran an architectural achievement in the Beaux Arts tradition, but its continual dedication to art is a contribution to the cultural heritage of the nation's capital. The Corcoran Gallery of Art is located at 17th St. and New York Ave., NW. It is open every day except Tuesdays from 10:00 am to 5:30 pm. The museum is closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day. Extended hours are Thursday evenings until 9:00 pm. Suggested contributions for admission to the Corcoran vary according to age and size of group. For more information please call 202/639-1700. Metro stop: Farragut West. Lockkeeper's House The Lockkeeper's House is the only remnant of the C & O Canal Extension. The building was constructed as the house for the Lockkeeper of the Canal, who collected the tolls and kept records of commerce on the canal. The C & O Extension was built between 1832 and 1833 to connect the Washington City Canal with the C & O Canal. The Washington City Canal was first proposed by Pierre L'Enfant in his 1791 plan for the Capital and was opened in 1815. It served as the major thoroughfare until railroads became the dominant form of transportation in the 19th century. Furthermore, the local, Washington City Canal, was beset by problems of poor maintenance. After the Civil War there were numerous proposals to revitalize the Washington City Canal, but in the 1870s the long process of filling the canal began. During the development of Potomac Park in the early 1900's, the Lockkeeper's House was given to the United States and functioned for a while as the Park Police headquarters. By 1940 Federal Office buildings began to appear along Constitution Avenue near the Lockkeeper's House. That year, the first floor of the building was converted to use as a public comfort station. Presently the building is used for park maintenance storage. The Lockkeeper's House is located on the corner of 17th St. and Constitution Ave., NW. It is not open to the public. Metro stop: Farragut West U.S. Department of the Treasury The present Treasury Building was built over a period of 33 years between 1836 and 1869. The east and center wings, designed by Robert Mills, architect of the Washington Monument and the Patent Office Building, comprise the first part of the building constructed between 1836 to 1842. The most architecturally impressive feature of the Mills design is the east colonnade running the length of the building. Each of the 30 columns is 36 feet tall and is carved out of a single piece of granite. The interior design of the east and center wings is classically austere, in keeping with the Greek Revival style. Later additions were made to the original wings, beginning with the construction of the south wing from 1855 to 1860 and the west wing from 1855- 1864. The preliminary design of the wings was provided by Thomas Ustick Walter, architect of the Capitol dome, but architects Ammi B. Young and Isaiah Rogers refined the plans, designed the interior details, and supervised construction. While the exterior of the building was executed along the lines of the original Mills wings, the interiors of the later wings reflect changes in both building technology and aesthetic tastes. Iron columns and beams reinforced the building's brick vaults; the architectural detailing became much more ornate, following mid-nineteenth century fashion. The final addition to the Treasury Building was the north wing, built from 1867 to 1869. Its architect was Alfred B. Mullett. Similar in construction and decor to the south and west wings, the north wing is unique as the site of the Cash Room -- a two-story marble hall in which the daily financial business of the U.S. Government was transacted. The room opened in 1869 as the site of President Grant's inaugural reception. The Treasury Building is the oldest departmental building in Washington and has had a great impact on the design of other governmental buildings. At the time of its completion, it was one of the largest office buildings in the world. It served as a barracks for soldiers during the Civil War and as the temporary White House for President Andrew Johnson following the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865. The Treasury Building is unquestionably a monument of continuing architectural and historical significance. In acknowledgment of the building's significance, Treasury was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. Guided tours of the building are available free of charge. The tour features restored spaces such as the 1864 Burglar-Proof Vault and the marble Cash Room. Also on the tour is the restored office of Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury during the Civil War and the temporary office used by President Andrew Johnson following Abraham Lincoln's assassination, which has been restored to its 1860s appearance. The Treasury Building is located at 15th and H Sts., NW. Tours of the building have been suspended, for security reasons. Willard Hotel American author Nathaniel Hawthorne observed in the 1860s that "the Willard Hotel more justly could be called the center of Washington than either the Capitol or the White House or the State Department." From 1847 when the enterprising Willard brothers, Henry and Edwin, first set up as innkeepers on the corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, the Willard has occupied a unique niche in the history of Washington and the nation. The site upon which the Willard stands was originally part of the farm of David Burnes. In 1816 John Tayloe built a row of six two-story-and-attic houses as an investment . By 1818 the corner was being used as a hotel. In 1847 Benjamin Ogle Tayloe leased the establishment to Henry A. Willard and his brother, Edwin. Edwin withdrew from the management, to be replaced by his brother Joseph C.Willard in 1849. In 1853 the brothers purchased the entire row of houses from Tayloe's heirs, uniting the buildings architecturally in a major remodeling. In 1858 the Willards expanded again, purchasing the property of Col. James Kearney on the southwest corner of 14th and F Streets. They demolished the Kearney Mansion and built a six-story addition to the hotel. Next an adjoining Presbyterian Church on F Street was acquired and converted to an auditorium known as Willard Hall. In succeeding years, as business increased, the roofs of the conglomerate hotel were raised to allow for vertical expansion. Finally, at the turn of the century, the Willard underwent a massive transformation. The new Willard, designed by New York architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh and erected by the George A. Fuller Company, was hailed at its opening as Washington's first skyscraper. Completed in 1904, the new building saw an addition of 100 rooms in 1925, broadening the F Street facade by about 49 feet. The property remained in the Willard family until 1946, closed in 1968, and underwent extensive renovation, again opening its doors in 1986. Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Grant, Taft, Wilson, Coolidge and Harding stayed at the Willard. Other notable guests have included Charles Dickens, Buffalo Bill, David Lloyd George, P.T. Barnum, Lord and Lady Napper and countless others. Walt Whitman included the Willard in his verses and Mark Twain wrote two books there in the early 1900s. It was Vice President Thomas E. Marshall, irritated at the Willard's high prices, who there coined the phrase "What this country needs is a good 5-cent cigar." The Willard Hotel is located at 1401-09 Pennsylvania Ave., NW. For further information call 202/628-9100. Metro stop: Metro Center Warner Theater The Warner Theater and Office Building is the sole surviving movie palace downtown. Opening in 1924, it is a ten-story, stone and terra cotta structure that features a corner tower. It was designed by C. Howard Crane, a noted theater architect and Kenneth Franzheim. The architects created a serenely classical and monumental structure, made interesting by the intricate detailing and decoration of the fa�ade and tower. As were most movie palaces of the 1920s, the Warner was a showcase for both films and vaudeville acts. Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Red Skelton, George Burns and Gracie Allen graced its stage. Big bands such as those led by Benny Goodman, Guy Lombardo and Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey also appeared. Stage shows were continued at the house until 1945, when it shifted to an all-movie format. After periods of darkness and abuse, the Warner has been restored to its former grandeur, and is used for theatrical shows and concerts. The Warner Theater is located at 501 13th St., NW. It is open to the public during performances. For more information call 202/783-4000. Ford's Theatre National Historic Site Ford's Theatre was the location of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on the night of April 14, 1865, while the President and Mrs. Lincoln were attending a performance of the play, "Our American Cousin." Actor John Wilkes Booth, in this first assassination of an American president, removed Lincoln from leadership at the end of the American Civil War. The old Ford's Theatre building was first constructed as the First Baptist Church in 1833. In 1859 the structure was abandoned as a place of worship, and in 1861 John T. Ford, a theatre entrepreneur from Baltimore, renovated the building. In December the theatre burned to the ground and in 1863 a more elaborate edifice was constructed. Ford's Theater is a three-story brick building with five arched doorways at street level. The exterior walls are the only portions remaining of the 19th century theatre. The National Park Service acquired the theatre in 1933, and the entire interior was reconstructed in the 1960s to recreate its historic appearance on the night of the assassination. The Petersen House is the house where Lincoln died. At the time of Lincoln's death, the house across from Ford's Theatre (now 516 10th Street) was owned by William A. Petersen, a German tailor. Petersen constructed the plain red brick three-story and basement townhouse in 1849. The Park Service acquired the house in 1933, and has maintained it as a historic house museum, recreating the scene at the time of Lincoln's death. Ford's Theatre National Historic Site is located at 511 10th St., NW. It is open for tours from 9am to 5pm. The Box Office is open from 8:30am to 5pm. In the event of evening performances, the Box Office will remain open until 8pm. In the event of an evening History on Foot walking tour, the Box Office will remain open until the tour begins. The Petersen House is open from 9:30am to 5:30pm. Admission into Ford's Theatre National Historic Site is free, but a ticket is required. Metro stop: Gallery Place/Chinatown. 800 Block of F Street, NW The 800 Block of F Street, NW is representative of the earliest development of F Street as the commercial core of Washington, DC It typifies the growth of Washington from its sleepy southern village days to an advanced and enterprising city. Surrounded by such monumental buildings such as the old Patent Office (now the National Portrait Gallery) and the General Post Office, the 800 Block of F Street introduces a varied facade which enhances the qualities of these buildings and the L'Enfant plan itself. In 1875, the Le Droit Building at the SW corner of 8th and F Streets was erected. Designed by James McGill in the Italianate commercial style of its period, the Le Droit Building was intended exclusively for office use. Its first tenants included J. Bradley Adams and William H. Boyd (publisher of Boyd's Directory), a barber, two auctioneers, various agents, twenty lawyers and others, including the architect, James McGill until 1880. Further development resulted in 814 F Street which was built in 1875 or 1876. By 1877, J. Bradley Adams moved his book and stationery business from the Le Droit Building to this address. Soon after, in 1878, Adams erected the Adams Building at 816 F Street for his own use. It is believed that James McGill designed these buildings as well as the Le Droit Building. Adams built another building at 818 F Street in 1881, and its cast-iron front had an estimated cost of $4000.00. B.H. Warder then erected the Warder Building at the SE corner of 9th and F Streets in 1892. Designed by Washington architect, Nicholas T. Haller, this large building was intended for use as offices, apartments and stores. Haller maintained an office in the Warder Building for many years. As the commercial core of the city moved to the west and northwest, the 800 Block of the south side of F Street became shabby and disused. In recent years, however, the block has slowly been revitalized by artists, shopowners and other businesses. The opening of the nearby MCI Arena in 1997 has once again made it a lively and active area. Located at the 800 Block of F St., NW, the buildings are privately owned for commercial use and are not accessible to the public. Metro stop: Gallery Place/China Town. The Pension Building Now housing the National Building Museum, the Pension Building was erected to serve the needs of the Union veterans after the Civil War. During and after the Civil War, Congress passed laws expanding the eligibility for pensions of the wounded, maimed, and the widowed and orphaned of the Civil War. Designed by Army Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs in 1881, and constructed between 1882 and 1887, the Pension Building housed the U.S. Pension Bureau, a Federal agency created to award pensions to Union veterans. Meigs, an innovator in 19th-century building technology, was also the engineer for the Capitol Dome and Cabin John Bridge. The Pension Building was his last, and what he considered his greatest, accomplishment. The building was designed to provide natural air-conditioning and light for its employees. By using air vents in the exterior walls of the building a ventilation system was created where hot air escaped through the skylights in the roof. The upward flow of air would draw in fresh air through the exterior wall openings. The Great Hall, another impressive feature, houses massive Corinthian columns that are among the tallest interior columns in the world. From the time it was built, it was derided as "Meigs old red barn" and criticized for not fitting in with Washington's architecture. There was an attempt to remodel the building to conform with the classical tradition, but when the General Accounting Office vacated the building in 1950, it was left as one of the few Italian Renaissance Revival buildings of its day. The Pension Building was built as a memorial to the Union soldiers, sailors, and marines of the Civil War. This memorial theme is carried out by the exterior frieze extending completely around the building depicting a parade of military Civil War units. The frieze was designed and sculpted by Bohemian-born Caspar Buberl. Likened to the Parthenon frieze, the Panathenaic Procession was meant to make a statement about the power of the military in American society. The building has national significance because it represents the Civil War generation's own memorial to the Civil War. It has further significance because it was built for and occupied by the Pension Bureau, the first Federal veterans agency to operate on a national scale. Finally, it is important because the building has been the scene of many Presidential inaugural balls beginning with Grover Cleveland in 1893 up to the present. Now acknowledged as an engineering marvel, the Pension Building became the National Building Museum, created by an Act of Congress in 1980. The National Building Museum now serves as America's premier cultural institution dedicated to exploring and celebrating architecture, design, engineering, construction and urban planning. The Pension Building is located at F St. between 4th and 5th Sts., NW. National Building Museum regular hours are 10:00 am to 5:00 pm Monday through Saturday, and 11:00 am to 5:00 pm Sunday. Historic Building Tours are available daily at 11:30 am, 12:30 pm, and 1:30 pm. No reservations are required. The museum is closed on Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. For more information please call 202-272-2448. Metro stop: Judiciary Square. Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site & Old Post Office Building Pennsylvania Avenue is certainly among the world's most famous streets. While the Avenue serves work-a-day Washington as a major east-west transit route, it is known the world over as the heart of the Nation's Capital. Many Presidential inauguration parades and political protest marches have taken place along Pennsylvania Avenue. On September 30, 1965, the Secretary of the Interior, with the President's concurrence, designated it the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, encompassing the Avenue between the Capitol and the White House, and a number of blocks around it. The L'Enfant Plan placed the Congress House (the US Capitol Building) on Jenkins Hill and the President's House (the White House) on a low ridge north of the mouth of Tiber Creek and connected them with a broad, diagonal avenue. The name Pennsylvania Avenue was first applied to this avenue by Thomas Jefferson in a 1791 letter, but no one is sure why it was named for the Keystone State. One theory holds that this was done in order to appease Pennsylvania, which would see the federal capital move from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800. Others hold that the city's diagonal avenues were named in a logical north to south progression. Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York Avenues lie north of Pennsylvania Avenue, while Maryland and Virginia Avenues lie to its south, just as these states do on a map of the United States. Pennsylvania Avenue became Washington's first downtown street with shops, markets, and a financial district growing along it during the 19th century. However, at the end of the 19th century, and continuing into the 20th century, the Avenue became an eye sore to local residents with tattoo parlors, rooming houses, and cheap hotels lining the street. An early attempt at improving Pennsylvania Avenue occured when Congress authorized the construction of a new combined Post Office Department and City Post Office building at 12th St. and the Avenue in 1892. Designed in the Romanesque Revival style by Willoughby J. Edbrooke, the building was completed in 1899, and its 315 foot tall clock tower remains an Avenue landmark today. This building was followed in 1909 by the completion of the District Building at 14th St. and (what was then) E St. Designed by Cope and Stewardson in the Beaux Arts style made popular by the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1892, the building was constructed to house the District of Columbia government. Still in use by the District's government today, it too remains an Avenue landmark. Due to the Avenue's then blighted state, Congress created the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation on October 27, 1972 to plan and carry out the Avenue's revitalization. Declaring its redevelopment to be in the national interest, Congress directed that the Avenue be developed, maintained, and used "in a manner suitable to its ceremonial, physical, and historic relationship to the legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government and to the governmental buildings, monuments, memorials, and parks in or adjacent to the area." In 1964, the President's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue recommended all but the clock tower of the Old Post Office be torn down and a demolition permit was granted in 1971. Citizen protest saved the Old Post Office from the wrecking ball and led to a major rehabilitation of the building being authorized by Congress in 1977. The Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site is located on Pennsylvania Avenue between the Capitol and the White House. The Old Post Office is located at 12th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. It is open from 8:00 am to 10:45 pm daily from Mid-April to Labor Day and 10:00 am to 5:45 pm the rest of the year. Federal Triangle Historic District The Federal Triangle is located between Pennsylvania Avenue, Constitution Avenue and 15th Street, NW and is part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site . It is comprised of a unified group of important and prominent Federal office buildings. The 1926 Public Buildings Act, which permitted the Government to hire private architects for the design of Federal buildings, heralded the beginning of the country's largest public buildings construction program. Among the most significant early projects generated under the new legislation was the development of a 70-acre site (now known as the Federal Triangle) between the Capitol and the White House. U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon and a distinguished Board of Architectural Consultants, headed by Edward H. Bennett of the Chicago architectural firm of Bennett, Parsons, and Frost, developed design guidelines for the site. Under Bennett's direction, each member of the Board of Architectural Consultants designed one of the buildings in the Federal Triangle complex. The goal of the project was to provide each Government agency or bureau with a building that would address its functional needs, while combining the individual buildings into a harmonious, monumental overall design expressive of the dignity and authority of the Federal Government. Limestone facades, red-tile hipped roof, and classically inspired colonnades are common features of the Federal Triangle buildings. Located at 12th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, the Ariel Rios Federal Building, also known as the new Post Office, was designed by William Adams Delano and William T. Aldrich and constructed between 1931-1935. Inspired by the Place Vendome in Paris, the Ario Rios Federal Building was intended to be a central feature of the Federal Triangle. The central section of the tri-unit building is comprised of two huge, back to back, semi-circular units with side wings. The hemicycle formed by the building's curve was to be mirrored by a similarly curved fa�ade built across 12th Street on the site of the Old Post Office Building. However, preservation efforts in the 1970's saved the Old Post Office from demolition and the second half of the grand plaza was never finished as designed. The Ariel Rios Federal Building's seven-story spiral marble staircase is a prominent element of the interior. A chandelier hangs in the center of the staircase and has exposed bulbs to illuminate each floor. It terminates in a dramatic chrome and brass globe. The Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium at 14th Street and Constitution Avenue was designed by Arthur Brown, Jr. and constructed between 1928--1934. Originally the Treasury Department Auditorium, the building was renamed for Andrew Mellon who oversaw the development of the Federal Triangle complex while serving as Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932. The Mellon Auditorium is the central component of a three-part complex and is flanked by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the U.S. Customs Service (originally the Department of Labor). Arched, open portals topped by 45 foot tall columns connect the individual buildings. The monumental, temple-form building has a pedimented portico supported by six Doric columns. The sculpture within the pediment is Edgar Walter's Columbia. The Auditorium was intended to remedy the Federal Government's lack of assembly space for large gatherings and ceremonial occasions which existed prior to its construction. The magnificent assembly room seats 2,500 and is the Government's largest auditorium for ceremonies, receptions, and other events. The rest of the building contains small meeting rooms, a series of offices, and lobbies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated the Selective Service System lottery in the Auditorium on October 29, 1940. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed here on April 4, 1949, with President Harry Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and ministers of 11 other nations in attendance. The Department of Commerce Building, officially known as the Herbert C. Hoover Building, is located at 14th Street and Constitution Avenue. Designed by Louis Ayres and constructed between 1927--1932, the Commerce Department building is named after President Hoover who served as Secretary of Commerce during the agency's early development. It was the largest office building in the world at the time of its completion in 1932. The Hoover Building contains more than 3,300 rooms joined by unbroken corridors 1,000 feet long. Flexible partitions, rather than permanent walls, were a part of the original design for many of the offices to allow for inevitable changes in Departmental organization. Six interior courtyards provide light and air to the inner offices. The rectangular building measures approximately 320 ft east-west by 1020 ft north-south, and forms almost the entire west side of the Triangle from Constitution Avenue to E Street. There is a Doric colonnade on three sides. The 15th Street fa�ade stretches almost 3 city blocks and has four pedimented pavilions featuring sculptures by James E. Fraser. The National Aquarium is located in the basement and has been open to the public since the building was completed in 1932. On the first floor, facing Pennsylvania Avenue, is the White House Visitors Center. It is located in the former Patent Search Room. Located on a prominent trapezoidal lot bounded by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets, the Department of Justice building was designed by the Philadelphia architectural firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary and was constructed between 1931 and 1935. The Classical Revival style building is distinguished by Art Deco architectural elements and its innovative use of aluminum for details that were traditionally cast in bronze. All entrances to the building feature 20-foot-high aluminum doors that slide into recessed pockets. Interior stair railings, grilles, and door trims are aluminum, as are Art Deco torch�res, doors for the building's 25 elevators, and more than 10,000 light fixtures. The two-story Great Hall features Art Deco light fixtures and a terra-cotta tile floor with gray marble borders. The Law Library, located on the fifth floor, is a two-story room distinguished by a pair of tall Art Deco lights and a 20-panel mural by Maurice Sterne. Fifty-seven sculptural elements designed by C. Paul Jennewein adorn the building. Sixty-eight murals completed between 1935 and 1941 depict scenes of daily life from throughout American history and symbolic interpretations or allegorical themes relating to the role of justice in our society. Old Post Office Tower is open to the public during the summer from 8:00 am to 10:45 pm daily; Winter 10:00 am to 5:45 daily. For more information call 202/606-8691. The National Aquarium (in the Hoover Building) is open daily (except Dec. 25th) from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. For more information call 202/482-2825. White House Visitors Center (in the Hoover Building)is open daily from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm. For more information call 202/208-1631. Ariel Rios, Mellon Auditorium, Interstate Commerce Commission and U.S. Customs Service are working offices of the Federal civilian workforce. Public events are scheduled periodically. Metro stop: Federal Triangle. National Mall The Mall is located in the area encompassed by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues, NW on the north, First Street on the east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th Street on the west The Mall is significant as the central axis of the District's monumental core as designed by L'Enfant in 1791. The Mall was to be the foremost avenue of the city, the so-called "Grand Avenue." It was to run west from the Capitol to a point directly south of the President's House where its terminus would be crowned by an equestrian statue of George Washington. According to L'Enfant's plan, the Mall was to be "four hundred feet in breadth, and about a mile in length, bordered by gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on each side." During the course of the 19th century, L'Enfant's formal design for the Mall was largely forgotten. During the Civil War, the Mall grounds were used for military purposes, such as bivouacking and parading troops, slaughtering cattle and producing arms. In 1872, at 6th and B Streets, a 14 acre tract was given to the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad for the construction of a depot. The railroad was also granted permission to lay tracks north to south across part of the Mall. In 1851, President Millard Fillmore hired New York architect Andrew J. Downing to design a landscape plan for the Mall and the President's Park. This landscape was to provide a wild, natural disposition of trees, shrubbery and open lawns, but it was never fully carried out. In 1902 the McMillan Commission submitted their report to Congress. Their plan called for the restoration, development, and supplementation of the "Grand Avenue" ideal proposed by L'Enfant. The core of the Mall was to be a broad grass carpet, typical of those in Europe, 300' in breath and running the entire length of the Mall grounds, bordered on each side by four rows of American elm trees. Public buildings were to border the whole, separated from the elms by narrow roadways. The railroad station was removed from the area in 1909. The Mall is lined with a number of museums, contains two entrances for underground museums, and the Department of Agriculture. In the shadow of the U.S. Capitol, the National Museum of the American Indian opened its doors to the public in 2004. The museum is the first national museum in the country dedicated exclusively to Native Americans. The curvilinear exterior of the building is clad in Kasota limestone and invokes natural rock formations that have been weathered by wind and water.  Surrounding the building is an eastern lowland landscape amid numerous water features. Douglas Cardinal, a member of the Blackfoot Tribe, designed the museum. The National Air and Space Museum was completed in 1976 and designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. This is a monumental glass and granite building which contains 200,000 square feet and houses the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk plane as well as the Apollo II space capsule. In 1988 a restaurant designed by the same firm was added to the east side of the building. The Joseph Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden was designed in 1974 by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. (Gordon Bundshaft, architect in charge) Lester Collins designed the sculpture garden in 1981. This round, concrete building, 231 feet in diameter houses one of the country's greatest collections of contemporary sculpture and painting. The garden, which is sunken, provides a pleasant oasis for viewing more of the collection. The Arts and Industries Building, a National Historic Landmark, was built in 1879-81 and designed by Cluss and Schulze, with Montgomery C. Meigs. This is a well-preserved example of 19th century "exposition" type of architecture. It was built to house the international exhibits left over from the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876, and is a fanciful construction of polychrome brick. The Smithsonian or " Castle " Building is the earliest building on the Mall and was designed by James Renwick and built in 1847-55 with alterations by Adolph Cluss after a fire in 1865. The Gothic Revival 'Castle' building was built of local Seneca sandstone. It was named for James Smithson, an Englishman who willed his entire fortune to the US, in order to found "an establishment for the increase and diffusion of Knowledge among men." The Quadrangle Museums Project was designed in 1987 by Shepley, Bullfinch, Richardson and Abbott. The quadrangle opens south from the Castle building and contains two small buildings which are staging areas for two underground museums, the Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, and the National Museum of African Art, and another smaller kiosk-like building which provides the entrance for the S. Dillon Ripley Center. The buildings are placed in the Enid A. Haupt Garden which is centered around a diamond-shaped 19th century parterre. The Freer Gallery of Art was designed in 1923 by Charles A. Platt and is a Neo-classical building housing Charles Lang Freer's collection of the painting and sculpture of Asia and 20th century American artists, particularly James A. McNeill Whistler. The Department of Agriculture was built in 1905 and designed by Rankin, Kellogg and Crane. This was the first building constructed on the Mall after the issuance of the McMillan Commission Report. It took the intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt to keep the building from the middle of the Mall. The National Museum of American History was designed in 1964 by Steinman, Cain and White and is a nondescript building which houses a fascinating variety of exhibits. The National Museum of Natural History was designed in 1911 by Hornblower and Marshall and the wings were added in 1965 designed by Mills, Petticord and Mills. This neoclassical building is the first building on the north side of the Mall to comply with the strictures of the McMillan Commission. It houses a variety of exhibits including one which features the Hope Diamond, and has recently installed an IMAX theater. The National Gallery of Art (West Building) was designed by John Russell Pope in 1941. This building, designed in the neoclassical idiom, relates well to both the Natural History Museum and the Federal Triangle. The National Gallery is not part of the Smithsonian Institution. It was founded by Andrew Mellon who bequeathed his impressive collection of art and sculpture as well as a generous endowment for its operation. The Sculpture Garden located to the west of the Museum and designed by the Olin Partnership opened in the spring of 1999. The National Gallery of Art (East Wing) was designed in 1978 by I.M. Pei and Partners. This elegant building is based on a triangular module. The marble used on the building is from the same quarry as the West Building. Adjacent to the Mall along 14th Street, can be found the Auditors Main Building (Bureau of Printing and Engraving) designed in 1880 by James G. Hill. This dark red-brick building provides a strong contrast to the neoclassical buildings in the vicinity, especially the Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum designed in 1993 by Pei Cobb Freed and Partners is the American government's memorial to the Holocaust. This strong design provides a stark contrast to its more staid neighbors. The National Mall is accessible to the public. Click on the National Park Service National Mall and Memorial Parks website for information on visiting the Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, Thomas Jefferson Memorial, WWII Memorial, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and Vietnam Veterans Memorial. A National Park Service Ranger Station is located on the Washington Monument grounds and is open from 8 am until midnight. For more information on ranger programs and National Mall activities call 202-426-6841. Visit the Parks & History Association's virtual tour of the FDR Memorial , one of the newest additions to the National Mall. Metro stop: Smithsonian Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Memorial stands at the west end of the National Mall as a neoclassical monument to the 16th President. The memorial, designed by Henry Bacon, after ancient Greek temples, stands 190 feet long, 119 feet wide, and almost 100 feet high. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 38 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the thirty six states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address and his Gettysburg Address. Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation. The statue was carved in four years by the Piccirilli brothers under the supervision of the sculptor, Daniel Chester French. The statue of Lincoln is 19 feet high and weighs 175 tons. The original plan was for the statue to be only ten feet high, but this was changed so that the figure of Lincoln would not be dwarfed by the size of the chamber. A commission to plan a monument was first proposed in 1867, shortly after Lincoln's death. The design for that plan called for six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal size, with a 12-foot statue of Lincoln in the center. That project was never started for lack of funds. Congress approved the bill to construct this memorial in 1910. Construction began in 1914, and the memorial was opened to the public in 1922. The Memorial is visited by millions of visitors each year and is the site of many large public gatherings and protests. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech to a crowd by the Lincoln Memorial in 1963 . The Lincoln Memorial, administered by the National Park Service, is on the west end of National Mall, located in West Potomac Park, in line with the US Capitol and the Washington Monument, bordered by Constitution, Independence Aves. and the Reflecting Pool. The memorial is open 8:00 am to 11:45 pm everyday except Christmas. Metro stop: Smithsonian Washington Monument The Washington Monument was built between 1848 and 1884 as a tribute to George Washington's military leadership from 1775-1783 during the American Revolution. Its construction took place in two major phases, 1848-56, and 1876-84--a lack of funds, political turmoil, and uncertainty about the survival of the American Union caused the intermittent hiatus. Plans for a national monument began as early as 1783 when Congress proposed that an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected. Although the Monument was authorized by Congress, little action was taken, even after Major Peter Charles L'Enfant selected its site in his 1791 Federal City plan. Washington's 1799 death rekindled public aspiration for an appropriate tribute to him, and John Marshall proposed that a special sepulcher be erected for the General within the Capitol itself. Lack of funds postponed construction, but Marshall persevered, and in 1833, he, James Madison, and others formed the Washington National Monument Society. By 1836, the society advertised for competitive architectural designs. The winning architect was Robert Mills, whose design called for a neoclassical plan which provided for a nearly-flat-topped obelisk surrounded by a circular colonnade on which would stand a statue of Washington in a chariot. Inside the colonnade, statues of thirty prominent Revolutionary War heroes would be displayed. In an elaborate Fourth of July ceremony in 1848, the cornerstone was laid. Lack of funds and the illegal election which placed the Washington National Monument Society in the hands of the Know-Nothings, a political party, caused delay. Although the Know-Nothings returned all records to the original society in 1858, the latter could accomplish little without funding. The outbreak of Civil War of 1861 exacerbated the society's difficulties with fund-raising efforts. When Lt.Col.Thomas L.Casey, Mills' successor, resumed work on the project in 1876, he heavily altered the original design for the monument so that it resembled an unadorned Egyptian obelisk with a pointed pyramidion. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of the War Department was charged with completing the construction, and the monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885, and officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. Weighing 81,120 tons, the Washington Monument stands 555' 5-1/8" tall. The walls of the monument range in thickness from 15' at the base to 18'' at the upper shaft. They are composed primarily of white marble blocks from Maryland with a few from Massachusetts, underlain by Maryland blue gneiss and Maine granite. A slight color change is perceptible at the 150' level near where construction slowed in 1854. Inserted into the interior walls are 193 memorial stones presented by individuals, societies, cities, States, and nations of the world. Attached to in independent iron framework, flights of 896 steps surround an elevator which takes visitors to the observation level, where they can gaze over the city from the monument's pyramidion windows. In 1996, the Washington Monument Restoration Project was kicked off with Target Stores joining the National Park Service and the National Park Foundation to help restore this national treasure. Guaranteeing $1 million, Target served as the lead sponsor working with the foundation to raise awareness and an additional $4 million in donations from corporate partners. The restoration included constructing scaffolding for the entire 555-foot, 5 1/8-inch monument; sealing 500 feet of exterior and interior stone cracks; pointing 64,000 linear feet of exterior joints; cleaning 59,000 square feet of interior wall surface; sealing eight observation windows and eight aircraft warning lights; repairing 1,000 square feet of chipped and patched stone; pointing 3,900 linear feet of interior joints; and preserving and restoring 1932 interior commemorative stones. The project was completed in 2000. The Washington Monument is closed for repairs due to an earthquake on August 23, 2011. Visit the Washington Monument homepage for more information. Metro stop: Smithsonian The Washington Monument is the subject of an online-lesson plan produced by Teaching with Historic Places, a National Register program that offers classroom-ready lesson plans on properties listed in the National Register. To learn more, visit the Teaching with Historic Places home page . Jefferson Memorial The Thomas Jefferson Memorial, modeled after the Pantheon of Rome, is America's foremost memorial to our third president. As an original adaptation of Neoclassical architecture, it is a key landmark in the monumental core of Washington, DC. The circular, colonnaded structure in the classic style was introduced to this country by Thomas Jefferson. Architect John Russell Pope used Jefferson's own architectural tastes in the design of the Memorial. His intention was to synthesize Jefferson's contribution as a statesman, architect, President, drafter of the Declaration of Independence, adviser of the Constitution and founder of the University of Virginia. Architects Daniel P. Higgins and Otto R. Eggers took over construction upon the untimely death of Pope in August 1937. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission was created to direct the erection of a memorial to Thomas Jefferson by an Act of Congress approved in June 1934. The present-day location at the Tidal Basin was selected in 1937. The site caused considerable public criticism because it resulted in the removal of Japanese flowering cherry trees from the Tidal Basin. Further controversy surrounded the selection of the design of the Memorial. The Commission of Fine Arts objected to the pantheon design because it would compete with the Lincoln Memorial. The Thomas Jefferson Commission took the design controversy to President Franklin D. Roosevelt who preferred the pantheon design and gave his permission to proceed. On November 15, 1939, a ceremony was held in which President Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of the Memorial. In 1941, Rudolph Evans was commissioned to sculpt the statue of Thomas Jefferson. The statue of Jefferson looks out from the interior of the Memorial toward the White House. It was intended to represent the Age of Enlightenment and Jefferson as a philosopher and statesman. The bronze statue is 19 feet tall and weighs five tons. Adolph A. Weinman's sculpture of the five members of the Declaration of Independence drafting committee submitting their report to Congress is featured on the triangular pediment. Also noteworthy, and adorning the interior of the Memorial, are five quotations taken from Jefferson's writings that illustrate the principles to which he dedicated his life. Few major changes have been made to the Memorial since its dedication in 1943. The most important change to note is the replacement of the plaster model statue of Thomas Jefferson by the bronze statue after the World War II restrictions on the use of metals were lifted. Each year the Jefferson Memorial plays host to various ceremonies, including annual Memorial exercises, Easter Sunrise Services and the ever-popular Cherry Blossom Festival. The Jefferson Memorial is administered and maintained by the National Park Service. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is located on the south bank of the Tidal Basin near downtown Washington, DC It is open daily from 8:00 am until 11:45 pm every day except Christmas Day. For more information call 202/426-6841. There are no fees to visit the Memorial. Metro stop: Smithsonian. Arlington Memorial & Arlington House George Washington Parke Custis inherited the 1100-acre estate from his father, the only surviving son of Martha Washington. Like John Parke Custis, G.W.P. Custis was raised at Mount Vernon, and he dedicated much of his life to perpetuating the memory of George Washington. He commissioned George Hadfield, the second architect of the US Capitol to design Arlington House. It was designed in 1818, and is the third representation of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. In 1803, Custis had constructed two wings, and Hadfield's design was erected between them. The house was constructed of locally made brick and its most prominent feature is the large 16' by 52' portico across the central section. The portico is formed by eight large stuccoed and marbleized brick Doric columns that support a massive central pediment. The house, sited prominently atop the hill, can be seen from many points in the District of Columbia. Robert E. Lee, who was related to Custis's wife, was a frequent visitor to Arlington from childhood until his marriage to Custis's only daughter, Mary. For the next 30 years, the Lees considered Arlington their home. In the Lee bedroom on April 19, 1861, Lee made his fateful decision to resign his US Army commission rather than take up arms against his native state following Virginia's secession from the Union. On April 22, he left Arlington forever. In 1863 Congress levied a tax on all confiscated properties, but payment was rejected for Arlington. It was put up for sale for non-payment of taxes in January of 1864 and purchased by the US government. In May 1864, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton ordered that a national cemetery be established at Arlington, and the first burials took place that month. In 1928, following its authorization by Congress as a memorial to Lee, the house began to be restored by the War department. In 1933 the house and immediate grounds were transferred to the National Park Service. By that time, some structural changes made since 1861 had been reversed and many rooms had been partially furnished. Since, then further restoration has been completed. Arlington House is located in Arlington, Va., just across Memorial Bridge from the Lincoln Memorial. Check with your ranger at the door to see if guided tours will be offered during your visit. In lieu of a free guided tour, self-guided tours and audio (cell phone) tours of the house will be available during your visit. Arlington House is open to visitors every day from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., with the exception of January 1st and December 25th when the Arlington National Cemetery is also closed. Metro stop: Arlington Cemetery. Memorial Bridge Arlington Memorial Bridge and its related architectural, engineering, sculptural, and landscape features are significant as important elements in the Neo-classical urban design of the National Capital as it evolved during the first third of the 20th century. Successfully integrated with Washington's grand plan, the bridge composition enhances the monumental city as well as the riverscape. Widely regarded as Washington's most beautiful bridge, Memorial Bridge symbolically links North and South in its alignment between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial. The adjacent Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway terminus, the Watergate steps, and monumental equestrian statuary join with the bridge in constituting a formal western terminus of the great Washington Mall composition at the edge of the Potomac. The bridge axis, angled southwesterly from the east-west Mall axis, is carried on Memorial Avenue across the Boundary Channel Bridge to the Virginia shore. There it terminates at the Arlington Hemicycle, keystone of the grand renaissance gateway to Arlington National Cemetery and now the location of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. This Memorial and museum, located in the Hemicycle, was designed in 1989 by Marion Weiss and Michael Manfredi, and is now open to the public. The project has restored the Hemicycle in a very sensitive manner. Arlington House rises as the focal point on the hill above. The entire composition was designed by the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White. The low, Neo-classical bridge is 2,163 feet long; nine broad arches carry the bridge across the river. Except for the draw span, the bridge is of reinforced concrete construction faced with dressed North Carolina granite ashlar. Flanking the eastern ends of the bridge and parkway are two pairs of monumental Neo-classical equestrian sculpture on identical pedestals. "The Arts of War" by Leo Friedlander stands at the end of the bridge. In "Valor" on the left, the male equestrian is accompanied by a female striding forward with a shield; in "Sacrifice" a standing female symbolizing the earth looks up to the rider Mars. "The Arts of Peace" by James Earle Fraser flanks the end of the parkway. "Music and Harvest" consists of a winged horse, Pegasus, between a male figure with a bundle of wheat and a sickle and a woman with a harp. In "Aspiration and Literature," another Pegasus is flanked by figures holding a book and a bow. The statues, approximately 17 feet tall are of gilded bronze. They were commissioned in 1925, but were not erected until 1951. Memorial Bridge runs across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial to Arlington House in Virginia. Metro stop: Arlington Cemetery Smithsonian Institution, The Castle The Smithsonian Institution Building, a National Historic Landmark, was designed by the prominent New York architect, James Renwick, Jr., who would later design the Renwick Gallery (originally the Corcoran Gallery of Art) in Washington, and erected on the Mall between 1847 and 1855. Chartered by Congress in 1846, the Smithsonian was established due to the generous bequest of approximately $500,000 by James Smithson, an English scientist and illegitimate son of the Duke of Northumberland. Its Congressional charter established a Board of Regents who were directed to construct a "suitable building of plain and durable materials and structure, without unnecessary ornament, and of a sufficient size, and with suitable rooms or halls, for the reception and arrangement, upon a liberal scale of objects..." The items to be exhibited were specifically confined to the fields of natural history, art and objects of "foreign and curious research." The first Secretary of the Smithsonian, Joseph Henry, lived in the east wing of the building with his family, starting in 1849, during the initial construction period. For many years the building, also known as the Castle, housed all of the Smithsonian operations, including an exhibit hall from 1858 until the 1960s. Over the years several reconstructions have taken place. The first followed a fire on January 24, 1865, which destroyed the upper story of the main segment and the north and south towers. In 1884, the east wing was fireproofed and enlarged to accommodate more offices. Today, the Castle houses the Institution's administrative offices and the Smithsonian Information Center. Located inside near the north entrance is the crypt of James Smithson, benefactor of the Institution, while outside on the Mall, a bronze statue, executed by William Wetmore Story, honors Joseph Henry. The Smithsonian is composed of 16 museums and galleries and the National Zoo and numerous research facilities in the United States and abroad, holding some 140 million artifacts and specimens in its trust. Nine Smithsonian museums are located on the National Mall between the Washington Monument and the Capitol. A three-level underground building houses two museums of African and Asian Art and the S. Dillon Ripley Center, which includes the International Gallery, offices, and classrooms. Six other museums and the Zoo are elsewhere in Washington, DC, and both the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and a branch of the National Museum of the American Indian are in New York City. The Smithsonian Institution Building is located at 1000 Jefferson Dr., SW. It is open every day of the year, except December 25th, from 10:00 am to 5:30 pm. Extended summer hours are determined annually. Metro stop: Smithsonian National Archives The National Archives, occupied in 1935, is the repository of the more valuable and rare documents of this Government as well as a reference library. On display in the Exhibition Hall are the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights. By the 20th century, the need for a central repository was urgent, and the Public Buildings Act passed by Congress in 1926 appropriated funds for plans for acquisition of the site. Planned as a square with fountains by L'Enfant, this site was the location of the Marsh Market constructed in 1801 and known as Center Market following the Civil War. The seventh building to be constructed in the Federal Triangle, the Archives Building is a monumental structure designed in the 20th century Neo-Classical manner by John Russell Pope. Pope was also the architect for the Jefferson Memorial, Constitution Hall, and the National Gallery of Art. The Archives Building occupies a dominant position in the Federal Triangle as a focal point on the 8th Street Axis between the National Portrait Gallery (Old Patent Office) to the north and the Hirshhorn Museum to the south. Large pumps were built beneath the structure to safeguard the foundations from flooding by the Old Tiber Creek, whose bed runs under the building. The National Archives are located at 8th St. and Pennsylvania Ave., NW. Research hours are Monday and Wednesday from 8:45 am to 5:00 pm; Tuesday, Thursday and Friday 8:45 am to 9:00 pm; and Saturday 8:45 am to 4:45 pm. The Exhibit Hall is open every day except December 25. Winter hours are 10:00 am to 5:30 pm and summer (April 1 to Labor Day) hours are 10:00 am to 9:00 pm. U.S. Capitol* The United States Capitol is among the most symbolically important and architecturally impressive buildings in the nation. It has housed the meeting chambers of the House of Representatives and the Senate for two centuries. The Capitol, which was started in 1793, has been through many construction phases. It stands today as a monument to the American people and their government. An example of 19th-century neoclassical architecture, the Capitol evokes the ideals that guided the Founding Fathers as they developed the new republic. Pierre Charles L'Enfant was expected to design the Capitol, but his dismissal in 1792 due to his refusal to cooperate with the Commissioners of the Federal Buildings, resulted in other plans. A competition was suggested by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington that would award $500 and a city lot to whomever produced the winning plan by mid-July. None of the 17 plans submitted were satisfactory. In October, a letter arrived from Dr. William Thornton, a Scottish-trained physician living in the British West Indies, requesting an opportunity to submit his plan after the competition was closed. The Commissioners granted his request and President Washington commended the plan that was soon accepted by the Commissioners. The cornerstone was laid by President Washington on September 18, 1793. Because of Thornton's inexperience, the initial work progressed under the direction of three architects in succession. Stephen H. Hallet and George Hadfield were dismissed because of inappropriate design changes they tried to impose; James Hoban, winner of the competition for the President's House, was placed in charge and saw to the completion of the north wing for the first session of Congress on November 17, 1800. In 1803, construction resumed under Benjamin Henry Latrobe who completed the south and north wings. By 1813, Latrobe, with his job done, departed with the wings connected by a temporary wooden passageway. On August 24, 1814, British troops set fire to the building during the War of 1812. A rainstorm prevented its complete destruction and Latrobe returned to Washington in 1815 to make repairs. He took this opportunity to make changes to the building's interior design and to introduce new materials, such as marble. Latrobe, however, resigned his post in November of 1817 because of construction delays and increasing costs. Charles Bulfinch, a Boston architect, was appointed Latrobe's successor in January of 1818. Continuing the restoration, he was able to make the chambers of the Senate and House, as well as the Supreme Court, ready for use by 1819. Bulfinch redesigned the central section, making the dome that topped the section higher. Bulfinch spent his last couple of years on the Capitol's landscaping and decoration until his position was terminated in 1829. By 1850, the Capitol could no longer accommodate the increasing numbers of senators and representatives. Another competition was held offering $500 for the best plan to extend the Capitol. Unable to decide between the plans, Congress divided the money between five architects and Thomas U. Walter was chosen to complete the task. Walter supervised the construction of the extensions, making sure they were compatible with the existing style of the building, but using marble for the exterior instead of sandstone, which deteriorates quickly. As the wings progressed, they more than doubled the length of the Capitol making the dome too small for the new proportions. In 1856, the old dome was removed and work began on a replacement with a new, fireproof cast-iron dome. Construction was suspended in 1861 so that the Capitol could be used as a military barracks, hospital and bakery for the Civil War. However, in 1862, construction resumed, because Lincoln believed that the Capitol must go on, just as the Union must go on. The work on the dome and extensions was completed in 1868 under Edward Clark, who had served as Walter's assistant until his resignation in 1865. Clark held the post of Architect of the Capitol until his death in 1902. Considerable modernization occurred during his tenure, as well as the construction of the marble terraces on the north, west, and south sides of the Capitol. The terraces were constructed as part of the grounds plan devised by landscape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted. After a fire in November 1898, the need for fireproofing became evident. Elliot Woods, Clark's successor, saw to the reconstruction and fireproofing of the damaged wing. The 20th century has seen even further changes for the Capitol. Under the direction of J. George Stewart, the appointed Architect of the Capitol, the East front extension added 102 more rooms from 1959 to 1960. The stonework was also changed from sandstone to Georgia marble during the process. After a public protest at further plans to expand in the 1970s, the plans were dismissed and the vote went to restore, rather than enlarge, the West Front. Since then, primary emphasis has been on strengthening, renovating and preserving the building. Today, the Capitol covers a ground area of 175,170 square feet and has a floor area of about 16.5 acres. In addition to its use by Congress, the Capitol is a museum of American art and history. It stands as a focal point of the government's legislative branch and as a centerpiece of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. The Capitol is located on Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall. The Capitol Visitor center, the new main entrance to the U.S. Capitol, is located on the East front at First Street and East Capitol Street, NE. The Capitol Visitor Center is open to visitors from 8:30am to 4:30pm Monday through Saturday except for Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year's Day, and Inauguration Day. Tours of the U.S. Capitol are conducted from 8:50am to 3:20pm Monday through Saturday. Visitors with official business appointments may enter the Vistor Center as early as 7:15am. Admission to the U.S. Capitol Vistor Center is free. However, passes are required for tours of the U.S. Capitol and may be needed for other special events. All visitors to the U.S. Capitol are required to go through security screening. Tours of the U.S. Capitol need to be scheduled in advance through the Advance Reservation System or through the office of one your Senators or your Representative. For further information, please call 202-226-8000 or visit the U.S. Capitol Visitors Center's website . Metro stop: Capitol South or Union Station. * The White House, U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Capitol, and related buildings and grounds are legally exempted from listing in the National Register of Historic Places, according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Cannon & Russell Congressional Office Buildings* These first congressional office buildings are a set of nonidentical neoclassical twins that provide a visually appealing background for the United States Capitol. Both buildings are the oldest of the congressional office buildings, as well as fine examples of the Beaux Arts style of architecture. They were constructed after the turn of the century to relieve the overcrowding in the Capitol. Previously, House and Senate members had to rent quarters or borrow space if they wanted office space. The prominent New York architectural firm of Carrere and Hastings was retained for construction in April 1904. Thomas Hastings oversaw the construction of the House Office Building while John Carrere took charge of the Senate Office Building. The Russell Building was occupied in 1909 by the Senate of the 61st Congress. Rapid growth over the next 20 years resulted in an addition, the First Street Wing. In 1972, the building was named for the former Senator Richard Brevard Russell. The Russell Caucus Room retained its original 1910 benches and settles (long wooden seats with high backs) decorated with intricately carved eagles. The room has been used for several significant hearings on matters such as the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, Watergate in 1974, and the nomination of US Justice Clarence Thomas in 1991. The Cannon Building was occupied in December 1907 by the 60th Congress. The House outgrew the office space by 1913 and 51 rooms were added to the original building by raising the roof and adding a fifth floor. In 1962, the building was named for the former Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon. Both buildings were designed with the Capitol in mind so as not to compete visually with the main building. They are connected underground to the Capitol by passageways. Upon their completion, the Cannon and Russell Buildings became classic models, copied in the city of Washington, DC as well as around the country. The Cannon House Office Building is located at Independence and New Jersey Aves., NE. The Russell Senate Office Building is located at Delaware and Constitution Aves., NE. Both buildings are open to the public during normal office hours while Congress is in session. For more information on touring the Capitol Complex , please call 202/225-6827. Cannon Metro stop: Capitol South; Russell Metro stop: Union Station * The White House, U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Capitol, and related buildings and grounds are legally exempted from listing in the National Register of Historic Places, according the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Union Station Union Station was crucial to the development of modern Washington. When the Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio Railroads announced in 1901 that they planned to build a new terminal, people in the city celebrated for two reasons. The decision meant, first of all, that the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) would soon remove its tracks and terminal from the Mall. Though changes there appeared only gradually, the PRR's move allowed the creation of the Mall as it appeared today. Second, the plans to bring all the city's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to reflect the growing importance of the United States. Architects Daniel Burnham and Peirce Anderson used a number of techniques to convey this message: neoclassical elements that connected Washington to Athens and Rome; a massive scale, including a facade stretching more than 600' and a waiting room ceiling 96' above the floor; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and granite from a previously unused quarry; and an orientation that faced their building towards the US Capitol, just five blocks away. The terminal quickly became a center of Washington life, but at no time was it busier than during World War II, when as many as 200,000 people passed through in a single day. Like most American railroad stations, its financial and physical condition deteriorated after the war as train travel declined. In the 1960s and 1970s the Federal government tried unsuccessfully to make it into a visitor center. The station reopened in its present form in 1988 with shops, restaurants, and movie theaters occupying the original building, and a new Amtrak terminal at the back. Today Union Station is again one of Washington's busiest and best-known places, visited by 20 million people each year. Union Station is located at 50 Massachusetts Ave., NE. Store hours are Monday through Saturday 10:00 am to 9:00 pm and Sunday from noon to 6:00 pm. The shops at Union Station are closed New Year's Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. For more information call 202/289-1908. Metro stop: Union Station. Gallaudet University Gallaudet College, founded in 1864 as the National Deaf Mute College, has been since its inception the only university in the United States devoted specifically to the education of the deaf. The historic district consists of most of the original campus which was planned in 1866 by Olmsted, Vaux & Co. This leading late 19th century landscape and architecture firm felt that since the college's students lacked the ability to hear extra care should be taken so that "the senses of sight and smell are gratified in a most complete and innocent way." Gallaudet College's romantic informal plan was one of the firm's earliest collegiate works. The 1866 plan divided the campus into two parts separated by a large green. At the east are the academic buildings and at the west are a row of faculty residences. The 'Main Central Building' at the College, Chapel Hall, is one of the finest examples of post-Civil War collegiate architecture in the US and is the focal point of this college. It is a picturesque, brownstone, High Victorian Gothic designed by Frederick C. Withers of the leading mid-nineteenth century firm of Vaux,Withers and Co. Chapel Hall is in the Ruskinian Gothic Revival style which was popular in the 1870s, but it exhibits a restraint and fine handling of materials which creates a subdued coloristic harmony unusual in buildings in this polychrome style. College Hall is a fine example of polychrome High Victorian Gothic Revival architecture and was included in the 1866 plan. The east wing, designed by architect E.S. Friedrich, was erected in 1866. The main block of the building was designed by Withers and erected in 1874-1877. Gallaudet University is located on Florida Ave. between 6th and 9th Sts., NE . Guided tours of the University are scheduled from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, Monday through Friday. Please schedule visits two or three weeks ahead of time. You can schedule your visit by calling the Visitors Center at 202-651-5050, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Monday through Friday or send an e-mail to: [email protected]. The University is not within close proximity to a Metro station. Congressional Cemetery Historic Congressional Cemetery was founded in 1807 by eight civic-minded residents of the new Capitol Hill neighborhood who recognized the need for a local burial ground.  Its first burials included the master stone mason of the new United States Capitol building, the wife of the Navy Yard Commandant, Senator Uriah Tracy and the infant daughter of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, architect of the Capitol.  In 1812, the cemetery was deeded to Christ Church † Washington Parish, and over the next 100 years it grew from 4.5 to 37.75 acres. Among those buried at Congressional Cemetery are 16 Senators, 68 members of the House, and Vice Presidents Elbridge Gerry and George Clinton.  Congressional Cemetery is also the final resting place of many other notables including Tobias Lear, personal secretary to George Washington; Commodore Thomas Tingey, first commandant of the Washington Navy Yard; Generals Jacob J. Brown and Alexander Macomb of the U.S. Army; General Archibald Henderson, commandant of the Marine Corps for thirty years; William Thornton, architect of the U.S. Capitol, and Robert Mills, architect of the Washington Monument.  Several prominent Native Americans who died in Washington during diplomatic missions were buried at Congressional Cemetery, including Push-ma-ta-ha, Chief of the Choctaws, who held the rank of General in the U.S. Army, and Kan-Ya-Tu-Duta (Scarlet Crow), a delegate of the Dakota Sioux nation.  More recent burials include Matthew Brady, Civil War photographer; Belva Lockwood, first woman to practice law before the Supreme Court; John Philip Sousa, conductor of the U.S. Marine Band; and J. Edgar Hoover, first director of the FBI.  Built with money from Congress, the public receiving vault at Congressional Cemetery temporarily held the remains of Presidents John Q. Adams, William H. Harrison, and Zachary Taylor, as well as First Ladies Dolley Madison and Louisa Adams. The cemetery has a fine collection of 19th century tombs in various styles, materials, and forms.  Particularly significant among the monuments are the striking memorials designed for members of Congress by Benjamin Henry Latrobe.  These monuments were placed in memory of members of Congress who died while in office between 1807 and 1878, some of whom were buried elsewhere – hence the common reference to Latrobe's monuments as "cenotaphs" (empty grave). Congressional Cemetery is located at 1801 E Street, SE, on Capitol Hill. The grounds are open every day from dawn to dusk. Free tours are given every Saturday from 11:00am to 1:00pm from April to October, and 10 theme self-guided walking tours are available at the visitor center and on the website . Metro stop: Potomac Avenue. Ralph Bunche House This house was the residence of Dr. Ralph Bunche, the distinguished African American diplomat and scholar, from 1941 to 1947. The home was designed for him by Hilyard R. Robinson, a noted Washington architect, in the International Style. Ralph Johnson Bunche is internationally known as a scholar who served as Undersecretary-General of the United Nations and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949. Between 1929 and 1941, Bunche lived in several Washington, DC h omes, l ocated in the general vicinity of the Howard University campus. While serving as a full professor at Howard University, Bunche commissioned Hilyard R. Robinson to design a home in the Brookland area. The family moved into the completed house in 1941. Architect Hilyard Robinson, the designer of the house, was the most prolific and successful black architect in Washington, DC prior to his retirement in the 1960s. He was greatly influenced by the European urban planning, post-war housing developments, and Modernism which he studied. Among Robinson's notable works in Washington are Langston Terrace, and several campus buildings at Howard University. The straightforward and refined residence served the Bunche family for six years and is associated with the early career and accomplishments of Dr. Bunche. The Ralph Bunche House is located in the Brookland neighborhood. A private residence, it is not open to the public. Capitol Hill Historic District The Capitol Hill Historic District takes its name from the hill, which rises in the center of the Federal City and extends eastward. This hill, which in 1790 was called Jenkins Hill or Jenkins Heights, was the site chosen by Pierre L'Enfant for the placement of the "Congress House," a site which L'Enfant characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a superstructure." In accordance with this plan, the US Capitol Building was situated upon the crest of the hill facing the city. Stretching easterly behind the Capitol Building along wide avenues lies the residential area known as Capitol Hill. Capitol Hill, one of the oldest residential communities in Washington, has grown from a small boarding house community for members of Congress to an area of more than 150 squares embracing a number of separate neighborhoods. In the early years of the Republic few Congressmen wished to establish permanent residence in the city. Instead, most preferred to live in boarding houses within walking distance of the Capitol. Nothing remains of this community, and the area closest to the Capitol contains the Library of Congress , the Supreme Court , and the House and Senate Office buildings . Capitol Hill is the largest residential historic district in the District of Columbia. Almost every street is composed of rowhouses of different stylistic varieties and periods forming a continuous wall broken only by street intersections. Side by side exist early 19th century manor houses, Federal townhouses, small frame dwellings, ornate Italianate bracketed houses and the late 19th century press brick rowhouses with their often whimsical decorative elements combining Richardsonian Romanesque, Queen Anne, and Eastlakian motifs. One of the more interesting houses is the Sewell-Belmont House , perhaps one of the oldest houses in the city and rebuilt after the War of 1812. Interspersed with the rowhouses are churches, which serve the community such as Christ Church and St. Mark's . The street pattern in Capitol Hill has remained faithful to the original 1791 L'Enfant Plan for the Federal City, a plan that called for grand diagonals superimposed over a standard grid pattern. East Capitol Street, a monumental avenue running east from the Capitol to the banks of the Anacostia River, still provides a major focus for the area and serves as the division between the northeast and southeast sectors of the city. The eastern edge of the historic district terminates at the East Capitol Street Carbarn , now an adaptive use project featuring g apartments, but which represents the end of the trolley tracks and the end of much of the nineteenth century development. Pennsylvania Avenue, another prominent diagonal street, contains a lively commercial corridor with shops, banks and restaurants. Another lively area is Eastern Market that still provides meats, fish and produce in an unpretentious ambiance. Capitol Hill attracted a stable, unpretentious middle class citizenry whose modest yet imaginative housing typifies the historic district and gives it its character and identity. The Capitol Hill Historic District is bounded by Virginia Ave., SE.; S. Capitol and F Sts., NE.; and 4th Sts., SE & NE. Most of the buildings are private residences and not open to the public. Metro stops: Union Station, E. Capitol, and Eastern Market. U.S. Supreme Court* The Supreme Court Building, constructed between 1932--1935, was designed by noted architect Cass Gilbert, who is best known as the architect for the Woolworth Building in New York. The first session of the Supreme Court was convened on February 1, 1790, but it took some 145 years for the Supreme Court to find a permanent residence. During those years the Supreme Court lived a nomadic existence. Initially meeting in the Royal Exchange Building in New York, the Court established chambers in Independence Hall and later in City Hall when the national capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790. The Court moved again when the Federal government moved in 1800 to the permanent capital in Washington. Since no provision had been made for a Supreme Court building, Congress lent the Court space in the new Capitol building. The Court convened for a short period in a private home after the British had used Supreme Court documents to set fire to the Capitol during the War of 1812. Following this episode, the Court returned to the Capitol and met from 1819 to 1860 in a chamber that has been restored as the Old Supreme Court Chamber. Then from 1860 to 1935, the Court sat in what is now known as the Old Senate Chamber. Finally in 1929, former President William Howard Taft, who was Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930, persuaded Congress to end this arrangement and authorize a permanent home for the Court. At the laying of the cornerstone for the building on October 13, 1932, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated, "The Republic endures and this is the symbol of its faith." The building was designed on a scale in keeping with the importance and dignity of the Court and the Judiciary as a coequal, independent branch of the Federal government and as a symbol of "the national ideal of justice in the highest sphere of activity." Sixteen marble columns at the main west entrance support the portico and on the architrave above is incised, "Equal Justice Under Law." Capping the entrance is the pediment filled with a sculpture group by Robert Aitken, representing Liberty Enthroned Guarded by Order and Authority. Cast in bronze, the west entrance doors sculpted by John Donnelly, Jr., depict historic scenes in the development of the law. The east entrance's architrave bears the legend, "Justice the Guardian of Liberty." A sculpture group by Herman A. McNeil is located above the east entrance that represents great lawgivers, Moses, Confucius, and Solon, flanked by symbolic groups representing Means of Enforcing the Law, Tempering Justice with Mercy, Carrying on Civilization, and Settlement of Disputes Between States. The Supreme Court Building is located at 1st and East Capitol Sts., NE. Self-guided exhibits on the main level are available for touring Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 4:30 pm. Lectures on the Supreme Court are presented on the main level every hour on the half-hour, Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 3:30 pm. For more information call, 202/479-3000. * The White House, U.S. Supreme Court Building, U.S. Capitol, and related buildings and grounds are legally exempted from listing in the National Register of Historic Places, according the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Library of Congress In 1800, Congress voted to buy books and create a library for its use. From 1800 to 1814, the Library of Congress was housed in various spaces in the Capitol until it was burned by the British in the War of 1812. Congress then purchased Thomas Jefferson's personal library collection in 1815 at cost, to replace their losses. Since the Blodget's Hotel at 7th and E Streets was serving as the temporary Capitol, a room on its third floor housed the new collection of the Library. In 1818, however, funds were appropriated to move the Library back to the Capitol. When the new quarters in the Capitol's north wing proved inadequate, Charles Bulfinch, the Capitol's architect, developed plans for a spacious Library room in the center of the west front of the Capitol. On Christmas Eve, 1851, a disastrous fire in the Library destroyed approximately 35,000 of 55,000 volumes. A new plan was then approved to repair and enlarge the Library using fireproof materials throughout. The restored Library opened in 1853, but by 1865, it was apparent that due to the vast growth of its collections, the Library of Congress needed a separate building. Authorized in 1886, the first separate Library of Congress building, the Jefferson Building, was opened to the public in 1897. The Library's design was based on the Paris Opera House and was unparalleled in national achievement. Its 23-carat gold-plated dome capped the "largest, costliest, and safest" library building in the world. More than 40 painters and sculptors decorated the facade and interior making it surpass European libraries in its devotion to classical culture. John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz submitted the plans chosen by Congress for the design. Both architects were dismissed and the building's completion came under Gen. Edward Pearce Casey and civil engineer Bernard R. Green. The building stands today as a unique blend of art and architecture and is recognized as a national treasure. In 1928, Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam urged Congress to purchase the land directly east of the Library's Main Building (the Jefferson Building) for the construction of an Annex Building. In 1930, money was appropriated for its construction as well as a tunnel connecting it to the main building. The simple classical structure with Art Deco detailing was intended as a functional book stack with work spaces. It was designed by Pierson & Wilson, a Washington architectural firm, with Alexander Buel Trowbridge as consulting architect. The building was opened to the public on January 3, 1939. Now known as the Adams Building after John Adams, who approved the law establishing the Library of Congress, the impressive structure has the potential to house 10,000,000 books. Today's James Madison Memorial Building was authorized in 1965, but not completed until 1981. President Ronald Reagan participated in the dedication ceremonies. The building serves as the Library's third major building, and as a memorial to James Madison, the "father" of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as the fourth president of the United States. The Madison Building was designed by the firm of DeWitt, Poor and Shelton Associated Architects. It is one of the three largest public buildings in the Washington, DC, area and contains 2,100,000 square feet. The building houses administrative offices, the Congressional Research Service, the Law Library, the Office of the Librarian as well as the Copyright Office and eight reading rooms. Now the Library of Congress is one of the largest and best-equipped libraries in the world. It houses approximately 90 million items on 540 miles of shelves. The Library has far exceeded its mission to make its resources available and useful to the United States Congress and the American people as well as to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations. The Library of Congress glorifies the American contribution to world knowledge, and the buildings stand as monuments to the people who furthered this cause. The Thomas Jefferson Building is located at Independence Ave. and 1st St., SE. Visitor hours are between 10:00 am and 5:30 pm Monday through Saturday. The John Adams Building is at 3rd St. and Independence Ave., SE. Visitor hours are 8:30 am to 9:30 pm on Mondays, Wednesdays and Thursdays and 8:30 am to 5:30 pm on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. The James Madison Building is located on Independence Ave. between 1st and 2nd Sts., SE. Visitor hours are from 8:30 am to 9:30 pm Monday through Friday and 8:30 am to 6:30 pm on Saturday. All Library of Congress buildings are closed to the public on Sundays and federal holidays. For more information, please call 202/707-8000. metro stop: Capitol South. Sewall-Belmont House The Sewall-Belmont House was built on a tract of land originally granted to the second Lord Baltimore by King Charles of England. The property was divided several times, and it was Daniel Carroll who ultimately ceded much of the land to the Untied States as a site for the new capital. After Washington was laid out, Carroll bought a small parcel of land and later in 1799 sold the property to Robert Sewall. According to his tax records, Sewall built the main house in 1800. He attached it to a small one-room farmhouse believed by some experts to date from 1750. Tradition has it that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812. It is believed that gunshots from or behind the Sewall residence provoked the attack. Since that incident the house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations. The house remained in the possession of Sewall descendants until 1922, when it was purchased by Senator Porter H. Dale of Vermont. Seven years later, in 1929, Dale sold it to the National Woman's Party (NWP). It has been the headquarters for the NWP ever since. Today, the house balances its roles as a museum and a headquarters. Many sculptures and portraits of women involved in the suffrage and equal rights movements can be seen at the house. The museum also contains Susan B. Anthony's desk and a banner used during the first U.S. protests demanding women's enfranchisement. The Sewall-Belmont House is located at 144 Constitution Ave., NE. It is open for guided tours on Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 11:00 am, 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm. Contact [email protected] or at the website www.sewallbelmont.org . Metro stop: Eastern Market. Folger Shakespeare Library Henry Clay Folger, a millionaire Standard Oil executive, devoted a great deal of his life to the acquisition of the largest collection of Shakespearean materials in the world. Folger purchased the land where the library stands today a parcel at a time, and he acquired the entire property by 1928. Paul P. Cret, the architect, designed the building in the modern classical style, to blend with its neighbors on Capitol Hill including the Capitol, Library of Congress, and the House and Senate Office Buildings. Construction began in November of 1929. Mr. Folger died two weeks after the cornerstone was laid in 1930. His will appointed the Trustees of Amherst College to administer the library, and it remains in their hands today. The Folger Shakespeare Library is a major center for scholarly research. It houses the world's largest collection of Shakespeare's printed works. In addition, it contains other rare Renaissance books and manuscripts on all disciplines. Perhaps the most famous work in the Folger Shakespeare collection is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's works, printed in 1623 and known as the First Folio. Out of a world supply of 238 First Folios, Folger collected 79 copies. He also acquired 58 copies of the Second Folio of 1632, 24 of the Third Folio of 1663-64, and 36 of the Fourth Folio of 1685. The library also owns the world's largest collection of 18th and 19th century editions of Shakespeare, including copies owned by Washington, Adams, and Lincoln. The entire collection consists of approximately 280,000 books and manuscripts, and 27,000 paintings, drawings, prints, and engravings. The library's walls feature elaborate fresco sculptures of famous scenes from Shakespeare. The Reading Room is open to scholars and graduate students only. During the Library's annual celebration of Shakespeare's birthday in April, the public has access to this room. It also contains an Elizabethan theater, an Exhibition Gallery, and a gift shop. The Folger Shakespeare museum is an impressive collection of Shakespeare's works. The Folger Shakespeare Library is located at 201 East Capitol St., SE. It is open Monday through Saturday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. It is closed on all Federal holidays. Tours are regularly scheduled and no prior arrangements are necessary. Metro station: Eastern Market. St. Mark's Episcopal Church St. Mark's Episcopal Church began in 1867 as a mission of Christ Church , Washington Parish, and met for a time in the Sewall Belmont House at 2nd Street and Constitution Ave. In 1868 the mission organized as a congregation and built a small frame chapel on Beale Terrace between 2nd and 3rd Sts., SE., a site now occupied by the Library of Congress. In June, 1869 the mission was created as Memorial Parish within the Diocese of Maryland. In 1870 the church became St. Mark's , Memorial Parish, and finally in 1880, St. Mark's Parish. In October, 1880 St. Mark's began acquiring its present site at 3rd and A Sts., SE. The 1868 frame chapel was moved across Third Street and was used by the congregation and by 1888 the congregation had grown enough to begin construction of the present building. Baltimore architect T. Buckler Ghequier was chosen as to design the church and the cornerstone was on September 17, 1888. The north end of the building was completed and opened in time to hold services on February 23, 1889. A passageway was built connecting the frame chapel with the new building and the former was used for a choir room and parish hall. In 1894 the frame chapel was finally demolished and the tower, nave, chancel and the west thirty feet of the parish hall were completed. St. Mark's is located at 3rd and A Sts., SE. There is limited accessibility to the public. Eastern Market Eastern Market has long been an important element in the Capitol Hill community by providing a neighborhood market for over a century and a gathering place for residents. The market, completed in 1873, was designed by Adolph Cluss, a prominent local architect who designed the Franklin and Sumner Schools as well as many other post-Civil War buildings in the District of Columbia. Typical of the commercial architecture of the period, Eastern Market is one of the few public markets left in Washington, DC, and the only one retaining its original public market function. Part of a larger, city-wide public market system, Eastern Market was built to provide an orderly supply of goods to urban residents. It acted as both an anchor to keep residents from leaving Capitol Hill for a neighborhood with better civic services and as a magnet to draw new people. The Market also symbolized the much-desired urbanization of Washington, DC At the end of the Civil War, the city was under pressure to erase its image as a sleepy southern village or face having the Federal Government removed. Eastern Market became part of the attempt to reshape the city's image and became the first city-owned market to be built under the public works program of the 1870s. Eastern Market benefitted from the diligent research of Adolf Cluss who made a specialized utilitarian structure based on the prevailing ideas for market design. Among them were a lofty one-story space with an open plan, stall arrangement, natural light, easy access and exit, ventilation and no heat for better storage of perishable items. The Italianate style used by Cluss in the South Hall was useful for handling the many windows and doors typically found in market buildings. As Capitol's Hill's population spread in the early 20th century, the pressure to expand Eastern Market mounted. The city's office of Public Works, under architect Snowden Ashford, designed the new addition containing the Center and North Halls in 1908. With its growing importance, Eastern Market was unofficially recognized as the "town center" of Capitol Hill. Even as Eastern Market expanded, changes were underway that would almost destroy Washington's market system. Developers began abandoning the "out-of-date" portion of Capitol Hill, which included Eastern Market. Competition for Eastern Market also formed with the arrival of the "grocery store chain." By 1929, Eastern Market had lost too many customers to support the vendors who occupied the North Hall. After an attempt by the city to close the market, civic groups and individuals in the Eastern Market neighborhood protested and the Market lived on. The downturn of the market house after World War II further threatened the Eastern Market. When the DC Government moved to close the remaining public markets, Charles Glasgow, Sr. suggested he assume management responsibility for the market in the mid-1950s. The Eastern Market Corporation was formed and leased the South and Center Halls, now managed by Eastern Market Ventures. In recent years, the Market has served as a focal point in the revitalization of the Capitol Hill area, making Eastern Market once again a "town center," both politically and commercially. Eastern Market is located at 7th and C Sts., SE, across from the Eastern Market Metro Station. It is open to the public every day of the week except for Mondays. Christ Church Christ Church, the city's first Episcopal parish, is a Gothic style church extraordinarily rich in both cultural heritage and visual beauty. Several early Presidents worshiped here such as James Madison and James Monroe, as did the U. S. Marines who lived at the nearby Marine Barracks. Thomas Jefferson regularly attended services at the old tobacco warehouse church where services were held until 1807, when the present site near the Navy Yard was donated by William Prout. Although there is some debate, Benjamin Latrobe, one of 19th-century America's greatest architects, is generally attributed with the design of the church. Latrobe is also well known for his contribution to the construction of the Capitol. One of Christ Church's most prominent recent members was John Philip Sousa, the celebrated bandmaster and march composer. He was baptized and married here, and is now buried in the Church's cemetery, Congressional Cemetery, which is the unofficial resting place for members of Congress. The rental of pews provided the parish's chief source of income. Three free pews were regularly reserved: one for the President of the United States; one for the donor of the land, Mr. Prout; and one for the rector's family. When the first service was held on August 9, 1807, the church was known only as the "New Church in the Navy Yard." The vestry formally adopted the name "Christ Church" on August 20, 1807. The church's first rectory was built in 1824. The bell tower, added in 1849, was used as an observation post during the Civil War. The present Parish Hall was built in 1874. In 1924, the first rectory was razed and the present one was built on the same site. The Crucifixion window at the end of the chancel, a memorial to mothers, dates from 1927. In 1966, a two-story addition to the Parish Hall was constructed and dedicated to the memory of Rev. Edward Gabler, the priest and rector from 1928 to 1944. This architectural treasure is still dedicated to public worship. Christ Church, Washington Parish is located at 620 G St., SE. Public access is limited. Metro stop: Eastern Market. Lincoln Park Laid out in L'Enfant's plan for Washington as a square to hold a monumental column from which point all distances on the continent would be measured, Lincoln Park was slow to develop, and, in fact, was used for years as a dumping ground. During the Civil War, it was the site of Lincoln Hospital, named after the President, and among the places visited by Walt Whitman, who made rounds to comfort the injured and dying soldiers. The name apparently stuck and, in 1867, Congress authorized it to be called Lincoln Square as a memorial to the martyred leader, the first site to bear his name. Consecrating the place to Lincoln's memory really took hold several years later, however, through the efforts begun shortly after the assassination by an African American woman named Charlotte Scott of Virginia. Using her first $5 earned in freedom, Scott kicked-off a fund raising campaign among freed blacks as a way of paying homage to the President who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation that liberated the slaves in the Confederate States. The campaign for the Freedmen's Memorial Monument to Abraham Lincoln, as it was to be known, was not the only effort of the time to build a monument to Lincoln; however, as the only one soliciting contributions exclusively from those who had most directly benefited from Lincoln's act of emancipation it had a special appeal. The funds were collected solely from freed slaves (primarily from African American Union veterans), however, the organization controlling the effort and keeping the funds was a white-run, war-relief agency based in St.Louis, the Western Sanitary Commission. The monument was designed by Thomas ball, cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington in 1876. Congress accepted the Emancipation Group, as it came to be known, from the "colored citizens of the United States" for placement in Lincoln Square and appropriated $3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. In 1959 Congress authorized the National Council of Negro Women to build a memorial to its founder, Mary McLeod Bethune, a well-known African American educator and government advisor. Conceived originally to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1963, the monument was not dedicated until 1974 because of problems with fundraising (the bronze memorial ended up costing $400,000) and the priority given by the Council, an umbrella organization of African American women's groups, to the efforts of the Civil Rights movement. The sculptor of the Bethune Memorial was Robert Berks, an artist based in New York who also sculpted the gigantic Kennedy bust in the Grand Foyer of Washington's Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. When it was dedicated in 1974, the Bethune Memorial was the first statue of an African American or a woman of any race on public park land in Washington. (The only previous statue of an African American was that of the freed slave in the Emancipation Group, which was based on Archer Alexander, the last man captured under the Fugitive Slave Act). Lincoln Park, maintained by the National Park Service, is a public park square that is accessible to the public. East Capitol Street Car Barn The East Capitol Street Car Barn, constructed in 1896, is a Romanesque Revival style building designed by Waddy B. Wood, a prominent Washington architect. The L-shaped building is intrinsically linked to the history of Washington's rapid transit system. The building, erected as a car barn, repair shop, and administrative offices for the Metropolitan Railroad Company, represents three important stages in rapid transit system history: 1) the electrification of Washington streetcars and the final replacement of horse drawn cars in the 1890s; 2) the consolidation of streetcar lines into a functional network in the early 20th century; and 3) the gradual replacement of the streetcar by the bus in the first half of the 20th century. In 1889 and 1890, the United States Congress required streetcar companies in Washington to convert from animal traction to some form of mechanical traction. Overhead wire use was also outlawed. Just having been granted permission from Congress to extend the company's line on East Capitol Street to 15th Street, the East Capitol Street Car Barn was built when Metropolitan was converting all of its lines to the electric conduit system. In an attempt to organize the numerous streetcar companies in Washington, Metropolitan merged with Washington Traction and Electric Company in 1899. Soon after, Washington Traction and Electric Company declared bankruptcy. The Washington Railway and Electric Company acquired their property, eventually stabilizing the streetcar business into an efficient network of electric railways instead of competing lines. The car barn continued to function as a storage and repair shop for electric cars. When Washington Railway and Electric Company merged with Capital Traction Company to form Capital Transit Company in 1933, buses began replacing streetcars due to their flexibility. On January 28, 1962, the last streetcar was operated in Washington and the East Capitol Street Car Barn was then used to store buses. In 1973, the DC Transit Company was acquired by METRO, Washington's new rapid transit authority. The East Capitol Street Car Barn was not acquired by METRO, and was vacant. A private developer purchased the property and has adaptively re-used the car barn by turning it into a unique apartment building. The East Capitol Street Car Barn is located at 1400 East Capitol St., NE. It is privately owned and not open for public access. Metro stop: Eastern Market Marine Barracks The oldest continually active post in the Corps, the Marine Barracks served as Marine Corps Headquarters from 1801 to 1901. Here recruits and officers were trained, and vital decisions were made affecting Corps development. Troops quartered at the Barracks played significant roles in the wars with the Barbary pirates, the War of 1812, the Seminole War, the capture of John Brown at Harper's Ferry, and the conquest of Cuba in the Spanish-American War. As the home of the Marine Band, which has played for every President since John Adams, the Marine Barracks witnessed a significant epoch in American musical history when John Philip Sousa, the "March King," served as leader from 1880 to 1892. The Marine Band is still stationed at the Barracks and remains the official White House musical unit. Founded on November 10, 1775 by the Continental Congress and disbanded after the Revolution, the Marine Corps was reestablished in 1798 and headquartered in Philadelphia, the nation's capital at that time. In 1800, the headquarters moved to Washington, DC first in Georgetown and later on E Street until Commandant William Ward Burrows chose an appropriate site. Burrows chose the current location of the Barracks and chose English architect George hadfield, who also designed Arlington House , as the architect of the Barracks and the Commandant's House. Early in the 20th century, the Marine Barracks underwent extensive renovation. The 2 1/2-story, brick Commandant's House, completed in 1806, is the only structure remaining of the original barracks complex. The oldest public building with the exception of the White House , it served as home for men like Archbald Henderson, Charles Heywood, and John A. Lejeune, all of whom played vital roles in the development of the modern Marine Corps. Other structure on the old post grounds include a barracks building, a band hall, and a row of five officers' quarters. All of these brick structures were erected between 1904 and 1907. Anacostia Historic District The name Anacostia derives from the area's early history as Nacochtank, a settlement of Necostan or Anacostan Indians on the banks of the Anacostia River. Captain John Smith recorded in his journals that he sailed up the Eastern Branch or Anacostia River in 1608 in his search for the main branch of the Potomac River and was well received by these Native Americans. Today, the Anacostia Historic District is an area of approximately 20 squares in southeast Washington. Uniontown, the core of the historic district was incorporated in 1854 and was one of the first suburbs in the District of Columbia. It was designed to be financially available to Washington's working class, most of who were employed across the river at the Navy Yard. The initial subdivision of 1854 carried restrictive covenants prohibiting the sale, rental or lease of property to any Negro, Mulatto, or anyone of African or Irish descent. However, by 1880 approximately 15 percent of the residents were African American and today probably 99 percent. The historic district retains much of its mid-to-late 19th-century low scale, working class character as is shown in its architecture. While the neighborhood is fairly homogenous and a strong sense of order prevails, a great deal of variety and visual richness exists. Projecting porches and varied rooflines create a strong sense of rhythm up and down the streets. Relatively simple, standard house forms feature some of the most varied and original detailing. Individuals chose their own porch trim, iron fences, window and gable treatments and other decorative details. The frame houses are mostly Italianate and Cottage style with some scattered examples of Queen Anne. Interspersed are brick rowhouses, churches and two commercial streets Good Hope Road, and Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue, but with few exceptions, the commercial buildings mirror the low-scale residential character of the neighborhood. It also contains within its boundaries, the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site , (14th and W Streets, SE) home of the developer of Uniontown, which was later bought by Frederick Douglass who was often referred to as the "Sage of Anacostia." After decades of neglect, Anacostia's citizens are working to revitalize the neighborhood. The Anacostia Historic District is roughly bounded by Martin Luther King Ave. on the west, Good Hope Rd. on the north, Fendall St. and the rear of the Frederick Douglass home on the east, and Bangor St. and Morris Rd. on the south. Most of the buildings are private residences and not open to the public. Metro stop: Anacostia. Frederick Douglass National Historic Site From 1877 to 1895 this was the home of famous abolitionist, writer, lecturer, statesman, and Underground Railroad conductor , Frederick Douglass. Modest in its scale and ornamentation, Cedar Hill demonstrates the characteristics of a romantic cottage in natural surroundings. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) moved to Cedar Hill, named after the cedar trees that shaded the house, when he became U.S. marshal of the District of Columbia in 1877. Douglass defied the District's racist housing laws by purchasing this home in a segregated neighborhood. At the request of his second wife, Helen Pitts Douglass, Congress chartered the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association, to whom Mrs. Douglass bequeathed the house. Joining with the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, the association opened the house to visitors in 1916. The property was added to the National Park system on September 5, 1962, and was designated a National Historic Site in 1988. Douglass was born a slave on Maryland's Eastern Shore and was given the name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. At an early age, he learned to read and write, and escaped to freedom in the North, changing his name to Douglass to avoid recapture. Eventually he settled in Rochester, New York, and was active in the abolitionist cause. He was a leader of Rochester's Underground Railroad movement and became the editor and publisher of the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper. After the Civil War, Douglass came to Washington, DC, and served as the marshall of the District of Columbia and was appointed recorder of deeds for the city. In 1889, President Harrison appointed him minister-resident and consul general of the Republic of Haiti and charge d'affaires for the Dominican Republic. During all of this activity, Douglass remained an outspoken advocate for the rights of African Americans. This National Historic Site helps us to better understand the life of the man who is recognized as "the father of the civil rights movement." The Frederick Douglass National Historic Site , administered by the National Park Service, is located at 1411 W St., SE. It is open to the public daily from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm in the summer, and from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm in the fall and winter. The site is closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Years Day. There is a fee to tour the home. For more information, please call 202/426-5961. The Frederick Douglass National Historic Site is not within close proximity to a Metro stop. National Arboretum Official proposals for the establishment of an arboretum in the Washington area date as far back as the McMillan Commission of 1901. The gradual elimination of the Botanic Gardens on the Mall in the second decade of the 20th century provided a new impetus for such an undertaking. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. served as landscape architect for the McMillan commission and its successor, the Commission of Fine Arts and when the National Arboretum was finally established by Congress in 1927, Olmsted was on its Advisory Council and intimately involved in its planning. The Arboretum is located in northeast DC and is bordered on the east by the banks of the Anacostia River. The site is marked by Mount Hamilton on the west and Hickey Hill on the east with a broad central valley and Hickey Creek running through the center. Initially 189 acres were purchased in 1928; today it encompasses 412 acres. As the only federally supported arboretum, and one of the larger arboretums in the country, the National Arboretum plays a unique role. It breeds plants for localities throughout the country. Its mission is to serve the entire country, and in the controlled environment of its greenhouses it breeds plants for particular locales. The primary functions of the Arboretum are research and education and its Federal support allows for long-term projects. The first and most popular exhibit, the azaleas, was the product of pioneering research of the first director. The Arboretum grounds retain a sylvan look. This has been accomplished by retaining most of the natural woods, including beeches, oaks and Virginia pines, which stood on the grounds when the land was purchased, and limiting the amount of roadways. The exhibition areas are located either along the roadways or on pebbled paths off the roadside. Their design varies from the formal landscaping of the Gotelli Dwarf Conifer Collection on the north shoulder of Hickey Road to the natural planting of crabapples along Hickey Hill Road. Fern Valley is limited to ferns and other plants native to eastern North America. When the US Capitol building was expanded in the 1950s, 22 34-foot tall sandstone Corinthian columns were removed. The columns, designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe and erected under the supervision of Charles Bulfinch were destined for a landfill when Mrs. George Garrett rescued them. Finally after years of negotiations, they were taken out of storage and English landscape architect Russell Page designed a setting for them on a knoll near the main entrance. Also on the grounds is the United Brick Corporation Brick Complex NR near the entrance at 2801 New York Avenue, which was built 1927-31. The National Arboretum is located at 3501 New York Ave., NE. Arboretum grounds are open every day of the year except December 25th from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. The Administration Building is open Monday through Friday 8:00 am to 4:30 p.m. and on weekends in spring through autumn. The Arbor House Gift Shop is open daily and on weekends from 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, March 1 through December 24. The National Bonsai and Penjing Museum is open daily from 10:00 am to 3:30 pm. National Arboretum is not within close proximity to a Metro station. Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens Although Kenilworth Gardens are locally important today as a part of Washington's Park System, its greater significance lies in its contribution to the botanical study and development of water plants and gardens under the direction of its founder, W.B. Shaw and his daughter, L. Helen Fowler. It continues today as a noted water garden under the National Park Service. After the Civil War, 37 acres of this land were bought as a farm by W.B. Shaw, a war veteran who had come to Washington to work in the Treasury Department. Shaw pursued his hobby, the growing of water lilies, on the marshy sections of his land. He imported 12 hardy American white lilies, from his native Maine and grew them in an abandoned ice pond. As the lilies thrived, Shaw dug more ponds and began to experiment in hybridization. In 1912, Shaw and his daughter, Helen Shaw Fowler, began to sell their lilies commercially and daily shipped thousands of 63 varieties of hand-picked lilies, to Chicago, Boston and New York. During his lifetime, Shaw was responsible for developing many new varieties of lily, among them the Pink Opal and W.B. Shaw and the Helen Fowler water lily varieties, all still grown commercially today. The "Shaw Gardens" produced lilies available nowhere else in the country in the marsh's 35 different types of soil. Mrs. Fowler, who ran the business after Mr. Shaw's death in 1921, agreed to permit the public to view the lilies on Sunday mornings during the height of the season. During the 1920s and 30s, visitors numbered as many as 5-6,000 per day. Even though it was one of the largest lily farms in the world, the Shaw property was particularly attractive because it had been left almost entirely in its natural state. In 1924, Mrs. Fowler was persuaded to permit local residents to attempt to have the ponds brought under public ownership; among the most enthusiastic supporters was Mrs. Calvin Coolidge who, along with President and Mrs. Wilson, was a frequent visitor to the gardens. The extent of the gardens remains essentially unchanged from 1938, the year they ceased operation as a commercial enterprise and became part of the National Park system. Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens is located in northeast Washington, DC, near the Maryland boundary along the tidal Anacostia River. The entrance to the Aquatic Gardens is just west of I-295 (Kenilworth Avenue), between Quarles and Douglas Sts., on Anacostia Ave. It is open daily from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm. For more information call 202/426-6905. The Gardens are not within close proximity to a Metro station. Learn More Applewhite, E.J. Washington Itself. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983. Art in the United States Capitol. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978. Bowling, Kenneth R. Creating the Federal City, 1774--1800: Potomac Fever. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architets Press, 1988. Brown, Glenn. History of the United States Capitol. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970. Bustard, Bruce I. Washington Behind the Monuments. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1990. Caemmerer, H.P. Washington: The National Capital. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1932. Collins, Kathleen. Washingtoniana Photographs. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1989. Finley, David Edward. A Standard of Excellence. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973. Goode, James M. Best Addresses. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. Gutheim, Frederick. Worthy of a Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital. Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission and Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977. Junior League of Washington. An Illustrated History: The City of Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. Lee, Antoinette J. and Pamela Scott. Buildings of the District of Columbia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Longstreth, Richard, ed. The Mall in Washington, 1791--1991. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991. Maddex, Diane. Historic Buildings of Washington, DC. Pittsburgh: Ober Park Associates, Inc., 1973. Smith, Kathryn Schneider, ed. Washington at Home. Washington, DC; Columbia Historical Society, 1988. Weeks, Christopher. AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, DC. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Reprint, 1994. Marsh, Carole. Let's Quilt Washington, DC & Stuff It Topographically! Gallopade Publishing Group, 1994. Marsh, Carole, Washington, DC Bandits, Bushwhackers, Outlaws & Lawmen. Washington, DC Books, 1999. Marsh, Carole, Washington, DC Disasters & Catastrophes. Washington, DC Books, 1999. Marsh, Carole, Washington, DC Jeopardy!: Answers & Questions Abour Our Capital. Washington, DC Books, 1994. Marsh, Carole, The Washington, DC Library Book!. Washington, DC Books, 1991. Roth, Steve. My Travels in Washington, DC. Havin Fun Publishing, 1988. Van Wie, Nancy Ann. Travels with Max to Washington, DC. Max's Publishers, 1998. National Scenic Byways Program This website, maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, includes information on state and nationally designated byway routes throughout America based on their archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and scenic qualities. Visit the America’s Byways George Washington Memorial Parkway website for more ideas. Historic Preservation Division , Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs The official site of the Washington, DC State Historic Preservation Office The Historical Society of Washington, DC Founded in 1894, the Historical Society is the only citywide nonprofit organization whose sole mission is to preserve, present and interpret the history of Washington, D.C. and its people. Their new City Museum tells the story of the city of Washington.

i don't know

Former Seahawks all pro receiver Steve Largent is formerly a US representative from what state?

Steve Largent to Sign Autographs at Sports Authority in Issaquah WA - Sports Newswire Sports Newswire November 5, 2014 by Sue Doughty Leave a Comment ISSAQUAH, WA. — Former Seattle Seahawks wide receiver, Steven Largent , will be signing autographs from 11:00am-12:30pm on Saturday, November 8, 2014 at the Sports Authority located at 1185 Northwest Gilman Boulevard in Issaquah, WA. Steve will also be signing autographs from 1:30pm-3:00pm at the Crossroads location in Bellevue. Photo shows former Seattle Seahawks great Steve Largent speaking at the 2013 NATE event . Steve Largent’s Achievements include: 7× Pro Bowl selection (1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987) AP First-Team All-Pro selection (1985) 4× AP Second-Team All-Pro selection (1978, 1979, 1984, 1987) NFL 1980s All-Decade Team Walter Payton Man of the Year (1988) Bart Starr Man of the Year Award (1988) Seahawks Ring of Honor Seattle Seahawks 35th Anniversary Team Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee (1995) Profootballhof.com sat down with Steve Largent on April 8, 2011. The Class of 1995 enshrinee shared his thoughts on what it means to be a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Largent is a Pro Football Hall of Famer and a former U.S. Congressman, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma from 1994 until 2002. He spent 13 years with the Seattle Seahawks. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995. In 1999, he was ranked number 46 on The Sporting News’ list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the only Seahawk on the list. Largent’s number (80) was retired in 1992. Playing Field Promotions is a booking agent for motivational sports speakers and celebrities. If you would like to book Steve Largent for a speaking engagement or personal appearance, contact Steve Largent’s booking agent for appearance & speaker fees at 1.800.966.1380.

Oklahoma

Known as The Silver State, what was the 36th state to join the Union on Oct 31, 1864?

Seattle Seahawks Spirit of 1976 Page Unrecognizable in his golf cap, sunglasses and khaki shorts, Steve Largent was stuck in the sweaty crowd earlier this month at the 101st U.S. Open. PARTY'S OVER FOR SEAHAWKS' LARGENT, BUT IT'S A BIG TREAT FOR HOMELESS Associated Press December 25, 1989 DEC. 24 -- Seven thousand fans showed up at a party to say goodbye to Steve Largent after he had played his last game for the Seattle Seahawks. "I wish I was as neat as you all think I am but I'm not," Largent told the capacity crowd at the Washington State Convention Center. Seattle's homeless will benefit from the $70,000 the party produced, including $5,500 given by Largent's teammates. "I'm overwhelmed by all of this," he said. Largent, the NFL's all-time leading pass receiver, never went to a Super Bowl but he became the favorite player of Seahawks fans, for his overachievements on the field and his humble demeanor off it. Mike Haynes, Los Angeles Raiders defensive back, sent Largent a telegram, saying: "For a guy too slow and too short, you sure fooled a lot of people." Largent, 35, also received videotape messages from President Bush and former President Reagan. "You are one of those people who really have made a difference," Bush said. "I offer my heartfelt thanks not only from the community of Seattle but from this president." Said Reagan, "Several times when I've watched you, I wanted to shout, 'Win one for the Gipper.' You are truly a role model for the rest of us." Largent said his retirement hadn't really hit him yet. "It's just the end of another season," he said. "It may even take until next May or next September when I'm not putting on a football uniform to realize my career is over." Largent prepares for next route After Seahawks legend runs for governor of Oklahoma, can ultimate post be far off? Friday, June 29, 2001 By DAN RALEY SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER TULSA, Okla. -- Unrecognizable in his golf cap, sunglasses and khaki shorts, Steve Largent was stuck in the sweaty crowd earlier this month at the 101st U.S. Open, trying to get from one end of Southern Hills Country Club to the other. He had a pressing appointment. He saw an opening. Largent caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns in 14 seasons with the Seahawks, establishing several league records that have since been broken. With only a spectator badge in hand, Largent casually slipped behind a barrier separating fans and golfers, an off-limits area, daring anyone to stop him. "It's easier to ask for forgiveness than permission," he said with a smile. It has been 12 years since Largent caught his last pass for the Seattle Seahawks, completing a Hall of Fame career. When not improvising, he still runs a very precise route. In 17 months, he intends to leave this gritty Bible Belt city, his birthplace and home since leaving the NFL, and move 102 miles down the lonely, four-lane Turner Turnpike, past the idle oil refineries and wide-open spaces, and into the governor's mansion in Oklahoma City. A congressman for six years, he has been a political wide receiver. Now he wants to be quarterback. "I always felt the gifts you need as governor were more suited for my personality," he said. "I'm a good team player, but I'm not a policy wonk. In Congress, you need 218 votes to make anything happen. When you're governor, you're the CEO of the state. You establish the vision and standards for the state. You're the leader." Extremely popular across this flat landscape, Largent won his re-election to Congress in a landslide. Next is the gubernatorial race to replace Frank Keating. Which, considering the natural progression, lends to another question. What about the White House? There's been an actor in the Oval Office. People from Tulsa to Seattle say an athlete is coming, and it won't be Jesse Ventura. Already there are those in the Seahawks organization mulling what cabinet posts to ask for. However, Largent isn't about to think two plays ahead -- at least not publicly. Still, he leaves enough room to turn this quick out into a fly pattern. "I don't want to go back to Washington," he said, referring to the city, not the state. "I have enough light to see the next step. I don't know what's up ahead. I just don't know. But I also said I'd never be in politics when I retired (from football) in 1989. "I never say never." Politics in the huddle For now, Largent lives in a quiet, tree-lined neighborhood in South Tulsa, a few blocks from Southern Hills. Three out of every four homes are made of brick, to combat the elements. There's no gated community. Nothing too outrageous. Anyone can ring his doorbell. That's why they like him in this part of the country. He's one of them. God-fearing. Republican. Grass-roots. "I'd like to see him as governor," said John Chitwood, 48, a salesman from Broken Arrow. "He's an honest man with good morals." Said Kerri Davenport, 45, a security company manager from Musgokee, "I think he has a good vision for Oklahoma. I don't think he has any ulterior motives. I haven't heard anything bad about him. Let the people speak." Largent first gained an interest in politics while still a Seahawks player. On team charter flights, he used to hold long, thought-provoking discussions with teammate Jeff Kemp, son of a former NFL All-Pro quarterback, congressman and presidential candidate. It wasn't enough to make him run for office right away, but he had a grasp for things previously foreign to him. Out of football, Largent returned to Oklahoma and started a marketing and advertising company, a successful venture. He made public appearances, did motivational speaking, even agreed to have his family appear in a Hanes commercial (wearing sweats, of course). Now raising four kids with his wife, Terry, his high school sweetheart in Oklahoma City, Largent became increasingly annoyed with political decisions emanating out of Washington. He thought most had a negative effect on his family. He was urged by his wife and others to get involved. In 1994, Largent declared his candidacy for an open seat as U.S. Representative in the Tulsa-dominated 1st District. One man was chiefly responsible for this leap into the political arena. "It was probably Bill Clinton more than anything else -- total frustration," Largent said. "Gays in the military. Repealing abortion. Tax increases. Government health care. Scandals. It was one thing after another. I've met him and he's a very personable guy. He's very likeable. I like him. "I just didn't like the way he was doing things." Largent proved himself a formidable legislator from the beginning. He wasn't afraid to go across the middle and take a hit. Or give one out. In 1997, Largent and 10 other Republicans boldly derailed a GOP spending bill, infuriating Newt Gingrich. The Speaker of the House wanted to increase staff and salaries. Largent had voted his conscience, remembering the public had been promised a one-third cut in this direction. Gingrich called a mandatory meeting for the House of Representatives, demanding that a roll call be taken. He literally had the heat turned up in the room to make people uncomfortable. He started in on a rant. "It was belittling, insulting and intimidating," Largent recalled. Zeroing in on the dissident 11, Gingrich asked why these individuals thought they were so much better than everyone else, why they didn't act like adults. He waited for a response. Largent stood up. "I told him I'd been in a lot smaller rooms with a lot bigger men," Largent said, referring to the NFL. "I think it totally shocked Newt." Gingrich lost much of his bluster as the former football player and novice politician got a big show of support from his peers for not wavering. Gingrich backed off his crusade. Before long, he left his position and was out of politics. Largent always has been a man of conviction, even if it goes against popular opinion. As a fourth-round draft pick of the Houston Oilers -- before he was traded to the Seahawks -- Largent negotiated his own three-year contract, which was unheard of in the NFL. Still is. The All-America receiver from the University of Tulsa agreed to salaries of $28,000, $32,000 and $40,000, plus a signing bonus of $20,000. The numbers were symbolic. "The signing bonus was as much as anyone had ever made in my family," he said. Largent also was one of the first big names to cross the picket line during the 1987 NFL players' strike. Principle superceded relationships. "I signed a contract," he said, "and I was going to honor it." Of course, not everyone views things the way Largent does in his current post, either. His negative stances on homosexuality and abortion are not welcome in those camps. People think he could be a little less rigid in his overall dealings -- be more tolerant. "I've been in his office and he has a picture of Martin Luther King with a quote on his wall," said Robert Myer, 39, a self-employed Tulsan who is African-American. "It's not that he's close-minded to racial things, but he has to look at all people as equal, such as gays." Said O.L. Saunders, a retired Tulsa engineer, "He hasn't impressed me as a legislator, but there's no doubt he's going to be elected governor. That's a given. He's got where he is on name recognition more than anything else. He's done fine for himself, but he hasn't done much for Oklahoma." But will he vote for him? "Probably," Saunders said. "Anything beats what we've got." Largent doesn't even have that much political clout in Washington state. He appeared in a TV ad supporting Ellen Craswell's 1996 campaign for governor. She lost. That same year, he endorsed state Rep. Barney Beeksma, another religious-right legislator, from Oak Harbor. Beeksma lost. Largent also was featured in a TV spot aired by opponents of an initiative to outlaw bear baiting and use of dogs to hunt bears, cougars and bobcats. The initiative passed. Home on the range Largent caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns in his 14 seasons with the Seahawks, establishing several league records that have been broken since. His old team has a big need for wide receivers for next season. He looks like he might have something left. At 46, Largent appears sturdy and fit. At 190 pounds, his weight remains the same as it was during his playing days. He's lost very little muscle tone. He works at staying healthy. "I run five or six miles every other day," he said. "My exercise is for two reasons: 1) stress release; and 2) so I don't have to worry about what I eat. I run to eat." For football these days, Largent often plays catch with his son, Kelly, 16, a junior-to-be and wide receiver for Metro Christian Academy, a 3A high school (6A is tops), or runs routes with the prep team. Unlike most other NFL players, Largent didn't take any debilitating injuries with him to retirement. He's had elbow surgery, but that was from either pitching for the congressional baseball team or playing tennis. "I'm in good shape," he said. "I don't have the illusion I could go out and play football. I don't think I was a year too late or a year too early in retiring. If the Seahawks had been in the playoffs a year later, I might have had some regrets." It was time to move home, to patch up some differences. Largent's personal history was well-documented when he was a Seahawk; he grew up in family that ended in divorce, with alcohol and other abuses fueling the turmoil, leading him to religion. He was estranged from his father. A construction worker, Jim Largent returned to Tulsa and moved close to his congressman son. At 66, he died last year. "It was a sad chapter that had a positive ending; not to the point I would have liked, but we were able to reconcile," Largent said. "He had a sad life, one I don't want to duplicate. I was holding his hand when he took his last breath." He returns to Seattle once or twice a year, usually to bring his youngest son, Kramer, 15, to Children's Hospital. Kramer, who suffers from spina bifida, a congenital spinal disease, had foot surgery there last month. Largent says he doesn't normally support using public funds for stadium construction. But he wasn't opposed to the Seahawks stadium project. He said taxpayers were permitted to vote on the project, Paul Allen provided 25 percent of the stadium cost and Allen paid for the election, all good things for Seattle. "I like to see owners be local and have an investment in the stadium; it cuts down on owners blackmailing the city and threatening to move," he said. "With the Kingdome, it was a liability issue with the tiles and earthquake. To me, that was a no-brainer. Something had to be done." Largent keeps fairly close tabs on the Seahawks. His ties to the team were strengthened with the off-season coaching hire of Jim Zorn, Largent's first pro quarterback. "I'm a big Mike Holmgren fan," he said. "Like everybody else, I'm hoping Matt Hasselback is a player." The healing process If and when he becomes governor, Largent will have to move out of his beloved Tulsa. Downtown is a mix of office buildings and nearly a dozen large churches, some with gothic steeples reaching high into the skyline. The Arkansas River separates them from the fields of blackened oil refineries. It's Dallas without the traffic, the last stop before the Ozarks, an overly friendly place, he says. Largent will head for a new home still suffering and in mourning, six years after the terrorist action of Timothy McVeigh blew up the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people, many of them children. Where the nine-story building once stood, there remains a shell of concrete and re-bar surrounding a national memorial, a wrenching sight. At each end are the Gates of Time, gold-colored archways. One carries the numbers 9:01, the other 9:03, meant to keep the destruction -- the bomb went off at 9:02 -- confined to the site. A reflecting pool covers the street that crossed in front of the Murrah building, where McVeigh parked a truck full of explosives. One hundred and sixty-eight chairs, arranged in rows of nine, represent the victims. A museum documenting the horror sits inside a nearby building that survived the blast. A block-long cyclone fence holds photos, ID cards, letters, T-shirts, teddy bears and other personal items belonging to either bomb victims or their family members. Across the street is a statue of a "Weeping Jesus." Though a government employee, Largent had never visited the Murrah Building before the explosion. Nor did he know any of the victims. However, within hours of the bombing, he and all of the state's top politicians arrived in Oklahoma City to survey the damage. Largent was overwhelmed by what he saw. He did not oppose McVeigh's execution on June 11. "I am pro-death penalty, but not an enthusiastic death-penalty person," he said. "I think there's a place for it, that it should serve as a deterrent. With his execution, I think justice was served and there was a sense of finality and closure. "That was good for Oklahoma. I don't know if it completes the healing process." Another Largent is lending a hand MIKE SANDO The News Tribune KIRKLAND � Strength and determination resonate in the firmest handshake at Seattle Seahawks minicamp. Kramer Largent, 19 years old and a volunteer assistant trainer, doesn�t have to worry about getting a grip. He might, however, want to avoid the tackle football games he sought out in high school. Much like his famous father Steve, who beat the odds in becoming a Hall of Fame receiver for the Seahawks from 1976 to 1989, Kramer seems averse to limitations. Especially the ones associated with spina bifida, the congenital disorder that keeps him from running, but not much else. �It�s not that you even tip your hat to him,� quarterbacks coach Jim Zorn said after practice Monday. �He is just a kid that is trying to gain experience and learn.� Zorn and Steve Largent remain close from their days as teammates. Kramer, who recently finished his freshman year at Seattle Pacific University, is living with the Zorns now that school is out. He said he�ll transfer to the University of Tulsa, his father�s alma mater, after learning that SPU�s athletic-training program is not accredited. In the meantime, the Seahawks are giving him a chance to learn from the pros. �I realized somewhere in middle school that I wanted to be somewhere on the field, but I found out I couldn�t play football,� Largent said. �My junior year, I realized I might as well be an athletic trainer; I could feel part of the team.� Zorn has tried to get Kramer to channel some of his competitive drive into wheelchair sports. �I�m too stubborn,� Largent said. �I don�t want to be in a wheelchair when I don�t have to be.� Largent walks with a limp but pushes equipment around without apparent difficulty. �He�s got two other brothers and one sister and they have never treated him any differently than anyone else in the family,� Zorn said. �He�s just a guy. He has had some limitations in that he can�t run, but that didn�t prevent him from playing sports and trying whatever he could do.� For Ex-Wide Receiver, It's a Nice Recovery Largent Back on Course After Stroke Special to The Washington Post Thursday, August 18, 2005; E04 The subject is strokes. Except Steve Largent, the ex-Seattle Seahawks wide receiver, isn't asking for any, or giving them away. In April, he suffered one. "I went home and was in a daze," recalled Largent, 50, early in his round at Congressional Country Club's Gold Course in Bethesda. "My wife said: 'Where have you been? We've been waiting for dinner.' I said, in very delayed terms, 'I can't explain it.' After dinner, we went to the hospital." It remains difficult to explain. There were no missed signs, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, and he was working out several times a week. Since the stroke, he has lost at least 15 yards with his short irons, although he can still drive it about 275. He also knows how to scramble. At No. 10, a 493-yard, par 5, after his tee shot nearly found the hazard, he salvaged par with a 60-yard wedge to tap-in range. A 12-handicapper, he finished with a 15-over 86. Scoring has never been Largent's problem. In 14 seasons (1976-1989), Largent caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns. Yet, as much as he loves football, he isn't the type to constantly rehash the past. "A lot of guys leave the game involuntarily," said Largent, who was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1995. "I left when I wanted to leave." Nor does he become overly nostalgic about his second career, which also unfolded in the public eye. A conservative Republican, he was elected four times to the U.S. House of Representatives, giving up his seat during his final term to run for governor of Oklahoma in 2002. Largent, who lost by about 6,500 votes, has wondered if he should have been more aggressive in going after his opponent's record. However, he quickly added, "I just felt there was just too much negative campaigning, and I didn't like that." These days, he's fully involved in career number three. As president of the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association, Largent lobbies Congress on behalf of the wireless industry and organizes two major trade shows each year. "I think we're just seeing the beginning of all that will be known as wireless communication," he said. After retiring from the Seahawks, he thought briefly about trying to get his golf game in decent enough shape to compete on the Celebrity Players Tour. He decided to back off. "I think I just got a healthier perspective of life and golf," said Largent, who didn't own a set of clubs until he was 21. "I was hyper-competitive when I played football . . . hyper. And I've lost that a little bit." Obviously, not entirely. About 15 minutes later, after a solid drive at No. 12, a 414-yard par-4, he pushed his approach into the water, leading to his only double bogey of the day. "Golly, I can't believe I did that," said Largent, who hopes to tee it up about 15 times this year. He explains his disappointment with the errant shot: "I still like to play well." Largent is asked if he would ever make another run for public office. He resorts to the never-say-never cliche. Referring to his service in the House, he said: "I didn't get into Congress for a career. I sort of feel that's the way the founding fathers meant it to be." As for football, he explored the possibility last year of becoming the general manager in Seattle. The Seahawks, he said, were not interested. No matter. Largent is quite content. Except for taking a blood thinner and aspirin once a day, Largent, who has experienced temporary memory loss, hasn't made any changes in his lifestyle since the stroke. "Now I'm going to do what every other golfer does," he joked. "I'm going to blame my irons, and go out and get a new set." Seattle's Zorn married

i don't know

The first of the 59 ordered Boeing 787s was delivered Monday to All Nippon Airways. By what name is the aircraft known?

Boeing: 787 Dreamliner Connecting the World New Routes and the 787 Dreamliner Family With its unparalleled fuel efficiency and range flexibility, the 787 Dreamliner family is helping airlines open new nonstop routes profitably. At more than 120 new routes and counting, the 787 family is connecting cities and people around the world while meeting passengers’ expectations for direct flights. Connecting the World New Routes and the 787 Dreamliner Family With its unparalleled fuel efficiency and range flexibility, the 787 Dreamliner family is helping airlines open new nonstop routes profitably. At more than 120 new routes and counting, the 787 family is connecting cities and people around the world while meeting passengers’ expectations for direct flights.

Boeing 787 Dreamliner

From the Greek for new one, what element, with an atomic number of 10, uses the symbol Ne?

Dreamliner problems | Page 3 | JetForums - Jet Aviation's Premier Online Community JetForums - Jet Aviation's Premier Online Community Jet News JF News Editor Staff Member Joined: 7,440 Besides battery issues, Boeing has also been dealing with FAA scrutiny on another front. That has to do with the 787's extended operations...or so called ETOPS certification. The company also has satisfy the agency that the 787 is reliable enough to fly routes that take the twinjet up to 180 minutes away from an eligible runway. Jet News JF News Editor Staff Member Joined: 7,440 US regulators on Friday approved a revamped battery system for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a crucial step in returning the high-tech jet to commercial service. Remember the Boeing 'break-through' aircraft had to be grounded back in January because the plane's lithium-ion batteries overheated on a Japanese carrier's plane at Logan in Boston and then a series of incidents cascaded for a few days after. Jet News JF News Editor Staff Member Joined: 7,440 Boeing starts modifications on ANA and JAL 787s With the FAA approving the battery fixes for the Boeing 787-8. They have now gone ahead with giving the fix to the Japanese carriers. Boeing's maintenance teams started modification works on All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines' (JAL) Boeing 787s on the morning of 22 April. Jet News JF News Editor Staff Member Joined: 7,440 Ethiopian Airlines is set to become the first carrier to resume flying Boeing's 787 Dreamliner, with a commercial flight on Saturday to Kenya, two airline sources said. Boeing 787s have been grounded since regulators ordered all 50 planes out of the skies in mid-January after batteries on two of them overheated. US regulators approved a new battery design on Friday, clearing the way for installation. "Ethiopian Airlines will be the first airline company to resume 787 Dreamliner flights in the world. Saturday's the date," a senior Ethiopian Airlines source said. "We're flying to Nairobi, Kenya on the normal flight schedule." Jet News JF News Editor Staff Member Joined: 7,440 The US Federal Aviation Administration gave formal approval on Thursday for a new lithium-ion battery system for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, ending a three-month ban and clearing airlines to fly the plane with passengers again. The FAA's "airworthiness directive" technically applies just to United Airlines, which so far is the only US carrier with the high-tech jet, but it will set the standard that regulators in Japan, Europe and elsewhere will follow. Other US carriers with 787s on order will eventually come under the new rule. The FAA pegged the cost of repairing United's six jets at about USD$2.8 million. The approval caps a tumultuous period for Boeing and its airline customers, beginning when two lithium-ion batteries overheated on two 787s in separate incidents less than two weeks apart in January. The two planes are owned by Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways, which together own nearly half the fleet of 50 787s delivered so far. The ban on flights effectively halted deliveries of new planes to customers. Boeing devoted thousands of hours to developing a fix, even before investigators determined what caused the batteries to overheat, emit smoke and, in one instance, catch fire. That investigation continues, led by the US National Transportation Safety Board, which held hearings this week on the issue. Last week, the FAA gave Boeing permission to begin installing the new battery system on planes. On Wednesday, the company said it expected to resume deliveries early next month and finish retrofitting the 50 customer planes by mid-May. (Reuters) 7,440 RR to replace engine on LOT Boeing 787 Rolls-Royce will replace one of the engines of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner operated by Polish carrier LOT and grounded in Chicago, LOT's spokesman said on Monday, citing a technical issue. Marek Klucinski confirmed the report by Polish TVN24 news channel. "One of the engines will be replaced by Rolls-Royce. We are running checks on all four engines in our (two) Dreamliners," the spokesman said. The other 787 is grounded in Warsaw. "The engine will be replaced by Wednesday. We expect both our Dreamliners to be operational by the end of May and confirm that they will be reinstated in the fleet on June 5," the spokesman said. LOT was the first European airline to take delivery of Boeing's trouble-plagued 787 last year before they were grounded due to battery issues. LOT said it expected to resume 787 flights to Chicago and Toronto on June 5. Click to expand...

i don't know

New York Yankees legend Lou Gehrig was known by what nickname?

The Greatest Yankees Nicknames The Greatest Yankees Nicknames Counting down the greatest nicknames in Yankees history 05/31/2008 2:54 PM ET Email The Iron Horse, Lou Gehrig, tops our list. (AP) As Yankee Stadium prepares to make its final curtain call, YESNetwork.com looked at the greatest Yankees nicknames in the organization's history. We revealed our list of the best nicknames to ever don the pinstripes, but we also want to know what you think. Do you agree with our list? Do you have a list of your own? Post your thoughts now . 1. THE IRON HORSE The choice of the Iron Horse as the top Yankees nickname goes beyond Henry Louis Gehrig the athlete. Yes, he played in 2,130 consecutive games, a record that stood untouched until 1995. Surely his seven All-Star game appearances, 1,995 RBIs and lifetime batting average of .340 merited immediate Hall of Fame status. The fact that Gehrig had fortitude made of iron and steel and never – ever – accepted defeat is what makes him a Yankee legend for eternity. It appeared as if Gehrig would play forever until he was stricken with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), which later became known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. On May 2, 1939, Gehrig asked manager Joe McCarthy to take him out of the lineup. On June 21, the Yankees announced Gehrig's retirement and proclaimed July 4, 1939, “Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day.” Proving that he was physically, mentally and emotionally tough, Gehrig, a dying man speaking to a sellout crowd at Yankee Stadium, considered himself “The Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth.” Incredibly, a man who knew he was going to die told his teammates and fans how lucky was and that he had an awful lot to live for. Gehrig died at age 39, but his indomitable spirit was the true driving force behind the moniker, “The Iron Horse.” 2. MR. OCTOBER Reggie Jackson finished his 21-season career with 563 home runs and five World Series rings, but the moment that defined him as one of baseball's most familiar figures came during the 1977 Series against the Dodgers. After hitting home runs in Games 4 and 5, Jackson went yard in three consecutive at-bats during Game Six, finishing with a dramatic 475-foot shot among chants of "Reg-GIE! Reg-GIE! Reg-GIE!" The performance secured his place as one of the all-time great clutch hitters. In a postgame interview during the '77 Series, Yankees great Thurman Munson thought reporters would be better off talking to the hot-hitting Jackson. He told them to go ask "Mr. October," a title that would stick with him through the ages. 3. PHIL "SCOOTER" RIZZUTO Phil Rizzuto received the nickname "Scooter" while in the Minor Leagues, when infielder Billy Hitchcock noticed Rizzuto's short legs and said, "You ain't runnin', you're scootin.'" Rizzuto would scoot to the Majors and earn American League's Most Valuable Player honors in 1950 after leading the Yankees to their second consecutive pennant with a .324 batting average. Scooter played a major role on a team dynasty that captured 10 AL titles in his 13 seasons. Rizzuto himself played in nine World Series, winning seven, and his popularity reached new heights when he called Yankees games on radio and television for the next 40 years. Not only was Scooter behind the mic when Roger Maris belted his 61st home run, he became best known for his popular catchphrase, "Holy cow!" 4. THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD Edwin Charles Ford was given the nickname "Whitey" while playing in the Minor Leagues for his blond hair. But it was when Ford ascended to the ace of the Yankees pitching staff that he was called "The Chairman of the Board" for his ability to remain calm and in control during high-pressure situations. Ford anchored the rotation of the famed 1961 team, posting a 25-4 record with a 3.21 ERA to win the Cy Young Award. His 236 all-time wins is still a Yankees franchise record and Ford's .690 winning percentage still ranks first among pitchers with at least 300 career decisions. Among those with at least 200, only Pedro Martinez (.692) rates higher than The Chairman of the Board. 5. THE SULTAN OF SWAT George Herman Ruth became known as Babe while living in an orphanage. According to the official Babe Ruth Web site, one of his teachers introduced him to Baltimore Orioles manager Joe Dunn. After watching him pitch, Dunn signed him and became his legal guardian. Ruth's new teammates nicknamed him "Jack's newest babe." Because Ruth went on to belt 714 home runs and post a record .690 lifetime slugging percentage, writers attempted to capture the essence of his greatness by giving him nicknames like "The Great Bambino" and "The Sultan of Swat." 6. THE YANKEE CLIPPER In November 1914, Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio was born. Not many people outside of his hometown of Martinez, Calif., knew much about the young boy at the time. Fast forward to 1936, and the entire nation was talking about the Yankee rookie with a .323 batting average — Joe DiMaggio, formerly Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio. In fact, DiMaggio became so popular with the American public that he adopted several nicknames, including "Joltin' Joe" and "Joe D." But it's "The Yankee Clipper" that helps land DiMaggio on the list of greatest Yankees nicknames. While patrolling center field in Yankee Stadium, DiMaggio looked as smooth and graceful as the popular 19th century clipper sailing ships known for their speed and ability to cut through wavy waters. 7. DONNIE BASEBALL Though Don Mattingly's first nickname was "The Hit Man," he is best known as "Donnie Baseball" and is one of the most popular Yankees in franchise history. It was Hall of Famer Kirby Puckett who created the moniker for a player who played each game as hard as he could and is recognized as one of the game's finest defensive first basemen. Mattingly's popularity is up there with Ruth, Gehrig, Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra and Joe DiMaggio. Although he never played in a World Series game, Donnie Baseball annually receives the loudest ovations at the Yankees' Old Timer's Day event. 8. GATOR Two decades after throwing his final pitch as a member of the New York Yankees, Ron Guidry can't walk the hallowed halls of Yankee Stadium without hearing, "Hey, Gator" from friends and former teammates. Rarely, if ever, will Guidry be called by his real name, proving that his nickname is one of the best in Yankees history. Also known as "Louisiana Lightning," Guidry authored one of the greatest single seasons in baseball history in 1978, posting a 25-3 record with a 1.74 ERA and 248 strikeouts. Gator started the '78 season 13-0 to keep the Yankees from falling hopelessly out of playoff contention, and won 10 of his final 12 decisions to play a major role in New York's comeback from 14 ½ games out of first place to overtake the Boston Red Sox in an epic one-game playoff at Fenway Park. 9. MOOSE Two prominent Yankees shared the Moose moniker. One was Bill Skowron, a five-time All-Star as a Yankee (1957-61) and an annual participant in Old Timer's Day. As a joke, Skowron's friends called him "Mussolini" as a joke thanks to similar haircut given to him by his grandfather, until his family shortened the nickname to "Moose." After starring with the Orioles for nine seasons, Mike Mussina joined the Yankees as a free agent in 2001. He made an immediate impression by going 17-11 with a 3.15 ERA and was one strike away from a perfect game against the Red Sox on Sept. 2. Each time Mussina gets to two strikes on a batter, and whenever he leaves a game after an impressive performance, Yankees fans shower Mussina with a "Moose" call. 10. THE MICK Decades before nicknames like "The Jake" and "The Bob" became popular within MLB circles, Mickey Mantle was affectionately known as "The Mick". Of course, on a list of all-time great Yankee players, Mickey Mantle would easily come in higher than No. 10, but when it comes to the best nicknames in the organization's history, The Mick settles in a little lower. But that doesn't mean it's not a great nickname. In fact, its simplicity is what attracted YESNetwork.com's editorial staff to select it to the Top 10.

Iron horse

What Washington D.C. landmark is depicted on the reverse of the US $5 bill?

10 greatest Yankee players | FOX Sports May 09, 2011 1:00a ET Pride of the Yankees Love 'em or hate 'em, the New York Yankees are synonymous with baseball. Baseball's most dominant team boasts a league-leading 27 titles and 40 pennants, not to mention plenty of Hall of Famers. Where do the current stars rank among the greats of the past?   Alex Rodriguez, 3B — 2004-present Rodriguez hasn't had the longest, or smoothest, career with the Yankees ... and it could be coming to a surprising end with a suspension looming. A-Rod became the youngest player to hit 500 home runs — and then 600 — beating Babe Ruth's pace by more than a year. Rodriguez won a World Series with the Yankees in 2009. Reggie Jackson, OF/DH — 1977-81 Simply put, Jackson's postseason numbers are eye-popping. His clutch hitting in the playoffs earned him the nickname "Mr. October." In Game 6 of the 1977 World Series, he belted three home runs off three different Dodgers pitchers. Inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1993, Jackson's No. 44 jersey is retired by the Yankees. Whitey Ford, P — 1950–67 Hall of Famer Whitey Ford spent his entire 18-year career with the Yankees. Nicknamed "The Chairman of the Board" for his ability to remain calm in pressure-packed situations, he was a six-time World Series champ and holds the record for most games won (236) with the Yankees. Derek Jeter, SS — 1995-present Jeter, another Yankees lifer, started his career in New York with a bang, winning the Rookie of the Year award in 1996. He was then instrumental in New York's World Series victories in the mid-to-late '90s. The Yankees captain since 2003, Jeter's the Yankees all-time hits leader, hitting his 3,000th with a homer on July 9, 2011. Yogi Berra, C — 1946-63 Berra's widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history, if not the greatest. He won a record 10 World Series titles with the Yankees. A force with the bat, he's also famous for his unique take on the English language. Berra, a three-time AL MVP, was known for being able to hit even the worst pitches, to which he said, "If I can hit it, it's a good pitch." Mariano Rivera, RP — 1995–present It seems as though Rivera has been anchoring the Yankees' bullpen forever. The ageless wonder continues to amaze, setting the all-time saves record on on Sept. 19, 2011 — and he's not done yet. He also boasts the MLB postseason record for saves and ERA, marks both he and the Yankees hope to improve upon. Joe DiMaggio, OF — 1936–42 and 1946–51 DiMaggio's a legend for his game both on and off the field. He holds what many consider to be an unbreakable record: a 56-game hitting streak. "The Yankee Clipper" was an All-Star selection in all 13 of his major league seasons, thanks in large part to his hitting prowess and ability to patrol center field with blistering speed. Off the field, DiMaggio's best known for his marriage to Hollywood pin-up Marilyn Monroe. He missed three seasons because of military service. Mickey Mantle, OF — 1951-68 "The Mick" spent the entirety of his dominant 18-year career in Yankees pinstripes. A switch-hitter, Mantle won the Triple Crown in 1956, to go along with three AL MVP honors during his career. Mantle holds multiple World Series hitting records, including most home runs (18) and runs batted in (40). Lou Gehrig, 1B — 1923-39 Gehrig was a member of the Yankees from 1923-39, enjoying his breakout season in 1926. To this day, he still holds many hitting records, including most career grand slams, with 23. He was dubbed the "The Iron Horse" for his consecutive games played streak (2,130), a record that stood for 56 years. His career was suddenly halted at age 36 by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), now commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease. He died in 1941.   Babe Ruth, OF/P — 1920-34 The best Yankee ever is inarguably Babe Ruth. Yankee Stadium will forever be known as "The House that Ruth Built," and for good reason. Ruth was the first player to belt 30, 40, 50 and 60 home runs. In 1920, his 54 bombs with the Yankees eclipsed the total for every other American League team. The Babe: a Yankees, and baseball, legend.

i don't know

Anchored by the star Hamal, the constellation Aries represents what animal?

Aries Constellation: Facts About the Ram Aries Constellation: Facts About the Ram By Kim Ann Zimmermann | August 10, 2012 04:07pm ET MORE Aries the Ram is a mid-size constellation, ranking 39th in size among the 88 modern-day constellations. While it is a respectable size at 441 square degrees, it is not very luminous and has only three stars that could be called "bright." Aires doesn't represent the ram to every culture. The Chinese see the constellation as twin inspectors, and it's a porpoise in the Marshall Islands. Aries is an ancient constellation but it was not officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union until 1922 and its boundaries were not defined until 1930 when they were outlined by astronomer Eugène Delporte. Aries is a mid-size constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. Credit: Till Credner, allthesky.com Locating Aries Aries is located in the Northern Hemisphere between Pisces to its west and Taurus to its east. Right Ascension: 3 hours Visible between latitudes 90 degrees and minus 60 degrees Best viewed in December at 9 p.m. Constellations ancient and modern grace the skies year round. Let's see what you know about the star patterns that appear overhead every night. 0 of 10 questions complete Constellation Quiz: What's Your Cosmic IQ? Constellations ancient and modern grace the skies year round. Let's see what you know about the star patterns that appear overhead every night. 0 of Start Over | More Quizzes Notable stars Aries contains several stars with known planets. Alpha Arietis has an orbiting planet with a mass greater than Jupiter. HIP 14810 is orbited by three giant planets more than 10 times the mass of Earth. HD 12661 has two planets that are larger than Jupiter. HD 20367 has one planet about the same mass as Jupiter. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Arietis, the constellation's three brightest stars, were identified by astronomer Johann Bayer. The brightest star is Alpha Arietis, an orange giant (66 light-years from Earth), also called Hamal, which is the Arabic word for "lamb" or "head of the ram." The star Beta Arietis, also known as Sheratan, is a blue-white star (59 light-years away). Gamma Arietis, with a common name of Mesartim, is a binary star with two white-hued components. The primary star has a magnitude of 4.59; the secondary star 4.68. The constellation has few significant nebulae or galaxies, but the galaxies consist of several scientifically interesting spiral, elliptical and interacting galaxies. Mythology In Greek mythology, Aries represents the ram whose fleece was sought by Jason and the Argonauts. When King Athamus of Boetia took a second wife, Ino, she was resentful of his existing children, especially his son, Phrixus, and she wanted him sacrificed. Zeus responded to the pleadings of Phrixus' mother, Nephele, by sending a golden ram to save Phrixus and his sister Helle. Helle did not survive but Phrixus did and sacrificed the ram to Zeus and gave its golden fleece to King Aettes. The fleece was eventually stolen by Jason. In astrology, which is not a science , Aries is the first sign of the Zodiac, marking the beginning of the astrological year and representing those born between March 21 and April 19. It is a sun sign and traits of those born under the sign include leadership and assertiveness. — Kim Ann Zimmermann

The Ram

Which came first? Dunkin' Donuts? Or Starbucks?

Aries Aries Clues to the meaning of this celestial feature Aries is the first sign of the zodiac. The Greeks associated Aries with the Ram who carried Phrixus and his sister Helle on his back to Colchis (the Georgian region of the Caucasus) to escape the evil designs of their stepmother, Ino, who was about to kill them. In crossing the strait that divides Europe from Asia, Helle became giddy and lost her hold, falling off the Ram into the sea when she disobeyed a warning not to look down, the place thereafter became the Hellespont which today separates Greece and Turkey. Continuing his flight, the ram bore the boy to Colchis, at the eastern end of the Euxine or Black sea. On reaching his journey's end Phrixus sacrificed the ram and hung its fleece in the Grove of Ares where it was turned to gold and became the object of the Argonauts' ( Argo Navis ) quest. I suggest that one possible consequence of Helle falling off the Ram might be symbolic over-representation of the masculine element in the Arian psyche. According to Apollonius Rhodius, Phrixos had journeyed to Aia (better known as Kholkis, or Colchis); "bestriding a ram which Hermes had made all of gold" (2.1143-45; Seaton 1912) [ 1 ]. The Biblical school said that Aries represented Abraham’s Ram caught in the thicket [Allen, Star Names ] when the then current religious-law demanded that the first-born son be sacrificed to God. "Then Abraham lifted his eyes and looked, and there behind him was a ram caught in a thicket by its horns. So Abraham went and took the ram, and offered it up for a burnt offering instead of his son [Isaac]" Gen 22:10-13 Abraham and Isaac are said to be represented by the Centaur Centaurus [or perhaps Centaurus and Lupus ]. Ara , the Altar, was the place where the sacrifice took place. Aries' symbol, , represents the spiral horns of a Ram. The Hebrew word for a ram's horn was shofar , from Hebrew shophar, 'ram's horn,' related to Arabic sawafiru, 'ram's horns,' Akkadian shapparu, 'wild goat' [ 2 ]. The shofar was blown on two days of the year; Rosh Hashanah, corresponding to the Christian Feast of Trumpets, - rosh means 'head', and hashanah, 'year'; and Yom Kippur, corresponding to the Christian Day of Atonement. The shofar blown at mount Sinai, when the Torah was given, came from the ram which had been sacrificed in place of Isaac [ 3 ]. Less commonly, the shofar was called yobel [ 4 ]. In Leviticus xxv, the Jubilee Year was laid down as a year of celebration proclaimed every fifty years by blowing trumpets throughout Israel. The word jubilee is related to yobel, a ram's horn trumpet. Hebrew yobhel meant 'leading animal, ram,' and by extension 'ram's horn,' and since a ram's horn was a trumpet blown to announce the start of a special year in which slaves were freed, land left untilled, etc, the term yobel came to be used for the year itself. [John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins ]. Linguists say that the word 'jubilee' (from Hebrew yobel) is not related to 'jubilation' (an expression of joy) from Latin jubilare; because 'Jubilee' comes from Hebrew and 'jubilation' from Latin. However, Klein says the word 'jubilee' was influenced in form by a confusion of this word with Latin jubilare; "the shared sense of 'celebration' means that jubilee and jubilation have been confused for sixteen hundred years, ever since the Bible was first translated into Latin" [ 5 ]. The 49th year is termed the Sabbath. The jubilee is the fiftieth year after the cycle begins, but the cycle only has seven sets of seven years, or 49 years. Thus, the 50th year of the cycle is the same as the first year of the cycle [ 6 ]: “A jubilee (iubileus) is translated as 'a year of forgiveness.' Both the term and the number are Hebrew. It is made up of seven sets of seven years, that is, forty-nine years. On the jubilee trumpets blared, and their old holdings reverted to each person, debts would be forgiven, and liberties confirmed. We ourselves celebrate this number still in the number of days of Pentecost after the resurrection of the Lord, with sin forgiven and the written record of our whole debt erased, as we are freed from every trammel, receiving the grace of the Holy Spirit coming upon us” [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.129.] Freedom from slavery has further associations with Aries, the Jewish Nisan, our March-April, for Josephus said that it was when the sun was here in this month that his people were released from the bondage of Egypt [Allen, Starnames]. The same symbolic meaning is present in Christianity of the Ram or Lamb in reference to the removal or forgiveness of our sins. John the Baptist sees Jesus and exclaims, "Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world." [Bible Verses John 1:29] In Northern European countries they used a word for ram which is related to our word hurt; Old French hurter, originally meant 'to butt or toss like a ram', Frankish *hurt, 'ram', Old Norse hrutr, 'ram'; hurtle is another relative. [ 7 ] Female reproductive system   [ 8 ] Dodge Ram logo There are a number of comments on the Net on the resemblance of the Dodge Ram logo to the human female reproductive system: This is not a new idea, 7th century Isidore commented on the likeness: "it is called uterus because it is two-fold and divides on both (uterque) sides, into two parts that extend apart and bend back in the shape of a ram's horn" [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.240.] The "two parts that extend apart and bend back in the shape of a ram's horn" is what we call the fallopian tubes, salpinges (singular salpinx). Tuba is a Latin word for trumpet, related to the English 'tube'. In the textbooks the fallopian tubes are called oviducts (the adjective applying to sheep is ovine). Greek salpinx has three meanings; a trumpet, a fallopian tube, and also the eustachian tube in the ear. The Greek salpinx, trumpet, might be the same as the shofar trumpet which has been translated as salpinx into Greek [ 9 ]. The salpinges are two tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. After the ovum or egg matures in the ovary it falls into and down the fallopian tube. The trip to the uterus takes hours or days. Conception takes place in the fallopian tube (with some exceptions). "Many think that our figure [Aries] was designed to represent the Egyptian King of Gods shown at Thebes with ram's horns, and variously known as Amon, Ammon, Hammon, Amen, or Amun, and worshiped with great ceremony at his temple in the oasis Ammonium, now Siwah, 5° west of Cairo on the northern limit of the Libyan desert [Libya was a term for the African continent]. Kircher gave Aries' title there as Tametouro Amoun, Regum Ammonis" [ Star Names ]. Sacred to Ammon is a fat-tailed species of ram--ovis platyura aegyptiaca, whose horns are large, curved and downturned-- that is found only in the area of the Sceptre Nome, Egypt. "Pliny [31st book, ch. 7] tells us that the word Ammonia comes from the Greek word ammos (sand), ammonia being a salt found below the sand in Cyrenaica in Africa. The Greeks and Romans became acquainted with the worship of Jupiter Ammon through the Cyrenians, and so in heathen mythology the addition of Ammon was given to Jupiter in allusion to the sandy desert of Sahara, where a temple to Jupiter was built" [ Roots And Ramifications, Arthur John Knapp , 1857, p.133-134] "they have named Aries (i.e. the Ram) on account of Ammon Jupiter, because those who made the idols fashioned the horns of a ram on his head” [p.106]. “Ammon, whose name for good reason is rendered 'the son of my people,' is so derived that partly its sense is of a proper name, and partly it is an expression in itself, for ammi, after which the Ammonites are named, is the word for 'my people'". [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.163] Several words derive from the ancient Egyptian name Amun via the Greek form Ammon: ammonite (an extinct marine mollusk with a flat partitioned spiral shell, from Latin cornu Ammonis, literally ‘horn of Ammon'), ammonia (‘salt of Ammon’, from Greek Ammon, an Egyptian god near whose temple ammonia and ammoniac were said to be obtained), ammonium chloride (chemical used in batteries), amino (intermediates in metabolism), amine, -amine (ammonia derivatives). Argali is a large wild sheep found in the dry mountainous areas of central and northern Asia. Latin name: Ovis ammon. Also related the word amen, 'so be it' at the end of a prayer. There is a part of our brain called the horn of Ammon, a group of nerve cells within the hippocampus, which are clustered together in the shape of a horn, and make up the 'horn of Ammon'. "The hippocampus consists of two 'horns' that curve back from the area of the hypothalamus to the amygdala. It appears to be very important in converting things that are 'in your mind' at the moment (in short-term memory) into things that you will remember for the long run (long-term memory)" [ 10 ]. Whatever its exact function one thing we do know is that Aries people have short term memory and soon forgive and forget; perhaps in character with the spirit of the Jubilee when sins are forgiven and debts erased etc. The acronym RAM, r(andom-)a(ccess) m(emory), in computer science is a memory device in which information can be accessed in any order. Rams or lambs were sacrificed to redeem the firstborn of animals and humans, to make atonement for sin, as God told Moses to do in Exodus 12:29. The jubilee was proclaimed by the sound of a ram's horn on the Day of Atonement. Amenhotep IV introduced the worship of Aten - Aton, the sun's disc itself, identifying it as Amun-Ra [ 11 ]. Atone comes from the words at + one, the word resembles Aton? Another derivation: "The Libyan Jupiter [Ammon]; so called from the Greek ammos (sand), because his temple was in the desert. Herodotus calls it an Egyptian word (ii. 42)." ( Brewers Dictionary ) Greek ammos (sand) is believed to be related to Ammon, and the Latin word for sand, arena, resembles the word Aries. Latin harena, arena, was the place of combat (literally 'place strewn with sand'). The arena was the area in the center of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and other spectacles were held. They were one-to-one combats like two rams with locked horns. Farmers have trouble with rams locking horns and sometimes have to intervene "if they are locked for a day or so" [12]. Nowadays an arena denotes a scene of contest—physical, mental, or figurative. Arenaria are the genus of flowering plants called sandworts. "Ram is a general West Germanic word for 'male sheep,' now shared only by Dutch (although German has the derivative ramme, 'rammer'). It may be related to Old Norse ramr, 'strong.' the allusion being to the ram's strength in butting. This is reflected in the word's metaphorical applications', it was being used in English for a 'battering-ram,' and by the 14th century the verb ram had emerged. Another relative is the verb ramble, which etymologically denotes 'wander around like a randy ram, looking for ewes to copulate with.' It was borrowed from Middle Dutch rammelen, a derivative of rammen, 'copulate with,' which is connected with ram" [John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins ]. The word ramble is probably a variant of Middle English romblen, frequentative of Middle English romen, 'to roam' [ Klein ]. In classical times battering rams were used to break through doors and walls. The zodiacal sign Aries rules the head in general. When a baby is about to be born, the head acts as a battering ram until the cervix is wide enough to let the head through. "To act as a dilating wedge against the cervix, the infant's head must push against it with a rhythmic force. A battering ram is a crude yet accurate metaphor" [ 13 ]. "... he [Aries the Ram] will yield his produce for the common benefit, the fleece which by a thousand crafts gives birth to different forms of gain, now workers pile into heaps the undressed wool, now card it, now draw it into a tenuous thread, now weave the threads to form webs, and now they buy and sell for gain garments of every kind... So important is this work that Pallas herself has claimed it for her own hands, of which she has judged it worthy, and deems her victory over Arachne a token of her greatness" [ Astronomica , Manilius, 1st century AD, book 4, p.233]. See under 'Astrological influences' below for the full excerpts. Manilius is describing the process of deriving thread from wool, "and now weave the threads to form webs", and associates it with the weaving competition of Pallas (Greek Athena) and Arachne, who hanged herself. Athena took pity on Arachne. Sprinkling her with the juices of aconite (a-, not, + konis, 'dust', 'without dust', understood to mean the dust of the arena, hence 'without struggle, unconquerable' [ Klein ]), Athena loosened the rope, which became a cobweb, while Arachne herself was changed into a spider; "and her descendants to forever hang from threads and to be great weavers" (Ovid). [ Arachne gives her name to the arachnids; spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Spiders are of the order Araneae, aranea, this word resembles the word Aries; and arena, the Latin word for sand?]. The word 'spider' is cognate with the Latin or Roman word for balance or scales, pendere. The Aries/ Libra axis represents the two equinoxes, Aries is the vernal equinox, and Libra the autumnal equinox. The competition between Arachne and Pallas/Athena might be represented in the two equinoxes. “The battering ram (aries) gets its name from its appearance, because like a fighting ram (aries) it batters a wall with its impetus. A head of iron is fashioned on a strong and knotty tree-trunk, and, suspended by ropes, the ram is driven against a wall by many hands, and then drawn back it is aimed again with a greater force. Finally, beaten with frequent blows, the side of the wall gives way, and the battering ram breaks through where it has caved in, and makes a breach. Against the thrust of a battering ram the remedy is a sack filled with straw and set in the place where the battering ram strikes, for the impact of the thrust of the battering ram is softened in the yielding hollow of the sack. Thus harder things give way rather easily to softer.” [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, p.364.] The ancients (Isidore and Varro ) saw a link between the word Aries the word ara (another constellation Ara ), meaning altar, Isidore says: “The ram (aries) is either named after the word Ares, that is, after 'Mars' - whence we call the males in a flock 'males' (mas, genitive maris) - or because this animal was the first to be sacrificed on altars (ara, genitive aris) by pagans. So, the 'ram' because it was placed on the altar; whence also this (Sedulius, Paschal Poem 1.115:  The ram is offered at the altar.” [Isidore, The Etymologies , 7th century AD, p.247.] The Roman god of war, Mars, was identified with the Greek god Ares. His name is the basis of the words; martial (as in martial arts or martial law), March (the third month of the year), the names Marcus, Mark, Martin. Roman Mars/Greek Aries represents the masculine archetype; Isidore sees a relationship between the words Mars and male, from Latin masculus, diminutive of mas, male. Isidore thinks the word marriage is also a relative: “But 'husband' (maritus) without an additional term means a man who is married. 'Husband' comes from 'masculine' (mas, adjective) as if the word were mas (i.e. 'male,' noun), for the noun is the primary form, and it has masculus as a diminutive form; maritus is derived from this” [Isidore, The Etymologies , 7th century AD, p.210.] Also a connection between musculus (from Indo-European * mus - 'A mouse; also a muscle') and masculus: “The mussel (musculus) is a shellfish from whose milt oysters conceive, and they are called musculus as if the word were masculus (i.e. 'male')” [Isidore, The Etymologies , 7th century AD, p.262.] On the word frankincense Isidore says: “Also we call it masculum because it is spherical in its nature like testicles (compare masculus, 'male')" [Isidore, The Etymologies , 7th century AD, p.348.] The Babylonians called this constellation 'The Hired Laborer': "indicating that the month of Aries was a time of special activity when extra help is needed. From about 1730 BCE until AD 217 Aries was the Princeps Signorum Coelestium - the background constellation of the first day of spring, 'the Indicator of the Reborn Sun'. After AD 217, due to the precession of the Equinoxes, Aries relinquished this honor to Pisces, the Fishes" [ The New Patterns in the Sky , Julius D.W. Staal 1988.] The astrological influences of the constellation given by Manilius: "The Ram, who is rich with an abundance of fleecy wool and, when shorn of this, with a fresh supply, will ever cherish hopes; he will rise from the sudden shipwreck of his affairs to abundant wealth only to meet with a fall, and his desires will lead him to disaster; he will yield his produce for the common benefit, the fleece which by a thousand crafts gives birth to different forms of gain, now workers pile into heaps the undressed wool, now card it, now draw it into a tenuous thread, now weave the threads to form webs, and now they buy and sell for gain garments of every kind; no nation could dispense with these, even without indulgence in luxury. So important is this work that Pallas herself has claimed it for her own hands, of which she has judged it worthy, and deems her victory over Arachne a token of her greatness. These are the callings and allied crafts that the Ram will decree for those born under his sign: in an anxious breast he will fashion a diffident heart that ever yearns to commend itself by its own praise. When the Ram emerges above the surface of the waves (rising) and the curve of his neck appears before his horns, he will give birth to hearts that are never content with what is theirs; he will engender minds bent on plunder and will banish all sense of shame: such is their desire for venture. Even thus does the ram himself rush forth with lowered horns, resolved to win or die. Not for them the gentle ease of a fixed abode with none but peaceful cares; it is ever their delight to travel through unknown cities, to explore uncharted seas, and enjoy the whole world's hospitality. The Ram himself gives you evidence of this: once furrowing a trail through the glassy sea, he tinged it with the gold of his fleece, when on his back he carried Phrixus, bereft of his sister (Helle) by fate's decree, and brought him to the banks of the Phasis and to Colchis". [ Astronomica , Manilius, 1st century AD, book 4, p.233]. © Anne Wright 2008. from Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning , 1889, Richard H. Allen . . . the fleecy star that bears Andromeda far off Atlantic seas Beyond th' Horizon.   - Milton's Paradise Lost. Aries the Ram, is Ariete in Italy, Belier in France, and Widder in Germany — Bayer's Wider; in the Anglo-Saxon tongue it is Ramm, and in the Anglo-Norman of the 12th century, Multuns. The constellation is marked by the noticeable triangle to the west of the Pleiades, 6° north of the ecliptic, 20° north of the celestial equator, and 20° due south from gamma Andromedae ( Mirach ). It always was Aries with the Romans; but Ovid called it Phrixea Ovis; and Columella, Pecus Athamantidos Helles, Phrixus, and Portitor Phrixi; others, Phrixeum Pecus and Phrixi Vector, Phrixus being the hero-son of Athamas, who fled on the back of this Ram with his sister Helle to Colchis to escape the wrath of his stepmother Ino. It will be remembered that on the way Helle fell off into the sea, which thereafter became the Hellespont, as Manilius wrote: First Golden Aries shines (who whilst he swam Lost part of 's Freight, and gave the Sea a Name); and Longfellow, in his translation from Ovid's Tristia: The Ram that bore unsafely the burden of Helle. {Page 76} On reaching his journey's end, Phrixus sacrificed the creature and hung its fleece in the Grove of Ares, where it was turned to gold and became the object of the Argonauts' quest. From this came others of Aries' titles: Ovis aurea and auratus, Chrysomallus, and the Low Latin Chrysovellus. The Athamas used by Golumella was a classical reproduction of the "Euphratean Tammuz Dum-uzi (Semetic Tammuz who is Sumerian Dumuzid, prototype of the Classical Adonis), the Only Son of Life, whom Aries at one time represented in the heavens, as did Orion at a previous date, perhaps when it marked the vernal equinox 4500 B.C. Cicero and Ovid styled the constellation Cornus; elsewhere it was Corniger ("Horn-bearer) and Laniger ("Wool-bearer"); Vervex, the Wether ; Dux opulenti gregis; Caput arietinum; and, in allusion to its position, Aequinoctialis. Venms Portitor, the Spring-bringer, is cited by Caesius (Dutch astronomical writer), who also mentioned Arcanus, that may refer to the secret rites in the worship of the divinities whom Aries represented. From about the year 1730 before our era he was the Princeps signorum coelestium, Princeps zodiaci, and the Ductor exercitus zodiaci, continuing so through Hipparchos' time; Manilius writing of this: The Ram having passed the Sea serenely shines, And leads the Year, the Prince of all the Signs. But about A.D. 420 his office was transferred to Pisces. Brown writes as to the origin of the title Aries, without any supposition of resemblance of the group to the animal: The stars were regarded by a pastoral population as flocks; each asterism had its special leader, and the star, and subsequently the constellation, that led the heavens through the year was the Ram. Elsewhere he tells us that when Aries became chief of the zodiac signs it took the Akkadian titles Ku, I-ku, and I-ku-u, from its lucida Hamal , all equivalents of the Assyrian Rubu, Prince, and very appropriate to the leading stellar group of that date, although not one of the first formations. He also finds, from an inscription on the Tablet of the Thirty Stars, that the Euphratean astronomers had a constellation Gam, the Scimetar, stretching from Okda (another name for Alrisha ) of the Fishes ( Pisces ) to Hamal of Aries, the curved blade being formed by the latter's three brightest components. This was the weapon protecting the kingdom against the Seven Evil Spirits, or Tempest Powers. Jensen thinks that Aries may have been first adopted into the zodiac by the Babylonians when its stars began to mark the vernal equinox; and that the insertion of it between Taurus and Pegasus compelled the cutting off a {Page 77} part of each of those figures, — a novel suggestion that would save much theorizing as to their sectional character. The Jewish Nisan, our March-April, was associated with Aries, for Josephus said that it was when the sun was here in this month that his people were released from the bondage of Egypt; and so was the same month Nisanu of Assyria, where Aries represented the Altar and the Sacrifice, a ram usually being the victim. Hence the prominence given to this sign in antiquity even before its stars became the leaders of the rest; although Berossos and Macrobius attributed this to the ancient belief that the earth was created when the sun was within its boundaries; and Albumasar, of the 9th century [This author, known also as 'Abu Ma'shar and Ja'phar, was from Balh' in Turkestan, celebrated as an astrologer and quoted by Al Biruni, but with the caution that he was a very incorrect astronomer. The Lenox Library of New York has a copy of his Opus introductorii in astronomia Albumazaris abalachi, Idus Februarii, 1489, published at Venice with illustrations. Its similarity to the Hyginus of the preceding year would indicate that they issued from the same press.], in his devolution of Years wrote of the Creation as having taken place when "the seven planets" — the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn — were in conjunction here, and foretold the destruction of the world when they should be in the same position in the last degree of Pisces . Dante, who called the constellation Montone, followed with a similar thought in the Inferno: The sun was mounting with those stars That with him were, what time the Love Divine At first in motion set those beauteous things. To come, however, to a more precise date, Pliny said that Cleostratos of Tenedos first formed Aries, and, at the same time, Sagittarius; but their origin probably was many centuries, even millenniums, antecedent to this, and the statement is only correct in so far as that he may have been the first to write of them. Many think that our figure was designed to represent the Egyptian King of Gods shown at Thebes with ram's horns, or veiled and crowned with feathers, and variously known as Amon, Ammon, Hammon, Amen, or Amun, and worshiped with great ceremony at his temple in the oasis Ammonium, now Siwah, 5° west of Cairo on the northern limit of the Libyan desert. Kircher gave Aries' title there as Tametouro Amoun, Regum Ammonis. But there is doubt whether the Egyptian stellar Ram coincided with ours, although Miss Clerke says that the latter's stars were called the Fleece. {Page 78} As the god Amen was identified with Zeus, and Jupiter of the Greeks and Romans, so also was Aries, although this popularly was attributed to the story that the classical divinity assumed the Ram's form when all the inhabitants of Olympus fled into Egypt from the giants led by Typhon. From this came the constellation's titles Jupiter Ammon; Jovis Sidus (Jovis is Jupiter and sidus means constellation); Minervae Sidus, the goddess being Jove's daughter (or the Greek Athena - Athena's constellation); the Jupiter Libycus of Propertius, Dens Libycus of Dionysius, and Ammon Libycus of Nonnus. The Hebrews knew it as Teli, and inscribed it on the banners of Gad or Naphtali; the Syrians, as Amru or Emru; the Persians, as Bara, Bere, or Berre; the Turks, as Kuzi; and in the Parsi Bundehesh it was Varak: all these being synonymous with Aries. The unexplained Arabib, or Aribib, also is seen for it. The early Hindus called it Aja and Mesha, the Tamil Mesham; but the later followed the Greeks in Kriya. An Arabian commentator on Ulug Beg called the constellation Al Kabsh al ‘Alif, the Tame Ram; but that people generally knew it as Al Hamal, the Sheep, — Hammel with Riccioli, Alchamalo with Schickard, and Alhamel with Chilmead ( Hamal is also the alpha star of the constellation). As one of the zodiacal twelve of China it was the Dog, early known as Heang Low, or Kiang Leu; and later, under Jesuit influence, as Pih Yang, the White Sheep; while with Taurus and Gemini it constituted the White Tiger, the western one of the four great zodiac groups of China; also known as the Lake of Fullness, the Five Reservoirs of Heaven, and the House of the Five Emperors. Chaucer and other English writers of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries Anglicized the title as Ariete, which also appeared in the Low Latin of the 17th century. It was about this time, when it was sought to reconstruct the constellations on Bible lines, that Aries was said to represent Abraham’s Ram caught in the thicket; as also Saint Peter, the bishop of the early church, with Triangulum as his Mitre. Caesius considered it the Lamb sacrificed on Calvary for all sinful humanity. Aries generally has been figured as reclining with reverted head admiring his own golden fleece, or looking with astonishment at the Bull ( Taurus ) rising backward; but in the Albumasar of 1489 he is standing erect, and some early artists showed him running towards the west, with what is probably designed for the zodiac-belt around his body. A coin of Domitian bears a representation of him as the Princeps juventutis, and he appeared on those of Antiochus of Syria with head towards the Moon and Mars — an appropriate figuring; for, astrologically, Aries was the lunar house of that planet. In common with all the other signs, he is shown on the zodiacal rupees generally attributed to the great Mogul prince Jehangir Shah, but {Page 78} really struck by Nur Mahal Mumtaza, his favorite wife, between 1616 and 1624, each figure being surrounded by sun-rays with an inscription on the reverse. Its equinoctial position gave force to Aratos' description of its "rapid transits," but he is strangely inexact in his faint and starless to behold As stars by moonlight  — a blunder for which Hipparchos seems to have taken him to task. Aratos however, was a more successful versifier than astronomer. Among astrologers Aries was a dreaded sign indicating passionate temper and bodily hurt, and thus it fitly formed the House of Mars, although some attributed guardianship over it to Pallas Minerva, daughter of Jove whom Aries represented. It was supposed to hold sway over the head and face; in fact the Egyptians called it Arnum, the Lord of the Head; while, geographically, it ruled Denmark, England, France, Germany, Lesser Poland and Switzerland, Syria, Capua, Naples and Verona, with white and red as its colors. In the time of Manilius it was naturally thought of as ruling the Hellespont and Propontis, Egypt and the Nile, Persia and Syria; and, with Leo and Sagittarius, was the Fiery Trigon. Ampelius said that it was in charge of the Roman Africus, the Southwest Wind, the Italians' Affrico, or Gherbino; but the Archer ( Sagittarius ) and Scorpion ( Scorpius ) also shared this duty, Pliny wrote that the appearance of a comet within its borders portended great wars and wide-spread mortality, abasement of the great and elevation of the small, with fearful drought in the regions over which the sign predominated; while 17th-century almanacs attributed many troubles to men, and declared that "many shall die of the rope "when the sun was in the sign; but they ascribed to its influence "an abundance of herbs." Its symbol, , probably represents the head and horns of the animal. The eastern portion is inconspicuous, and astronomers have mapped others of its stars somewhat irregularly, carrying a horn into Pisces and a leg into Cetus . The sun now passes through it from the 16th of April to the 13th of May. A nova is reported to have appeared here in May, 1012, described by Epidamnus, the monk of Saint Gall, as oculos verberans.

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What Southern staple, a savory bread product often served as a side dish in seafood restaurants, is made from cornbread batter that is deep fried in small ball shapes?

Cooking Cooking is the process of making food by applying heat, measuring and combining ingredients for producing a meal. Cooking involves a wide range of methods, utensils and combinations of ingredients to improve the digestibility and flavor of a meal. Cooking terms mentioned on the ABC show Jeopardy by Ray Sahelian, M.D. At one time I wanted to be on the show   Cooking terms and words Agar Used in cooking, this gelatinous product is prepared from algae, This jelling agent prepared from seaweed is often used to grow microorganisms Back Burner Site on the stove of low-priority items Bake or Roast cook in heated oven Barista (from the Italian for "bartender") is a person, usually a coffee-house employee, who prepares and serves espresso-based coffee drinks. Baste moisten food while it cooks by spooning on fat or other liquid, To brush melted mutter on the Thanksgiving turkey at regular intervals Batter flour milk, eggs Bisque Name shared by an ice cream containing ground nuts or macaroons & a rich, creamy shellfish soup Bisquick Introduced in 1930, it was "America's 1st Biscuit Mix", but now it's used for all kinds of baking Biscuit These soft-dough quick breads may be baking powder, drop or buttermilk types Blanch tomatoes remove skin, From French "to make white", it's to boil food for a short time. If your recipe calls for "blanching" green beans, plunge them into Boiling Water Blue plate special is a special restaurant meal served at a set price Bouillon, to flavor broth, use a cube of bouillon from the French to boil, The "Court" variety of this is a stock in which fish are poached & can contain herbs & vegetables Braise brown meat slowly in hot fat, To brown a piece of meat & then simmer it in small amount of liquid in covered pan Brown sautee lightly done to onions or potatoes Browning Use a little lemon juice on your freshly cut apples to stop this Bundt Trademarked name for a fluted tube pan or the cake baked in it Butter graded AA, A, B, C. Clarified, drawn or Ghee are melted butter with the sediment removed, After melted butter has its sediment removed, it's called clarified, Government graded AA, A, B, or C, the best is composed of at least 80% fat and has 12-16% water, Quite simply, this is melted butter with the sediment removed Canape Ideally, this type of small appetizer served on toast or crackers should be small enough to eat in 1 bite Candling is a procees of running Eggs over bright lights to inspect & grade them Canister A cylindrical metal container with a close-fitting lid, perfect for holding flour or sugar Caramel It's the culinary term for burnt sugar or a candy made from browned sugar Candy yams Caviar Fresh sturgeon roe has to be processed to become this Churn Great-grandma's kitchen may have had one of these devices to turn cream into butter Clarify to make clear by removing impurities, done to butter and stock Cocoa butter This vegetable fat used in soap & cosmetics is a by-product of the chocolate industry Coddling To cook food in liquid just below the boiling point, it's a way to pamper you eggs Crimp to pinch or press the edge of a pie crust together to seal the dough Devil  to prepare (food, usually minced) with hot or savory seasoning: to devil eggs. Satanic term for food prepared with strong seasoning, as of eggs or ham Devonshire type of cream is clotted, and can be served with berries Dice small cubes Double boiler, pot to hold boiling water, stopped by pot to hold food Dot scatter bits of butter on surface of food Dredge coat or sprinkle with flour or sugar Egg To judge an egg's freshness, put it in salt water; if it's old it'll float Fillet remove bones Flour all purpose or self rising, Different types of this in the supermarket are labeled "all purpose" and "self-rising" Giblets are innards of turkey used for gravy Goblet A drinking vessel, such as a glass, that has a stem and base Grape jelly The 3 ingredients needed to make this sweet treat are concord grape juice, sugar & pectin Hasty pudding This pudding is a type of cornmeal mush, as Yankee Doodle could have told you Hominy An American Indian word for food, now the basis for a common style of grits. Y'all can have Grits ground kernals boiled, baked, or fried for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Grits refers to a ground-corn food of Native American origin, that is common in the Southern and mainly eaten at breakfast. Modern grits are commonly made of alkali-treated corn known as hominy. Honey liquid, comb or chunk style The primary source of this food is the Apis mellifera Hushpuppy (or cornbread ball) is a savory, starch-based food made from cornmeal batter that is deep fried or baked in small ball or sphere shapes, or occasionally oblong shapes. Hushpuppies are frequently served as a side dish, usually at fish restaurants. Be quiet little dog, & I'll feed you these deep fried concoctions made of corn meal Jelly Of jams, jelly or preserves, the one that contains no fruit, only fruit juice Johnny cake a kind of cornbread baked on a griddle Knead work with dough Lazy Susan We don't know who this revolving food tray was named for, but she must have been quite "indolent" Le Slim cow With far less fat than margarine, Le Slim Cow is a French substitute for this dairy product butter Lyophilization is the scientific name of this process used to produce instant coffee Freeze drying Marmalade Traditional orange marmalade is made from these slightly bitter Spanish oranges Seville Mince chop very fine Molasses The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture says this by-product of sugar will last 2 years on the shelf, It's the liquid that remains after sugar crystals are removed from concentrated cane juice Oysters eaten on the half shell Parboil boil until partly cook, It's the difference between a boiled potato and a parboiled one, the parboiled one is not fully cooked Patty A type of shell that holds creamed meat dishes, or a nickname for Patricia Pemmican is a concentrated mixture of fat and protein used as a nutritious food. invented by the native peoples of North America. It was widely adopted as a high-energy food by Europeans involved in the fur trade and later by Arctic and Antarctic explorers, such as Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen. First "trail mix", it was made with dried buffalo meat, hot fat & cherries, & pressed into small pouches Potato chips saratoga springs, n george crum, Potato chips are cooked deep fried Pot liquer liquid left after cooking meat, greens Purce press food through sieve of food mill Salad The word salad comes from Latin for Salt, because most Romans dressed their salads with little else Sandwich This lunch staple is named for the earldom of inveterate gambler John Montagu Score make shallow slits with knife Shortening An edible fat, such as lard, that's used to make pastry flaky Simmer cook just below boiling point Singe hold poultry over fire to burn off feathers Slumgullion any inexpensive stew or hash Smoke Be alert when you heat oil for frying, because once it reaches the point when it does this, it decomposes Smorgasbord This buffet's traditional 1st course is herring Snifter (also called brandy snifter, cognac glass, or balloon) is a type of stemware, a short-stemmed glass whose vessel has a wide bottom and a relatively narrow top. It is mostly used to serve aged brown spirits such as brandy and whisky. Souffle break eggs, separate and beat, You can't make a souffle without breaking some eggs & doing this to them before beating Spatula This spreading tool's name was a late Latin term for the shoulder blade Steep let stand in hot liquid Suet is raw beef or mutton fat, especially the hard fat found around the loins and kidneys. Terine A pate-like dish, or the name of the mold in which pate is baked Thicken to add flour in small amounts to hot liquid or blood or cornstarch or arrow root, Add blood, cornstarch, or arrowroot, or try reduction Truffle potato shaped fungus These edible fungi thrive in chalky soil, & the best are the perigord variety Tumblers are flat-bottomed drinking glasses. Vinegar French for "sour wine", one variety is literally just that, Though its name means "sour wine", it can be made from berries, melons & cereal, not just grapes Waldorf salad This mixture of apples, nuts, celery & mayonnaise was named for a hotel Zester cuts threads of rind from an orange, lemon or lime   Companies Birdseye frozen food - A 1920's hunting trip to Canada inspired Birdseye's food preserving method Lender's Bagels is a brand of bagels that pioneered the bagel industry in the United States.   Navy These "nautical" legumes are often used to make soup Soybean Economically it's the most important bean in the world   Cranberries used for relish and scones, a bog fruit Gooseberry, green Loganberry hybrid of blackberry plus raspberry,   Books Fannie Farmer Her "Boston Cooking-School Cookbook", first published in 1896, is still sold today The Joy of Cooking, this Rombauer & Becker book claims to be "America's bestselling basic cookbook of all time" Prudhomme Cajun chef whose book is "Louisiana Kitchen" & whose Louisiana kitchen is "K-Paul's" Adele Davis, In "Let's Cook It Right", she states "Good food is a symbol of love   Breakfast Aunt Jemima Pancake mix whose name came from the title of a Vaudeville song, not someone's relative Bagel Deli delight, from Yiddish for Ring Eggs Benedict Some say this brunch dish was created to cure the hangover of a Mr. Samuel Benedict     Sardou creole Flame You do this to Crepe Suzettes by lighting brandy, rum, or cognac French toast Denver Omelette with ham Marmalade Bread spread whose name comes from the Portuguese for quince jam, though it's often made with oranges Melba toast Two foods named for opera singer Dame Nellie Melba, and peach Melba Pancake The U.S. equivalent of Italian "frittelle", German "pfannkuchen" & French "crepes"   Bagel chewy rolls boiled before baked Bishop's bread has chocolate Pumpernickel bread is made primarily of this grain Rye Rye To make pumpernickel, use the dark flour of this grain Yeast Just using flour & water gives you unleavened bread; add this fungus to leaven it   Candy Bittersweet Something that evokes happiness & sadness at the same time, or a kind of chocolate Bonbon refers to any of several types of sweets, especially small candies enrobed in chocolate. This confection has a creamy center with fruit or nuts & is usually covered with chocolate Candy cane is a cane-shaped hard candy stick associated with Christmas. It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint; but is also made in a variety of other flavors and colors. Candy corn is a confection in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. Candy corn was created in the 1880s; the three colors of the candy - a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip - mimic the appearance of kernels of corn. Caramel The burnt, dark-brown liquid obtained by heating sugar Cotton candy is often served at carnivals or circuses. Divinity is a nougat-like confectionery made mainly with egg white, corn syrup, and sugar. Gum, bubble gum has rubber, Bubblegum is a type of chewing gum, designed to be inflated out of the mouth as a bubble. As with chewing gum, the product is made from chicle and is available in various flavors. Gummy bear is roughly 2 centimetres long and shaped in the form of a bear. The gummi bear is one of many gummies, popular gelatin-based candies that come in a variety of shapes and colors. Lady Godiva A chocolate company is named for this legendary lady who graces its signature gold ballotins Licorice Marzipan Almond paste confection whose name comes from a Medieval Italian coin Milk Duds by Cadbury Necco Wafers are a candy wafer made by the United States-based New England Confectionery Company (Necco). 1847 Pralines Popularly used in pralines, it's a type of hickory nut, pecan Taffy or chews, is a type of chewy candy, similar to toffee. Taffy is often sold alongside bubblegum and candy. Taffy is made by stretching or pulling a sticky mass of boiled sugar, butter or vegetable oil, flavorings, and coloring until fluffy. Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City, New Jersey, area beginning in the late 19th century. Tootsie is a brand of chewy candy that has been manufactured in the United States since 1896. Founded by an Austrian in 1896, the name of this candy roll co. was taken from his daughter's nickname Turkish delight or Lokum is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios and hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; the cheapest are mostly gel, generally flavored with rosewater, mastic, Bergamot orange or lemon.   CEREAL and grain Common cereals are: wheat, rice, rye, oats, barley, corn (maize), and sorghum. 1877 Henry Seymour read about Quaker religious group in an encyclopedia & named his oat company for them 1929 Rice Krispies were introduced by Kellogg 1941 Cheerios is a brand of breakfast cereal by General Mills originally named CheeriOats. 1954 Trix brand of breakfast cereal made by General Mills in Minneapolis, Minnesota for the North American and by Nestl� for the international markets. 1958 Cocoa Puffs is a brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn, oats and rice that have been flavored with cocoa. 1971 Pebbles by Post Cereals This cereal isn't named after the Flintstones' daughter but for the little bitty stones it resembles 1984 Kellogg's Corn Flakes box,  Since 1984 this animal's been depicted on the front of the Cornelius the Rooster Dino One of Post's Pebbles Cereals is named for this pet who lives in Bedrock Fruit Loops It's the relative of the woodpecker featured on Froot Loops Toucan Barley The pot type of this grain retains more of the bran than the pearl type Bran Cereal lovers know it's the high-in-fiber outer casing of the oat Buckwheat The name of this food, not a true grain, comes from the Dutch meaning "beech wheat" Groats are usually more coarsely ground than grits Millet seed, an important food for North Africans, is most often fed to birds in the U.S. Oat Smuts, rusts & barley yellow dwarf are diseases. Groats are seeds after hulling. South Dakota top oat producer. The rolled form of this grain cooks in about 5 minutes; the steel-cut takes much longer Porridge thick, pudding-like oatmeal dish that's enjoyed by Scots & by Goldilocks Rice Basmati, an aromatic type of this grain, is grown in India Wheat The 2 seasons used to distinguish types of wheat are winter and spring. Burghul is another name for the Bulghur type of this cereal grain   Curdling This step in making cheese is a sign of spoilage in milk American, Liederkranz is an American re-creation of Limburger cheese  American cheese This name refers to natural cheddar made in the U.S. and is often confused with processed cheese  Kraft company markets Velveeta processed cheese & Cracker Barrel cheeses  Monterey Jack, Sonoma Jack cheese originated in California Belgium, Limburger This extremely strong-smelling cheese was named for a province in Belgium, "Food Lover's Companion" calls this Belgian cheese "the stinkiest of the strong-smelling cheeses" Britain, Cheddar 1st brought to the New World by English colonists, it's America's most popular cheese, Stilton blue Denmark, Havarti cheese England, Cheddar used on nachos, In 2010, Tillamook's Medium Cheddar cheese won the gold medal in the 2010 World Cheese Championship Cheese Contest hosted by the Wisconsin Cheese Makers Association in Madison, Wisconsin. France,    Brie, Region of France between the Seine & Marne Valleys famous for its soft white cheese    Camembert Called France's most famous cheese, it's named for this Normandy village where it was first made, Roquefort, blue cheese    Gruyere French type of Swiss cheese that's an important ingredient in fondues, gratins & crepes    Munster This cheese that has an orange rind originated in Alsace & is named for a city there    Roquefort According to legend, it was created when a shepherd left a piece of cheese in a cave for several weeks, This celebrated blue cheese is aged in limestone caves in Southwestern France Greece, Feta    Gouda the Netherlands' largest market square is in this town known for its cheese Italian,  Belpaise  Mozzarrella on pizza, Bufala Mozzarella is made from the milk of Water buffalo, not bison  Parmigiano also known in English as Parmesan is a hard, granular cheese, cooked but not pressed, named after the producing areas near Parma  Provolone  Ricotta resembles cottage cheese made from whey from provolone, Craig Claiborne says you can substitute cottage cheese for the ricotta when making lasagna, Italian cheesecake is made with this cheese whose name means "recooked" Norway, Jarslburg swiss type Switzerland, Gruy�re is a hard yellow cheese, named after the town of Gruy�res in Switzerland. First made by Dutch immigrants in East Prussia, Tilsit is a type of cheese   Julia Child 1912-2004 Mastering the Art of French Cooking Fannie Farmer boston cooking book Paul Prudhomme, Chef whose wife, K, is the "K" in K-Paul's Louisiana Kitchen Wolfgang Puck Irma S. Rombauer Joy of Cooking Smith jeff, frugal gourmet, a minister James Beard He prefaced his famed cookbook with instructions for boiling water   Buffalo chicken wings are dipped in blue cheese Chicken a la kin with mushrooms and pimientos   COFFEE Cappuccino is an Italian coffee drink traditionally prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed-milk foam. The name comes from the Capuchin friars, referring to the color of their habits.The color of this coffee drink reminded Italians of the color of a monk's habit, hence its name Espresso is a concentrated beverage brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso often has a thicker consistency than coffee brewed by other methods, a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids, and crema. Espresso is the base for other drinks, such as a latte, cappuccino, macchiato, mocha, or americano. Espresso has more caffeine per unit volume than most beverages. Instant coffee, also called soluble coffee and coffee powder, is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans. Instant coffee is commercially prepared by either freeze-drying or spray drying, after which it can be rehydrated. Examples of popular instant coffee brands are Folgers, Maxwell House, Nescaf� and Starbucks VIA. Mocha, like a caff� latte, it is based on espresso and hot milk, but with added chocolate, typically in the form of sweet cocoa powder, although many varieties use chocolate syrup. Type of coffee, or a flavoring combining coffee & chocolate, both named for a port in Yemen   DESSERT Ambrosia is a dessert made with sliced oranges & coconut shredded tropical fruit Baked Alaska Because of its cold ice cream interior & hot meringue covering, it was once called "Alaska-Florida" Banana split ice cream & tropical fruit dish was invented in 1904 at Foeller�s Drug Store Brownies - The non-chocolate version are called "blondies" Cherries jubilee is a dessert dish made with cherries and liqueur (typically Kirschwasser), which is subsequently flamb�ed, and commonly served as a sauce over vanilla ice cream. Chocolate ruffles, spread the chocolate on a chilled piece of marble stone Christmas log, Yule log Cobbler refers to a variety of dishes, consisting of a fruit or savoury filling poured into a large baking dish and covered with a batter, biscuit, or pie crust before being baked. Unlike a pie, cobbler never contains a bottom crust. A dessert that might be appropriate while repairing shoes Cookie, Chocolate chip cookies (Toll House cookies), oatmeal (or oatmeal raisin) cookies and rock cakes are popular examples of drop cookies. Oreo, Regrigerator, Snap, Snickerdodle, Spritz. Cr�me br�l�e also known as burnt cream is a dessert consisting of a rich custard base topped with a contrasting layer of hard caramel. Cr�pe Suzette is a French dessert consisting of a cr�pe with beurre Suzette, a sauce of caramelized sugar and butter, tangerine or orange juice, zest, and Grand Marnier or orange Cura�ao liqueur on top, served flamb�. Cruller (or twister) is a fried pastry often made from a rectangle of dough, with a cut made in the middle that allows it to be pulled over and through itself producing twists in the sides of the donut. Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on a cooked mixture of milk or cream and egg yolk. Depending on how much egg or thickener is used, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce (cr�me anglaise), to a thick pastry cream used to fill �clairs. Eclair French for "lightning", it's a custard-filled chocolate-covered pastry that can strike your waistline Fondant is one of several kinds of icing-like substances used to decorate or sculpt pastries. The word, in French, means "melting" Ginger biscuit, ginger nut or ginger snap is a globally popular biscuit based snack food, flavoured with ginger. Grasshopper pie is a type of chiffon pie with a cookie crust. Most grasshopper pies are dyed green Jelly roll, Lime, key pie Macaroon a small cookie with egg white, crushed almond and coconuts and sugar Peach Melba Escoffier came up with this fruit & ice cream dish in 1892 to honor a star of "Lohengrin" Tapioca Manioc, a major crop of the jungle, is used to make this popular pudding dessert Marshmallow made from corn syrup Meringue is a type of dessert, often associated with Swiss and French cuisine, made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acid such as cream of tartar or a small amount of vinegar. A binding agent such as cornstarch or gelatin may also be added. Like lemon pie, "Baked Alaska" is covered with this, then put in an oven to brown Mousse As a dessert, it can add weight to your body; as a styling product, it can add body to your hair, This frothy dessert is made of sweetened & flavored whipped cream & is frozen without stirring Parfait refers to a frozen dessert made from a base of sugar syrup, egg, and cream. layered sundae served in thin tall glass Peach Melba This dish consists of poached peaches filled with ice cream & topped with raspberry sauce Plum pudding a rich pudding made of raisins currants spices suet and boiled or steamed as in a linen bag, eaten at christmas Pudding The 3 traditional methods used in cooking puddings are boiling, baking & this Praline made with pecan Scone is a single-serving cake or quick bread. They are usually made of wheat, barley or oatmeal, with baking powder as a leavening agent, and are baked on sheet pans. They are often lightly sweetened and are occasionally glazed. The scone is a basic component of the cream tea or Devonshire tea. It differs from a tea cake and other sweet buns, which are made with yeast. Sherbet It's thought Saladin offered this fruity dessert, cousin to ice cream, to Richard I during Crusades. sherbet is the more widely known term and typically designates a fruity flavored frozen dairy product with a butterfat content between 1% and 2%. Sorbet, on the other hand, is considered by Americans to be a fruity frozen product with no dairy content, similar to Italian ice. Sorbet is a frozen dessert made from sweetened water flavored with fruit (typically juice or pur�e), wine, and/or liqueur. does not have milk. Strudel, german apple filled rolled pastry Streusel is a crumb topping of butter, flour, and sugar that is baked on top of muffins, breads, pies, and cakes Sweet roll or sweet bun refers to any of a number of sweet, baked, yeast-leavened breakfast or dessert foods. They may contain spices, nuts, candied fruits, etc., and are often glazed or topped with icing. Sundae, when banana is added a sundae becomes a split or royale Trifle is a dessert dish made from thick (or often solidified) custard, fruit, spongecake, fruit juice Zabaglione (Italian warm custard with marsala wine)   Cake Angel food cake only uses white of egg Baba au rhum is a small yeast cake saturated in hard liquor, usually rum, and sometimes filled with whipped cream or pastry cream. Bundt cake is a cake that is baked in a Bundt pan, shaping it into a distinctive ridged ring. Chiffon - Not a fabric but a cake that's a cross between an angel & a sponge Fruitcake january 4 is the national day to toss this type of dense Christmas goodie made with dried raisins, nuts & other stuff. �The Joy of Cooking� says these liquor-soaked cakes have been enjoyed 25 years after baking Genoise is a butter-rich sponge cake German chocolate cake is layered, chocolate cake filled and topped with a coconut-pecan frosting. Lady Baltimore white or yellow cake Ladyfingers sponge cake, Sponge cake baked in the form of a female digit, To make Charlotte Russe, line your mold with these cakes Marble Light & dark batters combined give this cake the appearance of the rock it's named for Sacher Torte originated in vienna Austrian capital filled with apricot jam Torte a rich cake variously made with eggs finely chopped nuts crumbs or a little four Wedding Joy of Cooking says whether this cake is "round or rectangular, the cutting begins at the lowest tier" Yule log A French cake called a Buche De NOeL is shaped like & named for this symbol of Christmas   Famous Amos is a brand of cookie from the United States.   Pie Key Lime - Though North Floridians wanted pecan pie as the state pie, this one from Southern Florida ruled the day Shoo fly "Don't bother me", I'm eating this Pennsylvania Dutch molasses pie Shoofly pie is a molasses pie considered traditional among the Pennsylvania Dutch and also known in Southern cooking. Southern pies Favorite Southern ones include pecan, chess, sweet potato, black bottom & peach   Tart Treacle tart is a traditional English dessert. It is made using short crust pastry, with a thick filling made of golden syrup, also known as light treacle, breadcrumbs, and lemon juice.   Dressing Mayo This dressing commonly found on sandwiches may derive its name from a seaport in Minorca Russian once contained kaviar actually it is american, This salad dressing is actually American; its name may come from the fact that it once contained caviar   Buckwheat seeds ground for pancakes Corn pod, sweet, flour, flint, dent, waxy, pop Oat given to horses Rice grown in flooded fields called paddies, With the hull left on it's called brown; with it removed it's white & called "polished" The short-grain, medium-grain & long-grain varieites of this can all be used to make pudding Rye flour dark used in pumpernickel Triticale hybrid of rey and wheat Wheat, bulghur   Fast food Arby's is a fast food restaurant chain in the United States and Canada. It is primarily known for selling roast beef sandwiches and curly fries. Carl's Jr. is an American fast-food restaurant chain founded in 1941 by Carl Karcher. Along with its sibling restaurant chain Hardee's, Carl's Jr. is the fifth largest fast food chain in the United States after Subway (33,000+ locations), McDonald's (32,000+ locations), Burger King (11,500+ locations) Wendy's (6,700+ locations).[5] Dairy Queen McDonald's, ronald mcdonald Pizza -  Papa John's Pizza is the third largest take-out and delivery pizza restaurant chain in the United States (behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza), deep dish pizza. Tombstone is a brand of frozen pizza. Red Lobster is an American casual dining restaurant chain that is owned and operated by Darden Restaurants   Fish A kipper is a whole herring, a small, oily fish, that has been split in butterfly fashion from tail to head along the dorsal ridge, gutted, salted or pickled Caviar sterlet type is golden color Oyster Rockefeller with watercress or spinach   Fruit Alligator pear avacado Avocado Native to Mexico, this pear-shaped green fruit is a hardy member of the laurel family, Also known as an alligator pear, The pit of this "alligator pear" will produce an attractive indoor plant, To keep this guacamole ingredient from darkening, leave the pit in it Apples Delicious apples come in these 2 color varieties Red and Golden. Greening is an apple Apple crab used as garnish type of round, tart apple is less than 2 inches in diameter & grows in the wild Crabapple.   Delicious comes in red and golden varieties Red apple is grown commercially more than any other, greening is an apple, rome, beauty, Varieties of this fruit, suitable for home orchards, include Red Rome, Jonathan & Stark Jumbo Apricot pit - Both cyanide & laetrile are an extract of them Banana -  red skin color of Baracoa variety of banana, About 30% of the world's banana's are sold under Chiquita  No. 1 brand name Canteloupe netted melon Cherry marasca maraschino, montmorency sour Fig strangler type of this fruit tree, genus Ficus, grows massive roots that envelop its host tree Grape catawba is sometimes used for jam or jelly also an indian tribe in SC, thompson seedless, Concord used for jam and juice, Currants & sultanas are produced by drying this fruit    In the U.S. Golden raisins are usually made from this variety of grape Thompson Seedless Kiwi chinese gooseberry Kumqauat Greengage plum Kumquat is in citrus family, The name of this small Oriental citrus fruit is from the Chinese for "golden orange" Kiwi Most Chinese gooseberries are grown in this country new zealand Lychee Called a nut when dried, this is the fruit of the Soapberry tree, native to China Lime persian and key Mango Condiment ingredient called the "apple" & the "peach" of the tropics Melon, Casaba, Cantaloupe. Santa Claus, casaba & Crenshaw are types of this fruit Nopal cactus, part of this national symbol of Mexico, produces this fruit Prickly Pear Orange Seville and bergamot are bitter varieties, valencia is most popular. Mandarin small Oriental orange or a division of Chinese cuisine. Citrus fruit named for the resemblance of its apex to a belly button Navel Orange Peach As its label indicates, Southern Comfort contains the juice of this fruit, Cling peaches are called that because they cling to the pit Pear  bosc, seckel is brownish variety, Anjou & Comice varieties of this fruit originated in France Pineapple cayeene is a variety in hawaii - The "hospitality" fruit, it can keep Jell-O from jelling Pomegranate The prophet Mohammed advised, "Eat" this many-seeded fruit, "It purges the system of envy & hatred" fruit with many seeds is grown on the Punica granatum tree Raisin can be called Plum when it's added to a pudding or a cake Satsuma small orange fla ala Pomegranate many seeds - Syrup originally made from pomegranates processed on the Caribbean island of Grenada is grenadine. Tangelo is cross between pomelo or grapefruit, The minneola is a popular variety of this cross between a tangerine & grapefruit Tangerine Types - Mandarins, Minneola, Tangelos, Tangerines Shaddock largest citrus fruit Watermelon Known botanically as "citrullus lanatus", this huge fruit grows on vines as long as 15 ft.   Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from lemons, limes, grapefruits   HERBS and spices, �Aroma� was the word for spices in this ancient civilization Angelica heavenly herb, or a dessert wine said to have originated near Los Angeles, for which it's named Basil is essential for classic Italian pesto Caraway seeds found in rye bread, these seeds are also flavoring of kummel liqueur, A classic addition to rye bread, these seeds are also used to flavor schnapps & aquavit Cayenne pepper From S. American work �kyinha�, this type of pepper makes your mouth hot & beans �chili� Chamomile tea Peter Rabbit's mother made him this herbal tea after his adventures in Mr. McGregor's garden Cilantro The herb also called Chinese parsley or fresh coriander is called this in Mexican cooking Clove The oil of these spice buds stuck in hams is a source of artificial vanilla flavoring, They're added to cakes to give off a sweet, pungent aroma & stuck in fruit to make pomanders Curry The hottest variety of this blend of Indian spices originated in Madras Dandelion - tooth of the lion Fennel In Italian, �finnochio�, it's a basic bottle in spice racks, This licorice-flavored herb, Foeniculum vulgare, was used by the Romans to promote health Garlic This relative of the onion is rarely grown from seed; it's grown from parts of its bulbs called cloves Laurel leaf You can call it laurel leaf or you can call it baby leaf, same thing Marigold petals are sometimes added to chicken feed to insure that yolks will be bright yellow lutein? McCormick This spice company that owns Schilling is the largest producer of dehydrated garlic & onions Mustard You can spread it on your hot dog or put a plaster of it on your chest when you have a cold Nutmeg Mace comes from the scarlet membrane that covers this other spice Oregano This aromatic herb, Origanum vulgare, is also known as wild marjoram Paprika In America this spice is used largely for its red color; Hungarians appreciate its taste, A sharper Hungarian variety of this spice is made by grinding the plant's seeds with the pods Parsley Romans believed a garland of this garnish worn on the head would prevent drunkenness, The name of this herb comes from the Greek for "rock celery"; petrocelinon Peppermint An oil distilled from this herb is a source of menthol Pepper "Poivre" is French for this, which is sprinkled generously on steak au poivre Rosemary Because it thrives near salt water, the Romans called it "rosmarinus", dew of the sea Savory This herb comes in summer and winter varieties, and its name also means appetizing Tarragon Called "estragon" by the French, it can be stored in or added as a flavoring to vinegar Vanilla Natural vanilla flavoring comes from orchid tropical flower   Pupu - snacks or appetizers often served on a platter, Hawaiian Steak tartare, raw ground beef and raw egg   Baked Alaska topped with meringue   Kitchen utensils and machines Brush, pastry also known as a basting brush, is a cooking utensil used to spread butter, oil or glaze on food. Colander is a bowl-shaped kitchen utensil with holes in it used for draining foodsuch as pasta or rice. Convection oven circulates heat with fan Crockery - tableware (eating and serving dishes) collectively. dishware Cuisinart food processor Curler used for butter, has hook at end Double boiler, also known as a bain-marie, is a stove top apparatus used to cook delicate sauces such as beurre blanc, to melt chocolate without burning French press, also known as a press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger, cafeti�re (UK) or сafeti�re � piston, is a simple coffee brewing device Garlic press MEAT USDA meat grade between prime & good is Choice Bacon From the old French word for "ham", it makes a nice sandwich combined with lettuce & tomato Barbeque It's said this SW. feast comes from French "from snout to tail," the way meat is put on a spit Beef Strogonoff has sour cream, This beef stroganoff ingredient can be "sour" or "whipping" Black Forest ham - When smoked with juniper brush, this food is associated with the German town of Westphalia Black pudding, blood pudding or blood sausage is a type of sausage made by cooking blood or dried blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal when cooled. The dish exists in various cultures from Asia to Europe and the Americas. Pig, cattle, sheep, duck and goat blood can be used depending on different countries. Brochette skewer with small pieces of meat, veg broiled Brae Brae, which Time magazine touts as low-fat, low-cal beef, is raised on grass, silage, & this brew Carpetbag steak oysters are stuffed and sutured with toothpicks or thread. Chevon is goat meat Chicken a la King To make chicken a la this, you usually need mushrooms & pimientos Chuck Of flank, chuck or round steak, the one coming straight from the shoulder Cottage pie or shepherd's pie is a meat pie with a crust of mashed potato. Crown Roast A fancy roast of lamb, veal, or pork; you might wear your tiara while eating it Delmonico This type of steak was named for a restaurateur whose first name was Lorenzo Ham This cut is a pig's hind leg above the hock, This part of a hog's hind leg that includes the hip, thigh & knee may be cured Hash "Hachis de Boeuf" is the fancy French name for this down-to-earth dish, a dish consisting of diced meat, potatoes, and spices that are mixed together and then cooked either alone or with other ingredients such as onions. The name is derived from the French verb hacher (to chop). Head cheese is a coldcut originated in europe In France this sausage is called "fromage de tete" Hippophagy A long-standing tradition in France, hippophagy is the consumption of horse Hot Dog In the early 1900s this fast food was sometimes called "Coney Island Chicken" Humble pie made of inner parts of deer Intre Cut The middle cut of a rib steak, it literally means "between 2 ribs" Jerky dried strips of beef Lamb crown roast serve with currant jelly or mint sauce Marble Term for flecks of fat that, we take for "granite", help make beef tasty & juicy Mincemeat pie 1 recipe for this holiday pie filling calls for candied orange peel, chopped ox heart, & suet Pastrami - From the Romanian word for "to preserve", it's served hot with mustard on rye Pork rinds President Bush likes to eat these pigskin treats with Tabasco sauce Porker It's the term for a young pig that's fattened for its meat Roast Lamb Flavor of the jelly or sauce that's a common accompaniment to roast lamb Rumaki is an hors d'oeuvre of mock-Polynesian origin. It was most likely invented by Victor Bergeron, known as Trader Vic. Its ingredients and method of preparation vary, but usually it consists of water chestnuts and pieces of duck or chicken liver wrapped in bacon and marinated in soy sauce Salisbury steak ground beef dish - Named for an English dr. who recommended meat as cure-all, it's a hamburger without a bun This ground beef dish was named for J. Salisbury, a physician who advocated dietary reform Sausage, british banger, mexican chorizo Scrapple Penn. dish, made with scraps of pork mixed with corn meal, is shaped into loaves & then sliced & fried Shepherd's Pie is a layered casserole of beef, carrots, and potato Smoke Used to cure many meats including bacon, its the creosote and formaldehyde in this that help preserve things Steak Tartare raw beef with raw eggs, A raw egg yolk usually accompanies this raw meat dish Sweetbread has thymus and pancreas of young calves, variety meat is the thymus gland, usually taken from a calf, but occasionally a lamb Tender loin front part of a hindquarter with the flank removed, it may be "tender" Tripe Popular in Pennsylvania, pepper pot is a peppery soup made from this stomach lining Veal Parmasiana Veal cutlets dipped in bread crumbs & cheese, then fried & covered with tomato sauce Venison The name of this meat is from the Latin "venatus", hunt Weenie Roast Slang for a hot dog barbecue Yorkshire pudding This English classic is made with eggs, milk & flour baked in beef drippings, This puffy pudding is often served with roast beef in Britain   Nut Botanically, true nuts are classed as one-seeded forms of fruits Almond used to make marzipan. Jordan Almond sold plain or in a candy coating, this large almond comes from Spain, not the Middle East. There are 2 kinds of this nut, bitter & sweet, & 3 kinds of shells, hard, soft & paper Betel stains teeth used in se asia Cashew Mozambique is a leading producer of this bean-shaped nut related to poison ivy Chestnuts roasting Hazelnut This other name for a hazelnut is from a saint whose feast day falls during the nutting season Kola nut The tropical nut that's a source of the caffeine in soft drinks Macadamia It was named after John MacAdam, who promoted its cultivation in Australia Peanuts are related to peas Pecan A member of the hickory family, this nut is popular in a Southern pie Pinon pine tree, Pine nuts are found inside pinecones and it's tough to get them out Pistachio Walnut The common name for the Persian walnut is English walnut   Olive Manzanillo is the most widely grown type in Calif.; almost all are eaten, not pressed for oil   Ceasar salad with anchovies Cobb salad Cole Slaw A different version of this ever-popular salad is made with shredded Chinese cabbage & watercress   Blat sandwich - bacon lettuce avacado tomato Club Dagwood sandwich - large sandwich with a variety of fillings named for a character in the comic strip Blondie. Towering snack named for comic strip character whose nocturnal noshes cleaned out the fridge GAC sandwich is an abbreviation for grilled American cheese Hero sandwich - alternate name is Hoagie, perhaps from Hog island? Monte Cristo sandwich - Disneyland's Blue Bayou restaurant serves this classic sandwich that's dipped in egg and fried Panini has been adopted to refer to a pressed and toasted sandwich Slider is a small sandwich, typically around 3 in across, served in a bun.   Sauce Andalouse tomato and mayonnaise B�arnaise sauce made of clarified butter emulsified in egg yolks, white wine vinegar and flavored with herbs. It is considered to be a 'child' of the mother Hollandaise sauce, one of the five sauces in the French haute cuisine mother sauce repertoire. The difference is only in their flavoring: B�arnaise uses shallot, chervil, peppercorn, and tarragon, while Hollandaise uses lemon juice or white wine. Hollandaise seasoned with chervil, shallots & tarragon becomes this sauce named for region of SW France Brown Sauce This basic sauce named for a color is made with rich meat stock Bechamel sauce also known as white sauce, is made with a roux of butter and flour cooked in milk. It is one of the mother sauces of French cuisine Bordelaise sauce is a classic French sauce named after the Bordeaux region of France, which is famous for its wine. The sauce is made with dry red wine, bone marrow, butter, shallots and sauce demi-glace. Cocktail sauce for shrimp has catsup horseradish, lemon juice, made with catsup, horseradish & lemon juice Hard sauce Despite its name, this sauce served with plum pudding isn't "difficult" to make, Hard sauce is made by beating together sugar, butter spread, & a flavoring such as brandy Hollandaise sauce melted butter and egg yolk, It's a French word meaning "Dutch," and in English it usually refers to a sauce, Often served over asparagus, this creamy sauce was 1st made in France, not in the Netherlands Mayonnaise, beaten oil, egg yolk, vinegar Mornay sauce with the addition of cheese Remoulade anchovies Tobasco by McIlhenny family used in Bloody Mary drink Worcestershire for meat, contain soy vinegar   SOUP Borscht You can't beat this soup which is made from beets Chowder is a seafood or vegetable stew (or thickened soup), often served withmilk or cream and mostly eaten with saltine crackers. Oxtail soup Cut these tails into 2-inch pieces & dust them with flour before you make the soup named for them "Potage" is a fancy name for this type of dish, especially a thick one Turtle soup is soup or stews made from the flesh of the turtle. The dish exists insome cultures and is viewed as a luxury or delicacy. Mock version is with calf's head.   Tea Darjeeling You can see Mt. Everest from this West Bengal, India city that gave its name to a famous tea Earl Grey Named for the peer it was created for, this black tea is often flavored with oil of bergamot Lipton In 1952 this company introduced the "Flo-Thru" tea bag Mate Jesuits were the 1st to cultivate this species of holly that's made into a tea-like drink   Vegetable From Latin for "undigested food", crudites refers to raw vegetable Artichoke jerusalem is named after girasole italian for sunflower, globe variety Arugala This slightly bitter salad green is also known as rucola Asparagus Stem of a variety of lily, known in Old England as "sparrow grass" This stalked vegetable is commonly cooked standing up in the pot Bean It's what the yellow variety of a string bean is called Wax Bean Broccoli, most common type of this in the U.S. is the calabrese, whose green stalks are topped by green florets Brussels sprouts rose cabbage, 1st grown in Belgium about the 13th century, these vegetables look like tiny cabbages Cabbage familiar kitchen garden vegetable about as large and wise as a mans head ambrose bierce, bok choy chinese, red, savoy, Cardoon a type of thistle, is closely related to this "globe artichoke" vegetable Cauliflower Carrot Queen Anne's lace is the ancestor of this orange vegetable & has roots resembling it Chard is a leafy green vegetable often used in Mediterranean cooking. While the leaves are always green, chard stalks vary in color. Swiss Chard, "Swiss" vegetable that's also known as the "Spinach Beet" Chicory Root used as a substitute for coffee, especially in Cajun cuisine, Popular in New Orleans, its top is a salad green & its root is roasted & mixed with coffee Chives is the smallest species of the edible onions. Collard greens same species as cabbage and broccoli. Used in soul food. The name of this popular soul food vegetable comes from colewort Corn, shuck Cucumber A cucumber pickled when it's only 2-3 inches long is called Gherkin. English / Burpless / Seedless cucumber is only grown under artificial conditions in hothouses. Gherkin is both a type of gourd & a small immature cucumber Eggpalnt aubergine, Thos. Jefferson is credited with introducing this vegetable, named for its ovoid shape, to the U.S., This member of the nightshade family is often prepared Parmigiana Endive rhyme with longsleeve, Belgium, Escarole is a name commonly used by cooks & greengrocers for this salad vegetable Heart of palm, palm cabbage or swamp cabbage, is a vegetable harvested from the inner core and growing bud of certain palm trees Hominy is corn hulled, degermed & broken up Horseradish in cocktail sauce Kohlrabi (German turnip) is a low, stout cultivar of cabbage. Leek is a national symbol of Wales, Lettuce iceberg variety most common. The head varieties of this vegetable are divided into butterhead & crisphead, The Pascal variety of this crisp garden vegetable has nearly stringless stalks Luffa When it's young & tender, this gourd used in the bathtub can be eaten like a squash Mold, furry fungi on food Mushroom, the most widely eaten fungus. shiitake from asia, morel, chanterelles   Toadstool Collective name for poisonous mushrooms Onion south port yellow globe, Maui & Vidalia, Georgia are famous for producing sweet types of this vegetable Pare Peel the skin of 2 identical pieces of fruit Parsnip This root vegetable looks like, sounds like & is related to parsley Peas Petit pois are small, tender ones of these Pepper - red pepper salad ingredient, capsicum annuum grossum, has been allowed to ripen on the vine Potato The South American Indians called them "papas", a name that's still used today, About 10 days before harvest farmers cut the vines, To distinguish a potato from the unrelated sweet potato, it's usually called "Irish" or White color, Russet or Burbank is the primary variety of potato grown in the U.S. Pumpkin The hollowed, carved fruit of the "Cucurbita pepo" plant with a light inside jack-o-lantern Radicchio is a leaf chicory, sometimes known as Italian chicory and is a perennial. It is grown as a leaf vegetable which usually has white-veined red leaves. Rhubarb contains glycosides especially rhein, glucorhein and emodin which impart cathartic and laxative activities to it. It is hence useful as a cathartic in case of constipation. Rutabaga swedish turnip Seed The part of the plant you're eating when you chow down on corn, peas or lima beans Scallion The names of these 2 onion relatives are from the name of the Mideast city Ashkelon, scallion and shallot Shallot known as scallion fro middle eastern city of ascalon Skunk cabbage The skunk lends its name to this foul-smelling "vegetable" found in swamps Squash summer varieties are eaten green, winter ones ripe. Cocozell, patty pan & yellow crookneck Potatoes, russet are the brown skinned variety, Carrots are root vegetables while potatoes are examples of these underground stems Tubers Rhubarb Also known as "pieplant", its stalks are baked in pies, usually with strawberries Rutabaga This plant with a bulbous root is also known as a "Swedish Turnip" This somewhat coarse root vegetable is also called a swede or a Swedish turnip Squash, corn, lima beans are Succotash Taro tubers are made into poi Tomatillo is a plant of the nightshade family, related to the cape gooseberry, bearing small, spherical and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated in Mexico, and are a staple of that country's cuisine. Tomato varieties include Beefsteak and small ones called Cherry tomato, tomatoes are originally from South America, Italians call a tomato Pomodoro, tomato is a member of the deadly nightshade family. Ponderosa, Big Boy hybrid & Sunray are popular varieties of this    Tomatoes, fire roasted, sun-dried, or sliced Romas Vichysoisse Don't complain to your waiter that your soup is cold if you're served this French potato soup Water chestnut Weenie roast - a cookout where roasted frankfurters are the main course 2. cookout - an informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors Wintercress is also called scurvy grass because of its high content of this vitamin C Yam is a variety of sweet potato Zuchini This Italian summer squash is also called a small marrow   Austria Sachertorte is a specific type of chocolate cake, or torte, invented by AustrianFranz Sacher in 1832 for Prince Wenzel von Metternich in Vienna, Austria. It's recommended you try the Sachertorte while at the Hotel Sacher in this capital city Schnitzel is a breaded cutlet dish made with boneless meat thinned with a hammer (escalope-style preparation), coated in bread crumbs and fried. In the name of a popular veal dish, Vienna style, it means "slice" or "shaving" Wiener Schnitzel is named for Vienna    Brazil Color of the beans you'd find in a feijoada, the national dish of Brazil, black   Cantonese, fukien, honen, shantung, schezuan Chop sticks Chow mein crispy noodles Chop suey is a dish in American Chinese cuisine and other forms of overseas Chinese cuisine, consisting of meat (often chicken, fish, beef, prawns, or pork) and eggs, cooked quickly with vegetables such as bean sprouts, cabbage, and celery and bound in a starch-thickened sauce. Dim sum, delight your heart, The name of these little snacks is Cantonese for �heart�s delight� Mein means noodle Cohiba cigars first made in Cuba Jambolaya stew of rice fish and ham   Cruller The name of this twisted fried doughnut is from the Dutch for "twisted cake"   England Tipsy pudding, which might make you feel a little tipsy, is an old-fashioned dessert from this country   A la perigourdine with truffles Alsacienne has sauerkraut Aspic is a dish in which ingredients are set into a gelatin made from a meat stockor consomm�. Au gratin Covered with bread crumbs and sometimes butter and grated cheese, and then browned in an oven: potatoes au gratin. Au jeu - meat served in its own juice Beef bourguignon originates from the Burgundy region, a stew prepared with beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy, and beef broth, generally flavoured with garlic, onions and a bouquet garni, with pearl onions and mushrooms added towards the end of cooking. This traditional French dish consists of meat braised in red wine & garnished with mushrooms & onions Bouillabaisse is a traditional Provencal fish stew originating from the port city of Marseille. Bouqet Garni 2-word French term for a small bundle of herbs, often tied together & used for flavoring Casserole, from the French word for "saucepan", is a large, deep dish used bothin the oven and as a serving vessel. Chateaubriand steak, or just chateaubriand, is a recipe of a particular thick cut from the tenderloin (fillet), Compote French for stewed fruit, it can also be the bowl it's served in Coquilles St. Jacques is scallops in wine and butter sauce, If you order Coquilles St. Jacques in a restaurant, this is what you will be served Cordon Blue This school was founded in 1895 to teach cooking to wealthy young Frenchwomen, This French term can describe a chicken, ham & cheese dish or the master chef who prepared it Cornichon This French term for a tiny pickle means "little horn" Creme Brulee A rich custard topped with caramelized sugar, its name means "burnt cream" in French Cresson watercress Croquette round mass of chopped meat, fish, vegetable, coated with beaten egg and crumbs and fried in deep fat Cuisse frog leg Entrecote middle part of a rib steak Cornichon little pickle En jou, meat in its own juice Filet Mignon Oui, monsieur, it's a small, round, choice cut of beef from the loin Foie gras goose liver Fondue is a Swiss, French, and Italian dish of melted cheese served in acommunal pot (caquelon) over a portable stove (r�chaud) French onion soup (Soupe � l'oignon) is an onion soup based on beef broth orbeef stock traditionally served with croutons and cheese as toppings. Hors d'oeuvres is French for "outside of" work, which is usually when they're served Lobster Thermidor style Lyonnaise potatoes is a French dish of sliced pan-fried potatoes and thinly slicedonions, saut�ed in butter with parsley and possibly other seasonings. Pate is a mixture of cooked ground meat and fat minced into a spreadable paste. Common additions include vegetables, herbs, spices, and either wine or cognac, armagnac or brandy. Pot on Feu The name of this French dish means "pot on the fire" Quiche lorraine has bacon The Larousse Gastronomique says quiche originated in this French region Ratatouille stewed vegetables, from Nice, Ragout Word for a French stew that's a homophone for a popular brand of spaghetti sauce Salade nicoise anchovy and tuna Terrine is a French forcemeat loaf similar to a p�t�, made with more coarsely chopped ingredients. Terrines are usually served cold or at room temperature. Liver pates are sometimes called Terrine, after the name of the dish in which they're cooked & served Truffles Dishes flavored or garnished with these rare costly fungi are referred to as "a la Perigourdine"   Germany Kirschwasser or kirsch is a clear, colorless fruit brandy traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries Sauerbraten is a German pot roast that can be prepared with a variety of meats�most often beef, but also from venison, lamb, mutton, pork, and horse. Knockwurst German sausage named for the crackling sound the skin of the sausage makes when bitten into Sauerkraut sour cabbage didn't originate in Germany but was brought from China by the Tatars Weisswurst is a traditional Bavarian sausage made from very finely minced veal and fresh pork bacon. It is usually flavoured with parsley, lemon, mace, onions Zwieback is a type of crisp, sweetened bread, made with eggs and baked twice.   Greece Dolma - To make the traditional Greek favorite dolma, wrap rice & ground meat in grape leaves, A Greek favorite, dolma is made with rice & ground meat wrapped in these leaves Moussaka The popular dish moussaka is layers of ground meat & eggplant Souvlaki is a popular Greek fast food consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a skewer. Souvlakia is this country's equivalent of shishkebab   India Chutney One type of dish in which fenugreek seed is used is this relish from India Molasses This thick liquid is the traditional sweetening in Indian pudding   Colcannon, a dish of potatoes, leeks, cabbage & cream, is associated with this country's cuisine   Israel Blintzes are thin pancakes that typically lack a leavening agent and are similar to cr�pes, sometimes filled with cheese Chopped chicken liver is Jewish deli substitute for "pate de foie gras" Knish consists of a filling covered with dough that is either baked, grilled, or deep fried. In the most East European traditional versions, the filling is made entirely of mashed potato, ground meat, sauerkraut, onions, kasha (buckwheat groats), or cheese. This Jewish-American pastry is made with dough & can be stuffed with potato or cheese Matzah balls are an Ashkenazi Jewish soup dumpling made from a mixture of matzah meal, eggs, water, and oil. Matzah balls are traditionally served in chicken soup. They are a staple food on Passover.   A la Florentine - Means with spinach. Al Dente When spaghetti is cooked "al dente", it means it's firm to the teeth Antipasto means "before the meal" Traditional antipasto includes cured meats, olives, peperoncini, mushrooms, anchovies, artichoke hearts, various cheeses (such as provolone or mozzarella), pickled meats and vegetables Biscotti for dipping in wine or coffee, biscotti are twice-baked cookies Bruschetta is an antipasto consists of grilled bread rubbed with garlic and topped with olive oil, salt and pepper. Variations may include toppings of spicy red pepper, tomato, vegetables, beans, cured meat, or cheese. Calzone is a turnover or folded pizza. It is shaped like a half-moon and made of bread dough. Calamari fried squid consists of batter-coated, deep fried squid, fried for less than two minutes to prevent toughness. Crostini cut a baguette, brush with olive oil and bake until golden; now you've got this appetizer, Italian for "little toasts" Fettucini alfredo ribbon-shaped noodles, sweet butter, cream, parmesan cheese and black pepper make up this pasta dish Frittata you can use leftovers to make one of these Italian-named egg dishes that's similar to an omelet and quiche, It's an Italian version of an omelet, served pancake-style Gnocchi are various thick, soft dumplings. From Italian for "knot in wood", it's a dumpling made from flour, semolina or potato starch Lasagna Moleche & you'll get the soft-shelled Crab of these crustaceans Minestrone is soup that starts meal Ossobuco Milanese specialty of cross-cut veal shanks braised with vegetables, white wine and broth and a few anchovies Pasta - Linguini means little tongues, Manicotti, Ravioli square, Tubettini, Vermicelli Pastrami deli item is corned beef that's been rubbed with pepper & spices, smoked and then steamed Pizza, Pepperoni, Hawaiian pizza with ham, canadian bacon and pineapple, anchovies Polenta to make a basic version of this Italian staple, gradually add cornmeal, or chestnut meal, to boiling water; stir constantly Pomodori use these when an Italian recipe calls for "pomodori" Primavera Italian word for spring, it describes pasta dishes made with fresh vegetables Prosciutto is served as a first course with figs or melon Risotto is a class of Italian rice dishes cooked in broth to a creamy consistency. The broth may be meat, fish, or vegetable-based. You can use Arborio rice to make this dish; let each addition of broth be absorbed before adding the next Trattoria is an Italian-style eating establishment, less formal than a ristorante, but more formal than an osteria. Vongole clams found in pasta sauces Dessert Cannoli are Sicilian pastry desserts. The singular is cannolo meaning little tube Zabaione is an Italian dessert, or sometimes a beverage, made with egg yolks, sugar, a sweet wine usually Marsala wine   Sauce Marinara (mariner's) sauce is a southern Italian tomato sauce usually made with tomatoes, garlic, herbs, onions and sometimes seafood. Pesto is a sauce originating in Genoa in the Liguria region of northern Italy and traditionally consists of crushed garlic, basil, and European pine nuts blended with olive oil, Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan cheese), and Fiore Sardo (cheese made from sheep's milk).   Japan Dashiis a class of soup and cooking stock used in Japanese cuisines. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth, noodle broth, and many kinds ... Nuri seaweed Baklava phyllo dough is used to make up the many thin layers in baklava Halvah sesame Hummus This chic Middle-Eastern dip is made primarily from chickpeas & served with pita bread Lavash is a soft, thin flatbread popular in Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the Caucasus. Tahini ground sesame seeds   Spain Gazpacho is usually a tomato-based, vegetable soup, traditionally served cold, originating in the southern Spanish region of Andaluc�a. Paella is a Valencian rice dish, Saffron-flavored Spanish rice stew with meat, vegetables & seafood   Russia A la rousse, sour cream Blini is a type of thin pancake, Blini, a Russian type of this thin, flat dish, are made with buckwheat flour Borscht is a soup that is popular in many Eastern and Central European countries. In most of these countries, it is made with beetroot as the main ingredient, giving it a deep reddish-purple color. Caviar Once a favorite of Russian czars, the Sterlet type of this fish egg delicacy is golden in color   Cock a leelkie, leeks with chicken Haggis, lungs, heart of sheep mixed with suet and oatmeal, cooked in stomach   Mee Krob This popular Thai dish consists of sweet crispy noodles with chicken or shrimp Nam pla fish sauce Pad Thai Thailand's best-known dish, it's stir-fried noodles, egg, bean sprouts, peanuts and seasonings Prik Kee chili Tom yum is a spicy clear soup typical in Laos and Thailand.   Wales Leek, symbol of country The name of this dish derives from the poverty of the 18th century Welsh Welsh Rarebit  dish made with a savoury sauce of melted cheese and various other ingredients and served hot, after being poured over slices (or other pieces) of toasted bread, BEER has health benefits when used in moderation. Lager (German: storage) is a type of beer that is fermented and conditioned at low temperatures. Now nearly obsolete, porter is intermediate between ale & this darker British brew Stout. The flowers of Hops plant give beer its bitter taste Stein This name for an earthenware beer mug is German for "stone Budweiser, the King of Beers,  Anheiser-Busch, St. Louis, largest brewing organization, makes Budweiser, Michelob, O'Douls Coors, adolph, in golden colorado Falstaff Denmark, Carlsberg or Tuborg  famous Danish breweries you can tour in Copenhagen German,    Bock, strong, dark This strong, dark type of beer takes its name from Einbeck, Germany, where it was first made. Breman, Germany's St. Pauli Girl    Lowenbrau brand of beer that means "lion's brew" Greece, Spartan, Aegean India Kingfisher is an Indian beer brewed by United Breweries Group. The brand was launched in 1978. India's largest selling beer Japan Kirin is a beer from this country Mexico, Tecate, Corona, Bohemia, Superior & Dos Equis Netherlands, Heineken, dutch brewing company. In 1968 this Dutch brewer merged with Amstel Peru, Pilsen, Ciuzco Thailand, Amarit, Singhai   Jeopardy show terms that I have come across when I used to be an avid watcher. I no longer have much time to watch the show. Animals are scattered on all continents and are smarter than humans realize. Art history can teach a great deal about human history Books that i have read or wish to read Business in America will hopefully improve from the market crash of 2008 and 2009.

Hushpuppy

September 27, 1964 saw the publishing of the Warren Commission's report that looked into the assassination of whom?

Hush Puppies Recipe | Multi Cultural Cooking Network Multi Cultural Cooking Network Giving You a Taste of the World Menu Texas 20 Minute Sheet Cake → Hush Puppies Recipe Hushpuppies (Cornbread Balls) are a savory, starch-based food made from cornmeal batter that is deep fried or baked in small ball or sphere shapes, or occasionally oblong or ring shapes. Hushpuppies are frequently served as a side dish. Hushpuppies are a food with strong ties to the American South, although they are available in many areas of America on the menus of deep fried fish restaurants. The name “hushpuppies” is often attributed to hunters, fishermen or other cooks who would fry some basic cornmeal mixture (possibly that they had been bread-coating or battering their own food with) and feed it to their dogs to “hush the puppies” during cook-outs or fish-fries. Also, runaway slaves would feed them to the guard dogs of their owners in order to “hush the puppies”.   2 cups yellow corn meal 1 cup plain flour (flour is what gave it the lighter taste and you can experiment with the amount you use if you want) 2 eggs 1 cup buttermilk (you can also use plain milk in a pinch, but nothing compares to buttermilk) 3/4 teaspoon seasoned salt. I use Lowreys but just about any brand will work as you are just looking for something to spice things up a little 1/2 teaspoon ground pepper blend (again, the idea is to spice things up a little). 1 teaspoon baking powder 2/3 teaspoon baking soda 1/8 cup bacon grease. This is another big key to the flavor. In a pinch you can use other types of cooking oil, but bacon is my favorite. You also need some type of cooking oil to deep fry these in such as Crisco oil although peanut oil and some of the lower fat oils work well too. Directions Mix all of the dry ingredients in a bowl. Add your eggs, oil, and buttermilk. Stir it all up until the flavors are thoroughly blended. Turn your cooker on medium-high heat. When it’s hot you can drop your hush puppies in using a table spoon. Allow them to brown on all sides. They should begin floating when done, but if they don’t, don’t overcook them. Rate this:

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What university was Mark Zuckerberg attending when he co-founded Facebook with three fellow classmates?

Mark Zuckerberg- founder of facebook | Bernard Buachi's Blog Bernard Buachi's Blog Leave a reply Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. As of March 2010, he is the youngest billionaire in the world, with a net wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3] Zuckerberg was born in White Plains, New York and raised in Dobbs Ferry, New York. Zuckerberg was raised with a Jewish background,[4] but he considers himself an atheist.[5] He started programming when he was in middle school. Early on, Zuckerberg enjoyed developing computer programs, especially communication tools and games. Before attending Phillips Exeter Academy, Mark went to school at Ardsley High School. At high school, he excelled in the classics. He transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy where he immersed himself in Latin. [6] He also built a program to help the workers in his father’s office communicate; he built a version of the game Risk and a music player named Synapse that used artificial intelligence to learn the user’s listening habits. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Zuckerberg, but he decided to attend Harvard College instead, which he attended in September 2002, and where he joined Alpha Epsilon Pi, a Jewish fraternity.[7] In college, he was known for reciting lines from epic poems such as The Iliad.[6] A movie based on Zuckerberg and the founding years of Facebook, called The Social Network, will be released on October 1, 2010, and stars Jesse Eisenberg as Zuckerberg. After Zuckerberg was told about the film, he responded, “I just wished that nobody made a movie of me while I was still alive.”[8] Also, after the film’s script was leaked on the Internet and it was apparent that the film would not put Zuckerberg in a positive light, he stated that he wanted to establish himself as a “good guy”.[9] Founding Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dorm room on February 4, 2004. The idea for Facebook came from his days at Phillips Exeter Academy which, like most colleges and prep schools, had a long-standing tradition of publishing an annual student directory with headshot photos of all students, faculty and staff known as the “Facebook.” Once at college, Zuckerberg’s Facebook started off as just a “Harvard-thing,” until Zuckerberg then decided to spread Facebook to other schools and enlisted the help of roommate Dustin Moskovitz. They first spread it to Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York University, Cornell, Brown and Yale, and then to other schools with social contacts with Harvard.[10][11][12] Zuckerberg moved to Palo Alto, California, with Moskovitz and some friends. They leased a small house which served as their first office. Over the summer, Zuckerberg met Peter Thiel who invested in the company. They got their first office during the summer of 2004. According to Zuckerberg, the group planned to return to Harvard in the fall but eventually decided to remain in California. To date, he has not returned as a student to college. Platform and Beacon On May 24, 2007, Zuckerberg announced a Facebook Platform, a development platform for programmers to create social applications within Facebook. This announcement sparked a great deal of interest in the developer community. Within weeks, many applications had been built and some already had millions of users. Today, there are more than 800,000 developers around the world building applications for Facebook Platform. On July 23, 2008, Zuckerberg announced Facebook Connect, a version of Facebook Platform for users. On November 6, 2007, Zuckerberg announced a new social advertising system at an event in Los Angeles. A part of the new program, called Beacon, enabled people to share information with their Facebook friends based on their browsing activities on other sites. An eBay seller, for instance, could let friends know automatically what they have for sale via the Facebook news feed as they list items. The program came under heavy privacy concerns from both privacy groups and individual users. Zuckerberg and Facebook failed to respond to the concerns quickly, and on December 5, 2007, Zuckerberg ultimately wrote a blog post on Facebook[13] taking responsibility for issues with Beacon and offering an easier way for users to opt out of the service. source:Wikipedia

Harvard University

For a point each, name both of the countries that share a border with The Republic of Sierra Leone.

Mark Zuckerberg(the youngest billionaires in the world, Facebook) | GoestY's Junction Blog Mark Zuckerberg(the youngest billionaires in the world, Facebook) Posted by goesty on 07/11/2010 · Leave a Comment   Mark Zuckerberg Mark Zuckerberg at the World Economic Forum in Davos, 2009 Born May 14, 1984 (1984-05-14) (age 26) White Plains, New York, USA Nationality Co-founder, CEO & President of Facebook Net worth Religion None (Atheism) Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. He is currently one of the youngest billionaires in the world with personal wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3] Early life Zuckerberg was born in White Plains, New York and raised in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He started programming when he was in middle school. Early on, Zuckerberg enjoyed developing computer programs, especially communication tools and games. Before attending Phillips Exeter Academy, Mark went to school at Ardsley High School. At high school, he excelled in the classics. He transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy where he immersed himself in Latin. [4] He also built a program to help the workers in his father’s office communicate; he built a version of the game Risk and a music player named Synapse that used artificial intelligence to learn the user’s listening habits. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Zuckerberg, but he decided to attend Harvard College instead, where he joined Alpha Epsilon Pi, a Jewish fraternity.[5] In college, he was known for reciting lines from epic poems such as The Iliad.[4] Facebook Zuckerberg (right) with Robert Scoble in 2008. Founding Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dorm room on February 4, 2004. The idea for Facebook came from his days at Phillips Exeter Academy which, like most colleges and prep schools, had a long-standing tradition of publishing an annual student directory with headshot photos of all students, faculty and staff known as the “Facebook.” Once at college, Zuckerberg’s Facebook started off as just a “Harvard-thing,” until Zuckerberg then decided to spread Facebook to other schools and enlisted the help of roommate Dustin Moskovitz. They first spread it to Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York University, Cornell, Brown and Yale, and then to other schools with social contacts with Harvard.[6][7][8] Moving to California Zuckerberg moved to Palo Alto, California, with Moskovitz and some friends. They leased a small house which served as their first office. Over the summer, Zuckerberg met Peter Thiel who invested in the company. They got their first office during the summer of 2004. According to Zuckerberg, the group planned to return to Harvard in the fall but eventually decided to remain in California. To date, he has not returned as a student to college. Facebook Platform On May 24, 2007, Zuckerberg announced a Facebook Platform, a development platform for programmers to create social applications within Facebook. This announcement sparked a great deal of interest in the developer community. Within weeks, many applications had been built and some already had millions of users. Today, there are more than 800,000 developers around the world building applications for Facebook Platform. On July 23, 2008, Zuckerberg announced Facebook Connect, a version of Facebook Platform for users. Facebook Beacon On November 6, 2007, Zuckerberg announced a new social advertising system at an event in Los Angeles. A part of the new program, called Beacon, enabled people to share information with their Facebook friends based on their browsing activities on other sites. An eBay seller, for instance, could let friends know automatically what they have for sale via the Facebook news feed as they list items. The program came under heavy privacy concerns from both privacy groups and individual users. Zuckerberg and Facebook failed to respond to the concerns quickly, and on December 5, 2007, Zuckerberg ultimately wrote a blog post on Facebook[9] taking responsibility for issues with Beacon and offering an easier way for users to opt out of the service. ConnectU lawsuit Harvard students Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Nishita Narendra accused Zuckerberg of fraudulently letting them believe he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com (later called ConnectU). [10] They filed a lawsuit in 2004 but was dismissed without prejudice on March 28, 2007. It was refiled soon thereafter in U.S. District Court in Boston, and a preliminary hearing was scheduled for July 25, 2007.[11] At the hearing the judge told ConnectU parts of their complaint were not sufficiently pled and gave them the ability to refile an amended complaint. On June 25, 2008, the case was settled and Facebook agreed to pay a $65 million settlement.[12] As part of the lawsuit, in November 2007, confidential court documents were posted on the website of Harvard alumni magazine 02138. They included Zuckerberg’s social security number, his parents’ home address and his girlfriend’s address. Facebook filed to get the documents taken down, but the judge ruled in favor of 02138.[13] Movie There is a movie based on Mark Zuckerberg and the surrounding creators of Facebook, called The Social Network. It is currently set to release in 2010, and stars Jesse Eisenberg and Justin Timberlake. Arrest warrant from Pakistan The Deputy Attorney General of the Islamic republic of Pakistan has asked the country’s police to issue an arrest warrant through Interpol to have Zuckerberg arrested in 2010 for Blasphemy after a “Draw Muhammad” contest on Facebook was started, which led to Pakistan blocking facebook nationwide. The Muslim demands for arrest extended to Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes, the co-founders of Facebook. The Deputy Attorney General said that he’s waiting for the police to contact Interpol about making arrangements for the arrest of Facebook’s owners. The Pakistan government has asked its representative to raise the issue with the United Nations General Assembly. No formal charges have been filed against Zuckerberg.[14][15] Personal life Zuckerberg was raised in a Jewish background[16] and considers himself an atheist.[17] References

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