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10th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="10th century,970,966,965,988,949,Medieval Croatian state,Tomislav,900,Philippines,Luzon" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>10th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "10th_century"; var wgTitle = "10th century"; var wgArticleId = 34738; var wgCurRevisionId = 90095344; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-10th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">10th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium BC - <b><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/9/9th_century.htm" title="9th century">9th century</a> - <b>10th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/11th_century.htm" title="11th century">11th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 900s <!--del_lnk--> 910s <!--del_lnk--> 920s <!--del_lnk--> 930s <!--del_lnk--> 940s <!--del_lnk--> 950s <!--del_lnk--> 960s <!--del_lnk--> 970s <!--del_lnk--> 980s <!--del_lnk--> 990s</td> </tr> </table> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>10th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 901 to <!--del_lnk--> 1000.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Overview" name="Overview"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Overview</span></h2> <p>The tenth century is usually regarded as a low point in European history. In China it was also a period of political upheaval. In Islamdom, however, it was a cultural zenith, especially in Spain.<p>Medievalist and historian of technology <!--del_lnk--> Lynn White said that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the <a href="../../wp/d/Dark_Ages.htm" title="Dark Ages">Dark Ages</a>," but concluded that ". . . if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb." Similarly, Helen Waddell wrote that the tenth century was that which "in the textbooks disputes with the seventh the bad eminence, the nadir of the human intellect." Even in the fifteenth century, <!--del_lnk--> Lorenzo Valla described it as the <b>Century of Lead and Iron</b>.<p><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/242.jpg.htm" title="This statue of a yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in Tamil Nadu, India, during the 10th century."><img alt="This statue of a yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in Tamil Nadu, India, during the 10th century." height="258" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Yogini_Goddess_from_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" src="../../images/2/242.jpg" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/242.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> This statue of a <!--del_lnk--> yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in <!--del_lnk--> Tamil Nadu, <a href="../../wp/i/India.htm" title="India">India</a>, during the 10th century.</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>The beginning of the <!--del_lnk--> Medieval Warm Period<li><a href="../../wp/v/Viking.htm" title="Viking">Viking</a> groups settle in northern <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a> - Norse become <!--del_lnk--> Normans<li>Foundation of <!--del_lnk--> Cluny, first federated <!--del_lnk--> monastic order<li>Incursions of <!--del_lnk--> Magyar (Hungarian) cavalry throughout Western Europe (47 expeditions in <a href="../../wp/g/Germany.htm" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>, <!--del_lnk--> 899 - <!--del_lnk--> 970)<li><!--del_lnk--> Mieszko I, first duke of <a href="../../wp/p/Poland.htm" title="Poland">Poland</a>, baptised a Christian in <!--del_lnk--> 966<li><a href="../../wp/k/Khazars.htm" title="Khazaria">Khazar kingdom</a> is attacked and defeated by <!--del_lnk--> Kievan Rus (<!--del_lnk--> 965)<li><!--del_lnk--> Vladimir I, Prince of <!--del_lnk--> Kievan Rus, baptised a Christian in <!--del_lnk--> 988<li>Collapse of the central lowland <a href="../../wp/m/Maya_civilization.htm" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>. End of Classic Maya period, begin Post-Classic Maya.<li>Rise of the <!--del_lnk--> Toltecs in <a href="../../wp/m/Mexico.htm" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<li>Collapse of <a href="../../wp/g/Great_Moravia.htm" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Buddhist temple construction commences at <!--del_lnk--> Bagan, <a href="../../wp/m/Myanmar.htm" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Laguna Copperplate Inscription, <!--del_lnk--> Kavi script, inscribed in <!--del_lnk--> Luzon, <a href="../../wp/p/Philippines.htm" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, dated <i>Saka year 822</i> (AD <!--del_lnk--> 900).<li>The <!--del_lnk--> medieval Croatian state becomes a unified kingdom under <!--del_lnk--> Tomislav<li>Twentieth century <!--del_lnk--> Belgian <!--del_lnk--> astronomer <!--del_lnk--> Jean Meeus asserts that the orbits of all nine <!--del_lnk--> planets were within the same 90% arc of the <a href="../../wp/s/Solar_System.htm" title="Solar system">solar system</a> on <!--del_lnk--> 1 February <!--del_lnk--> 949. The next time it is thought this will occur is on <!--del_lnk--> 6 May <!--del_lnk--> 1492.<li>Coastal <!--del_lnk--> cities on the <!--del_lnk--> Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded <!--del_lnk--> Malay <a href="../../wp/m/Monarchy.htm" title="Monarchy">kingdoms</a>.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Fatimid dynasty arises in eastern <a href="../../wp/a/Algeria.htm" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<li><a href="../../wp/s/Sweden.htm" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> influence extends to the <a href="../../wp/b/Black_Sea.htm" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<li>The Christian <!--del_lnk--> Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. (<!--del_lnk--> Early history of Sudan)<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Mississippian culture begins in present day Southern USA.<li>The <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empire</a> reaches the height of its military and economic strength<li>Baile Átha Cliath (<a href="../../wp/d/Dublin.htm" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>) was founded (<!--del_lnk--> 988).<li><!--del_lnk--> Reindeer become extinct in <a href="../../wp/s/Scotland.htm" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<li><a href="../../wp/l/Lion.htm" title="Lion">Lions</a> become extinct in <!--del_lnk--> Caucasus.</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, semi-legendaric <!--del_lnk--> Toltec ruler, (exact years of his life are unknown).<li><!--del_lnk--> Abd-ar-rahman III of <!--del_lnk--> Cordoba<li><!--del_lnk--> Nicephorus II, Emperor of the <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (lived <!--del_lnk--> 912 - <!--del_lnk--> 969, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 963 - <!--del_lnk--> 969).<li><!--del_lnk--> Otto I the Great, <!--del_lnk--> Holy Roman Emperor (lived <!--del_lnk--> 912 - <!--del_lnk--> 973, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 936 - <!--del_lnk--> 973).<li>King <!--del_lnk--> Edmund I of England (lived <!--del_lnk--> 921 - <!--del_lnk--> 946, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 939 - <!--del_lnk--> 946).<li><!--del_lnk--> John I Tzimisces, Emperor of the <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (lived <!--del_lnk--> 925 - <!--del_lnk--> 976, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 969 - <!--del_lnk--> 976).<li><!--del_lnk--> Hugh Capet (lived <!--del_lnk--> 938 - <!--del_lnk--> 996), first Capetian King of France<li><!--del_lnk--> Géza of Hungary, ruler of the <!--del_lnk--> Magyars (lived <!--del_lnk--> 940 - <!--del_lnk--> 997, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 970 - <!--del_lnk--> 997).<li><!--del_lnk--> Otto II, <!--del_lnk--> Holy Roman Emperor (lived <!--del_lnk--> 955 - <!--del_lnk--> 983, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 973 - <!--del_lnk--> 983).<li><!--del_lnk--> Theophanu, wife of <!--del_lnk--> Otto II, mother and <!--del_lnk--> Regent of <!--del_lnk--> Otto III, (lived <!--del_lnk--> 956 - <!--del_lnk--> 991, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 983-<!--del_lnk--> 991).<li><!--del_lnk--> Tsar <!--del_lnk--> Samuil of Bulgaria (lived <!--del_lnk--> 958 - <!--del_lnk--> 1014, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 976 - <!--del_lnk--> 1014).<li><!--del_lnk--> Vladimir I, Prince of <!--del_lnk--> Kievan Rus (lived <!--del_lnk--> 958 - <!--del_lnk--> 1015).<li><!--del_lnk--> Basil II, Emperor of the <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, (lived <!--del_lnk--> 958 - <!--del_lnk--> 1025, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 976 - <!--del_lnk--> 1025).<li><!--del_lnk--> Otto III, <!--del_lnk--> Holy Roman Emperor (lived <!--del_lnk--> 980 - <!--del_lnk--> 1002, reigned <!--del_lnk--> 983 - <!--del_lnk--> 1002).<li><!--del_lnk--> Ferdowsi Persian poet<li><!--del_lnk--> Erik the Red Viking Explorer, founded Greenland<li><!--del_lnk--> Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, founder of the <!--del_lnk--> Fatamid dynasty in <!--del_lnk--> 909.</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Hop (plant) first mentioned in connection with <a href="../../wp/b/Beer.htm" title="Beer">beer</a> brewing</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 890s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 890</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 891</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 892</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 893</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 894</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 895</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 896</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 897</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 898</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 899</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 900s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 900</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 901</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 902</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 903</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 904</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 905</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 906</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 907</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 908</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 909</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 910s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 910</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 911</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 912</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 913</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 914</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 915</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 916</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 917</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 918</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 919</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 920s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 920</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 921</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 922</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 923</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 924</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 925</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 926</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 927</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 928</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 929</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 930s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 930</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 931</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 932</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 933</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 934</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 935</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 936</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 937</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 938</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 939</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 940s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 940</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 941</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 942</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 943</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 944</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 945</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 946</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 947</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 948</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 949</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 950s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 950</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 951</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 952</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 953</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 954</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 955</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 956</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 957</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 958</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 959</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 960s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 960</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 961</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 962</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 963</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 964</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 965</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 966</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 967</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 968</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 969</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 970s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 970</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 971</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 972</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 973</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 974</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 975</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 976</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 977</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 978</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 979</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 980s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 980</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 981</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 982</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 983</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 984</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 985</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 986</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 987</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 988</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 989</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 990s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 990</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 991</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 992</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 993</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 994</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 995</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 996</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 997</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 998</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 999</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1000s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1000</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1001</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1002</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1003</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1004</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1005</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1006</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1007</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1008</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1009</td> </tr> </table> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['9th century', '11th century', 'Time', 'Dark Ages', 'India', 'Viking', 'France', 'Germany', 'Italy', 'France', 'Poland', 'Khazaria', 'Maya civilization', 'Mexico', 'Great Moravia', 'Myanmar', 'Philippines', 'Solar system', 'Monarchy', 'Algeria', 'Sweden', 'Black Sea', 'Byzantine empire', 'Dublin', 'Scotland', 'Lion', 'Eastern Roman Empire', 'Eastern Roman Empire', 'Eastern Roman Empire', 'Beer']
11th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="11th century,1000,1000s,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>11th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "11th_century"; var wgTitle = "11th century"; var wgArticleId = 34645; var wgCurRevisionId = 89773770; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-11th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">11th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium - <b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 3rd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/1/10th_century.htm" title="10th century">10th century</a> - <b>11th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/12th_century.htm" title="12th century">12th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1000s <!--del_lnk--> 1010s <!--del_lnk--> 1020s <!--del_lnk--> 1030s <!--del_lnk--> 1040s <!--del_lnk--> 1050s <!--del_lnk--> 1060s <!--del_lnk--> 1070s <!--del_lnk--> 1080s <!--del_lnk--> 1090s</td> </tr> </table> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>11th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 1001 to <!--del_lnk--> 1100. In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the <!--del_lnk--> High Middle Ages.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Overview" name="Overview"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Overview</span></h2> <p>The eleventh century is, in European history, a century of change. It is usually marked as the first period of the <!--del_lnk--> High Middle Ages and is therefore sometimes termed the <!--del_lnk--> Early Middle Ages, though this term has another common meaning synonymous with <a href="../../wp/d/Dark_Ages.htm" title="Dark Ages">Dark Ages</a>. The century began while the <i><!--del_lnk--> translatio imperii</i> of <!--del_lnk--> 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the <!--del_lnk--> Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of <!--del_lnk--> Scandinavia and the emergence of the <!--del_lnk--> Peace and Truce of God movements, the <!--del_lnk--> Gregorian Reforms, and the <a href="../../wp/c/Crusades.htm" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> which revitalised a church and a papacy which survived tarnished by the tumultuous tenth century. In <!--del_lnk--> 1054, the <!--del_lnk--> Great Schism rent the church in two, however.<p>In Germany, it was marked by the ascendancy of the <!--del_lnk--> Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high watermark under the <!--del_lnk--> Salians.<p>In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at <!--del_lnk--> Pavia was sacked in <!--del_lnk--> 1024. By the end of the century, <!--del_lnk--> Lombard and <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule in the <!--del_lnk--> Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the <!--del_lnk--> Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.<p>In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a unified kingdom and the <a href="../../wp/n/Norman_conquest_of_England.htm" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> in <!--del_lnk--> 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.<p>In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the <!--del_lnk--> troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes.<p>In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last <!--del_lnk--> caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the <!--del_lnk--> Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under <!--del_lnk--> Navarrese hegemony and success in the <!--del_lnk--> Reconquista against the <!--del_lnk--> taifa kingdoms which replaced the fallen caliphate. Spain emerged fully "Europeanised".<p><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/168/16898.jpg.htm" title="Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings "><img alt="Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings " height="233" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Bayeuxtap1.jpg" src="../../images/168/16898.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/168/16898.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><!--del_lnk--> Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the <a href="../../wp/b/Battle_of_Hastings.htm" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a></div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1001 ± 40 years, <!--del_lnk--> Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest <!--del_lnk--> Holocene blast.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1001, <!--del_lnk--> Mahmud of Ghazni, <!--del_lnk--> Muslim leader of <!--del_lnk--> Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern <a href="../../wp/i/India.htm" title="India">India</a>; he finishes in <!--del_lnk--> 1027 with the destruction of <!--del_lnk--> Somnath.<li>Circa <!--del_lnk--> 1001, <a href="../../wp/v/Viking.htm" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, led by <a href="../../wp/l/Leif_Ericson.htm" title="Leif Eriksson">Leif Eriksson</a>, establish small settlements in and around <!--del_lnk--> Vinland in <a href="../../wp/n/North_America.htm" title="North America">North America</a><li><!--del_lnk--> 1040, <!--del_lnk--> Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. <a href="../../wp/m/Macbeth_of_Scotland.htm" title="Macbeth of Scotland">Macbeth</a> succeeds him.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1054, the <a href="../../wp/e/East-West_Schism.htm" title="East-West Schism">Great Schism</a>, in which the Western (<!--del_lnk--> Roman Catholic) and <!--del_lnk--> Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1060, <!--del_lnk--> Norman conquest of <!--del_lnk--> Sicily<li><!--del_lnk--> 1065, independence of the Kingdom of <!--del_lnk--> Galicia and <a href="../../wp/p/Portugal.htm" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> under the rule of Garcia<li><!--del_lnk--> 1066, <a href="../../wp/e/Edward_the_Confessor.htm" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> dies; Norman conquest of <a href="../../wp/e/England.htm" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="../../wp/b/Battle_of_Hastings.htm" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a><li><!--del_lnk--> 1071, Defeat of the <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> at the <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Manzikert, ending 3 centuries of a military and economic <!--del_lnk--> Golden Age<li><!--del_lnk--> 1076, <a href="../../wp/g/Ghana.htm" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> Empire began break-up after capital (Kumbi) sacked<li><!--del_lnk--> 1085, <!--del_lnk--> Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Muslim city of <!--del_lnk--> Toledo.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1086, compilation of the <a href="../../wp/d/Domesday_Book.htm" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/243.jpg.htm" title="Capture of Jerusalem, 1099"><img alt="Capture of Jerusalem, 1099" height="287" longdesc="/wiki/Image:1099jerusalem.jpg" src="../../images/2/243.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/243.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Capture of Jerusalem, 1099</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1094, <!--del_lnk--> El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the <!--del_lnk--> Muslim city of <!--del_lnk--> Valencia<li>ca. <!--del_lnk--> 1095-<!--del_lnk--> 1099, earliest extant manuscript of the <i><!--del_lnk--> Song of Roland</i><li><!--del_lnk--> 1099, <a href="../../wp/f/First_Crusade.htm" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> captures <a href="../../wp/j/Jerusalem.htm" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><li>King <!--del_lnk--> Anawrahta of <a href="../../wp/m/Myanmar.htm" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> made a pilgrimage to <!--del_lnk--> Ceylon, returning to convert his country to <!--del_lnk--> Theravada Buddhism.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Tuareg migrate to the <!--del_lnk--> Aïr region.<li><!--del_lnk--> Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern <a href="../../wp/n/Nigeria.htm" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<li>The first of seven <!--del_lnk--> Hausa <!--del_lnk--> city-states are founded in <a href="../../wp/n/Nigeria.htm" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Hodh region of <a href="../../wp/m/Mauritania.htm" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> becomes desert.</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Empress Agnes<li><!--del_lnk--> Alexius I Comnenus <!--del_lnk--> byzantine Emperor (lived 1048-1118; reigned 1081-1118)<li><!--del_lnk--> Alp Arslan<li><!--del_lnk--> Archbishop Anno II of Cologne<li><!--del_lnk--> Saint Anselm, reputed founder of scholasticism and creator of the ontological argument<li><!--del_lnk--> Basil II <!--del_lnk--> Byzantine Emperor (lived 958-1025; reigned 976-1025)<li><a href="../../wp/c/Canute_the_Great.htm" title="Canute the Great">Canute</a><li><!--del_lnk--> El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar)<li><!--del_lnk--> Pope Saint Gregory VII (Hildebrand)<li><!--del_lnk--> Guido of Arezzo<li><!--del_lnk--> Emperor Henry III<li><!--del_lnk--> Emperor Henry IV<li><!--del_lnk--> Konrad II<li><!--del_lnk--> Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury<li><a href="../../wp/l/Leif_Ericson.htm" title="Leif Eriksson">Leif Eriksson</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Macbeth<li><!--del_lnk--> Saint Robert, founder of the <!--del_lnk--> Cistercians<li><!--del_lnk--> Stephen I of Hungary<li><!--del_lnk--> Tunka Manin ruler of the <!--del_lnk--> Ghana Empire<li><a href="../../wp/w/William_I_of_England.htm" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Pope Urban II<li><!--del_lnk--> Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh, Sixth <!--del_lnk--> Fātimid <!--del_lnk--> Caliph</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Troubadours appear in what is now southern <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>.<li>Invention of military <!--del_lnk--> rockets by the <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">Chinese</a><li><i><!--del_lnk--> The Tale of Genji</i> by <!--del_lnk--> Murasaki Shikibu is one of the first <a href="../../wp/n/Novel.htm" title="Novel">novels</a> in the <!--del_lnk--> Japanese language.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> tittle was created.<li>Main body of Aristotle's works rediscovered.</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 990s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 990</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 991</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 992</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 993</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 994</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 995</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 996</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 997</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 998</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 999</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1000s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 1000</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1001</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1002</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1003</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1004</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1005</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1006</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1007</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1008</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1009</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1010s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1010</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1011</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1012</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1013</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1014</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1015</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1016</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1017</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1018</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1019</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1020s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1020</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1021</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1022</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1023</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1024</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1025</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1026</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1027</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1028</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1029</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1030s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1030</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1031</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1032</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1033</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1034</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1035</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1036</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1037</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1038</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1039</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1040s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1040</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1041</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1042</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1043</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1044</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1045</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1046</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1047</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1048</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1049</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1050s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1050</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1051</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1052</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1053</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1054</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1055</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1056</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1057</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1058</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1059</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1060s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1060</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1061</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1062</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1063</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1064</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1065</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1066</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1067</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1068</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1069</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1070s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1070</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1071</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1072</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1073</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1074</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1075</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1076</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1077</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1078</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1079</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1080s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1080</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1081</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1082</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1083</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1084</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1085</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1086</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1087</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1088</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1089</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1090s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1090</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1091</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1092</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1093</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1094</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1095</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1096</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1097</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1098</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1099</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1100s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1100</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1101</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1102</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1103</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1104</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1105</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1106</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1107</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1108</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1109</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef;">Millennium</th> <th align="center" colspan="10">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 40th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 39th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 38th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 37th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 36th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 35th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 34th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 31st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 30th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 29th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 28th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 27th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 26th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 25th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 24th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 21st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 20th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 19th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 18th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 17th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 16th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 15th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 14th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 13th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 12th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 11th BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 10th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 9th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 8th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 7th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 6th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 5th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</td> <td align="right"><a href="../../wp/1/1st_century_BC.htm" title="1st century BC">1st BC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st</b>:</td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/1/1st_century.htm" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/2/2nd_century.htm" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/3/3rd_century.htm" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/4/4th_century.htm" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/5/5th_century.htm" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/6/6th_century.htm" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/7/7th_century.htm" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/8/8th_century.htm" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/9/9th_century.htm" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/10th_century.htm" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><strong class="selflink">11th</strong></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/12th_century.htm" title="12th century">12th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/13th_century.htm" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/14th_century.htm" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/15th_century.htm" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/16th_century.htm" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/17th_century.htm" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/18th_century.htm" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/19th_century.htm" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/20th_century.htm" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/21st_century.htm" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 24th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 25th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 26th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 27th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 28th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 29th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 30th</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th</b>:</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 31st</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 34th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 35th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 36th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 37th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 38th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 39th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 40th</td> </tr> </table> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 8909 bytes Post-expand include size: 9087 bytes Template argument size: 671 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34645-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20061206142532 --> <div 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See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['10th century', '12th century', 'Time', 'Dark Ages', 'Crusades', 'Byzantine Empire', 'Norman conquest of England', 'Battle of Hastings', 'India', 'Vikings', 'Leif Eriksson', 'North America', 'Macbeth of Scotland', 'East-West Schism', 'Portugal', 'Edward the Confessor', 'England', 'Battle of Hastings', 'Byzantine Empire', 'Ghana', 'Domesday Book', 'First Crusade', 'Jerusalem', 'Myanmar', 'Nigeria', 'Nigeria', 'Mauritania', 'Canute the Great', 'Leif Eriksson', 'William I of England', 'France', 'China', 'Novel', '1st century BC', '1st century', '2nd century', '3rd century', '4th century', '5th century', '6th century', '7th century', '8th century', '9th century', '10th century', '12th century', '13th century', '14th century', '15th century', '16th century', '17th century', '18th century', '19th century', '20th century', '21st century']
12th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="12th century,Thomas Becket,France,Suryavarman II,Saladin,Jayavarman VII,Bernard of Clairvaux,Heloise (student of Abelard),Scholasticism,Pierre Abélard,William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>12th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "12th_century"; var wgTitle = "12th century"; var wgArticleId = 34644; var wgCurRevisionId = 92189265; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-12th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">12th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium - <b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 3rd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/1/11th_century.htm" title="11th century">11th century</a> - <b>12th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/13th_century.htm" title="13th century">13th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1100s <!--del_lnk--> 1110s <!--del_lnk--> 1120s <!--del_lnk--> 1130s <!--del_lnk--> 1140s <!--del_lnk--> 1150s <!--del_lnk--> 1160s <!--del_lnk--> 1170s <!--del_lnk--> 1180s <!--del_lnk--> 1190s</td> </tr> </table> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>12th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 1101 to <!--del_lnk--> 1200. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the <!--del_lnk--> High Middle Ages.<p>See also: <!--del_lnk--> Renaissance of the 12th century<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/55/5506.jpg.htm" title="Southern Song in 1142."><img alt="Southern Song in 1142." height="295" longdesc="/wiki/Image:China_11b.jpg" src="../../images/2/244.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/55/5506.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Southern Song in 1142.</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1102, <!--del_lnk--> King Coloman unites <a href="../../wp/h/Hungary.htm" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="../../wp/c/Croatia.htm" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> under the <!--del_lnk--> Hungarian Crown<li>c.<!--del_lnk--> 1119, Foundation of the <!--del_lnk--> Knights Templar<li><!--del_lnk--> 1127, The <!--del_lnk--> Song dynasty loses power over <!--del_lnk--> Northern China.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1128, <a href="../../wp/p/Portugal.htm" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> gains independence from the kingdom of <!--del_lnk--> León (recognised by <!--del_lnk--> León in <!--del_lnk--> 1143).<li><!--del_lnk--> 1130–<!--del_lnk--> 1180, Fifty-year drought in the <!--del_lnk--> American Southwest.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1135–<!--del_lnk--> 1154, <a href="../../wp/t/The_Anarchy.htm" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a> is a period of <!--del_lnk--> civil war in <a href="../../wp/e/England.htm" title="England">England</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1136, <!--del_lnk--> Suger begins rebuilding <!--del_lnk--> abbey church at St Denis north of <a href="../../wp/p/Paris.htm" title="Paris">Paris</a>, which is regarded as the first major <!--del_lnk--> Gothic building.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1140–<!--del_lnk--> 1150, Collapse of the <!--del_lnk--> Ancestral Puebloan culture at <!--del_lnk--> Chaco Canyon<li><!--del_lnk--> 1145–<!--del_lnk--> 1148, The <a href="../../wp/s/Second_Crusade.htm" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> is launched in response to the fall of the <!--del_lnk--> County of Edessa.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1169, start of the conquest of Ireland. <!--del_lnk--> Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, <!--del_lnk--> Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of <!--del_lnk--> Leinster.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1170, <a href="../../wp/t/Thomas_Becket.htm" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> is murdered.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1185, Founding of the cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in <!--del_lnk--> Lund, <a href="../../wp/s/Sweden.htm" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe as a whole.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1189–<!--del_lnk--> 1192, The <!--del_lnk--> Third crusade was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the <!--del_lnk--> Holy Land from <a href="../../wp/s/Saladin.htm" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1193, <!--del_lnk--> Nalanda, the great <a href="../../wp/i/India.htm" title="India">Indian</a> <!--del_lnk--> Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1198, <a href="../../wp/f/Frederick_II%252C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.htm" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> is crowned King of <!--del_lnk--> Sicily at the age of 3 (also known as Frederick I of Sicily).<li>c. <!--del_lnk--> 1200, The <!--del_lnk--> Toltec Empire collapses.<li><!--del_lnk--> Renaissance of the 12th century in Europe.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Kamakura Shogunate deprives the <!--del_lnk--> Emperor of Japan of political power.<li><!--del_lnk--> Gothic Architecture begins in <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a><li>Conflict between the <!--del_lnk--> Khmer Empire and <!--del_lnk--> Champa. <a href="../../wp/a/Angkor_Wat.htm" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> is built under the Hindu king <!--del_lnk--> Suryavarman II. At the end of the century the Buddhist <!--del_lnk--> Jayavarman VII becomes ruler.<li><!--del_lnk--> Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to <a href="../../wp/h/Henry_II_of_England.htm" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>.<li>The medieval <a href="../../wp/s/Serbia.htm" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> state formed by <!--del_lnk--> Stefan Nemanja and continued by the <!--del_lnk--> Nemanjić dynasty.<li><!--del_lnk--> Pierre Abelard teaches.</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="../../wp/f/Francis_of_Assisi.htm" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> Christian saint<li><a href="../../wp/g/Genghis_Khan.htm" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, <i><!--del_lnk--> Great Khan</i> of the <a href="../../wp/m/Mongol_Empire.htm" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> Bhaskara, towering figure in several disparate fields of mathematics<li><!--del_lnk--> Pierre Abélard, one of the first <!--del_lnk--> scholastic philosophers; author of "Historia calamitatum mearum", a confessional account of his life (including a description of his love affair with <!--del_lnk--> Héloïse).<li><!--del_lnk--> Bernard of Clairvaux, French abbot influential in church politics.<li><!--del_lnk--> William Marshal, <!--del_lnk--> knight and statesman.<li><!--del_lnk--> Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor who allied with the Crusaders.<li><a href="../../wp/s/Saladin.htm" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, ruler of Egypt and Syria who resisted the Crusaders.<li><!--del_lnk--> Hugh of St. Victor, French scholar.<li><!--del_lnk--> Philip Augustus, French king.<li><!--del_lnk--> Friedrich Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor<li><a href="../../wp/r/Richard_I_of_England.htm" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Richard of St. Victor, theologian.<li><!--del_lnk--> Alfonso I Henriques, first King of Portugal.<li><!--del_lnk--> Maimonides, leading Jewish philosopher.<li><a href="../../wp/t/Thomas_Becket.htm" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, archbishop of Canterbury.<li><!--del_lnk--> Minamoto no Yoritomo, first <!--del_lnk--> shogun of Japan.<li><!--del_lnk--> Omar Khayyám, <a href="../../wp/i/Iran.htm" title="Iran">Persian</a> poet and astronomer<li><!--del_lnk--> Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen consort of <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a> and later the <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of England.<li><!--del_lnk--> Hildegard of Bingen, first Western musical composer known by name.<li><!--del_lnk--> Suryavarman II, Khmer king<li><!--del_lnk--> Jayavarman VII, Khmer king<li><!--del_lnk--> Ibn Rushd, Philosopher</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries_and_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries_and_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries and introductions</span></h2> <ul> <li>Beginning of the <!--del_lnk--> Gothic architecture style in <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>.<li>Building of <a href="../../wp/a/Angkor_Wat.htm" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <!--del_lnk--> Khmer empire.<li>First <!--del_lnk--> European universities founded.<li><!--del_lnk--> Christian humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe.<li>Earliest record of a <!--del_lnk--> miracle play, in <!--del_lnk--> Dunstable, England.<li>Beginning of <!--del_lnk--> trouvère music and poetry in <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>.<li>Beginning of the <!--del_lnk--> Ars antiqua period in the history of <!--del_lnk--> Western European music<li>Earliest account of a mariner's <!--del_lnk--> compass, by <!--del_lnk--> Alexander Neckam is "De utensilibus".<li>First fire and plague <!--del_lnk--> insurance (in <a href="../../wp/i/Iceland.htm" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>).<li>First authenticated <!--del_lnk--> influenza epidemics.<li>Start of <!--del_lnk--> Middle English<li><!--del_lnk--> Hoysala architecture reaches a peak</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1090s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 1090</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1091</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1092</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1093</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1094</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1095</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1096</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1097</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1098</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1099</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1100s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 1100</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1101</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1102</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1103</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1104</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1105</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1106</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1107</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1108</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1109</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1110s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1110</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1111</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1112</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1113</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1114</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1115</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1116</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1117</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1118</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1119</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1120s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1120</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1121</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1122</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1123</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1124</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1125</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1126</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1127</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1128</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1129</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1130s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1130</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1131</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1132</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1133</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1134</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1135</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1136</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1137</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1138</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1139</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1140s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1140</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1141</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1142</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1143</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1144</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1145</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1146</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1147</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1148</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1149</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1150s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1150</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1151</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1152</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1153</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1154</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1155</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1156</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1157</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1158</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1159</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1160s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1160</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1161</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1162</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1163</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1164</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1165</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1166</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1167</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1168</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1169</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1170s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1170</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1171</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1172</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1173</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1174</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1175</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1176</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1177</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1178</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1179</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1180s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1180</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1181</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1182</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1183</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1184</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1185</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1186</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1187</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1188</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1189</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1190s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1190</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1191</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1192</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1193</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1194</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1195</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1196</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1197</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1198</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1199</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1200s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1200</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1201</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1202</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1203</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1204</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1205</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1206</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1207</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1208</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1209</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef;">Millennium</th> <th align="center" colspan="10">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 40th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 39th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 38th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 37th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 36th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 35th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 34th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 31st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 30th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 29th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 28th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 27th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 26th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 25th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 24th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 21st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 20th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 19th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 18th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 17th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 16th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 15th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 14th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 13th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 12th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 11th BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 10th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 9th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 8th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 7th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 6th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 5th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</td> <td align="right"><a href="../../wp/1/1st_century_BC.htm" title="1st century BC">1st BC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st</b>:</td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/1/1st_century.htm" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/2/2nd_century.htm" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/3/3rd_century.htm" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/4/4th_century.htm" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/5/5th_century.htm" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/6/6th_century.htm" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/7/7th_century.htm" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/8/8th_century.htm" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/9/9th_century.htm" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/10th_century.htm" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/11th_century.htm" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td align="left"><strong class="selflink">12th</strong></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/13th_century.htm" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/14th_century.htm" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/15th_century.htm" title="15th century">15th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/16th_century.htm" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/17th_century.htm" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/18th_century.htm" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/19th_century.htm" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/20th_century.htm" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/21st_century.htm" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 24th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 25th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 26th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 27th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 28th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 29th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 30th</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th</b>:</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 31st</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 34th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 35th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 36th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 37th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 38th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 39th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 40th</td> </tr> </table> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 8909 bytes Post-expand include size: 9109 bytes Template argument size: 683 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34644-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20061205091436 --> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> 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See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['11th century', '13th century', 'Time', 'Hungary', 'Croatia', 'Portugal', 'The Anarchy', 'England', 'Paris', 'Second Crusade', 'Thomas Becket', 'Sweden', 'Saladin', 'India', 'Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor', 'France', 'Angkor Wat', 'Ireland', 'Henry II of England', 'Serbia', 'Francis of Assisi', 'Genghis Khan', 'Mongol Empire', 'Saladin', 'Richard I of England', 'Thomas Becket', 'Iran', 'France', 'France', 'Angkor Wat', 'France', 'Iceland', '1st century BC', '1st century', '2nd century', '3rd century', '4th century', '5th century', '6th century', '7th century', '8th century', '9th century', '10th century', '11th century', '13th century', '14th century', '15th century', '16th century', '17th century', '18th century', '19th century', '20th century', '21st century']
13th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="13th century,1279,1278,1277,1276,1280s,1280,1284,1283,1282,1281" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>13th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "13th_century"; var wgTitle = "13th century"; var wgArticleId = 34633; var wgCurRevisionId = 90921895; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-13th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">13th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium - <b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 3rd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/1/12th_century.htm" title="12th century">12th century</a> - <b>13th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/14th_century.htm" title="14th century">14th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1200s <!--del_lnk--> 1210s <!--del_lnk--> 1220s <!--del_lnk--> 1230s <!--del_lnk--> 1240s <!--del_lnk--> 1250s <!--del_lnk--> 1260s <!--del_lnk--> 1270s <!--del_lnk--> 1280s <!--del_lnk--> 1290s</td> </tr> </table> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>13th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 1201 to <!--del_lnk--> 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the <!--del_lnk--> High Middle Ages.<div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/245.jpg.htm" title="The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the second largest empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers."><img alt="The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the second largest empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers." height="267" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Mongol_Archer.jpg" src="../../images/2/245.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/245.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> The <!--del_lnk--> Mongols, under the leadership of <a href="../../wp/g/Genghis_Khan.htm" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, overran most of <a href="../../wp/a/Asia.htm" title="Asia">Asia</a>, thus creating the second largest <!--del_lnk--> empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing <!--del_lnk--> horse archers.</div> </div> </div> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1206 - <!--del_lnk--> Mongols united under Temujin, who is proclaimed "<a href="../../wp/g/Genghis_Khan.htm" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>".<li>Most of Asia and Eastern Europe is conquered and incorporated into the <a href="../../wp/m/Mongol_Empire.htm" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Ogedei Khan establish Mongolian dynasty in <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">China</a>. Some Mongol leaders convert from <!--del_lnk--> Tantric Buddhism to <a href="../../wp/i/Islam.htm" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1204 - <!--del_lnk--> Fourth Crusade sacks <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Constantinople and creates the <!--del_lnk--> Latin Empire.<li>Fifth through eighth <!--del_lnk--> crusades of western European kingdoms against <a href="../../wp/i/Islam.htm" title="Islam">Islam</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.<li><!--del_lnk--> Battle of Bouvines<li><!--del_lnk--> 1215 - King <a href="../../wp/j/John_of_England.htm" title="John of England">John of England</a> forced to sign <a href="../../wp/m/Magna_Carta.htm" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> at <!--del_lnk--> Runnymede<li>Fall of the <!--del_lnk--> Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. <!--del_lnk--> Sicily and <!--del_lnk--> Naples are acquired by the French count <!--del_lnk--> Charles I of Naples.<li><a href="../../wp/m/Marco_Polo.htm" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and his family reach <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">China</a><li>Fall of the <!--del_lnk--> Ghana Empire<li><!--del_lnk--> 1270 - restoration of <!--del_lnk--> Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia, deposing the <!--del_lnk--> Zagwe dynasty.<li><!--del_lnk--> James I of <!--del_lnk--> Aragon takes control of <!--del_lnk--> Balearic Islands and <!--del_lnk--> Valencia. In <!--del_lnk--> 1282, after the <!--del_lnk--> Sicilian Vespers, Aragon acquires Sicily.<li><!--del_lnk--> Andrew II of Hungary signs the <!--del_lnk--> Golden Bull which afferms the privileges of <a href="../../wp/h/Hungary.htm" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> nobility.<li><!--del_lnk--> Theravada overtakes <!--del_lnk--> Mahayana as the dominant form of <a href="../../wp/b/Buddhism.htm" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="../../wp/c/Cambodia.htm" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<li><a href="../../wp/i/Iran.htm" title="Iran">Persian</a> historian <!--del_lnk--> Rashid al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in <a href="../../wp/a/Arabic_language.htm" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> translation.<li>1238 - The <a href="../../wp/t/Thailand.htm" title="Thailand">Thai</a> Kingdom of <!--del_lnk--> Sukhothai is established, with <!--del_lnk--> Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern <a href="../../wp/t/Thailand.htm" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="../../wp/l/Laos.htm" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="../../wp/m/Myanmar.htm" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, and <a href="../../wp/m/Malaysia.htm" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<li><a href="../../wp/n/Norway.htm" title="Norway">Norway</a> cedes the <a href="../../wp/i/Isle_of_Man.htm" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> to <a href="../../wp/s/Scotland.htm" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, following the signing of the <!--del_lnk--> Treaty of Perth.<li>First <a href="../../wp/e/Europe.htm" title="European">European</a> universities founded.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Utiguri <!--del_lnk--> Bulgar state on the <!--del_lnk--> Volga vanishes from history.<li><a href="../../wp/b/Bantu.htm" title="Bantu">Bantu</a>-speaking peoples arrive in modern <a href="../../wp/a/Angola.htm" title="Angola">Angola</a>, partially displacing the original <!--del_lnk--> Khoisan inhabitants.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 in Spain sees the beginning of a rapid Christian <!--del_lnk--> reconquest of the southern half of the <!--del_lnk--> Iberian peninsula, with the defeat of <!--del_lnk--> Moorish forces.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Swiss Confederation is formed by <!--del_lnk--> Uri, <!--del_lnk--> Schwyz, and <!--del_lnk--> Unterwalden<li>End of <!--del_lnk--> Hohenstaufen dynasty at the <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Tagliacozzo. The <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of Sicily goes to French <!--del_lnk--> Anjou house.<li>A period of civil unrest, <i><!--del_lnk--> Sturlungaöld</i>, leads to <a href="../../wp/i/Iceland.htm" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> becoming part of the <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of Norway</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian<li><!--del_lnk--> Alexander of Hales, philosopher and theologian<li><!--del_lnk--> Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of <!--del_lnk--> Novgorod and <!--del_lnk--> Vladimir<li><!--del_lnk--> Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of <a href="../../wp/h/Hungary.htm" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> after the devastating Mongol invasion<li><!--del_lnk--> Birger jarl, Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of <a href="../../wp/s/Stockholm.htm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian<li><a href="../../wp/d/Dante_Alighieri.htm" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, Italian writer<li><a href="../../wp/f/Francis_of_Assisi.htm" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, founder of the <!--del_lnk--> Franciscan order<li><a href="../../wp/f/Frederick_II%252C_Holy_Roman_Emperor.htm" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, emperor of the <a href="../../wp/h/Holy_Roman_Empire.htm" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><li><a href="../../wp/g/Genghis_Khan.htm" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, founder of <a href="../../wp/m/Mongol_Empire.htm" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Giotto di Bondone Italian painter<li><!--del_lnk--> Ibn Taymiyyah, famous <!--del_lnk--> Hanbali, <!--del_lnk--> Salafi Scholar of Islam<li><!--del_lnk--> Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of <!--del_lnk--> Yuan Dynasty in <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">China</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Lembitu, Estonian ruler<li><!--del_lnk--> Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader<li><!--del_lnk--> Petrus Peregrinus, scientist<li><!--del_lnk--> Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher<li><!--del_lnk--> Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, and scientist<li><!--del_lnk--> Roger Bacon, Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist<li><!--del_lnk--> Saadi Persian poet<li><!--del_lnk--> Snorri Sturluson, historian and saga-writer<li><!--del_lnk--> Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the <!--del_lnk--> Mali Empire<li><a href="../../wp/t/Thomas_Aquinas.htm" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, theologian<li><!--del_lnk--> William Wallace, <!--del_lnk--> Scottish national leader<li><!--del_lnk--> William Marshal, <!--del_lnk--> knight and statesman.</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> List of 13th century inventions<li>The <!--del_lnk--> motet form originates out of the <!--del_lnk--> Ars antiqua tradition of <!--del_lnk--> Western European music</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1190s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 1190</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1191</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1192</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1193</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1194</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1195</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1196</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1197</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1198</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1199</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1200s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 1200</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1201</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1202</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1203</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1204</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1205</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1206</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1207</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1208</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1209</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1210s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1210</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1211</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1212</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1213</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1214</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1215</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1216</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1217</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1218</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1219</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1220s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1220</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1221</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1222</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1223</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1224</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1225</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1226</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1227</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1228</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1229</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1230s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1230</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1231</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1232</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1233</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1234</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1235</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1236</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1237</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1238</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1239</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1240s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1240</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1241</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1242</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1243</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1244</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1245</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1246</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1247</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1248</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1249</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1250s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1250</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1251</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1252</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1253</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1254</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1255</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1256</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1257</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1258</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1259</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1260s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1260</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1261</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1262</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1263</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1264</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1265</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1266</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1267</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1268</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1269</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1270s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1270</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1271</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1272</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1273</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1274</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1275</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1276</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1277</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1278</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1279</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1280s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1280</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1281</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1282</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1283</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1284</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1285</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1286</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1287</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1288</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1289</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1290s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1290</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1291</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1292</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1293</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1294</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1295</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1296</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1297</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1298</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1299</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1300s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1300</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1301</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1302</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1303</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1304</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1305</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1306</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1307</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1308</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1309</td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['12th century', '14th century', 'Time', 'Genghis Khan', 'Asia', 'Genghis Khan', 'Mongol Empire', 'China', 'Islam', 'Byzantine Empire', 'Islam', 'John of England', 'Magna Carta', 'Marco Polo', 'China', 'Hungary', 'Buddhism', 'Cambodia', 'Iran', 'Arabic language', 'Thailand', 'Thailand', 'Laos', 'Myanmar', 'Malaysia', 'Norway', 'Isle of Man', 'Scotland', 'European', 'Bantu', 'Angola', 'Iceland', 'Hungary', 'Stockholm', 'Dante Alighieri', 'Francis of Assisi', 'Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor', 'Holy Roman Empire', 'Genghis Khan', 'Mongol Empire', 'China', 'Thomas Aquinas']
14th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="14th century,1325,1337,1336,1347,Mali Empire,1378,1351,1368,Black Death,France" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>14th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "14th_century"; var wgTitle = "14th century"; var wgArticleId = 34625; var wgCurRevisionId = 92338008; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-14th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">14th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium - <b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 3rd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/1/13th_century.htm" title="13th century">13th century</a> - <b>14th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/15th_century.htm" title="15th century">15th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1300s <!--del_lnk--> 1310s <!--del_lnk--> 1320s <!--del_lnk--> 1330s <!--del_lnk--> 1340s <!--del_lnk--> 1350s <!--del_lnk--> 1360s <!--del_lnk--> 1370s <!--del_lnk--> 1380s <!--del_lnk--> 1390s</td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/275/27591.jpg.htm" title="This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.."><img alt="This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.." height="214" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Shiva_and_Uma_14th_century.jpg" src="../../images/2/247.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/275/27591.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> This 14th-century statue from south <a href="../../wp/i/India.htm" title="India">India</a> depicts the gods <!--del_lnk--> Shiva (on the left) and <!--del_lnk--> Uma (on the right). It is housed in the <!--del_lnk--> Smithsonian Institution in <a href="../../wp/w/Washington%252C_D.C..htm" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>14th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 1301 to <!--del_lnk--> 1400.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <ul> <li>The transition fom the <!--del_lnk--> Medieval Warm Period to the <!--del_lnk--> Little Ice Age<li>Beginning of the <a href="../../wp/o/Ottoman_Empire.htm" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, early expansion into the <!--del_lnk--> Balkans<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a> to <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a><li>The <!--del_lnk--> Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in <a href="../../wp/e/Europe.htm" title="Europe">Europe</a><li>Being forced out of previous locations, the <a href="../../wp/a/Aztec.htm" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> found the city of <!--del_lnk--> Tenochtitlan in <!--del_lnk--> 1325<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Vijayanagara Empire is founded in <!--del_lnk--> South India by <!--del_lnk--> Harihara in <!--del_lnk--> 1336<li>The <a href="../../wp/h/Hundred_Years%2527_War.htm" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> begins when <a href="../../wp/e/Edward_III_of_England.htm" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> of <a href="../../wp/e/England.htm" title="England">England</a> lays claim to the <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">French</a> throne in <!--del_lnk--> 1337.<li><a href="../../wp/b/Black_Death.htm" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> kills almost half of the population of Europe. (<!--del_lnk--> 1347 - <!--del_lnk--> 1351)<li>The end of <!--del_lnk--> Mongol <!--del_lnk--> Yuan Dynasty in <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">China</a> and the beginning of the <a href="../../wp/m/Ming_Dynasty.htm" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1368)<li>The <!--del_lnk--> heresy of <!--del_lnk--> Lollardy rises in <a href="../../wp/e/England.htm" title="England">England</a><li>The <!--del_lnk--> Great Schism of the West begins in <!--del_lnk--> 1378, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous <a href="../../wp/p/Pope.htm" title="Pope">popes</a>.<li>An account of <a href="../../wp/b/Buddha.htm" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>'s life, translated earlier into Greek by <!--del_lnk--> St John of Damascus and widely circulated to <a href="../../wp/c/Christianity.htm" title="Christianity">Christians</a> as the story of <!--del_lnk--> Barlaam and <!--del_lnk--> Josaphat, became so popular that Buddha (under the name Josaphat) was made a <!--del_lnk--> Catholic <!--del_lnk--> saint.<li><a href="../../wp/s/Singapore.htm" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance.<li>Reunification of <a href="../../wp/p/Poland.htm" title="Poland">Poland</a> under <!--del_lnk--> Ladislaus I of Poland<li><a href="../../wp/e/English_peasants%2527_revolt_of_1381.htm" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in England<li><a href="../../wp/i/Islam.htm" title="Islam">Islam</a> reaches <!--del_lnk--> Terengganu, on the <!--del_lnk--> Malay Peninsula.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Hausa found several <!--del_lnk--> city-states in the south of modern <a href="../../wp/n/Niger.htm" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<li>The <!--del_lnk--> Mali Empire expands westward and conquers <!--del_lnk--> Tekrur.<li>The poet <!--del_lnk--> Petrarch coins the term <a href="../../wp/d/Dark_Ages.htm" title="Dark Ages">Dark Ages</a> to describe the preceding 900 years in <a href="../../wp/e/Europe.htm" title="Europe">Europe</a>, beginning with the <!--del_lnk--> fall of the Western Roman Empire in <!--del_lnk--> 410 through to the renewal embodied in the <a href="../../wp/r/Renaissance.htm" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<li>The Scots win the <!--del_lnk--> Scottish Wars of Independence.<li><!--del_lnk--> Union of Krewo between <a href="../../wp/p/Poland.htm" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="../../wp/l/Lithuania.htm" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<li>Work begins on the Great Enclosure at <!--del_lnk--> Great Zimbabwe, built of uncemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10 000 and 40 000.<li>Beginning of the <a href="../../wp/r/Renaissance.htm" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in Italy<li>The english word "<a href="../../wp/a/Abacus.htm" title="Abacus">abacus</a>" used to describe the calculating device from <a href="../../wp/c/China.htm" title="China">China</a>.</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:202px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/249.jpg.htm" title="Statue of Dante Alighieri at the Uffizi, Florence"><img alt="Statue of Dante Alighieri at the Uffizi, Florence" height="351" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Dante_Alighieri01.jpg" src="../../images/2/249.jpg" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/2/249.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Statue of Dante Alighieri at the <!--del_lnk--> Uffizi, Florence</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="../../wp/d/Dante_Alighieri.htm" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, Italian poet and writer (<!--del_lnk--> 1265 - <!--del_lnk--> 1321).<li>King <!--del_lnk--> Robert the Bruce of Scotland, victor of the <!--del_lnk--> First War of Scottish Independence against the invading <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of England (<!--del_lnk--> 1274 - <!--del_lnk--> 1329).<li><!--del_lnk--> Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, Spanish author (<!--del_lnk--> 1282 - <!--del_lnk--> 1349).<li><!--del_lnk--> William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1285 - <!--del_lnk--> 1347).<li><!--del_lnk--> Charles I of Hungary, military, diplomatic and financial reformer, restoring the <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of Hungary to power (<!--del_lnk--> 1288 - <!--del_lnk--> 1342).<li><!--del_lnk--> Isabella of France, queen consort and regent of the <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of England (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1295 - <!--del_lnk--> 1358).<li><!--del_lnk--> Guillaume de Machaut, French composer and poet (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1300 - <!--del_lnk--> 1377).<li><a href="../../wp/i/Ibn_Battuta.htm" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, Arab Muslim traveler (<!--del_lnk--> 1304 - <!--del_lnk--> 1368/<!--del_lnk--> 1377).<li>Francesco <!--del_lnk--> Petrarch, Italian poet and writer (<!--del_lnk--> 1304 - <!--del_lnk--> 1374).<li><!--del_lnk--> Casimir III of Poland, expansionist and financial reformer (<!--del_lnk--> 1310 - <!--del_lnk--> 1370).<li><!--del_lnk--> Hafez Persian poet (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1310 - <!--del_lnk--> 1379.<li><a href="../../wp/e/Edward_III_of_England.htm" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, <!--del_lnk--> King of England. His claim to the throne of France resulted in the <a href="../../wp/h/Hundred_Years%2527_War.htm" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1312 - <!--del_lnk--> 1377).<li><!--del_lnk--> Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian author (<!--del_lnk--> 1313 - <!--del_lnk--> 1375).<li><a href="../../wp/t/Timur.htm" title="Timur">Timur</a>, Central Asian warlord and founder of the <!--del_lnk--> Timurid Dynasty (<!--del_lnk--> 1336 - <!--del_lnk--> 1405).<li><!--del_lnk--> Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1343 - <!--del_lnk--> 1400).<li><!--del_lnk--> Mansa Musa (d. <!--del_lnk--> 1347), King of the <!--del_lnk--> Mali Empire while it was the source of almost half the world's gold.<li><!--del_lnk--> Christine de Pizan, French writer (<!--del_lnk--> 1364 - <!--del_lnk--> 1430).</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span></h2> <ul> <li>music of the <!--del_lnk--> Ars nova<li>The technique of <!--del_lnk--> knitting<li>Foundation of the <!--del_lnk--> University of Cracow</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1290s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 1290</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1291</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1292</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1293</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1294</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1295</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1296</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1297</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1298</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1299</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1300s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 1300</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1301</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1302</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1303</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1304</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1305</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1306</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1307</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1308</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1309</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1310s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1310</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1311</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1312</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1313</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1314</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1315</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1316</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1317</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1318</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1319</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1320s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1320</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1321</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1322</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1323</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1324</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1325</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1326</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1327</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1328</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1329</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1330s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1330</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1331</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1332</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1333</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1334</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1335</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1336</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1337</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1338</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1339</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1340s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1340</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1341</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1342</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1343</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1344</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1345</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1346</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1347</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1348</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1349</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1350s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1350</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1351</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1352</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1353</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1354</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1355</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1356</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1357</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1358</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1359</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1360s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1360</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1361</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1362</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1363</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1364</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1365</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1366</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1367</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1368</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1369</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1370s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1370</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1371</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1372</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1373</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1374</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1375</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1376</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1377</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1378</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1379</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1380s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1380</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1381</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1382</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1383</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1384</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1385</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1386</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1387</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1388</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1389</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1390s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1390</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1391</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1392</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1393</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1394</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1395</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1396</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1397</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1398</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1399</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1400s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1400</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1401</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1402</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1403</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1404</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1405</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1406</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1407</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1408</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1409</td> </tr> </table> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 4904 bytes Post-expand include size: 5104 bytes Template argument size: 683 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34625-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20061205234822 --> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['13th century', '15th century', 'India', 'Washington, D.C.', 'Time', 'Ottoman Empire', 'Italy', 'France', 'Europe', 'Aztec', "Hundred Years' War", 'Edward III of England', 'England', 'France', 'Black Death', 'China', 'Ming Dynasty', 'England', 'Pope', 'Buddha', 'Christianity', 'Singapore', 'Poland', "Peasants' Revolt", 'Islam', 'Niger', 'Dark Ages', 'Europe', 'Renaissance', 'Poland', 'Lithuania', 'Renaissance', 'Abacus', 'China', 'Dante Alighieri', 'Ibn Battuta', 'Edward III of England', "Hundred Years' War", 'Timur']
15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="15th Marine Expeditionary Unit,11th Marine Expeditionary Unit,13th MEU,1987,1992,2001,2003,2004 Indian Ocean earthquake,2006,2nd Battalion, 4th Marines,3 Commando Brigade" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>15th Marine Expeditionary Unit</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"; var wgTitle = "15th Marine Expeditionary Unit"; var wgArticleId = 5852860; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">15th Marine Expeditionary Unit</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.Military_History_and_War.htm">Military History and War</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;">15th Marine Expeditionary Unit</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a class="image" href="../../images/161/16102.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="218" longdesc="/wiki/Image:15thMEUlogo.PNG" src="../../images/161/16102.png" width="200" /></a><br /> 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit Insignia</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> July 1, <!--del_lnk--> 1987 - present</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th> <td><a href="../../wp/u/United_States.htm" title="United States">United States</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> USMC</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th> <td>Special Operations Capable - Marine Air Ground Task Force</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th> <td>Forward-deployed, rapid-response force</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th> <td>2,200</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> I Marine Expeditionary Force</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Battles/wars</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> Operation Restore Hope<br /><!--del_lnk--> Operation Enduring Freedom<br /><!--del_lnk--> Operation Iraqi Freedom</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;">Commanders</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Current<br /> commander</th> <td>Colonel Brian D. Beaudreault </td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b>15th Marine Expeditionary Unit</b> (<b>15th MEU</b>) is one of seven <!--del_lnk--> Marine Expeditionary Units currently in existence in the <!--del_lnk--> United States Marine Corps. The Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) is a <!--del_lnk--> Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) with a strength of about 2,200 personnel. The MEU consists of a command element, a reinforced infantry battalion, a composite helicopter squadron and a MEU service support group.The 15th MEU is currently based out of <!--del_lnk--> Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, <a href="../../wp/c/California.htm" title="California">California</a>.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Mission" name="Mission"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Mission</span></h2> <p>The mission of the MEU is to provide geographic combatant commanders with a forward-deployed, rapid-response force capable of conducting conventional <!--del_lnk--> amphibious and selected maritime special operations at night or under adverse weather conditions from the sea, by surface and/or by air while under communications and electronics restrictions.<p><a id="History" name="History"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <p><a id="Early_years" name="Early_years"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">Early years</span></h3> <p>In April 1983, the <!--del_lnk--> Commandant of the Marine Corps approved the original <!--del_lnk--> Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Headquarters concept, providing for the sourcing of two Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) headquarters from each Marine Amphibious Brigade headquarters. The Commandant directed the establishment of two additional MAU headquarters in November 1985. As a result, the Headquarters, 15th Marine Amphibious Unit was activated <!--del_lnk--> July 1, <!--del_lnk--> 1987 at Camp Pendleton.<p>The Commandant directed the replacement of the title "Headquarters" with "Command Element" in the titles of the MAGTFs in August of 1987. The 15th MAU’s designation was further changed in February 1988 to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Both changes were made to more accurately reflect the operational and <!--del_lnk--> expeditionary nature of the MAGTF. Prior to <a href="../../wp/w/World_War_II.htm" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and in the period between the war and the <!--del_lnk--> Vietnam Conflict, Marine units dispatched for overseas service were generally designated as “expeditionary brigades."<p>Since its activation in July 1987, the 15th MEU has trained to meet its mission in the rotation with the <!--del_lnk--> 11th and <!--del_lnk--> 13th MEUs to provide a continuous presence in the <!--del_lnk--> Western Pacific, <a href="../../wp/i/Indian_Ocean.htm" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and <a href="../../wp/p/Persian_Gulf.htm" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and as a ready MAGTF in the continental United States.<p>In October 1989, the MEU assisted in relief efforts following the <!--del_lnk--> San Francisco earthquake, performing their assigned missions and also taking on several volunteer projects to help the victims of the disaster.<p><a name="1990s"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">1990s</span></h3> <p>Marines of the 15th MEU evacuated the <!--del_lnk--> Republic of the Philippines in June 1991 after the eruption of <a href="../../wp/m/Mount_Pinatubo.htm" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a>. Assistance lasted over amonth as the Marines distributed food and medical supplies, evacuated stranded villagers and provided security to other rescue personnel.<p>The MEU spearheaded <!--del_lnk--> Operation Restore Hope on <!--del_lnk--> December 9, <!--del_lnk--> 1992, to provide <!--del_lnk--> humanitarian assistance to the <!--del_lnk--> civil war torn and <a href="../../wp/f/Famine.htm" title="Famine">famine</a> stricken country of <a href="../../wp/s/Somalia.htm" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. After a predawn landing, the Marines secured the capital city of <a href="../../wp/m/Mogadishu.htm" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, the international airport and maritime shipping port facilities, as well as the American Embassy, and quickly moved into other inland areas to protect food distribution convoys and patrol the streets to restore order. The MEU pushed into and secured the inland cities of Baidoa, Balidogle and the coastal town of Kismayo in order to establish relief efforts and maintain security. The span of operations for the Battalion Landing Team was over 150 miles.<p>During its deployment in 1994, the MEU provided a detachment of <!--del_lnk--> CH-53Es to assist in the <a href="../../wp/r/Rwanda.htm" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> Relief Effort. . The detachment, based in <!--del_lnk--> Entebbe, <a href="../../wp/u/Uganda.htm" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, provided the only heavy lift capability to the joint task force commander. A few weeks later the MEU assisted in the relocation of the United States Liaison Office from Mogadishu, Somalia to <!--del_lnk--> Nairobi, Kenya.<p>In October 1994, the MEU was called on again to provide a <!--del_lnk--> quick reaction force to counter any possible <a href="../../wp/i/Iraq.htm" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> aggression against <a href="../../wp/k/Kuwait.htm" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Within 48 hours, the MEU sent Marines ashore in <a href="../../wp/k/Kuwait_City.htm" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> to demonstrate U.S. resolve in maintaining peace and security in the area.<p>In January 1996, July 1997, and October 1998, <!--del_lnk--> AV-8B Harriers from the 15th MEU (SOC) participated in <!--del_lnk--> Operation Southern Watch, patrolling the <!--del_lnk--> No-fly zone over southern Iraq maintaining continuous surveillance of the Kuwait-Iraq border, and to ensure the Iraqi military did not violate any <!--del_lnk--> United Nations resolutions passed since the <!--del_lnk--> Gulf War.<p>During its 2000 deployment, the 15th MEU (SOC) also participated in the <a href="../../wp/a/Australia.htm" title="Australia">Australian</a>-led <!--del_lnk--> Operation Stabilise, providing desperately needed assistance to the people of <a href="../../wp/e/East_Timor.htm" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, and again patrolled the skies over Southern Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.<p><a id="Global_War_on_Terror" name="Global_War_on_Terror"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">Global War on Terror</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/161/16103.jpg.htm" title="Infantrymen from the 15th MEU at Camp Rhino on November 25, 2001"><img alt="Infantrymen from the 15th MEU at Camp Rhino on November 25, 2001" height="168" longdesc="/wiki/Image:15thMEUSMAWs.jpg" src="../../images/161/16103.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/161/16103.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Infantrymen from the 15th MEU at <!--del_lnk--> Camp Rhino on <!--del_lnk--> November 25, <!--del_lnk--> 2001</div> </div> </div> <p>Following the <!--del_lnk--> September 11th attacks on the <!--del_lnk--> World Trade Centre and <!--del_lnk--> the Pentagon, the 15th MEU (SOC) continued their plans of humanitarian operations to assist the war-torn country of <a href="../../wp/e/East_Timor.htm" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, before sailing to the North <!--del_lnk--> Arabian Sea in support of <!--del_lnk--> Operation Enduring Freedom.<p>On <!--del_lnk--> October 7, <!--del_lnk--> 2001, the 15th MEU participated in the United States' new <!--del_lnk--> "War on Terrorism," sending Marines and Sailors into Northern <a href="../../wp/p/Pakistan.htm" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to establish a <!--del_lnk--> forward operating air base and <!--del_lnk--> logistical hub.<p>On <!--del_lnk--> November 25, <!--del_lnk--> 2001, the Marines and Sailors of the 15th MEU (SOC) conducted an <!--del_lnk--> Amphibious assault over 400 miles into the land-locked country of <a href="../../wp/a/Afghanistan.htm" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The Marines and Sailors set new standards for Marine Corps amphibious doctrine. Landing at a remote airbase, 90 miles southwest of <!--del_lnk--> Kandahar, the Marines established <!--del_lnk--> Camp Rhino, America's first <!--del_lnk--> Forward Operating Base while maintaining the first significant conventional ground presence in Afghanistan. The Marines and coalition forces later moved north to <!--del_lnk--> Kandahar International Airport securing a new forward operating base. With the move, the Marines and coalition forces were able to continue with new missions and build a prison camp that housed numerous <!--del_lnk--> Taliban and <!--del_lnk--> Al-Qaeda fighters.<p>On <!--del_lnk--> January 6, <!--del_lnk--> 2003, this time onboard the <!--del_lnk--> USS Tarawa <!--del_lnk--> ARG, the 15th MEU (SOC) departed once again for another deployment. In mid-February, elements of the MEU off-loaded and established a training camp in Northern <a href="../../wp/k/Kuwait.htm" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> while other members of the MAGTF — primarily the helicopter squadron — remained onboard the Tarawa ARG in the <a href="../../wp/p/Persian_Gulf.htm" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<p>During February and March 2003, the MEU was assigned tactical control (TACON) to the <a href="../../wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <!--del_lnk--> 3 Commando Brigade <a href="../../wp/r/Royal_Marines.htm" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> for <!--del_lnk--> Operation Iraqi Freedom. On <!--del_lnk--> March 21, <!--del_lnk--> 2003, Marines from the 15th MEU crossed the border into Southern Iraq and secured the ports of <!--del_lnk--> Umm Qasr and <!--del_lnk--> Az Zubayr in order to destroy Iraqi resistance and enable follow-on humanitarian assistance to begin. <p>In late-March 2003, the MEU again became part of the <!--del_lnk--> I Marine Expeditionary Force and moved to <!--del_lnk--> An Nasiriyah, Iraq to relieve the Marines of <!--del_lnk--> Task Force Tarawa. In An Nasiriyah, the 15th MEU secured the remaining sectors of the city, conducted a supporting attack during the rescue of American <!--del_lnk--> Prisoner of war <!--del_lnk--> Jessica Lynch and continued to establish security throughout the greater An Nasiriyah area. The MEU provided humanitarian assistance to the local population that included purifying drinking water, and doctors and corpsmen assisted medical care. The MEU began helping establish the local government to include police and other local services in addition to continuing to conduct airborne surveillance and direct-action raids on the ground to seek out and capture any <!--del_lnk--> Ba’ath Party or <!--del_lnk--> Fedayeen resistance.<p>In January 2005, the 15th MEU participated in <!--del_lnk--> Operation Unified Assistance by providing disaster relief to survivors of the <a href="../../wp/2/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake.htm" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">massive tsunami</a> in <a href="../../wp/s/Sumatra.htm" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="../../wp/i/Indonesia.htm" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and southern <a href="../../wp/s/Sri_Lanka.htm" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Immediately after wrapping up those operations, the 15th MEU proceeded to <!--del_lnk--> Baghdad, Iraq to provide security and stability in a rural area of the city.<p><a id="Current_Units" name="Current_Units"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">Current Units</span></h3> <ul> <li>Ground Combat Element (GCE) - <!--del_lnk--> 2nd Battalion 4th Marine Regiment<li>Air Combat Element (ACE) - <!--del_lnk--> HMM-165 [REIN]<li>Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) - <!--del_lnk--> Combat Logistics Battalion 15</ul> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['United States', 'California', 'World War II', 'Indian Ocean', 'Persian Gulf', 'Mount Pinatubo', 'Famine', 'Somalia', 'Mogadishu', 'Rwanda', 'Uganda', 'Iraq', 'Kuwait', 'Kuwait City', 'Australia', 'East Timor', 'East Timor', 'Pakistan', 'Afghanistan', 'Kuwait', 'Persian Gulf', 'United Kingdom', 'Royal Marines', '2004 Indian Ocean earthquake', 'Sumatra', 'Indonesia', 'Sri Lanka']
15th_century	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="15th century,1443,1444,1442,1441,1440s,1440,1445,1446,1450,1451" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>15th century</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "15th_century"; var wgTitle = "15th century"; var wgArticleId = 34567; var wgCurRevisionId = 89774649; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-15th_century"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">15th century</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.General_history.htm">General history</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox"> <tr> <td align="right" style="width: 75px"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Millennium:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1st millennium - <b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd millennium</b> - <!--del_lnk--> 3rd millennium</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <table class="infobox"> <tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Centuries:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../wp/1/14th_century.htm" title="14th century">14th century</a> - <b>15th century</b> - <a href="../../wp/1/16th_century.htm" title="16th century">16th century</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small><b><!--del_lnk--> Decades:</b></small></td> <td align="center"><!--del_lnk--> 1400s <!--del_lnk--> 1410s <!--del_lnk--> 1420s <!--del_lnk--> 1430s <!--del_lnk--> 1440s <!--del_lnk--> 1450s <!--del_lnk--> 1460s <!--del_lnk--> 1470s <!--del_lnk--> 1480s <!--del_lnk--> 1490s</td> </tr> </table> <p>As a means of recording the passage of <a href="../../wp/t/Time.htm" title="Time">time</a>, the <b>15th century</b> was that <!--del_lnk--> century which lasted from <!--del_lnk--> 1401 to <!--del_lnk--> 1500.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Events" name="Events"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Events</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1401: <a href="../../wp/t/Timur.htm" title="Timur">Timur</a> sacks <a href="../../wp/b/Baghdad.htm" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1402: The <a href="../../wp/o/Ottoman_Empire.htm" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <!--del_lnk--> Timurid Empires fight at the <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of <!--del_lnk--> Bayezid I. The Ottoman Empire descends into <!--del_lnk--> civil war until <!--del_lnk--> 1413.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1402: The conquest of the <!--del_lnk--> Canary Islands signals the beginning of the <!--del_lnk--> Spanish Empire.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1402: <!--del_lnk--> Sultanate of Malacca founded by <!--del_lnk--> Parameshwara.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1403: The <!--del_lnk--> Yongle Emperor moves the <!--del_lnk--> capital of China from <!--del_lnk--> Nanjing to <a href="../../wp/b/Beijing.htm" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1405-<!--del_lnk--> 33: <a href="../../wp/z/Zheng_He.htm" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> explores the <a href="../../wp/i/Indian_Ocean.htm" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1410: The <a href="../../wp/b/Battle_of_Grunwald.htm" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> was the decisive battle of the <!--del_lnk--> Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the <!--del_lnk--> Teutonic Knights.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1415: <!--del_lnk--> Henry the Navigator leads the <!--del_lnk--> conquest of Ceuta from the <!--del_lnk--> Moors marking the beginning of the <!--del_lnk--> Portuguese Empire.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1415: <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Agincourt fought between the <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of England and <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a><li><!--del_lnk--> 1420-<!--del_lnk--> 34: <!--del_lnk--> Hussite Wars in <!--del_lnk--> Bohemia<li><!--del_lnk--> 1429: <a href="../../wp/j/Joan_of_Arc.htm" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> ends the <!--del_lnk--> Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the <a href="../../wp/h/Hundred_Years%2527_War.htm" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1438: <!--del_lnk--> Pachacuti founds the <a href="../../wp/i/Inca_Empire.htm" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1440s: The <!--del_lnk--> Golden Horde breaks up into the <!--del_lnk--> Siberia Khanate, the <!--del_lnk--> Khanate of Kazan, the <!--del_lnk--> Astrakhan Khanate, the <!--del_lnk--> Crimean Khanate, and the <!--del_lnk--> Great Horde.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1440-<!--del_lnk--> 69: Under <!--del_lnk--> Moctezuma I, the <a href="../../wp/a/Aztec.htm" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> become the dominant power in <!--del_lnk--> Mesoamerica.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1453: The <!--del_lnk--> Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the <a href="../../wp/b/Byzantine_Empire.htm" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:172px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/261/26149.jpg.htm" title="Charles VII of France, final victor of the Hundred Years' War"><img alt="Charles VII of France, final victor of the Hundred Years' War" height="215" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Chas_vii.jpg" src="../../images/2/251.jpg" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/261/26149.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><!--del_lnk--> Charles VII of France, final victor of the Hundred Years' War</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> 1453: The <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the <a href="../../wp/h/Hundred_Years%2527_War.htm" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1454-<!--del_lnk--> 66: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the <!--del_lnk--> Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes <!--del_lnk--> Royal Prussia.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1455-<!--del_lnk--> 85: <a href="../../wp/w/Wars_of_the_Roses.htm" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> - English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1456: The <!--del_lnk--> Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottoman's advance into Europe.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1467-<!--del_lnk--> 1615: The <!--del_lnk--> Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1469: The marriage of <!--del_lnk--> Ferdinand II of Aragon and <!--del_lnk--> Isabella of Castile leads to the unification of <a href="../../wp/s/Spain.htm" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1474-<!--del_lnk--> 77: <!--del_lnk--> Burgundy Wars between <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a> and the <!--del_lnk--> Habsburgs for control of <!--del_lnk--> Burgundy.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1478: <!--del_lnk--> Muscovy conquers <!--del_lnk--> Novgorod.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1480: After the <!--del_lnk--> Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy gained independence from the Great Horde.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1481: <a href="../../wp/s/Spanish_Inquisition.htm" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> begins.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1492: <!--del_lnk--> Boabdil's surrender of <!--del_lnk--> Granada marks the end of the <!--del_lnk--> Reconquista and <!--del_lnk--> Al-Andalus.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1492: <a href="../../wp/j/Jew.htm" title="Jews">Jews</a> are expelled from <a href="../../wp/s/Spain.htm" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1492: <a href="../../wp/c/Christopher_Columbus.htm" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> founds Spain's first <!--del_lnk--> New World colony on <!--del_lnk--> Hispaniola.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the <!--del_lnk--> Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1494-<!--del_lnk--> 1559: The <!--del_lnk--> Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the <!--del_lnk--> Italian city-states.<li><!--del_lnk--> 1497-<!--del_lnk--> 1499: <a href="../../wp/v/Vasco_da_Gama.htm" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s first voyage from <a href="../../wp/e/Europe.htm" title="Europe">Europe</a> to <a href="../../wp/i/India.htm" title="India">India</a> and back.</ul> <p><a id="Significant_people" name="Significant_people"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Significant people</span></h2> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Samaritian<li><!--del_lnk--> Christine de Pizan, French writer (<!--del_lnk--> 1364 - <!--del_lnk--> 1430).<li><!--del_lnk--> Jan Hus, Bohemian religious thinker and reformer (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1369 - <!--del_lnk--> 1415).<li><a href="../../wp/z/Zheng_He.htm" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, Chinese eunuch admiral and explorer (<!--del_lnk--> 1371 - <!--del_lnk--> 1433).<li><!--del_lnk--> Filippo Brunelleschi invents one-point perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture (<!--del_lnk--> 1377 - <!--del_lnk--> 1446).<li><a href="../../wp/h/Henry_V_of_England.htm" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a>, the English King who won the famous <!--del_lnk--> Battle of Agincourt in <!--del_lnk--> 1415 (<!--del_lnk--> 1387 - <!--del_lnk--> 1422).<li><!--del_lnk--> John Hunyadi, Regent of <!--del_lnk--> Kingdom of Hungary, won the <!--del_lnk--> Siege of Belgrade in <!--del_lnk--> 1456 (<!--del_lnk--> 1387 - <!--del_lnk--> 1456)<li><!--del_lnk--> Sejong the Great of Joseon, a Korean monarch who developed <!--del_lnk--> Hangul, the native Korean alphabet (<!--del_lnk--> 1397 - <!--del_lnk--> 1450).<li><!--del_lnk--> Constantine XI, Last <!--del_lnk--> Byzantine Emperor (<!--del_lnk--> 1404 - <!--del_lnk--> 1453).<li><a href="../../wp/j/Johannes_Ockeghem.htm" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a>, Flemish composer (ca. <!--del_lnk--> 1410-<!--del_lnk--> 1497).<li><a href="../../wp/j/Joan_of_Arc.htm" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, national <!--del_lnk--> heroine of <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1412 - <!--del_lnk--> 1431).<li><!--del_lnk--> Kazimierz IV Jagiellon King of <a href="../../wp/p/Poland.htm" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Grand Duke of <a href="../../wp/l/Lithuania.htm" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1427 - <!--del_lnk--> 1492).<li><!--del_lnk--> François Villon, French poet (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1431 - <!--del_lnk--> 1474).<li><!--del_lnk--> Vlad III Dracula , <!--del_lnk--> Prince of Wallachia who led the defense of his territory against the expanding <a href="../../wp/o/Ottoman_Empire.htm" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1431 - <!--del_lnk--> 1476).<li><!--del_lnk--> Mehmed II, Sultan of the <a href="../../wp/o/Ottoman_Empire.htm" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Conqueror of <!--del_lnk--> Constantinople (<!--del_lnk--> 1432 - <!--del_lnk--> 1481).<li><!--del_lnk--> Marsilio Ficino, Significant translator of <a href="../../wp/p/Plato.htm" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s works (<!--del_lnk--> 1433 - <!--del_lnk--> 1481).<li>Gjergj Kastrioti, <!--del_lnk--> Skenderbeg - Albanian Prince who resisted the Ottomans for almost 30 years in the name of the Albanian people and Catholic faith (<!--del_lnk--> 1443 - <!--del_lnk--> 1468).<li><!--del_lnk--> Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, Renaissance ruler (<!--del_lnk--> 1443 - <!--del_lnk--> 1490).<li><!--del_lnk--> Isabella of Castile, co-ruler of Ferdinand II of Aragon and responsible with him for the unification of Spain (<!--del_lnk--> 1451 - <!--del_lnk--> 1504).<li><a href="../../wp/c/Christopher_Columbus.htm" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> sails to the <!--del_lnk--> Americas for <a href="../../wp/s/Spain.htm" title="Spain">Spain</a> (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1451 - <!--del_lnk--> 1506).<li><a href="../../wp/r/Richard_III_of_England.htm" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a>, last English King of the <!--del_lnk--> House of York, last of the Plantagenet Dynasty (<!--del_lnk--> 1452 - <!--del_lnk--> 1485).<li><!--del_lnk--> Ferdinand II of Aragon , co-ruler of Isabella of Castile and responsible with her for the unification of Spain (<!--del_lnk--> 1452 - <!--del_lnk--> 1516).<li><a href="../../wp/l/Leonardo_da_Vinci.htm" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, inventor and painter (<!--del_lnk--> 1452 - <!--del_lnk--> 1519).<li><a href="../../wp/h/Henry_VII_of_England.htm" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>, English King and founder the <!--del_lnk--> Tudor dynasty (<!--del_lnk--> 1457 - <!--del_lnk--> 1509).<li><a href="../../wp/v/Vasco_da_Gama.htm" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reaches India for <a href="../../wp/p/Portugal.htm" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, creating the first maritime alternative for the <!--del_lnk--> Silk Road (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1469 - <!--del_lnk--> 1524</ul> <p><a id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions" name="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Inventions, discoveries, introductions</span></h2> <p><!--del_lnk--> List of 15th century inventions<ul> <li><a href="../../wp/r/Renaissance.htm" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> affects <a href="../../wp/p/Philosophy.htm" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <!--del_lnk--> science and <a href="../../wp/a/Art.htm" title="Art">art</a>.<li><!--del_lnk--> Age of Discovery begins.<li>Rise of <!--del_lnk--> Modern English language from <!--del_lnk--> Middle English.<li>Introduction of the <!--del_lnk--> noon bell in the <!--del_lnk--> Catholic world.<li>Public <!--del_lnk--> banks<li><!--del_lnk--> Yongle Encyclopedia - over 22,000 volumes<li><!--del_lnk--> Hangul alphabet in <a href="../../wp/k/Korea.htm" title="Korea">Korea</a><li><!--del_lnk--> Scotch whisky<li><!--del_lnk--> Psychiatric hospitals<li>Development of the <!--del_lnk--> woodcut for printing between 1400-1450<li><!--del_lnk--> Movable type first used by King Htai Tjong of <a href="../../wp/k/Korea.htm" title="Korea">Korea</a> - 1403 (Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 to 1048. The )<li><!--del_lnk--> Linear perspective drawing perfected by <!--del_lnk--> Filippo Brunelleschi 1410-1415<li>Invention of the <!--del_lnk--> harpsichord c. 1450<li>Letterpress printing developed by <!--del_lnk--> Johann Gutenberg 1455<li>"Discovery" of <a href="../../wp/n/North_America.htm" title="North America">North America</a> by <a href="../../wp/c/Christopher_Columbus.htm" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> 1492<li>First canal lock reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1481</ul> <p><a id="Decades_and_years" name="Decades_and_years"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Decades and years</span></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1390s</b></td> <td style="background:"><!--del_lnk--> 1390</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1391</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1392</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1393</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1394</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1395</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1396</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1397</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1398</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1399</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1400s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><!--del_lnk--> 1400</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1401</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1402</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1403</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1404</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1405</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1406</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1407</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1408</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1409</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1410s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1410</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1411</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1412</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1413</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1414</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1415</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1416</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1417</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1418</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1419</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1420s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1420</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1421</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1422</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1423</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1424</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1425</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1426</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1427</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1428</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1429</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1430s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1430</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1431</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1432</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1433</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1434</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1435</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1436</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1437</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1438</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1439</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1440s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1440</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1441</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1442</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1443</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1444</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1445</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1446</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1447</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1448</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1449</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1450s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1450</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1451</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1452</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1453</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1454</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1455</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1456</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1457</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1458</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1459</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1460s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1460</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1461</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1462</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1463</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1464</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1465</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1466</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1467</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1468</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1469</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1470s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1470</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1471</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1472</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1473</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1474</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1475</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1476</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1477</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1478</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1479</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1480s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1480</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1481</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1482</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1483</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1484</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1485</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1486</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1487</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1488</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1489</td> </tr> <tr style="background: #ffeedd"> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1490s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1490</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1491</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1492</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1493</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1494</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1495</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1496</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1497</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1498</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1499</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1500s</b></td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><!--del_lnk--> 1500</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1501</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1502</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1503</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1504</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1505</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1506</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1507</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1508</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1509</td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th style="background-color:#efefef;">Millennium</th> <th align="center" colspan="10">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 40th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 39th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 38th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 37th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 36th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 35th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 34th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 31st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 30th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 29th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 28th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 27th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 26th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 25th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 24th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 21st BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 20th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 19th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 18th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 17th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 16th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 15th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 14th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 13th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 12th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 11th BC</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st BC</b>:</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 10th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 9th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 8th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 7th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 6th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 5th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 4th BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 3rd BC</td> <td align="right"><!--del_lnk--> 2nd BC</td> <td align="right"><a href="../../wp/1/1st_century_BC.htm" title="1st century BC">1st BC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 1st</b>:</td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/1/1st_century.htm" title="1st century">1st</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/2/2nd_century.htm" title="2nd century">2nd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/3/3rd_century.htm" title="3rd century">3rd</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/4/4th_century.htm" title="4th century">4th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/5/5th_century.htm" title="5th century">5th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/6/6th_century.htm" title="6th century">6th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/7/7th_century.htm" title="7th century">7th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/8/8th_century.htm" title="8th century">8th</a></td> <td align="left">  <a href="../../wp/9/9th_century.htm" title="9th century">9th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/10th_century.htm" title="10th century">10th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 2nd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/11th_century.htm" title="11th century">11th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/12th_century.htm" title="12th century">12th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/13th_century.htm" title="13th century">13th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/14th_century.htm" title="14th century">14th</a></td> <td align="left"><strong class="selflink">15th</strong></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/16th_century.htm" title="16th century">16th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/17th_century.htm" title="17th century">17th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/18th_century.htm" title="18th century">18th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/1/19th_century.htm" title="19th century">19th</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/20th_century.htm" title="20th century">20th</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 3rd</b>:</td> <td align="left"><a href="../../wp/2/21st_century.htm" title="21st century">21st</a></td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 22nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 23rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 24th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 25th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 26th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 27th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 28th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 29th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 30th</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef;"><b><!--del_lnk--> 4th</b>:</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 31st</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 32nd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 33rd</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 34th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 35th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 36th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 37th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 38th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 39th</td> <td align="left"><!--del_lnk--> 40th</td> </tr> </table> <!-- Pre-expand include size: 8909 bytes Post-expand include size: 9109 bytes Template argument size: 683 bytes Maximum: 2048000 bytes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34567-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20061124050946 --> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. 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16_Cygni	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="16 Cygni,16 Cygni Bb,Absolute magnitude,Apparent magnitude,Astrometry,Astronomical unit,Astrophysical Journal,Bonner Durchmusterung,Color index,Constellation,Cygnus" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>16 Cygni</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "16_Cygni"; var wgTitle = "16 Cygni"; var wgArticleId = 1215616; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-16_Cygni"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">16 Cygni</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.Science.Physics.Space_Astronomy.htm">Space (Astronomy)</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit;"><b>16 Cygni A/B</b></caption> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFC0;">Observation data<br /><small><!--del_lnk--> Epoch <!--del_lnk--> J2000.0</small></th> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Constellation</b></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Cygnus</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b>16 Cygni A</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Right ascension</b></td> <td>19<sup>h</sup> 41<sup>m</sup> 48.9535<sup>s</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Declination</b></td> <td>+50° 31′ 30.217″</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Apparent magnitude <small>(V)</small></b></td> <td>5.96</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b>16 Cygni B</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Right ascension</b></td> <td>19<sup>h</sup> 41<sup>m</sup> 51.9720<sup>s</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Declination</b></td> <td>+50° 31′ 03.083″</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Apparent magnitude <small>(V)</small></b></td> <td>6.20</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFC0;"><!--del_lnk--> Astrometry</th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Radial velocity <small>(R<sub>v</sub>)</small></b></td> <td>-25.6 <!--del_lnk--> km/s</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Proper motion <small>(μ)</small></b></td> <td>RA: -147.75 <!--del_lnk--> mas/<!--del_lnk--> yr<br /> Dec.: -158.85 <!--del_lnk--> mas/<!--del_lnk--> yr</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Parallax <small>(π)</small></b></td> <td>46.25 ± 0.50 <!--del_lnk--> mas</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Distance</b></td> <td>70.5 <!--del_lnk--> ly (21.6 <!--del_lnk--> pc)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Absolute magnitude <small>(M<sub>V</sub>)</small></b></td> <td>4.29 / 4.53</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFC0;"><!--del_lnk--> Other designations</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 250px;"><b>16 Cygni A</b><p><!--del_lnk--> Gl 765.1 A, <!--del_lnk--> HR 7503, <!--del_lnk--> BD +50°2847, <!--del_lnk--> HD 186408, <!--del_lnk--> LTT 15750, <!--del_lnk--> GCTP 4634.00, <!--del_lnk--> SAO 31898, Struve 4046A, <!--del_lnk--> HIP 96895<p><b>16 Cygni B</b><!--del_lnk--> Gl 765.1 B, <!--del_lnk--> HR 7504, <!--del_lnk--> BD +50°2848, <!--del_lnk--> HD 186427, <!--del_lnk--> LTT 15751, <!--del_lnk--> SAO 31899, Struve 4046B, <!--del_lnk--> HIP 96901</div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>16 Cygni</b> (abbreviated 16 Cyg) is a <a href="../../wp/b/Binary_star.htm" title="Triple star">triple star</a> system located around 70 <!--del_lnk--> light-years away in the <!--del_lnk--> constellation <!--del_lnk--> Cygnus. It consists of two <a href="../../wp/s/Sun.htm" title="Sun">Sun</a>-like <!--del_lnk--> yellow dwarf stars and a <a href="../../wp/r/Red_dwarf.htm" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>. In 1996 an <a href="../../wp/e/Extrasolar_planet.htm" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> was discovered in an <!--del_lnk--> eccentric <!--del_lnk--> orbit around the sunlike star 16 Cygni B.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Distance" name="Distance"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Distance</span></h2> <p>The parallax of the two brightest stars were measured as part of the <!--del_lnk--> Hipparcos <!--del_lnk--> astrometry mission. This yielded a parallax of 46.25 <!--del_lnk--> milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni A and 46.70 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni B. Since the two components are associated, it is reasonable to assume they lie at the same distance, so the different parallaxes are a result of experimental error (indeed, when the associated parallax errors are taken into account, the ranges of the parallaxes overlap). Using the parallax of the A component, the distance is 21.6 <!--del_lnk--> parsecs. The parallax of the B component corresponds to a distance of 21.4 <!--del_lnk--> parsecs.<p><a id="System_components" name="System_components"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">System components</span></h2> <p>16 Cygni is a hierarchial triple system. Stars A and C form a close binary with a projected separation of 73 <!--del_lnk--> AU. The <!--del_lnk--> orbital elements of the A-C binary are currently unknown. At a distance of 860 AU from A is a third component designated 16 Cygni B. The <!--del_lnk--> orbit of B relative to the A-C pair is not well determined: plausible orbits range in period from 18,200 to 1.3 million <!--del_lnk--> years, with a <!--del_lnk--> semimajor axis ranging from 877 to 15,180 AU.<p>Both 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B are <!--del_lnk--> yellow dwarf stars like our <a href="../../wp/s/Sun.htm" title="Sun">Sun</a>. According to data from the Geneva-Copenhagen survey, both stars have masses similar to the sun. Age estimates for the two stars vary slightly, but 16 Cygni is likely to be much older than our <a href="../../wp/s/Solar_System.htm" title="Solar system">solar system</a>, at around 10,000 million years old. 16 Cygni C is much fainter than either of these stars, and may be a <a href="../../wp/r/Red_dwarf.htm" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>.<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tr> <th> </th> <th>16 Cyg A</th> <th>16 Cyg B</th> <th>16 Cyg C</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background-color: #ffffc0;"><b>Characteristics</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Spectral type</b></td> <td>G1.5Vb</td> <td>G2.5Vb</td> <td>M?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>B-V <!--del_lnk--> colour index</b></td> <td>0.64</td> <td>0.66</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>U-B <!--del_lnk--> colour index</b></td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.20</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Variable type</b></td> <td>none</td> <td>none</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background-color: #ffffc0;"><b>Details</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Mass</b> (<!--del_lnk--> <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub>)</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>0.97</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Radius</b> (<!--del_lnk--> <i>R</i><sub>☉</sub>)</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Luminosity</b> (<!--del_lnk--> <i>L</i><sub>☉</sub>)</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>1.3</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Temperature</b> (<!--del_lnk--> K)</td> <td>5825</td> <td>5640</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Metallicity</b></td> <td>114%</td> <td>123%</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Rotation</b> (<a href="../../wp/d/Day.htm" title="Day">days</a>)</td> <td>26.9</td> <td>29.1</td> <td> ?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b><!--del_lnk--> Age</b> (<!--del_lnk--> years)</td> <td>10.4 × 10<sup>9</sup></td> <td>9.9 × 10<sup>9</sup></td> <td> ?</td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="Planetary_system" name="Planetary_system"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Planetary system</span></h2> <p>In 1996 an <a href="../../wp/e/Extrasolar_planet.htm" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> in an <!--del_lnk--> eccentric orbit was announced around the star 16 Cygni B. The planet's orbit takes 798.5 <a href="../../wp/d/Day.htm" title="Day">days</a> to complete, with a semimajor axis of 1.68 AU. Like the majority of known extrasolar planets, <a href="../../wp/1/16_Cygni_Bb.htm" title="16 Cygni Bb">16 Cygni Bb</a> was detected by measuring the <!--del_lnk--> radial velocity of its parent star, which only gives a lower limit on the mass: in this case, about 1.68 times that of <a href="../../wp/j/Jupiter.htm" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tr bgcolor="#A0B0FF"> <th>Companion<br /><small>(In order from star)</small></th> <th>Mass<br /><small>(<!--del_lnk--> M<sub>J</sub>)</small></th> <th>Orbital period<br /><small>(<a href="../../wp/d/Day.htm" title="Day">days</a>)</small></th> <th>Semimajor axis<br /><small>(<!--del_lnk--> AU)</small></th> <th>Eccentricity</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../../wp/1/16_Cygni_Bb.htm" title="16 Cygni Bb">Bb</a></td> <td>>1.68 ± 0.15</td> <td>798.5 ± 1.0</td> <td>1.681 ± 0.097</td> <td>0.681 ± 0.017</td> </tr> </table> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Cygni"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['Triple star', 'Sun', 'Red dwarf', 'Extrasolar planet', 'Sun', 'Solar system', 'Red dwarf', 'Day', 'Extrasolar planet', 'Day', '16 Cygni Bb', 'Jupiter', 'Day', '16 Cygni Bb']
16_Cygni_Bb	"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/(...TRUNCATED)	"['Extrasolar planet', '16 Cygni', 'Day', 'Jupiter', 'Jupiter', 'Extrasolar planet', 'Sun', 'Star', (...TRUNCATED)
16th_century	"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/(...TRUNCATED)	"['15th century', '17th century', 'Time', 'Brazil', 'Portugal', 'Iran', 'Leonardo da Vinci', 'Mona L(...TRUNCATED)

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