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[
"\nThe '''Moses River''' is a smaller river in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa. It flows northwards and is a tributary of the Olifants River, joining its left bank near Marblehall. \n",
"* List of rivers of South Africa\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"See also",
" References "
] | Moses River | [
"It flows northwards and is a tributary of the Olifants River, joining its left bank near Marblehall."
] | [
"\nThe '''Moses River''' is a smaller river in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa.",
"* List of rivers of South Africa"
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n\n'''Joxe Austin Arrieta Ugartetxea''' (26 October 1949) is a Basque writer and translator.\n",
"Arrieta was born in Donostia, Gipuzkoa. He obtained a degree in Philosophy and Literature (Romanic Philology). From 1982 until he retired, he worked at a bank as a translator. He has been a teacher and a lecturer at the EUTG School of Languages and Philosophy. \nHe has also worked in other areas of Basque culture, collaborating with associations like UZEI and UEU.\n\nHe has taken political positions in the field of culture and Basque language.\n\nHe has written poetry and narrative and has also excelled as a literary translator. His first published work was Bidaia-Termitosti (Ustela, 1978) a book of short stories. After that, in 1979, Arrieta published his first novel, Abuztuaren 15eko bazkalondoa. Among his poetry books, we should out stand the following ones: Mintzoen mintzak (Elkar,1989) or Graffitien ganbara (Kutxa,1995). But Arrieta is also a renowned translator and has translated works from French, English, Catalan and German languages into Basque: the play by Marguerite Yourcenar, ''Memoirs of Hadrian'' , Lord of the flies by William Golding and Homo Faver, by Max Frisch .\n\n\n",
"\n=== Narratives ===\n* ''Bidaia - Termitosti'' (1978, ''Ustela'')\n* ''Labur aroz'' (1997, ''Txalaparta'')\n\n=== Novels ===\n* ''Abuztuaren 15eko bazkalondoa'' (1979, ''GAK''): , \n* ''Manu militari'' (1987, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Terra Sigillata'' (2008, ''Txalaparta'')\n\n=== Poetry ===\n* ''Arrotzarena neurtitz neurgabeak'' (1983, ''GAK'')\n* ''Bertso-paper printzatuak'' (1986, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Mintzoen mintzak'' (1989, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Graffitien ganbara'' (1996, ''Kutxa fundazioa'')\n* ''XX. mendeko poesia kaierak - Joxe Austin Arrieta'' (2001, ''Susa''): Koldo Izagirreren edizioa\n* ''Orbaibar'' (2003, ''Kutxa Fundazioa'')\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Life ",
" Works ",
" References "
] | Joxe Austin Arrieta | [
"From 1982 until he retired, he worked at a bank as a translator."
] | [
"\n\n\n\n'''Joxe Austin Arrieta Ugartetxea''' (26 October 1949) is a Basque writer and translator.",
"Arrieta was born in Donostia, Gipuzkoa.",
"He obtained a degree in Philosophy and Literature (Romanic Philology).",
"He has been a teacher and a lecturer at the EUTG School of Languages and Philosophy.",
"He has also worked in other areas of Basque culture, collaborating with associations like UZEI and UEU.",
"He has taken political positions in the field of culture and Basque language.",
"He has written poetry and narrative and has also excelled as a literary translator.",
"His first published work was Bidaia-Termitosti (Ustela, 1978) a book of short stories.",
"After that, in 1979, Arrieta published his first novel, Abuztuaren 15eko bazkalondoa.",
"Among his poetry books, we should out stand the following ones: Mintzoen mintzak (Elkar,1989) or Graffitien ganbara (Kutxa,1995).",
"But Arrieta is also a renowned translator and has translated works from French, English, Catalan and German languages into Basque: the play by Marguerite Yourcenar, ''Memoirs of Hadrian'' , Lord of the flies by William Golding and Homo Faver, by Max Frisch .",
"\n=== Narratives ===\n* ''Bidaia - Termitosti'' (1978, ''Ustela'')\n* ''Labur aroz'' (1997, ''Txalaparta'')\n\n=== Novels ===\n* ''Abuztuaren 15eko bazkalondoa'' (1979, ''GAK''): , \n* ''Manu militari'' (1987, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Terra Sigillata'' (2008, ''Txalaparta'')\n\n=== Poetry ===\n* ''Arrotzarena neurtitz neurgabeak'' (1983, ''GAK'')\n* ''Bertso-paper printzatuak'' (1986, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Mintzoen mintzak'' (1989, ''Elkar'')\n* ''Graffitien ganbara'' (1996, ''Kutxa fundazioa'')\n* ''XX.",
"mendeko poesia kaierak - Joxe Austin Arrieta'' (2001, ''Susa''): Koldo Izagirreren edizioa\n* ''Orbaibar'' (2003, ''Kutxa Fundazioa'')"
] | finance |
[
"\nThe '''Mohlapitse River''' is a small river in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It flows due south and is a central tributary of the Olifants River, joining its right bank at a 90° angle. \n",
"\n",
"* List of rivers of South Africa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References",
"See also"
] | Mohlapitse River | [
"It flows due south and is a central tributary of the Olifants River, joining its right bank at a 90° angle."
] | [
"\nThe '''Mohlapitse River''' is a small river in Limpopo Province, South Africa.",
"* List of rivers of South Africa"
] | river |
[
"\n'''Kandikuppam''' is a panchayat in Bargur Block Krishnagiri district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The economy is dependent on mango cultivation. Chennai is the state capital for Kandikuppam village. It is located around 223.5 kilometer away from Kandikuppam.. The other nearest state capital from Kandikuppam is Bangalore and its distance is 93.7 KM. The other surrouning state capitals are Bangalore 93.7 KM., Pondicherry 178.4 KM., Thiruvananthapuram 463.4 KM.,\nKandikuppam is located along Chennai – Krishnagiri National Highway (NH – 48). Banks and ATM: Indian Bank with ATM, Thenpenaiar Bank, 1India ATM. There is also a post office.\nThe surrounding nearby villages and its distance from Kandikuppam are Achamangalam 2.6 KM, Kurumber Theru 1.9 KM , Varattanapalli 4.3 KM , Karakuppam 5.4 KM , Bargur 6.6 KM , Thogarapalli 6.7 KM , Jagadevi 6.9 KM , Mallapadi 8.0 KM , Oppathavadi 10.1 KM , Valasagoundanoor 21.9 KM , Jingalkathirampatti 27.1 KM , Parandapalli 28.5 KM , Kottagaram.\n",
"\nKandikuppam nearest schools has been listed as follows.\n\nGovernment Primary School Kurumber Theru 1.9 KM.\nKingsley Gardens Matric Hr Sec School Kandhikuppam\t0.6 KM.\nSt Antonys Hr Sec School 1.8 KM.\nSt Antony`s Elamentry School\t1.8 KM.\nSt Joseph`s Convent School And Hospital\t1.9 KM.\nVaratanapali Govt Hr Sec School School\t3.5 KM.\n\n",
"\nKandikuppam is located along Chennai – Bangaluru National Highway (NH – 48) so connectivity to other districts & nearest towns Krishnagiri, Bargur, Tirupattur, vaniyambadi, Natrampalli, etc.., much more public Transport (Government) & Private Transports there any time.\n",
"\nKandikuppam‘s nearest airport is Hosur Aerodrome situated at 60.3 KM distance. Few more airports around Kandikuppam are as follows.\n\nHosur Aerodrome\t60.3 KM.\nHAL Airport\t83.3 KM.\nSalem Airport\t88.9 KM.\n",
"The other nearest district head quarters is dharmapuri situated at 48.3 KM distance from Kandikuppam . Surrounding districts from Kandikuppam are as follows.\n\nDharmapuri ( dharmapuri ) district\t48.3 KM.\nKolar ( kolar ) district\t69.0 KM.\nVellore(_tiruppatur) district \t34.00 KM.\nTiruvannamalai ( tiruvannamalai ) district\t93.5 KM.\nSalem ( salem ) district\t97.7 KM.\n\n\nAccident in Kandikuppam NH 46 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Schools in and around Kandikuppam",
"Transport Facilities",
"Nearest airport to Kandikuppam",
"Nearest districts to Kandikuppam"
] | Kandikuppam | [
"Banks and ATM: Indian Bank with ATM, Thenpenaiar Bank, 1India ATM."
] | [
"\n'''Kandikuppam''' is a panchayat in Bargur Block Krishnagiri district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.",
"The economy is dependent on mango cultivation.",
"Chennai is the state capital for Kandikuppam village.",
"It is located around 223.5 kilometer away from Kandikuppam..",
"The other nearest state capital from Kandikuppam is Bangalore and its distance is 93.7 KM.",
"The other surrouning state capitals are Bangalore 93.7 KM., Pondicherry 178.4 KM., Thiruvananthapuram 463.4 KM.,\nKandikuppam is located along Chennai – Krishnagiri National Highway (NH – 48).",
"There is also a post office.",
"The surrounding nearby villages and its distance from Kandikuppam are Achamangalam 2.6 KM, Kurumber Theru 1.9 KM , Varattanapalli 4.3 KM , Karakuppam 5.4 KM , Bargur 6.6 KM , Thogarapalli 6.7 KM , Jagadevi 6.9 KM , Mallapadi 8.0 KM , Oppathavadi 10.1 KM , Valasagoundanoor 21.9 KM , Jingalkathirampatti 27.1 KM , Parandapalli 28.5 KM , Kottagaram.",
"\nKandikuppam nearest schools has been listed as follows.",
"Government Primary School Kurumber Theru 1.9 KM.",
"Kingsley Gardens Matric Hr Sec School Kandhikuppam\t0.6 KM.",
"St Antonys Hr Sec School 1.8 KM.",
"St Antony`s Elamentry School\t1.8 KM.",
"St Joseph`s Convent School And Hospital\t1.9 KM.",
"Varatanapali Govt Hr Sec School School\t3.5 KM.",
"\nKandikuppam is located along Chennai – Bangaluru National Highway (NH – 48) so connectivity to other districts & nearest towns Krishnagiri, Bargur, Tirupattur, vaniyambadi, Natrampalli, etc.., much more public Transport (Government) & Private Transports there any time.",
"\nKandikuppam‘s nearest airport is Hosur Aerodrome situated at 60.3 KM distance.",
"Few more airports around Kandikuppam are as follows.",
"Hosur Aerodrome\t60.3 KM.",
"HAL Airport\t83.3 KM.",
"Salem Airport\t88.9 KM.",
"The other nearest district head quarters is dharmapuri situated at 48.3 KM distance from Kandikuppam .",
"Surrounding districts from Kandikuppam are as follows.",
"Dharmapuri ( dharmapuri ) district\t48.3 KM.",
"Kolar ( kolar ) district\t69.0 KM.",
"Vellore(_tiruppatur) district \t34.00 KM.",
"Tiruvannamalai ( tiruvannamalai ) district\t93.5 KM.",
"Salem ( salem ) district\t97.7 KM.",
"Accident in Kandikuppam NH 46"
] | finance |
[
"\nA paper printable Bitcoin wallet consisting out of one bitcoin address for receiving and the corresponding private key for spending.\nA '''cryptocurrency wallet''' stores the public and private keys which can be used to receive or spend the cryptocurrency. A wallet can contain multiple public and private key pairs. There are over nine hundred cryptocurrencies; the first and best known is bitcoin. Some wallets support multiple cryptocurrencies. The cryptocurrency itself is not in the wallet. In case of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies derived from it, the cryptocurrency is decentrally stored and maintained in a publicly available ledger. Every piece of cryptocurrency has a private key. With the private key, it is possible to write in the public ledger, effectively spending the associated cryptocurrency.\n",
"When choosing a wallet, you must keep in mind who has access to (a copy) of your private keys and thus has potentially access to your 'money'. Just like with a bank, you have to trust the provider to keep your cryptocurrency safe. Trust was misplaced in the case of the Mt. Gox exchange, who 'lost' most of their clients bitcoins. Downloading a cryptocurrency wallet form a wallet provider to your computer or phone does not automatically mean that you are the only one who has a copy of your private keys. For example with Coinbase you can install a wallet on your phone, but you can also access the same wallet through their website. The software can also have consciously or unconsciously vulnerabilities.\nFor receiving cryptocurrency you do not need access to your wallet. The sending party only needs to know the destination address. Anyone can send cryptocurrency to an address. Only the one who has the private key of the corresponding address can use it.\n",
"A backup of a wallet can come in different forms like:\n* A (encrypted) file like wallet.dat or wallet.bin which contains all the private keys. \n* A mnemonic sentence from which the root key can be generated, from which all your private keys can be recreated. Preferably these words could be remembered or written down and stored on a physical other location(s).\n* A private key like: KxSRZnttMtVhe17SX5FhPqWpKAEgMT9T3R6Eferj3sx5frM6obqA (see the picture).\nWhen you lose your private keys and your backup then you lose your cryptocurrency! There is no backdoor. When using a webwallet, the private keys are managed by the provider. When owning cryptocurrency you should carefully select who you trust managing your cryptocurrency. An (encrypted) copy of your wallet should be kept in a trusted place. Preferably off-line.\nSome people 'write' their mnemonic sentence or private key on metal, because it is robust.\n",
"\n===Software wallet===\nAn Ethereum wallet on an iPhone.\nThey come in different forms like:\n* An application installed '''locally''' on a computer, telephone or tablet (see the picture).\n* When using a '''webwallet''' the private keys are managed by a trusted third party. Some web based wallet providers use two-factor (like Google Authenticator) for extra security. In that case a keylogger is not enough for a hacker to steel your credentials and get access to the wallet.\n* Cryptocurrency '''exchanges''' link the users wallet to their centrally managed wallet(s). For example: When trading bitcoins between users on the Kraken exchange the trades are written in their private ledger (off-chain transaction). Only when a user wants to enter with his cryptocurrency into the exchange or when he want to take his cryptocurrency out of the exchange, then the transaction is written onto the public bitcoin blockchain (on-chain transaction). \n\nFull clients verify transactions directly on a local copy of more than 60Gb of the blockchain, or a subset of the blockchain. Lightweight clients consult full clients.\n\n===Hardware wallet===\nAn actual bitcoin transaction from a webbased cryptocurrency exchange to a hardware wallet.\nThey are considered the most secure, because the private keys never leave the physical wallet. They are created, live (transactions) and die (deleted) on the hardware wallet. If a hardware wallet uses a mnemonic sentence for backup then you should not electronically store the mnemonic sentence, but write it down and store in a physical different location(s). Storing the backup electronically lowers the security level to a software wallet level.\nMost hardware wallets, like LedgerWallet and Trezor, have models that require the user to physically press or touch the wallet in order to make a transaction. Worst case scenario is that a computer is infected with malware and the amount and destination address is altered by a hacker. The private keys remain safe. Some hardware wallets have a display where you have to enter a pin to open the wallet and where you can verify the transaction before executing it. When reading a mnemonic sentence from the physical display of the hardware wallet a screencapture of an infected computer will not reveal the mnemonic sentence.\n\n===Multisignature wallet===\nWith a multisignature (multisig) wallet multiple users have to sign (with their private key) for a transaction out of that wallet (public key address).\n\n===Brain wallet===\nWith a brain wallet someone remembers the information to regenerate the private and public key pair(s), like a mnemonic sentence.\n\n===Hot and cold wallet===\nTerms also used in the context of cryptocurrency wallets are hot and cold wallets. Hot wallets are connected to the internet while cold wallets are not. With a hot wallet you can spend your cryptocurrency at any time. A cold wallet has to be 'connected' to the internet first. As long as something is connected to the internet, it is vulnerable to an attack. The short version is that software wallets (where the device is turned on or the wallet software is running) are considered a hot wallets. A (not connected) hardware wallet is considered a cold wallet.\n\n===Key derivation===\n\n====Deterministic wallet====\nWith a deterministic wallet a single key can be used to generate an entire tree of key pairs. This single key serves as the \"root\" of the tree. The generated mnemonic sentence or word seed is simply a more human-readable way of expressing the key used as the root, as it can be algorithmically converted into the root private key. Those words, in that order, will always generate the exact same root key. A word phrase could consist of 24 words like: begin friend black earth beauty praise pride refuse horror believe relief gospel end destroy champion build better awesome. That single root key is not replacing all other private keys, but rather is being used to generate them. All your addresses still have different private keys, but they can all be restored by that single root key.\nThe private keys to every address it has ever given out can be recalculated given the root key. That root key, in turn, can be recalculated by feeding in the word seed. With the mnemonic sentence you have a backup of your wallet. If a wallet supports the same (mnemonic sentence) technique, then the backup can also be restored on a third party software or hardware wallet.\n\nA mnemonic sentence is considered secure. It creates a 512-bit seed from any given mnemonic. The set of possible wallets is 2512. Every passphrase leads to a valid wallet. If the wallet was not previously used it will be empty.\n\n====Non-deterministic wallet====\nIn a non-deterministic wallet, each key is randomly generated on its own accord, and they are not seeded from a common key. Therefore, any backups of the wallet must store each and every single private key used as an address, as well as a buffer of 100 or so future keys that may have already been given out as addresses but not received payments yet.\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Wallet access",
"Backup",
"Wallet characteristics",
" References "
] | Cryptocurrency wallet | [
"Just like with a bank, you have to trust the provider to keep your cryptocurrency safe."
] | [
"\nA paper printable Bitcoin wallet consisting out of one bitcoin address for receiving and the corresponding private key for spending.",
"A '''cryptocurrency wallet''' stores the public and private keys which can be used to receive or spend the cryptocurrency.",
"A wallet can contain multiple public and private key pairs.",
"There are over nine hundred cryptocurrencies; the first and best known is bitcoin.",
"Some wallets support multiple cryptocurrencies.",
"The cryptocurrency itself is not in the wallet.",
"In case of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies derived from it, the cryptocurrency is decentrally stored and maintained in a publicly available ledger.",
"Every piece of cryptocurrency has a private key.",
"With the private key, it is possible to write in the public ledger, effectively spending the associated cryptocurrency.",
"When choosing a wallet, you must keep in mind who has access to (a copy) of your private keys and thus has potentially access to your 'money'.",
"Trust was misplaced in the case of the Mt.",
"Gox exchange, who 'lost' most of their clients bitcoins.",
"Downloading a cryptocurrency wallet form a wallet provider to your computer or phone does not automatically mean that you are the only one who has a copy of your private keys.",
"For example with Coinbase you can install a wallet on your phone, but you can also access the same wallet through their website.",
"The software can also have consciously or unconsciously vulnerabilities.",
"For receiving cryptocurrency you do not need access to your wallet.",
"The sending party only needs to know the destination address.",
"Anyone can send cryptocurrency to an address.",
"Only the one who has the private key of the corresponding address can use it.",
"A backup of a wallet can come in different forms like:\n* A (encrypted) file like wallet.dat or wallet.bin which contains all the private keys.",
"* A mnemonic sentence from which the root key can be generated, from which all your private keys can be recreated.",
"Preferably these words could be remembered or written down and stored on a physical other location(s).",
"* A private key like: KxSRZnttMtVhe17SX5FhPqWpKAEgMT9T3R6Eferj3sx5frM6obqA (see the picture).",
"When you lose your private keys and your backup then you lose your cryptocurrency!",
"There is no backdoor.",
"When using a webwallet, the private keys are managed by the provider.",
"When owning cryptocurrency you should carefully select who you trust managing your cryptocurrency.",
"An (encrypted) copy of your wallet should be kept in a trusted place.",
"Preferably off-line.",
"Some people 'write' their mnemonic sentence or private key on metal, because it is robust.",
"\n===Software wallet===\nAn Ethereum wallet on an iPhone.",
"They come in different forms like:\n* An application installed '''locally''' on a computer, telephone or tablet (see the picture).",
"* When using a '''webwallet''' the private keys are managed by a trusted third party.",
"Some web based wallet providers use two-factor (like Google Authenticator) for extra security.",
"In that case a keylogger is not enough for a hacker to steel your credentials and get access to the wallet.",
"* Cryptocurrency '''exchanges''' link the users wallet to their centrally managed wallet(s).",
"For example: When trading bitcoins between users on the Kraken exchange the trades are written in their private ledger (off-chain transaction).",
"Only when a user wants to enter with his cryptocurrency into the exchange or when he want to take his cryptocurrency out of the exchange, then the transaction is written onto the public bitcoin blockchain (on-chain transaction).",
"Full clients verify transactions directly on a local copy of more than 60Gb of the blockchain, or a subset of the blockchain.",
"Lightweight clients consult full clients.",
"===Hardware wallet===\nAn actual bitcoin transaction from a webbased cryptocurrency exchange to a hardware wallet.",
"They are considered the most secure, because the private keys never leave the physical wallet.",
"They are created, live (transactions) and die (deleted) on the hardware wallet.",
"If a hardware wallet uses a mnemonic sentence for backup then you should not electronically store the mnemonic sentence, but write it down and store in a physical different location(s).",
"Storing the backup electronically lowers the security level to a software wallet level.",
"Most hardware wallets, like LedgerWallet and Trezor, have models that require the user to physically press or touch the wallet in order to make a transaction.",
"Worst case scenario is that a computer is infected with malware and the amount and destination address is altered by a hacker.",
"The private keys remain safe.",
"Some hardware wallets have a display where you have to enter a pin to open the wallet and where you can verify the transaction before executing it.",
"When reading a mnemonic sentence from the physical display of the hardware wallet a screencapture of an infected computer will not reveal the mnemonic sentence.",
"===Multisignature wallet===\nWith a multisignature (multisig) wallet multiple users have to sign (with their private key) for a transaction out of that wallet (public key address).",
"===Brain wallet===\nWith a brain wallet someone remembers the information to regenerate the private and public key pair(s), like a mnemonic sentence.",
"===Hot and cold wallet===\nTerms also used in the context of cryptocurrency wallets are hot and cold wallets.",
"Hot wallets are connected to the internet while cold wallets are not.",
"With a hot wallet you can spend your cryptocurrency at any time.",
"A cold wallet has to be 'connected' to the internet first.",
"As long as something is connected to the internet, it is vulnerable to an attack.",
"The short version is that software wallets (where the device is turned on or the wallet software is running) are considered a hot wallets.",
"A (not connected) hardware wallet is considered a cold wallet.",
"===Key derivation===\n\n====Deterministic wallet====\nWith a deterministic wallet a single key can be used to generate an entire tree of key pairs.",
"This single key serves as the \"root\" of the tree.",
"The generated mnemonic sentence or word seed is simply a more human-readable way of expressing the key used as the root, as it can be algorithmically converted into the root private key.",
"Those words, in that order, will always generate the exact same root key.",
"A word phrase could consist of 24 words like: begin friend black earth beauty praise pride refuse horror believe relief gospel end destroy champion build better awesome.",
"That single root key is not replacing all other private keys, but rather is being used to generate them.",
"All your addresses still have different private keys, but they can all be restored by that single root key.",
"The private keys to every address it has ever given out can be recalculated given the root key.",
"That root key, in turn, can be recalculated by feeding in the word seed.",
"With the mnemonic sentence you have a backup of your wallet.",
"If a wallet supports the same (mnemonic sentence) technique, then the backup can also be restored on a third party software or hardware wallet.",
"A mnemonic sentence is considered secure.",
"It creates a 512-bit seed from any given mnemonic.",
"The set of possible wallets is 2512.",
"Every passphrase leads to a valid wallet.",
"If the wallet was not previously used it will be empty.",
"====Non-deterministic wallet====\nIn a non-deterministic wallet, each key is randomly generated on its own accord, and they are not seeded from a common key.",
"Therefore, any backups of the wallet must store each and every single private key used as an address, as well as a buffer of 100 or so future keys that may have already been given out as addresses but not received payments yet."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Achwa 2 Hydroelectric Power Station''' is a hydroelectric power plant, under construction in Uganda.\n",
"The power station is located across the Achwa River, in Gulu District, Northern Uganda. This location is at the border between Gulu District and Pader District, approximately north of the settlement of Aswa. This is approximately , by road, northeast of Gulu, the largest city in Northern Uganda. The geographical coordinates of the construction site are:03°08'06.0\"N, 32°31'15.0\"E (Latitude:3.135000; Longitude:32.520833).\n",
"This power station is one in a cascade of five power stations planned on the Achwa River totaling , with Achwa 2 being the first to be built. Achwa 2 is a run-of-the-river hydroelectricity project with planned annual output of 281 GWh.\n\nThe power generated will be evacuated via a 132kV high voltage transmission line to a substation in Lira, a distnce of approximately , where it will be sold to the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (“UETCL”). Other infracture that will be constructed include of service roads, a service road to connect he site to the Gulu-Kitgum Road and a camp for the construction workers.\n",
"The power station is owned and being developed by ARPE Limited. The cost of construction is budgeted at US$78,808,400, of which the African Development Bank lent US$14,330,754 and the remaining US$64,477,646 was borrowed from Delta. Voith, a German manufacturer has been contracted to supply the four turbines and associated electro-mechanical parts. The contract includes design, manufacturing, supply, transportation, erection, testing and commissioning of all supplied equipment.\n",
"* Achwa 3 Hydroelectric Power Station\n* List of power stations in Uganda\n",
"\n",
"* Website of the Electricity Regulatory Authority\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"Overview",
"Ownership and funding",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
] | Achwa 2 Hydroelectric Power Station | [
"The cost of construction is budgeted at US$78,808,400, of which the African Development Bank lent US$14,330,754 and the remaining US$64,477,646 was borrowed from Delta."
] | [
"\n\n'''Achwa 2 Hydroelectric Power Station''' is a hydroelectric power plant, under construction in Uganda.",
"The power station is located across the Achwa River, in Gulu District, Northern Uganda.",
"This location is at the border between Gulu District and Pader District, approximately north of the settlement of Aswa.",
"This is approximately , by road, northeast of Gulu, the largest city in Northern Uganda.",
"The geographical coordinates of the construction site are:03°08'06.0\"N, 32°31'15.0\"E (Latitude:3.135000; Longitude:32.520833).",
"This power station is one in a cascade of five power stations planned on the Achwa River totaling , with Achwa 2 being the first to be built.",
"Achwa 2 is a run-of-the-river hydroelectricity project with planned annual output of 281 GWh.",
"The power generated will be evacuated via a 132kV high voltage transmission line to a substation in Lira, a distnce of approximately , where it will be sold to the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (“UETCL”).",
"Other infracture that will be constructed include of service roads, a service road to connect he site to the Gulu-Kitgum Road and a camp for the construction workers.",
"The power station is owned and being developed by ARPE Limited.",
"Voith, a German manufacturer has been contracted to supply the four turbines and associated electro-mechanical parts.",
"The contract includes design, manufacturing, supply, transportation, erection, testing and commissioning of all supplied equipment.",
"* Achwa 3 Hydroelectric Power Station\n* List of power stations in Uganda",
"* Website of the Electricity Regulatory Authority"
] | finance |
[
"\n'''TransJakarta Corridor 1''' () (coloured red on the TransJakarta bus transit map) is the first bus transit corridor. This corridor runs from Blok M to Kota. Serving 20 BRT Stations, this corridor has 12,9 km. It passes through Jalan Sultan Hasanuddin, Jalan Trunojoyo, Jalan Sisingamangaraja, Sudirman, MH Thamrin, Medan Merdeka Barat, dan Gajah Mada/Hayam Wuruk. This Corridor is integrated with Sudirman railway station at Dukuh Atas BRT Station and Jakarta Kota railway station at Kota BRT Station which are service KAI Commuter Jabodetabek. This corridor is numbered 1 and coloured red on the official transit map.\n\nAverage of Range BRT Station is 650 m. Type of buses are used in Corridor 1:\n\n* Zhongtong LCK6180GC (DAMRI)\n* Scania K320IA Articulated Bus white-blue (TJ)\n* Scania K340IA Articulated Bus white-pink (TJ-187, bus for women only)\n* Scania K320IA Articulated Bus white-pink (TJ-189, bus for women only)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus white-blue (TJ)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus white-pink (TJ, bus for women only)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus Vintage Scheme (TJ-320 and TJ-321, PPD Vintage Edition)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1626 Single Bus white-dark blue (TJ)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1626 Single Bus Vintage Scheme (TJ) \n",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; color:black; font-size:100%;\"\n\n '''Code'''\n '''Station Name'''\n '''Transfer'''\n '''Bus terminal or train station nearby'''\n\n ''' K1.01''' \n '''Blok M''' \n \n Bus Terminal Blok M Bus Terminal\n\n ''' K1.02''' \n Masjid Agung Al-Azhar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.03''' \n Bundaran Senayan \n \n\n\n ''' K1.04''' \n Gelora Bung Karno \n \n\n\n ''' K1.05''' \n Polda Metro Jaya \n \n\n\n ''' K1.06''' \n '''Bendungan Hilir''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 9 Semanggi ''(via bridge)'' \n\n\n ''' K1.07''' \n Karet \n \n\n\n ''' K1.08''' \n Setiabudi \n \n\n\n ''' K1.09''' \n '''Dukuh Atas 1''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 4 TransJakarta Corridor 6 Dukuh Atas 2 ''(via bridge)'' \n Train Station Sudirman railway Station\n\n ''' K1.10''' \n Tosari \n \n\n\n ''' K1.11''' \n Bundaran HI \n \n\n\n ''' K1.12''' \n Sarinah \n \n\n\n ''' K1.13''' \n Bank Indonesia \n \n\n\n ''' K1.14''' \n '''Monumen Nasional''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 2 Monumen Nasional \n\n\n ''' K1.15''' \n '''Harmoni Central Busway''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 2 TransJakarta Corridor 3 TransJakarta Corridor 8 Harmoni Central Busway\n\n\n ''' K1.16''' \n Sawah Besar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.17''' \n Mangga Besar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.18''' \n Olimo \n \n\n\n ''' K1.19''' \n Glodok \n \n\n\n ''' K1.20''' \n '''Kota''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 12 '''Kota''' \n Train Station Jakarta Kota railway Station\n\n\n",
"BRT Stations of Corridor 1 which have CCTV in These Stations are:\n* Bank Indonesia\n* Bendungan Hilir\n* Blok M\n* Bundaran HI\n* Bunderan Senayan\n* Dukuh Atas\n* Gelora Bung Karno\n* Harmoni\n* Karet\n* Kota\n* Mangga Besar\n* Monas\n* Polda Metro\n* Sarinah\n* Setiabudi\n* Tosari\n",
"\nFile:091114HalteMonas.jpg|Monumen Nasional BRT Station from Northwest\nFile:JakartaTransjakartaFahrbahnmarkierungen.jpg|Harmoni Junction\nFile:TransJakarta, Blok M Station.jpg|Transjakarta lane in Terminal Blok M\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"List of stations",
" CCTV BRT Station ",
" Gallery ",
" References "
] | TransJakarta Corridor 1 | [
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; color:black; font-size:100%;\"\n\n '''Code'''\n '''Station Name'''\n '''Transfer'''\n '''Bus terminal or train station nearby'''\n\n ''' K1.01''' \n '''Blok M''' \n \n Bus Terminal Blok M Bus Terminal\n\n ''' K1.02''' \n Masjid Agung Al-Azhar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.03''' \n Bundaran Senayan \n \n\n\n ''' K1.04''' \n Gelora Bung Karno \n \n\n\n ''' K1.05''' \n Polda Metro Jaya \n \n\n\n ''' K1.06''' \n '''Bendungan Hilir''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 9 Semanggi ''(via bridge)'' \n\n\n ''' K1.07''' \n Karet \n \n\n\n ''' K1.08''' \n Setiabudi \n \n\n\n ''' K1.09''' \n '''Dukuh Atas 1''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 4 TransJakarta Corridor 6 Dukuh Atas 2 ''(via bridge)'' \n Train Station Sudirman railway Station\n\n ''' K1.10''' \n Tosari \n \n\n\n ''' K1.11''' \n Bundaran HI \n \n\n\n ''' K1.12''' \n Sarinah \n \n\n\n ''' K1.13''' \n Bank Indonesia \n \n\n\n ''' K1.14''' \n '''Monumen Nasional''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 2 Monumen Nasional \n\n\n ''' K1.15''' \n '''Harmoni Central Busway''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 2 TransJakarta Corridor 3 TransJakarta Corridor 8 Harmoni Central Busway\n\n\n ''' K1.16''' \n Sawah Besar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.17''' \n Mangga Besar \n \n\n\n ''' K1.18''' \n Olimo \n \n\n\n ''' K1.19''' \n Glodok \n \n\n\n ''' K1.20''' \n '''Kota''' \n TransJakarta Corridor 12 '''Kota''' \n Train Station Jakarta Kota railway Station",
"BRT Stations of Corridor 1 which have CCTV in These Stations are:\n* Bank Indonesia\n* Bendungan Hilir\n* Blok M\n* Bundaran HI\n* Bunderan Senayan\n* Dukuh Atas\n* Gelora Bung Karno\n* Harmoni\n* Karet\n* Kota\n* Mangga Besar\n* Monas\n* Polda Metro\n* Sarinah\n* Setiabudi\n* Tosari"
] | [
"\n'''TransJakarta Corridor 1''' () (coloured red on the TransJakarta bus transit map) is the first bus transit corridor.",
"This corridor runs from Blok M to Kota.",
"Serving 20 BRT Stations, this corridor has 12,9 km.",
"It passes through Jalan Sultan Hasanuddin, Jalan Trunojoyo, Jalan Sisingamangaraja, Sudirman, MH Thamrin, Medan Merdeka Barat, dan Gajah Mada/Hayam Wuruk.",
"This Corridor is integrated with Sudirman railway station at Dukuh Atas BRT Station and Jakarta Kota railway station at Kota BRT Station which are service KAI Commuter Jabodetabek.",
"This corridor is numbered 1 and coloured red on the official transit map.",
"Average of Range BRT Station is 650 m. Type of buses are used in Corridor 1:\n\n* Zhongtong LCK6180GC (DAMRI)\n* Scania K320IA Articulated Bus white-blue (TJ)\n* Scania K340IA Articulated Bus white-pink (TJ-187, bus for women only)\n* Scania K320IA Articulated Bus white-pink (TJ-189, bus for women only)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus white-blue (TJ)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus white-pink (TJ, bus for women only)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1526 NG Single Bus Vintage Scheme (TJ-320 and TJ-321, PPD Vintage Edition)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1626 Single Bus white-dark blue (TJ)\n* Mercedes-Benz OH-1626 Single Bus Vintage Scheme (TJ)",
"\nFile:091114HalteMonas.jpg|Monumen Nasional BRT Station from Northwest\nFile:JakartaTransjakartaFahrbahnmarkierungen.jpg|Harmoni Junction\nFile:TransJakarta, Blok M Station.jpg|Transjakarta lane in Terminal Blok M"
] | river |
[
"'''Joseph Swan''' (1796–1872) was an engraver and publisher active in Glasgow in the early nineteenth century.\n",
"\nJoseph Swan was born 11 November 1796 in Manchester England to Thomas Swan and Janet Russell. \n\nHe started his career in what had become his hometown of Edinburgh as an apprentice to engraver John Beugo and worked with other engravers. In August 1817, he married Margaret Thomson in Edinburgh before setting off to Glasgow. There he took over the engraving business established by Charles Dearie, who died 28 November 1818.\n\nSwan was one of a number of engravers and printers in Glasgow whose business encompassed pictures, portraits, maps, bookplates, plans, invoices, bills, bank notes, and silver work. One of his commissions was to illustrate rare plants in the collection of the Royal Botanic Institute of Glasgow.\n\nIn 1836 Swan was one of the first to apply steam to the lithographic printing process. He employed staff who specialised in a particular area such as pictures, letter and seal engraving. They included Robert Charles Bell who, like Swan, had worked with John Beugo in Edinburgh and Thomas Annan, later known for his photographic work.\n\nSwan's reputation was established by his engraved illustrations of Scottish towns and landscapes which were based on pictures by contemporary Scottish artists such as John Fleming, John Knox, Andrew Donaldson, James Stewart and William Brown.\n\nThe first major work, ''Views of Scotland and its environs'', appeared in 1826 with accompanying text by John Leighton and sold at five shillings and sixpence for fine proof impressions on India paper and four shillings and sixpence for common impressions.\n\nTo ensure the commercial success of such a project, subscribers were required to make payments in advance of publication to ensure that the work could proceed. Subscribers for the Views of Glasgow included the Duchess of Montrose, the Lord Provost of Glasgow and Archibald McLellan, a founder of the civic art collection. The engravings were made from pictures produced by Greenock based John Fleming, Glasgow’s John Knox and Swan himself. The thirty-three plates include views of the city from different vantage points, the leading thoroughfares, buildings, and districts. Contemporary newspapers praised the work both for its choice of subjects and the quality of workmanship.\n\nFollowing the success of the ''Select Views of Glasgow'', Swan published part one of the ''Select Views on the River Clyde'' in February 1828. The engravings for the series were taken from pictures by John Fleming and Andrew Donaldson. They were larger than the Glasgow set and the price rose accordingly. By February 1830 the series was complete and included views of country houses such as Blythswood, Carstairs, Erskine and Hamilton Place plus Helensburgh, Greenock, Rothesay, and Campbelltown.\n\nThen followed ''Views of the Lakes of Scotland'', the first part of which was published in 1830. Swan was keen to point out to potential subscribers and purchasers that the work was of national importance as it was the first to group together Highland and Lowland lochs and included many of the lesser-known ones. He attracted well over 1000 subscribers from throughout Britain. All the engravings were based on pictures by John Fleming and the text was by Leighton with an introduction by Professor Wilson. From 1832 to 1836 Swan’s entry in the Post Office Directory shows him as ‘engraver and publisher of the Lakes of Scotland’.\n\nTwo works by Charles Mackie, ''Historical Description of the Abbey and Town of Paisley'' (1835) and ''Historical Description of the Town of Dundee'' (1836), contain Swans engravings. The Paisley views were all based on Swan’s own artwork while the Dundee volume contains both his work and that of James Stewart.\n\nStewart provided the artwork for the ''History of the County of Fyfe'' (1840), Sir William Hooker’s ''Perthshire Illustrated'' (1843), also has Swan’s engravings after Stewart, William Brown, Andrew Donaldson and D. MacKenzie. Swan’s engravings appear in further works including ''Strathclutha; or the Beauties of Clyde'' (1839), which combines views from the Glasgow and Clyde series; ''The Topographical, Statistical and Historical Gazetteer of Scotland'' (1845); and the new edition of James Browne’s ''A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans''.\n\nJoseph Swan was a committee member and for some time treasurer of the Glasgow Mechanics’ Institution which was founded in 1832. From January 1824, the institution published a very successful magazine which included many of his engravings such as portraits of James Watt and John Anderson, founder of Anderson’s institution, and the numerous mechanical inventions and improvements discussed in the text.\n\nA key figure in Glasgow’s art world, Swan co-founded the Glasgow Dilettanti Society in 1825 to promote interest in the fine arts among the city’s artists, art collectors and connoisseurs. He was an honorary member of the West of Scotland Academy of the Fine Arts, founded in 1841, to which his firms supplied printed material. In the same year, he was on the management committee and treasurer of the newly founded Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts, an art union.\n\nSwan operated his business from a number of locations through his career. These included different addresses in the Trongate between 1818 and 1841 when he relocated to St Vincent Street, adjacent to the Western Club. Other premises were at Exchange Square, Bothwell Street, Buchannan Street, and Parliamentary Road where the renowned ''Swan’s Universal Copy Books'' were manufactured for use in schools worldwide. He was listed in the ''Post Office Directory'' as an engraver and lithographer into the 1860s.\n",
"\nHe lived with his family at various locations in Glasgow between 1818 and his death in 1872. Some survive such as the villa at 114 Hill Street, Garnethill and 21 Sandyforth place, Sauchiehall Street, where he died 22 September 1872. His first wife with whom he had eight children, Margaret Thomson, died in 1836 and he later married Helen Gourlay Cumming with whom he had seven children.\n\nHe was buried at the Glasgow Necropolis where his monument stands. The monument is a valuable record of his family including nine of his children who predeceased him, though it does not include the names of four daughters who survived him. It also hints at his religious convictions and support for overseas missionary work.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Life and work",
"Family",
" References "
] | Joseph Swan (engraver and publisher) | [
"Swan was one of a number of engravers and printers in Glasgow whose business encompassed pictures, portraits, maps, bookplates, plans, invoices, bills, bank notes, and silver work."
] | [
"'''Joseph Swan''' (1796–1872) was an engraver and publisher active in Glasgow in the early nineteenth century.",
"\nJoseph Swan was born 11 November 1796 in Manchester England to Thomas Swan and Janet Russell.",
"He started his career in what had become his hometown of Edinburgh as an apprentice to engraver John Beugo and worked with other engravers.",
"In August 1817, he married Margaret Thomson in Edinburgh before setting off to Glasgow.",
"There he took over the engraving business established by Charles Dearie, who died 28 November 1818.",
"One of his commissions was to illustrate rare plants in the collection of the Royal Botanic Institute of Glasgow.",
"In 1836 Swan was one of the first to apply steam to the lithographic printing process.",
"He employed staff who specialised in a particular area such as pictures, letter and seal engraving.",
"They included Robert Charles Bell who, like Swan, had worked with John Beugo in Edinburgh and Thomas Annan, later known for his photographic work.",
"Swan's reputation was established by his engraved illustrations of Scottish towns and landscapes which were based on pictures by contemporary Scottish artists such as John Fleming, John Knox, Andrew Donaldson, James Stewart and William Brown.",
"The first major work, ''Views of Scotland and its environs'', appeared in 1826 with accompanying text by John Leighton and sold at five shillings and sixpence for fine proof impressions on India paper and four shillings and sixpence for common impressions.",
"To ensure the commercial success of such a project, subscribers were required to make payments in advance of publication to ensure that the work could proceed.",
"Subscribers for the Views of Glasgow included the Duchess of Montrose, the Lord Provost of Glasgow and Archibald McLellan, a founder of the civic art collection.",
"The engravings were made from pictures produced by Greenock based John Fleming, Glasgow’s John Knox and Swan himself.",
"The thirty-three plates include views of the city from different vantage points, the leading thoroughfares, buildings, and districts.",
"Contemporary newspapers praised the work both for its choice of subjects and the quality of workmanship.",
"Following the success of the ''Select Views of Glasgow'', Swan published part one of the ''Select Views on the River Clyde'' in February 1828.",
"The engravings for the series were taken from pictures by John Fleming and Andrew Donaldson.",
"They were larger than the Glasgow set and the price rose accordingly.",
"By February 1830 the series was complete and included views of country houses such as Blythswood, Carstairs, Erskine and Hamilton Place plus Helensburgh, Greenock, Rothesay, and Campbelltown.",
"Then followed ''Views of the Lakes of Scotland'', the first part of which was published in 1830.",
"Swan was keen to point out to potential subscribers and purchasers that the work was of national importance as it was the first to group together Highland and Lowland lochs and included many of the lesser-known ones.",
"He attracted well over 1000 subscribers from throughout Britain.",
"All the engravings were based on pictures by John Fleming and the text was by Leighton with an introduction by Professor Wilson.",
"From 1832 to 1836 Swan’s entry in the Post Office Directory shows him as ‘engraver and publisher of the Lakes of Scotland’.",
"Two works by Charles Mackie, ''Historical Description of the Abbey and Town of Paisley'' (1835) and ''Historical Description of the Town of Dundee'' (1836), contain Swans engravings.",
"The Paisley views were all based on Swan’s own artwork while the Dundee volume contains both his work and that of James Stewart.",
"Stewart provided the artwork for the ''History of the County of Fyfe'' (1840), Sir William Hooker’s ''Perthshire Illustrated'' (1843), also has Swan’s engravings after Stewart, William Brown, Andrew Donaldson and D. MacKenzie.",
"Swan’s engravings appear in further works including ''Strathclutha; or the Beauties of Clyde'' (1839), which combines views from the Glasgow and Clyde series; ''The Topographical, Statistical and Historical Gazetteer of Scotland'' (1845); and the new edition of James Browne’s ''A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans''.",
"Joseph Swan was a committee member and for some time treasurer of the Glasgow Mechanics’ Institution which was founded in 1832.",
"From January 1824, the institution published a very successful magazine which included many of his engravings such as portraits of James Watt and John Anderson, founder of Anderson’s institution, and the numerous mechanical inventions and improvements discussed in the text.",
"A key figure in Glasgow’s art world, Swan co-founded the Glasgow Dilettanti Society in 1825 to promote interest in the fine arts among the city’s artists, art collectors and connoisseurs.",
"He was an honorary member of the West of Scotland Academy of the Fine Arts, founded in 1841, to which his firms supplied printed material.",
"In the same year, he was on the management committee and treasurer of the newly founded Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts, an art union.",
"Swan operated his business from a number of locations through his career.",
"These included different addresses in the Trongate between 1818 and 1841 when he relocated to St Vincent Street, adjacent to the Western Club.",
"Other premises were at Exchange Square, Bothwell Street, Buchannan Street, and Parliamentary Road where the renowned ''Swan’s Universal Copy Books'' were manufactured for use in schools worldwide.",
"He was listed in the ''Post Office Directory'' as an engraver and lithographer into the 1860s.",
"\nHe lived with his family at various locations in Glasgow between 1818 and his death in 1872.",
"Some survive such as the villa at 114 Hill Street, Garnethill and 21 Sandyforth place, Sauchiehall Street, where he died 22 September 1872.",
"His first wife with whom he had eight children, Margaret Thomson, died in 1836 and he later married Helen Gourlay Cumming with whom he had seven children.",
"He was buried at the Glasgow Necropolis where his monument stands.",
"The monument is a valuable record of his family including nine of his children who predeceased him, though it does not include the names of four daughters who survived him.",
"It also hints at his religious convictions and support for overseas missionary work."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Leerink Partners''' is a specialist investment bank focussing on the healthcare sector, headquartered in Boston, MA. Leerink offers capital markets capabilities, M&A advisory, corporate access and equity research. Through its subsidiary Leerink Capital, the firm engages in principal investments. Leerink Partners was founded in 1995 by Jeffrey A. Leerink.\n",
"\n1995 – Founded as Leerink Swann LLC with a focus on sell-side research\n\n1996 – Established MedaCorp expert network as a joint venture with Dan Dubin\n\n1999 – Inc. Magazine's America's 500 fastest growing private companies\n\n2014 – Leerink Swann is renamed as Leerink Partners LLC\n\nThe company has offices in Boston, New York, San Francisco and Charlotte.\n",
"MedaCorp, established 1996, is a subsidiary of Leerink Partners. It operates an expert network of medical professionals in various fields of expertise. The aim of this network is to connect medical knowledge with the financial industry. Uses are e.g. validation of new products and commercial viability in the assessment of company financials, corporate due diligence in the medial field as part of M&A advisory or capital raising.\n\n=== Expert network controversy ===\nA 2010 probe into expert network focused on potential for conflict of interest and insider dealings through expert network across the entire industry. The SEC investigated a 2009 merger between Cougar Biotech and Johnson & Johnson in which Leerink advised Cougar. MedaTech client SAC Capital had been an investor in Cougar Biotech. The focus of the investigation was whether any information about the transaction flowed from Leerink via MedaTech to SAC. According to Leerink, the firm operates strict information barriers. Speculations about MedaTech’s shut down as part of the investigation proved unfounded.\n",
"In 2012, the SEC charged a former Leerink analyst for insider trading. The analyst had obtained confidential information about a merger transaction Leerink was working on and passed this information on to a friend to place trades on his behalf. The analyst gained around $600,000 from this investment and was later sentenced for insider trading.\n",
"\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
" MedaCorp ",
" Incidents ",
"References"
] | Leerink Partners | [
"\n\n'''Leerink Partners''' is a specialist investment bank focussing on the healthcare sector, headquartered in Boston, MA."
] | [
"Leerink offers capital markets capabilities, M&A advisory, corporate access and equity research.",
"Through its subsidiary Leerink Capital, the firm engages in principal investments.",
"Leerink Partners was founded in 1995 by Jeffrey A. Leerink.",
"\n1995 – Founded as Leerink Swann LLC with a focus on sell-side research\n\n1996 – Established MedaCorp expert network as a joint venture with Dan Dubin\n\n1999 – Inc. Magazine's America's 500 fastest growing private companies\n\n2014 – Leerink Swann is renamed as Leerink Partners LLC\n\nThe company has offices in Boston, New York, San Francisco and Charlotte.",
"MedaCorp, established 1996, is a subsidiary of Leerink Partners.",
"It operates an expert network of medical professionals in various fields of expertise.",
"The aim of this network is to connect medical knowledge with the financial industry.",
"Uses are e.g.",
"validation of new products and commercial viability in the assessment of company financials, corporate due diligence in the medial field as part of M&A advisory or capital raising.",
"=== Expert network controversy ===\nA 2010 probe into expert network focused on potential for conflict of interest and insider dealings through expert network across the entire industry.",
"The SEC investigated a 2009 merger between Cougar Biotech and Johnson & Johnson in which Leerink advised Cougar.",
"MedaTech client SAC Capital had been an investor in Cougar Biotech.",
"The focus of the investigation was whether any information about the transaction flowed from Leerink via MedaTech to SAC.",
"According to Leerink, the firm operates strict information barriers.",
"Speculations about MedaTech’s shut down as part of the investigation proved unfounded.",
"In 2012, the SEC charged a former Leerink analyst for insider trading.",
"The analyst had obtained confidential information about a merger transaction Leerink was working on and passed this information on to a friend to place trades on his behalf.",
"The analyst gained around $600,000 from this investment and was later sentenced for insider trading."
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n\n'''Bank Indonesia BRT station''' is located in Jalan M. H. Thamrin, Gambir, Gambir, Central Jakarta. Like other BRT stations on this line, it is street-leveled. It serves TransJakarta Corridor 1.\n",
"* Web site of Transjakarta\n* Map of Corridor & Route Transjakarta\n",
"* Web site of Transjakarta\n* Map of Corridor & Route Transjakarta\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" External Links ",
" External Links "
] | Bank Indonesia (Transjakarta) | [
"\n\n\n\n'''Bank Indonesia BRT station''' is located in Jalan M. H. Thamrin, Gambir, Gambir, Central Jakarta."
] | [
"Like other BRT stations on this line, it is street-leveled.",
"It serves TransJakarta Corridor 1.",
"* Web site of Transjakarta\n* Map of Corridor & Route Transjakarta",
"* Web site of Transjakarta\n* Map of Corridor & Route Transjakarta"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Xpress Money Services Ltd.''' is an international money transfer company with headquarters in Dubai, and operates through 12 offices across multiple countries. \n",
"Xpress Money started operations in 1999 after registering with the Company's House in Cardiff, UK.\nThe company operates in more than 165 countries with a network of about 200,000 agent offices. Xpress Money facilitates cross border remittances through a network of agents and financial institutions.\n\n\n",
"Xpress Money offers different modes of international money transfer.\n\n===Cash Pickup===\nThe company offers cash pickup across 200,000 agent locations in around 165 countries.\n\n===Bank Transfer===\nXpress Money offers bank transfers in 68 countries including major remittance receiving countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. \n\n===Mobile Money Transfer===\nIn association with M-Pesa in Kenya, MTN in Ghana, Globe Telecom in the Philippines, Vodafone M-Paisa in Fiji, Pagatech in Nigeria and Zantel, Tigo Airtel, Vodacom in Tanzania. Xpress Money offers customers the option to send money to mobile wallets in these countries. \n\n===Door Delivery===\n\nXpress Money offers door delivery of cash in Egypt and Vietnam.\n\n===XOPOTO===\nIn 2015, Xpress Money launched XOPOTO, a mobile money transfer app that allows users in UK to transfer money internationally to their social and phone contacts across the world.\n",
"\nXpress Money H.O.P.E is the Corporate Social Responsibility arm of Xpress Money and focuses on growth in Education, Financial Inclusion & Literacy and Relief.\n\nIn August 2016, Xpress Money H.O.P.E offered educational grants for children of UAE’s blue-collar workers through SmartLife. It has also partnered with Habitat for Humanity. During the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, Xpress Money H.O.P.E provided relief material and initiated free remittances to Nepal for a month.\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Services",
"Philanthropy",
" References "
] | Xpress Money | [
"===Bank Transfer===\nXpress Money offers bank transfers in 68 countries including major remittance receiving countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka."
] | [
"\n\n'''Xpress Money Services Ltd.''' is an international money transfer company with headquarters in Dubai, and operates through 12 offices across multiple countries.",
"Xpress Money started operations in 1999 after registering with the Company's House in Cardiff, UK.",
"The company operates in more than 165 countries with a network of about 200,000 agent offices.",
"Xpress Money facilitates cross border remittances through a network of agents and financial institutions.",
"Xpress Money offers different modes of international money transfer.",
"===Cash Pickup===\nThe company offers cash pickup across 200,000 agent locations in around 165 countries.",
"===Mobile Money Transfer===\nIn association with M-Pesa in Kenya, MTN in Ghana, Globe Telecom in the Philippines, Vodafone M-Paisa in Fiji, Pagatech in Nigeria and Zantel, Tigo Airtel, Vodacom in Tanzania.",
"Xpress Money offers customers the option to send money to mobile wallets in these countries.",
"===Door Delivery===\n\nXpress Money offers door delivery of cash in Egypt and Vietnam.",
"===XOPOTO===\nIn 2015, Xpress Money launched XOPOTO, a mobile money transfer app that allows users in UK to transfer money internationally to their social and phone contacts across the world.",
"\nXpress Money H.O.P.E is the Corporate Social Responsibility arm of Xpress Money and focuses on growth in Education, Financial Inclusion & Literacy and Relief.",
"In August 2016, Xpress Money H.O.P.E offered educational grants for children of UAE’s blue-collar workers through SmartLife.",
"It has also partnered with Habitat for Humanity.",
"During the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, Xpress Money H.O.P.E provided relief material and initiated free remittances to Nepal for a month."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Wee Ee Cheong''' (born 1952/53) is a Singaporean businessman, and the deputy chairman and chief executive (CEO) of the United Overseas Bank (UOB) since April 2007.\n",
"He is the eldest son of Wee Cho Yaw.\n\nWee has a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and a master's degree in Applied Economics, both from the American University, Washington DC.\n",
"In 1979, Wee joined UOB, and in 2000, was appointed deputy chairman and president. Wee has been CEO of UOB since April 2007.\n\nWee is also deputy chairman of Far Eastern Bank, chair of the Association of Banks in Singapore and the IBF Standards Committee, and an honorary council member of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce & Industry. \n",
"He was awarded the Public Service Star in 2013.\n",
"His son is Wee Teng Wen, who founded the Lo and Behold Group, a food and beverage company.\n\nHis younger son, Wee Teng Chuen runs GP Solutions, an energy-management consultancy. Both sons are co-founders of For The Love of Laundry, an \"environment-friendly laundry service\".\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Honours",
"Personal life",
"References"
] | Wee Ee Cheong | [
"\n'''Wee Ee Cheong''' (born 1952/53) is a Singaporean businessman, and the deputy chairman and chief executive (CEO) of the United Overseas Bank (UOB) since April 2007.",
"Wee is also deputy chairman of Far Eastern Bank, chair of the Association of Banks in Singapore and the IBF Standards Committee, and an honorary council member of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce & Industry."
] | [
"He is the eldest son of Wee Cho Yaw.",
"Wee has a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and a master's degree in Applied Economics, both from the American University, Washington DC.",
"In 1979, Wee joined UOB, and in 2000, was appointed deputy chairman and president.",
"Wee has been CEO of UOB since April 2007.",
"He was awarded the Public Service Star in 2013.",
"His son is Wee Teng Wen, who founded the Lo and Behold Group, a food and beverage company.",
"His younger son, Wee Teng Chuen runs GP Solutions, an energy-management consultancy.",
"Both sons are co-founders of For The Love of Laundry, an \"environment-friendly laundry service\"."
] | finance |
[
"'''Wee''' is a Chinese surname. Notable people include:\n\n* Wee Cho Yaw (born 1929), Singaporean businessman, chairman of United Overseas Bank \n* Wee Ee Cheong (born 1952/53), Singaporean businessman, CEO of United Overseas Bank\n* Wee Kim Wee (1915–2005), fourth President of Singapore\n* Wee Meng Chee, Malaysian Chinese singer\n\n* Sharon Wee (born 1977), professional squash player \n\n"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | Wee (surname) | [
"Notable people include:\n\n* Wee Cho Yaw (born 1929), Singaporean businessman, chairman of United Overseas Bank \n* Wee Ee Cheong (born 1952/53), Singaporean businessman, CEO of United Overseas Bank\n* Wee Kim Wee (1915–2005), fourth President of Singapore\n* Wee Meng Chee, Malaysian Chinese singer\n\n* Sharon Wee (born 1977), professional squash player"
] | [
"'''Wee''' is a Chinese surname."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Vincent Munyeshyaka''' is an economist and politician in Rwanda, who has served as the cabinet minister of Trade and Industry in the Rwandan cabinet since 31 August 2017.\n",
"He was born in Rwanda and attended local Rwandan schools for his pre-university education. He attended the National University of Rwanda, graduating with Bachelor of Arts in International Economics. He also has a Post-graduate Diploma in Banking (“Diplome d'Etudes Superieures”), obtained from the Technical Institute of Banking (Institut Technique de Banque), in Paris, France.\n",
"Munyeshyaka has served in the Rwandan government in the past. Immediately prior to his current assignment, he was the Minister of State responsible for Socio-Economic Development in the ministry of Local Government (Minaloc), from 7 October 2016, until 31 August 2017.\n\nHis past assignments include (a) as the head of the Financial Market Development Section at National Bank of Rwanda, the country's Central Bank and national banking regulator, (b) as the Director of the Corporate Planning Unit in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (c) as the Coordinator of the Financial Sector Development Secretariat, and (d) as the Permanent Secretary in the Rwanda Ministry of Local Government, from 10 September 2012, until 7 October 2016\n\nIn August 2017, the government of Rwanda, split the ministry of Trade, Industry and East African Community Affairs, (Mineacom), and relocated the East African Community Affairs section to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. What remained is the Ministry of Trade and Industry (Minicom), of which Vincent Munyeshyaka is the incumbent cabinet minister.\n",
"* East African Community\n* Cabinet of Rwanda\n",
"\n",
"* Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Trade and Industry\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Background and education",
"Career",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
] | Vincent Munyeshyaka | [
"His past assignments include (a) as the head of the Financial Market Development Section at National Bank of Rwanda, the country's Central Bank and national banking regulator, (b) as the Director of the Corporate Planning Unit in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (c) as the Coordinator of the Financial Sector Development Secretariat, and (d) as the Permanent Secretary in the Rwanda Ministry of Local Government, from 10 September 2012, until 7 October 2016\n\nIn August 2017, the government of Rwanda, split the ministry of Trade, Industry and East African Community Affairs, (Mineacom), and relocated the East African Community Affairs section to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs."
] | [
"\n\n'''Vincent Munyeshyaka''' is an economist and politician in Rwanda, who has served as the cabinet minister of Trade and Industry in the Rwandan cabinet since 31 August 2017.",
"He was born in Rwanda and attended local Rwandan schools for his pre-university education.",
"He attended the National University of Rwanda, graduating with Bachelor of Arts in International Economics.",
"He also has a Post-graduate Diploma in Banking (“Diplome d'Etudes Superieures”), obtained from the Technical Institute of Banking (Institut Technique de Banque), in Paris, France.",
"Munyeshyaka has served in the Rwandan government in the past.",
"Immediately prior to his current assignment, he was the Minister of State responsible for Socio-Economic Development in the ministry of Local Government (Minaloc), from 7 October 2016, until 31 August 2017.",
"What remained is the Ministry of Trade and Industry (Minicom), of which Vincent Munyeshyaka is the incumbent cabinet minister.",
"* East African Community\n* Cabinet of Rwanda",
"* Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Trade and Industry"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n'''Forbes Bank''' was a bank in the British Crown dependency of the Isle of Man, providing private and business banking services to the local population. Forbes Bank crashed spectacularly in 1843 resulting in hardship, unemployment, bankruptcy and destitution for many of the inhabitants of the Island.\n",
"===Origins===\nThe early history of banking on the Isle of Man is rife with incompetence and mismanagement. Whilst the earliest banks in England were an integral part in trading as far back as the 12th Century, banking was unknown on the Isle of Man until the beginning of the 19th Century.\n\nThe earliest Manx bank began business in 1802 at Castletown. It was known as the Isle of Man Bank and carried on trading until 1818. \nA feature of Manx life at that time was a profusion of bank notes in circulation issued by tradesmen for small amounts and an Act to control note issues was passed in 1817. Five bank licences were issued under this law.The archives deposited in the Rolls Office reveal the fact that in 1817 five banks were authorised to transact banking business and issue notes in the Island, among them being John and Alexander Spittall, Gawne and McWhannell, Forbes Bank, and the better known Holmes' Bank.\n\n===Formation and operation===\nForbes Bank was established from the banking firm of Wulff and Forbes and opened in 1826. The bank's premises were situated on the site of where Douglas Railway Station now stands. In 1827 the bank was converted into the Isle of Man Joint Stock Banking Company which had a capital of £50,000 in £5 shares. A bonus of £2,500 was given for the transfer with Edward Forbes appointed as manager.\nWhether Forbes Bank was solvent at the time of its conversion into the Joint Stock Banking Company is a matter of conjecture.\n\n===Failure===\nThe undertaking ended disastrously in 1843. The cause was an extensive defalcation by a manager, whose method was the circulation of fraudulent bills. A bitter controversy on the management and the method of liquidation is reflected in the newspapers of the time. At the failure, the Bank was liable on notes £14,000; unpaid drafts, £6000; and deposits, £45,000. Its advances were £62,000, and securities lodged against notes £15,000.\n\nIts greatest indebtedness seems to have been to its London agents, some £70,000 to £80,000.\n\n===Aftermath===\nThe failure of Forbes Bank cased acute misery and suffering on the Isle of Man.\n",
"\n\n\n",
"'''Bibliography'''\n* Manx Banking. By Pilcher G. Ralfe.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References",
"Sources"
] | Forbes Bank | [
"\n\n\n'''Forbes Bank''' was a bank in the British Crown dependency of the Isle of Man, providing private and business banking services to the local population.",
"Forbes Bank crashed spectacularly in 1843 resulting in hardship, unemployment, bankruptcy and destitution for many of the inhabitants of the Island.",
"The earliest Manx bank began business in 1802 at Castletown.",
"It was known as the Isle of Man Bank and carried on trading until 1818.",
"A feature of Manx life at that time was a profusion of bank notes in circulation issued by tradesmen for small amounts and an Act to control note issues was passed in 1817.",
"Five bank licences were issued under this law.The archives deposited in the Rolls Office reveal the fact that in 1817 five banks were authorised to transact banking business and issue notes in the Island, among them being John and Alexander Spittall, Gawne and McWhannell, Forbes Bank, and the better known Holmes' Bank.",
"===Formation and operation===\nForbes Bank was established from the banking firm of Wulff and Forbes and opened in 1826.",
"The bank's premises were situated on the site of where Douglas Railway Station now stands.",
"In 1827 the bank was converted into the Isle of Man Joint Stock Banking Company which had a capital of £50,000 in £5 shares.",
"Whether Forbes Bank was solvent at the time of its conversion into the Joint Stock Banking Company is a matter of conjecture.",
"At the failure, the Bank was liable on notes £14,000; unpaid drafts, £6000; and deposits, £45,000.",
"===Aftermath===\nThe failure of Forbes Bank cased acute misery and suffering on the Isle of Man."
] | [
"===Origins===\nThe early history of banking on the Isle of Man is rife with incompetence and mismanagement.",
"Whilst the earliest banks in England were an integral part in trading as far back as the 12th Century, banking was unknown on the Isle of Man until the beginning of the 19th Century.",
"A bonus of £2,500 was given for the transfer with Edward Forbes appointed as manager.",
"===Failure===\nThe undertaking ended disastrously in 1843.",
"The cause was an extensive defalcation by a manager, whose method was the circulation of fraudulent bills.",
"A bitter controversy on the management and the method of liquidation is reflected in the newspapers of the time.",
"Its advances were £62,000, and securities lodged against notes £15,000.",
"Its greatest indebtedness seems to have been to its London agents, some £70,000 to £80,000.",
"'''Bibliography'''\n* Manx Banking.",
"By Pilcher G. Ralfe."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Luna Shamsuddoha''' is a Bangladeshi Women entrepreneur. She is the chairman of the software firm Dohatec New Media, in Dhaka Bangladesh, which she founded in 1992. She is the founder and president of Bangladesh Women in Technology (BWIT). She received the Bangladesh Business Award-2017 for her contribution to the country’s economy and was honored with `Annona Best 10 award' for her work in the in local software industry as a women entrepreneur. She is a board member of SME Foundation, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), director of state-owned Janata Bank Limited. She has been featured on global forums on technology, e-Governance and women’s economic participation and empowerment. She is a member of Council of Global Thought Leaders on Inclusive Growth, Switzerland. \n",
"Graduated from University of Dhaka, Shamsuddoha has a master's degree in International Relations. \n",
"She began business in 1985 as the managing partner of The Executive Center. Prior to that, she functioned as an English Language teacher at British Council Language Resource Center and as a lecturer, English Language, Institute of Modern Languages, Dhaka University. Her company is an Independent Software Vendor (ISV) and System Integrator. Dohatec provides software solutions to institutions, government agencies and corporations in the US, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and Bangladesh. Dohatec’s key clients are the World Bank, World Health Organisation, US Postal Service, Government of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Army. Dohatec is a Certifying Authority and issues Digital Certificates including identification certificates and SSL Certificates. Shamsuddoha was a panellist in two sessions of the UN 59th Commission on the Status of Women and Moderator of UN Online Discussion, UN Women. She participated in UN ITC Trailblazers Summit: Transformations in Sourcing from Women, in São Paulo, Brazil 2015 – a call for the inclusion of women in public procurement. \n",
"Shamsuddoha is married to A. K. M. Shamsuddoha, a veteran computer technologist in Dhaka. The couple has a daughter, Reem Shamsuddoha.\n",
"* Bangladesh Business Award, 2017\n* Honorary Special Recognition Award by Global Women Inventors & Innovators Network (GWIIN), 2013 \n",
"\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"Awards",
" References "
] | Luna Shamsuddoha | [
"She is a board member of SME Foundation, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), director of state-owned Janata Bank Limited.",
"Dohatec’s key clients are the World Bank, World Health Organisation, US Postal Service, Government of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Army."
] | [
"\n\n'''Luna Shamsuddoha''' is a Bangladeshi Women entrepreneur.",
"She is the chairman of the software firm Dohatec New Media, in Dhaka Bangladesh, which she founded in 1992.",
"She is the founder and president of Bangladesh Women in Technology (BWIT).",
"She received the Bangladesh Business Award-2017 for her contribution to the country’s economy and was honored with `Annona Best 10 award' for her work in the in local software industry as a women entrepreneur.",
"She has been featured on global forums on technology, e-Governance and women’s economic participation and empowerment.",
"She is a member of Council of Global Thought Leaders on Inclusive Growth, Switzerland.",
"Graduated from University of Dhaka, Shamsuddoha has a master's degree in International Relations.",
"She began business in 1985 as the managing partner of The Executive Center.",
"Prior to that, she functioned as an English Language teacher at British Council Language Resource Center and as a lecturer, English Language, Institute of Modern Languages, Dhaka University.",
"Her company is an Independent Software Vendor (ISV) and System Integrator.",
"Dohatec provides software solutions to institutions, government agencies and corporations in the US, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and Bangladesh.",
"Dohatec is a Certifying Authority and issues Digital Certificates including identification certificates and SSL Certificates.",
"Shamsuddoha was a panellist in two sessions of the UN 59th Commission on the Status of Women and Moderator of UN Online Discussion, UN Women.",
"She participated in UN ITC Trailblazers Summit: Transformations in Sourcing from Women, in São Paulo, Brazil 2015 – a call for the inclusion of women in public procurement.",
"Shamsuddoha is married to A. K. M. Shamsuddoha, a veteran computer technologist in Dhaka.",
"The couple has a daughter, Reem Shamsuddoha.",
"* Bangladesh Business Award, 2017\n* Honorary Special Recognition Award by Global Women Inventors & Innovators Network (GWIIN), 2013"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Science and technology in Benin''' describes trends and developments in science, technology and innovation policy in Benin since 2007 and the institutional and policy initiatives at subregional level which may influence Benin's development in the coming years.\n",
"In 2012, Benin relied on raw commodities for most of its export revenue. Its three main export products were cotton (19% of exports), petroleum oils or bituminous minerals (14%) and gold (13%). Agriculture accounted for 37% of GDP, the services sector for 50% of GDP and industry for 14%. Within industry, manufacturing contributed 8% of GDP. \n\nBy diversifying its economy, Benin would reduce its reliance on fluctuating global market prices for commodities and create jobs for its rapidly growing population (2.64% per year in 2014). According to the World Bank, 'despite moderate GDP growth of between 4% and 5% annually over the past two decades, poverty remains widespread and on the rise in Benin, with national poverty rates of 37.5% in 2006, 35.2% in 2009, 36.2% in 2011 and 40.1% in 2015'. \n\nIn 2014, Benin ranked 18th on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. In 2011, 57% of the population had access to clean water but only 5% to improved sanitation. One in four 28%) people had access to electricity and one in twenty (5%) had access to Internet.\n",
"The considerable efforts made in West Africa to reach the Millennium Development Goal of primary education for all are paying off, with the average enrolment rate having risen from 88% to 93% in the subregion between 2004 and 2012. According to the ''ECOWAS Annual Report'' (2012), enrolment has increased by as much as 20% since 2004 in four countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Niger. In 2010, Benin devoted 5.3% of GDP to education, 15.6% of which went to higher education (0.8% of GDP).\n\nBy 2012, Benin had achieved universal primary education and half of children attended secondary school (54.2%). There was also a relatively high enrollment rate in tertiary education (12.4%), which was comparable with the rate in Ghana (12.2%) and second only to the subregional leader for this indicator, Cabo Verde (20.6%). The number of tertiary students more than doubled between 2006 and 2011 from 50,225 to 110,181. These figures cover all levels of tertiary education: post-secondary non-degree programmes, bachelor's and master's and PhD programmes \n",
"The research sector has had little impact on technological progress in Benin and the rest of West Africa. Apart from obvious factors like underinvestment, this situation has resulted from the relatively low political commitment to science, technology and innovation on the part of individual countries. Across the subregion, there is:\n* a lack of national research and innovation strategies or policies with a clear definition of measurable targets and the role to be played by each stakeholder;\n* a lack of involvement by private companies in the process of defining national research needs, priorities and programmes; and\n* a lack of institutions devoted to innovation that can make the link between research and development (R&D);\n* differences in education systems;\n* a lack of convergence among research programmes; and\n* a low level of exchanges and collaboration between universities and research institutions.\nThe region's first Policy on Science and Technology was adopted by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 2011. This policy tackles many of the issues outlined above.\n\nThe main challenges facing research and development in Benin specifically are:\n* the unfavourable organizational framework for research: weak governance, a lack of co-operation between research structures and the absence of an official document on the status of researchers;\n* the inadequate use of human resources and the lack of any motivational policy for researchers; and\n* the mismatch between research and development needs.\n",
"In Benin, it is the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research which is responsible for implementing science policy. The National Directorate of Scientific and Technological Research handles planning and co-ordination, whereas the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research and National Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters each play an advisory role. Financial support comes from Benin’s National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation. The Benin Agency for the Promotion of Research Results and Technological Innovation carries out technology transfer through the development and dissemination of research results.\n\nThe regulatory framework has evolved since 2006 when the country’s first science policy was prepared. This has since been updated and complemented by new texts on science and innovation (the year of adoption is between brackets):\n* a manual for monitoring and evaluating research structures and organizations (2013);\n* a manual on how to select research programmes and projects and apply to the National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (2013) for competitive grants;\n* a draft act for funding scientific research and innovation and a draft code of ethics for scientific research and innovation were both submitted to the Supreme Court in 2014;\n* a strategic plan for scientific research and innovation (under development in 2015).\nBenin’s has also been making efforts to integrate science into existing policy documents:\n* ''Benin Development Strategies 2025'': ''Benin 2025 Alafia'' (2000);\n* Growt''h Strategy for Poverty Reduction 2011–2016'' (2011);\n* Phase 3 of the ''Ten-year Development Plan for the Education Sector'', covering 2013–2015;\n* ''Development Plan for Higher Education and Scientific Research 2013–2017'' (2014).\nIn 2015, Benin's priority areas for scientific research were: health, education, construction and building materials, transportation and trade, culture, tourism and handicrafts, cotton/textiles, food, energy and climate change.\n",
"In 2007, Benin counted 1,000 researchers (in head counts). This corresponds to 115 researchers per million inhabitants. The main research structures in Benin are the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research and the Centre for Entomological Research.\n\nThe University of Abomey-Calavi was selected by the World Bank in 2014 to participate in its Centres of Excellence project, owing to its expertise in applied mathematics. Within this project, the World Bank has loaned $8 million to Benin. The Association of African Universities has also received funds to enable it to co-ordinate knowledge-sharing among the 19 universities in West Africa involved in the project.\n\nThere are no available data on Benin's level of investment in research and development.\n\nIn 2013, the government devoted 2.5% of GDP to public health. In December 2014, 150 volunteer health professionals travelled to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger and Nigeria, as part of a joint initiative by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its specialized agency, the West African Health Organisation, to help combat the epidemic. The Ebola epidemic has been a tragic reminder of the chronic underinvestment in West African health systems.\n\nThe Government of Benin devoted less than 5% of GDP to agricultural development in 2010, even though the members of the African Union had agreed to commit at least 10% of GDP to this area in the ''Maputo Declaration'' of 2003. They reiterated this goal in the ''Malabo Declaration'' adopted in Equatorial Guinea in 2014. In the latter declaration, they reaffirmed their 'intention to devote 10% of their national budgets to agricultural development and agreed to targets such as doubling agricultural productivity, halving post-harvest loss and bringing stunting down to 10% across Africa'. However, African leaders meeting in Equatorial Guinea failed to resolve the debate on establishing a common standard of measurement for the 10% target.\n",
"Benin has the third-highest publication intensity for scientific journals in West Africa, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded. There were 25.5 scientific articles per million inhabitants catalogued in this database in 2014. This compares with 65.0 per million for Gambia,49.6 for Cabo Verde, 23.2 for Senegal and 21.9 for Ghana. The volume of publications in this database tripled in Benin between 2005 and 2014 from 86 to 270. Between 2008 and 2014, Benin's main scientific collaborators were based in France (529 articles), United States (261), United Kingdom (254), Belgium (198) and Germany (156).\n",
"Several regional research centres have been set up since 2002 that are hosted by West African countries. Benin's participation in these centres should help it to develop science and technology.\n\n=== African Biosafety Network of Exertise ===\nThe African Biosafety Network of Expertise was set up in February 2010 and is hosted by Burkina Faso. The centre was conceptualized in Africa's Science and Technology Plan of Action (2005). As of 2013, Benin had neither biosafety laws, nor confined field trials, according to the network.\n\n=== Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ===\nThe United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) in Praia, the capital of Cabo Verde, in 2010. The centre has been established within the United Nations' Sustainable Energy for All programme. The mission of the centre is to create favourable framework conditions for renewable energy and energy efficiency markets in the 15 member states of ECOWAS. Since its founding, there has been growing external demand for its services.\n\nTwo other centres in sub-Saharan Africa will seek to replicate the ECREEE model. One will be established by UNIDO and the East African Community to serve Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. A second will serve the 15 Member States of the Southern Africa Development Community. Both centres should be fully operational by 2014. Other centres are being established within the same network in the Caribbean and Pacific.\n\n=== West African Biosciences Network ===\nEstablished in 2002, the West African Biosciences Network (BeCA) was the first of four subregional hubs to be set up by the New Partnership for Africa's Development within the African Biosciences Initiative. BeCA has its hub at the Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research in Dakar. The other three networks are the Southern African Network for Biosciences, based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria (South Africa), the Northern Africa Biosciences Network based at the National Research Centre in Cairo (Egypt) and the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network based at the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi (Kenya).\n\n=== African Institutes for Mathematical Sciences ===\nThere are five African Institutes for Mathematical Sciences. These are situated in Cameroon (est. 2013), Ghana (est. 2012), Senegal (est. 2013), South Africa (est. 2003) and Tanzania (est. 2014). The one in Senegal teaches in both English and French. Each institute provides academic programmes in basic and applied mathematics, including cosmology, finance and computing, as well as interdisciplinary fields like bioinformatics. Each also provides community services.\n\nThe first institute was the brainchild of South African cosmologist Neil Turok. It is planned to develop 15 centres of excellence across Africa by 2023 within the Next Einstein Initiative, a name inspired by the idea that the next Einstein could come from Africa. The project is supported by numerous governments in Africa and Europe, as well as the Government of Canada.\n\n=== West Africa Institute ===\nThe West Africa Institute was established in Praia (Cabo Verde) in 2010 to provide the missing link between policy and research in the regional integration process. The institute is a service provider, conducting research for regional and national public institutions, the private sector, civil society and the media. The think tank also organizes political and scientific dialogues between policy-makers, regional institutions and members of civil society.\n",
"* List of universities in Benin\n* Health in Benin\n",
"\n",
"\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Socio-economic context ",
" Education ",
" Policy issues ",
" Policy framework ",
" Human and financial investment in science ",
" Research output ",
"Regional research centres ",
" See also ",
" Source ",
" References "
] | Science and technology in Benin | [
"According to the World Bank, 'despite moderate GDP growth of between 4% and 5% annually over the past two decades, poverty remains widespread and on the rise in Benin, with national poverty rates of 37.5% in 2006, 35.2% in 2009, 36.2% in 2011 and 40.1% in 2015'.",
"The University of Abomey-Calavi was selected by the World Bank in 2014 to participate in its Centres of Excellence project, owing to its expertise in applied mathematics.",
"Within this project, the World Bank has loaned $8 million to Benin."
] | [
"\n\n'''Science and technology in Benin''' describes trends and developments in science, technology and innovation policy in Benin since 2007 and the institutional and policy initiatives at subregional level which may influence Benin's development in the coming years.",
"In 2012, Benin relied on raw commodities for most of its export revenue.",
"Its three main export products were cotton (19% of exports), petroleum oils or bituminous minerals (14%) and gold (13%).",
"Agriculture accounted for 37% of GDP, the services sector for 50% of GDP and industry for 14%.",
"Within industry, manufacturing contributed 8% of GDP.",
"By diversifying its economy, Benin would reduce its reliance on fluctuating global market prices for commodities and create jobs for its rapidly growing population (2.64% per year in 2014).",
"In 2014, Benin ranked 18th on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance.",
"In 2011, 57% of the population had access to clean water but only 5% to improved sanitation.",
"One in four 28%) people had access to electricity and one in twenty (5%) had access to Internet.",
"The considerable efforts made in West Africa to reach the Millennium Development Goal of primary education for all are paying off, with the average enrolment rate having risen from 88% to 93% in the subregion between 2004 and 2012.",
"According to the ''ECOWAS Annual Report'' (2012), enrolment has increased by as much as 20% since 2004 in four countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Niger.",
"In 2010, Benin devoted 5.3% of GDP to education, 15.6% of which went to higher education (0.8% of GDP).",
"By 2012, Benin had achieved universal primary education and half of children attended secondary school (54.2%).",
"There was also a relatively high enrollment rate in tertiary education (12.4%), which was comparable with the rate in Ghana (12.2%) and second only to the subregional leader for this indicator, Cabo Verde (20.6%).",
"The number of tertiary students more than doubled between 2006 and 2011 from 50,225 to 110,181.",
"These figures cover all levels of tertiary education: post-secondary non-degree programmes, bachelor's and master's and PhD programmes",
"The research sector has had little impact on technological progress in Benin and the rest of West Africa.",
"Apart from obvious factors like underinvestment, this situation has resulted from the relatively low political commitment to science, technology and innovation on the part of individual countries.",
"Across the subregion, there is:\n* a lack of national research and innovation strategies or policies with a clear definition of measurable targets and the role to be played by each stakeholder;\n* a lack of involvement by private companies in the process of defining national research needs, priorities and programmes; and\n* a lack of institutions devoted to innovation that can make the link between research and development (R&D);\n* differences in education systems;\n* a lack of convergence among research programmes; and\n* a low level of exchanges and collaboration between universities and research institutions.",
"The region's first Policy on Science and Technology was adopted by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 2011.",
"This policy tackles many of the issues outlined above.",
"The main challenges facing research and development in Benin specifically are:\n* the unfavourable organizational framework for research: weak governance, a lack of co-operation between research structures and the absence of an official document on the status of researchers;\n* the inadequate use of human resources and the lack of any motivational policy for researchers; and\n* the mismatch between research and development needs.",
"In Benin, it is the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research which is responsible for implementing science policy.",
"The National Directorate of Scientific and Technological Research handles planning and co-ordination, whereas the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research and National Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters each play an advisory role.",
"Financial support comes from Benin’s National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.",
"The Benin Agency for the Promotion of Research Results and Technological Innovation carries out technology transfer through the development and dissemination of research results.",
"The regulatory framework has evolved since 2006 when the country’s first science policy was prepared.",
"This has since been updated and complemented by new texts on science and innovation (the year of adoption is between brackets):\n* a manual for monitoring and evaluating research structures and organizations (2013);\n* a manual on how to select research programmes and projects and apply to the National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (2013) for competitive grants;\n* a draft act for funding scientific research and innovation and a draft code of ethics for scientific research and innovation were both submitted to the Supreme Court in 2014;\n* a strategic plan for scientific research and innovation (under development in 2015).",
"Benin’s has also been making efforts to integrate science into existing policy documents:\n* ''Benin Development Strategies 2025'': ''Benin 2025 Alafia'' (2000);\n* Growt''h Strategy for Poverty Reduction 2011–2016'' (2011);\n* Phase 3 of the ''Ten-year Development Plan for the Education Sector'', covering 2013–2015;\n* ''Development Plan for Higher Education and Scientific Research 2013–2017'' (2014).",
"In 2015, Benin's priority areas for scientific research were: health, education, construction and building materials, transportation and trade, culture, tourism and handicrafts, cotton/textiles, food, energy and climate change.",
"In 2007, Benin counted 1,000 researchers (in head counts).",
"This corresponds to 115 researchers per million inhabitants.",
"The main research structures in Benin are the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research and the Centre for Entomological Research.",
"The Association of African Universities has also received funds to enable it to co-ordinate knowledge-sharing among the 19 universities in West Africa involved in the project.",
"There are no available data on Benin's level of investment in research and development.",
"In 2013, the government devoted 2.5% of GDP to public health.",
"In December 2014, 150 volunteer health professionals travelled to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger and Nigeria, as part of a joint initiative by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its specialized agency, the West African Health Organisation, to help combat the epidemic.",
"The Ebola epidemic has been a tragic reminder of the chronic underinvestment in West African health systems.",
"The Government of Benin devoted less than 5% of GDP to agricultural development in 2010, even though the members of the African Union had agreed to commit at least 10% of GDP to this area in the ''Maputo Declaration'' of 2003.",
"They reiterated this goal in the ''Malabo Declaration'' adopted in Equatorial Guinea in 2014.",
"In the latter declaration, they reaffirmed their 'intention to devote 10% of their national budgets to agricultural development and agreed to targets such as doubling agricultural productivity, halving post-harvest loss and bringing stunting down to 10% across Africa'.",
"However, African leaders meeting in Equatorial Guinea failed to resolve the debate on establishing a common standard of measurement for the 10% target.",
"Benin has the third-highest publication intensity for scientific journals in West Africa, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded.",
"There were 25.5 scientific articles per million inhabitants catalogued in this database in 2014.",
"This compares with 65.0 per million for Gambia,49.6 for Cabo Verde, 23.2 for Senegal and 21.9 for Ghana.",
"The volume of publications in this database tripled in Benin between 2005 and 2014 from 86 to 270.",
"Between 2008 and 2014, Benin's main scientific collaborators were based in France (529 articles), United States (261), United Kingdom (254), Belgium (198) and Germany (156).",
"Several regional research centres have been set up since 2002 that are hosted by West African countries.",
"Benin's participation in these centres should help it to develop science and technology.",
"=== African Biosafety Network of Exertise ===\nThe African Biosafety Network of Expertise was set up in February 2010 and is hosted by Burkina Faso.",
"The centre was conceptualized in Africa's Science and Technology Plan of Action (2005).",
"As of 2013, Benin had neither biosafety laws, nor confined field trials, according to the network.",
"=== Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ===\nThe United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) in Praia, the capital of Cabo Verde, in 2010.",
"The centre has been established within the United Nations' Sustainable Energy for All programme.",
"The mission of the centre is to create favourable framework conditions for renewable energy and energy efficiency markets in the 15 member states of ECOWAS.",
"Since its founding, there has been growing external demand for its services.",
"Two other centres in sub-Saharan Africa will seek to replicate the ECREEE model.",
"One will be established by UNIDO and the East African Community to serve Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.",
"A second will serve the 15 Member States of the Southern Africa Development Community.",
"Both centres should be fully operational by 2014.",
"Other centres are being established within the same network in the Caribbean and Pacific.",
"=== West African Biosciences Network ===\nEstablished in 2002, the West African Biosciences Network (BeCA) was the first of four subregional hubs to be set up by the New Partnership for Africa's Development within the African Biosciences Initiative.",
"BeCA has its hub at the Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research in Dakar.",
"The other three networks are the Southern African Network for Biosciences, based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria (South Africa), the Northern Africa Biosciences Network based at the National Research Centre in Cairo (Egypt) and the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network based at the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi (Kenya).",
"=== African Institutes for Mathematical Sciences ===\nThere are five African Institutes for Mathematical Sciences.",
"These are situated in Cameroon (est.",
"2013), Ghana (est.",
"2012), Senegal (est.",
"2013), South Africa (est.",
"2003) and Tanzania (est.",
"2014).",
"The one in Senegal teaches in both English and French.",
"Each institute provides academic programmes in basic and applied mathematics, including cosmology, finance and computing, as well as interdisciplinary fields like bioinformatics.",
"Each also provides community services.",
"The first institute was the brainchild of South African cosmologist Neil Turok.",
"It is planned to develop 15 centres of excellence across Africa by 2023 within the Next Einstein Initiative, a name inspired by the idea that the next Einstein could come from Africa.",
"The project is supported by numerous governments in Africa and Europe, as well as the Government of Canada.",
"=== West Africa Institute ===\nThe West Africa Institute was established in Praia (Cabo Verde) in 2010 to provide the missing link between policy and research in the regional integration process.",
"The institute is a service provider, conducting research for regional and national public institutions, the private sector, civil society and the media.",
"The think tank also organizes political and scientific dialogues between policy-makers, regional institutions and members of civil society.",
"* List of universities in Benin\n* Health in Benin"
] | finance |
[
"'''Harald Magnus Hellström''' (2 March 1877 Pori – 4 May 1960 Helsinki) was a Finnish lawyer and diplomat.\n\nHellström's parents were Fredrik Wilhelm Hellstöm and Hanna Elvira Roth. He graduated from the Lönnbeckska School in Helsinki in 1897 and studied at the University of Helsinki, completing a degree in law of 1900 and a general administrative degree in 1907.Hellström received the Master of Law in 1903. He later graduated as a Bachelor of Law in 1927 and a Licentiate of Law in 1948.\n\nHellström served as an official in the Finnish Senate from 1905 to 1911 and was then assistant director of the branch office of the Nordic Union Bank in Turku branch in 1911-1913, member of the Board of Directors of the Helsinki Union Bank in 1913-1914 and acting lawyer from 1914 to 1919. In the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Hellström was between 1919 and 1944, for example, as Head of the Legal Department of the Ministry and as Chargé d'Affaires at The Hague in 1932. Lastly, he served as Consul General in Oslo from 1940 to 1944. Hellström represented Finland at several international conferences and was a member of several committees. He received the Special Envoy and the Plenipotentiary's Title in 1938. \n\nHellström was also a member of the Board of Directors of Sigrid Juselius Foundation since 1930 and Chairman of the Foundation since 1946 and a member of the Board of Directors of Kymi Oy since 1952. \n\nHellström was married since 1922 with Hjördis Elisabeth Finnila. \n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" References "
] | Harald Hellström | [
"Hellström served as an official in the Finnish Senate from 1905 to 1911 and was then assistant director of the branch office of the Nordic Union Bank in Turku branch in 1911-1913, member of the Board of Directors of the Helsinki Union Bank in 1913-1914 and acting lawyer from 1914 to 1919."
] | [
"'''Harald Magnus Hellström''' (2 March 1877 Pori – 4 May 1960 Helsinki) was a Finnish lawyer and diplomat.",
"Hellström's parents were Fredrik Wilhelm Hellstöm and Hanna Elvira Roth.",
"He graduated from the Lönnbeckska School in Helsinki in 1897 and studied at the University of Helsinki, completing a degree in law of 1900 and a general administrative degree in 1907.Hellström received the Master of Law in 1903.",
"He later graduated as a Bachelor of Law in 1927 and a Licentiate of Law in 1948.",
"In the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Hellström was between 1919 and 1944, for example, as Head of the Legal Department of the Ministry and as Chargé d'Affaires at The Hague in 1932.",
"Lastly, he served as Consul General in Oslo from 1940 to 1944.",
"Hellström represented Finland at several international conferences and was a member of several committees.",
"He received the Special Envoy and the Plenipotentiary's Title in 1938.",
"Hellström was also a member of the Board of Directors of Sigrid Juselius Foundation since 1930 and Chairman of the Foundation since 1946 and a member of the Board of Directors of Kymi Oy since 1952.",
"Hellström was married since 1922 with Hjördis Elisabeth Finnila."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n'''The Isle of Man and Liverpool Bank''' was a bank in the British Crown dependency of the Isle of Man, providing private and business banking services to the local population.The bank traded from 1836 until it was wound up in 1838.\n",
"===Origins===\nThe early history of banking on the Isle of Man is rife with incompetence and mismanagement. Whilst the earliest banks in England were an integral part in trading as far back as the 12th Century, banking was unknown on the Isle of Man until the beginning of the 19th Century.\n\nThe earliest Manx bank began business in 1802 at Castletown. It was known as the Isle of Man Bank and carried on trading until 1818. \nA feature of Manx life at that time was a profusion of bank notes in circulation issued by tradesmen for small amounts and an Act to control note issues was passed in 1817. Five bank licences were issued under this law.The archives deposited in the Rolls Office reveal the fact that in 1817 five banks were authorised to transact banking business and issue notes in the Island, among them being John and Alexander Spittall, Gawne and McWhannell, Forbes Bank, and the better known Holmes' Bank.\n\n===Operation===\nThe Isle of Man and Liverpool Banking Company commenced business at Douglas in 1836. It was wound up in May 1838, ''\"from want of sufficient capital to carry on business in both places.\"'' \n\nThe Isle of Man and Liverpool Bank was succeeded by another company, the Isle of Man Commercial Bank, which in 1849 merged in the City of Glasgow Bank, carrying on its insular business as the Bank of Mona.\n",
"\n\n\n",
"'''Bibliography'''\n* Manx Banking. By Pilcher G. Ralfe.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References",
"Sources"
] | Isle of Man and Liverpool Banking Company | [
"\n\n\n'''The Isle of Man and Liverpool Bank''' was a bank in the British Crown dependency of the Isle of Man, providing private and business banking services to the local population.The bank traded from 1836 until it was wound up in 1838.",
"The earliest Manx bank began business in 1802 at Castletown.",
"It was known as the Isle of Man Bank and carried on trading until 1818.",
"A feature of Manx life at that time was a profusion of bank notes in circulation issued by tradesmen for small amounts and an Act to control note issues was passed in 1817.",
"Five bank licences were issued under this law.The archives deposited in the Rolls Office reveal the fact that in 1817 five banks were authorised to transact banking business and issue notes in the Island, among them being John and Alexander Spittall, Gawne and McWhannell, Forbes Bank, and the better known Holmes' Bank.",
"The Isle of Man and Liverpool Bank was succeeded by another company, the Isle of Man Commercial Bank, which in 1849 merged in the City of Glasgow Bank, carrying on its insular business as the Bank of Mona."
] | [
"===Origins===\nThe early history of banking on the Isle of Man is rife with incompetence and mismanagement.",
"Whilst the earliest banks in England were an integral part in trading as far back as the 12th Century, banking was unknown on the Isle of Man until the beginning of the 19th Century.",
"===Operation===\nThe Isle of Man and Liverpool Banking Company commenced business at Douglas in 1836.",
"It was wound up in May 1838, ''\"from want of sufficient capital to carry on business in both places.\"''",
"'''Bibliography'''\n* Manx Banking.",
"By Pilcher G. Ralfe."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Donald Eugene D'Ammassa''' (born April 24, 1946) is an American fantasy, science fiction and horror reviewer and author. He is chiefly known for his numerous reviews, written over a period of more than thirty years. He writes as Don D'Ammassa. \n",
"D'Ammassa first made a name for himself as a fan writer in the 1970s; he was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer for 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1986, and his fanzine ''Mythologies'' was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine for 1977 and 1985. His career as both critic and professional author began in the early 1980s. A long-time reviewer for ''Science Fiction Chronicle'', his reviews have also appeared in other venues, and many are compiled on his website ''Critical Mass''. According to John Clute, his assessments are \"noted for ... fairness and generosity, and for the extremely wide range of texts he has covered.\" His wide-ranging knowledge of speculative and adventure fiction are reflected in his ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (2005), ''Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction'' (2006) and ''Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction'' (2009). \n\nAs a short story writer of short fiction D'Ammassa has produced a substantial body of horror stories and relatively fewer science fiction and fantasy tales. His longer works are more evenly divided between these genres. His more recent novels \"convey a sense that he is systematically traversing the worlds of twentieth century sf in order to pay tribute from a more recent perspective to the worlds and modes typical of the form.\"\n",
"===Series===\n====Sandor Dyle====\n*''Scarab'' (2004)\n*''Narcissus'' (2007)\n\n====Wanda Coyne====\n*''The Maltese Gargoyle'' (2015)\n*''The Hippogriff of the Baskervilles'' (2016)\n*''Ten Little Homunculi'' (2017)\n\n===Other novels===\n\n*''Blood Beast (1988)\n*''Servants of Chaos (2002)\n*''Haven'' (2004)\n*''Dead of Winter'' (2007)\n*''The Gargoyle'' (2011)\n*''The Kaleidoscope'' (2015)\n*''The Sinking Island'' (2015)\n*''Caverns of Chaos'' (2015)\n*''Living Things'' (2015)\n*''Perilous Pursuits'' (2015)\n*''Wormdance'' (2015)\n*''Carbon Copies'' (2015) \n*''Multiplicity'' (2015)\n\n\n===Collections===\n\n*''Translation Station'' (2011)\n*''That Way Madness Lies'' (2015)\n*''Little Evils'' (2015)\n*''Passing Death'' (2015)\n*''Elaborate Lies: Tales of Fantasy'' (2015)\n*''Date with the Dark'' (2015)\n*''Sandcastles'' (2015)\n*''The Devil Is in the Details'' (2015)\n*''Alien & Otherwise'' (2015)\n*''Shadows Over R'lyeh'' (2015)\n*''Phantom of the Space Opera'' (2015)\n*''More Shadows Over R'lyeh'' (2017) \n\n\n===Short stories===\n\n*\"Automatic Success\" (1982)\n*\"Love Charm\" (1985)\n*\"The Hatchetman\" (1989)\n*\"Literally Speaking\" (1990)\n*\"Little Evils\" (1991)\n*\"Strange Developments\" (1991)\n*\"The Guard Tower\" (1991)\n*\"The Splicer\" (1991)\n*\"Wake Up Call\" (1991)\n*\"Shadow Over R'lyeh\" (1991)\n*\"Context\" (1992)\n*\"The Dead Beat Society\" (1992)\n*\"Homework\" (1992)\n*\"Cleansing Agent\" (1993)\n*\"Friday Nights at Home\" (1993)\n*\"Puppets\" (1993)\n*\"Subterrine - Or 20,000 Leagues under the Soil\" (1993)\n*\"The Daylight Vampire\" (1993)\n*\"The Spirit of Mars\" (1993)\n*\"Forever in My Thoughts\" (1993)\n*\"Moloch's Furnace\" (1993)\n*\"Payment in Arrears\" (1993)\n*\"Passing Death\" (1993)\n*\"Corruption in Office\" (1993)\n*\"The Library of Lost Art\" (1993)\n*\"Shadow and Substance\" (1993)\n*\"Frontier Spirit\" (1994)\n*\"Inspiration\" (1994)\n*\"Jack the Martian\" (1994)\n*\"Misadventures in the Skin Trade\" (1994)\n*\"The Kaleidoscope\" (1994)\n*\"A Tight Situation\" (1994)\n*\"A Noteworthy Affair\" (1994)\n*\"All Flesh is Clay\" (1995)\n*\"Coming Attractions\" (1995)\n*\"Escape\" (1995)\n*\"Hair Apparent\" (1995)\n*\"Misapprehensions\" (1995)\n*\"Next-Door Neighbor\" (1995)\n*\"Present in Spirit\" (1995)\n*\"The Dunwich Gate\" (1995)\n*\"The Houseguest\" (1995)\n*\"The Knight of Greenwich Village\" (1995)\n*\"The Phantom of the Space Opera\" (1995)\n*\"Twisted Images\" (1995)\n*\"The Best of Company\" (1995)\n*\"Actual Mode\" (1995)\n*\"Empirical Facts\" (1996)\n*\"Translation Station\" (1996)\n*\"Sneak Thief\" (1996)\n*\"Orwell's Other Nightmare\" (1996)\n*\"The Potpourri Plot\" (1996)\n*\"Thoracic Park\" (1996)\n*\"Milk-Curdling Horror\" (1996)\n*\"Kites\" (1996)\n*\"Dark Providence\" (1997)\n*\"Expectations\" (1997)\n*\"Getting with the Program\" (1997)\n*\"Restoring Order\" (1997)\n*\"Remnants\" (1997)\n*\"Bad Soil\" (1997)\n*\"The Managansett Horror\" (1997)\n*\"Adding It Up\" (1998)\n*\"Scylla and Charybdis\" (1998)\n*\"Leave Me Alone\" (1998)\n*\"Bad Feelings\" (1998)\n*\"Candid Camera\" (1998)\n*\"Immortal Muse\" (1998)\n*\"Stakeout\" (1998)\n*\"The Chindi\" (1998)\n*\"The Piggy Bank\" (1998)\n*\"The Predator\" (1998)\n*\"Cat Eye's\" (1998)\n*\"Prey for the Dead\" (1998)\n*\"Dominion\" (1999)\n*\"Dumb Genius\" (1999)\n*\"The Intrusion\" (1999)\n*\"The Karma Sutra\" (1999)\n*\"Realizations\" (1999)\n*\"Wormdance\" (1999)\n*\"Dark Paris\" (2000)\n*\"The Devil Is in the Details\" (2000)\n*\"Something in Common\" (2001)\n*\"Departure Delayed\" (2001)\n*\"The Black Rose\" (2002)\n*\"A Good Offense\" (2003)\n*\"Curing Agent\" (2003)\n*\"Dealing with Stress\" (2003)\n*\"The Word Mill\" (2003)\n*\"Parting Shot\" (2004)\n*\"The Man who Walked to Procyon\" (2004)\n*\"Growing Old Together\" (2004)\n*\"Fore-Thought\" (2004)\n*\"Diplomatic Relations\" (2006)\n*\"The Natural World\" (2008)\n*\"No Problem\" (2008)\n*\"Funeral Party\" (2009)\n*\"Hearts of Stone\" (2009)\n*\"Complexity\" (2009)\n*\"Duck and Cover\" (2009)\n*\"Slipstream Fiction\" (2010)\n*\"Piecemaker\" (2010)\n*\"No Distance Too Great\" (2010)\n*\"Chronic Pain\" (2011)\n*\"Dead Reckoning\" (2011)\n*\"Farm on the Down\" (2011)\n*\"Remotely Possible\" (2011)\n*\"Scrimshaw\" (2011)\n*\"The Incorruptible\" (2011)\n*\"Misprints\" (2011)\n*\"Martyrs\" (2011)\n*\"Housebound\" (2011)\n*\"The Buddy System\" (2011)\n*\"The Last Demon\" (2012)\n*\"Echoes\" (2013)\n*\"Pre-Pirates\" (2013) \n*\"City Girl\" (2015)\n*\"Night Duty\" (2015)\n*\"The New Guy\" (2015)\n*\"The Thing in the Library\" (2015)\n*\"Border Town\" (2017)\n*\"Lost Canyon\" (2017)\n*\"Shell Games\" (2017)\n*\"The Bad Neighbor\" (2017)\n*\"The Key\" (2017)\n*\"The Old Place\" (2017)\n*\"The Warden of the Wall\" (2017)\n*\"The Well Being\" (2017)\n*\"Wendy\" (2017)\n*\"Creepy Hollow\" (2017) \n\n\n===Nonfiction===\n\n*''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (2005)\n*''Encyclopedia of Fantasy And Horror Fiction'' (2006)\n*''Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction'' (2009) \n*''Architects of Tomorrow: Volume I'' (2015)\n*''Architects of Tomorrow: Volume II'' (2016)\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Writing career",
"Bibliography",
"Notes"
] | Don D'Ammassa | [
"===Series===\n====Sandor Dyle====\n*''Scarab'' (2004)\n*''Narcissus'' (2007)\n\n====Wanda Coyne====\n*''The Maltese Gargoyle'' (2015)\n*''The Hippogriff of the Baskervilles'' (2016)\n*''Ten Little Homunculi'' (2017)\n\n===Other novels===\n\n*''Blood Beast (1988)\n*''Servants of Chaos (2002)\n*''Haven'' (2004)\n*''Dead of Winter'' (2007)\n*''The Gargoyle'' (2011)\n*''The Kaleidoscope'' (2015)\n*''The Sinking Island'' (2015)\n*''Caverns of Chaos'' (2015)\n*''Living Things'' (2015)\n*''Perilous Pursuits'' (2015)\n*''Wormdance'' (2015)\n*''Carbon Copies'' (2015) \n*''Multiplicity'' (2015)\n\n\n===Collections===\n\n*''Translation Station'' (2011)\n*''That Way Madness Lies'' (2015)\n*''Little Evils'' (2015)\n*''Passing Death'' (2015)\n*''Elaborate Lies: Tales of Fantasy'' (2015)\n*''Date with the Dark'' (2015)\n*''Sandcastles'' (2015)\n*''The Devil Is in the Details'' (2015)\n*''Alien & Otherwise'' (2015)\n*''Shadows Over R'lyeh'' (2015)\n*''Phantom of the Space Opera'' (2015)\n*''More Shadows Over R'lyeh'' (2017) \n\n\n===Short stories===\n\n*\"Automatic Success\" (1982)\n*\"Love Charm\" (1985)\n*\"The Hatchetman\" (1989)\n*\"Literally Speaking\" (1990)\n*\"Little Evils\" (1991)\n*\"Strange Developments\" (1991)\n*\"The Guard Tower\" (1991)\n*\"The Splicer\" (1991)\n*\"Wake Up Call\" (1991)\n*\"Shadow Over R'lyeh\" (1991)\n*\"Context\" (1992)\n*\"The Dead Beat Society\" (1992)\n*\"Homework\" (1992)\n*\"Cleansing Agent\" (1993)\n*\"Friday Nights at Home\" (1993)\n*\"Puppets\" (1993)\n*\"Subterrine - Or 20,000 Leagues under the Soil\" (1993)\n*\"The Daylight Vampire\" (1993)\n*\"The Spirit of Mars\" (1993)\n*\"Forever in My Thoughts\" (1993)\n*\"Moloch's Furnace\" (1993)\n*\"Payment in Arrears\" (1993)\n*\"Passing Death\" (1993)\n*\"Corruption in Office\" (1993)\n*\"The Library of Lost Art\" (1993)\n*\"Shadow and Substance\" (1993)\n*\"Frontier Spirit\" (1994)\n*\"Inspiration\" (1994)\n*\"Jack the Martian\" (1994)\n*\"Misadventures in the Skin Trade\" (1994)\n*\"The Kaleidoscope\" (1994)\n*\"A Tight Situation\" (1994)\n*\"A Noteworthy Affair\" (1994)\n*\"All Flesh is Clay\" (1995)\n*\"Coming Attractions\" (1995)\n*\"Escape\" (1995)\n*\"Hair Apparent\" (1995)\n*\"Misapprehensions\" (1995)\n*\"Next-Door Neighbor\" (1995)\n*\"Present in Spirit\" (1995)\n*\"The Dunwich Gate\" (1995)\n*\"The Houseguest\" (1995)\n*\"The Knight of Greenwich Village\" (1995)\n*\"The Phantom of the Space Opera\" (1995)\n*\"Twisted Images\" (1995)\n*\"The Best of Company\" (1995)\n*\"Actual Mode\" (1995)\n*\"Empirical Facts\" (1996)\n*\"Translation Station\" (1996)\n*\"Sneak Thief\" (1996)\n*\"Orwell's Other Nightmare\" (1996)\n*\"The Potpourri Plot\" (1996)\n*\"Thoracic Park\" (1996)\n*\"Milk-Curdling Horror\" (1996)\n*\"Kites\" (1996)\n*\"Dark Providence\" (1997)\n*\"Expectations\" (1997)\n*\"Getting with the Program\" (1997)\n*\"Restoring Order\" (1997)\n*\"Remnants\" (1997)\n*\"Bad Soil\" (1997)\n*\"The Managansett Horror\" (1997)\n*\"Adding It Up\" (1998)\n*\"Scylla and Charybdis\" (1998)\n*\"Leave Me Alone\" (1998)\n*\"Bad Feelings\" (1998)\n*\"Candid Camera\" (1998)\n*\"Immortal Muse\" (1998)\n*\"Stakeout\" (1998)\n*\"The Chindi\" (1998)\n*\"The Piggy Bank\" (1998)\n*\"The Predator\" (1998)\n*\"Cat Eye's\" (1998)\n*\"Prey for the Dead\" (1998)\n*\"Dominion\" (1999)\n*\"Dumb Genius\" (1999)\n*\"The Intrusion\" (1999)\n*\"The Karma Sutra\" (1999)\n*\"Realizations\" (1999)\n*\"Wormdance\" (1999)\n*\"Dark Paris\" (2000)\n*\"The Devil Is in the Details\" (2000)\n*\"Something in Common\" (2001)\n*\"Departure Delayed\" (2001)\n*\"The Black Rose\" (2002)\n*\"A Good Offense\" (2003)\n*\"Curing Agent\" (2003)\n*\"Dealing with Stress\" (2003)\n*\"The Word Mill\" (2003)\n*\"Parting Shot\" (2004)\n*\"The Man who Walked to Procyon\" (2004)\n*\"Growing Old Together\" (2004)\n*\"Fore-Thought\" (2004)\n*\"Diplomatic Relations\" (2006)\n*\"The Natural World\" (2008)\n*\"No Problem\" (2008)\n*\"Funeral Party\" (2009)\n*\"Hearts of Stone\" (2009)\n*\"Complexity\" (2009)\n*\"Duck and Cover\" (2009)\n*\"Slipstream Fiction\" (2010)\n*\"Piecemaker\" (2010)\n*\"No Distance Too Great\" (2010)\n*\"Chronic Pain\" (2011)\n*\"Dead Reckoning\" (2011)\n*\"Farm on the Down\" (2011)\n*\"Remotely Possible\" (2011)\n*\"Scrimshaw\" (2011)\n*\"The Incorruptible\" (2011)\n*\"Misprints\" (2011)\n*\"Martyrs\" (2011)\n*\"Housebound\" (2011)\n*\"The Buddy System\" (2011)\n*\"The Last Demon\" (2012)\n*\"Echoes\" (2013)\n*\"Pre-Pirates\" (2013) \n*\"City Girl\" (2015)\n*\"Night Duty\" (2015)\n*\"The New Guy\" (2015)\n*\"The Thing in the Library\" (2015)\n*\"Border Town\" (2017)\n*\"Lost Canyon\" (2017)\n*\"Shell Games\" (2017)\n*\"The Bad Neighbor\" (2017)\n*\"The Key\" (2017)\n*\"The Old Place\" (2017)\n*\"The Warden of the Wall\" (2017)\n*\"The Well Being\" (2017)\n*\"Wendy\" (2017)\n*\"Creepy Hollow\" (2017) \n\n\n===Nonfiction===\n\n*''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (2005)\n*''Encyclopedia of Fantasy And Horror Fiction'' (2006)\n*''Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction'' (2009) \n*''Architects of Tomorrow: Volume I'' (2015)\n*''Architects of Tomorrow: Volume II'' (2016)"
] | [
"\n'''Donald Eugene D'Ammassa''' (born April 24, 1946) is an American fantasy, science fiction and horror reviewer and author.",
"He is chiefly known for his numerous reviews, written over a period of more than thirty years.",
"He writes as Don D'Ammassa.",
"D'Ammassa first made a name for himself as a fan writer in the 1970s; he was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer for 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1986, and his fanzine ''Mythologies'' was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine for 1977 and 1985.",
"His career as both critic and professional author began in the early 1980s.",
"A long-time reviewer for ''Science Fiction Chronicle'', his reviews have also appeared in other venues, and many are compiled on his website ''Critical Mass''.",
"According to John Clute, his assessments are \"noted for ... fairness and generosity, and for the extremely wide range of texts he has covered.\"",
"His wide-ranging knowledge of speculative and adventure fiction are reflected in his ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (2005), ''Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction'' (2006) and ''Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction'' (2009).",
"As a short story writer of short fiction D'Ammassa has produced a substantial body of horror stories and relatively fewer science fiction and fantasy tales.",
"His longer works are more evenly divided between these genres.",
"His more recent novels \"convey a sense that he is systematically traversing the worlds of twentieth century sf in order to pay tribute from a more recent perspective to the worlds and modes typical of the form.\""
] | finance |
[
"'''Charles Henry Backus''' (June 9, 1856 – June 24, 1929) was an American businessman and politician.\n\nBackus was born in Chaplin, Connecticut where he lived on a farm and went to the local schools. He went to college in Poughkeepsie, New York. He moved to Illinois and eventually settled in Hampshire, Illinois where he established the Kane County Bank in 1882. Backus served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1901 to 1907 and was a Republican. Backus died at his home in Hampshire, Illinois.\n",
"\n",
"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Notes",
"External links"
] | Charles H. Backus | [
"He moved to Illinois and eventually settled in Hampshire, Illinois where he established the Kane County Bank in 1882."
] | [
"'''Charles Henry Backus''' (June 9, 1856 – June 24, 1929) was an American businessman and politician.",
"Backus was born in Chaplin, Connecticut where he lived on a farm and went to the local schools.",
"He went to college in Poughkeepsie, New York.",
"Backus served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1901 to 1907 and was a Republican.",
"Backus died at his home in Hampshire, Illinois.",
"*"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n'''City Point''' is a mixed-use multi-building residential and commerical complex in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City. City Point is, by square footage, the largest mixed-use development in the city.\n\nCity Point was supported by the New York City Economic Development Corporation as a sustainable mixed-use development for retail and housing. The project was developed by Albee Development LLC and designed by Cook + Fox architects, and aims to be LEED-silver certified.\n\nThe complex is built over the northwest entrance to the DeKalb Avenue station on the New York City Subway's . It is across the Flatbush Avenue Extension from Long Island University's Brooklyn campus, and across Fleet Street from the future site of 9 DeKalb Avenue. City Point is located on the former site of the Albee Square Mall, and its southern entrance is centered on the Fulton Street Mall near the historic Dime Savings Bank of New York.\n",
"In 2004, New York City's office of Economic Development adopted the \"Downtown Brooklyn Plan\", which consisted of a series of zoning changes and public works. City Point was one of the winning developments proposed, sitting on municipal owned land, in an area already well-established as a shopping corridor.\n\nThe first tower, City Point Tower I (also known as 7 DeKalb Avenue), opened in 2015. It is a 19-story, 225,000-square-foot tower with 200 units of affordable housing, and 50,000 square feet of retail space. \n\nBetween the first and second towers is \"the podium\", within which was built 660,000 square feet of retail space, including Century 21 and an Alamo Drafthouse.\n\nThe second tower, City Point Tower II (also known as 1 DeKalb Avenue), or 10 City Point, doing business as '''City Tower''' was completed in 2015 and opened in 2016. It is a 30-story, 335,000-square-foot tower with 440 market-rate units. Accessible through both Flatbush Avenue Extension or Fulton Street entrances, there is a shopping plaza with a 27,000 square footfood court in the basement of Tower II called DeKalb Market Hall.\n\nA third tower—City Point Tower III, located at 138 Willoughby Street—is under construction, planned to be tall, making it the tallest in Brooklyn in 2020. It is planned to contain 450 market-rate condo units taking up , with three stories of commercial space occupying .\n",
"*Alamo Drafthouse\n*Target (store)\n*Century 21 (department store)\n*Trader Joe's\n*Flying Tiger Copenhagen\n\nWithin DeKalb Market Hall:\n*Katz's Delicatessen\n",
"*List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn\n",
"\n",
"* City Point official website\n* DeKalb Market Hall official website\n* Tower I official website\n* Tower II official website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Notable tenants",
"See also",
" References ",
" External links "
] | City Point (Brooklyn) | [
"City Point is located on the former site of the Albee Square Mall, and its southern entrance is centered on the Fulton Street Mall near the historic Dime Savings Bank of New York."
] | [
"\n\n\n'''City Point''' is a mixed-use multi-building residential and commerical complex in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City.",
"City Point is, by square footage, the largest mixed-use development in the city.",
"City Point was supported by the New York City Economic Development Corporation as a sustainable mixed-use development for retail and housing.",
"The project was developed by Albee Development LLC and designed by Cook + Fox architects, and aims to be LEED-silver certified.",
"The complex is built over the northwest entrance to the DeKalb Avenue station on the New York City Subway's .",
"It is across the Flatbush Avenue Extension from Long Island University's Brooklyn campus, and across Fleet Street from the future site of 9 DeKalb Avenue.",
"In 2004, New York City's office of Economic Development adopted the \"Downtown Brooklyn Plan\", which consisted of a series of zoning changes and public works.",
"City Point was one of the winning developments proposed, sitting on municipal owned land, in an area already well-established as a shopping corridor.",
"The first tower, City Point Tower I (also known as 7 DeKalb Avenue), opened in 2015.",
"It is a 19-story, 225,000-square-foot tower with 200 units of affordable housing, and 50,000 square feet of retail space.",
"Between the first and second towers is \"the podium\", within which was built 660,000 square feet of retail space, including Century 21 and an Alamo Drafthouse.",
"The second tower, City Point Tower II (also known as 1 DeKalb Avenue), or 10 City Point, doing business as '''City Tower''' was completed in 2015 and opened in 2016.",
"It is a 30-story, 335,000-square-foot tower with 440 market-rate units.",
"Accessible through both Flatbush Avenue Extension or Fulton Street entrances, there is a shopping plaza with a 27,000 square footfood court in the basement of Tower II called DeKalb Market Hall.",
"A third tower—City Point Tower III, located at 138 Willoughby Street—is under construction, planned to be tall, making it the tallest in Brooklyn in 2020.",
"It is planned to contain 450 market-rate condo units taking up , with three stories of commercial space occupying .",
"*Alamo Drafthouse\n*Target (store)\n*Century 21 (department store)\n*Trader Joe's\n*Flying Tiger Copenhagen\n\nWithin DeKalb Market Hall:\n*Katz's Delicatessen",
"*List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn",
"* City Point official website\n* DeKalb Market Hall official website\n* Tower I official website\n* Tower II official website"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Mangesh Ghogre''' is an international crossword constructor with puzzles published in New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times. He is credited to be the first Indian to have constructed crosswords for many top newspapers in the USA like the Los Angeles Times and Wall Street Journal apart from the New York Times. His crosswords have also been featured in books like Games and World of Puzzles and syndicated by over 200 newspapers around the world.\n\nBeing recognized as the first Indian-based crossword constructor for the Los Angeles times in 2010, and becoming the first Indian to judge the New York Times crossword puzzle tournament in the year 2012, and designed a crossword themed “Fourth of July”, for the US Independence Day edition in 2017, which was aimed at bringing people of India and US closer.\n\nAn Investment Banker by profession, he currently is an Executive Director at the Global Investment Bank, Nomura from the year 2016.\n A resident of Mumbai, the now 37 years old is an alumnus of Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), from where he graduated as a Mechanical Engineer, and NMIMS from where he secured a degree in MBA with specialisation in finance.\nHe also contributes to the “Speaking Tree” column of the Times of India.\n\nMangesh showcased his published crosswords at an art gallery at the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival in 2014. In an interview with Hindustan Times, he described that making crosswords is a work of art.\n",
"His interest in crosswords began in the year 1997, when for developing a good vocabulary for GMAT, he started solving crosswords originally published in the Los Angeles Times.\n\nAfter several rejections, his first crossword was published in the Los Angeles Times. As a tribute to the city of Mumbai, he published another crossword in LA Times with the byline “Mangesh Mumbaikar Ghogre”. Ghogre also continues to participate as a judge for the world’s largest crossword tournament; American Crossword Tournament. \n\nMangesh Ghogre as an Investment Banker bears over 12 years of experience in the same field and has been credited with raising over $20 billion in equity. His previous experience in ECM (Equity Capital Market) involves working as the Associate Director in Edelweiss in 2014, and also with the HSBC Investment bank. \nAn Investment Banker and Crossword Constructor, Mangesh Ghogre in future plans to develop a mobile app to make crosswords more accessible for the youth.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Career",
" References "
] | Mangesh Ghogre | [
"An Investment Banker by profession, he currently is an Executive Director at the Global Investment Bank, Nomura from the year 2016.",
"His previous experience in ECM (Equity Capital Market) involves working as the Associate Director in Edelweiss in 2014, and also with the HSBC Investment bank."
] | [
"\n\n'''Mangesh Ghogre''' is an international crossword constructor with puzzles published in New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times.",
"He is credited to be the first Indian to have constructed crosswords for many top newspapers in the USA like the Los Angeles Times and Wall Street Journal apart from the New York Times.",
"His crosswords have also been featured in books like Games and World of Puzzles and syndicated by over 200 newspapers around the world.",
"Being recognized as the first Indian-based crossword constructor for the Los Angeles times in 2010, and becoming the first Indian to judge the New York Times crossword puzzle tournament in the year 2012, and designed a crossword themed “Fourth of July”, for the US Independence Day edition in 2017, which was aimed at bringing people of India and US closer.",
"A resident of Mumbai, the now 37 years old is an alumnus of Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), from where he graduated as a Mechanical Engineer, and NMIMS from where he secured a degree in MBA with specialisation in finance.",
"He also contributes to the “Speaking Tree” column of the Times of India.",
"Mangesh showcased his published crosswords at an art gallery at the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival in 2014.",
"In an interview with Hindustan Times, he described that making crosswords is a work of art.",
"His interest in crosswords began in the year 1997, when for developing a good vocabulary for GMAT, he started solving crosswords originally published in the Los Angeles Times.",
"After several rejections, his first crossword was published in the Los Angeles Times.",
"As a tribute to the city of Mumbai, he published another crossword in LA Times with the byline “Mangesh Mumbaikar Ghogre”.",
"Ghogre also continues to participate as a judge for the world’s largest crossword tournament; American Crossword Tournament.",
"Mangesh Ghogre as an Investment Banker bears over 12 years of experience in the same field and has been credited with raising over $20 billion in equity.",
"An Investment Banker and Crossword Constructor, Mangesh Ghogre in future plans to develop a mobile app to make crosswords more accessible for the youth."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Annie Baillargeon''' (born 1978) is a Canadian artist known for photomontage and performance art. A mix of \"performance and relational aesthetics with new media art techniques\", her work is found in the collections of the National Gallery of Canada, Canada Council for the Arts Art Bank and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. Her images have also been exhibited at the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Contact Photography Festival in Toronto, and at the Liverpool Biennial. A co-founder of the art action collectives, Les Fermières Obsédées (2001-2015) and Les B.L.U.S.H. (2015-), she has performed at the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and internationally in the United States, Ireland, Wales, Poland and Australia.\n\nBaillargeon's photomontages are characterized by staged, sole or patterned self-portraits. As actor, set designer, and choreographer, her \"kaleidoscopic\" images and photographic narratives cross into performance art. Described as allegory, her work reflects feminist issues of physical violence, exploitation, and seduction, as well as the imagination, the dream, and the unconscious. \n",
"Annie Baillargeon was born in 1978 in Victoriaville, Quebec. Interested in dance, cinema and the visual arts, in 2001 she co-founded the art-performance collective, Les Fermières Obsédées, and her first solo photographic exhibition was held at La Bande Vidéo (Québec QC). In 2005 a solo exhibition of her work was held at Gallery 44 (Toronto ON). She also performed with Les Fermières Obsédées in 2005 at the Eastern Edge Gallery (St.John's NL) and at the 2006, 7a*11d International Festival of Performance Art (Toronto ON). During this time Baillargeon participated in important art exhibitions at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal (2005), Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (2008), Toronto Contact Photography Festival (2008), and the UK Liverpool Biennial (2010). In 2011 her series of \"aesthetic choreographies\", ''Emballage anatomique'', was exhibited at La maison des artistes visuels francophone (Winnipeg MB) and at Galerie d’art Outremont (Montreal QC). By 2014 Baillargeon's photomontages included hand-painted lines and decorations on the surface of the prints. In a review of ''Les natures mortes: Épisodes de petits déclins'' at Galerie D'Este (Montreal), ''La Presse'' art critic Eric Clement also noted that \"the narrative is now more obvious.\" In 2015, Baillargeon's award-winning \"Les Cannibales\" was exhibited in Vancouver, and the following year she participated in the exhibition ''In a Post-World: Post-Punk Art Now'' at The Invisible Dog Art Center (Brooklyn NY). In 2016-17 she created an art installation with young immigrants from the Centre communautaire Jasmine Turcotte-Vaillancourt. Interviewed in ''Le Devoir'', Baillargeon commented: \"The goal is to have fun, to remove their daily concerns and immerse them in creation.\" She also performed with her new collective B.L.U.S.H. at the 2016 Biennale d’art performatif de Rouyn-Noranda, while solo expositions of her work were held during the Quebec City Biennial at Bibliothéque Aliette-Marchand and at Galerie D'Este in Montreal. Baillargeon lives and works in Quebec City.\n",
"Baillargeon is recognized for both her innovative approach and the aesthetic quality of her work. Described as \"choreographed gesture and luxuriant colors\", art critic Guy Sioui Durand also noted that, with subtle \"symbolic values\", \"the photographs of Annie Baillargeon 'revamp' the genre of allegory.\" Josianne Desloges wrote in ''Le Soleil'' that her work \"borrowed both from ''Alice in Wonderland,'' unknown legends, and the disjointed visual universe of the multidisciplinary collective Les Fermières obsédées.\" Art critic Julie Boivon wrote that the underlying meaning in her work – \"death, loss of self, helplessness\" – once revealed is transformed into ornament. Describing her photomontages as \"visually striking with \"overwhelming detail ordered into semi-patterns\" similar to Rococo Art, she also compared Baillargeon to contemporary artists Shary Boyle, Yannick Pouliot, and Wym Delvoye. For art writer Jean-François Caron, the artist's feminism aligns the body with \"a multifaceted, unfixed intimacy which we see exposed, injured and manipulated\". He concluded: \"Annie Baillargeon’s work is a call for the restitution of the individual... one must redefine oneself, reconstitute oneself, in order to recognize oneself\". In 2015 she was awarded the Salt Spring National Art Prize Juror's Choice Award, and was listed for the Sobey's Art Prize in 2017.\n",
"\n",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon.\" ''Galerie D'Este.'' Web. \n* \"Annie Baillargeon\" Interview by Éric Bolduc, 8 Sep. 2014. ''ratsdeville@quebec'' Web.\n* \"Annie Baillargeon.\" ''artsy.net'' Web.\n* \"Annie Baillargeon - Les natures mortes: épisodes de petits déclins.\" ''artsy.net,'' 2015. Web.\n* \"Annie Baillargeon: Cosmologie des chambres.\" ''artsy.net'' 2017. Web.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Career highlights ",
" Recognition and contribution ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Annie Baillargeon | [
"A mix of \"performance and relational aesthetics with new media art techniques\", her work is found in the collections of the National Gallery of Canada, Canada Council for the Arts Art Bank and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec."
] | [
"\n'''Annie Baillargeon''' (born 1978) is a Canadian artist known for photomontage and performance art.",
"Her images have also been exhibited at the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Contact Photography Festival in Toronto, and at the Liverpool Biennial.",
"A co-founder of the art action collectives, Les Fermières Obsédées (2001-2015) and Les B.L.U.S.H.",
"(2015-), she has performed at the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and internationally in the United States, Ireland, Wales, Poland and Australia.",
"Baillargeon's photomontages are characterized by staged, sole or patterned self-portraits.",
"As actor, set designer, and choreographer, her \"kaleidoscopic\" images and photographic narratives cross into performance art.",
"Described as allegory, her work reflects feminist issues of physical violence, exploitation, and seduction, as well as the imagination, the dream, and the unconscious.",
"Annie Baillargeon was born in 1978 in Victoriaville, Quebec.",
"Interested in dance, cinema and the visual arts, in 2001 she co-founded the art-performance collective, Les Fermières Obsédées, and her first solo photographic exhibition was held at La Bande Vidéo (Québec QC).",
"In 2005 a solo exhibition of her work was held at Gallery 44 (Toronto ON).",
"She also performed with Les Fermières Obsédées in 2005 at the Eastern Edge Gallery (St.John's NL) and at the 2006, 7a*11d International Festival of Performance Art (Toronto ON).",
"During this time Baillargeon participated in important art exhibitions at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal (2005), Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (2008), Toronto Contact Photography Festival (2008), and the UK Liverpool Biennial (2010).",
"In 2011 her series of \"aesthetic choreographies\", ''Emballage anatomique'', was exhibited at La maison des artistes visuels francophone (Winnipeg MB) and at Galerie d’art Outremont (Montreal QC).",
"By 2014 Baillargeon's photomontages included hand-painted lines and decorations on the surface of the prints.",
"In a review of ''Les natures mortes: Épisodes de petits déclins'' at Galerie D'Este (Montreal), ''La Presse'' art critic Eric Clement also noted that \"the narrative is now more obvious.\"",
"In 2015, Baillargeon's award-winning \"Les Cannibales\" was exhibited in Vancouver, and the following year she participated in the exhibition ''In a Post-World: Post-Punk Art Now'' at The Invisible Dog Art Center (Brooklyn NY).",
"In 2016-17 she created an art installation with young immigrants from the Centre communautaire Jasmine Turcotte-Vaillancourt.",
"Interviewed in ''Le Devoir'', Baillargeon commented: \"The goal is to have fun, to remove their daily concerns and immerse them in creation.\"",
"She also performed with her new collective B.L.U.S.H.",
"at the 2016 Biennale d’art performatif de Rouyn-Noranda, while solo expositions of her work were held during the Quebec City Biennial at Bibliothéque Aliette-Marchand and at Galerie D'Este in Montreal.",
"Baillargeon lives and works in Quebec City.",
"Baillargeon is recognized for both her innovative approach and the aesthetic quality of her work.",
"Described as \"choreographed gesture and luxuriant colors\", art critic Guy Sioui Durand also noted that, with subtle \"symbolic values\", \"the photographs of Annie Baillargeon 'revamp' the genre of allegory.\"",
"Josianne Desloges wrote in ''Le Soleil'' that her work \"borrowed both from ''Alice in Wonderland,'' unknown legends, and the disjointed visual universe of the multidisciplinary collective Les Fermières obsédées.\"",
"Art critic Julie Boivon wrote that the underlying meaning in her work – \"death, loss of self, helplessness\" – once revealed is transformed into ornament.",
"Describing her photomontages as \"visually striking with \"overwhelming detail ordered into semi-patterns\" similar to Rococo Art, she also compared Baillargeon to contemporary artists Shary Boyle, Yannick Pouliot, and Wym Delvoye.",
"For art writer Jean-François Caron, the artist's feminism aligns the body with \"a multifaceted, unfixed intimacy which we see exposed, injured and manipulated\".",
"He concluded: \"Annie Baillargeon’s work is a call for the restitution of the individual... one must redefine oneself, reconstitute oneself, in order to recognize oneself\".",
"In 2015 she was awarded the Salt Spring National Art Prize Juror's Choice Award, and was listed for the Sobey's Art Prize in 2017.",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon.\"",
"''Galerie D'Este.''",
"Web.",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon\" Interview by Éric Bolduc, 8 Sep. 2014.",
"''ratsdeville@quebec'' Web.",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon.\"",
"''artsy.net'' Web.",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon - Les natures mortes: épisodes de petits déclins.\"",
"''artsy.net,'' 2015.",
"Web.",
"* \"Annie Baillargeon: Cosmologie des chambres.\"",
"''artsy.net'' 2017.",
"Web."
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''María Libertad Gómez Garriga''' (July 18, 1889 – July 7, 1961) was a Puerto Rican educator, community leader, and politician. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in \"La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women), in San Juan.\n",
"María Libertad Gómez Garriga was born in the Arenas ward of mountainous Utuado, the daughter of Francisco Esteban Gómez and Maria Jesusa Garriga. Francisco Esteban Gómez's grandfather Germán and great-grandmother Gregoria were born in slavery. She completed teacher training at the University of Puerto Rico in 1909.\n",
"Gómez Garriga taught elementary school for several years; she was also trained as an accountant and active in rural labor organizations. She was director of a tobacco cooperative; in 1929, she and other activists founded a bank for women. In 1932, she was elected to a leadership position on the Puerto Rican Liberal Party, but soon her wing of the party split off to become the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). After several years working in politics, she was elected to the Puerto Rican House of Representatives in 1940, representing the district of Utuado. She worked particularly on education issues and civil rights, and was pro-independence. For one month in 1945, during a time of transition, she was President of the House, the first woman to hold that position. She was re-elected to her seat three times, and won her last election to the House of Representatives in 1952. She was the only woman in the Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico, formed in 1951, and the only woman to sign the 1952 Constitution. \n\nShe ran unsuccessfully for the Senate of Puerto Rico in 1956, and resigned her positions in the Popular Democratic party after that.\n",
"Gómez died in 1961, aged 72 years. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in the \"Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. There is a public upper elementary school named for María Libertad Gómez Garriga in Utuado. There is also a middle school named for Gómez, in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico.",
"\n*List of Puerto Ricans\n*History of women in Puerto Rico\n\n\n",
"",
"\n",
"* José Luis Colón Gonzalez, ed., ''María Libertad Gómez: Mujer de Convicción, Líder de Cambios'' (Librería la Tertulia 2014).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Personal life and legacy",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
] | María Libertad Gómez Garriga | [
"She was director of a tobacco cooperative; in 1929, she and other activists founded a bank for women."
] | [
"\n\n'''María Libertad Gómez Garriga''' (July 18, 1889 – July 7, 1961) was a Puerto Rican educator, community leader, and politician.",
"She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in \"La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women), in San Juan.",
"María Libertad Gómez Garriga was born in the Arenas ward of mountainous Utuado, the daughter of Francisco Esteban Gómez and Maria Jesusa Garriga.",
"Francisco Esteban Gómez's grandfather Germán and great-grandmother Gregoria were born in slavery.",
"She completed teacher training at the University of Puerto Rico in 1909.",
"Gómez Garriga taught elementary school for several years; she was also trained as an accountant and active in rural labor organizations.",
"In 1932, she was elected to a leadership position on the Puerto Rican Liberal Party, but soon her wing of the party split off to become the Popular Democratic Party (PPD).",
"After several years working in politics, she was elected to the Puerto Rican House of Representatives in 1940, representing the district of Utuado.",
"She worked particularly on education issues and civil rights, and was pro-independence.",
"For one month in 1945, during a time of transition, she was President of the House, the first woman to hold that position.",
"She was re-elected to her seat three times, and won her last election to the House of Representatives in 1952.",
"She was the only woman in the Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico, formed in 1951, and the only woman to sign the 1952 Constitution.",
"She ran unsuccessfully for the Senate of Puerto Rico in 1956, and resigned her positions in the Popular Democratic party after that.",
"Gómez died in 1961, aged 72 years.",
"She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in the \"Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan.",
"There is a public upper elementary school named for María Libertad Gómez Garriga in Utuado.",
"There is also a middle school named for Gómez, in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico.",
"\n*List of Puerto Ricans\n*History of women in Puerto Rico",
"* José Luis Colón Gonzalez, ed., ''María Libertad Gómez: Mujer de Convicción, Líder de Cambios'' (Librería la Tertulia 2014)."
] | finance |
[
"Diana Reynell\n'''Diana Reynell''' (9 September 1933 – 1 August 2017) was a leading grotto designer and restorer.\n",
"The Ruskin School of Art, Oxford.\nReynell was born Diana Baldwin on 9 September 1933 to Joseph Baldwin, an Oxfordshire bank manager, and his wife. Diana's mother and brother died in childbirth when she was three years old. She was educated at schools in Witney and Faringdon in Oxfordshire and The Kingsley School in Warwickshire. She subsequently studied at the Ruskin School of Art in Oxford where she met her future husband Antony Reynell.\n",
"After her marriage in 1955, Reynell joined her husband at Marlborough College where he taught classics and she taught jewellery design. The couple had four children.\n\nReynell's first grotto restoration was of a room dug into the Marlborough Mound for Lady Hertford at Marlborough College.\n\nIn the late-1980s, she created the shellwork in the subterranean grotto at Leeds Castle and restored the grotto at Hampton Court House.\n",
"Reynell died on 1 August 2017 from the effects of lung cancer and Parkinson's disease.\n",
"\n",
"\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Death",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Diana Reynell | [
"Reynell was born Diana Baldwin on 9 September 1933 to Joseph Baldwin, an Oxfordshire bank manager, and his wife."
] | [
"Diana Reynell\n'''Diana Reynell''' (9 September 1933 – 1 August 2017) was a leading grotto designer and restorer.",
"The Ruskin School of Art, Oxford.",
"Diana's mother and brother died in childbirth when she was three years old.",
"She was educated at schools in Witney and Faringdon in Oxfordshire and The Kingsley School in Warwickshire.",
"She subsequently studied at the Ruskin School of Art in Oxford where she met her future husband Antony Reynell.",
"After her marriage in 1955, Reynell joined her husband at Marlborough College where he taught classics and she taught jewellery design.",
"The couple had four children.",
"Reynell's first grotto restoration was of a room dug into the Marlborough Mound for Lady Hertford at Marlborough College.",
"In the late-1980s, she created the shellwork in the subterranean grotto at Leeds Castle and restored the grotto at Hampton Court House.",
"Reynell died on 1 August 2017 from the effects of lung cancer and Parkinson's disease.",
"\n*"
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n'''''I do what I Do''''' is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time.\n\nThe book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart.\n\nThe book has had increased media attention and uptake in part due to Dr. Rajan's much respected views on the economy and the political climate, but, also because of Rajan's view on the demonetization exercise undertaken by the Government of India in October 2016. The demonetization exercise had mixed views from economists, with a majority (including Rajan) subscribing to the view that the short term pains inflicted would not justify any purported longer term gains. With that said, Dr Rajan himself is of the view that the data available currently is not fully substantive to determine if the program could be deemed a success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | I Do What I Do | [
"\n\n\n'''''I do what I Do''''' is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017.",
"The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time."
] | [
"The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart.",
"The book has had increased media attention and uptake in part due to Dr. Rajan's much respected views on the economy and the political climate, but, also because of Rajan's view on the demonetization exercise undertaken by the Government of India in October 2016.",
"The demonetization exercise had mixed views from economists, with a majority (including Rajan) subscribing to the view that the short term pains inflicted would not justify any purported longer term gains.",
"With that said, Dr Rajan himself is of the view that the data available currently is not fully substantive to determine if the program could be deemed a success.",
"He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Flicker World Tour''' is the second concert tour by Irish singer Niall Horan. The tour is scheduled to begin on 1 June 2018, in Auckland, and scheduled to conclude on 23 September 2018, in West Palm Beach having special appearances by Maren Morris.\n",
"On 8 September 2017, Horan announced the first dates of the tour where he will begin the tour in Oceania. On 14 September 2017, Horan announced he will be releasing his debut solo album, ''Flicker'', on 20 October 2017. The following day, he announced he will tour across North America. Maren Morris was announced as the opening act for both Oceania and North America.\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue.\n\n Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n Opening acts\n Attendance\n Revenue\n\n Oceania\n\n 1 June 2018\n Auckland\n New Zealand\n Spark Arena\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 3 June 2018\n Brisbane\n Australia\n Brisbane Entertainment Centre\n —\n —\n\n 5 June 2018\n Sydney\n Qudos Bank Arena\n —\n —\n\n 7 June 2018\n Melbourne\n Margaret Court Arena\n —\n —\n\n North America\n\n 18 July 2018\n The Woodlands\n United States\n Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 20 July 2018\n Dallas\n Starplex Pavilion\n \n —\n —\n\n 21 July 2018\n Rogers\n Walmart Arkansas Music Pavilion\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 23 July 2018\n Nashville\n Ascend Amphitheater\n —\n —\n\n 25 July 2018\n Cincinnati\n Riverbend Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 26 July 2018\n Tinley Park\n Hollywood Casino AmphitheatreTinley Park\n —\n —\n\n 28 July 2018\n Tulsa\n BOK Center\n —\n —\n\n 30 July 2018\n West Valley City\n USANA Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 31 July 2018\n Nampa\n Ford Idaho Center\n —\n —\n\n 2 August 2018\n Auburn\n White River Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 4 August 2018\n Mountain View\n Shoreline Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 5 August 2018\n Irvine\n Fivepoint Amphitheater\n —\n —\n\n 7 August 2018\nLos Angeles\nGreek Theatre\n—\n—\n\n 8 August 2018\n\n 17 August 2018\n Chula Vista\n Mattress Firm Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 20 August 2018\n Morrison\n Red Rocks Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 22 August 2018\n Kansas City\n Starlight Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 23 August 2018\n Saint Paul\n Minnesota State Fair\n —\n —\n\n 25 August 2018\n Maryland Heights\n Hollywood Casino AmphitheatreMaryland Heights\n —\n —\n\n 26 August 2018\n Noblesville\n Klipsch Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 28 August 2018\n Clarkston\n DTE Energy Music Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 29 August 2018\n Cuyahoga Falls\n Blossom Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 31 August 2018\n Bristow\n Jiffy Lube Live\n —\n —\n\n 2 September 2018\n Allentown\n Great Allentown Fair Grandstand\n —\n —\n\n 5 September 2018\n Toronto\n Canada\n Budweiser Stage\n —\n —\n\n 7 September 2018\n Darien\n United States\n Darien Lake Performing Arts Center\n —\n —\n\n 8 September 2018\n Mansfield\n Xfinity Center\n —\n —\n\n 11 September 2018\n Camden\n BB&T Pavilion\n —\n —\n\n 12 September 2018\n Wantagh\n Jones Beach Theater\n —\n —\n\n 14 September 2018\n Hartford\n Xfinity Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 15 September 2018\n Holmdel\n PNC Bank Arts Center\n —\n —\n\n 17 September 2018\n Raleigh\n Coastal Credit Union Music Park\n —\n —\n\n 19 September 2018\n Charlotte\n PNC Music Pavilion\n —\n —\n\n 20 September 2018\n Alpharetta\n Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre at Encore Park\n —\n —\n\n 22 September 2018\n Tampa\n MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre\n \n —\n —\n\n 23 September 2018\n West Palm Beach\n Coral Sky Amphitheatre\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n Total\n —\n —\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Background ",
" Tour dates ",
" References "
] | Flicker World Tour | [
"Date\n City\n Country\n Venue\n Opening acts\n Attendance\n Revenue\n\n Oceania\n\n 1 June 2018\n Auckland\n New Zealand\n Spark Arena\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 3 June 2018\n Brisbane\n Australia\n Brisbane Entertainment Centre\n —\n —\n\n 5 June 2018\n Sydney\n Qudos Bank Arena\n —\n —\n\n 7 June 2018\n Melbourne\n Margaret Court Arena\n —\n —\n\n North America\n\n 18 July 2018\n The Woodlands\n United States\n Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 20 July 2018\n Dallas\n Starplex Pavilion\n \n —\n —\n\n 21 July 2018\n Rogers\n Walmart Arkansas Music Pavilion\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n 23 July 2018\n Nashville\n Ascend Amphitheater\n —\n —\n\n 25 July 2018\n Cincinnati\n Riverbend Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 26 July 2018\n Tinley Park\n Hollywood Casino AmphitheatreTinley Park\n —\n —\n\n 28 July 2018\n Tulsa\n BOK Center\n —\n —\n\n 30 July 2018\n West Valley City\n USANA Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 31 July 2018\n Nampa\n Ford Idaho Center\n —\n —\n\n 2 August 2018\n Auburn\n White River Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 4 August 2018\n Mountain View\n Shoreline Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 5 August 2018\n Irvine\n Fivepoint Amphitheater\n —\n —\n\n 7 August 2018\nLos Angeles\nGreek Theatre\n—\n—\n\n 8 August 2018\n\n 17 August 2018\n Chula Vista\n Mattress Firm Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 20 August 2018\n Morrison\n Red Rocks Amphitheatre\n —\n —\n\n 22 August 2018\n Kansas City\n Starlight Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 23 August 2018\n Saint Paul\n Minnesota State Fair\n —\n —\n\n 25 August 2018\n Maryland Heights\n Hollywood Casino AmphitheatreMaryland Heights\n —\n —\n\n 26 August 2018\n Noblesville\n Klipsch Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 28 August 2018\n Clarkston\n DTE Energy Music Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 29 August 2018\n Cuyahoga Falls\n Blossom Music Center\n —\n —\n\n 31 August 2018\n Bristow\n Jiffy Lube Live\n —\n —\n\n 2 September 2018\n Allentown\n Great Allentown Fair Grandstand\n —\n —\n\n 5 September 2018\n Toronto\n Canada\n Budweiser Stage\n —\n —\n\n 7 September 2018\n Darien\n United States\n Darien Lake Performing Arts Center\n —\n —\n\n 8 September 2018\n Mansfield\n Xfinity Center\n —\n —\n\n 11 September 2018\n Camden\n BB&T Pavilion\n —\n —\n\n 12 September 2018\n Wantagh\n Jones Beach Theater\n —\n —\n\n 14 September 2018\n Hartford\n Xfinity Theatre\n —\n —\n\n 15 September 2018\n Holmdel\n PNC Bank Arts Center\n —\n —\n\n 17 September 2018\n Raleigh\n Coastal Credit Union Music Park\n —\n —\n\n 19 September 2018\n Charlotte\n PNC Music Pavilion\n —\n —\n\n 20 September 2018\n Alpharetta\n Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre at Encore Park\n —\n —\n\n 22 September 2018\n Tampa\n MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre\n \n —\n —\n\n 23 September 2018\n West Palm Beach\n Coral Sky Amphitheatre\n Maren Morris\n —\n —\n\n Total\n —\n —"
] | [
"\n\n'''Flicker World Tour''' is the second concert tour by Irish singer Niall Horan.",
"The tour is scheduled to begin on 1 June 2018, in Auckland, and scheduled to conclude on 23 September 2018, in West Palm Beach having special appearances by Maren Morris.",
"On 8 September 2017, Horan announced the first dates of the tour where he will begin the tour in Oceania.",
"On 14 September 2017, Horan announced he will be releasing his debut solo album, ''Flicker'', on 20 October 2017.",
"The following day, he announced he will tour across North America.",
"Maren Morris was announced as the opening act for both Oceania and North America.",
"{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue."
] | finance |
[
"'''River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts''' focusses on river bank erosion along the main channel of the Ganges/ Padma in Malda and Mushidabad districts of West Bengal, India.\n",
"The Ganges is a long river carrying a huge discharge of 70,000 m3/s. However, the river bank erosion problems are restricted to a few places. Floods and erosion pose a serious problem in the lower Ganges region, particularly in West Bengal. The Ganges enters West Bengal after/ near Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand. After flowing through Malda district, it enters Murshidabad district, where it splits into two river channels – the Bhagirathi flows south through West Bengal and the Padma flows east into Bangladesh. River bank erosion is a common problem in river channels in the deltaic tracts and is widespread throughout the course of the Ganges in West Bengal. Official reports show that on an average 8 km2 of land is engulfed annually by the river in West Bengal. \n\nThe Ganges forms one of the major river systems in India. From the Gangotri Glacier, it traverses a distance of 2,525 km to the Bay of Bengal. The river carries millions of tonnes of sediment load and deposits it in the plains. The sediment deposition creates many severe problems like the decrease of river depth.\n\nThe Ganges is a meandering river and Farakka Barrage has disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the river and hindered the natural oscillation of the river within its meandering belt, which is about 10 km wide in Malda and Murshidabad districts.The river has a general tendency to shift towards the left bank upstream of the Farakka Barrage and towards the right bank below the Farakka Barrage. River bank failure is because of certain factors like soil stratification of the river bank, presence of hard rocky area (Rajmahal), high load of sediment, difficulty of dredging and construction of Farakka Barrage as an obstruction to the natural river flow.The rivers in Murshidabad district have been continuously changing their meandering-geometry actively since second half of the twentieth century but the dimension of river bank erosion has been increased after construction of Farakka Barrage.More than 200 km2 of fertile land was completely wiped out till 2004 in Malda district. As of 2004, the Ganges had eroded 356 km2 of fertile land and displaced around 80,000 people in the period 1988 – 1994, in Murshidabad district.\n",
"In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Ganges flowed in a south-easterly course between Rajmahal and Farakka, but later in the century it formed a large meander to accommodate the additional water because of the barrage construction. Furthermore, nearly 64 crore (640 million) tonnes of silt is accumulated annually on the river bed. All these lead to massive erosion of the left bank. \n\nDuring the period 1969-1999, 4.5 lakh people were affected by left bank erosion of the Ganges in Malda district, upstream of the Farakka Barrage. 22 mouzas in Manickchak, Kaliachak I and Kaliachak II CD Blocks have gone into the river. Other affected areas are in Kaliachak III Ratua I and Ratua II CD Blocks. The worst-hit areas lie in the left bank of the river stretch between Bhutnidiara and Panchanandapore in the Kaliachak II block. Even in the 1960s, Panchanandapur was a flourishing river-port and trading centre. It had the block headquarters, high school, sugar mill and a regular weekly market where traders used to come by large boats from Rajmahal, Sahebganj, Dhulian and other towns. After being hit by river bank erosion much of what was there at Panchanandapur has shifted to Chethrumahajantola. The Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee’s survey revealed a loss of 750 km2 area in Kaliachak and Manikchak. 60 primary schools, 14 high schools, coveted mango orchards have gone leaving 40,000 affected families.\n\nDuring the period 1990-2001 Hiranandapur, Manikchak, Gopalpur of Manikchak CD Block and Kakribondha Jhaubona of Kaliachak II CD Block were badly affected by river bank erosion. In 2004-05 large scale erosion took place in Kakribondha Jhaubona and Panchanandapur-I gram panchayats of Kaliachak II CD Block and Dakshin Chandipur, Manikchak, and Dharampur gram panchayets of Manikchak CD Block. Kakribondha Jhaubona, a gram panchayat, was totally lost by river bank erosion. The affected persons and their administrative responsibilities were merged with Bangitola gram panchayet administration.\n\nRiver bank failures occur in two phases. Pre-flood bank failure occurs because of the high pressure of increasing water on the bank walls. During floods the area is submerged and water seeps into the weak soil. After the floods, the banks collapse in chunks. Every monsoon a large number people are affected by river bank erosion. They become landless and lose their livelihood. It creates neo-refugees with many social problems. Sometimes, poverty leads to increase in crime.The consequences of floods are of the short range as economic recovery is possible, but effects of the slow and steady disaster of river bank erosion are of permanent nature, where the entire socio-economic structure is damaged and the affected population has to move and settle somewhere else. People seriously affected by river bank erosion in Malda have migrated in search of work to as far as Gujarat and Maharashtra. At Byculla, Mumbai, there is a whole colony of erosion affected people of Malda, where they are often branded as Bangladeshi infiltrators, as they have lost not only their belongings but also their documents in the erosion. Such is the tragedy of these neo-refugees in their own country. \n\nIn the remote past, the Ganges used to flow past Gauda, 40 km downstream from Rajmahal. Over a long period, the river shifted westward and now it tends to come to its earlier position. Therefore, the whole belt up to Gauda is risk zone for river bank erosion.\n\nA group of experts has suggested the pressure on the left bank be reduced by diverting flow from the eroding channel.Alternatively, it is possible that in one devastating flood the Ganges will merge with Kalindri in the eastern side and the combined flow will merge with Mahananda at Nimasarai Ghat of Malda and afterwards the collective flow will merge with Ganges/ Padma in Godagari Ghat of Bangladesh. The Ganges has numerous abandoned channels in the area.\n",
"As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district. The main channel of the Ganges has a bankline of 94 km along its right bank from downstream of Farakka Barrage to Jalangi. Severe erosion occurs all along this bank. From a little above Nimtita, about 20 km downstream from Farakka, the Ganges flows along the international boundary with Bangladesh in the left bank. The following blocks have to face the brunt of erosion year after year: Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar I, Raninagar II and Jalangi.Between 1931 and 1977, 26,769 hectares have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged.\n \nAccording to government reports between 1988 and 1994, 206.60 square km. land was eroded displacing 14,236 families. Dhulian and its adjoining areas were greatly affected in mid 1970s when about 50,000 people became homeless. The encroaching river wiped out 50 mouzas and engulfed about 10,000 hectares of fertile land.\n1980-1990 was a decade of erosion for this district and during the decade Giria, Sekhalipur, Khejustala, Mithipur, Fajilpur, Rajapur, Akheriganj, Parashpur villages were badly affected. Many families living along the Ganges continue to be affected. As for example, in 2007, severe erosion occurred in Lalgola, Bhagawangola II, Farakka and Raninnagar II CD Blocks. In 2008, 1,245 families were affected in Lalgola, Bhagawangola I and Bhagawangola II CD Blocks.\n\nAccording to the Report on Impact of the Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric: “People in Murshidabad had been experiencing erosion for the last two centuries but the ravages caused by the mighty Padma at Akheriganj in 1989 and 1990 surpassed all previous records. Akheriganj disappeared from the map destroying 2,766 houses, leaving 23,394 persons homeless many of whom migrated to the newly emerged Nirmal char along the opposite bank…. This area has lost its school, college, places of worship, panchayat office to the raging Padma…. Original Akheriganj of nearly 20,000 inhabitants has gone into the river around 1994.” \n\n“Jalangi situated 50 km east of Baharampur district headquarter has suffered tremendously in 1994-95. At Jalangi Bazaar severe erosion started in September 1995 engulfing nearly 400 metre width of land within a week and then high built up homestead land thereby destroying Jalangi High School, Gram Panchayat Office, Thana and innumerable buildings rendering nearly 12000 people homeless.” \n\n“As per official estimate, till 1992-94 more than 10,000 hectares of chars (flood plain sediment island) have developed in main places, which have become inaccessible from the Indian side but can be reached easily from Bangladesh. The erosion wiped away boundary posts at many places creating border dispute. In Parliament when this issue was raised the House was assured that the boundary was fixed on the map even though the river has shifted”. \n \n“One typical example is that of Nirmal char built by eroding Akheriganj. Here a population of 20,000 lives in an area of 50 sq.km. From here Rajshahi city of Bangladesh can be reached within 45 minutes on road whereas to come to the mainland of India one has to cross the mighty Padma which will take more than three hours. Moreover, the basic infrastructure provided here is too poor and the people’s plight is further heightened by negligence of the mainland administration. Since there is no primary health centre, people go to Rajshahi for treatment. The concept of international border is very much flexible here due to basic problems of living. Instances of fighting for harvesting with Bangladeshi cultivators have been reported again and again apart from the usual problem of allotting created land to the rightful owners. Once again, the question of Bangladeshi infiltrators, the recent fiasco over ISI agents have increased in this district due to these char areas.” \n\n\"Downstream of Jangipur Barrage the river Ganga/Padma is swinging away close to river Bhagirathi at Fazilpur leaving only 1.34 km. in width. In 1996, this distance was 2.86 km. If Ganga/Padma actually merges with Bhagirathi due to the natural tendency, it will lead to flood and catastrophe in the entire Bhagirathi basin. Bhagirathi water remains at a higher elevation than the river Ganga/Padma during lean season and if they merge the water of the feeder canal will flow through Padma to Bangladesh defeating the very purpose of the Farakka Project.\"\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"Malda district",
"Murshidabad district",
"References"
] | River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts | [
"'''River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts''' focusses on river bank erosion along the main channel of the Ganges/ Padma in Malda and Mushidabad districts of West Bengal, India.",
"However, the river bank erosion problems are restricted to a few places.",
"River bank erosion is a common problem in river channels in the deltaic tracts and is widespread throughout the course of the Ganges in West Bengal.",
"The Ganges is a meandering river and Farakka Barrage has disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the river and hindered the natural oscillation of the river within its meandering belt, which is about 10 km wide in Malda and Murshidabad districts.The river has a general tendency to shift towards the left bank upstream of the Farakka Barrage and towards the right bank below the Farakka Barrage.",
"River bank failure is because of certain factors like soil stratification of the river bank, presence of hard rocky area (Rajmahal), high load of sediment, difficulty of dredging and construction of Farakka Barrage as an obstruction to the natural river flow.The rivers in Murshidabad district have been continuously changing their meandering-geometry actively since second half of the twentieth century but the dimension of river bank erosion has been increased after construction of Farakka Barrage.More than 200 km2 of fertile land was completely wiped out till 2004 in Malda district.",
"All these lead to massive erosion of the left bank.",
"During the period 1969-1999, 4.5 lakh people were affected by left bank erosion of the Ganges in Malda district, upstream of the Farakka Barrage.",
"The worst-hit areas lie in the left bank of the river stretch between Bhutnidiara and Panchanandapore in the Kaliachak II block.",
"After being hit by river bank erosion much of what was there at Panchanandapur has shifted to Chethrumahajantola.",
"During the period 1990-2001 Hiranandapur, Manikchak, Gopalpur of Manikchak CD Block and Kakribondha Jhaubona of Kaliachak II CD Block were badly affected by river bank erosion.",
"Kakribondha Jhaubona, a gram panchayat, was totally lost by river bank erosion.",
"River bank failures occur in two phases.",
"Pre-flood bank failure occurs because of the high pressure of increasing water on the bank walls.",
"Every monsoon a large number people are affected by river bank erosion.",
"Sometimes, poverty leads to increase in crime.The consequences of floods are of the short range as economic recovery is possible, but effects of the slow and steady disaster of river bank erosion are of permanent nature, where the entire socio-economic structure is damaged and the affected population has to move and settle somewhere else.",
"People seriously affected by river bank erosion in Malda have migrated in search of work to as far as Gujarat and Maharashtra.",
"Therefore, the whole belt up to Gauda is risk zone for river bank erosion.",
"A group of experts has suggested the pressure on the left bank be reduced by diverting flow from the eroding channel.Alternatively, it is possible that in one devastating flood the Ganges will merge with Kalindri in the eastern side and the combined flow will merge with Mahananda at Nimasarai Ghat of Malda and afterwards the collective flow will merge with Ganges/ Padma in Godagari Ghat of Bangladesh.",
"The main channel of the Ganges has a bankline of 94 km along its right bank from downstream of Farakka Barrage to Jalangi.",
"Severe erosion occurs all along this bank.",
"From a little above Nimtita, about 20 km downstream from Farakka, the Ganges flows along the international boundary with Bangladesh in the left bank.",
"Akheriganj disappeared from the map destroying 2,766 houses, leaving 23,394 persons homeless many of whom migrated to the newly emerged Nirmal char along the opposite bank…."
] | [
"The Ganges is a long river carrying a huge discharge of 70,000 m3/s.",
"Floods and erosion pose a serious problem in the lower Ganges region, particularly in West Bengal.",
"The Ganges enters West Bengal after/ near Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand.",
"After flowing through Malda district, it enters Murshidabad district, where it splits into two river channels – the Bhagirathi flows south through West Bengal and the Padma flows east into Bangladesh.",
"Official reports show that on an average 8 km2 of land is engulfed annually by the river in West Bengal.",
"The Ganges forms one of the major river systems in India.",
"From the Gangotri Glacier, it traverses a distance of 2,525 km to the Bay of Bengal.",
"The river carries millions of tonnes of sediment load and deposits it in the plains.",
"The sediment deposition creates many severe problems like the decrease of river depth.",
"As of 2004, the Ganges had eroded 356 km2 of fertile land and displaced around 80,000 people in the period 1988 – 1994, in Murshidabad district.",
"In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Ganges flowed in a south-easterly course between Rajmahal and Farakka, but later in the century it formed a large meander to accommodate the additional water because of the barrage construction.",
"Furthermore, nearly 64 crore (640 million) tonnes of silt is accumulated annually on the river bed.",
"22 mouzas in Manickchak, Kaliachak I and Kaliachak II CD Blocks have gone into the river.",
"Other affected areas are in Kaliachak III Ratua I and Ratua II CD Blocks.",
"Even in the 1960s, Panchanandapur was a flourishing river-port and trading centre.",
"It had the block headquarters, high school, sugar mill and a regular weekly market where traders used to come by large boats from Rajmahal, Sahebganj, Dhulian and other towns.",
"The Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee’s survey revealed a loss of 750 km2 area in Kaliachak and Manikchak.",
"60 primary schools, 14 high schools, coveted mango orchards have gone leaving 40,000 affected families.",
"In 2004-05 large scale erosion took place in Kakribondha Jhaubona and Panchanandapur-I gram panchayats of Kaliachak II CD Block and Dakshin Chandipur, Manikchak, and Dharampur gram panchayets of Manikchak CD Block.",
"The affected persons and their administrative responsibilities were merged with Bangitola gram panchayet administration.",
"During floods the area is submerged and water seeps into the weak soil.",
"After the floods, the banks collapse in chunks.",
"They become landless and lose their livelihood.",
"It creates neo-refugees with many social problems.",
"At Byculla, Mumbai, there is a whole colony of erosion affected people of Malda, where they are often branded as Bangladeshi infiltrators, as they have lost not only their belongings but also their documents in the erosion.",
"Such is the tragedy of these neo-refugees in their own country.",
"In the remote past, the Ganges used to flow past Gauda, 40 km downstream from Rajmahal.",
"Over a long period, the river shifted westward and now it tends to come to its earlier position.",
"The Ganges has numerous abandoned channels in the area.",
"As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district.",
"The following blocks have to face the brunt of erosion year after year: Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar I, Raninagar II and Jalangi.Between 1931 and 1977, 26,769 hectares have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged.",
"According to government reports between 1988 and 1994, 206.60 square km.",
"land was eroded displacing 14,236 families.",
"Dhulian and its adjoining areas were greatly affected in mid 1970s when about 50,000 people became homeless.",
"The encroaching river wiped out 50 mouzas and engulfed about 10,000 hectares of fertile land.",
"1980-1990 was a decade of erosion for this district and during the decade Giria, Sekhalipur, Khejustala, Mithipur, Fajilpur, Rajapur, Akheriganj, Parashpur villages were badly affected.",
"Many families living along the Ganges continue to be affected.",
"As for example, in 2007, severe erosion occurred in Lalgola, Bhagawangola II, Farakka and Raninnagar II CD Blocks.",
"In 2008, 1,245 families were affected in Lalgola, Bhagawangola I and Bhagawangola II CD Blocks.",
"According to the Report on Impact of the Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric: “People in Murshidabad had been experiencing erosion for the last two centuries but the ravages caused by the mighty Padma at Akheriganj in 1989 and 1990 surpassed all previous records.",
"This area has lost its school, college, places of worship, panchayat office to the raging Padma….",
"Original Akheriganj of nearly 20,000 inhabitants has gone into the river around 1994.” \n\n“Jalangi situated 50 km east of Baharampur district headquarter has suffered tremendously in 1994-95.",
"At Jalangi Bazaar severe erosion started in September 1995 engulfing nearly 400 metre width of land within a week and then high built up homestead land thereby destroying Jalangi High School, Gram Panchayat Office, Thana and innumerable buildings rendering nearly 12000 people homeless.” \n\n“As per official estimate, till 1992-94 more than 10,000 hectares of chars (flood plain sediment island) have developed in main places, which have become inaccessible from the Indian side but can be reached easily from Bangladesh.",
"The erosion wiped away boundary posts at many places creating border dispute.",
"In Parliament when this issue was raised the House was assured that the boundary was fixed on the map even though the river has shifted”.",
"“One typical example is that of Nirmal char built by eroding Akheriganj.",
"Here a population of 20,000 lives in an area of 50 sq.km.",
"From here Rajshahi city of Bangladesh can be reached within 45 minutes on road whereas to come to the mainland of India one has to cross the mighty Padma which will take more than three hours.",
"Moreover, the basic infrastructure provided here is too poor and the people’s plight is further heightened by negligence of the mainland administration.",
"Since there is no primary health centre, people go to Rajshahi for treatment.",
"The concept of international border is very much flexible here due to basic problems of living.",
"Instances of fighting for harvesting with Bangladeshi cultivators have been reported again and again apart from the usual problem of allotting created land to the rightful owners.",
"Once again, the question of Bangladeshi infiltrators, the recent fiasco over ISI agents have increased in this district due to these char areas.” \n\n\"Downstream of Jangipur Barrage the river Ganga/Padma is swinging away close to river Bhagirathi at Fazilpur leaving only 1.34 km.",
"in width.",
"In 1996, this distance was 2.86 km.",
"If Ganga/Padma actually merges with Bhagirathi due to the natural tendency, it will lead to flood and catastrophe in the entire Bhagirathi basin.",
"Bhagirathi water remains at a higher elevation than the river Ganga/Padma during lean season and if they merge the water of the feeder canal will flow through Padma to Bangladesh defeating the very purpose of the Farakka Project.\""
] | river |
[
"\n\nThe '''National School of Business Management''' (, ) (also known as '''NSBM Green University''') is a private university in Sri Lanka, and also it is the first ever green university in South Asia specialising in Computer sciences, Business, Engineering and Technology.\n",
"Bird's-eye view of NSBM Green University\n\n* School of Business\n* School of Computing\n* School of Engineering\n",
"\n===Postgraduate Programmes===\n====School of Business====\n*PG Dip. in Human Resource Management\n*PG Dip. in Business Management\n*Master of Business Administration (MBA) / Master of Business Studies (MBS)\n\n====School of Computing====\n*PG Dip. in Computer Networks\n\n===Undergraduate Programmes===\n====School of Business====\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Business Management (Human Resource Management) U\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Business Management (Logistics Management) U\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Business Management (Project Management) U\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Business Management (Industrial Management) U\n*BA in Business Communication U\n*BBM (Special) in Accounting & Finance U\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Marketing Management P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Accounting and Finance P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Operations and Logistics Management P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in International Management and Business P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Events, Tourism and Hospitality Management P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Business Communication P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Management D\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Human Resource Management D\n*BA in Interior Design L\n*BBus in Banking and Finance / Financial Risk Management V\n\n====School of Computing====\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Management Information Systems U\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Software Engineering U\n*B.Sc. (Special) in Multimedia U\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Software Engineering P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Computer Networks P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Computer Security P\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Computer Science D\n*B.Sc. (Honours) in Management Information Systems D\n*BA in Creative Multimedia L\n*Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) V\n\n\n\nU\n''University Grants Commission Approved''\n\nP\n''Couducted in collaboration with Plymouth University''\n\nD\n''Conducted in collaboration with University College Dublin''\n\nL\n''Conducted in collaboration with Limkokwing University of Creative Technology''\n\nV\n''Couducted in collaboration with Victoria University, Australia''\n\n",
"===Facilities===\nNSBM’s objective of opening a fully-fledged university complex is to gift fully rounded individuals to the whole world. This green university town comprises ultra-modern facilities for both staff and undergraduates.\n\nThe university is equipped with all relevant amenities including highly sophisticated lecture halls, laboratories and library. The students at the university have access to one of the biggest libraries in the country. A large collection of books is available here and students can gain access to so many e-libraries around the world.\n\nThe student center and study points available at the university create an appropriate environment for learning and research. The state-of-the-art auditorium and the open theatre help to create individuals with creativity. The recreation center offers a large variety of activities and recreational pursuits. The sports ground, gymnasium and swimming pool enables the making of well-rounded healthy individuals. Medical center is equipped with many facilities ensuring that the students and the staff get the best service. Students’ hostels are constructed with a -modern touch to them to make the environment study-friendly and relaxing for the students. Apartments allocated to staff is of world-class status making the university a fully-fledged working environment. Both students’ accommodation and staff accommodation were set up with the aim of providing not only physical comfort but also psychological comfort which will make teaching-learning process easier. The university also comprises of several cafeterias and a supermarket. A branch of Bank of Ceylon & ATM is also located inside the university and all those facilities make this green university a comprehensive University Township.\n\n===Clubs and Societies===\n====Activity based clubs====\n*Media Club\n*Eastern Music Club\n*Western Music Club\n*Drama Club\n*Dancing Club\n*Explorers’ Club\n*Green Task Force\n*Nature & Wild Life Club\n*Photography Club\n*Literature Club\n*Graphics and Painting Club\n*Debate Club\n*Community Service Club\n*Aerobics Club\n\n====Religious societies====\n*Buddhist Society\n*Hindu Society\n*Islamic Society\n*Catholic Society\n\n====International clubs====\n*Rotaract Club\n*LEO Club\n*AIESEC\n*Gavel Club\n*Toastmaster Club\n\n===Sports===\n====University Sports Clubs====\n*NSBM Athletics Club\n*NSBM Badminton Club\n*NSBM Cricket Club\n*NSBM Soccer Club\n*NSBM Swimming Club\n*NSBM Basketball Club\n*NSBM Table Tennis Club\n*NSBM Netball Club\n*NSBM Rugby Football Club\n*NSBM Karate Club\n*NSBM Elle Club\n*NSBM Hockey Club\n",
"\n",
"* Official Website\n* Map of NSBM Green University\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Faculties",
"Degree Programmes",
"Student life",
"References",
"External links"
] | National School of Business Management | [
"A branch of Bank of Ceylon & ATM is also located inside the university and all those facilities make this green university a comprehensive University Township."
] | [
"\n\nThe '''National School of Business Management''' (, ) (also known as '''NSBM Green University''') is a private university in Sri Lanka, and also it is the first ever green university in South Asia specialising in Computer sciences, Business, Engineering and Technology.",
"Bird's-eye view of NSBM Green University\n\n* School of Business\n* School of Computing\n* School of Engineering",
"\n===Postgraduate Programmes===\n====School of Business====\n*PG Dip.",
"in Human Resource Management\n*PG Dip.",
"in Business Management\n*Master of Business Administration (MBA) / Master of Business Studies (MBS)\n\n====School of Computing====\n*PG Dip.",
"in Computer Networks\n\n===Undergraduate Programmes===\n====School of Business====\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Business Management (Human Resource Management) U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Business Management (Logistics Management) U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Business Management (Project Management) U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Business Management (Industrial Management) U\n*BA in Business Communication U\n*BBM (Special) in Accounting & Finance U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Marketing Management P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Accounting and Finance P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Operations and Logistics Management P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in International Management and Business P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Events, Tourism and Hospitality Management P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Business Communication P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Management D\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Human Resource Management D\n*BA in Interior Design L\n*BBus in Banking and Finance / Financial Risk Management V\n\n====School of Computing====\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Management Information Systems U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Software Engineering U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Special) in Multimedia U\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Software Engineering P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Computer Networks P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Computer Security P\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Computer Science D\n*B.Sc.",
"(Honours) in Management Information Systems D\n*BA in Creative Multimedia L\n*Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) V\n\n\n\nU\n''University Grants Commission Approved''\n\nP\n''Couducted in collaboration with Plymouth University''\n\nD\n''Conducted in collaboration with University College Dublin''\n\nL\n''Conducted in collaboration with Limkokwing University of Creative Technology''\n\nV\n''Couducted in collaboration with Victoria University, Australia''",
"===Facilities===\nNSBM’s objective of opening a fully-fledged university complex is to gift fully rounded individuals to the whole world.",
"This green university town comprises ultra-modern facilities for both staff and undergraduates.",
"The university is equipped with all relevant amenities including highly sophisticated lecture halls, laboratories and library.",
"The students at the university have access to one of the biggest libraries in the country.",
"A large collection of books is available here and students can gain access to so many e-libraries around the world.",
"The student center and study points available at the university create an appropriate environment for learning and research.",
"The state-of-the-art auditorium and the open theatre help to create individuals with creativity.",
"The recreation center offers a large variety of activities and recreational pursuits.",
"The sports ground, gymnasium and swimming pool enables the making of well-rounded healthy individuals.",
"Medical center is equipped with many facilities ensuring that the students and the staff get the best service.",
"Students’ hostels are constructed with a -modern touch to them to make the environment study-friendly and relaxing for the students.",
"Apartments allocated to staff is of world-class status making the university a fully-fledged working environment.",
"Both students’ accommodation and staff accommodation were set up with the aim of providing not only physical comfort but also psychological comfort which will make teaching-learning process easier.",
"The university also comprises of several cafeterias and a supermarket.",
"===Clubs and Societies===\n====Activity based clubs====\n*Media Club\n*Eastern Music Club\n*Western Music Club\n*Drama Club\n*Dancing Club\n*Explorers’ Club\n*Green Task Force\n*Nature & Wild Life Club\n*Photography Club\n*Literature Club\n*Graphics and Painting Club\n*Debate Club\n*Community Service Club\n*Aerobics Club\n\n====Religious societies====\n*Buddhist Society\n*Hindu Society\n*Islamic Society\n*Catholic Society\n\n====International clubs====\n*Rotaract Club\n*LEO Club\n*AIESEC\n*Gavel Club\n*Toastmaster Club\n\n===Sports===\n====University Sports Clubs====\n*NSBM Athletics Club\n*NSBM Badminton Club\n*NSBM Cricket Club\n*NSBM Soccer Club\n*NSBM Swimming Club\n*NSBM Basketball Club\n*NSBM Table Tennis Club\n*NSBM Netball Club\n*NSBM Rugby Football Club\n*NSBM Karate Club\n*NSBM Elle Club\n*NSBM Hockey Club",
"* Official Website\n* Map of NSBM Green University"
] | finance |
[
"\n\nThe '''Government Dharmapuri Medical College''' is an educational institution established in 2008 at Nethaji Bye Pass Road within Dharmapuri Municipality in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The college accepts 100 students per year, of which 85 are state quota seats and 15 are from the ''All India'' quota. It is a Medical Council of India (MCI) recognized medical college. The Foundation stone was laid by deputy CM M.K.Stalin on 19.01.2010. It has performed around 3000 surgeries under the Chief Ministers Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme.\n",
"It has OPD & IPD services. It includes well equipped operation theatre with laboratory & blood bank services.\n\nspecial clinics are being conducted.\n# Club Foot clinic - every saturday.\n# Congenital Defects Screening Clinic - every friday.\n# Hypertension Clinic - every Tuesday and Thursday\n# Diabetic Clinic - every Tuesday and Thursday. \n# Transgender Clinic - every Monday and saturday.\n# Glaucoma Clinic - every monday and saturday.\n# Cornea Clinic - every monday and saturday.\n# Teen Clinic - every saturday.\n",
"\n\n\n* \n* Medical Council of India\n* Government of Tamil Nadu Health and Family Welfare Department\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Hospital Services ",
" References "
] | Government Dharmapuri Medical College | [
"It includes well equipped operation theatre with laboratory & blood bank services."
] | [
"\n\nThe '''Government Dharmapuri Medical College''' is an educational institution established in 2008 at Nethaji Bye Pass Road within Dharmapuri Municipality in Indian state of Tamil Nadu.",
"The college accepts 100 students per year, of which 85 are state quota seats and 15 are from the ''All India'' quota.",
"It is a Medical Council of India (MCI) recognized medical college.",
"The Foundation stone was laid by deputy CM M.K.Stalin on 19.01.2010.",
"It has performed around 3000 surgeries under the Chief Ministers Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme.",
"It has OPD & IPD services.",
"special clinics are being conducted.",
"# Club Foot clinic - every saturday.",
"# Congenital Defects Screening Clinic - every friday.",
"# Hypertension Clinic - every Tuesday and Thursday\n# Diabetic Clinic - every Tuesday and Thursday.",
"# Transgender Clinic - every Monday and saturday.",
"# Glaucoma Clinic - every monday and saturday.",
"# Cornea Clinic - every monday and saturday.",
"# Teen Clinic - every saturday.",
"\n\n\n* \n* Medical Council of India\n* Government of Tamil Nadu Health and Family Welfare Department"
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n'''Ramón Laso Moreno''' (born 1955) is a Spanish serial killer convicted in 1993 for the murders of his first wife and six-year-old son, and in 2014 for the murders of his second wife and brother-in-law. The second conviction has been named as the first murder conviction in Spain without a confession, murder weapon, body, or any organic remains of the victims. Laso disputes the validity of other forensic evidence and continues to claim his innocence.\n",
"Laso was born in Jaén, Spain in 1955, although he lived most of his life in Tarragona province. In the 1980s he lived with his wife Dolors \"Lolita\" Camacho (b. 1963) and their two children in Amposta, Tarragona. Laso and his brother-in-law Miguel Camacho run a brothel in a four-room farmyard, with Laso acting as the pimp and recruiter of prostitutes, but the partnership ended after Laso and Camacho had an argument during which Laso destroyed several mirrors, lights and other items in the place. Besides his relationship with prostitutes, Laso was also unfaithful to his wife with other women.\n",
"Laso's wife was found decapitated by a train in Amposta Station, shortly after midnight on June 9, 1988. The death was considered a suicide in spite of the Camachos suspicions about Laso. Nine months later, Laso's car fell down a 20-meter cliff while transporting Laso and his six-year-old son. Laso was almost unharmed, despite claiming to have fallen down the cliff and been left unconscious for 15 minutes as a result of the incident, while his son was killed and incinerated. The car insurance provided Laso with 3,5 million pesetas that he used to establish a video rental store. Miguel Camacho feared that Laso intended to kill the whole family one by one, and hired a private investigator to find evidence that Laso had actually killed his wife and child. The PI proved that Laso had actually strangled his wife and that she was already dead when the train hit her. An indicator of this was that Camacho had not instinctively lifted her head as the train approached, unlike all deceased in known instances of suicide on train tracks. He also set his car on fire himself. Laso offered multiple versions of the events to law enforcement, and while he ultimately admitted to staging both \"accidents\", he never confessed to a murder. He was found guilty on trial and sentenced to 56 years in prison for both murders in 1993. Nonetheless, he was paroled already in 1999, citing good behavior during his incarceration.\n",
"After his release, Laso worked as an undertaker, ambulance driver and barman. He married Julia Lamas, a Tarragona building caretaker who didn't know about his criminal past. Nonetheless, Laso also had affairs with other women including Lamas's sister Mercedes, who was herself married to Maurici Font. Laso proposed Mercedes several times to divorce their respective spouses and move in together, but she refused. On March 29, 2009 Laso met Font in an orchard property of the former that both men tended to as a hobby; afterward, Laso picked his wife up at her workplace. Neither Font nor Lamas were ever seen again. Font, a retired hospital watchman, would often pick his wife up at the hospital where she worked at as a nurse, but he didn't show up that day. Instead, it was Laso who went to the place at 15:30, and told her that Font had an affair with his sister-in-law and that the two had run away together to never come back. At the time, Laso was sweaty, looked tired, missed his glasses and had a scratch on the bridge of his nose, which fueled Mercedes's suspicions. They went to the residences of both people missing, where she noticed that most of their items were still in their place, including Julia's car. Mercedes said that they should report the disappearances to the Mossos d'Esquadra, but Laso talked her out of it, insisting that it was a voluntarily disappearance. Nevertheless, Mercedes denounced the disappearances the next day after talking to a female friend and shared her suspicions about Laso.\n\nThe Mossos interrogated Laso several times. He was always collaborative and accused Mercedes of lying. In one of the interrogations, Laso revealed that Font had called his mother from Morella, Castellón, where Julia's adult son from a previous marriage lived, and told her to not worry about them, that they were starting a new life together and that Julia had a new job in a local retirement home. Julia's son later testified that Laso had traveled to Morella and attempted to talk to him, but that he had ignored him. Some time later, \"Font\" called the offices of the ''Diari de Tarragona'' from Morella, stating the same plus the fact that he had left in disgust after discovering that his wife was unfaithful, and requested that the investigation on their disappearance be closed. He also sent a fax to the Social Security office to request that his monthly pension be deposited in a new bank acocunt. The fax included a copy of Font's National Identity Document (DNI), but the accompanying signature was not his own. Laso also tried to usurp the job of Julia Lamas as the building caretaker.\n\nWhen GPS and mobile phone tracking showed that Laso had been at the time and place where all the communications had been sent from, the missing persons investigation was reworked as a murder investigation and Laso was arrested as the suspect. The Mossos searched Laso's orchard extensively, along with his bar (where he dug a hole in the basement after the disappearances) and the Amposta cemetery where he had worked in as an undertaker and his first family was buried. GPS showed that he had driven to the cemetery once at 1:30 AM, after being in his orchard, but the bodies were never found. At Laso's home, the Mossos found Julia's glasses, a color copy of her DNI, the prepaid mobile phone used to call the ''Diari'', and a crowbar and hoe that tested positive for hemoglobine. However, no undegraded DNA could be retrieved from the tools for comparison.\n\nIn 2010, after the disappearances but prior to his arrest, Laso had a relationship with another woman and attempted to start yet another simultaneously with a recently divorced neighbor. When the neighbor refused, Laso sneaked into her basement and left a rose taped to a dead bird. The next day, the woman had a car accident and was informed that someone had manipulated the brakes.\n",
"Laso manifested several times that he looked forward to the trial, believing that no jury could condemn him of murder without a body. However, he was pronounced guilty of both counts and subsequently sentenced to 30 years in prison, in 2014. The Supreme Court of Spain upheld the sentence in 2016.\n\nLaso's orchard was expropriated after the investigation and a road built over it.\n",
"Laso's murders and their investigation were the subject of the book ''Sin Cadáver'' (\"Without a Body\"), by Spanish journalist and criminologist Fátima Llambrich.\n",
"* Murder of Marta del Castillo\n* Joaquín Ferrándiz Ventura\n* List of murder convictions without a body\n",
"* Ramón Laso in ''Criminalia''\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"First murders",
"Later murders",
"Trial and sentence",
"In media",
"See also",
"External links",
"References"
] | Ramón Laso | [
"He also sent a fax to the Social Security office to request that his monthly pension be deposited in a new bank acocunt."
] | [
"\n\n\n'''Ramón Laso Moreno''' (born 1955) is a Spanish serial killer convicted in 1993 for the murders of his first wife and six-year-old son, and in 2014 for the murders of his second wife and brother-in-law.",
"The second conviction has been named as the first murder conviction in Spain without a confession, murder weapon, body, or any organic remains of the victims.",
"Laso disputes the validity of other forensic evidence and continues to claim his innocence.",
"Laso was born in Jaén, Spain in 1955, although he lived most of his life in Tarragona province.",
"In the 1980s he lived with his wife Dolors \"Lolita\" Camacho (b.",
"1963) and their two children in Amposta, Tarragona.",
"Laso and his brother-in-law Miguel Camacho run a brothel in a four-room farmyard, with Laso acting as the pimp and recruiter of prostitutes, but the partnership ended after Laso and Camacho had an argument during which Laso destroyed several mirrors, lights and other items in the place.",
"Besides his relationship with prostitutes, Laso was also unfaithful to his wife with other women.",
"Laso's wife was found decapitated by a train in Amposta Station, shortly after midnight on June 9, 1988.",
"The death was considered a suicide in spite of the Camachos suspicions about Laso.",
"Nine months later, Laso's car fell down a 20-meter cliff while transporting Laso and his six-year-old son.",
"Laso was almost unharmed, despite claiming to have fallen down the cliff and been left unconscious for 15 minutes as a result of the incident, while his son was killed and incinerated.",
"The car insurance provided Laso with 3,5 million pesetas that he used to establish a video rental store.",
"Miguel Camacho feared that Laso intended to kill the whole family one by one, and hired a private investigator to find evidence that Laso had actually killed his wife and child.",
"The PI proved that Laso had actually strangled his wife and that she was already dead when the train hit her.",
"An indicator of this was that Camacho had not instinctively lifted her head as the train approached, unlike all deceased in known instances of suicide on train tracks.",
"He also set his car on fire himself.",
"Laso offered multiple versions of the events to law enforcement, and while he ultimately admitted to staging both \"accidents\", he never confessed to a murder.",
"He was found guilty on trial and sentenced to 56 years in prison for both murders in 1993.",
"Nonetheless, he was paroled already in 1999, citing good behavior during his incarceration.",
"After his release, Laso worked as an undertaker, ambulance driver and barman.",
"He married Julia Lamas, a Tarragona building caretaker who didn't know about his criminal past.",
"Nonetheless, Laso also had affairs with other women including Lamas's sister Mercedes, who was herself married to Maurici Font.",
"Laso proposed Mercedes several times to divorce their respective spouses and move in together, but she refused.",
"On March 29, 2009 Laso met Font in an orchard property of the former that both men tended to as a hobby; afterward, Laso picked his wife up at her workplace.",
"Neither Font nor Lamas were ever seen again.",
"Font, a retired hospital watchman, would often pick his wife up at the hospital where she worked at as a nurse, but he didn't show up that day.",
"Instead, it was Laso who went to the place at 15:30, and told her that Font had an affair with his sister-in-law and that the two had run away together to never come back.",
"At the time, Laso was sweaty, looked tired, missed his glasses and had a scratch on the bridge of his nose, which fueled Mercedes's suspicions.",
"They went to the residences of both people missing, where she noticed that most of their items were still in their place, including Julia's car.",
"Mercedes said that they should report the disappearances to the Mossos d'Esquadra, but Laso talked her out of it, insisting that it was a voluntarily disappearance.",
"Nevertheless, Mercedes denounced the disappearances the next day after talking to a female friend and shared her suspicions about Laso.",
"The Mossos interrogated Laso several times.",
"He was always collaborative and accused Mercedes of lying.",
"In one of the interrogations, Laso revealed that Font had called his mother from Morella, Castellón, where Julia's adult son from a previous marriage lived, and told her to not worry about them, that they were starting a new life together and that Julia had a new job in a local retirement home.",
"Julia's son later testified that Laso had traveled to Morella and attempted to talk to him, but that he had ignored him.",
"Some time later, \"Font\" called the offices of the ''Diari de Tarragona'' from Morella, stating the same plus the fact that he had left in disgust after discovering that his wife was unfaithful, and requested that the investigation on their disappearance be closed.",
"The fax included a copy of Font's National Identity Document (DNI), but the accompanying signature was not his own.",
"Laso also tried to usurp the job of Julia Lamas as the building caretaker.",
"When GPS and mobile phone tracking showed that Laso had been at the time and place where all the communications had been sent from, the missing persons investigation was reworked as a murder investigation and Laso was arrested as the suspect.",
"The Mossos searched Laso's orchard extensively, along with his bar (where he dug a hole in the basement after the disappearances) and the Amposta cemetery where he had worked in as an undertaker and his first family was buried.",
"GPS showed that he had driven to the cemetery once at 1:30 AM, after being in his orchard, but the bodies were never found.",
"At Laso's home, the Mossos found Julia's glasses, a color copy of her DNI, the prepaid mobile phone used to call the ''Diari'', and a crowbar and hoe that tested positive for hemoglobine.",
"However, no undegraded DNA could be retrieved from the tools for comparison.",
"In 2010, after the disappearances but prior to his arrest, Laso had a relationship with another woman and attempted to start yet another simultaneously with a recently divorced neighbor.",
"When the neighbor refused, Laso sneaked into her basement and left a rose taped to a dead bird.",
"The next day, the woman had a car accident and was informed that someone had manipulated the brakes.",
"Laso manifested several times that he looked forward to the trial, believing that no jury could condemn him of murder without a body.",
"However, he was pronounced guilty of both counts and subsequently sentenced to 30 years in prison, in 2014.",
"The Supreme Court of Spain upheld the sentence in 2016.",
"Laso's orchard was expropriated after the investigation and a road built over it.",
"Laso's murders and their investigation were the subject of the book ''Sin Cadáver'' (\"Without a Body\"), by Spanish journalist and criminologist Fátima Llambrich.",
"* Murder of Marta del Castillo\n* Joaquín Ferrándiz Ventura\n* List of murder convictions without a body",
"* Ramón Laso in ''Criminalia''"
] | finance |
[
"The following is a list of settings that are featured in stories about the Jammer, a fictional superhero created by Bernie Mireault.\n",
"\n\n===1961 Sherbrooke===\nGordon and Janet’s second apartment building. Apartment #12. Neighbor Larry.\n:First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007).\n\n\n===Bank of Montreal ===\nGordie Kirby has an account with the BMO Bank of Montreal (BMO Banque de Montréal). HIs home branch is located on Sherbrooke Street West (Rue Sherbrooke Oest).\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Maurice Hendrix''' is a hellish bank teller.\n:* '''Morgan P.''' is a nice teller.\n:* '''The bank manager''' is not happy with Maurice Hendrix’s level of customer service.\n:* '''Terry''' and his '''two accomplices''' robbed the Bank of Montreal.\n\n\n\n===Blue Angel Bar ===\nLocal drinking establishment and music venue\n\n''--Needs additional content--''\n\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989) \n\n;Characters\n:* '''The American Devices''' are a well-known band that performed at the Blue Angel Bar.\n:* '''The Balloons''' are the band that won the “New Talent Night” contest at the Blue Angel Bar. The Blue Angel is their first regular gig.\n:* '''Tony''' is the current owner and operator of the Blue Angel Bar.\n:* '''The Torch''' is a singer who performed at the Blue Angel in the 1930s-40s.\n\n\n\n===Dave Brave’s Apartment===\nDave Brave lives in a multi-story apartment building located near the corner of Rue du Fort and Rue Sherbrooke Oest (Fort Street and Sherbrooke Street West) in Montréal, Quebec.\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989)\n\n;Residents\n:* '''Dave Brave'''\n:* '''Suzy Brave'''\n:* '''Roger'''\n\n\n===Dépanneur Go Go ===\nA convenience store in Gordon Kirby and Janet Ditko’s neighborhood.\n:First seen in ''New Triumph Featuring Northguard'' #4 (1986).\n\n===Dr. Mandigo’s Office===\nPenthouse. receptionist on the first floor.\n:First appeared in the ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #6 (1993).\n\n\n\n===* Hell===\nLocated in the Sun. Transportation to Earth via transfer gate or the Devil’s digestive tract. \n\n''--Needs additional content--''\n\n: First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989).\n\n;Characters\n:* '''The Devil''' is the ruler of Hell.\n:* '''The Devil’s P.A.''' is his personal assistant.\n:* '''The Lab Boys''' represent Hell’s research and development division.\n:* '''Demons''' are the Devil’s work staff.\n:* '''Tortured souls''' are probably getting what they deserve.\n\n\n===House of Escher ===\nThe House of Escher is the earthly anchor to the creative world of M.C. Escher. It features psychoactive wallpaper and an interdimensional portal to Escher’s world. During its time in Montréal, the house was located in an alley next to 20 Rue Saint-Zotique (Saint Zotique Street).\n\nEscher’s world houses a city-size maze composed of brick walls, a miniature city, and Escher’s castle sanctum. It is the home to bug people, mantis guards, and miniature people who live in the residential section of the great maze.\n\n:First seen in ''Madman/Jam'' #1 (1998).\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Dragon'''\n:* '''Heddon Vamp Spook'''\n:* '''Lady Madeline'''\n:* '''M.C. Escher'''\n:* Bug guys\n:* Mantis guards\n:* Lilliputians\n\n\n===Jane Marble’s Home===\nMansion outside of the city.\n---Need more content---\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #7 (1993).\n\n===Jane Marble’s Office===\nThe office building that houses Ms. Jane Marble Inc. is located at 601 Rue Saint-Jacques (Saint Jacques Street), Montréal, Quebec. It is across the street from Police Station 10.\n:First seen in ''New Triumph Featuring Northguard'' #4 (1986).\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Jane Marble''' is the principal of Ms. Jane Marble Inc.\n:* '''Kludd''' is Jane’s secretary.\n:* '''Ruth''' is the building receptionist.\n\n\n\n===La Sala Rosa Restaurant ===\nLa Sala Rosa is a restaurant located at 4848 Boulevard St-Laurent in Montréal that plays host to a Comic Jam frequented by Gordon Kirby.\n:First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n===Montréal Central Hospital===\nGordon Kirby woke up in Montréal Central Hospital after being wrongly tasered by three police officers simultaneously. He was greeted by Senior Internal Affairs Office René Marble who said that he was owed compensation.\n:First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n===Papineau & Sherbrooke===\nGordon Kirby and Janet Ditko lived in a multi-story apartment building located near the corner of Avenue Papineau and Rue Sherbrooke East in Montréal, Quebec. The street address of their building was 638. Buildings in their densely populated neighborhood were separated by narrow alleyways. The building was walking distance from a buanderie (laudro-mat), a couple of dépanneurs (convenience stores), a number of pizzerias, and the Blue Angel Bar.\n:Rooftop first seen in ''New TriumphFeaturing Northguard'' #2\n:Inside of building first seen in ''New Triumph'' #4 (1986).\n\n;Residents\n:{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n08 \n B. Wayne\n\n10 \n M. Shainblum\n\n12 \n F. Miller\n\n14 \n OC Upied\n\n16 \n G. Kirby\n\n18 \n Z. Farouk\n\n20 \n G. Morissette\n\ntop floor \n Tony and Nina Matootsi \n\n… \n Debbie and Kurt\n\n\n;Neighbors\n:* '''Bob''' (homeless)\n:* '''Timmy''' and '''his mom'''\n:* '''Wally''' and '''his friend'''\n\n\n\n===Police Station 10 ===\nPolice Station 10 is a multi-story building with a stone facade located on the corner of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue McGill/Rue du Square-Victoria. It is across the street from Jane Marble’s office building.\n\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Detective Beauvais''' was assigned to the cases involving the deaths of the Flarks Abdul and Achmed. He has a work relationship with Jane Marble.\n:* '''Douglas Camp''' is Gordie’s lawyer. \n:* '''Jerry''' was Gordie’s arresting officer after the robbery of the Bank of Montréal.\n:* '''Jerry’s Captain''' was his commanding officer after the robbery of the Bank of Montréal. His badge number is 215. \n:* '''Michel Marble''' is a homicide detective and one of Jane Marble’s two sons. \n:* '''René Marble''' is a police officer and one of Jane Marble’s two sons.\n:* '''Steve''' was one of two police officers who transported Gordie and the bank robbers from the Bank of Montréal to Police Station 10.\n\n\n===Port of Montréal ===\nThe Port of Montréal is a port and transshipment point on the St. Lawrence River in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. On the island of Montreal, port territory stretches along 26 kilometres of waterfront from the Victoria Bridge at the upstream end of the port to Pointe-aux-Trembles at the downstream end of the port.\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989)\n\n;Characters\n:* '''The Flarks''' were headquartered aboard the cargo-ship ''Sea Hag'' during their tour of Montréal.\n:* '''The Backup Mob''' battled the Flarks at the Port.\n\n\n===Poste de quartier 37===\nSPVM Poste de quartier 37 (PDQ 37) was a neighborhood station which served as the first responders for public safety in the north sector of the Plateau Mont-Royal borough. They were located at 209 Avenue Laurier East, Montréal, QC H2T, Canada. In 2012, PDQ 37 was absorbed into PDQ 38—which served the southern sector—to form a single post to serve the Plateau.\n:First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n\n===Studio C===\nStudio C is an art gallery in the Cooper Building, a 9-story low-rise building on Boulevard Saint-Laurent in Montréal. Studio C consists of 17 spaces: a large gallery on the main floor and 16 smaller spaces located in the basement level.\n:First seen in the ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #12 (1996).The Jam, Urban Adventure #12\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Klee Shonin'''\n:* '''Zoe'''\n\n\n===Temple of the Blood King===\nThe term used by the Flarks for the Blood King’s mansion located at the top of a high-rise building in downtown Montréal. \n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #2 (1990).\n\n\n===Zorba Pizzeria ===\nA Greek family-owned pizzeria frequented by Gordon Kirby. \n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.\n",
"The Jam (comics)\nList of Jam Urban Adventure Characters\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Places of note",
"See also",
"Footnotes"
] | List of Jam Urban Adventure Settings | [
"===Bank of Montreal ===\nGordie Kirby has an account with the BMO Bank of Montreal (BMO Banque de Montréal).",
";Characters\n:* '''Maurice Hendrix''' is a hellish bank teller.",
":* '''The bank manager''' is not happy with Maurice Hendrix’s level of customer service.",
":* '''Terry''' and his '''two accomplices''' robbed the Bank of Montreal.",
":* '''Jerry''' was Gordie’s arresting officer after the robbery of the Bank of Montréal.",
":* '''Jerry’s Captain''' was his commanding officer after the robbery of the Bank of Montréal.",
":* '''Steve''' was one of two police officers who transported Gordie and the bank robbers from the Bank of Montréal to Police Station 10."
] | [
"The following is a list of settings that are featured in stories about the Jammer, a fictional superhero created by Bernie Mireault.",
"\n\n===1961 Sherbrooke===\nGordon and Janet’s second apartment building.",
"Apartment #12.",
"Neighbor Larry.",
":First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007).",
"HIs home branch is located on Sherbrooke Street West (Rue Sherbrooke Oest).",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.",
":* '''Morgan P.''' is a nice teller.",
"===Blue Angel Bar ===\nLocal drinking establishment and music venue\n\n''--Needs additional content--''\n\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989) \n\n;Characters\n:* '''The American Devices''' are a well-known band that performed at the Blue Angel Bar.",
":* '''The Balloons''' are the band that won the “New Talent Night” contest at the Blue Angel Bar.",
"The Blue Angel is their first regular gig.",
":* '''Tony''' is the current owner and operator of the Blue Angel Bar.",
":* '''The Torch''' is a singer who performed at the Blue Angel in the 1930s-40s.",
"===Dave Brave’s Apartment===\nDave Brave lives in a multi-story apartment building located near the corner of Rue du Fort and Rue Sherbrooke Oest (Fort Street and Sherbrooke Street West) in Montréal, Quebec.",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989)\n\n;Residents\n:* '''Dave Brave'''\n:* '''Suzy Brave'''\n:* '''Roger'''\n\n\n===Dépanneur Go Go ===\nA convenience store in Gordon Kirby and Janet Ditko’s neighborhood.",
":First seen in ''New Triumph Featuring Northguard'' #4 (1986).",
"===Dr.",
"Mandigo’s Office===\nPenthouse.",
"receptionist on the first floor.",
":First appeared in the ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #6 (1993).",
"===* Hell===\nLocated in the Sun.",
"Transportation to Earth via transfer gate or the Devil’s digestive tract. \n\n''",
"--Needs additional content--''\n\n: First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989).",
";Characters\n:* '''The Devil''' is the ruler of Hell.",
":* '''The Devil’s P.A.'''",
"is his personal assistant.",
":* '''The Lab Boys''' represent Hell’s research and development division.",
":* '''Demons''' are the Devil’s work staff.",
":* '''Tortured souls''' are probably getting what they deserve.",
"===House of Escher ===\nThe House of Escher is the earthly anchor to the creative world of M.C.",
"Escher.",
"It features psychoactive wallpaper and an interdimensional portal to Escher’s world.",
"During its time in Montréal, the house was located in an alley next to 20 Rue Saint-Zotique (Saint Zotique Street).",
"Escher’s world houses a city-size maze composed of brick walls, a miniature city, and Escher’s castle sanctum.",
"It is the home to bug people, mantis guards, and miniature people who live in the residential section of the great maze.",
":First seen in ''Madman/Jam'' #1 (1998).",
";Characters\n:* '''Dragon'''\n:* '''Heddon Vamp Spook'''\n:* '''Lady Madeline'''\n:* '''M.C.",
"Escher'''\n:* Bug guys\n:* Mantis guards\n:* Lilliputians\n\n\n===Jane Marble’s Home===\nMansion outside of the city.",
"---Need more content---\n:First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #7 (1993).",
"===Jane Marble’s Office===\nThe office building that houses Ms. Jane Marble Inc. is located at 601 Rue Saint-Jacques (Saint Jacques Street), Montréal, Quebec.",
"It is across the street from Police Station 10.\n:First seen in ''New Triumph Featuring Northguard'' #4 (1986).",
";Characters\n:* '''Jane Marble''' is the principal of Ms. Jane Marble Inc.\n:* '''Kludd''' is Jane’s secretary.",
":* '''Ruth''' is the building receptionist.",
"===La Sala Rosa Restaurant ===\nLa Sala Rosa is a restaurant located at 4848 Boulevard St-Laurent in Montréal that plays host to a Comic Jam frequented by Gordon Kirby.",
":First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n===Montréal Central Hospital===\nGordon Kirby woke up in Montréal Central Hospital after being wrongly tasered by three police officers simultaneously.",
"He was greeted by Senior Internal Affairs Office René Marble who said that he was owed compensation.",
":First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n===Papineau & Sherbrooke===\nGordon Kirby and Janet Ditko lived in a multi-story apartment building located near the corner of Avenue Papineau and Rue Sherbrooke East in Montréal, Quebec.",
"The street address of their building was 638.",
"Buildings in their densely populated neighborhood were separated by narrow alleyways.",
"The building was walking distance from a buanderie (laudro-mat), a couple of dépanneurs (convenience stores), a number of pizzerias, and the Blue Angel Bar.",
":Rooftop first seen in ''New TriumphFeaturing Northguard'' #2\n:Inside of building first seen in ''New Triumph'' #4 (1986).",
";Residents\n:{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n08 \n B. Wayne\n\n10 \n M. Shainblum\n\n12 \n F. Miller\n\n14 \n OC Upied\n\n16 \n G. Kirby\n\n18 \n Z. Farouk\n\n20 \n G. Morissette\n\ntop floor \n Tony and Nina Matootsi \n\n… \n Debbie and Kurt\n\n\n;Neighbors\n:* '''Bob''' (homeless)\n:* '''Timmy''' and '''his mom'''\n:* '''Wally''' and '''his friend'''\n\n\n\n===Police Station 10 ===\nPolice Station 10 is a multi-story building with a stone facade located on the corner of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue McGill/Rue du Square-Victoria.",
"It is across the street from Jane Marble’s office building.",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.",
";Characters\n:* '''Detective Beauvais''' was assigned to the cases involving the deaths of the Flarks Abdul and Achmed.",
"He has a work relationship with Jane Marble.",
":* '''Douglas Camp''' is Gordie’s lawyer.",
"His badge number is 215. \n:* '''Michel Marble''' is a homicide detective and one of Jane Marble’s two sons.",
":* '''René Marble''' is a police officer and one of Jane Marble’s two sons.",
"===Port of Montréal ===\nThe Port of Montréal is a port and transshipment point on the St. Lawrence River in Montréal, Quebec, Canada.",
"On the island of Montreal, port territory stretches along 26 kilometres of waterfront from the Victoria Bridge at the upstream end of the port to Pointe-aux-Trembles at the downstream end of the port.",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #1 (1989)\n\n;Characters\n:* '''The Flarks''' were headquartered aboard the cargo-ship ''Sea Hag'' during their tour of Montréal.",
":* '''The Backup Mob''' battled the Flarks at the Port.",
"===Poste de quartier 37===\nSPVM Poste de quartier 37 (PDQ 37) was a neighborhood station which served as the first responders for public safety in the north sector of the Plateau Mont-Royal borough.",
"They were located at 209 Avenue Laurier East, Montréal, QC H2T, Canada.",
"In 2012, PDQ 37 was absorbed into PDQ 38—which served the southern sector—to form a single post to serve the Plateau.",
":First seen in ''To Get Her'' (2007)\n\n\n\n===Studio C===\nStudio C is an art gallery in the Cooper Building, a 9-story low-rise building on Boulevard Saint-Laurent in Montréal.",
"Studio C consists of 17 spaces: a large gallery on the main floor and 16 smaller spaces located in the basement level.",
":First seen in the ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #12 (1996).The Jam, Urban Adventure #12\n\n;Characters\n:* '''Klee Shonin'''\n:* '''Zoe'''\n\n\n===Temple of the Blood King===\nThe term used by the Flarks for the Blood King’s mansion located at the top of a high-rise building in downtown Montréal.",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure'' #2 (1990).",
"===Zorba Pizzeria ===\nA Greek family-owned pizzeria frequented by Gordon Kirby.",
":First seen in ''The Jam, Urban Adventure: Super Cool, Color-injected, Turbo Adventure from Hell #1''.",
"The Jam (comics)\nList of Jam Urban Adventure Characters"
] | finance |
[
"'''Narayan Sanyal''' (Death: April 17, 2017) commonly known by his nom de guerre '''Bijoy da''' alias Naveen Prasad was a Maoist ideologue and senior Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). Sanyal was one of the earliest comrade of Naxal leader Charu Majumdar and member of undivided Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). It is believed that at the time of arrest Narayan Sanyal was next only to CPI (Maoist) general secretary Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy.\n",
"Sanyal was born in an affluent family in Bogra District of Bangladesh. His father was a district leader of Indian National Congress. The family of sanyal shifted to India in 1940s. After completion of the education he joined in a service of United Bank of India in Kolkata. In 1960s he left the job and participated in ultra left politics.\n",
"Sanyal was initially associated with the Man-Money-Gun group founded by Bengali revolutionary Ananta Singh, until the Naxalbari uprising erupted in 1967. In 1969 he went to Bihar and started working under Satyanarayan Singh, the then politburo member of CPI(ML). When almost the entire Bihar state committee defected under Singh’s leadership in 1971 over differences with Charu Majumdar ideology, Sanyal led pro-Majumdar unit of CPI(ML) in Bihar and organized members in the Jehanabad - Palamu belt. He was arrested in 1973 and was released in 1977 after the first Left Front government released political prisoners. In 1978, Sanyal along with others formed the group named CPI(ML) Party Unity. He became the general secretary of that group in 1987. This group was merged with CPI(ML)(People’s War) in 1998. While he was working in Bastar region in Chhattisgarh, played a pivotal role of merger with unified Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War and Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC) in 2004. He also became politburo member of Communist Party of India (Maoist). Sanyal was also active in Palamu region of Jharkhand.\n",
"Narayan Sanyal was arrested in December 2005 from Raipur bus stand in Chhattisgarh but released from jail in 2014 due to ill health. At 78 he died in Kolkata on 17 April 2017. He was suffering from multiple ailments, including cancer.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Early life ",
" Political life ",
" Death ",
" References "
] | Narayan Sanyal (politician) | [
"After completion of the education he joined in a service of United Bank of India in Kolkata."
] | [
"'''Narayan Sanyal''' (Death: April 17, 2017) commonly known by his nom de guerre '''Bijoy da''' alias Naveen Prasad was a Maoist ideologue and senior Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Maoist).",
"Sanyal was one of the earliest comrade of Naxal leader Charu Majumdar and member of undivided Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist).",
"It is believed that at the time of arrest Narayan Sanyal was next only to CPI (Maoist) general secretary Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy.",
"Sanyal was born in an affluent family in Bogra District of Bangladesh.",
"His father was a district leader of Indian National Congress.",
"The family of sanyal shifted to India in 1940s.",
"In 1960s he left the job and participated in ultra left politics.",
"Sanyal was initially associated with the Man-Money-Gun group founded by Bengali revolutionary Ananta Singh, until the Naxalbari uprising erupted in 1967.",
"In 1969 he went to Bihar and started working under Satyanarayan Singh, the then politburo member of CPI(ML).",
"When almost the entire Bihar state committee defected under Singh’s leadership in 1971 over differences with Charu Majumdar ideology, Sanyal led pro-Majumdar unit of CPI(ML) in Bihar and organized members in the Jehanabad - Palamu belt.",
"He was arrested in 1973 and was released in 1977 after the first Left Front government released political prisoners.",
"In 1978, Sanyal along with others formed the group named CPI(ML) Party Unity.",
"He became the general secretary of that group in 1987.",
"This group was merged with CPI(ML)(People’s War) in 1998.",
"While he was working in Bastar region in Chhattisgarh, played a pivotal role of merger with unified Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War and Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC) in 2004.",
"He also became politburo member of Communist Party of India (Maoist).",
"Sanyal was also active in Palamu region of Jharkhand.",
"Narayan Sanyal was arrested in December 2005 from Raipur bus stand in Chhattisgarh but released from jail in 2014 due to ill health.",
"At 78 he died in Kolkata on 17 April 2017.",
"He was suffering from multiple ailments, including cancer."
] | finance |
[
"'''Olli Benjamin Kaila''' (24 February 1918 Helsinki – 23 April 2014 Helsinki) was a Finnish diplomat, lawyer and banker. Kaila served as ambassador in Copenhagen, 1959-1961 and the Finnish Permanent Mission of the United Nations in Geneva 1961-1962.He was a member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank 1962-1983 and Vice-President of the General Director since 1975.\n\nKaila graduated in 1943 as lawer and earned a rank of Master of Law in 1946.\n\nHis father wasi Eino Kaila.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" References "
] | Olli Kaila | [
"Kaila served as ambassador in Copenhagen, 1959-1961 and the Finnish Permanent Mission of the United Nations in Geneva 1961-1962.He was a member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank 1962-1983 and Vice-President of the General Director since 1975."
] | [
"'''Olli Benjamin Kaila''' (24 February 1918 Helsinki – 23 April 2014 Helsinki) was a Finnish diplomat, lawyer and banker.",
"Kaila graduated in 1943 as lawer and earned a rank of Master of Law in 1946.",
"His father wasi Eino Kaila."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n\nThe '''Deir ez-Zor offensive''', named by the SDF as the '''al-Jazeera Storm''' campaign, is an ongoing military operation launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate with the goal of capturing swathes of territory east of the Euphrates in the eastern countryside of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.\n\nThe offensive is concurrent with another SDF offensive, the Raqqa campaign conducted against ISIL's capital city and stronghold in Syria, as well as with the Central Syria Campaign and 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive, in which the Syrian Army is also trying to capture territory from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.\n",
"On 25 August 2017, around 800 fighters from the Syrian Elite Forces defected to the SDF's Deir ez-Zor Military Council. On the same day, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council, announced that it would launch an offensive north of Deir ez-Zor within several weeks. Just before the start of the offensive, the SDF received a large amount of new weaponry and ammunition from CJTF–OIR.\n",
"The SDF officially announced the offensive on 9 September.\n\nOn 8 September, the SDF launched the offensive by attacking of ISIL-held villages in the northern Deir ez-Zor countryside; on the next day, the offensive was officially announced in the al-Shaddadah Subdistrict with the stated aim of expelling ISIL from all areas north and east of the Euphrates. In course of the next two days, the SDF rapidly advanced and captured numerous villages. According to pro-Syrian opposition media, this quick initial progress was due to ISIL forces retreating from areas that were difficult to defend in the face of heavy CJTF–OIR aistrikes.\n\nOn 10 September, the SDF fought its way into the fortified Industrial City, directly north of Deir ez-Zor city, while capturing more nearby villages. On 12 and 13 September, the SDF captured several locations at Deir-ez Zor's northern entrance (including the former Brigade 113 and al-Niran Battalion bases, the Sadkob station and part of the sheep market) as well as the silos and cotton storages in the Industrial City. The coalition also made further progress in the desert north of Deir-ez Zor, where it advanced 60km. Despite these successes for the SDF, ISIL had significantly increased their resistance, and began to launch repeated counter-attacks supported by VBIEDs in an attempt to stall the offensive and/or recapture territory.\n\nMeanwhile, the SDF leadership stated that their forces would not attack the troops of the Syrian government which were battling ISIL on the west side of the Euphrates. On 15 September, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the SDF's Deir ez-Zor Military Council, however stated that it will not allow government forces to cross the Euphrates. The next day, alleged Syrian or Russian aircraft bombed SDF positions on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, injuring 6 SDF fighters. In response, CJTF–OIR stated that while they were putting their \"full efforts into preventing unnecessary escalation among forces that share ISIS as our common enemy\", \"Coalition forces and partners always retain the right of self-defense\". In this context, Institute for the Study of War expert Chris Kozak said that neither Russia nor the United States had an interest in escalating a conflict between them. \"The real threat is instead that the partner forces on the ground—the SAA and the SDF—come close to confrontation before the US and Russia can slow them down.\" The government and the SDF are rivals in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, as both sides want to capture the region's natural resources (most importantly its oil fields).\n\nOn 17 September, SDF captured a textile factory and a roundabout 7 km from Deir ez-Zor city. On 20 September, the SDF opened a second front against ISIL east of Deir ez-Zor near the border with Iraq, and six villages alongside the M7 highway in quick order, thus advancing towards the oil-rich eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor. As response to the SDF advances, ISIL began to launch raids into SDF-held areas in southern al-Hasakah Governorate, reportedly ambushing and killing several SDF fighters on 21 and 24 September. On 21 September, Russia warned it would attack SDF fighters if provoked.\n\nISIL counter-attacks did little to impede the SDF offensive, however, and the SDF proceeded to capture the Al-Izba and Conoco gas fields, the Derro oil fields, and the Al-Bazikh mountain chain. On 25 September, however, Russian aircraft as well as Syrian and Russian artillery bombarded the SDF troops at the Conoco gas field, causing several casualities. The SDF responded to this by stating that \"Russian and regime forces have mounted a treacherous attack against our forces... with artillery and aircraft\" and that they would \"use our legitimate right to self-defence\". Further Russian bombing was reported on 27 September, with SOHR claiming 6 civilian casualties in Marat, to the east of the Euphrates River opposite Deir Ezzor Military Airbase. Iranian missile strikes on ISIL in the southern and eastern parts of the province were also reported on 24 September.\n\nDespite the airstrike incident, the SDF continued the offensive and pushed ISIL out of numerous villages over the following days. At al-Suwar, however, the SDF troops met fierce resistance on 24 September and a heavy battle ensued; after six days of fighting the town finally fell. The SDF then attempted to further advance in al-Suwar's surroundings, while ISIL launched counter-attacks to retake it. On 30 September, the SDF took control of the Jafra oil fields.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"The offensive",
"References"
] | Deir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017–present) | [
"The next day, alleged Syrian or Russian aircraft bombed SDF positions on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, injuring 6 SDF fighters."
] | [
"\n\n\n\nThe '''Deir ez-Zor offensive''', named by the SDF as the '''al-Jazeera Storm''' campaign, is an ongoing military operation launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate with the goal of capturing swathes of territory east of the Euphrates in the eastern countryside of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.",
"The offensive is concurrent with another SDF offensive, the Raqqa campaign conducted against ISIL's capital city and stronghold in Syria, as well as with the Central Syria Campaign and 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive, in which the Syrian Army is also trying to capture territory from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.",
"On 25 August 2017, around 800 fighters from the Syrian Elite Forces defected to the SDF's Deir ez-Zor Military Council.",
"On the same day, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council, announced that it would launch an offensive north of Deir ez-Zor within several weeks.",
"Just before the start of the offensive, the SDF received a large amount of new weaponry and ammunition from CJTF–OIR.",
"The SDF officially announced the offensive on 9 September.",
"On 8 September, the SDF launched the offensive by attacking of ISIL-held villages in the northern Deir ez-Zor countryside; on the next day, the offensive was officially announced in the al-Shaddadah Subdistrict with the stated aim of expelling ISIL from all areas north and east of the Euphrates.",
"In course of the next two days, the SDF rapidly advanced and captured numerous villages.",
"According to pro-Syrian opposition media, this quick initial progress was due to ISIL forces retreating from areas that were difficult to defend in the face of heavy CJTF–OIR aistrikes.",
"On 10 September, the SDF fought its way into the fortified Industrial City, directly north of Deir ez-Zor city, while capturing more nearby villages.",
"On 12 and 13 September, the SDF captured several locations at Deir-ez Zor's northern entrance (including the former Brigade 113 and al-Niran Battalion bases, the Sadkob station and part of the sheep market) as well as the silos and cotton storages in the Industrial City.",
"The coalition also made further progress in the desert north of Deir-ez Zor, where it advanced 60km.",
"Despite these successes for the SDF, ISIL had significantly increased their resistance, and began to launch repeated counter-attacks supported by VBIEDs in an attempt to stall the offensive and/or recapture territory.",
"Meanwhile, the SDF leadership stated that their forces would not attack the troops of the Syrian government which were battling ISIL on the west side of the Euphrates.",
"On 15 September, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the SDF's Deir ez-Zor Military Council, however stated that it will not allow government forces to cross the Euphrates.",
"In response, CJTF–OIR stated that while they were putting their \"full efforts into preventing unnecessary escalation among forces that share ISIS as our common enemy\", \"Coalition forces and partners always retain the right of self-defense\".",
"In this context, Institute for the Study of War expert Chris Kozak said that neither Russia nor the United States had an interest in escalating a conflict between them.",
"\"The real threat is instead that the partner forces on the ground—the SAA and the SDF—come close to confrontation before the US and Russia can slow them down.\"",
"The government and the SDF are rivals in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, as both sides want to capture the region's natural resources (most importantly its oil fields).",
"On 17 September, SDF captured a textile factory and a roundabout 7 km from Deir ez-Zor city.",
"On 20 September, the SDF opened a second front against ISIL east of Deir ez-Zor near the border with Iraq, and six villages alongside the M7 highway in quick order, thus advancing towards the oil-rich eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor.",
"As response to the SDF advances, ISIL began to launch raids into SDF-held areas in southern al-Hasakah Governorate, reportedly ambushing and killing several SDF fighters on 21 and 24 September.",
"On 21 September, Russia warned it would attack SDF fighters if provoked.",
"ISIL counter-attacks did little to impede the SDF offensive, however, and the SDF proceeded to capture the Al-Izba and Conoco gas fields, the Derro oil fields, and the Al-Bazikh mountain chain.",
"On 25 September, however, Russian aircraft as well as Syrian and Russian artillery bombarded the SDF troops at the Conoco gas field, causing several casualities.",
"The SDF responded to this by stating that \"Russian and regime forces have mounted a treacherous attack against our forces... with artillery and aircraft\" and that they would \"use our legitimate right to self-defence\".",
"Further Russian bombing was reported on 27 September, with SOHR claiming 6 civilian casualties in Marat, to the east of the Euphrates River opposite Deir Ezzor Military Airbase.",
"Iranian missile strikes on ISIL in the southern and eastern parts of the province were also reported on 24 September.",
"Despite the airstrike incident, the SDF continued the offensive and pushed ISIL out of numerous villages over the following days.",
"At al-Suwar, however, the SDF troops met fierce resistance on 24 September and a heavy battle ensued; after six days of fighting the town finally fell.",
"The SDF then attempted to further advance in al-Suwar's surroundings, while ISIL launched counter-attacks to retake it.",
"On 30 September, the SDF took control of the Jafra oil fields."
] | river |
[
"\n'''Raninagar''' is a town, with a police station, not identified in 2011 census, in Raninagar II CD Block in Domkol subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.\n",
"Raninagar police station has jurisdiction over Raninagar II CD Block. \n",
"The headquarters of Raninagar II CD Block are located at Raninagar.\n",
"Raninagar (Godhanpara) Rural Hospital at Raninagar functions with 15 beds.\n",
"*River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Police station",
"CD Block HQ",
"Healthcare",
"See also",
"References"
] | Raninagar | [
"*River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts"
] | [
"\n'''Raninagar''' is a town, with a police station, not identified in 2011 census, in Raninagar II CD Block in Domkol subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.",
"Raninagar police station has jurisdiction over Raninagar II CD Block.",
"The headquarters of Raninagar II CD Block are located at Raninagar.",
"Raninagar (Godhanpara) Rural Hospital at Raninagar functions with 15 beds."
] | river |
[
"'''We Like''' (stylized as '''WE LIKE''') is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Pristin for their second mini album ''Schxxl Out'' (2017). It was released as the album's only single on August 23, 2017. An official music video also premiered on the same day. The song was written entirely by Roa and Sungyeon, both members of the group.\n",
"After the promotions for their debut mini album ''Hi! Pristin'' were wrapped up, the group started working on their next comeback, most likely to happen on the summer of 2017, as confirmed on May 22 by the girls themselves during a Facebook live stream with Idols of Asia'','' a Chinese entertainment website. A few months later, on August 18, the tracklist for ''Schxxl Out'' was revealed, confirming \"We Like\" as the album's title track. On August 23, the song was released along the album and a proper music video.\n",
"\"We Like\" is a energetic dance-pop song with dynamic melodies. It was composed by Maja Keuc, Bumzu, Joe Michel, Park Kitae, Simon Petrén and Sungyeon. Lyrically, the song talks about a girl who has a crush on a guy and tries to win him over by highlighting the things that make her different from the average girls.\n",
"On August 19, the first teaser for the music video of the song was released. A second teaser came out two days later. The full music video, which was also released on August 23, features the girls breaking into a mall and having fun. It ends with them getting caught and then arrested. On August 31, they released a dance version of the music video featuring the full choreography for the song.\n",
"\"We Like\" was performed for the first time during a showcase held to promote the mini album on August 23. The following day, on August 24, Pristin made their first comeback stage for the song on Mnet's ''M Countdown''. The promotions continued through KBS's ''Music Bank'' on August 25, MBC's ''Show! Music Core'' on August 26, SBS's ''Inkigayo'' on August 27, SBS MTV's ''The Show'' on August 29, and MBC Music's ''Show Champion'''s on August 30.\n",
"The song entered the Gaon Digital Chart at number 94 on the issue dated between August 20 and August 26, 2017, selling 21,804 downloads in its first week.\n",
"On August 25, during the performance for \"We Like\" on Music Bank, a small portion of the lyrics was changed. The original lyrics, sung respectively by members Rena and Yuha, translate to: \"''I'll pick out what I want to eat, but I'll also take care of the bill. You don't see this often, you'll be more attracted to someone like me.''\", which stired criticism for suggesting that it's uncommon to see women paying their own bills. While Rena's verse was kept the same, Yuha's was completely changed as seen in the translation: \"''After all, I'm the type to be straightforward about what I like and don't like.''\" Their company Pledis Entertainment didn't issue any statements regarding the lyric change, which remained through the rest of the promotions. The dance version of the music video also features the new lyrics, which were re-recorded on studio by Yuha.\n",
"\n=== Weekly charts ===\n\nChart (2017)\nPeak\nposition\nRef.\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon Digital Chart)\n94\n\n\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable\"\nRegion\nDate\nFormat\nLabel\nRef.\n\nSouth Korea\nAugust 23, 2017\nDigital download\nPledis Entertainment\n\n\nWorldwide\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Background and release ",
" Composition and lyrical interpretation ",
" Music video ",
" Promotion ",
" Commercial performance ",
" Controversy ",
" Charts ",
" Release history ",
" References "
] | We Like | [
"The promotions continued through KBS's ''Music Bank'' on August 25, MBC's ''Show!",
"On August 25, during the performance for \"We Like\" on Music Bank, a small portion of the lyrics was changed."
] | [
"'''We Like''' (stylized as '''WE LIKE''') is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Pristin for their second mini album ''Schxxl Out'' (2017).",
"It was released as the album's only single on August 23, 2017.",
"An official music video also premiered on the same day.",
"The song was written entirely by Roa and Sungyeon, both members of the group.",
"After the promotions for their debut mini album ''Hi!",
"Pristin'' were wrapped up, the group started working on their next comeback, most likely to happen on the summer of 2017, as confirmed on May 22 by the girls themselves during a Facebook live stream with Idols of Asia'','' a Chinese entertainment website.",
"A few months later, on August 18, the tracklist for ''Schxxl Out'' was revealed, confirming \"We Like\" as the album's title track.",
"On August 23, the song was released along the album and a proper music video.",
"\"We Like\" is a energetic dance-pop song with dynamic melodies.",
"It was composed by Maja Keuc, Bumzu, Joe Michel, Park Kitae, Simon Petrén and Sungyeon.",
"Lyrically, the song talks about a girl who has a crush on a guy and tries to win him over by highlighting the things that make her different from the average girls.",
"On August 19, the first teaser for the music video of the song was released.",
"A second teaser came out two days later.",
"The full music video, which was also released on August 23, features the girls breaking into a mall and having fun.",
"It ends with them getting caught and then arrested.",
"On August 31, they released a dance version of the music video featuring the full choreography for the song.",
"\"We Like\" was performed for the first time during a showcase held to promote the mini album on August 23.",
"The following day, on August 24, Pristin made their first comeback stage for the song on Mnet's ''M Countdown''.",
"Music Core'' on August 26, SBS's ''Inkigayo'' on August 27, SBS MTV's ''The Show'' on August 29, and MBC Music's ''Show Champion'''s on August 30.",
"The song entered the Gaon Digital Chart at number 94 on the issue dated between August 20 and August 26, 2017, selling 21,804 downloads in its first week.",
"The original lyrics, sung respectively by members Rena and Yuha, translate to: \"''I'll pick out what I want to eat, but I'll also take care of the bill.",
"You don't see this often, you'll be more attracted to someone like me.",
"''\", which stired criticism for suggesting that it's uncommon to see women paying their own bills.",
"While Rena's verse was kept the same, Yuha's was completely changed as seen in the translation: \"''After all, I'm the type to be straightforward about what I like and don't like.''\"",
"Their company Pledis Entertainment didn't issue any statements regarding the lyric change, which remained through the rest of the promotions.",
"The dance version of the music video also features the new lyrics, which were re-recorded on studio by Yuha.",
"\n=== Weekly charts ===\n\nChart (2017)\nPeak\nposition\nRef.",
"South Korea (Gaon Digital Chart)\n94",
"{| class=\"wikitable\"\nRegion\nDate\nFormat\nLabel\nRef.",
"South Korea\nAugust 23, 2017\nDigital download\nPledis Entertainment\n\n\nWorldwide"
] | river |
[
"\n'''Volkert Petrus Douw''' (March 23, 1720 – March 20, 1801) was a merchant and politician from Albany, New York who was prominent both during colonial times and after the United States was established.\n",
"Douw was born on March 23, 1720 in Albany, New York. He was the only surviving son of nine children born to Petrus Douw (1692–1775), of an old Dutch family, and Anna (née Van Rensselaer) Douw (1696–1756). His siblings included Magdalena Douw (1718–1796), who married Harmen Gansevoort (1712–1801), Maria Douw (1725–1759), who married Johannes Gansevoort, and Rachel Douw (1736–1806).\n\nHis maternal grandparents were Hendrick van Rensselaer (1667–1740), director of Fort Crailo, the Eastern patent of the Rensselaerswyck manor, and Catharina Van Brugh, herself the daughter of merchant Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh (1624–1697) and sister of Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740), mayor of Albany from 1699 to 1700 and again from 1721 to 1723. Through his sister Maria, he was uncle to Brig. Gen. Peter Gansevoort (1749–1812) and State Senator and Assemblymen Leonard Gansevoort (1751–1810).\n",
"He worked as a skipper on the Hudson River but eventually returned to Albany to run the family store. During the Seven Years' War, or the French and Indian War as it was known in the colonies, which took place from 1754 to 1763, he was a Captain of the Colonial Militia and the first Judge of Albany County Court, serving from 1757 to 1775. From 1750 to 1760, he was City Recorder (Deputy Mayor) of Albany. In 1760, Douw was appointed as mayor of Albany, New York, serving from 1761 to 1770, following Sybrant Gozen Van Schaick. He was succeeded by Abraham Cuyler. From 1761 until the 1780s, he was a member of the Colonial General Assembly of New York. \n\nIn 1774, and again in 1775, he served as Commissioner of Indian Affairs in for the Province of New York. During the first New York Provincial Congress, which was convened in New York City on May 22, 1775, Douw served as vice-president with Peter Van Brugh Livingston as president. During the American Revolution, he was a member of the Albany Committee of Correspondence.\n\nFollowing the establishment of New York State, Douw served in the new government as a member of the New York State Senate, beginning on July 1, 1785 serving in the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th New York State Legislatures. He retired from the Senate on June 30, 1793 after representing one of five seats for the Western District which consisted of Albany, Montgomery, Herkimer, Ontario, Otsego, Saratoga and Tioga counties. Following Virginia's Ratifying Convention in June 1788, where they became the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution, New York held their Convention held in Poughkeepsie, New York in July 1788 presided by Gov. George Clinton. Despite Douw's vote against ratification, New York became the eleventh state to ratify on July 26, 1788. By 1790, his household owned 14 slaves.\n",
"On May 20, 1742, Douw was married to Anna De Peyster (1723–1794), the daughter of Johannes de Peyster III (1694–1783), who also served as mayor of Albany. They built a home in the country known as Wolvenhook, located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, about a mile below Albany. Together, they were the parents of nine children, including:\n\n* Anna Douw (1743–1774), who married Dirck Ten Broeck (1738–1780), son of Mayor Dirck Ten Broeck, in 1761.\n* Rachel Douw (1745–1799), who married Henry I. Van Renssselaer (1742–1813), son of Johannes Van Rensselaer and Angelica Livingston, in 1765.\n* Myndert Schuyler Douw (1746–1747), who died young.\n* Magdalena Douw (1750–1817), who married John Stevenson (1734–1810), a wealthy loyalist merchant, in 1770.\n* Catrina Douw (1751–1775), who married Harmanis Hoffman.\n* Johannes \"John\" De Peyster Douw (1756–1835), who married three times; first to Deborah Beeckman (1763–1791), daughter of Mayor Johannes Jacobse Beeckman, in 1787, then to Margaret Livingston (1768–1802), daughter of Col. Peter Robert Livingston (1737–1794) and granddaughter of Robert Livingston, 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, in 1795, and lastly to Catherine Douw Gansevoort (1782–1848), daughter of Leonard Gansevoort, Jr. and Maria Van Rensselaer (1760–1841), in 1811.\n* Maria Douw (1760–1818), who married her cousin, John De Peyster Ten Eyck (1756–1798), the son of Tobias Coenraedt Ten Eyck, in 1782.\n\nHe was a lifelong friend of General Philip Schuyler, and after his death it was said of him that he was \"a true patriot; in civil and domestic relations, he was considered a pattern, and no man in Albany died more regretted.\" He was described as:\n\n\"He was tall and dignified, standing six feet two inches, as straight as an arrow; said by some to be handsome. He had a clean-shaven face, exposing a firm mouth and piercing eyes. He wore his hair in peculiar fashion, probably common to others of his standing in those times, tied in a queue, with his front hair brushed back in severe lines and powdered. He usually wore a longwaisted coat, the skirts reaching nearly to his ankles, which was adorned with large silver buttons made from Spanish coins. Knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with silver buckles shining, these set with rhinestones, heightened the general effect; but more prominent than these was his cocked hat. He carried a silver-headed cane, and bore a turnipshaped, silver watch, from which hung a heavy seal, while his tobacco or snuff-box was engraved with initials and coat-of-arms.\"\n\nDouw died on March 20, 1801 in Albany. He was buried at the Albany Rural Cemetery.\n\n===Descendants===\nThrough his son John, who was close friends with the Marquis de Lafayette, he was the grandfather of Volckert Peter Douw (1790–1869), Anna De Peyster Douw Cuyler (1798–1871), Margaret Livingston Douw Abbe (1798–1878), John De Peyster Douw (1812–1901), Catharine Louisa Douw Townsend (1817–1891), and Harriet Maria Douw Johnson (1824–1852).\n\nThrough his daughter Magdalena, he was the grandfather of James Stevenson (1788–1852), who also served as mayor of Albany from 1826 to 1828.\n",
"* Van Rensselaer family\n",
"\n",
"* \n* Douw, Volkert P. Voting results\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Personal life",
" See also ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Volkert P. Douw | [
"They built a home in the country known as Wolvenhook, located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, about a mile below Albany."
] | [
"\n'''Volkert Petrus Douw''' (March 23, 1720 – March 20, 1801) was a merchant and politician from Albany, New York who was prominent both during colonial times and after the United States was established.",
"Douw was born on March 23, 1720 in Albany, New York.",
"He was the only surviving son of nine children born to Petrus Douw (1692–1775), of an old Dutch family, and Anna (née Van Rensselaer) Douw (1696–1756).",
"His siblings included Magdalena Douw (1718–1796), who married Harmen Gansevoort (1712–1801), Maria Douw (1725–1759), who married Johannes Gansevoort, and Rachel Douw (1736–1806).",
"His maternal grandparents were Hendrick van Rensselaer (1667–1740), director of Fort Crailo, the Eastern patent of the Rensselaerswyck manor, and Catharina Van Brugh, herself the daughter of merchant Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh (1624–1697) and sister of Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740), mayor of Albany from 1699 to 1700 and again from 1721 to 1723.",
"Through his sister Maria, he was uncle to Brig.",
"Gen. Peter Gansevoort (1749–1812) and State Senator and Assemblymen Leonard Gansevoort (1751–1810).",
"He worked as a skipper on the Hudson River but eventually returned to Albany to run the family store.",
"During the Seven Years' War, or the French and Indian War as it was known in the colonies, which took place from 1754 to 1763, he was a Captain of the Colonial Militia and the first Judge of Albany County Court, serving from 1757 to 1775.",
"From 1750 to 1760, he was City Recorder (Deputy Mayor) of Albany.",
"In 1760, Douw was appointed as mayor of Albany, New York, serving from 1761 to 1770, following Sybrant Gozen Van Schaick.",
"He was succeeded by Abraham Cuyler.",
"From 1761 until the 1780s, he was a member of the Colonial General Assembly of New York.",
"In 1774, and again in 1775, he served as Commissioner of Indian Affairs in for the Province of New York.",
"During the first New York Provincial Congress, which was convened in New York City on May 22, 1775, Douw served as vice-president with Peter Van Brugh Livingston as president.",
"During the American Revolution, he was a member of the Albany Committee of Correspondence.",
"Following the establishment of New York State, Douw served in the new government as a member of the New York State Senate, beginning on July 1, 1785 serving in the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th New York State Legislatures.",
"He retired from the Senate on June 30, 1793 after representing one of five seats for the Western District which consisted of Albany, Montgomery, Herkimer, Ontario, Otsego, Saratoga and Tioga counties.",
"Following Virginia's Ratifying Convention in June 1788, where they became the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution, New York held their Convention held in Poughkeepsie, New York in July 1788 presided by Gov.",
"George Clinton.",
"Despite Douw's vote against ratification, New York became the eleventh state to ratify on July 26, 1788.",
"By 1790, his household owned 14 slaves.",
"On May 20, 1742, Douw was married to Anna De Peyster (1723–1794), the daughter of Johannes de Peyster III (1694–1783), who also served as mayor of Albany.",
"Together, they were the parents of nine children, including:\n\n* Anna Douw (1743–1774), who married Dirck Ten Broeck (1738–1780), son of Mayor Dirck Ten Broeck, in 1761.",
"* Rachel Douw (1745–1799), who married Henry I.",
"Van Renssselaer (1742–1813), son of Johannes Van Rensselaer and Angelica Livingston, in 1765.",
"* Myndert Schuyler Douw (1746–1747), who died young.",
"* Magdalena Douw (1750–1817), who married John Stevenson (1734–1810), a wealthy loyalist merchant, in 1770.",
"* Catrina Douw (1751–1775), who married Harmanis Hoffman.",
"* Johannes \"John\" De Peyster Douw (1756–1835), who married three times; first to Deborah Beeckman (1763–1791), daughter of Mayor Johannes Jacobse Beeckman, in 1787, then to Margaret Livingston (1768–1802), daughter of Col. Peter Robert Livingston (1737–1794) and granddaughter of Robert Livingston, 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, in 1795, and lastly to Catherine Douw Gansevoort (1782–1848), daughter of Leonard Gansevoort, Jr. and Maria Van Rensselaer (1760–1841), in 1811.",
"* Maria Douw (1760–1818), who married her cousin, John De Peyster Ten Eyck (1756–1798), the son of Tobias Coenraedt Ten Eyck, in 1782.",
"He was a lifelong friend of General Philip Schuyler, and after his death it was said of him that he was \"a true patriot; in civil and domestic relations, he was considered a pattern, and no man in Albany died more regretted.\"",
"He was described as:\n\n\"He was tall and dignified, standing six feet two inches, as straight as an arrow; said by some to be handsome.",
"He had a clean-shaven face, exposing a firm mouth and piercing eyes.",
"He wore his hair in peculiar fashion, probably common to others of his standing in those times, tied in a queue, with his front hair brushed back in severe lines and powdered.",
"He usually wore a longwaisted coat, the skirts reaching nearly to his ankles, which was adorned with large silver buttons made from Spanish coins.",
"Knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with silver buckles shining, these set with rhinestones, heightened the general effect; but more prominent than these was his cocked hat.",
"He carried a silver-headed cane, and bore a turnipshaped, silver watch, from which hung a heavy seal, while his tobacco or snuff-box was engraved with initials and coat-of-arms.\"",
"Douw died on March 20, 1801 in Albany.",
"He was buried at the Albany Rural Cemetery.",
"===Descendants===\nThrough his son John, who was close friends with the Marquis de Lafayette, he was the grandfather of Volckert Peter Douw (1790–1869), Anna De Peyster Douw Cuyler (1798–1871), Margaret Livingston Douw Abbe (1798–1878), John De Peyster Douw (1812–1901), Catharine Louisa Douw Townsend (1817–1891), and Harriet Maria Douw Johnson (1824–1852).",
"Through his daughter Magdalena, he was the grandfather of James Stevenson (1788–1852), who also served as mayor of Albany from 1826 to 1828.",
"* Van Rensselaer family",
"* \n* Douw, Volkert P. Voting results"
] | river |
[
"\n'''Kasbagoas''' is a village in Raninagar I CD Block in Domkol subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.\n",
"As per the 2011 Census of India, Kasbagoas had a total population of 5,766, of which 2,906 (50%) were males and 2,860 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 769. The total number of literates in Kasbagoas was 2,980 (59.64% of the population over 6 years).\n",
"The headquarters of Raninagar I CD Block are located at Kasbagoas.\n",
"The Islampur-Sheikhpara Road links Kasbagoas to SH 11.\n",
"*River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Demographics",
"CD Block HQ",
"Transport",
"See also",
"References"
] | Kasbagoas | [
"*River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts"
] | [
"\n'''Kasbagoas''' is a village in Raninagar I CD Block in Domkol subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India.",
"As per the 2011 Census of India, Kasbagoas had a total population of 5,766, of which 2,906 (50%) were males and 2,860 (50%) were females.",
"Population below 6 years was 769.",
"The total number of literates in Kasbagoas was 2,980 (59.64% of the population over 6 years).",
"The headquarters of Raninagar I CD Block are located at Kasbagoas.",
"The Islampur-Sheikhpara Road links Kasbagoas to SH 11."
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n'''Upper Bank railway station''' served the city of Swansea, West Glamorgan, Wales from 1871 to the 1960s on the Swansea Vale Railway.\n",
"The station opened in 1871 by the Swansea Vale Railway. The station was situated north of and south of station. The line was taken over by the Midland Railway in 1876 and passing services were added. The station closed to passengers in 1950 and closed completely in the 1960s. By 1985, the only trace left was the section preserved by the Swansea Vale Railway Society. In 2007, Swansea Council decided to redevelop the area and by 2010 there was no trace left.\n",
"\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" History ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Upper Bank railway station | [
"\n\n\n'''Upper Bank railway station''' served the city of Swansea, West Glamorgan, Wales from 1871 to the 1960s on the Swansea Vale Railway."
] | [
"The station opened in 1871 by the Swansea Vale Railway.",
"The station was situated north of and south of station.",
"The line was taken over by the Midland Railway in 1876 and passing services were added.",
"The station closed to passengers in 1950 and closed completely in the 1960s.",
"By 1985, the only trace left was the section preserved by the Swansea Vale Railway Society.",
"In 2007, Swansea Council decided to redevelop the area and by 2010 there was no trace left."
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''Rosedale Chimney Bank''' or just '''Chimney Bank''' is a hill pass that carries a minor road between Rosedale Abbey and Hutton-le-Hole in the Ryedale district of the North Yorkshire Moors National Park, North Yorkshire, England. The tarmacked highway, shares the title of steepest road in England (the other is Hardknott Pass in Cumbria).\n\nThe pass has an average gradient of 13%, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%) and climbs 173 M on its 1.3 km route. It is colloquially known by cyclists as ''The Chain Breaker''.\n\nIn 1987 it was used as the venue for the National Hill Climb Championship. \n\nIt takes its name from a 100 foot high chimney which was built to support an ironstone mine which was in that area. The mine closed in 1929, but remained until it was demolished on July 28, 1972.\n",
"*List of hill passes of the Lake District\n",
";Citations\n\n\n",
"* How to climb Rosedale Chimney (video)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
] | Rosedale Chimney Bank | [
"\n\n'''Rosedale Chimney Bank''' or just '''Chimney Bank''' is a hill pass that carries a minor road between Rosedale Abbey and Hutton-le-Hole in the Ryedale district of the North Yorkshire Moors National Park, North Yorkshire, England."
] | [
"The tarmacked highway, shares the title of steepest road in England (the other is Hardknott Pass in Cumbria).",
"The pass has an average gradient of 13%, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%) and climbs 173 M on its 1.3 km route.",
"It is colloquially known by cyclists as ''The Chain Breaker''.",
"In 1987 it was used as the venue for the National Hill Climb Championship.",
"It takes its name from a 100 foot high chimney which was built to support an ironstone mine which was in that area.",
"The mine closed in 1929, but remained until it was demolished on July 28, 1972.",
"*List of hill passes of the Lake District",
";Citations",
"* How to climb Rosedale Chimney (video)"
] | finance |
[
"'''Gustaf David Hagerman ('''1770-1839), was a Swedish merchant and banker.\n",
"Skånes Enskilda Bank in the 1890s.\nGustaf Hagerman was born on the 22 September 1770 in Tolånga parish, and died the 23 August 1839 in Ystad, Scania. He was the son of the Vicar Christian Hagerman. Hagerman began venturing into business through a relative of his Predbjörn Blanxius, with whom he trained to become a trader of raw materials. Upon his death, Blanxius left Hagerman his business, which at the time included mostly trading of grain. In 1798 he earned trading rights through his partnership with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and in 1802 he started his own company. Thanks to the continental system, Ystad profited greatly during the early 19th century, and so did Hagerman's business, which grew in range of products traded, including: spices, tobacco, tea, wine, iron, tools, paper, and tapestries. In 1930, Hagerman, together with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and Gustav Berghman, founded Skånes Enskilda Bank, in which he was a board member 1831-1839. The bank grew to become the largest private bank in Sweden during late 1800s.\n",
"Vittskövle Castle, acquired by Hagerman in 1836.\nGustaf Hagerman on the 7 October 1798, married Christina Maria Blanxius, Predbjörn Blanxius' daughter. In 1831 he built the Hagerman House in Ystad, and in 1836 he acquired Vittskövle Castle from his brother, Jonas Hagerman, where he spent his final years. Vittskövle Castle, was inherited by his daughter Marie, who married court marshal Rudolf Holder Stjernswärd. Descendants of Hagerman through the Stjernswärd family still own Vittskövle Castle.\n",
"\n\n* Björn Molin: Serpentinerna, en släkthistoria. 2015\n* Bengt Hildebrand: Gustaf David Hagerman i ''Svenskt biografiskt lexikon''\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Career ",
" Personal life ",
" References "
] | Gustaf Hagerman | [
"Skånes Enskilda Bank in the 1890s.",
"In 1930, Hagerman, together with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and Gustav Berghman, founded Skånes Enskilda Bank, in which he was a board member 1831-1839.",
"The bank grew to become the largest private bank in Sweden during late 1800s."
] | [
"'''Gustaf David Hagerman ('''1770-1839), was a Swedish merchant and banker.",
"Gustaf Hagerman was born on the 22 September 1770 in Tolånga parish, and died the 23 August 1839 in Ystad, Scania.",
"He was the son of the Vicar Christian Hagerman.",
"Hagerman began venturing into business through a relative of his Predbjörn Blanxius, with whom he trained to become a trader of raw materials.",
"Upon his death, Blanxius left Hagerman his business, which at the time included mostly trading of grain.",
"In 1798 he earned trading rights through his partnership with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and in 1802 he started his own company.",
"Thanks to the continental system, Ystad profited greatly during the early 19th century, and so did Hagerman's business, which grew in range of products traded, including: spices, tobacco, tea, wine, iron, tools, paper, and tapestries.",
"Vittskövle Castle, acquired by Hagerman in 1836.",
"Gustaf Hagerman on the 7 October 1798, married Christina Maria Blanxius, Predbjörn Blanxius' daughter.",
"In 1831 he built the Hagerman House in Ystad, and in 1836 he acquired Vittskövle Castle from his brother, Jonas Hagerman, where he spent his final years.",
"Vittskövle Castle, was inherited by his daughter Marie, who married court marshal Rudolf Holder Stjernswärd.",
"Descendants of Hagerman through the Stjernswärd family still own Vittskövle Castle.",
"\n\n* Björn Molin: Serpentinerna, en släkthistoria.",
"2015\n* Bengt Hildebrand: Gustaf David Hagerman i ''Svenskt biografiskt lexikon''"
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Hiram Scott''' (1805–1828) was an American mountain man, trapper, and pelt trader who trapped and took part in expeditions throughout the western United States during the 1820s. Born in Missouri, Scott joined the Rocky Mountain Fur Company in 1822 and took part in the first fur trade expedition at the Great Salt Lake in Utah. He died at age 23 near a cliff along the North Platte River in Nebraska which were named in his honor. The circumstances leading to his demise have given rise to many diverse accounts and theories.\n",
"\nHiram Scott was born in 1805 in St. Charles County, Missouri. Described as an abnormally towering and strapping figure with a dark complexion, in 1822 Scott was employed by William Henry Ashley and Andrew Henry's Rocky Mountain Fur Company, a pioneering enterprise which funded explorations into the western United States' wilderness. The company's Superintendent of Indian Affairs William Clark had granted Ashley and Henry a license to trade with Native Americans in Missouri, actively encouraging them to compete with the influential British fur trade in the Pacific Northwest. Scott was a member of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company's first expedition along the Missouri River between 1822 and 1823.\n\nOn June 2, 1823, Scott fought alongside fellow frontiersmen near the Missouri River who were attacked by warriors of the Arikara tribe. Fifteen trappers died during the raid; a war between the United States government and the Arikara broke out soon after. Until 1828, Scott, who served in the same capacity as a clerk, recorded transactions with Native Americans and led explorations from the Great Salt Lake frontier. He attended the first rendezvous at the fur trader post situated near Salt Lake in 1826 and participated in two other expeditions held there.\n\nIn 1827, Scott and James Bruffee were co-leaders of a caravan traveling to the Bear Lake rendezvous and returned with $20,000 (US) worth of pelts in October of the same year. Ashley sent the pair back to the same location a month later to trap more beaver. It was relayed that during an expedition in 1828 Scott and Bruffee engaged in a battle with Blackfoot Indians, creating speculation that the skirmish may have incapacitated Scott on his return journey to St. Louis; hence some accounts have attributed his eventual demise to Blackfoot Indians.\n",
"Saddle Rock formation in Scotts Bluff National Monument\nMost likely, Scott contracted a severe illness on his eastward journey to St. Louis. Accompanied by two companions, he was transported in a bull boat on the North Platte River in hopes of reconnecting with a larger trading party. Along the way, their vessel overturned; the group's rifles and food supplies were lost. According to Warren A. Ferris, the first person to record an account of Scott's death, his companions abandoned him on the north bank of the river. The following year, Scott's remains were discovered on the opposite side of the North Platte near the bluffs which now bear his name, implying he managed to make a crossing before his death. \n\nA similar account of Scott succumbing to illness and being abandoned to die by his companions was recounted by trapper and fur explorer William Sublette in his diary; Sublette added that he returned to the site of the bluffs the following summer to collect and bury Scott's scattered bones. Variations to the event suggest Scott was deserted by his companions earlier along the route and he traversed miles of frontier before dying. Another take on the incident theorized, in an act of self-sacrifice, Scott insisted upon his expedition members to leave him behind, while others suspect foul play may have been involved.\n",
"Other sites named after Scott are Scotts Bluff County and the city of Scottsbluff, both in Nebraska; and the former Hiram Scott College in Scottsbluff.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Early life and career ",
"Illness and death",
"Legacy",
" References "
] | Hiram Scott | [
"According to Warren A. Ferris, the first person to record an account of Scott's death, his companions abandoned him on the north bank of the river."
] | [
"\n'''Hiram Scott''' (1805–1828) was an American mountain man, trapper, and pelt trader who trapped and took part in expeditions throughout the western United States during the 1820s.",
"Born in Missouri, Scott joined the Rocky Mountain Fur Company in 1822 and took part in the first fur trade expedition at the Great Salt Lake in Utah.",
"He died at age 23 near a cliff along the North Platte River in Nebraska which were named in his honor.",
"The circumstances leading to his demise have given rise to many diverse accounts and theories.",
"\nHiram Scott was born in 1805 in St. Charles County, Missouri.",
"Described as an abnormally towering and strapping figure with a dark complexion, in 1822 Scott was employed by William Henry Ashley and Andrew Henry's Rocky Mountain Fur Company, a pioneering enterprise which funded explorations into the western United States' wilderness.",
"The company's Superintendent of Indian Affairs William Clark had granted Ashley and Henry a license to trade with Native Americans in Missouri, actively encouraging them to compete with the influential British fur trade in the Pacific Northwest.",
"Scott was a member of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company's first expedition along the Missouri River between 1822 and 1823.",
"On June 2, 1823, Scott fought alongside fellow frontiersmen near the Missouri River who were attacked by warriors of the Arikara tribe.",
"Fifteen trappers died during the raid; a war between the United States government and the Arikara broke out soon after.",
"Until 1828, Scott, who served in the same capacity as a clerk, recorded transactions with Native Americans and led explorations from the Great Salt Lake frontier.",
"He attended the first rendezvous at the fur trader post situated near Salt Lake in 1826 and participated in two other expeditions held there.",
"In 1827, Scott and James Bruffee were co-leaders of a caravan traveling to the Bear Lake rendezvous and returned with $20,000 (US) worth of pelts in October of the same year.",
"Ashley sent the pair back to the same location a month later to trap more beaver.",
"It was relayed that during an expedition in 1828 Scott and Bruffee engaged in a battle with Blackfoot Indians, creating speculation that the skirmish may have incapacitated Scott on his return journey to St. Louis; hence some accounts have attributed his eventual demise to Blackfoot Indians.",
"Saddle Rock formation in Scotts Bluff National Monument\nMost likely, Scott contracted a severe illness on his eastward journey to St. Louis.",
"Accompanied by two companions, he was transported in a bull boat on the North Platte River in hopes of reconnecting with a larger trading party.",
"Along the way, their vessel overturned; the group's rifles and food supplies were lost.",
"The following year, Scott's remains were discovered on the opposite side of the North Platte near the bluffs which now bear his name, implying he managed to make a crossing before his death.",
"A similar account of Scott succumbing to illness and being abandoned to die by his companions was recounted by trapper and fur explorer William Sublette in his diary; Sublette added that he returned to the site of the bluffs the following summer to collect and bury Scott's scattered bones.",
"Variations to the event suggest Scott was deserted by his companions earlier along the route and he traversed miles of frontier before dying.",
"Another take on the incident theorized, in an act of self-sacrifice, Scott insisted upon his expedition members to leave him behind, while others suspect foul play may have been involved.",
"Other sites named after Scott are Scotts Bluff County and the city of Scottsbluff, both in Nebraska; and the former Hiram Scott College in Scottsbluff."
] | river |
[
"\n'''Wilson Plaza West''' is a skyscraper in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States.\n\nThe building had originally been constructed as the Nixon building in 1927. It consisted of 12 stories and became a center of business. In 1947 Sam E. Wilson purchased the building. \n\nIn 1951 Mr Wilson built a 17-story office tower with a 4 story penthouse.\n\nIt was the tallest building until 1983, when the Frost Bank Building was completed.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | Wilson Plaza West | [
"It was the tallest building until 1983, when the Frost Bank Building was completed."
] | [
"\n'''Wilson Plaza West''' is a skyscraper in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States.",
"The building had originally been constructed as the Nixon building in 1927.",
"It consisted of 12 stories and became a center of business.",
"In 1947 Sam E. Wilson purchased the building.",
"In 1951 Mr Wilson built a 17-story office tower with a 4 story penthouse."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''George Uboh''', born in Lagos on April 6, 1966 is a Nigerian who claims to have traced funds moved aside by government agencies, including the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.\n",
"He was a student at Georgia State University, Atlanta when he was arrested on February 14, 1992 and charged with conspiracy to import 250 Kilograms of heroin, conspiracy to distribute 10 kilograms of cocaine and access device fraud in the case of U.S.A V. George Uboh, et al case no. 1:92-CR-041-GET, Northern District of Georgia. After the prosecutor got conviction for fraud, the prosecutor dismissed the drug charges unilaterally, a decision that is neither grounded in fact nor law as opined by the 11th circuit court of appeals in a subsequent opinion. \n\n===Life in U.S Prison===\nWhile in prison, he gained admission into Blackstone School of Law, Texas and graduated top of his class in 1994. Apart from filing and winning cases for several inmates, he filed a pro se malicious prosecution lawsuit against the then U.S Attorney-General Janet Reno, among others, case no. 1:94-cv-1984-RLV, Northern District of Georgia, arguing that the prosecutor’s unilateral dismissal of the life sentence-carrying drug charges constituted malicious prosecution and, because the drug charges were used to swear affidavit in support of the application to wiretap his telephone during the investigation phase of the case in 1991 and used to deny him bail after arrest in 1992, that he was prejudiced hence calls into question the integrity and validity of the fraud conviction.\n\n===Acquittal===\nThe district court dismissed the lawsuit; he filed pro se appeal, United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, case no. 95-8557; he filed motions most times with ink pen due to lack of typewriters in prison or few typewriters being shared by hundreds of inmates. On appeal, the appeals court found the case meritorious thus appointed Michael Brown, an attorney in Atlanta to represent him at oral argument, since he is not allowed to appear to argue his case in appeals court as a prisoner. On May 18, 1998, the appeals court REVERSED the districts court and REMANDED for further proceedings, lambasting the prosecutor for her actions in dismissing a higher charge to prosecute a far lesser charge when the reverse was supposed to be the norm in criminal prosecutions. Uboh V. Reno, 141 F3d 1000 (1998) is the citation; it is a landmark case that has been cited over a million times as authority on malicious prosecution cases. He returned to Nigeria on January 16, 2001. Upon his return to Nigeria, he tried to adapt to life in Nigeria, a country he left seventeen (17) years prior.\n",
"He organized a meeting between the diplomatic corps and the then Inspector-General of Police on December 7, 2006. At this meeting, diplomats complained of incessant robberies at numerous embassies, and the inefficiency of the Nigeria Police officers assigned to the embassies in combating these robberies. He suggested that panic button-operated security systems akin to ADT in the U.S, U.K etc. linked directly to the Nigeria Police Force would solve the problem of swift dissemination of, and swift response to, panic situations. Thereafter, Panic Alert Security Systems (PASS) was borne. PASS operates as a Joint Crime Fighting Venture with The Nigeria Police Force via agreement. PASS protects homes, banks, embassies, businesses, ministries, departments, agencies etc. All premises in Nigeria with “PASS PROTECTED” signs are clients of PASS. Whenever a client activates panic button or any of the systems is breached, the alarm system is automatically triggered which communicates PASS control room from where emergency alert message is disseminated to the client and armed swift response team for response within 10 minutes. \n\n==Fight against corruption== \nIn 2013, he got hold of evidence showing that the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the agency saddled with the responsibility to fight corruption in Nigeria, recovered N2.051 Trillion Naira between 2004 and 2013 out of which only N6.7 Billion Naira was remitted to the Federal Government leaving N1.993 Trillion Naira balance most of which was stolen and diverted by the EFCC. The documents are replete with evidence of the stealing and diversions by the EFCC.\nBecause President Goodluck Jonathan is from Bayelsa State, he decided to use Bayelsa as test case thus procured a mandate from Bayelsa State to recover N1.4 Billion Naira and $1.3 Million USD from EFCC on behalf of Bayelsa State. After meeting with the EFCC on December 19, 2013 during which EFCC promised to pay the monies before 2014, EFCC reneged, and he filed a lawsuit against the EFCC on behalf of Beyelsa State. Bayelsa State Governor Dickson denied issuing the mandate. He petitioned the EFCC to President Goodluck Jonathan on March 31, 2014 without action from the President.\n",
"On May 18, 2015, after Muhammadu Buhari was elected President of Nigeria, Thisday newspaper published an article captioned: “Start your anti-corruption campaign with EFCC, Uboh tells Buhari”. In the article, he advised President-Elect Buhari to zero in on EFCC’s activities, particularly the non-remittance of recovered assets.\nOn August 26, 2015, after several petitions to the National Security Adviser, Department of State Security, President Muhammadu Buhari etc on the EFCC, the Senate held a hearing on the petition he filed against the EFCC. Ibrahim Lamorde, Chairman of the EFCC failed to appear at the August 26, 2015 hearing; after failing to appear at subsequent invitations by the Senate, he was ousted from the EFCC. Before Lamorde’s ouster, the Solicitor-General of Nigeria in a letter dated October 8, 2015 to him/PASS in response to his petition stated that Uboh’s petition had been forwarded to Lamorde/EFCC to investigate Uboh’s petition and report back. The news of the Senate hearing and subsequent ouster of Lamorde was viral.\nGeorge Uboh had also petitioned the Senate in 2015, alleging that between 2001-2002, Chevron evaded tax to the tune of over $343 million through over bloating of its operational costs under Petroleum Profit Tax, using Carry Agreement with NNPC as a cover when such agreement never existed with the company.\n",
"On February 9 and 17, 2016, the Federal Government of Nigeria, due in part to his doggedness, stance on fighting corruption and ouster of Lamorde, appointed him and his company Panic Alert Security Systems (PASS) to trace assets trapped in all financial institutions. Within 27 days, he traced over N324 Billion Naira which is over $1 Billion USD, an unprecedented feat\nOn 5 March, 2017 George Uboh sought fiat from Attorney General Abubakar Malami to prosecute Ribadu, Waziri, Lamorde, Magu, Access Bank for 1.99tr theft He Wrote President Muhammadu Buhari to Exposes Massive Corruption Inside EFCC\n\n",
"He was convicted by the EFCC on April 25, 2016 for criminal breach of trust. The conviction is on appeal. After appearing on channels TV on June 6, 2016 to state that because he traced over N324 Billion Naira within 27 days at the time the Nigerian Government traced/recovered N117 Billion Naira within one year, that he has outperformed the Nigerian Government, he was arrested on June 7, 2016 the next day and detained for 17 days by the State Security Service (SSS). After three court appearances without appearance of the prosecution, the court struck out the case on September 30, 2016 “for want of diligent prosecution”.\n",
"\n",
"\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Panic Alert Security Systems (PASS)",
"Buhari's administration and Senate hearing",
"Asset Recovery Services",
"Arrests and conviction",
"References",
"External links"
] | George Uboh | [
"Within 27 days, he traced over N324 Billion Naira which is over $1 Billion USD, an unprecedented feat\nOn 5 March, 2017 George Uboh sought fiat from Attorney General Abubakar Malami to prosecute Ribadu, Waziri, Lamorde, Magu, Access Bank for 1.99tr theft He Wrote President Muhammadu Buhari to Exposes Massive Corruption Inside EFCC"
] | [
"\n\n'''George Uboh''', born in Lagos on April 6, 1966 is a Nigerian who claims to have traced funds moved aside by government agencies, including the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.",
"He was a student at Georgia State University, Atlanta when he was arrested on February 14, 1992 and charged with conspiracy to import 250 Kilograms of heroin, conspiracy to distribute 10 kilograms of cocaine and access device fraud in the case of U.S.A V. George Uboh, et al case no.",
"1:92-CR-041-GET, Northern District of Georgia.",
"After the prosecutor got conviction for fraud, the prosecutor dismissed the drug charges unilaterally, a decision that is neither grounded in fact nor law as opined by the 11th circuit court of appeals in a subsequent opinion.",
"===Life in U.S Prison===\nWhile in prison, he gained admission into Blackstone School of Law, Texas and graduated top of his class in 1994.",
"Apart from filing and winning cases for several inmates, he filed a pro se malicious prosecution lawsuit against the then U.S Attorney-General Janet Reno, among others, case no.",
"1:94-cv-1984-RLV, Northern District of Georgia, arguing that the prosecutor’s unilateral dismissal of the life sentence-carrying drug charges constituted malicious prosecution and, because the drug charges were used to swear affidavit in support of the application to wiretap his telephone during the investigation phase of the case in 1991 and used to deny him bail after arrest in 1992, that he was prejudiced hence calls into question the integrity and validity of the fraud conviction.",
"===Acquittal===\nThe district court dismissed the lawsuit; he filed pro se appeal, United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, case no.",
"95-8557; he filed motions most times with ink pen due to lack of typewriters in prison or few typewriters being shared by hundreds of inmates.",
"On appeal, the appeals court found the case meritorious thus appointed Michael Brown, an attorney in Atlanta to represent him at oral argument, since he is not allowed to appear to argue his case in appeals court as a prisoner.",
"On May 18, 1998, the appeals court REVERSED the districts court and REMANDED for further proceedings, lambasting the prosecutor for her actions in dismissing a higher charge to prosecute a far lesser charge when the reverse was supposed to be the norm in criminal prosecutions.",
"Uboh V. Reno, 141 F3d 1000 (1998) is the citation; it is a landmark case that has been cited over a million times as authority on malicious prosecution cases.",
"He returned to Nigeria on January 16, 2001.",
"Upon his return to Nigeria, he tried to adapt to life in Nigeria, a country he left seventeen (17) years prior.",
"He organized a meeting between the diplomatic corps and the then Inspector-General of Police on December 7, 2006.",
"At this meeting, diplomats complained of incessant robberies at numerous embassies, and the inefficiency of the Nigeria Police officers assigned to the embassies in combating these robberies.",
"He suggested that panic button-operated security systems akin to ADT in the U.S, U.K etc.",
"linked directly to the Nigeria Police Force would solve the problem of swift dissemination of, and swift response to, panic situations.",
"Thereafter, Panic Alert Security Systems (PASS) was borne.",
"PASS operates as a Joint Crime Fighting Venture with The Nigeria Police Force via agreement.",
"PASS protects homes, banks, embassies, businesses, ministries, departments, agencies etc.",
"All premises in Nigeria with “PASS PROTECTED” signs are clients of PASS.",
"Whenever a client activates panic button or any of the systems is breached, the alarm system is automatically triggered which communicates PASS control room from where emergency alert message is disseminated to the client and armed swift response team for response within 10 minutes.",
"==Fight against corruption== \nIn 2013, he got hold of evidence showing that the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the agency saddled with the responsibility to fight corruption in Nigeria, recovered N2.051 Trillion Naira between 2004 and 2013 out of which only N6.7 Billion Naira was remitted to the Federal Government leaving N1.993 Trillion Naira balance most of which was stolen and diverted by the EFCC.",
"The documents are replete with evidence of the stealing and diversions by the EFCC.",
"Because President Goodluck Jonathan is from Bayelsa State, he decided to use Bayelsa as test case thus procured a mandate from Bayelsa State to recover N1.4 Billion Naira and $1.3 Million USD from EFCC on behalf of Bayelsa State.",
"After meeting with the EFCC on December 19, 2013 during which EFCC promised to pay the monies before 2014, EFCC reneged, and he filed a lawsuit against the EFCC on behalf of Beyelsa State.",
"Bayelsa State Governor Dickson denied issuing the mandate.",
"He petitioned the EFCC to President Goodluck Jonathan on March 31, 2014 without action from the President.",
"On May 18, 2015, after Muhammadu Buhari was elected President of Nigeria, Thisday newspaper published an article captioned: “Start your anti-corruption campaign with EFCC, Uboh tells Buhari”.",
"In the article, he advised President-Elect Buhari to zero in on EFCC’s activities, particularly the non-remittance of recovered assets.",
"On August 26, 2015, after several petitions to the National Security Adviser, Department of State Security, President Muhammadu Buhari etc on the EFCC, the Senate held a hearing on the petition he filed against the EFCC.",
"Ibrahim Lamorde, Chairman of the EFCC failed to appear at the August 26, 2015 hearing; after failing to appear at subsequent invitations by the Senate, he was ousted from the EFCC.",
"Before Lamorde’s ouster, the Solicitor-General of Nigeria in a letter dated October 8, 2015 to him/PASS in response to his petition stated that Uboh’s petition had been forwarded to Lamorde/EFCC to investigate Uboh’s petition and report back.",
"The news of the Senate hearing and subsequent ouster of Lamorde was viral.",
"George Uboh had also petitioned the Senate in 2015, alleging that between 2001-2002, Chevron evaded tax to the tune of over $343 million through over bloating of its operational costs under Petroleum Profit Tax, using Carry Agreement with NNPC as a cover when such agreement never existed with the company.",
"On February 9 and 17, 2016, the Federal Government of Nigeria, due in part to his doggedness, stance on fighting corruption and ouster of Lamorde, appointed him and his company Panic Alert Security Systems (PASS) to trace assets trapped in all financial institutions.",
"He was convicted by the EFCC on April 25, 2016 for criminal breach of trust.",
"The conviction is on appeal.",
"After appearing on channels TV on June 6, 2016 to state that because he traced over N324 Billion Naira within 27 days at the time the Nigerian Government traced/recovered N117 Billion Naira within one year, that he has outperformed the Nigerian Government, he was arrested on June 7, 2016 the next day and detained for 17 days by the State Security Service (SSS).",
"After three court appearances without appearance of the prosecution, the court struck out the case on September 30, 2016 “for want of diligent prosecution”."
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n'''Belsar's Hill''' is a hillfort near Willingham, Cambridgeshire.\n",
"Belsar's Hill is an oval-shaped area, , enclosing . At the time of its construction, it would have constituted an island of firm soil surrounded by waterlogged fens. The defences are believed to have consisted of a single wide, ditch, and a rampart on a high bank. The hill was situated along the Aldreth Causeway, and is transected by a 19th century track, believed to be a redirection of the original Causeway.\n",
"The location of the fortification, on the boundary between the tribal lands of the Iceni and Catuvellauni, and a similarity to other Iron Age hillforts such as Arbury Banks or Wandlebury, suggests an Iron Age provenance.\n\nIt is believed that the structure was reoccupied during the Norman Conquest. During this time period the Norman forces were combating a local revolt under Hereward the Wake, and the hillfort would have been strategically located on the Aldreth Causway, the main road to Ely. A postulated name of \"Belassise\", from the Old French \"bel assis\" (meaning ''well seated/placed''), also suggests a Norman link. An alternative suggested etymology, stemming from the Norman general named \"Belasius\", also suggests Norman involvement. The importance of this location in the defence of Ely has led some to suggest that the ringfort may have been the Castle of Aldreth.\n\nAccording to the recorded history of the revolt led by Hereward the Wake at the turn of the 11th century, Hereward's troops retreated to the Isle of Ely, surrounded by fenland which was impassable to the Norman cavalry. An attempt was made to build a mile-long causeway, but the weight of the Norman armour caused the causeway to sink. Eventually, the Norman troops bribed a local monk to show them a safe passage across the fen.\n",
"*Hereward the Wake\n*List of hill forts in England\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"History",
"See also",
"References"
] | Belsar's Hill | [
"The defences are believed to have consisted of a single wide, ditch, and a rampart on a high bank."
] | [
"\n\n\n'''Belsar's Hill''' is a hillfort near Willingham, Cambridgeshire.",
"Belsar's Hill is an oval-shaped area, , enclosing .",
"At the time of its construction, it would have constituted an island of firm soil surrounded by waterlogged fens.",
"The hill was situated along the Aldreth Causeway, and is transected by a 19th century track, believed to be a redirection of the original Causeway.",
"The location of the fortification, on the boundary between the tribal lands of the Iceni and Catuvellauni, and a similarity to other Iron Age hillforts such as Arbury Banks or Wandlebury, suggests an Iron Age provenance.",
"It is believed that the structure was reoccupied during the Norman Conquest.",
"During this time period the Norman forces were combating a local revolt under Hereward the Wake, and the hillfort would have been strategically located on the Aldreth Causway, the main road to Ely.",
"A postulated name of \"Belassise\", from the Old French \"bel assis\" (meaning ''well seated/placed''), also suggests a Norman link.",
"An alternative suggested etymology, stemming from the Norman general named \"Belasius\", also suggests Norman involvement.",
"The importance of this location in the defence of Ely has led some to suggest that the ringfort may have been the Castle of Aldreth.",
"According to the recorded history of the revolt led by Hereward the Wake at the turn of the 11th century, Hereward's troops retreated to the Isle of Ely, surrounded by fenland which was impassable to the Norman cavalry.",
"An attempt was made to build a mile-long causeway, but the weight of the Norman armour caused the causeway to sink.",
"Eventually, the Norman troops bribed a local monk to show them a safe passage across the fen.",
"*Hereward the Wake\n*List of hill forts in England"
] | river |
[
"'''Magali Lara''' (born November 5, 1956, Mexico City) is a Mexican contemporary artist. Her works are presented in collections such as the Mexican Art Gallery, the Carrillo Gil Art Museum, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the National Bank of Mexico, the University Museum of Contemporary Art (UNAM) and the UDLAP Art Collection. \n",
"Magali Lara studied Visual Arts at the National School of Visual Arts from 1976 to 1979. \n\nHer first recognized exhibition was held in the same school in 1977, under the name \"Scissors\". The exhibition consisted of ten cartoon drawings and a artist book.\n\nDuring the decade of the seventies, the themes of her work was a reflection of being woman and its social conditions, all were around Feminism of that time.\n\nIn 1981, she participated as curator in the first exhibition of contemporary Mexican women artists that took place in the \"Künstlerhaus Bethanien\" in Western Berlin.\n\nShe has also experimented the electronic media of Digital Art in Latin America, as well as painting, ceramics and animation projects.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Biography",
"References"
] | Magali Lara | [
"Her works are presented in collections such as the Mexican Art Gallery, the Carrillo Gil Art Museum, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the National Bank of Mexico, the University Museum of Contemporary Art (UNAM) and the UDLAP Art Collection."
] | [
"'''Magali Lara''' (born November 5, 1956, Mexico City) is a Mexican contemporary artist.",
"Magali Lara studied Visual Arts at the National School of Visual Arts from 1976 to 1979.",
"Her first recognized exhibition was held in the same school in 1977, under the name \"Scissors\".",
"The exhibition consisted of ten cartoon drawings and a artist book.",
"During the decade of the seventies, the themes of her work was a reflection of being woman and its social conditions, all were around Feminism of that time.",
"In 1981, she participated as curator in the first exhibition of contemporary Mexican women artists that took place in the \"Künstlerhaus Bethanien\" in Western Berlin.",
"She has also experimented the electronic media of Digital Art in Latin America, as well as painting, ceramics and animation projects."
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n\nThe '''Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway''', also known as the '''Mombasa–Nairobi Expressway''' or the '''Nairobi–Mombasa Highway''', is a proposed four-lane toll highway in Kenya. The highway will link Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya to Mombasa, the largest seaport of the country. The new highway is expected to cut travel times between the two cities from the current 6 to 10 hours to approximately four hours.\n",
"The road starts at the Namanga interchange along the Nairobi–Mombasa Road, in the city of Nairobi. It continues in a general southeasterly direction, through seven Kenya Counties to end in the city of Mombasa at the Changamwe Roundabout, a total distance of about . The coordinates of this road at the Namanga interchange in Machakos County are:01°26'03.0\"S, 36°58'01.0\"E (Latitude:-1.434167; Longitude:36.966944).\n",
"The planned expressway is a dual-carriage motorway with initially four lanes, expandable to six lanes in the future. The road will be capable of supporting sustained traffic speeds of up to per hour and will have controlled access.\n\nThe expressway is intended to serve as \"a central part of the national and regional transport system, helping promote trade and development in Kenya\" and the regional neighbors of Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and South Sudan.\n",
"In February 2015, the Kenyan government hired PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a feasibility study on the commercial and technical viability of the Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway. The PwC report indicated the highway was viable if the highway operator collected a toll that would be used to retire the private capital used to develop the expressway. Starting about that time as well, the government of Kenya, through the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA), began detailed talks with Bechtel International on a public-private partnership (PPP) to design, fund, construct and operate the highway.\n",
"The cost of constructing this expressway is budgeted at US$2.1 billion. Funding is expected from the Export–Import Bank of the United States and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, also from the USA.\n",
"In August 2017, KeNHA signed a binding agreement with Betchel International, an American civil engineering and construction company to design, construct, and operate the proposed expressway. The expressway will be developed in 10 sections and is designed to have 19 interchanges. Construction is expected to start in January 2018. Completion of the first section is expected in October 2019, with the entire expressway expected to open in 2024.\n",
"* List of roads in Kenya\n* Transport in Kenya\n",
"\n",
"* Website of Kenya National Highways Authority\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"Overview",
"History",
"Construction costs",
"Timetable",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
] | Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway | [
"Funding is expected from the Export–Import Bank of the United States and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, also from the USA."
] | [
"\n\n\n\nThe '''Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway''', also known as the '''Mombasa–Nairobi Expressway''' or the '''Nairobi–Mombasa Highway''', is a proposed four-lane toll highway in Kenya.",
"The highway will link Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya to Mombasa, the largest seaport of the country.",
"The new highway is expected to cut travel times between the two cities from the current 6 to 10 hours to approximately four hours.",
"The road starts at the Namanga interchange along the Nairobi–Mombasa Road, in the city of Nairobi.",
"It continues in a general southeasterly direction, through seven Kenya Counties to end in the city of Mombasa at the Changamwe Roundabout, a total distance of about .",
"The coordinates of this road at the Namanga interchange in Machakos County are:01°26'03.0\"S, 36°58'01.0\"E (Latitude:-1.434167; Longitude:36.966944).",
"The planned expressway is a dual-carriage motorway with initially four lanes, expandable to six lanes in the future.",
"The road will be capable of supporting sustained traffic speeds of up to per hour and will have controlled access.",
"The expressway is intended to serve as \"a central part of the national and regional transport system, helping promote trade and development in Kenya\" and the regional neighbors of Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and South Sudan.",
"In February 2015, the Kenyan government hired PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a feasibility study on the commercial and technical viability of the Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway.",
"The PwC report indicated the highway was viable if the highway operator collected a toll that would be used to retire the private capital used to develop the expressway.",
"Starting about that time as well, the government of Kenya, through the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA), began detailed talks with Bechtel International on a public-private partnership (PPP) to design, fund, construct and operate the highway.",
"The cost of constructing this expressway is budgeted at US$2.1 billion.",
"In August 2017, KeNHA signed a binding agreement with Betchel International, an American civil engineering and construction company to design, construct, and operate the proposed expressway.",
"The expressway will be developed in 10 sections and is designed to have 19 interchanges.",
"Construction is expected to start in January 2018.",
"Completion of the first section is expected in October 2019, with the entire expressway expected to open in 2024.",
"* List of roads in Kenya\n* Transport in Kenya",
"* Website of Kenya National Highways Authority"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n\n'''''The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife''''' is an oil-on-canvas painting by Daniel Maclise, painted in 1854. It is owned by and on permanent display in the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin.\n",
"The painting depicts the 1170 marriage of the Norman knight Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (\"Strongbow\") to the Irish princess Aoife Ní Diarmait in Christ Church Cathedral, Waterford. It is portrayed as a pivotal moment in the Norman conquest of Ireland and the death of Gaelic Ireland.\n\nIn the foreground are the bodies of dead Irish warriors. To the left is a broken-stringed Celtic harp. Richard stands on a broken high cross.\n",
"\nThe painting was completed by Maclise in 1854. It was initially commissioned to stand in the chamber of the House of Lords in the Palace of Westminster, along with other paintings celebrating the acquisition of colonies by the British Empire.\n\nIt was presented to the National Gallery in 1879 by Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet. \n\nBank of America Merrill Lynch paid for its restoration in 2010–17.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"History",
"Notes"
] | The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife | [
"Bank of America Merrill Lynch paid for its restoration in 2010–17."
] | [
"\n\n\n\n'''''The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife''''' is an oil-on-canvas painting by Daniel Maclise, painted in 1854.",
"It is owned by and on permanent display in the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin.",
"The painting depicts the 1170 marriage of the Norman knight Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (\"Strongbow\") to the Irish princess Aoife Ní Diarmait in Christ Church Cathedral, Waterford.",
"It is portrayed as a pivotal moment in the Norman conquest of Ireland and the death of Gaelic Ireland.",
"In the foreground are the bodies of dead Irish warriors.",
"To the left is a broken-stringed Celtic harp.",
"Richard stands on a broken high cross.",
"\nThe painting was completed by Maclise in 1854.",
"It was initially commissioned to stand in the chamber of the House of Lords in the Palace of Westminster, along with other paintings celebrating the acquisition of colonies by the British Empire.",
"It was presented to the National Gallery in 1879 by Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''''Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc''''' 2016 EWHC 975 is an English tort law case, concerning business liability for human rights violations and environmental damage.\n",
"From Chingola in Zambia, 1,826 people claimed Vedanta Resources plc breached its duty of care to ensure that its Zambian subsidiary (Konkola Copper Mines Plc) would not harm the environment and local communities. They claimed compensation for personal injury, property damage, loss of income, amenity and enjoyment of land because of copper mine discharges. Vedanta plc argued the English court did not have jurisdiction to hear the claim and should stay proceedings on ''forum non conveniens'' grounds. It argued there was an abuse of EU law. \n",
"===High Court===\nCoulson J granted jurisdiction over the claims: the case could not be fairly pursued in Zambia. ''Forum non conveniens'', after the case of ''Owusu'' was irrelevant under the Brussels Regulation (EU) 1215/2012 article 4. He rejected the argument that there was an abuse of EU law. To show abuse, the sole object of litigation had to be to oust another court’s jurisdiction, or that the claim was fraudulent. There was legitimate concern that the parent was the architect of the environmental pollution, and that the Zambian company had no ability to pay. \nThe claim had a real prospect of success in holding the parent owed a duty of care: by establishing foreseeability, proximity and reasonableness under the three-fold test for the duty of care laid down in ''Caparo plc v Dickman''. A claim in negligence could arise from the subsidiary’s operations, according to ''Chandler v Cape plc''. Former employees were more likely to succeed, but residents have an arguable case, both in English and Zambian law, considering ''Erste Group Bank AG (London) v JSC (VMZ Red October)''. Claims against both defendants (the parent and subsidiary company) were closely bound together. The Zambian company was a necessary and proper party to the claim against the parent company. England was an appropriate place to try the claims. Also, ‘if these claimants pursued KCM in Zambia, they would not obtain justice’. If it had been necessary, the court would have exercised discretion to allow service out of the jurisdiction on the Zambian company. \n\n\n\n===Court of Appeal===\nVedanta plc and KCM plc appealed to the Court of Appeal. The case was due to be heard in late 2017.\n",
"\n*English tort law\n*UK company law\n",
"\n",
"*\n",
"*\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Facts",
"Judgment",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
] | Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc | [
"Former employees were more likely to succeed, but residents have an arguable case, both in English and Zambian law, considering ''Erste Group Bank AG (London) v JSC (VMZ Red October)''."
] | [
"\n\n'''''Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc''''' 2016 EWHC 975 is an English tort law case, concerning business liability for human rights violations and environmental damage.",
"From Chingola in Zambia, 1,826 people claimed Vedanta Resources plc breached its duty of care to ensure that its Zambian subsidiary (Konkola Copper Mines Plc) would not harm the environment and local communities.",
"They claimed compensation for personal injury, property damage, loss of income, amenity and enjoyment of land because of copper mine discharges.",
"Vedanta plc argued the English court did not have jurisdiction to hear the claim and should stay proceedings on ''forum non conveniens'' grounds.",
"It argued there was an abuse of EU law.",
"===High Court===\nCoulson J granted jurisdiction over the claims: the case could not be fairly pursued in Zambia.",
"''Forum non conveniens'', after the case of ''Owusu'' was irrelevant under the Brussels Regulation (EU) 1215/2012 article 4.",
"He rejected the argument that there was an abuse of EU law.",
"To show abuse, the sole object of litigation had to be to oust another court’s jurisdiction, or that the claim was fraudulent.",
"There was legitimate concern that the parent was the architect of the environmental pollution, and that the Zambian company had no ability to pay.",
"The claim had a real prospect of success in holding the parent owed a duty of care: by establishing foreseeability, proximity and reasonableness under the three-fold test for the duty of care laid down in ''Caparo plc v Dickman''.",
"A claim in negligence could arise from the subsidiary’s operations, according to ''Chandler v Cape plc''.",
"Claims against both defendants (the parent and subsidiary company) were closely bound together.",
"The Zambian company was a necessary and proper party to the claim against the parent company.",
"England was an appropriate place to try the claims.",
"Also, ‘if these claimants pursued KCM in Zambia, they would not obtain justice’.",
"If it had been necessary, the court would have exercised discretion to allow service out of the jurisdiction on the Zambian company.",
"===Court of Appeal===\nVedanta plc and KCM plc appealed to the Court of Appeal.",
"The case was due to be heard in late 2017.",
"\n*English tort law\n*UK company law",
"*",
"*"
] | river |
[
"'''Years in politics:''' 1999-2000-'''2001'''-2002-2003 - list of years in politics\n",
"\n===January===\n* January 3–10 – Israel and Syria hold inconclusive peace talks.\n* January 5–8 – The 2000 al-Qaeda Summit of several high-level al-Qaeda members (including two 9/11 American Airlines hijackers) is held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\n* January 11 – The armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria (see Algerian Civil War#GIA destroyed, GSPC discontinues).\n* January 14 – A United Nations tribunal sentences 5 Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.\n* January 24 – God's Army, a Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, takes 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.\n\n===February===\n* February 6 – Tarja Halonen is elected the first female president of Finland.\n* February 7 – Stipe Mesić is elected president of Croatia.\n\n===March===\n* March 1\n** The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.\n** Jorge Batlle, a son, grandnephew and great-grandson of former presidents, is sworn in as President of Uruguay.\n* March 21\n** Pope John Paul II begins the first official visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.\n** The U.S. Supreme Court rules the FDA lacks authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton Administration's main anti-smoking initiative.\n* March 26 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.\n\n===April===\n* April 16 – An American anti-globalization protest is held in Washington, D.C.\n* April 17 – Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.\n\n===May===\n* May – Sierra Leone Civil War: The British Armed Forces launch Operation Palliser to support the Sierra Leone government to counter the Revolutionary United Front.\n* May 11 – Effective date of Canada's first modern-day treaty – The Nisga'a Final Agreement.\n* May 16 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Ahmet Necdet Sezer as the tenth President of Turkey.\n* May 20 – Taiwanese (ROC) president Chen Shui-bian makes the Four Noes and One Without pledge to Taiwan.\n* May 25 – Israel withdraws IDF forces from southern Lebanon after 22 years.\n\n===June===\n* June 13 – South Korean President Kim Dae-jung visits North Korea to participate in the first North-South presidential summit.\n* June 21 – Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality, is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.\n\n===July===\n* July 2 – Vicente Fox is elected President of Mexico, as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party), ending 71 years of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) rule.\n* July 10 – Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as Syria's leader in a national referendum following the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad.\n* July 13–25 – Israel's prime minister Ehud Barak and PLO leader Yasser Arafat meet at Camp David, but fail to reach an agreement.\n* July 18 – Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party.\n* July 21–23 – G-8 Nations hold their 26th Annual Summit; issues include AIDS, the 'digital divide', and halving world poverty by 2015.\n* July 30 – Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez is reelected with 59% of the vote.\n* July 31 – August 3 – The Republican National Convention in Philadelphia nominates Governor of Texas George W. Bush for President of the United States and Dick Cheney for Vice President.\n\n===August===\n* August 14–17 – The Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles nominates U.S. Vice President Al Gore for President and Senator Joe Lieberman for Vice President.\n\n===September===\n* September 5 – Tuvalu joins the United Nations.\n* September 8\n** Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.\n** The United Nations Millennium Declaration is made in New York\n* September 16 – Peru's president Alberto Fujimori calls for new elections in which he will not run.\n* September 26 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.\n* September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, protected by a several-hundred-strong Israeli police force. Palestinian riots erupt, leading to a full-fledged armed uprising (called the Al-Aqsa Intifada by sympathizers and the Oslo War by opponents).\n\n===October===\n*October 5 – President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia.\n* October 11 – Jim Wallace becomes Acting First Minister of Scotland.\n* October 21 – Fifteen Arab leaders convene in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in 4 years; the Libyan delegation walks out, angry over signs the summit will stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.\n* October 23 – Madeleine Albright holds talks with North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il.\n* October 27\n** Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).\n** Henry McLeish becomes First Minister of Scotland.\n\n===November===\n* November – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals.\n* November 1 -- Serbia is admitted to the United Nations as the 190th member.\n* November 7\n** Hillary Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office.\n** United States presidential election, 2000: Republican Governor of Texas George W. Bush defeats Democratic Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. presidential election but there is a miscount in Florida resulting in a recount of the votes.\n* November 15 – A new Indian state called Jharkhand is formed, carving out the South Chhota Nagpur area from Bihar in India.\n* November 16 – Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting U.S. President to visit Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.\n* November 17 – Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.\n* November 27 – Jean Chrétien is re-elected as Prime Minister of Canada, as the Liberal Party of Canada increases its majority in the House of Commons of Canada.\n* November 28 – Ukrainian politician Oleksandr Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze. The accusation creates the Orange Revolution in 2004.\n\n===December===\n* December 1 – Vicente Fox takes office as President of Mexico.\n* December 12 – ''Bush v. Gore'': The U.S. Supreme Court stops the Florida presidential recount, effectively giving the state, and the Presidency, to George W. Bush.\n* December 24 – Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings: At least 18 people are killed in multiple Islamist bomb attacks on churches across Indonesia.\n* December 30 – Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about 100.\n",
"\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Events",
"References"
] | 2000 in politics | [
"* September 26 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits."
] | [
"'''Years in politics:''' 1999-2000-'''2001'''-2002-2003 - list of years in politics",
"\n===January===\n* January 3–10 – Israel and Syria hold inconclusive peace talks.",
"* January 5–8 – The 2000 al-Qaeda Summit of several high-level al-Qaeda members (including two 9/11 American Airlines hijackers) is held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.",
"* January 11 – The armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria (see Algerian Civil War#GIA destroyed, GSPC discontinues).",
"* January 14 – A United Nations tribunal sentences 5 Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.",
"* January 24 – God's Army, a Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, takes 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.",
"===February===\n* February 6 – Tarja Halonen is elected the first female president of Finland.",
"* February 7 – Stipe Mesić is elected president of Croatia.",
"===March===\n* March 1\n** The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.",
"** Jorge Batlle, a son, grandnephew and great-grandson of former presidents, is sworn in as President of Uruguay.",
"* March 21\n** Pope John Paul II begins the first official visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.",
"** The U.S. Supreme Court rules the FDA lacks authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton Administration's main anti-smoking initiative.",
"* March 26 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.",
"===April===\n* April 16 – An American anti-globalization protest is held in Washington, D.C.\n* April 17 – Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.",
"===May===\n* May – Sierra Leone Civil War: The British Armed Forces launch Operation Palliser to support the Sierra Leone government to counter the Revolutionary United Front.",
"* May 11 – Effective date of Canada's first modern-day treaty – The Nisga'a Final Agreement.",
"* May 16 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Ahmet Necdet Sezer as the tenth President of Turkey.",
"* May 20 – Taiwanese (ROC) president Chen Shui-bian makes the Four Noes and One Without pledge to Taiwan.",
"* May 25 – Israel withdraws IDF forces from southern Lebanon after 22 years.",
"===June===\n* June 13 – South Korean President Kim Dae-jung visits North Korea to participate in the first North-South presidential summit.",
"* June 21 – Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality, is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.",
"===July===\n* July 2 – Vicente Fox is elected President of Mexico, as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party), ending 71 years of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) rule.",
"* July 10 – Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as Syria's leader in a national referendum following the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad.",
"* July 13–25 – Israel's prime minister Ehud Barak and PLO leader Yasser Arafat meet at Camp David, but fail to reach an agreement.",
"* July 18 – Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party.",
"* July 21–23 – G-8 Nations hold their 26th Annual Summit; issues include AIDS, the 'digital divide', and halving world poverty by 2015.",
"* July 30 – Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez is reelected with 59% of the vote.",
"* July 31 – August 3 – The Republican National Convention in Philadelphia nominates Governor of Texas George W. Bush for President of the United States and Dick Cheney for Vice President.",
"===August===\n* August 14–17 – The Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles nominates U.S. Vice President Al Gore for President and Senator Joe Lieberman for Vice President.",
"===September===\n* September 5 – Tuvalu joins the United Nations.",
"* September 8\n** Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.",
"** The United Nations Millennium Declaration is made in New York\n* September 16 – Peru's president Alberto Fujimori calls for new elections in which he will not run.",
"* September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, protected by a several-hundred-strong Israeli police force.",
"Palestinian riots erupt, leading to a full-fledged armed uprising (called the Al-Aqsa Intifada by sympathizers and the Oslo War by opponents).",
"===October===\n*October 5 – President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia.",
"* October 11 – Jim Wallace becomes Acting First Minister of Scotland.",
"* October 21 – Fifteen Arab leaders convene in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in 4 years; the Libyan delegation walks out, angry over signs the summit will stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.",
"* October 23 – Madeleine Albright holds talks with North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il.",
"* October 27\n** Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).",
"** Henry McLeish becomes First Minister of Scotland.",
"===November===\n* November – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals.",
"* November 1 -- Serbia is admitted to the United Nations as the 190th member.",
"* November 7\n** Hillary Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office.",
"** United States presidential election, 2000: Republican Governor of Texas George W. Bush defeats Democratic Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. presidential election but there is a miscount in Florida resulting in a recount of the votes.",
"* November 15 – A new Indian state called Jharkhand is formed, carving out the South Chhota Nagpur area from Bihar in India.",
"* November 16 – Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting U.S. President to visit Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.",
"* November 17 – Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.",
"* November 27 – Jean Chrétien is re-elected as Prime Minister of Canada, as the Liberal Party of Canada increases its majority in the House of Commons of Canada.",
"* November 28 – Ukrainian politician Oleksandr Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.",
"The accusation creates the Orange Revolution in 2004.",
"===December===\n* December 1 – Vicente Fox takes office as President of Mexico.",
"* December 12 – ''Bush v. Gore'': The U.S. Supreme Court stops the Florida presidential recount, effectively giving the state, and the Presidency, to George W. Bush.",
"* December 24 – Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings: At least 18 people are killed in multiple Islamist bomb attacks on churches across Indonesia.",
"* December 30 – Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about 100."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Selima Ahmed''' is a Bangladeshi businessperson. She is the Vice Chairperson of Nitol-Niloy Group and the founder and President of Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry. She serves as board member of state-owned Janata Bank Limited and is a former board member of Sonali Bank Limited. In 2014 she got Oslo Business for Peace Award for best contribution in Business. She is a Global Ambassador of The International Alliance for Women and a Course Teacher of MBA class in University of Dhaka.\n",
"Ahmad is Vice Chairperson of the Nitol-Niloy Group. This Group is one of the reputed business houses and has 26 companies. Of them, six are joint ventures and three are public companies. It has presence in automobiles, cement, paper, real estate, electronics and financial services.\n",
"Ahmad is married to Abdul Matlub Ahmad, a Business Leader and former President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries (FBCCI). The have two son, Abdul Musabbir Ahmed (Nitol) and Abdul Marib Ahmed (Niloy).\n",
"\n* Oslo Business for Peace Award, 2014 \n* Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Award by International Republican Institute, United States, 2013\n* Priyadarshini Award by Federation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs, 2012\n* Women’s Contribution to Development by Islamic Development Bank, 2012\n* TIAW World of Difference 100 Award by The International Alliance for Women, Canada, 2010\n* Special Prize for Women entrepreneurs by Dhaka International Trade Fair, 2010\n* Women Entrepreneur Appreciation Award by Karachi Chamber of Commerce, 2009\n* Business Express Award Women Entrepreneurs by Business Express, 2009\n* Female Business Personality of the Year-2008 by Bangladesh Cultural Reporters Association, 2008\n* Cultural Reporter’s Award: 2007\n* Best Business Woman by Financial Weekly Magazine, 2000, 2002, 2003\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Career ",
" Personal life ",
"Awards",
" References "
] | Selima Ahmad | [
"She serves as board member of state-owned Janata Bank Limited and is a former board member of Sonali Bank Limited.",
"\n* Oslo Business for Peace Award, 2014 \n* Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Award by International Republican Institute, United States, 2013\n* Priyadarshini Award by Federation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs, 2012\n* Women’s Contribution to Development by Islamic Development Bank, 2012\n* TIAW World of Difference 100 Award by The International Alliance for Women, Canada, 2010\n* Special Prize for Women entrepreneurs by Dhaka International Trade Fair, 2010\n* Women Entrepreneur Appreciation Award by Karachi Chamber of Commerce, 2009\n* Business Express Award Women Entrepreneurs by Business Express, 2009\n* Female Business Personality of the Year-2008 by Bangladesh Cultural Reporters Association, 2008\n* Cultural Reporter’s Award: 2007\n* Best Business Woman by Financial Weekly Magazine, 2000, 2002, 2003"
] | [
"\n\n'''Selima Ahmed''' is a Bangladeshi businessperson.",
"She is the Vice Chairperson of Nitol-Niloy Group and the founder and President of Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry.",
"In 2014 she got Oslo Business for Peace Award for best contribution in Business.",
"She is a Global Ambassador of The International Alliance for Women and a Course Teacher of MBA class in University of Dhaka.",
"Ahmad is Vice Chairperson of the Nitol-Niloy Group.",
"This Group is one of the reputed business houses and has 26 companies.",
"Of them, six are joint ventures and three are public companies.",
"It has presence in automobiles, cement, paper, real estate, electronics and financial services.",
"Ahmad is married to Abdul Matlub Ahmad, a Business Leader and former President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries (FBCCI).",
"The have two son, Abdul Musabbir Ahmed (Nitol) and Abdul Marib Ahmed (Niloy)."
] | finance |
[
"Shirley Pitts\n'''Shirley Sally Pitts''', later '''Shirley Sally Hawkins''', (24 November 1934 – 16 March 1992) was an English fraudster and thief known as the \"queen of shoplifters\". She was born into poverty and crime and began to steal as a child to feed her siblings. She was educated in shoplifting by the Forty Elephants, also known as the Forty Thieves, and later diversified into other non-violent crime such as fraud. She had seven children from three different fathers. She died of breast cancer and received an elaborate funeral attended by family and criminal acquaintances that received national media coverage in Britain.\n",
"Shirley Pitts was born at Lambeth Walk on 24 November 1934 into a family of criminals. Her father was Harry Pitts, an inept criminal who died in Parkhurst Prison in 1962 and her mother was Nell Taylor who became an alcoholic. She was stealing milk and bread by the age of seven in order to provide food for her five siblings after her mother sold their ration books and her father was in prison. She was evacuated to Yorkshire during the Second World War and spent her teenage years in reform schools. She was educated in shoplifting by the Forty Thieves, an all-female group of thieves founded in the Victorian era that persisted into the 1950s.\n\nHer brother Henry \"Adgie\" Pitts was a bank robber who died aged 29 in a car crash. She disowned another brother, Charlie, after he took part in a kidnap plot in which he tortured a woman for which he received a 15 year jail sentence.\n\nPitts had several relationships which produced seven children by three different fathers. Five were from her relationship with Chris Hawkins, who ran a fruit and vegetable stall in Hoxton market. Hawkins beat her but was warned to stop by the Kray twins, and did so. He pre-deceased her, and she adopted his name in later life.\n",
"By her early twenties, Pitts was one of the foremost shoplifters in Britain. She ran teams of \"hoisters\" that operated nationally but the West End of London was her main target and Harrods in particular along with Harvey Nichols, Selfridges, and other high class shops that could supply her with the expensive clothes that she needed to make a living and enjoyed wearing. She also operated on continental Europe, taking teams of thieves to Paris and Geneva.\n\nPitts used seven or eight aliases and her shoplifting techniques included disguising herself using different wigs, stuffing stolen goods under her voluminous skirts and the use of \"magic bags\", carrier bags lined with tin foil that prevented the detection of security tags when she left a shop with stolen goods. When she had finished with one shop she would sometimes leave the stolen goods in a car outside and enter another shop to see what she could steal.\n\nShe was jailed three times and spent a total of three years inside but was one of the few women to escape a British prison when she got out of a van taking her to court, ostensibly so that her daughter would not be born in prison. She prided herself on never informing or being involved in violence.\n",
"Pitts died of breast cancer on 16 March 1992. After a blessing at the Roman Catholic Church of the Assumption in Chigwell, she was buried at Lambeth Cemetery in a £5,000 blue Zandra Rhodes dress that the popular press speculated she had probably stolen but that her friends insisted was bought. Her remains are interred in a plot near that of her brother Henry. Mourners were driven from her home in Chigwell, Essex, in a fleet of cars that included 15 black Daimlers. The great train robber Buster Edwards attended and messages of condolence were sent by the Kray twins and Ronnie Knight. Tributes were paid at the graveside to the fact that Pitts \"never grassed\" (informed). A floral tribute played on the words that she would use when she went to work, \"Gone Shopping\". She left an estate that was valued for legal purposes at less than £125,000 and was probably much less.\n\nIn the last years of her life she began to dictate her reminiscences to Lorraine Gamman. These formed the basis for Gamman's biography of Pitts, titled ''Gone shopping: The story of Shirley Pitts, Queen of thieves'', which was published in 1996 by Signet/Penguin (2nd, Bloomsbury, 2012).\n",
"* Alice Diamond\n* Brian \"Little Legs\" Clifford\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life and family",
"Career",
"Death and legacy",
"See also",
" References "
] | Shirley Pitts | [
"Her brother Henry \"Adgie\" Pitts was a bank robber who died aged 29 in a car crash."
] | [
"Shirley Pitts\n'''Shirley Sally Pitts''', later '''Shirley Sally Hawkins''', (24 November 1934 – 16 March 1992) was an English fraudster and thief known as the \"queen of shoplifters\".",
"She was born into poverty and crime and began to steal as a child to feed her siblings.",
"She was educated in shoplifting by the Forty Elephants, also known as the Forty Thieves, and later diversified into other non-violent crime such as fraud.",
"She had seven children from three different fathers.",
"She died of breast cancer and received an elaborate funeral attended by family and criminal acquaintances that received national media coverage in Britain.",
"Shirley Pitts was born at Lambeth Walk on 24 November 1934 into a family of criminals.",
"Her father was Harry Pitts, an inept criminal who died in Parkhurst Prison in 1962 and her mother was Nell Taylor who became an alcoholic.",
"She was stealing milk and bread by the age of seven in order to provide food for her five siblings after her mother sold their ration books and her father was in prison.",
"She was evacuated to Yorkshire during the Second World War and spent her teenage years in reform schools.",
"She was educated in shoplifting by the Forty Thieves, an all-female group of thieves founded in the Victorian era that persisted into the 1950s.",
"She disowned another brother, Charlie, after he took part in a kidnap plot in which he tortured a woman for which he received a 15 year jail sentence.",
"Pitts had several relationships which produced seven children by three different fathers.",
"Five were from her relationship with Chris Hawkins, who ran a fruit and vegetable stall in Hoxton market.",
"Hawkins beat her but was warned to stop by the Kray twins, and did so.",
"He pre-deceased her, and she adopted his name in later life.",
"By her early twenties, Pitts was one of the foremost shoplifters in Britain.",
"She ran teams of \"hoisters\" that operated nationally but the West End of London was her main target and Harrods in particular along with Harvey Nichols, Selfridges, and other high class shops that could supply her with the expensive clothes that she needed to make a living and enjoyed wearing.",
"She also operated on continental Europe, taking teams of thieves to Paris and Geneva.",
"Pitts used seven or eight aliases and her shoplifting techniques included disguising herself using different wigs, stuffing stolen goods under her voluminous skirts and the use of \"magic bags\", carrier bags lined with tin foil that prevented the detection of security tags when she left a shop with stolen goods.",
"When she had finished with one shop she would sometimes leave the stolen goods in a car outside and enter another shop to see what she could steal.",
"She was jailed three times and spent a total of three years inside but was one of the few women to escape a British prison when she got out of a van taking her to court, ostensibly so that her daughter would not be born in prison.",
"She prided herself on never informing or being involved in violence.",
"Pitts died of breast cancer on 16 March 1992.",
"After a blessing at the Roman Catholic Church of the Assumption in Chigwell, she was buried at Lambeth Cemetery in a £5,000 blue Zandra Rhodes dress that the popular press speculated she had probably stolen but that her friends insisted was bought.",
"Her remains are interred in a plot near that of her brother Henry.",
"Mourners were driven from her home in Chigwell, Essex, in a fleet of cars that included 15 black Daimlers.",
"The great train robber Buster Edwards attended and messages of condolence were sent by the Kray twins and Ronnie Knight.",
"Tributes were paid at the graveside to the fact that Pitts \"never grassed\" (informed).",
"A floral tribute played on the words that she would use when she went to work, \"Gone Shopping\".",
"She left an estate that was valued for legal purposes at less than £125,000 and was probably much less.",
"In the last years of her life she began to dictate her reminiscences to Lorraine Gamman.",
"These formed the basis for Gamman's biography of Pitts, titled ''Gone shopping: The story of Shirley Pitts, Queen of thieves'', which was published in 1996 by Signet/Penguin (2nd, Bloomsbury, 2012).",
"* Alice Diamond\n* Brian \"Little Legs\" Clifford"
] | river |
[
"The '''Brigham City Co-op''' was one of the most successful cooperative enterprises of the Mormons in Utah.\n\nIn 1990 five buildings associated with the Brigham City Co-op survived: the Mercantile Store (1891), the Flour Mill (1856), the Woolen Mill (1869-70), the Planing Mill (c.1876), and the Relief Society Granary (c.1877).\n\n\n",
"Store in 2010\n\nThe '''Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association Mercantile Store''', at 5 N. Main St. in Brigham City, Utah, also known as the '''Brigham City Co-op Mercantile Store''' or the '''First Security Bank''', was built during 1890-1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.\n\nIt was designed by Ogden, Utah architects St. James, Woods & Co. It has a room on its third floor which was used for dances and other events.\n\nThe building \"is significant primarily for its association with the Mormon Church-sponsored Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association (the Co-op). The Co-op was a highly successful socio-economic system that dominated the local economy during most of its years of operation, 1864-1895. It was also a model for Mormon cooperatives established throughout the Utah Territory in the 1860s-80s. Most of the other co-ops failed quickly, and none approached the level of success attained in Brigham City.\"\n\nA fire at the store on December 19, 1894 contributed to failure of the Co-op in 1895. The building later served as a bank.\n\nThe NRHP nomination states the building \"is also architecturally significant as the best example of Victorian Eclectic commercial architecture in Brigham City.\"\n",
"Flouring mill\n\nThe '''Box Elder Flouring Mill''' was built in 1857 and served as a flour mill into the 1870s. It was a two-story building. The building was sold and began use as a monument factory in the 1890s, and remains a monument factory in 1989. It was expanded by additions during about 1892 to 1933, including a c.1933 two-story frame addition which is in plan.\n\nThe mill had portholes intended for defense from Indian attacks, in its first story walls on the west, north and south sides. These were changed into windows and a door by John H. Bott during his ownership during the 1890s to 1914.\n\nIt has also been known as the Gristmill, and as '''Snow and Smith Mill''' and as '''Bott's Monument Factory'''. It was NRHP-listed as '''Box Elder Flouring Mill'''.\n\nIt was water-powered by Box Elder Creek.\n\n",
"Granary\n\nThe granary was built in 1877. It was NRHP-listed as '''Granary of the Relief Society''' in 1990.\n",
"Planing mill\n\nThe planing mill was built in 1876. It is NRHP-listed as '''Planing Mill of Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association'''. It was also known as '''Merrell's Planing Mill'''.\n\nIt was water-powered.\n\n\nJohn F. Merrell, a worker at the mill, obtained ownership in 1892 and operated it until 1931.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Mercantile Store",
"Flouring Mill",
"Granary",
"Planing Mill",
"References"
] | Brigham City Co-op | [
"Store in 2010\n\nThe '''Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association Mercantile Store''', at 5 N. Main St. in Brigham City, Utah, also known as the '''Brigham City Co-op Mercantile Store''' or the '''First Security Bank''', was built during 1890-1891.",
"The building later served as a bank."
] | [
"The '''Brigham City Co-op''' was one of the most successful cooperative enterprises of the Mormons in Utah.",
"In 1990 five buildings associated with the Brigham City Co-op survived: the Mercantile Store (1891), the Flour Mill (1856), the Woolen Mill (1869-70), the Planing Mill (c.1876), and the Relief Society Granary (c.1877).",
"It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.",
"It was designed by Ogden, Utah architects St. James, Woods & Co.",
"It has a room on its third floor which was used for dances and other events.",
"The building \"is significant primarily for its association with the Mormon Church-sponsored Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association (the Co-op).",
"The Co-op was a highly successful socio-economic system that dominated the local economy during most of its years of operation, 1864-1895.",
"It was also a model for Mormon cooperatives established throughout the Utah Territory in the 1860s-80s.",
"Most of the other co-ops failed quickly, and none approached the level of success attained in Brigham City.\"",
"A fire at the store on December 19, 1894 contributed to failure of the Co-op in 1895.",
"The NRHP nomination states the building \"is also architecturally significant as the best example of Victorian Eclectic commercial architecture in Brigham City.\"",
"Flouring mill\n\nThe '''Box Elder Flouring Mill''' was built in 1857 and served as a flour mill into the 1870s.",
"It was a two-story building.",
"The building was sold and began use as a monument factory in the 1890s, and remains a monument factory in 1989.",
"It was expanded by additions during about 1892 to 1933, including a c.1933 two-story frame addition which is in plan.",
"The mill had portholes intended for defense from Indian attacks, in its first story walls on the west, north and south sides.",
"These were changed into windows and a door by John H. Bott during his ownership during the 1890s to 1914.",
"It has also been known as the Gristmill, and as '''Snow and Smith Mill''' and as '''Bott's Monument Factory'''.",
"It was NRHP-listed as '''Box Elder Flouring Mill'''.",
"It was water-powered by Box Elder Creek.",
"Granary\n\nThe granary was built in 1877.",
"It was NRHP-listed as '''Granary of the Relief Society''' in 1990.",
"Planing mill\n\nThe planing mill was built in 1876.",
"It is NRHP-listed as '''Planing Mill of Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association'''.",
"It was also known as '''Merrell's Planing Mill'''.",
"It was water-powered.",
"John F. Merrell, a worker at the mill, obtained ownership in 1892 and operated it until 1931."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Shawn Faqua''' (/ˈʃɔːnˠ F ækwə /, born 6 June) is a Nigerian actor, model and presenter with multiple award nominations. He is best known for playing the role of Vincent in ''Lagos Cougars,'' as Rambo in Dare Olaitan's Ojukokoro and Chuks in Emem Isong's Code of Silence. His performance in Lagos Cougars earned him four award nominations across Africa including Best Young/Promising Actor at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards. Faqua has appeared in African Magic movie's Out of the ghetto (2015), After the proposal (2015), Oasis (TV series), Red Card (2015), The Twin sword (2014), A Love like Ours (2011), Four Crooks and a Rookie (2011), Ebony Life's A New You (2013) and others.\n\nFaqua is a method actor and is known to successfully take on several accents as required by character he potrays. In Charles Novia's, Put a ring on it, Faqua plays the role of a single woman named Cleopatra and also doubles as the character Peter. Besides screen acting, Faqua has performed in several stage plays. modeled for Lagos business school, Guaranty Trust Bank, First City Monument Bank, fashion shows and many other organisations. In addition to his acting work, he has a great singing voice which was showcased in the short film 'The good Life', performing the original sound track of the song 'i wan blow'. \n",
"Faqua has always had a knack for entertainment, Whilst he studied in the University of Port-harcourt where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering. He began modelling for billboards and also several anchored shows. Ever since he has repeatedly demonstrated remarkable skills in screen and stage acting, directing, modelling, choreography and singing.\n\nIn 2012, Faqua obtained a Certificate in Acting from the Nollywood Upgrade Training in affiliation with the Center for Digital Imaging Arts at Boston University.In 2014 he fully transitioned from his Engineering career to a full-time acting career and has steadily progressed..\n",
"Faqua takes on roles that are dramatic, challenging, cheesy, intense and comical.Many of the productions he has featured in address salient issues that border on love, politics, culture, human rights, conflict, rape, betrayal, selfless service and sacrifice. He has been known to repeatedly research each character he takes on and pays attention to details (language, pronunciation, style and other nuances associated with the character he's portraying), as he always wants to tell a compelling and believable story. Shawn enjoys reading, dancing, playing tennis,travelling and watching movies. He currently resides in the city of Lagos, Nigeria.\n",
"Faqua has been a celebrity supporter of the Nigeria Red Cross. He had became involved with charity in 2004 and was part of the Excos of the Youth Against HIV and Aids in collaboration with the then First Lady of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Stella Obasanjo and the NUGA games whose primary focus was to enlighten the youths on voluntary counselling Testing (VCT) for HIV aids. Shawn was also the president of the Youth Against Drug Abuse and Child Trafficking (YAWAT) in Abuja, Nigeria. In 2016, He partnered with the Nigerian Army for the Fallen heroes projects as he played lead in the short film 'Separated' in support of all fallen heroes and their loved ones. Since then Faqua has made several appearances showing support for charities and disaster relief.\n",
"Shawn has been featured on talk shows such as Heart of the matter where he speaks on 'Real Fatherhood and Manhood', Twitchat with blecyn Chat and Tribe stories among others. He has anchored shows like Urban Royale's Magazine Launch and Retro 52 an Independence Event where he was a Co-host and Presenter. He is passionate about engaging the youths, assisting the children on the streets with no positive role model in their life influencing by systematic penetration through entertainment.\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n2010\nThe Last Ritual\n\n\n\n2011\nA love like ours\n\n\n\n2011\nFour crooks and a Rookie\nLune\n\n\n2012\nLagos cougars\nVincent\n\n\n2012\nGidi up\n\nSeries\n\n2013\n After the proposal\n\n\n\n2013\nA New You\nWale\n\n\n2013\nRender to caeser\n\n\n\n2014\nAcquired taste\n\nShort film\n\n2014\nOasis\nKK\nSeries\n\n2015\nRed Card\n\n\n\n2015\nOut of the Ghetto\n\n\n\n2016\nHead over Heels\n\nSeries\n\n2016\nOjukokoro\nRambo\n\n\n2016\nZahra\nJacob\n\n\n2016\nEsohe\nPrince\n\n\n2017\nInline\n\n\n\n2017\nThe Door\n\n\n\n2017\nSugar Boy\n\n\n\n2017\nAugust visitor\n\n\n\n2017\nMascara\n\nSeries\n\n2017\n3some\n\n\n\n2017\nNo way out\nBovi\n\n\n",
"His role in 'Lagos Cougar' earned him a couple of award nominations within and outside Africa --- Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Young Actor (2014), Nollywood Movies Awards for Best Rising Star, Nigeria Entertainment Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Film, Golden Icons Academy Movie Award for Most Promising Actor all in 2014, and Golden Movie Awards for Golden Supporting Actor(Drama) in 2015. The twin sword also got nominated for Best Promising Actor. In 2017 he was nominated for the best supporting actor in the feature film 3 some.\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Career ",
" Personal life ",
" Charity ",
" Other works ",
" Selected Filmography ",
" Awards and nominations ",
" References "
] | Shawn Faqua | [
"modeled for Lagos business school, Guaranty Trust Bank, First City Monument Bank, fashion shows and many other organisations."
] | [
"\n'''Shawn Faqua''' (/ˈʃɔːnˠ F ækwə /, born 6 June) is a Nigerian actor, model and presenter with multiple award nominations.",
"He is best known for playing the role of Vincent in ''Lagos Cougars,'' as Rambo in Dare Olaitan's Ojukokoro and Chuks in Emem Isong's Code of Silence.",
"His performance in Lagos Cougars earned him four award nominations across Africa including Best Young/Promising Actor at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards.",
"Faqua has appeared in African Magic movie's Out of the ghetto (2015), After the proposal (2015), Oasis (TV series), Red Card (2015), The Twin sword (2014), A Love like Ours (2011), Four Crooks and a Rookie (2011), Ebony Life's A New You (2013) and others.",
"Faqua is a method actor and is known to successfully take on several accents as required by character he potrays.",
"In Charles Novia's, Put a ring on it, Faqua plays the role of a single woman named Cleopatra and also doubles as the character Peter.",
"Besides screen acting, Faqua has performed in several stage plays.",
"In addition to his acting work, he has a great singing voice which was showcased in the short film 'The good Life', performing the original sound track of the song 'i wan blow'.",
"Faqua has always had a knack for entertainment, Whilst he studied in the University of Port-harcourt where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering.",
"He began modelling for billboards and also several anchored shows.",
"Ever since he has repeatedly demonstrated remarkable skills in screen and stage acting, directing, modelling, choreography and singing.",
"In 2012, Faqua obtained a Certificate in Acting from the Nollywood Upgrade Training in affiliation with the Center for Digital Imaging Arts at Boston University.In 2014 he fully transitioned from his Engineering career to a full-time acting career and has steadily progressed..",
"Faqua takes on roles that are dramatic, challenging, cheesy, intense and comical.Many of the productions he has featured in address salient issues that border on love, politics, culture, human rights, conflict, rape, betrayal, selfless service and sacrifice.",
"He has been known to repeatedly research each character he takes on and pays attention to details (language, pronunciation, style and other nuances associated with the character he's portraying), as he always wants to tell a compelling and believable story.",
"Shawn enjoys reading, dancing, playing tennis,travelling and watching movies.",
"He currently resides in the city of Lagos, Nigeria.",
"Faqua has been a celebrity supporter of the Nigeria Red Cross.",
"He had became involved with charity in 2004 and was part of the Excos of the Youth Against HIV and Aids in collaboration with the then First Lady of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Stella Obasanjo and the NUGA games whose primary focus was to enlighten the youths on voluntary counselling Testing (VCT) for HIV aids.",
"Shawn was also the president of the Youth Against Drug Abuse and Child Trafficking (YAWAT) in Abuja, Nigeria.",
"In 2016, He partnered with the Nigerian Army for the Fallen heroes projects as he played lead in the short film 'Separated' in support of all fallen heroes and their loved ones.",
"Since then Faqua has made several appearances showing support for charities and disaster relief.",
"Shawn has been featured on talk shows such as Heart of the matter where he speaks on 'Real Fatherhood and Manhood', Twitchat with blecyn Chat and Tribe stories among others.",
"He has anchored shows like Urban Royale's Magazine Launch and Retro 52 an Independence Event where he was a Co-host and Presenter.",
"He is passionate about engaging the youths, assisting the children on the streets with no positive role model in their life influencing by systematic penetration through entertainment.",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n2010\nThe Last Ritual\n\n\n\n2011\nA love like ours\n\n\n\n2011\nFour crooks and a Rookie\nLune\n\n\n2012\nLagos cougars\nVincent\n\n\n2012\nGidi up\n\nSeries\n\n2013\n After the proposal\n\n\n\n2013\nA New You\nWale\n\n\n2013\nRender to caeser\n\n\n\n2014\nAcquired taste\n\nShort film\n\n2014\nOasis\nKK\nSeries\n\n2015\nRed Card\n\n\n\n2015\nOut of the Ghetto\n\n\n\n2016\nHead over Heels\n\nSeries\n\n2016\nOjukokoro\nRambo\n\n\n2016\nZahra\nJacob\n\n\n2016\nEsohe\nPrince\n\n\n2017\nInline\n\n\n\n2017\nThe Door\n\n\n\n2017\nSugar Boy\n\n\n\n2017\nAugust visitor\n\n\n\n2017\nMascara\n\nSeries\n\n2017\n3some\n\n\n\n2017\nNo way out\nBovi",
"His role in 'Lagos Cougar' earned him a couple of award nominations within and outside Africa --- Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Young Actor (2014), Nollywood Movies Awards for Best Rising Star, Nigeria Entertainment Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Film, Golden Icons Academy Movie Award for Most Promising Actor all in 2014, and Golden Movie Awards for Golden Supporting Actor(Drama) in 2015.",
"The twin sword also got nominated for Best Promising Actor.",
"In 2017 he was nominated for the best supporting actor in the feature film 3 some."
] | finance |
[
"Bernard George Ellis GC\n'''Bernard George Ellis''' (21 November 1890 – 1 July 1979) was a junior officer in the British Army who was awarded the Albert Medal (AM) for bravery during World War I while serving in Mesopotamia. His Albert Medal was translated to the George Cross in 1971.\n\nEllis was born in Surbiton in Surrey in 1890, the son of Henry Charles Ellis and May (née Bennett). He was educated at Salisbury Cathedral School and at the Montpelier School at Paignton in Devon. The family lived at Home Cottage in Roundwell in Bearsted. Ellis had one brother, Charles Harold. His great-grandfather, Charles Ellis was the Mayor of Maidstone in 1860, and his grandfather Charles junior was also Mayor of Maidstone three times: in 1864, 1872 and 1878.\n\nWhen World War I broke out in 1914 Ellis was working at the Union of London and Smith’s Bank in Maidstone. He enlisted with the Public Schools Corps in September 1914 as a Private and arrived in France with them in November 1915, serving in the trenches for six months opposite the Hohenzollern Redoubt. He returned to England and trained as a bomb instructor at Oxford following which he was given a commission before being gazetted to the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), going with his battalion to India and then to Mesopotamia.\n\nAccording to ''The London Gazette'' of 18 July 1919:\n\n'On 21 August 1918, Lieutenant Ellis was with a party at Shahraban under instruction in the firing of rifle grenades. A volley was fired, but one of the grenades, owing to a defective cartridge, did not leave the rifle, but fell back into the barrel with the fuse burning. The firer lost his head and dropped the rifle and grenade in the trench, but Lieutenant Ellis, who was separated from the man by four other men in a narrow trench, at once forced his way past them and seized the rifle. Failing to extract the grenade, he dropped the rifle and placed his steel helmet over the grenade, which at once exploded, severely injuring him. There can be no doubt that his prompt and courageous action greatly minimised the force of the explosion and saved several men from death or injury'.\n\nEllis survived his injuries and was invalided back to India, where he served as Captain of the Guard to Lord Willingdon, Governor of Bombay. Despite 350 pieces of the exploded grenade being in his body, 77 of them in his right arm, Ellis remained a keen sportsman. In 1971 he was among the surviving recipients of the Albert Medal and the Edward Medal who accepted the offer to exchange their awards for the George Cross. He also received the 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal and the Defence Medal. His medals are now in the collection of the National Army Museum in London.\n\nEllis died in Letchworth in Hertfordshire in 1979 and is buried in the churchyard of All Saints church in Willian, Hertfordshire.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | Bernard George Ellis | [
"When World War I broke out in 1914 Ellis was working at the Union of London and Smith’s Bank in Maidstone."
] | [
"Bernard George Ellis GC\n'''Bernard George Ellis''' (21 November 1890 – 1 July 1979) was a junior officer in the British Army who was awarded the Albert Medal (AM) for bravery during World War I while serving in Mesopotamia.",
"His Albert Medal was translated to the George Cross in 1971.",
"Ellis was born in Surbiton in Surrey in 1890, the son of Henry Charles Ellis and May (née Bennett).",
"He was educated at Salisbury Cathedral School and at the Montpelier School at Paignton in Devon.",
"The family lived at Home Cottage in Roundwell in Bearsted.",
"Ellis had one brother, Charles Harold.",
"His great-grandfather, Charles Ellis was the Mayor of Maidstone in 1860, and his grandfather Charles junior was also Mayor of Maidstone three times: in 1864, 1872 and 1878.",
"He enlisted with the Public Schools Corps in September 1914 as a Private and arrived in France with them in November 1915, serving in the trenches for six months opposite the Hohenzollern Redoubt.",
"He returned to England and trained as a bomb instructor at Oxford following which he was given a commission before being gazetted to the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment), going with his battalion to India and then to Mesopotamia.",
"According to ''The London Gazette'' of 18 July 1919:\n\n'On 21 August 1918, Lieutenant Ellis was with a party at Shahraban under instruction in the firing of rifle grenades.",
"A volley was fired, but one of the grenades, owing to a defective cartridge, did not leave the rifle, but fell back into the barrel with the fuse burning.",
"The firer lost his head and dropped the rifle and grenade in the trench, but Lieutenant Ellis, who was separated from the man by four other men in a narrow trench, at once forced his way past them and seized the rifle.",
"Failing to extract the grenade, he dropped the rifle and placed his steel helmet over the grenade, which at once exploded, severely injuring him.",
"There can be no doubt that his prompt and courageous action greatly minimised the force of the explosion and saved several men from death or injury'.",
"Ellis survived his injuries and was invalided back to India, where he served as Captain of the Guard to Lord Willingdon, Governor of Bombay.",
"Despite 350 pieces of the exploded grenade being in his body, 77 of them in his right arm, Ellis remained a keen sportsman.",
"In 1971 he was among the surviving recipients of the Albert Medal and the Edward Medal who accepted the offer to exchange their awards for the George Cross.",
"He also received the 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal and the Defence Medal.",
"His medals are now in the collection of the National Army Museum in London.",
"Ellis died in Letchworth in Hertfordshire in 1979 and is buried in the churchyard of All Saints church in Willian, Hertfordshire."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Lislaughtin Abbey''' is a medieval Franciscan friary and National Monument located in County Kerry, Ireland.",
"\nLislaughtin Abbey is located north of Ballylongford, on the east bank of the Ballylongford Creek and to the south of the Shannon Estuary.\n",
"The friary was founded for the Order of Friars Minor (Observant Franciscan Friars) in 1470 by John O'Connor, Lord of Kerry Luachra and Iraghticonnor. Permission was granted by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477. It was named after Saint Lachtin (died AD 622) who brought Christianity to the area. A silver processional cross was commissioned in 1479; it is now known as the Lislaughtin or Ballymacasey cross and is held at the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology.\n\nLord Iraghticonnor was buried at the friary in 1485. Thomas fitz Gerald, heir of the Knight of Glin, was buried there in 1567 after his execution.\n\nDuring the Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle (1580) the abbey was twice raided by English soldiers. The abbey was then dissolved, although the church and graveyard remained in use by the local Catholic population, and some friars returned in 1629. During one of these attacks the Lislaughtin cross was buried for safety, and it was found by a local farmer in March 1871.\n",
"Interior of the ruins\nSide view of the abbey: church on left and refectory/dormitory on the right\nThe abbey church is a long house divided into choir and nave with triple sedilia; the collapsed square tower was over the choir arch. \n\nThe thirty windows are pointed and of cut limestone. A two-storey building contained refectory and dormitory. To the northeast is the garderobe.\n",
"",
"*\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"History",
"Buildings",
"References",
"External links"
] | Lislaughtin Abbey | [
"\nLislaughtin Abbey is located north of Ballylongford, on the east bank of the Ballylongford Creek and to the south of the Shannon Estuary."
] | [
"\n'''Lislaughtin Abbey''' is a medieval Franciscan friary and National Monument located in County Kerry, Ireland.",
"The friary was founded for the Order of Friars Minor (Observant Franciscan Friars) in 1470 by John O'Connor, Lord of Kerry Luachra and Iraghticonnor.",
"Permission was granted by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477.",
"It was named after Saint Lachtin (died AD 622) who brought Christianity to the area.",
"A silver processional cross was commissioned in 1479; it is now known as the Lislaughtin or Ballymacasey cross and is held at the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology.",
"Lord Iraghticonnor was buried at the friary in 1485.",
"Thomas fitz Gerald, heir of the Knight of Glin, was buried there in 1567 after his execution.",
"During the Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle (1580) the abbey was twice raided by English soldiers.",
"The abbey was then dissolved, although the church and graveyard remained in use by the local Catholic population, and some friars returned in 1629.",
"During one of these attacks the Lislaughtin cross was buried for safety, and it was found by a local farmer in March 1871.",
"Interior of the ruins\nSide view of the abbey: church on left and refectory/dormitory on the right\nThe abbey church is a long house divided into choir and nave with triple sedilia; the collapsed square tower was over the choir arch.",
"The thirty windows are pointed and of cut limestone.",
"A two-storey building contained refectory and dormitory.",
"To the northeast is the garderobe.",
"*"
] | river |
[
"'''Nancy Kimme''' is a former state official and lobbyist in Illinois. She served as the chief of staff to the late former Illinois Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka. Kimme also served as a member of Gov. Bruce Rauner's transition team in 2014.\n\nShe served as Topinka's Chief of Staff in the Comptroller's office from January 2011 to December 9, 2014, when Topinka died. She also worked on Topinka’s 2014 campaign team. After Topinka died, the campaign account gave Kimme a stipend for work on the 2014 re-election campaign. At that time she said that she would personally match the stipend, which was $25,000, to start a new political action committee that would help moderate female candidates running for office. She never matched the stipend.\n\nFor the 2016 presidential election, Kimme joined the campaign of Ohio Governor John Kasich. Her job was to run the operation in Illinois to look for delegates for him. At the 2016 Republican National Convention, Kimme served as a delegate from Illinois. She was one of six delegates from Illinois bound to support John Kasich for the presidential nomination.\n\nKimme began working as a lobbyist in February 2015. Some of her first clients included the Illinois Hospital Association, the Illinois Casino Gaming Association, Ameren, and a cable TV group. She lobbies both the Illinois General Assembly (state legislature) and the governor’s office.\n\nA Springfield, Illinois political gossip website called Capitol Fax wrote that \"she’s one of those people who knows everybody and everything and has been indispensable to Team Rauner. They’ll be lining up around the block to give her contracts.\"\n\nIn 2015, Ballotpedia selected Nancy Kimme as one of the top influencers in Illinois.\n",
"In December 1999, a lobbyist for Solomon Smith Barney named Courtney Shea threw a 38th birthday celebration for Nancy Kimme with around 30 of Kimme’s colleagues at a Riverfront restaurant in Chicago at a cost of $1,400. Kimme and Shea had been friends since the early 1990s. The birthday party occurred months after Kimme, the Comptroller’s chief of staff, helped steer a contract for managing Illinois state college savings program (Bright Start) to Courtney Shea’s firm, Salomon Smith Barney (SSB).\n\nDuring the bidding process, SSB Citi Asset Management was chosen over two other bidders. After the contract was awarded, the campaign account for Judy Topinka reimbursed Shea. Then-state senator Barack Obama commented about it: \"If nothing else, a transaction like this gives an appearance of impropriety that every state agency should avoid.\" Obama had helped write a state law that banned elected officials and certain state employees from accepting most gifts from lobbyists. The executive director of Illinois Common Cause, a watchdog group, praised the reimbursement but said, \"The timing of it -- as the party pertains to when this (firm) gets its contract -- can reasonably raise eyebrows. But then, you have to look at the performance of this (firm).\"\n",
"Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka died on December 10, 2014, right after winning another four-year term that would have started in January of the following year. A few hours after Topinka died, Governor-elect Bruce Brauner said that he wanted Governor Pat Quinn to immediately appoint Kimme as the new Comptroller and step in to serve \"right now.\" At the time, there was legal confusion as to who should or could serve as Comptroller upon Topinka’s death.\n\nOn December 19, 2014, in spite of Rauner’s advice, Quinn announced that he selected one of his aides, budget chief Jerry Stermer, to fill out the final three weeks of Topinka’s term as Illinois Comptroller. Kimme was present for the governor’s announcement. According to the ''Pantagraph'', \"Quinn (called on) lawmakers to return to the statehouse Jan. 8 to schedule a special election in 2016 to give voters a say in who runs the office for the final two years of what would have been Topinka's second term. Rauner, however, says he has the power under the Illinois Constitution to appoint a replacement for the full four-year term. Quinn said the public disagrees with Rauner.\"\n",
"In early 2015, Kimme became a lobbyist. Her first clients were the Illinois Hospital Association, Illinois Casino Gaming Association, Ameren and a cable TV group.\n\nAs of March 16, 2017, Kimme’s firm, Advantage Government Strategies located in Chicago, had the following clients according to government records:\n* American Beverage Association\n* Associated Beer Distributors Of Illinois \n* AT&T Illinois and its Affiliates\n* Camelot Global Services, North America Cullinan Joliet, LLC\n* Examination Resources, LLC\n* Exelon Corporation\n* EXP US Services Inc.\n* Family Health Network, Inc.\n* Ganschow, Christopher A.\n* Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault \n* Illinois Harness Horsemen's Association \n* Kemper Corporation\n* Rend Lake Conservancy District\n* Tides Center\n* Wexford Health Sources, Inc. \n\n=== Lobbying for competing interests ===\nAccording to the ''Prairie State Wire'' in August 2017, \"An analysis of her work over the past two years shows that, among her new lobbyist peers, Kimme has been unrivaled — both in her profligacy and success rate.\" According to the ''Prairie State Wire'', she had 74 clients in August 2017. Between 2015 and 2017, 29 of her clients received 2,878 state contracts worth almost $17 billion. Her clients come from various sectors including software vendors, construction companies, local governments, and social service providers. Kimme represents hospitals and \"Medicaid backed health insurance providers, wrestling over scarce healthcare dollars.\" She also lobbies on behalf of businesses trying to get regulatory relief as well as unions seeking more regulations. Among her clients are casinos that are pushing for more gambling; also monitor clients or social service providers that help people cope with gambling addictions.\n\nShe had her own three different lobbying firms. One of those firms was Advantage Government Strategies. She didn’t have offices in Springfield; instead, Rauner’s chief of staff and another Rauner ex-chief of staff let her use their offices when she was in town for clients.\n\nShe also represents medical marijuana makers and has successfully gotten makers state licenses. \"Medical marijuana makers vying to receive licenses in early 2015, just as Rauner took office, hired Kimme. Chicago-based Kimme clients Cresco Labs and Illinois Grown Medicine, part-owned by former Blagojevich confidant and lobbyist Paul Rosenfeld, won a state license.\"\n\nKimme client Custom Strains, \"backed by Chicago trucking entrepreneur and strip club owner Perry Mandera\", wants to build a medical marijuana dispensary in the Fulton Market neighborhood of Chicago.\n",
"\n=== District court ===\nJudy Baar Topinka’s son, Joseph, filed a lawsuit against Kimme and two others in December 2015 that alleged Kimme converted $89,000 from Topinka’s campaign fund for her own personal use. The lawsuit alleged that Kimme took $63,807 from the campaign fund in August 2015 and that she did not list that expenditure from the fund’s following quarterly report. Kimme responded that she merely moved the $63,807 from a bank that handled a then-canceled campaign credit card to the main campaign account at another bank. She said that the other $25,000 she took was for a payment for her work that she performed on Topinka’s 2014 reelection campaign. Kimme responded to the lawsuit: \"These are reckless allegations and dishonest filings. It’s sad, and it’s so sad I can’t even really be angry because it’s just so sad and pathetic.\"\n\nThe lawsuit even alleged that the $68,807 check was made out to \"Cash\" and endorsed by Kimme on August 7, 2015. According to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"A hard-to-read copy of a handwritten check was filed with the lawsuit.\" The lawsuit claimed that \"upon information and belief, Kimme used some or all\" of the $88,807 \"for personal purposes including, but not limited to, loans, debt, clothing, club memberships, travel expenses or other prohibited actions as defined by the State Gift Ban Act and has not repaid the funds and refuses to do so.\"\n\nAccording to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"Since the Gift Ban Act took effect in 1998, leftover campaign funds can’t be converted to personal use. But Topinka’s fund had $341,618 on hand when that law took effect – so that amount could have been given to Topinka, or, the lawsuit said, to her son as executor of her estate.\"\n\nOn January 22, 2016, Cook County Circuit Judge Anna Helen Demacopoulos slapped a temporary restraining order on Kimme preventing her from spending any more money from Topinka’s political committee bank account. Without receiving approval from the Topinka family, Kimme \"assumed control of her mentors political committee and its nearly $900,000 in assets days after Comptroller Topinka’s December 10, 2014 death.\" The judge’s order read \"no funds in the accounts of Citizens for Judy Baar Topinka shall be expended except for defense of the case by the fund, and with/or by agreement of counsel, court order or both.\"\n\nIn a four-count lawsuit filed in December 2015 against Kimme, the plaintiff, Joseph Baar Topinka—Topinka’s only child and the executor of her estate— said that he brought the lawsuit on because he had attempted, along with his attorney and other people, for a year to reach Kimme and get her to agree that the money in the political account be used to establish the Judy Baar Topinka Charitable Foundation. The foundation was established in 2015. The lawsuit alleged that Kimme \"converted funds in the political committee account for personal use.\" Joseph Baar Topinka alleged that Kimme \"wrongly converted nearly $89,000 from the Topinka campaign fund to personal use.\" The lawsuit demanded that those funds be returned and at the balance of the account, $341,618 be transferred either to Joseph Baar Topinka individually or to Judy Baar Topinka’s estate. In the final quarter of 2015, $435.72 had been spent from the fund.\n\nAccording to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"Kimme called the allegations \"reckless,\" \"dishonest,\" \"sad and pathetic.\"\" The lawsuit was also filed against the chairman of the political committee and the committee’s treasurer. The case, ''Joseph Baar Topinka, et al v. Nancy Kimme, et al'', 15–CH–18684, was filed in Cook County District Court on December 29, 2015.\n\nIn March 2016, Judge Anna Demacopoulos dismissed the lawsuit. In the judge’s order, she wrote that when Topinka it was still the chairwoman of her own committee, she filed documentation stating that the fund were to be dissolved, any remaining money was to go to the Riverside Township Regular Republican Organization. The judge also wrote that her son didn’t contribute to the fund, and he himself had no standing to seek the money. \"The committee itself is not an asset of the estate of the comptroller,\" the judge wrote.\n\n=== Appeals court ===\nTopinka’s son appealed the judge’s decision to the Illinois Appellate Court. According to the official court documents, \"On appeal, plaintiff contends that the court erred in granting defendants' motion to dismiss because it had subject-matter jurisdiction, he has standing to proceed with the litigation, and his claims have merit.\" The appeals court affirmed the lower court’s decision, meaning that the case in the appeals court was dismissed.\n",
"While she worked as a government official, Kimme also worked as a member of Gov. Bruce Rauner’s transition team. In that capacity, she used her private email account to take requests for state jobs for the new governor, according to the ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Kimme said that she and the governor were not trying to shield the emails from public scrutiny or trying to get around any public record laws. \"She says people routinely contacted her for work reasons through her Yahoo.com email account because that’s what she most often uses.\" According to the Associated Press, she \"was one of three state government administrators who were filling political jobs for Rauner while on the comptroller’s payroll.\" After his inauguration, the Better Government Association (BGA) try to get copies of emails among the transition team including Kimme as well as state lawmakers and Rauner. The Comptroller’s office refused to release the emails, saying that the Illinois Freedom of Information Act provided an exemption from disclosure for such communications. In response, the BGA sued to have the records released.\n\nKimme was subpoenaed as part of the lawsuit and she turned over emails from private accounts. The records show that she used her private email account to email key government and Political figures about jobs for Rauner’s new administration. one of the emails was sent on January 6 from the Chief of Staff, Dave Gross, to Illinois Senate President John Cullerton to Kimme. Gross asked her to help save the jobs of two state bureaucrats who are going to be fired and replaced with new political hires.\n\nKimme responded, \"It wasn’t an effort to get around anything.\" She said that people often contacted her via her private email address because that’s the email address that she used the most. She said, \"My private emails go to my phone that I have with me all the time.\"\n",
"\n",
"* Illinois Gift Ban Act\n* Nancy Kimme - LinkedIn\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Lobbyist-sponsored birthday party ",
" Death of Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka ",
" Kimme’s lobbying firm ",
" Lawsuit against Kimme over use of Topinka’s campaign account ",
" Private email for state job requests ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Nancy Kimme | [
"Kimme responded that she merely moved the $63,807 from a bank that handled a then-canceled campaign credit card to the main campaign account at another bank.",
"On January 22, 2016, Cook County Circuit Judge Anna Helen Demacopoulos slapped a temporary restraining order on Kimme preventing her from spending any more money from Topinka’s political committee bank account."
] | [
"'''Nancy Kimme''' is a former state official and lobbyist in Illinois.",
"She served as the chief of staff to the late former Illinois Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka.",
"Kimme also served as a member of Gov.",
"Bruce Rauner's transition team in 2014.",
"She served as Topinka's Chief of Staff in the Comptroller's office from January 2011 to December 9, 2014, when Topinka died.",
"She also worked on Topinka’s 2014 campaign team.",
"After Topinka died, the campaign account gave Kimme a stipend for work on the 2014 re-election campaign.",
"At that time she said that she would personally match the stipend, which was $25,000, to start a new political action committee that would help moderate female candidates running for office.",
"She never matched the stipend.",
"For the 2016 presidential election, Kimme joined the campaign of Ohio Governor John Kasich.",
"Her job was to run the operation in Illinois to look for delegates for him.",
"At the 2016 Republican National Convention, Kimme served as a delegate from Illinois.",
"She was one of six delegates from Illinois bound to support John Kasich for the presidential nomination.",
"Kimme began working as a lobbyist in February 2015.",
"Some of her first clients included the Illinois Hospital Association, the Illinois Casino Gaming Association, Ameren, and a cable TV group.",
"She lobbies both the Illinois General Assembly (state legislature) and the governor’s office.",
"A Springfield, Illinois political gossip website called Capitol Fax wrote that \"she’s one of those people who knows everybody and everything and has been indispensable to Team Rauner.",
"They’ll be lining up around the block to give her contracts.\"",
"In 2015, Ballotpedia selected Nancy Kimme as one of the top influencers in Illinois.",
"In December 1999, a lobbyist for Solomon Smith Barney named Courtney Shea threw a 38th birthday celebration for Nancy Kimme with around 30 of Kimme’s colleagues at a Riverfront restaurant in Chicago at a cost of $1,400.",
"Kimme and Shea had been friends since the early 1990s.",
"The birthday party occurred months after Kimme, the Comptroller’s chief of staff, helped steer a contract for managing Illinois state college savings program (Bright Start) to Courtney Shea’s firm, Salomon Smith Barney (SSB).",
"During the bidding process, SSB Citi Asset Management was chosen over two other bidders.",
"After the contract was awarded, the campaign account for Judy Topinka reimbursed Shea.",
"Then-state senator Barack Obama commented about it: \"If nothing else, a transaction like this gives an appearance of impropriety that every state agency should avoid.\"",
"Obama had helped write a state law that banned elected officials and certain state employees from accepting most gifts from lobbyists.",
"The executive director of Illinois Common Cause, a watchdog group, praised the reimbursement but said, \"The timing of it -- as the party pertains to when this (firm) gets its contract -- can reasonably raise eyebrows.",
"But then, you have to look at the performance of this (firm).\"",
"Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka died on December 10, 2014, right after winning another four-year term that would have started in January of the following year.",
"A few hours after Topinka died, Governor-elect Bruce Brauner said that he wanted Governor Pat Quinn to immediately appoint Kimme as the new Comptroller and step in to serve \"right now.\"",
"At the time, there was legal confusion as to who should or could serve as Comptroller upon Topinka’s death.",
"On December 19, 2014, in spite of Rauner’s advice, Quinn announced that he selected one of his aides, budget chief Jerry Stermer, to fill out the final three weeks of Topinka’s term as Illinois Comptroller.",
"Kimme was present for the governor’s announcement.",
"According to the ''Pantagraph'', \"Quinn (called on) lawmakers to return to the statehouse Jan. 8 to schedule a special election in 2016 to give voters a say in who runs the office for the final two years of what would have been Topinka's second term.",
"Rauner, however, says he has the power under the Illinois Constitution to appoint a replacement for the full four-year term.",
"Quinn said the public disagrees with Rauner.\"",
"In early 2015, Kimme became a lobbyist.",
"Her first clients were the Illinois Hospital Association, Illinois Casino Gaming Association, Ameren and a cable TV group.",
"As of March 16, 2017, Kimme’s firm, Advantage Government Strategies located in Chicago, had the following clients according to government records:\n* American Beverage Association\n* Associated Beer Distributors Of Illinois \n* AT&T Illinois and its Affiliates\n* Camelot Global Services, North America Cullinan Joliet, LLC\n* Examination Resources, LLC\n* Exelon Corporation\n* EXP US Services Inc.\n* Family Health Network, Inc.\n* Ganschow, Christopher A.",
"* Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault \n* Illinois Harness Horsemen's Association \n* Kemper Corporation\n* Rend Lake Conservancy District\n* Tides Center\n* Wexford Health Sources, Inc. \n\n=== Lobbying for competing interests ===\nAccording to the ''Prairie State Wire'' in August 2017, \"An analysis of her work over the past two years shows that, among her new lobbyist peers, Kimme has been unrivaled — both in her profligacy and success rate.\"",
"According to the ''Prairie State Wire'', she had 74 clients in August 2017.",
"Between 2015 and 2017, 29 of her clients received 2,878 state contracts worth almost $17 billion.",
"Her clients come from various sectors including software vendors, construction companies, local governments, and social service providers.",
"Kimme represents hospitals and \"Medicaid backed health insurance providers, wrestling over scarce healthcare dollars.\"",
"She also lobbies on behalf of businesses trying to get regulatory relief as well as unions seeking more regulations.",
"Among her clients are casinos that are pushing for more gambling; also monitor clients or social service providers that help people cope with gambling addictions.",
"She had her own three different lobbying firms.",
"One of those firms was Advantage Government Strategies.",
"She didn’t have offices in Springfield; instead, Rauner’s chief of staff and another Rauner ex-chief of staff let her use their offices when she was in town for clients.",
"She also represents medical marijuana makers and has successfully gotten makers state licenses.",
"\"Medical marijuana makers vying to receive licenses in early 2015, just as Rauner took office, hired Kimme.",
"Chicago-based Kimme clients Cresco Labs and Illinois Grown Medicine, part-owned by former Blagojevich confidant and lobbyist Paul Rosenfeld, won a state license.\"",
"Kimme client Custom Strains, \"backed by Chicago trucking entrepreneur and strip club owner Perry Mandera\", wants to build a medical marijuana dispensary in the Fulton Market neighborhood of Chicago.",
"\n=== District court ===\nJudy Baar Topinka’s son, Joseph, filed a lawsuit against Kimme and two others in December 2015 that alleged Kimme converted $89,000 from Topinka’s campaign fund for her own personal use.",
"The lawsuit alleged that Kimme took $63,807 from the campaign fund in August 2015 and that she did not list that expenditure from the fund’s following quarterly report.",
"She said that the other $25,000 she took was for a payment for her work that she performed on Topinka’s 2014 reelection campaign.",
"Kimme responded to the lawsuit: \"These are reckless allegations and dishonest filings.",
"It’s sad, and it’s so sad I can’t even really be angry because it’s just so sad and pathetic.\"",
"The lawsuit even alleged that the $68,807 check was made out to \"Cash\" and endorsed by Kimme on August 7, 2015.",
"According to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"A hard-to-read copy of a handwritten check was filed with the lawsuit.\"",
"The lawsuit claimed that \"upon information and belief, Kimme used some or all\" of the $88,807 \"for personal purposes including, but not limited to, loans, debt, clothing, club memberships, travel expenses or other prohibited actions as defined by the State Gift Ban Act and has not repaid the funds and refuses to do so.\"",
"According to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"Since the Gift Ban Act took effect in 1998, leftover campaign funds can’t be converted to personal use.",
"But Topinka’s fund had $341,618 on hand when that law took effect – so that amount could have been given to Topinka, or, the lawsuit said, to her son as executor of her estate.\"",
"Without receiving approval from the Topinka family, Kimme \"assumed control of her mentors political committee and its nearly $900,000 in assets days after Comptroller Topinka’s December 10, 2014 death.\"",
"The judge’s order read \"no funds in the accounts of Citizens for Judy Baar Topinka shall be expended except for defense of the case by the fund, and with/or by agreement of counsel, court order or both.\"",
"In a four-count lawsuit filed in December 2015 against Kimme, the plaintiff, Joseph Baar Topinka—Topinka’s only child and the executor of her estate— said that he brought the lawsuit on because he had attempted, along with his attorney and other people, for a year to reach Kimme and get her to agree that the money in the political account be used to establish the Judy Baar Topinka Charitable Foundation.",
"The foundation was established in 2015.",
"The lawsuit alleged that Kimme \"converted funds in the political committee account for personal use.\"",
"Joseph Baar Topinka alleged that Kimme \"wrongly converted nearly $89,000 from the Topinka campaign fund to personal use.\"",
"The lawsuit demanded that those funds be returned and at the balance of the account, $341,618 be transferred either to Joseph Baar Topinka individually or to Judy Baar Topinka’s estate.",
"In the final quarter of 2015, $435.72 had been spent from the fund.",
"According to ''The State Journal-Register'', \"Kimme called the allegations \"reckless,\" \"dishonest,\" \"sad and pathetic.\"\"",
"The lawsuit was also filed against the chairman of the political committee and the committee’s treasurer.",
"The case, ''Joseph Baar Topinka, et al v. Nancy Kimme, et al'', 15–CH–18684, was filed in Cook County District Court on December 29, 2015.",
"In March 2016, Judge Anna Demacopoulos dismissed the lawsuit.",
"In the judge’s order, she wrote that when Topinka it was still the chairwoman of her own committee, she filed documentation stating that the fund were to be dissolved, any remaining money was to go to the Riverside Township Regular Republican Organization.",
"The judge also wrote that her son didn’t contribute to the fund, and he himself had no standing to seek the money.",
"\"The committee itself is not an asset of the estate of the comptroller,\" the judge wrote.",
"=== Appeals court ===\nTopinka’s son appealed the judge’s decision to the Illinois Appellate Court.",
"According to the official court documents, \"On appeal, plaintiff contends that the court erred in granting defendants' motion to dismiss because it had subject-matter jurisdiction, he has standing to proceed with the litigation, and his claims have merit.\"",
"The appeals court affirmed the lower court’s decision, meaning that the case in the appeals court was dismissed.",
"While she worked as a government official, Kimme also worked as a member of Gov.",
"Bruce Rauner’s transition team.",
"In that capacity, she used her private email account to take requests for state jobs for the new governor, according to the ''Chicago Sun-Times''.",
"Kimme said that she and the governor were not trying to shield the emails from public scrutiny or trying to get around any public record laws.",
"\"She says people routinely contacted her for work reasons through her Yahoo.com email account because that’s what she most often uses.\"",
"According to the Associated Press, she \"was one of three state government administrators who were filling political jobs for Rauner while on the comptroller’s payroll.\"",
"After his inauguration, the Better Government Association (BGA) try to get copies of emails among the transition team including Kimme as well as state lawmakers and Rauner.",
"The Comptroller’s office refused to release the emails, saying that the Illinois Freedom of Information Act provided an exemption from disclosure for such communications.",
"In response, the BGA sued to have the records released.",
"Kimme was subpoenaed as part of the lawsuit and she turned over emails from private accounts.",
"The records show that she used her private email account to email key government and Political figures about jobs for Rauner’s new administration.",
"one of the emails was sent on January 6 from the Chief of Staff, Dave Gross, to Illinois Senate President John Cullerton to Kimme.",
"Gross asked her to help save the jobs of two state bureaucrats who are going to be fired and replaced with new political hires.",
"Kimme responded, \"It wasn’t an effort to get around anything.\"",
"She said that people often contacted her via her private email address because that’s the email address that she used the most.",
"She said, \"My private emails go to my phone that I have with me all the time.\"",
"* Illinois Gift Ban Act\n* Nancy Kimme - LinkedIn"
] | finance |
[
"\nEddington market square\n\nThe '''North West Cambridge Development''' is a University of Cambridge site to the north west of Cambridge city centre in England. Currently under construction by AECOM and landscaped by Townshend, it is meant to alleviate overcrowding and rising land prices in Cambridge. The first phase resulted from a £350 million investment by the university. The development opened to the public for the Open Cambridge event on 9 September 2017.\n",
"The site covers the area between the M11 motorway, Madingley Road and Huntingdon Road. The area previously contained farms belonging to the university. The hub of the first phase is named Eddington after Cambridge astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, who led an expedition to Principe to photograph the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919 and verify Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.\n\nEddington is centred around Market Square, with a Sainsbury's supermarket. Its one school, the University of Cambridge Primary School, opened in 2015, occupies a toroidal building by Marks Barfield. The adjacent nursery and community centre is under construction. Graduate students of Girton College are housed at Swirles Court.\n\nAn energy centre provides a district heating system, while a sustainable urban drainage system channels rainwater via bioswales to the artificial Brook Leys lake between the site and the M11 motorway. The water is pumped back into homes for washing through a non-potable network.\n\nThe Fata Morgana tea house by German artists Wolfgang Winter and Berthold Hörbelt sits on the western bank of Brook Leys lake. Except for the roof, almost the entire two-storey pavilion, including built-in benches, was made from undulating stainless steel welded grating. Depending on light conditions, its polished surfaces can appear shiny or almost see-through.\n\nThese photographs were taken in September 2017:\n\ncmglee Eddington Bunkers Hill entrance.jpg|Entrance from Bunkers Hill\ncmglee Eddington main square.jpg|Market square\ncmglee Eddington power station.jpg|Energy centre\ncmglee Eddington school front.jpg|Primary school\ncmglee Eddington Swirles Court.jpg|Swirles Court\ncmglee Eddington pond.jpg|A pond with Fata Morgana in the distance\ncmglee Eddington Fata Morgana tea house.jpg|Fata Morgana tea house and Brook Leys\ncmglee Eddington Fata Morgana artists.jpg|Berthold Hörbelt and Wolfgang Winter in Fata Morgana\n\n",
"The site is served by the Go Whippet ''Universal'' bus. Madingley Road Park and Ride lies to the south of Eddington. The Ridgeway, a cycle and pedestrian path runs through the site from Girton to Storey's Way.\n",
"The site is planned to eventually contain 3 000 homes, accommodation for 2 000 postgraduate students and of research facilities. The energy centre will be used to produce electricity as electrical demand grows.\n",
"\n",
"\n* Official site\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Layout ",
" Transport ",
" Future development ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | North West Cambridge Development | [
"The Fata Morgana tea house by German artists Wolfgang Winter and Berthold Hörbelt sits on the western bank of Brook Leys lake."
] | [
"\nEddington market square\n\nThe '''North West Cambridge Development''' is a University of Cambridge site to the north west of Cambridge city centre in England.",
"Currently under construction by AECOM and landscaped by Townshend, it is meant to alleviate overcrowding and rising land prices in Cambridge.",
"The first phase resulted from a £350 million investment by the university.",
"The development opened to the public for the Open Cambridge event on 9 September 2017.",
"The site covers the area between the M11 motorway, Madingley Road and Huntingdon Road.",
"The area previously contained farms belonging to the university.",
"The hub of the first phase is named Eddington after Cambridge astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, who led an expedition to Principe to photograph the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919 and verify Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.",
"Eddington is centred around Market Square, with a Sainsbury's supermarket.",
"Its one school, the University of Cambridge Primary School, opened in 2015, occupies a toroidal building by Marks Barfield.",
"The adjacent nursery and community centre is under construction.",
"Graduate students of Girton College are housed at Swirles Court.",
"An energy centre provides a district heating system, while a sustainable urban drainage system channels rainwater via bioswales to the artificial Brook Leys lake between the site and the M11 motorway.",
"The water is pumped back into homes for washing through a non-potable network.",
"Except for the roof, almost the entire two-storey pavilion, including built-in benches, was made from undulating stainless steel welded grating.",
"Depending on light conditions, its polished surfaces can appear shiny or almost see-through.",
"These photographs were taken in September 2017:\n\ncmglee Eddington Bunkers Hill entrance.jpg|Entrance from Bunkers Hill\ncmglee Eddington main square.jpg|Market square\ncmglee Eddington power station.jpg|Energy centre\ncmglee Eddington school front.jpg|Primary school\ncmglee Eddington Swirles Court.jpg|Swirles Court\ncmglee Eddington pond.jpg|A pond with Fata Morgana in the distance\ncmglee Eddington Fata Morgana tea house.jpg|Fata Morgana tea house and Brook Leys\ncmglee Eddington Fata Morgana artists.jpg|Berthold Hörbelt and Wolfgang Winter in Fata Morgana",
"The site is served by the Go Whippet ''Universal'' bus.",
"Madingley Road Park and Ride lies to the south of Eddington.",
"The Ridgeway, a cycle and pedestrian path runs through the site from Girton to Storey's Way.",
"The site is planned to eventually contain 3 000 homes, accommodation for 2 000 postgraduate students and of research facilities.",
"The energy centre will be used to produce electricity as electrical demand grows.",
"\n* Official site"
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''Cheng Cheng-mount''' () is a Taiwanese politician who served as the Vice Chairperson of Financial Supervisory Commission since 1 November 2016.\n",
"Cheng obtained his bachelor's degree in economics from National Taiwan University in 1985 and master's degree in economics from University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States in 1989.\n",
"He was the assistant research fellow at Taiwan Institute of Economic Research in 1998–2002, chief economist at Citibank Taiwan in 2002–2012, adjunct assistant professor of Department of Finance of National Chengchi University in 2011, president of Academy of Banking and Finance in 2012–2015 and president of Agricultural Bank of Taiwan in 2015–2016.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Education",
"Careers",
"References"
] | Cheng Cheng-mount | [
"He was the assistant research fellow at Taiwan Institute of Economic Research in 1998–2002, chief economist at Citibank Taiwan in 2002–2012, adjunct assistant professor of Department of Finance of National Chengchi University in 2011, president of Academy of Banking and Finance in 2012–2015 and president of Agricultural Bank of Taiwan in 2015–2016."
] | [
"\n\n'''Cheng Cheng-mount''' () is a Taiwanese politician who served as the Vice Chairperson of Financial Supervisory Commission since 1 November 2016.",
"Cheng obtained his bachelor's degree in economics from National Taiwan University in 1985 and master's degree in economics from University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States in 1989."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Optima Signature''' is a luxury skyscraper apartment building in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area in Chicago. The 57-story building is a joint venture between Optima Inc. and DeBartolo Development. It opened for occupancy in June 2017. The building has 490 units. \n",
"Originally named '''Optima Chicago Center II''' and planned as a 55-story companion to the neighboring 42-story Optima Chicago Center that had been completed in 2013, the structure initially had the potential to be a hotel-apartment hybrid. By the time construction began in late 2014, the structure had a confirmed all-apartment 57-floor plan with 498 units. \n\nConstruction was halted for a few months due to planning (rather than financing) before resuming with $225 million in construction loans from Bank of America, PNC Bank and Fifth Third Bank in mid 2015. These final plans completed in 2015 revised the 57 unit structure to the eventual 490 units.\n",
"The building was completed with two classes of luxury apartments. The Tower residences on the lower floors comprise 351 studio one- and two-bedroom units, ranging from to . The Apex residences on the upper 15 floors include 139 one-, two- and three-bedroom units, as well as penthouse apartments, ranging from to . The Apex units have premium finishes and features as well as private club access. \n\nThe entire building has access to two floors of athletic and social facilities. The building also has of commercial space.\n",
"*List of tallest buildings in Chicago\n",
"\n\n\n\n",
"* Optima Signature at Emporis.com\n* Optima Signature at Skyscrapercenter.com\n* Official website\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Description",
"See also",
"Notes",
"External links"
] | Optima Signature | [
"Construction was halted for a few months due to planning (rather than financing) before resuming with $225 million in construction loans from Bank of America, PNC Bank and Fifth Third Bank in mid 2015."
] | [
"\n'''Optima Signature''' is a luxury skyscraper apartment building in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area in Chicago.",
"The 57-story building is a joint venture between Optima Inc. and DeBartolo Development.",
"It opened for occupancy in June 2017.",
"The building has 490 units.",
"Originally named '''Optima Chicago Center II''' and planned as a 55-story companion to the neighboring 42-story Optima Chicago Center that had been completed in 2013, the structure initially had the potential to be a hotel-apartment hybrid.",
"By the time construction began in late 2014, the structure had a confirmed all-apartment 57-floor plan with 498 units.",
"These final plans completed in 2015 revised the 57 unit structure to the eventual 490 units.",
"The building was completed with two classes of luxury apartments.",
"The Tower residences on the lower floors comprise 351 studio one- and two-bedroom units, ranging from to .",
"The Apex residences on the upper 15 floors include 139 one-, two- and three-bedroom units, as well as penthouse apartments, ranging from to .",
"The Apex units have premium finishes and features as well as private club access.",
"The entire building has access to two floors of athletic and social facilities.",
"The building also has of commercial space.",
"*List of tallest buildings in Chicago",
"* Optima Signature at Emporis.com\n* Optima Signature at Skyscrapercenter.com\n* Official website"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n\n\n'''Vision Éternel''' is a Canadian ambient and shoegaze band based in Montreal, Quebec. The band was formed in the winter of 2007 by guitarist Alexandre Julien, while experimenting with various guitar effects during a studio recording session. Over the course of its first year, the band had several other members, before Alexandre Julien ultimately decided to continue Vision Éternel alone. Some of the artists and musicians who have participated in or collaborated with Vision Éternel over the years include members of Mutiny Within, Priestess, An Albatross, Hacride, Boize, Eliminator, Mad Parish Soufferance, Cara Neir, Beyond the Dune Sea, Citadel Swamp and sister-project Vision Lunar. The band's name is pronounced like ''Vision Eternal'' in English. The purpose of the name's original spelling is purely for aesthetics.\n\nThe band is known for its concept albums. Recurring themes center around infatuation, abandonment, emptiness, heartbreak, loneliness, isolation, depression, melancholia, nostalgia and nihilism. Because of his dissatisfaction being labeled as an ambient, dark ambient or post-rock band, Alexandre Julien ultimately coined a new term to describe Vision Éternel's sound: ''melogaze''. The new word allows for a connection between the style of music that is played and the dramatic themes that are represented. The band is also known for portraying a bygone era of Montreal, depicting the city as an Anglophone metropolis prior to the Quiet Revolution of the 1960's. Part of this image is recreated in videos and pictures which feature Alexandre Julien wearing fedora hats and turned-up overcoats, an image he credits to his obsession with classic films, especially film noirs (and neo-noirs), expressionism and dramas. Directors such as Alfred Hitchcock, Douglas Sirk and Jean-Pierre Melville have been cited as major influences for Vision Éternel.\n\nOver its ten-year span, Vision Éternel has released five extended plays; ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' in 2007, ''Un Automne En Solitude'' in 2008, ''Abondance De Périls'' in 2010, ''The Last Great Torch Song'' in 2012, and ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' in 2015. The first two EPs were released through Mortification Records, while Abridged Pause Recordings has handled the distribution of the three most recent albums. In 2009, a Japanese-exclusive compilation was released by Frozen Veins Records, entitled ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'', which compiled all of the material released by Mortification Records, in addition to unreleased b-sides and a poster.\n The band has also released three music videos for ''Love Within Narcosis'', ''Season In Absence'' and ''Pièce No. Trois''. \n A retrospective boxed set has been announced for 2017.\n",
"\n===Formation and ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' (2007)===\nVision Éternel was formed in Edison, New Jersey, USA, in January 2007 by Canadian-born guitarist Alexandre Julien, while experimenting with effects at his home studio. Early on, Alexandre Julien was influenced to compose music by his uncle Stephane Fania who founded and performed in the Montreal heavy metal band Boize. Initially, Vision Éternel was part of the Triskalyon collective; a group of bands and musicians with common beliefs who shared band members and had their own vanity record label, Mortification Records. Triskalyon also included future members of French progressive metal band Hacride, which later signed to French record label Listenable Records and Norwegian record label Indie Recordings; and members of A Forest Of Stars, which later signed to German record label Prophecy Productions. Vision Éternel was immediately signed to Mortification Records and was invited to participate in the upcoming various artists compilation album ''Triskalyon Promo Pack''.\n\nVision Éternel’s debut extended play, ''Seul Dans L’obsession'', was released less than a month later, on February 14, 2007. The record was a concept album, purposely released on Saint Valentine's Day, covering the various phases of a heartbreak: from love at first sight to emotional abandonment, denial, melancholia and finally narcissistic withdrawal. ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' was promoted with a music video for the single ''Love Within Narcosis'' which premiered on YouTube. The music video was filmed in Edison, New Jersey and featured scenes that reflected the expressionist artwork of the album, tying into the concept. A second single was released in the summer of 2007 for ''Love Within Isolation'', which helped Vision Éternel peak on the independent Myspace Music ''Top Artists'' charts. Vision Éternel reached No. 6 on the Shoegaze chart, No. 21 on the Ambient chart and No. 52 on the Experimental chart.\n\n===Expanding the band and relocation (2007-2008)===\nIn the summer of 2007, Vision Éternel's line-up expanded. Former Triskalyon guitarist Philip Altobelli joined the band and worked on several songs. After his departure from Vision Éternel, Philip Altobelli studied classical guitar at Kean University in Union County, New Jersey and became a music teacher. Alexandre Julien also briefly jammed with Brandon Jacobs that summer, who simultaneously played in the progressive/melodic death metal band Mutiny Within. But the New Jersey metal band was gaining interest from several major metal record labels and Mutiny Within eventually signed with Roadrunner Records, forcing Brandon Jacobs to dedicate himself to only one band. In August, Alexandre Julien moved back to his native country and relocated Vision Éternel to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the band is still located as of 2017.\n\nIn Canada, Vision Éterenl found new band members. In late 2007, guitarist and vocalist Josh McConnell joined for a brief period. Josh McConnell's input would have brought Vision Éternel to a completely different style, had his schedule not interfered with his other bands, heavy metal act Mad Parish and the Iron Maiden tribute, Brand New World. A similar collaboration occurred with RCA Records band Priestess when bassist Mike Dyball had to pull out to dedicate his time to composing Priestess' sophomore album ''Prior to the Fire''.\n\nIn January 2008, Vision Éternel was joined by Nidal Mourad on acoustic rhythm guitar and Adam Kennedy on lead electric guitar. The band was then entirely composed entirely of Montreal newcomers: Alexandre Julien, who had only recently moved back to the city after growing up in New Jersey, though he was originally born on the West Island; Nidal Mourad, who had grown up in Slave Lake, Alberta where he fronted the metalcore band Natesment; and Adam Kennedy, who was from Canada's capital region in Ottawa, Ontario, where he had dabbled in hard rock, hip-hop and electronic music, performing under the names AK & Lord V and Orpheus. Under this partnership, Vision Éternel evolved from an ambient project into a full post-rock and indie rock band. Nidal Mourad left the band in early February to become a successful DJ, performing as Ziko Ghost. Adam Kennedy remained with Vision Éternel for some time but he eventually left to establish himself as a multi-instrumentalist producer and audio engineer. He has since played in Beyond the Dune Sea, 1993, Acid Cross, Owl Eyes Project and Wake the Wolf.\n\n===''Un Automne En Solitude'' and ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'' (2008-2009)===\nIn March 2008, Alexandre Julien opted to continue Vision Éternel as a solo project and released the second extended play, ''Un Automne En Solitude''. Vision Éternel's sophomore release had been entirely recorded the summer prior in 2007 while in New Jersey, only months after the release of ''Seul Dans L'obsession''. But the album had been indefinitely shelved when finding band members became a priority. ''Un Automne En Solitude'' was released on March 14, 2008, through Mortification Records and was a direct sequel to the debut EP. The story picked up following the same heartbreak and incorporated the theme from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 motion picture ''Vertigo'', where ''\"man meets woman, man loses woman, man meets woman again, man loses woman again\"''. This concept was allegedly directly related to Alexandre Julien's personal relationships. ''Un Automne En Solitude'' was promoted throughout the year with the single ''Season In Absence'', which landed two music videos; one directed by Belgian musician and graphic designer Niels Geybels and filmed in Antwerp; the other directed by Alexandre Julien whcih was photographed around Upstate New York and Montreal.\n\nIn the summer of 2008, Vision Éternel announced a split 7\" vinyl with the Californian post-rock band Ethereal Beauty. This release was in preparation for several years, and ultimately evolved into a split with Bonfires For Nobody when Ethereal Beauty changed names in 2010. But it was eventually cancelled when the latter band failed to deliver any material and Vision Éternel wound up using its reserved content on the 2012 EP ''The Last Great Torch Song''. In September 2008, Vision Éternel was signed to Montreal-based post-metal and blackgaze record label Abridged Pause Recordings. Vision Éternel was among the first four bands signed to Abridged Pause Recordings' roster, alongside Ethereal Beauty, French melodic grindcore band Dreams of the Drowned and German depressive black metal band Black Autumn. In the fall of 2008, Tokyo, Japan-based black metal, black ambient and dark ambient record label Frozen Veins Records put together a compilation of the first two Vision Éternel extended plays. The limited edition compact disc, intended exclusively for the Japanese market, featured ''Seul Dans L'obsession'', ''Un Automne En Solitude'', three unreleased b-sides and a poster. Titled ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'', it was released to commemorate the two-year anniversary of the first EP, on February 14, 2009.\n\n\n===''Abondance De Périls'' and ''The Last Great Torch Song'' (2010–2013)===\nVision Éternel debuted on Abridged Pause Recordings with the release of ''Abondance De Périls'', the band's third concept album.\n The extended play was released as part of a double bill on March 9, 2010, together with former guitarist Adam Kennedy's new band, Beyond the Dune Sea's eponymous album. ''Abondance De Périls'' was also mastered by Adam Kennedy at his new recording studio Vital Philosophy.The promotion of ''Abondance De Périls'' spanned several singles, beginning with a re-recording of ''Love Within Narcosis'' titled ''Narcosis Re-Recorded'', which was a b-side from the EP and was only available on Saint Valentine's Day 2010 on Vision Éternel's Myspace page. This was followed a week later, on February 20 by the Bandcamp-exclusive ''Rehearsal November 30th 2009'', another b-side featuring a medley of songs spanning all three extended plays and recorded during a rehearsal. Once ''Abondance De Périls'' was released in March, ''Thoughts As Naïvety'' was pushed as the first single. In the fall of 2010, ''Thoughts As Solicitation'' and ''Thoughts As Affection'' became promotional singles as they appeared on several post-rock and ambient radio stations, blogs and YouTube channels. Finally, another b-side, ''Thoughts As Consolation'' was released on a various artists compilation titled ''Great Messengers: Palms''. In 2011, Vision Éternel was mentioned in a book about post-rock music titled ''La Croche Lune'' by David D'Halleine.\n\n''The Last Great Torch Song'' was released as a follow-up to ''Abondance De Périls'' on March 14, 2012 through Abridged Pause Recordings. Vision Éternel's fourth extended play, another concept album, was filled with guest appearances by musicians and collaborators. Some of the featured guests include Eiman Nejad, former guitarist of Mutiny Within who was then playing in the thrash metal and speed metal band Eliminator; Howard Change, former member of An Albatross and vocalist of Throne of Mortality; Alexander Fawcett from Oceanus and Arboretus; and Garry Brents of Cara Neir and Parabstruse. Garry Brents also mastered ''The Last Great Torch Song'' in addition to providing keyboards. The cover artwork for both ''Abondance De Périls'' and ''The Last Great Torch Song'' was photographed by French photographer Marina Polak, who had immigrated to Canada in 2009 and befriended the band. Two songs from ''The Last Great Torch Song'' appeared in the soundtrack to ''Lucid Dreaming in New Jersey'', an independent feature film written, directed and starring Howard Change.\n\n===''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' and the ten-year anniversary (2014–present)===\nIn the summer of 2014 Vision Éternel was commissioned to compose the film score to an American-Icelander international co-production short film. The music that Vision Éternel delivered was highly influenced by Clint Mansell's soundtrack for the Duncan Jones 2009 award-winning film ''Moon''. However, the short film’s American writer and director vanished with all the funds for the project, leaving the film unfinished and the music unreleased.Instead of giving up on the material, Alexandre Julien edited, re-recorded and re-conceptualized the soundtrack into a new Vision Éternel album. ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' was released through Abridged Pause Recordings on Saint Valentine's Day 2015. The concept album retained a general soundtrack theme, with each song titled ''Piece Number'' ''One'' through ''Seven''. ''Pièce No. Sept'' was released as a first single in 2015. The album graphics for ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' were designed by French graphic designer Jeremy Roux, who had previously created the band's logo in 2008 and was hired for several promotional band photo shoots.\n\nA music video was released for ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts''' second single ''Pièce No. Trois'' on August 28, 2017. The film noir-influenced music video featured footage photographed by Jeremy Roux around Mount Royal, Old Montreal, Downtown Montreal and the Old Port of Montreal; and was directed by Hong Kong-based visual artist Vasiliy Atutov. Some of the key locations photographed in the video include Dalhousie Station, Viger Station, Windsor Station, Harbour City, the John Young Monument, the Five Roses Flour Building, the Sun Life Building, the Saint Joseph's Oratory on the Westmount Summit, the Ravenscrag Mansion, the Redpath Hall, Dorchester Square and Dominion Square, the Pied-du-Courant Prison, the Jacques Cartier Bridge and the original Royal Bank of Canada Building. The music video was deliberately released on the day of Academy Award winning cinematographer James Wong Howe's birthday, to honor his film noir influence, an event that was also highlighted by Google's Doodle.\n\nVision Éternel celebrated its ten-year anniversary in 2017 with several events, including the music video for ''Pièce No. Trois''. The band has also worked with world-renowned illustrator, calligrapher and logo designer Christophe Szpajdel (Emperor, Metallica, Foo Fighters, Rihanna, Calvin Harris, Bruno Mars, Trivium, Dimmu Borgir, Wolves in the Throne Room, Abigail Williams, etc) on a new band logo which appeared on exclusive merchandise and apparel. T-shirts, stickers and posters have been released and the band announced a retrospective boxed set of compact discs and compact cassettes combining remastered and unreleased material.\n",
"Vision Éternel was influenced by post-punk and alternative rock bands and artists of the 1990's such as Faith No More, Swans and The Smashing Pumpkins. Black metal bands Bathory, Dissection, Immortal and Burzum, death metal band Morbid Angel, speed metal/thrash metal band Eliminator and heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne have also been influential to the band's style; while Elton John, Pink Floyd, Bruce Cockburn, Frank Sinatra and film composers Clint Mansell, Bernard Herrmann and Ennio Morricone were responsible for the sound.\n\nVision Éternel is generally referred to as an ambient band, though it relies heavily on string instruments, a style more frequently associated with post-rock music. Vision Éternel however maintains that its music is too minimalist to be fully qualified as a post-rock band and contains far more elements of dream pop, shoegaze, ethereal and dark ambient, combined with post-punk, emo, post-hardcore and indie rock. Because of its inability and refusal to be categorized, Vision Éternel coined its own term, a genre called ''melogaze''. ''Melogaze'' was made up of two words, ''shoegaze'', a genre the band sympathizes with because of its introspective and introverted elements; and ''melodrama'', a theme that is reflected in each of the band's concept albums. Incidentally, the etymology of the word ''melodrama'' is itself a combination of ''melos'' (Greek for ''music'') and ''drame'' (French for ''drama'').\n\nThe band's recurring conceptual themes revolve around drama. Topics such as love at first sight, infatuation, abandonment, emptiness, heartbreak, loneliness, isolation, grief, depression, dysthymia, melancholia, nostalgia, narcissistic withdrawal and nihilism are constantly present. Vision Éternel founder Alexandre Julien accredits this to both to his personal relationships and to the music and film industry environment he was brought up in by relation. One of Alexandre Julien's uncles is Stephane Fania, who was a prominent musician in the Montreal heavy metal and hard rock scene throughout the 1980's and 1990's. Stephane Fania was a founding member of the heavy metal band Boize, associated with Aquarius Records. He also owned a couple of live music concert venues, a recording studio and an art gallery. Two of Alexandre Julien's uncles, brothers Pierre Bourdon and Francois Bourdon, were active in the Montreal film industry. Pierre Bourdon had played in the cold wave band Innervoice in the mid-1980's and then in a falk duo called Pete & Al. He was also a cameraman who worked on such films as ''The Paperboy'', directed by Douglas Jackson, starring William Katt and Alexandra Paul; and ''The Lifeforce Experiment'', directed by Piers Haggard and starring Donald Sutherland. Francois Bourdon is a cinematographer who worked on the cult film Subconscious Cruelty, directed by Karim Hussain. Alexandre Julien was also influenced by his environment. Moving to Edison, New Jersey, a township named after one of cinema's most prominent inventors, Thomas Edison, was a revelation for Alexandre Julien who lived near the Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum. The house where Alexandre Julien lived in New Jersey also appeared in the 2003 film ''School of Rock''.\n\nGrowing up connected to the film industry, Alexandre Julien started watching classic films at an early age and has often cited that Vision Éternel's music was more heavily influenced by the cinematic visuals of film noir (and neo-noir), expressionism and drama than by other musicians. Directors such as Alfred Hitchcock, Douglas Sirk, Henri-George Clouzot, Jean-Pierre Melville, Jules Dassin, Fritz Lang, F.W. Murnau, Woody Allen, Henry Hathaway, Robert Siodmak and Otto Preminger; and cinematographers such as James Wong Howe, Robert Burks, John Alton, Joseph MacDonald, Mutz Greenbaum, Elwood Bredell, Nicholas Musuraca, Stanley Cortez, Norbert Brodine, Robert Krasker, Harry J. Wild, Arthur Edeson and Joseph Valentine have often been cited. Portrait photographer Yousuf Karsh's distinctive style has also been credited for the visual presentation of Vision Éternel in photo shoots, as Alexandre Julien is always dressed in a fedora hat and turned-up overcoat, usually depicted in contrasting shadows and lights and often in black and white.\n",
"* ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' (2007)\n* ''Un Automne En Solitude'' (2008)\n* ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'' (2009)\n* ''Abondance De Périls'' (2010)\n* ''The Last Great Torch Song'' (2012)\n* ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' (2015)\n",
"\n",
"\n*\n\n",
"\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Style and themes",
" Discography ",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
] | Vision Éternel | [
"Some of the key locations photographed in the video include Dalhousie Station, Viger Station, Windsor Station, Harbour City, the John Young Monument, the Five Roses Flour Building, the Sun Life Building, the Saint Joseph's Oratory on the Westmount Summit, the Ravenscrag Mansion, the Redpath Hall, Dorchester Square and Dominion Square, the Pied-du-Courant Prison, the Jacques Cartier Bridge and the original Royal Bank of Canada Building."
] | [
"\n\n\n\n\n'''Vision Éternel''' is a Canadian ambient and shoegaze band based in Montreal, Quebec.",
"The band was formed in the winter of 2007 by guitarist Alexandre Julien, while experimenting with various guitar effects during a studio recording session.",
"Over the course of its first year, the band had several other members, before Alexandre Julien ultimately decided to continue Vision Éternel alone.",
"Some of the artists and musicians who have participated in or collaborated with Vision Éternel over the years include members of Mutiny Within, Priestess, An Albatross, Hacride, Boize, Eliminator, Mad Parish Soufferance, Cara Neir, Beyond the Dune Sea, Citadel Swamp and sister-project Vision Lunar.",
"The band's name is pronounced like ''Vision Eternal'' in English.",
"The purpose of the name's original spelling is purely for aesthetics.",
"The band is known for its concept albums.",
"Recurring themes center around infatuation, abandonment, emptiness, heartbreak, loneliness, isolation, depression, melancholia, nostalgia and nihilism.",
"Because of his dissatisfaction being labeled as an ambient, dark ambient or post-rock band, Alexandre Julien ultimately coined a new term to describe Vision Éternel's sound: ''melogaze''.",
"The new word allows for a connection between the style of music that is played and the dramatic themes that are represented.",
"The band is also known for portraying a bygone era of Montreal, depicting the city as an Anglophone metropolis prior to the Quiet Revolution of the 1960's.",
"Part of this image is recreated in videos and pictures which feature Alexandre Julien wearing fedora hats and turned-up overcoats, an image he credits to his obsession with classic films, especially film noirs (and neo-noirs), expressionism and dramas.",
"Directors such as Alfred Hitchcock, Douglas Sirk and Jean-Pierre Melville have been cited as major influences for Vision Éternel.",
"Over its ten-year span, Vision Éternel has released five extended plays; ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' in 2007, ''Un Automne En Solitude'' in 2008, ''Abondance De Périls'' in 2010, ''The Last Great Torch Song'' in 2012, and ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' in 2015.",
"The first two EPs were released through Mortification Records, while Abridged Pause Recordings has handled the distribution of the three most recent albums.",
"In 2009, a Japanese-exclusive compilation was released by Frozen Veins Records, entitled ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'', which compiled all of the material released by Mortification Records, in addition to unreleased b-sides and a poster.",
"The band has also released three music videos for ''Love Within Narcosis'', ''Season In Absence'' and ''Pièce No.",
"Trois''.",
"A retrospective boxed set has been announced for 2017.",
"\n===Formation and ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' (2007)===\nVision Éternel was formed in Edison, New Jersey, USA, in January 2007 by Canadian-born guitarist Alexandre Julien, while experimenting with effects at his home studio.",
"Early on, Alexandre Julien was influenced to compose music by his uncle Stephane Fania who founded and performed in the Montreal heavy metal band Boize.",
"Initially, Vision Éternel was part of the Triskalyon collective; a group of bands and musicians with common beliefs who shared band members and had their own vanity record label, Mortification Records.",
"Triskalyon also included future members of French progressive metal band Hacride, which later signed to French record label Listenable Records and Norwegian record label Indie Recordings; and members of A Forest Of Stars, which later signed to German record label Prophecy Productions.",
"Vision Éternel was immediately signed to Mortification Records and was invited to participate in the upcoming various artists compilation album ''Triskalyon Promo Pack''.",
"Vision Éternel’s debut extended play, ''Seul Dans L’obsession'', was released less than a month later, on February 14, 2007.",
"The record was a concept album, purposely released on Saint Valentine's Day, covering the various phases of a heartbreak: from love at first sight to emotional abandonment, denial, melancholia and finally narcissistic withdrawal.",
"''Seul Dans L'obsession'' was promoted with a music video for the single ''Love Within Narcosis'' which premiered on YouTube.",
"The music video was filmed in Edison, New Jersey and featured scenes that reflected the expressionist artwork of the album, tying into the concept.",
"A second single was released in the summer of 2007 for ''Love Within Isolation'', which helped Vision Éternel peak on the independent Myspace Music ''Top Artists'' charts.",
"Vision Éternel reached No.",
"6 on the Shoegaze chart, No.",
"21 on the Ambient chart and No.",
"52 on the Experimental chart.",
"===Expanding the band and relocation (2007-2008)===\nIn the summer of 2007, Vision Éternel's line-up expanded.",
"Former Triskalyon guitarist Philip Altobelli joined the band and worked on several songs.",
"After his departure from Vision Éternel, Philip Altobelli studied classical guitar at Kean University in Union County, New Jersey and became a music teacher.",
"Alexandre Julien also briefly jammed with Brandon Jacobs that summer, who simultaneously played in the progressive/melodic death metal band Mutiny Within.",
"But the New Jersey metal band was gaining interest from several major metal record labels and Mutiny Within eventually signed with Roadrunner Records, forcing Brandon Jacobs to dedicate himself to only one band.",
"In August, Alexandre Julien moved back to his native country and relocated Vision Éternel to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the band is still located as of 2017.",
"In Canada, Vision Éterenl found new band members.",
"In late 2007, guitarist and vocalist Josh McConnell joined for a brief period.",
"Josh McConnell's input would have brought Vision Éternel to a completely different style, had his schedule not interfered with his other bands, heavy metal act Mad Parish and the Iron Maiden tribute, Brand New World.",
"A similar collaboration occurred with RCA Records band Priestess when bassist Mike Dyball had to pull out to dedicate his time to composing Priestess' sophomore album ''Prior to the Fire''.",
"In January 2008, Vision Éternel was joined by Nidal Mourad on acoustic rhythm guitar and Adam Kennedy on lead electric guitar.",
"The band was then entirely composed entirely of Montreal newcomers: Alexandre Julien, who had only recently moved back to the city after growing up in New Jersey, though he was originally born on the West Island; Nidal Mourad, who had grown up in Slave Lake, Alberta where he fronted the metalcore band Natesment; and Adam Kennedy, who was from Canada's capital region in Ottawa, Ontario, where he had dabbled in hard rock, hip-hop and electronic music, performing under the names AK & Lord V and Orpheus.",
"Under this partnership, Vision Éternel evolved from an ambient project into a full post-rock and indie rock band.",
"Nidal Mourad left the band in early February to become a successful DJ, performing as Ziko Ghost.",
"Adam Kennedy remained with Vision Éternel for some time but he eventually left to establish himself as a multi-instrumentalist producer and audio engineer.",
"He has since played in Beyond the Dune Sea, 1993, Acid Cross, Owl Eyes Project and Wake the Wolf.",
"===''Un Automne En Solitude'' and ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'' (2008-2009)===\nIn March 2008, Alexandre Julien opted to continue Vision Éternel as a solo project and released the second extended play, ''Un Automne En Solitude''.",
"Vision Éternel's sophomore release had been entirely recorded the summer prior in 2007 while in New Jersey, only months after the release of ''Seul Dans L'obsession''.",
"But the album had been indefinitely shelved when finding band members became a priority.",
"''Un Automne En Solitude'' was released on March 14, 2008, through Mortification Records and was a direct sequel to the debut EP.",
"The story picked up following the same heartbreak and incorporated the theme from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 motion picture ''Vertigo'', where ''\"man meets woman, man loses woman, man meets woman again, man loses woman again\"''.",
"This concept was allegedly directly related to Alexandre Julien's personal relationships.",
"''Un Automne En Solitude'' was promoted throughout the year with the single ''Season In Absence'', which landed two music videos; one directed by Belgian musician and graphic designer Niels Geybels and filmed in Antwerp; the other directed by Alexandre Julien whcih was photographed around Upstate New York and Montreal.",
"In the summer of 2008, Vision Éternel announced a split 7\" vinyl with the Californian post-rock band Ethereal Beauty.",
"This release was in preparation for several years, and ultimately evolved into a split with Bonfires For Nobody when Ethereal Beauty changed names in 2010.",
"But it was eventually cancelled when the latter band failed to deliver any material and Vision Éternel wound up using its reserved content on the 2012 EP ''The Last Great Torch Song''.",
"In September 2008, Vision Éternel was signed to Montreal-based post-metal and blackgaze record label Abridged Pause Recordings.",
"Vision Éternel was among the first four bands signed to Abridged Pause Recordings' roster, alongside Ethereal Beauty, French melodic grindcore band Dreams of the Drowned and German depressive black metal band Black Autumn.",
"In the fall of 2008, Tokyo, Japan-based black metal, black ambient and dark ambient record label Frozen Veins Records put together a compilation of the first two Vision Éternel extended plays.",
"The limited edition compact disc, intended exclusively for the Japanese market, featured ''Seul Dans L'obsession'', ''Un Automne En Solitude'', three unreleased b-sides and a poster.",
"Titled ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'', it was released to commemorate the two-year anniversary of the first EP, on February 14, 2009.",
"===''Abondance De Périls'' and ''The Last Great Torch Song'' (2010–2013)===\nVision Éternel debuted on Abridged Pause Recordings with the release of ''Abondance De Périls'', the band's third concept album.",
"The extended play was released as part of a double bill on March 9, 2010, together with former guitarist Adam Kennedy's new band, Beyond the Dune Sea's eponymous album.",
"''Abondance De Périls'' was also mastered by Adam Kennedy at his new recording studio Vital Philosophy.The promotion of ''Abondance De Périls'' spanned several singles, beginning with a re-recording of ''Love Within Narcosis'' titled ''Narcosis Re-Recorded'', which was a b-side from the EP and was only available on Saint Valentine's Day 2010 on Vision Éternel's Myspace page.",
"This was followed a week later, on February 20 by the Bandcamp-exclusive ''Rehearsal November 30th 2009'', another b-side featuring a medley of songs spanning all three extended plays and recorded during a rehearsal.",
"Once ''Abondance De Périls'' was released in March, ''Thoughts As Naïvety'' was pushed as the first single.",
"In the fall of 2010, ''Thoughts As Solicitation'' and ''Thoughts As Affection'' became promotional singles as they appeared on several post-rock and ambient radio stations, blogs and YouTube channels.",
"Finally, another b-side, ''Thoughts As Consolation'' was released on a various artists compilation titled ''Great Messengers: Palms''.",
"In 2011, Vision Éternel was mentioned in a book about post-rock music titled ''La Croche Lune'' by David D'Halleine.",
"''The Last Great Torch Song'' was released as a follow-up to ''Abondance De Périls'' on March 14, 2012 through Abridged Pause Recordings.",
"Vision Éternel's fourth extended play, another concept album, was filled with guest appearances by musicians and collaborators.",
"Some of the featured guests include Eiman Nejad, former guitarist of Mutiny Within who was then playing in the thrash metal and speed metal band Eliminator; Howard Change, former member of An Albatross and vocalist of Throne of Mortality; Alexander Fawcett from Oceanus and Arboretus; and Garry Brents of Cara Neir and Parabstruse.",
"Garry Brents also mastered ''The Last Great Torch Song'' in addition to providing keyboards.",
"The cover artwork for both ''Abondance De Périls'' and ''The Last Great Torch Song'' was photographed by French photographer Marina Polak, who had immigrated to Canada in 2009 and befriended the band.",
"Two songs from ''The Last Great Torch Song'' appeared in the soundtrack to ''Lucid Dreaming in New Jersey'', an independent feature film written, directed and starring Howard Change.",
"===''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' and the ten-year anniversary (2014–present)===\nIn the summer of 2014 Vision Éternel was commissioned to compose the film score to an American-Icelander international co-production short film.",
"The music that Vision Éternel delivered was highly influenced by Clint Mansell's soundtrack for the Duncan Jones 2009 award-winning film ''Moon''.",
"However, the short film’s American writer and director vanished with all the funds for the project, leaving the film unfinished and the music unreleased.Instead of giving up on the material, Alexandre Julien edited, re-recorded and re-conceptualized the soundtrack into a new Vision Éternel album.",
"''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' was released through Abridged Pause Recordings on Saint Valentine's Day 2015.",
"The concept album retained a general soundtrack theme, with each song titled ''Piece Number'' ''One'' through ''Seven''.",
"''Pièce No.",
"Sept'' was released as a first single in 2015.",
"The album graphics for ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' were designed by French graphic designer Jeremy Roux, who had previously created the band's logo in 2008 and was hired for several promotional band photo shoots.",
"A music video was released for ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts''' second single ''Pièce No.",
"Trois'' on August 28, 2017.",
"The film noir-influenced music video featured footage photographed by Jeremy Roux around Mount Royal, Old Montreal, Downtown Montreal and the Old Port of Montreal; and was directed by Hong Kong-based visual artist Vasiliy Atutov.",
"The music video was deliberately released on the day of Academy Award winning cinematographer James Wong Howe's birthday, to honor his film noir influence, an event that was also highlighted by Google's Doodle.",
"Vision Éternel celebrated its ten-year anniversary in 2017 with several events, including the music video for ''Pièce No.",
"Trois''.",
"The band has also worked with world-renowned illustrator, calligrapher and logo designer Christophe Szpajdel (Emperor, Metallica, Foo Fighters, Rihanna, Calvin Harris, Bruno Mars, Trivium, Dimmu Borgir, Wolves in the Throne Room, Abigail Williams, etc) on a new band logo which appeared on exclusive merchandise and apparel.",
"T-shirts, stickers and posters have been released and the band announced a retrospective boxed set of compact discs and compact cassettes combining remastered and unreleased material.",
"Vision Éternel was influenced by post-punk and alternative rock bands and artists of the 1990's such as Faith No More, Swans and The Smashing Pumpkins.",
"Black metal bands Bathory, Dissection, Immortal and Burzum, death metal band Morbid Angel, speed metal/thrash metal band Eliminator and heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne have also been influential to the band's style; while Elton John, Pink Floyd, Bruce Cockburn, Frank Sinatra and film composers Clint Mansell, Bernard Herrmann and Ennio Morricone were responsible for the sound.",
"Vision Éternel is generally referred to as an ambient band, though it relies heavily on string instruments, a style more frequently associated with post-rock music.",
"Vision Éternel however maintains that its music is too minimalist to be fully qualified as a post-rock band and contains far more elements of dream pop, shoegaze, ethereal and dark ambient, combined with post-punk, emo, post-hardcore and indie rock.",
"Because of its inability and refusal to be categorized, Vision Éternel coined its own term, a genre called ''melogaze''.",
"''Melogaze'' was made up of two words, ''shoegaze'', a genre the band sympathizes with because of its introspective and introverted elements; and ''melodrama'', a theme that is reflected in each of the band's concept albums.",
"Incidentally, the etymology of the word ''melodrama'' is itself a combination of ''melos'' (Greek for ''music'') and ''drame'' (French for ''drama'').",
"The band's recurring conceptual themes revolve around drama.",
"Topics such as love at first sight, infatuation, abandonment, emptiness, heartbreak, loneliness, isolation, grief, depression, dysthymia, melancholia, nostalgia, narcissistic withdrawal and nihilism are constantly present.",
"Vision Éternel founder Alexandre Julien accredits this to both to his personal relationships and to the music and film industry environment he was brought up in by relation.",
"One of Alexandre Julien's uncles is Stephane Fania, who was a prominent musician in the Montreal heavy metal and hard rock scene throughout the 1980's and 1990's.",
"Stephane Fania was a founding member of the heavy metal band Boize, associated with Aquarius Records.",
"He also owned a couple of live music concert venues, a recording studio and an art gallery.",
"Two of Alexandre Julien's uncles, brothers Pierre Bourdon and Francois Bourdon, were active in the Montreal film industry.",
"Pierre Bourdon had played in the cold wave band Innervoice in the mid-1980's and then in a falk duo called Pete & Al.",
"He was also a cameraman who worked on such films as ''The Paperboy'', directed by Douglas Jackson, starring William Katt and Alexandra Paul; and ''The Lifeforce Experiment'', directed by Piers Haggard and starring Donald Sutherland.",
"Francois Bourdon is a cinematographer who worked on the cult film Subconscious Cruelty, directed by Karim Hussain.",
"Alexandre Julien was also influenced by his environment.",
"Moving to Edison, New Jersey, a township named after one of cinema's most prominent inventors, Thomas Edison, was a revelation for Alexandre Julien who lived near the Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum.",
"The house where Alexandre Julien lived in New Jersey also appeared in the 2003 film ''School of Rock''.",
"Growing up connected to the film industry, Alexandre Julien started watching classic films at an early age and has often cited that Vision Éternel's music was more heavily influenced by the cinematic visuals of film noir (and neo-noir), expressionism and drama than by other musicians.",
"Directors such as Alfred Hitchcock, Douglas Sirk, Henri-George Clouzot, Jean-Pierre Melville, Jules Dassin, Fritz Lang, F.W.",
"Murnau, Woody Allen, Henry Hathaway, Robert Siodmak and Otto Preminger; and cinematographers such as James Wong Howe, Robert Burks, John Alton, Joseph MacDonald, Mutz Greenbaum, Elwood Bredell, Nicholas Musuraca, Stanley Cortez, Norbert Brodine, Robert Krasker, Harry J.",
"Wild, Arthur Edeson and Joseph Valentine have often been cited.",
"Portrait photographer Yousuf Karsh's distinctive style has also been credited for the visual presentation of Vision Éternel in photo shoots, as Alexandre Julien is always dressed in a fedora hat and turned-up overcoat, usually depicted in contrasting shadows and lights and often in black and white.",
"* ''Seul Dans L'obsession'' (2007)\n* ''Un Automne En Solitude'' (2008)\n* ''An Anthology Of Past Misfortunes'' (2009)\n* ''Abondance De Périls'' (2010)\n* ''The Last Great Torch Song'' (2012)\n* ''Echoes From Forgotten Hearts'' (2015)",
"\n*",
"\n*\n*"
] | river |
[
"'''The Presidential Commission of Inquiry To Investigate And Inquire Into The Issuance Of Treasury Bonds''' is a Presidential Commission of Inquiry made up of three members who were appointed by President Sirisena on 28 January 2017 to look into the controversial Central Bank Treasury bond issue. It had been given three months to furnish a report after ascertaining if there had been any irregularity or corrupt practice in the transaction and if so to identify those behind it. \n",
"\nAccording to the Auditor General’s calculations, the estimated loss by accepting bids amounting to 10.058 billion LKR as oppose to accepting 1.308 billion LRK of the face value was 889.358 million LRK. The CBSL had gone for a 30 year bond to raise funds at a time when there were other least cost methods available. The public outcry that had followed this move by the CBSL comprised two concerns. One was the high uptake at a high interest rate. The second was that the largest beneficiary of the issue was a company that was closely connected to the sitting governor of the CBSL, creating a serious conflict of interest for the governor’s involvement in any decisions on the bids With the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE) scheduled to submit its findings on the bond scam at Central Bank later this month, the Auditor General has confirmed that the country lost a 1.6 billion LKR due to the scam.\nAnd ''Perpetual Treasuries Limited'', which is linked to ''Arjun Aloysius'', son-in-law of ex-Central Bank Governor, ''Arjuna Mahendran'' has recorded a profit of 5.1 billion LKR for the year ending March 2016. The company in an advertisement published in the state owned Sunday Observer said that the total comprehensive income for the year ended 31 March, 2016 was 5,124,321,124.00 LKR against 959,529,416.00 LKR recorded in 2015. Interest income at Perpetual Treasuries rose 162 percent (162%) to 942.8 million LKR and interest expenses rose 132 percent (132%) to 589.1 million LKR, and net interest income rose 233 percent (233%) to 353 million LKR.\n",
"Central Bank Logo\nThe President, in a gazette notification giving the terms of reference of the Commission, said that he was of the opinion that it was in the national interest to conduct such an inquiry into the bond issuance matter in order to determine what measures should be adopted so there would be no recurrence of such acts in the future. Determination of appointing such a commission is to probe if any contractual obligations relating to the issue of bonds have been entered into or carried out, fraudulently, recklessly, negligently or irresponsibly, resulting in damage or detriment to the Government or any statutory body including the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL). The others matters covered by the warrant of the President appointing the Commission included ascertaining if there was the discriminatory award of bonds, whether proper procedures and adequate safeguards were adopted to ensure there was an optimum price or a benefit for the Government and if so identify the person or persons responsible for any act, omission or conduct and examining whether there has been misuse or abuse of power, influence, interference, fraud, malpractices, nepotism or any act or omission connected with corrupt activity in relation to the bond issuance during this period. The Commission had also been asked to recommended procedures which should be adopted in the future to ensure that such matters are carried out with transparency and with proper accountability with a view to securing the optimum price or benefit for the Government in the future. \n\nIt had not been mandated to probe any contraventions of the law, but only ''irregularitie'' and ''procedures''. Gazetted on 27 January, 2017, the Commission’s main objective was to ''investigate and inquire'' into the management, administration and conduct of affairs of the CBSL. This was in respect of the issue of Treasury Bonds during the period from 1 February, 2015 to 31 March, 2016 and related issues. That included a provision on whether there has been ''misuse or abuse of power'', influence, interference, fraud, malpractices, nepotism or any act of omission connected with corrupt activity.\n",
"\nA gazette notification to appoint a Commission consisting of a judge of the Supreme Court, a judge of the High Court and an expert in auditing was issued in January 2017. The Commission was mandated to submit a report within three months. The Commission comprised Supreme Court Judges ''Kankanithanthri T. Chitrasiri'' (The President), ''Prasanna Sujeewa Jayawardena'' and former Deputy Auditor General ''Kandasamy Velupillai''.\nThe Commission was assisted by a 9 - member Attorney General’s Department team headed by Senior Additional Solicitor General (ASG) ''Dappula de Livera'' P.C. (The other members of the team from the AGs Dept were ASG Yasantha Kodagoda P.C., Senior Deputy SG (DSG) ''Priyantha Nawana'', DSG ''Milinda Gunatillake'', DSG ''Dilan Ratnayaka'', Senior State Counsel (SSC) ''Shaheeda Barrie'', SSC Dr ''Avanthi Perera'', SSC ''Nayomi Wickremasekera'' and SC ''D. Kaneshayogan'') and a special team of officers from the Criminal Investigation Department of Police.\n\nThe term of the Commission was extended by three months, twice. The first extension was granted on 27 April 2017 and the second on 27 July 2017\n",
"The commission met for the first time on 06 February, 2017 at the commission office in the Courts Complex at Court Avenue to map out its procedure of work and the public hearings on the issue were begun to proceed from 21 Februaryat the Court Office premeses situated along the Court Road in Colombo 12. Indrajit Coomaraswamy, the Governor of the Central Bank, arrived at the Commission on 21 to record his evidence on the ''controversial Central Bank bond issue''. Coomaraswamy's evidence read that \" ''27 February 2015 was the '''first time in the CBSL's history''' that a primary dealer placed bids on behalf another primary dealer'' \". The Attorney General opposed the representation of an Attorney for ''P. Samarasiri'' who was Chairman of the ''Central Bank Procurement Committee''. But The Commission decided that it was allowed under the provisions of the ''Presidential Commission Act''.\n\nThe hearing by the Commission was briefly suspended to seek the Attorney General’s advice over the presence of lawyers representing ''Perpetual Treasuries Limited'' during the hearing on 21 February and time was given until 28 February for members of the public to send in written representations, complaints, statements or information relating to any irregularity in the issuance of Treasury bonds between 1 February 2015 and 31 March 2016.\n\nMembers of The Commission had decided to make a site visit to observe the treasury bond auction which was scheduled for 1 March, 2017, at the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. ''M. Z. M. Aazim'' who served as the Additional Superintendent of the ''Public Debt Department'' during the time period of the impugned treasury bond auction provided evidence before The Commission. Aazim served as the Additional Director of the ''Statistics Department'' of the CBSL by 1 March. He stated that on the day before the 27th of February 2015 bond auction, the Central Bank’s ''Domestic Debt Management Committee'' had convened. Then the Commission decided to move time to lead evidence, as documents pertaining to the matter only arrived on February 28, and proceedings were re-scheduled for 2 March, since the Commission had decided to make a site visit to the Public Debt Department on 1 March.\n\nThe Commission recorded a statement on 10 March 2017 by former central bank governor Arjuna Mahendran, who oversaw a controversial sale. The police criminal investigations department attached to The Commission also recorded a statement from Mahendran for three hours. The secretary of the commission said the statement was not open to the public..\nProviding his evidence on 16 March, 2017 At the 18th sitting of The Commission Assistant Governor of the CBSL and Secretary of the ''Monetary Board'', ''H.A. Karunaratne'' revealed that following the appointment of ''Arjuna Mahendran'' to the position of ''Governor of the CBSL'' in '''January''' 2015, the Heads of Fourteen departments were transferred during the month of '''February''' and highlighted it as an '''unusual practice''' in such an institute. He also revealed that then Governor of the Central Bank ''Arjuna Mahendran'' made around 500 staff transfers that year adding that usually only 200 to 300 staff members are given transfers a year.H. A. Karunaratne opined that the transfers were not necessary and stated that the staff as well as senior officials were not pleased with the transfers.The Secretary of the Monetary Board added that he expressed his concerns regarding the transfers to Governor Mahendran on several occasions.The composition of the Monetary Board was also raised at the Commission.It was revealed that the Monetary Board comprises of five members who are the Governor, teSecretary to the Ministry of Finance and three other appointed members.After the new government was elected, then Governor of the Central Bank Ajith Nivard Cabraal and two other appointed members namely Neil Umagiliya and Nimal Welgama, had resigned from the Monetary Board. Until the appointments of Jayatissa and Perera were made, ''the Monetary Board only comprised of then Governor Arjuna Mahendran, Dr. S. H. Samaratunga and Mano Ramanathan''.\n===Ravi Karunanayake's statements===\nRavi Karunanayake\nFormer Minister of Finance and at the time Minister of Foreign Affairs Ravi Karunanayake arrived at the Commission on 2 August, 2017 as The Commission summoned him to record a statement on obtaining a lease amount of close to 8.7 million LKR from ''Arjun Aloysius'', the former ''CEO of Perpetual Treasuries'', for a fifth-floor super luxury condominium apartment at the ''Monarch residencies''. Testifying at the Commission, Muthukudaarachchige Vinodani, former owner of the 4,000-square-foot luxury apartment at Monarch Residencies, situated at Colombo 03, witnessed that it had been first leased out to Ravi Karunanayake till the renovation work on his house was completed, but the lease had been paid by a company connected to ''Arjun Aloysius''. After about eight months the apartment had been purchased by Minister ''Karunanayake'' for 165 million LKR through a company in which his family members were directors. Vinodani identified the purchasing company as ''Global Transportation and Logistics'' at which ''Karunanayake'' had held the post of Managing Director until his resignation on January 8, 2015. Vinodani told the Commission that Minister Karunanayake’s wife had first come to see the apartment around 1.00 pm on Jan. 27, 2016 and after inspecting it the latter had called someone and about one hour later ''Arjun Aloysius'' had come there to her (Vinodini’s) surprise as she knew him because he had been few years senior to her at Colombo International School. Minister Karunanayake was issued summons to appear before the Commission twice before, but his lawyers informed that he would not be able appear due to urgent Government duties. ''Karunanayake'' denied any involvement in the leasing or the subsequent purchase of a penthouse at Monarch Residencies in Colombo 03. He said all those matters had been handled by his family. Then the Foreign Minister, however, on being questioned said that he, his wife and children were still living in the same penthouse. He had got to know about Walt and Row Private Ltd., being involved in leasing out the apartment only later and it had been purchased by Global Transport Logistics (GTL) Company he had set up, Karunanayake admitted in answer to queries raised by Justice ''Prasanna Jayawardena''. he accepted that it was a company belonging to his family and it had purchased the penthouse. Commission Member Justice ''Jayawardena'' revealed that there were no payment records as regards Monarch apartment in the ledger accounts of GTL or bank accounts. Karunanayake claimed that though he lived there with his family, he had not seen the lease agreement and was not aware that it had been leased out by Walt and Row from Anika Wijesuriya as all those matters had been attended to by his family. President's Counsel Livera told the Commission that Karunanayake's evidence was contrary to the statement Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe had made in Parliament on March 17, 2015 and sworn testimonies given to the Commission by Treasury officials. At the time, the urgent need was for 15 billion LKR, the PM had said, the SASG de Livera noted. Similarly, the Secretary to the Treasury the Deputy Secretary to the Treasury and the Director General of the Treasury Operations Department had, in their evidence before the Commission, stated that they knew nothing about the letter issued by Karunanayake as Finance Minister stating that 75 billion LKR was needed urgently. Minister Karunanayake said the Prime Minister had mentioned the need for 100 billion LKR in his statement and the matter had been discussed with the Finance Ministry officials and anyone who denied that was not telling the truth. SASG de Livera said the letter Minister Karunanayake had purportedly written to the then Governor Arjuna Mahendra had been newly created. He said it was crispy. The date when the minister claimed to have issued the letter was also false, the SASG added. Karunanayake said he was telling the truth. Justice ''Jayawardena'' said the commission had noted that the letter had been new though the minister claimed to have written it a year back. Stating that Minister Karunanayake was making statements instead of answering questions SASG de Livera requested the commission to warn him not to do so. Justice ''Jayawardena'' warned Karunanayake to answer the questions posed to him. SASG de Livera submitted to the commission information pertaining to Minister Karunanayake’s and ''Arjun Aloysius''’ travel to Singapore 13 times between September 2015 and April 2017. The periods during which they had been to Singapore were identical and they had once travelled on the same flight, he said, asking whether ''Karunanayake'' had met ''Aloysius'' in Singapore. Karunanayake said he had met Aloysius on two or three occasions. The Attorney General's Office informed the commission that attempts had been made to delete data on ''Arjun Aloysius'''s mobile phone whic was held in the Commission's custody. Additional Solicitor General ''Yasantha Kodagoda'' Informed the Commission that the mobile phone number belonging to the daughter of Arjuna Mahendran had been used for the purpose.\n\n===J. K. D. Dharmapala's evidence ===\n\nBoC tower (left) with the WTC twin towers (right)\nThe given evidence of The former Chief Dealer of the Bank of Ceylon (BoC) read that he was in a view that some ''market sensitive information'' from the CBSL had reached other parties prior to the controversial bond auction. ''J. K. D. Dharmapala'', the former Chief Dealer of the BoC said that the BoC had no interest or intention of investing in a 30 year bond, as they cannot determine the long term interest rates. Several phone conversations surrounding the Bank of Ceylon bids were played at the Commission on that day (7 June) and one of them was between ''J. K. D. Dharmapala'' and the CEO of Perpetual Treasuries Limited, ''Kasun Palisena'' which was originally recorded on 27 February 2015. It was revealed during evidence given by the witness that the BoC had bid on behalf of primary dealer PTL at the 30-year bond auction held on February 27, 2015. According to Mr Dharmapala, since PTL was a small scale primary dealer, it sometimes did not have the money to bid for bond auctions in the morning. However, the BoC had an arrangement where it would buy bonds on behalf of PTL in the morning. This would then be reimbursed by the company in the evening. The witness was questioned by the Commission members as to whether it was proper for a state institution such as the BoC to provide state funds to a private company such as PTL for transactions. ''Dharmapala'' said the bank did it as a form of assistance to CBSL to auction its treasury bonds. According to the witness, PTL’s ''Palisena'' submitted bids at the rates of 12, Rs.12.50 and 13 percent. This was on the grounds that acceptable bids for CBSL should be below 10 percent and as such the bids submitted by PTL were dummies. However, it later transpired that the CBSL had accepted the 13 percent bid submitted by PTL. The BoC official confirmed that he was later told by an official at the CBSL’s Public Debt Department over the phone that former Governor Mahendran had instructed that bids amounting to Rs. 10 billion be accepted, though the normal practice was to accept bids amounting to about Rs.1 billion. Dharmapala said it was his belief that PTL had acquired inside information that such a large amount of money would be accepted for it to submit those bids. Meanwhile, PTL’s CEO Palisena was removed from the chamber where the Commission was hearing Dharmapala’s evidence when it transpired that he was sitting in the audience without the knowledge of the Commission. Commission Chairman Justice K.T. Chitrasiri rebuked the Counsel appearing on behalf of PTL for not informing the Commission that the company’s CEO was present inside the chamber and observing proceedings while Dharmapala was giving evidence. He was ordered to be removed from the chamber. State Counsel Nihal Fernando, who appeared on behalf of PTL, apologised for any violation of ethics.\n\n===Sensitive information===\nHighly sensitive information was unearthed by the investigators attached to The Commission unveiling the backstage of the controversial Treasury bond issuance at the 27 February 2015 auction. The critical information had been derived from the telephone call recordings which were initially '''destroyed''' by the PTL. \n''Sachit Devatantri'', IT Executive of PTL, admitted to have deliberately crashed the voice logger computer of PTL’s telephone call recording system, on the instructions of PTL Chief Dealer ''Nuwan Salgado''. According to ''Devatanri'', he crashed the Operating System of the said voice logger computer by referring to how-to videos in the internet. He said the reason for crashing the computer was to conceal the fact that PTL had deleted several telephone calls from its recording system, on two or more occasions. ''Devatartri''’s revelation caused a chain reaction as ''Nuwan Salgado'' who according to ''Devatantri'' gave instructions to crash the voice logger computer was summoned before the Commission the very same day, 4 Monday. ''Salgado'' was asked if the decision to crash the computer was his own, or if he received instructions from officers above his rank. Salgado then made the startling revelation that PTL CEO Kasun Palisena instructed him to crash the voice logger computer. He denied knowing if the instruction came from someone above the CEO Palisena. However, Salgadu said Arjun Aloysius, the owner of PTL could have known about the destroying of this evidence. Salgado also disclosed that PTL CEO Kasun Palisena instructed him to listen, identify and delete call recordings which are “harmful to the interests of PTL” because they have relevance to the Treasury bond auctions held on 29, 30, March 2016.. According to ''Salgado'', the deleted calls included telephone conversations relating to the 29, 31, March 2016, Treasury bond auctions which were being investigated into by the Commission. A series of deletions had taken place in April 2016 and on 6 July 2017, which coincided with the Central Bank commencing investigations into PTL in 2016, and the CID’s probe in July 2017. Both, ''Devatantri'' and ''Salgado'' begged apology from the Tribunal for misleading the Commission of Inquiry, providing affidavits with false information regarding the telephone call recordings. When ''Salgado'' was questioned on the 27 February, 2015 auction, he told the Commission that he did not take the decision to place bids worth 15 billion LKR at the Auction, even though he was the PTL's Chief Dealer at the time. According to Salgado, CEO of PTL Kasun Palisena took the decision to place the bid. Salgado also agreed that Arjun Aloysius would have been consulted by Palisena on this decision. Salgado disassociated himself from the final sales of the Treasury bonds bought at the February 27 2015 auction by the Employee’s Provident Fund. According to Salgado, it was Palisena who sealed most of the deals for PTL with the EPF. Additional Solicitor General, ''Yasantha Kodagoda'', playing three ‘deleted’ telephone conversations before the Commission, established the position that Arjun Aloysius was privy to insider and price sensitive information on the questioned Treasury bond issuance at the 29, 31 2016 March auctions.\n\n===Perpetual Treasuries Ltd. and Arjun Aloysius===\nAccording to two telephone conversations, Arjun Aloysius, despite him not being the PTL CEO anymore, gives specific instructions to Kasun Palisena who at the time was the CEO of PTL. The conversations imply that Aloysius had insider information from the Central Bank, The EPF and the National Saving Bank Primary Dealer arm. The information includes bid volumes, bid rates and decisions taken at the state bank committee meeting.. According to the ''Salgado'''s testimony the following factors were established at the Commission;\n* ''Arjun Aloysius'' possessed confidential and price sensitive information which were not in the public domain.\n* Those information could not be derived from the public domain.\n* Those sensitive information had a direct bearing on the decision making process of the PTL regarding the 31 March 2016 auction.\n* ''Arjun Aloysius'' was running the show and directing how the decisions should be made by PTL, though he had stepped down from the post as CEO of PTL.\n* ''Arjun Aloysius'' received sensitive information from multiple insiders.\n* ''Kasun Palisena'' bid at the 31 March 2016 auction using this information given to him by ''Arjun Aloysius''.\nGiving a statement to COPE, ''Arjun Aloysius'', principal shareholder of PTL, had previously stressed that (after his resignation from the post of CEO of PTL) he was not involved in any operations of PTL. However it was revealed and confirmed at the Commission by the ''Attorney General’s Department'' that ''Aloysius'' was in fact involved in PTL operations, and was the decision maker at PTL. ''Kasun Palisena'', the the successor of ''Arjun Aloysius'' also admitted that ''Aloysius'' had in fact '''deliberately''' lied to COPE on the matter. It was noted that the call recording system at PTL had been crashed on 6 July, 2017, the very day PTL was suspended from trading as a Primary Dealer..\nBy 12 September 2017, evidence of 50 witnesses, was heard. Those witnesses were consisted of 20 witnesses from the CBSL, officials of the Employees Provident Fund including ''Saman Kumara'' who functioned as a dealer at the Employees Provident Fund, the Chief Dealer/Treasury Manager of Pan Asia Banking Corporation, the Chief Dealer/Treasury Manager of Bank of Ceylon, witnesses from Companies which functioned as Primary Dealers, officials from the Treasury and three officers of PTL. However the owner of PTL, ''Arjun Aloysius'' informed to the Commission through his counsel on 14 September 2017, that he was not willing to be testified before the Commission. An order saying that The Commission cannot compel ''Aloysius'' to be testified before it was issued on 13 September 2017, even though a significant amount of documents had been produced implicating ''Perpetual Treasuries'' as the major dealer in all the transactions considered.\n",
"\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Objective",
"Appointment",
"Hearings",
"References"
] | The Presidential Commission of Inquiry on Bond Issuance, Sri Lanka | [
"'''The Presidential Commission of Inquiry To Investigate And Inquire Into The Issuance Of Treasury Bonds''' is a Presidential Commission of Inquiry made up of three members who were appointed by President Sirisena on 28 January 2017 to look into the controversial Central Bank Treasury bond issue.",
"The second was that the largest beneficiary of the issue was a company that was closely connected to the sitting governor of the CBSL, creating a serious conflict of interest for the governor’s involvement in any decisions on the bids With the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE) scheduled to submit its findings on the bond scam at Central Bank later this month, the Auditor General has confirmed that the country lost a 1.6 billion LKR due to the scam.",
"And ''Perpetual Treasuries Limited'', which is linked to ''Arjun Aloysius'', son-in-law of ex-Central Bank Governor, ''Arjuna Mahendran'' has recorded a profit of 5.1 billion LKR for the year ending March 2016.",
"Central Bank Logo\nThe President, in a gazette notification giving the terms of reference of the Commission, said that he was of the opinion that it was in the national interest to conduct such an inquiry into the bond issuance matter in order to determine what measures should be adopted so there would be no recurrence of such acts in the future.",
"Determination of appointing such a commission is to probe if any contractual obligations relating to the issue of bonds have been entered into or carried out, fraudulently, recklessly, negligently or irresponsibly, resulting in damage or detriment to the Government or any statutory body including the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL).",
"Indrajit Coomaraswamy, the Governor of the Central Bank, arrived at the Commission on 21 to record his evidence on the ''controversial Central Bank bond issue''.",
"Samarasiri'' who was Chairman of the ''Central Bank Procurement Committee''.",
"Members of The Commission had decided to make a site visit to observe the treasury bond auction which was scheduled for 1 March, 2017, at the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.",
"He stated that on the day before the 27th of February 2015 bond auction, the Central Bank’s ''Domestic Debt Management Committee'' had convened.",
"The Commission recorded a statement on 10 March 2017 by former central bank governor Arjuna Mahendran, who oversaw a controversial sale.",
"He also revealed that then Governor of the Central Bank ''Arjuna Mahendran'' made around 500 staff transfers that year adding that usually only 200 to 300 staff members are given transfers a year.H.",
"A. Karunaratne opined that the transfers were not necessary and stated that the staff as well as senior officials were not pleased with the transfers.The Secretary of the Monetary Board added that he expressed his concerns regarding the transfers to Governor Mahendran on several occasions.The composition of the Monetary Board was also raised at the Commission.It was revealed that the Monetary Board comprises of five members who are the Governor, teSecretary to the Ministry of Finance and three other appointed members.After the new government was elected, then Governor of the Central Bank Ajith Nivard Cabraal and two other appointed members namely Neil Umagiliya and Nimal Welgama, had resigned from the Monetary Board.",
"Commission Member Justice ''Jayawardena'' revealed that there were no payment records as regards Monarch apartment in the ledger accounts of GTL or bank accounts.",
"K. D. Dharmapala's evidence ===\n\nBoC tower (left) with the WTC twin towers (right)\nThe given evidence of The former Chief Dealer of the Bank of Ceylon (BoC) read that he was in a view that some ''market sensitive information'' from the CBSL had reached other parties prior to the controversial bond auction.",
"Several phone conversations surrounding the Bank of Ceylon bids were played at the Commission on that day (7 June) and one of them was between ''J.",
"''Dharmapala'' said the bank did it as a form of assistance to CBSL to auction its treasury bonds.",
"A series of deletions had taken place in April 2016 and on 6 July 2017, which coincided with the Central Bank commencing investigations into PTL in 2016, and the CID’s probe in July 2017.",
"The conversations imply that Aloysius had insider information from the Central Bank, The EPF and the National Saving Bank Primary Dealer arm.",
"The information includes bid volumes, bid rates and decisions taken at the state bank committee meeting..",
"Those witnesses were consisted of 20 witnesses from the CBSL, officials of the Employees Provident Fund including ''Saman Kumara'' who functioned as a dealer at the Employees Provident Fund, the Chief Dealer/Treasury Manager of Pan Asia Banking Corporation, the Chief Dealer/Treasury Manager of Bank of Ceylon, witnesses from Companies which functioned as Primary Dealers, officials from the Treasury and three officers of PTL."
] | [
"It had been given three months to furnish a report after ascertaining if there had been any irregularity or corrupt practice in the transaction and if so to identify those behind it.",
"\nAccording to the Auditor General’s calculations, the estimated loss by accepting bids amounting to 10.058 billion LKR as oppose to accepting 1.308 billion LRK of the face value was 889.358 million LRK.",
"The CBSL had gone for a 30 year bond to raise funds at a time when there were other least cost methods available.",
"The public outcry that had followed this move by the CBSL comprised two concerns.",
"One was the high uptake at a high interest rate.",
"The company in an advertisement published in the state owned Sunday Observer said that the total comprehensive income for the year ended 31 March, 2016 was 5,124,321,124.00 LKR against 959,529,416.00 LKR recorded in 2015.",
"Interest income at Perpetual Treasuries rose 162 percent (162%) to 942.8 million LKR and interest expenses rose 132 percent (132%) to 589.1 million LKR, and net interest income rose 233 percent (233%) to 353 million LKR.",
"The others matters covered by the warrant of the President appointing the Commission included ascertaining if there was the discriminatory award of bonds, whether proper procedures and adequate safeguards were adopted to ensure there was an optimum price or a benefit for the Government and if so identify the person or persons responsible for any act, omission or conduct and examining whether there has been misuse or abuse of power, influence, interference, fraud, malpractices, nepotism or any act or omission connected with corrupt activity in relation to the bond issuance during this period.",
"The Commission had also been asked to recommended procedures which should be adopted in the future to ensure that such matters are carried out with transparency and with proper accountability with a view to securing the optimum price or benefit for the Government in the future.",
"It had not been mandated to probe any contraventions of the law, but only ''irregularitie'' and ''procedures''.",
"Gazetted on 27 January, 2017, the Commission’s main objective was to ''investigate and inquire'' into the management, administration and conduct of affairs of the CBSL.",
"This was in respect of the issue of Treasury Bonds during the period from 1 February, 2015 to 31 March, 2016 and related issues.",
"That included a provision on whether there has been ''misuse or abuse of power'', influence, interference, fraud, malpractices, nepotism or any act of omission connected with corrupt activity.",
"\nA gazette notification to appoint a Commission consisting of a judge of the Supreme Court, a judge of the High Court and an expert in auditing was issued in January 2017.",
"The Commission was mandated to submit a report within three months.",
"The Commission comprised Supreme Court Judges ''Kankanithanthri T. Chitrasiri'' (The President), ''Prasanna Sujeewa Jayawardena'' and former Deputy Auditor General ''Kandasamy Velupillai''.",
"The Commission was assisted by a 9 - member Attorney General’s Department team headed by Senior Additional Solicitor General (ASG) ''Dappula de Livera'' P.C.",
"(The other members of the team from the AGs Dept were ASG Yasantha Kodagoda P.C., Senior Deputy SG (DSG) ''Priyantha Nawana'', DSG ''Milinda Gunatillake'', DSG ''Dilan Ratnayaka'', Senior State Counsel (SSC) ''Shaheeda Barrie'', SSC Dr ''Avanthi Perera'', SSC ''Nayomi Wickremasekera'' and SC ''D.",
"Kaneshayogan'') and a special team of officers from the Criminal Investigation Department of Police.",
"The term of the Commission was extended by three months, twice.",
"The first extension was granted on 27 April 2017 and the second on 27 July 2017",
"The commission met for the first time on 06 February, 2017 at the commission office in the Courts Complex at Court Avenue to map out its procedure of work and the public hearings on the issue were begun to proceed from 21 Februaryat the Court Office premeses situated along the Court Road in Colombo 12.",
"Coomaraswamy's evidence read that \" ''27 February 2015 was the '''first time in the CBSL's history''' that a primary dealer placed bids on behalf another primary dealer'' \".",
"The Attorney General opposed the representation of an Attorney for ''P.",
"But The Commission decided that it was allowed under the provisions of the ''Presidential Commission Act''.",
"The hearing by the Commission was briefly suspended to seek the Attorney General’s advice over the presence of lawyers representing ''Perpetual Treasuries Limited'' during the hearing on 21 February and time was given until 28 February for members of the public to send in written representations, complaints, statements or information relating to any irregularity in the issuance of Treasury bonds between 1 February 2015 and 31 March 2016.",
"''M.",
"Z. M. Aazim'' who served as the Additional Superintendent of the ''Public Debt Department'' during the time period of the impugned treasury bond auction provided evidence before The Commission.",
"Aazim served as the Additional Director of the ''Statistics Department'' of the CBSL by 1 March.",
"Then the Commission decided to move time to lead evidence, as documents pertaining to the matter only arrived on February 28, and proceedings were re-scheduled for 2 March, since the Commission had decided to make a site visit to the Public Debt Department on 1 March.",
"The police criminal investigations department attached to The Commission also recorded a statement from Mahendran for three hours.",
"The secretary of the commission said the statement was not open to the public..\nProviding his evidence on 16 March, 2017 At the 18th sitting of The Commission Assistant Governor of the CBSL and Secretary of the ''Monetary Board'', ''H.A.",
"Karunaratne'' revealed that following the appointment of ''Arjuna Mahendran'' to the position of ''Governor of the CBSL'' in '''January''' 2015, the Heads of Fourteen departments were transferred during the month of '''February''' and highlighted it as an '''unusual practice''' in such an institute.",
"Until the appointments of Jayatissa and Perera were made, ''the Monetary Board only comprised of then Governor Arjuna Mahendran, Dr. S. H. Samaratunga and Mano Ramanathan''.",
"===Ravi Karunanayake's statements===\nRavi Karunanayake\nFormer Minister of Finance and at the time Minister of Foreign Affairs Ravi Karunanayake arrived at the Commission on 2 August, 2017 as The Commission summoned him to record a statement on obtaining a lease amount of close to 8.7 million LKR from ''Arjun Aloysius'', the former ''CEO of Perpetual Treasuries'', for a fifth-floor super luxury condominium apartment at the ''Monarch residencies''.",
"Testifying at the Commission, Muthukudaarachchige Vinodani, former owner of the 4,000-square-foot luxury apartment at Monarch Residencies, situated at Colombo 03, witnessed that it had been first leased out to Ravi Karunanayake till the renovation work on his house was completed, but the lease had been paid by a company connected to ''Arjun Aloysius''.",
"After about eight months the apartment had been purchased by Minister ''Karunanayake'' for 165 million LKR through a company in which his family members were directors.",
"Vinodani identified the purchasing company as ''Global Transportation and Logistics'' at which ''Karunanayake'' had held the post of Managing Director until his resignation on January 8, 2015.",
"Vinodani told the Commission that Minister Karunanayake’s wife had first come to see the apartment around 1.00 pm on Jan. 27, 2016 and after inspecting it the latter had called someone and about one hour later ''Arjun Aloysius'' had come there to her (Vinodini’s) surprise as she knew him because he had been few years senior to her at Colombo International School.",
"Minister Karunanayake was issued summons to appear before the Commission twice before, but his lawyers informed that he would not be able appear due to urgent Government duties.",
"''Karunanayake'' denied any involvement in the leasing or the subsequent purchase of a penthouse at Monarch Residencies in Colombo 03.",
"He said all those matters had been handled by his family.",
"Then the Foreign Minister, however, on being questioned said that he, his wife and children were still living in the same penthouse.",
"He had got to know about Walt and Row Private Ltd., being involved in leasing out the apartment only later and it had been purchased by Global Transport Logistics (GTL) Company he had set up, Karunanayake admitted in answer to queries raised by Justice ''Prasanna Jayawardena''.",
"he accepted that it was a company belonging to his family and it had purchased the penthouse.",
"Karunanayake claimed that though he lived there with his family, he had not seen the lease agreement and was not aware that it had been leased out by Walt and Row from Anika Wijesuriya as all those matters had been attended to by his family.",
"President's Counsel Livera told the Commission that Karunanayake's evidence was contrary to the statement Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe had made in Parliament on March 17, 2015 and sworn testimonies given to the Commission by Treasury officials.",
"At the time, the urgent need was for 15 billion LKR, the PM had said, the SASG de Livera noted.",
"Similarly, the Secretary to the Treasury the Deputy Secretary to the Treasury and the Director General of the Treasury Operations Department had, in their evidence before the Commission, stated that they knew nothing about the letter issued by Karunanayake as Finance Minister stating that 75 billion LKR was needed urgently.",
"Minister Karunanayake said the Prime Minister had mentioned the need for 100 billion LKR in his statement and the matter had been discussed with the Finance Ministry officials and anyone who denied that was not telling the truth.",
"SASG de Livera said the letter Minister Karunanayake had purportedly written to the then Governor Arjuna Mahendra had been newly created.",
"He said it was crispy.",
"The date when the minister claimed to have issued the letter was also false, the SASG added.",
"Karunanayake said he was telling the truth.",
"Justice ''Jayawardena'' said the commission had noted that the letter had been new though the minister claimed to have written it a year back.",
"Stating that Minister Karunanayake was making statements instead of answering questions SASG de Livera requested the commission to warn him not to do so.",
"Justice ''Jayawardena'' warned Karunanayake to answer the questions posed to him.",
"SASG de Livera submitted to the commission information pertaining to Minister Karunanayake’s and ''Arjun Aloysius''’ travel to Singapore 13 times between September 2015 and April 2017.",
"The periods during which they had been to Singapore were identical and they had once travelled on the same flight, he said, asking whether ''Karunanayake'' had met ''Aloysius'' in Singapore.",
"Karunanayake said he had met Aloysius on two or three occasions.",
"The Attorney General's Office informed the commission that attempts had been made to delete data on ''Arjun Aloysius'''s mobile phone whic was held in the Commission's custody.",
"Additional Solicitor General ''Yasantha Kodagoda'' Informed the Commission that the mobile phone number belonging to the daughter of Arjuna Mahendran had been used for the purpose.",
"===J.",
"''J.",
"K. D. Dharmapala'', the former Chief Dealer of the BoC said that the BoC had no interest or intention of investing in a 30 year bond, as they cannot determine the long term interest rates.",
"K. D. Dharmapala'' and the CEO of Perpetual Treasuries Limited, ''Kasun Palisena'' which was originally recorded on 27 February 2015.",
"It was revealed during evidence given by the witness that the BoC had bid on behalf of primary dealer PTL at the 30-year bond auction held on February 27, 2015.",
"According to Mr Dharmapala, since PTL was a small scale primary dealer, it sometimes did not have the money to bid for bond auctions in the morning.",
"However, the BoC had an arrangement where it would buy bonds on behalf of PTL in the morning.",
"This would then be reimbursed by the company in the evening.",
"The witness was questioned by the Commission members as to whether it was proper for a state institution such as the BoC to provide state funds to a private company such as PTL for transactions.",
"According to the witness, PTL’s ''Palisena'' submitted bids at the rates of 12, Rs.12.50 and 13 percent.",
"This was on the grounds that acceptable bids for CBSL should be below 10 percent and as such the bids submitted by PTL were dummies.",
"However, it later transpired that the CBSL had accepted the 13 percent bid submitted by PTL.",
"The BoC official confirmed that he was later told by an official at the CBSL’s Public Debt Department over the phone that former Governor Mahendran had instructed that bids amounting to Rs.",
"10 billion be accepted, though the normal practice was to accept bids amounting to about Rs.1 billion.",
"Dharmapala said it was his belief that PTL had acquired inside information that such a large amount of money would be accepted for it to submit those bids.",
"Meanwhile, PTL’s CEO Palisena was removed from the chamber where the Commission was hearing Dharmapala’s evidence when it transpired that he was sitting in the audience without the knowledge of the Commission.",
"Commission Chairman Justice K.T.",
"Chitrasiri rebuked the Counsel appearing on behalf of PTL for not informing the Commission that the company’s CEO was present inside the chamber and observing proceedings while Dharmapala was giving evidence.",
"He was ordered to be removed from the chamber.",
"State Counsel Nihal Fernando, who appeared on behalf of PTL, apologised for any violation of ethics.",
"===Sensitive information===\nHighly sensitive information was unearthed by the investigators attached to The Commission unveiling the backstage of the controversial Treasury bond issuance at the 27 February 2015 auction.",
"The critical information had been derived from the telephone call recordings which were initially '''destroyed''' by the PTL.",
"''Sachit Devatantri'', IT Executive of PTL, admitted to have deliberately crashed the voice logger computer of PTL’s telephone call recording system, on the instructions of PTL Chief Dealer ''Nuwan Salgado''.",
"According to ''Devatanri'', he crashed the Operating System of the said voice logger computer by referring to how-to videos in the internet.",
"He said the reason for crashing the computer was to conceal the fact that PTL had deleted several telephone calls from its recording system, on two or more occasions.",
"''Devatartri''’s revelation caused a chain reaction as ''Nuwan Salgado'' who according to ''Devatantri'' gave instructions to crash the voice logger computer was summoned before the Commission the very same day, 4 Monday.",
"''Salgado'' was asked if the decision to crash the computer was his own, or if he received instructions from officers above his rank.",
"Salgado then made the startling revelation that PTL CEO Kasun Palisena instructed him to crash the voice logger computer.",
"He denied knowing if the instruction came from someone above the CEO Palisena.",
"However, Salgadu said Arjun Aloysius, the owner of PTL could have known about the destroying of this evidence.",
"Salgado also disclosed that PTL CEO Kasun Palisena instructed him to listen, identify and delete call recordings which are “harmful to the interests of PTL” because they have relevance to the Treasury bond auctions held on 29, 30, March 2016..",
"According to ''Salgado'', the deleted calls included telephone conversations relating to the 29, 31, March 2016, Treasury bond auctions which were being investigated into by the Commission.",
"Both, ''Devatantri'' and ''Salgado'' begged apology from the Tribunal for misleading the Commission of Inquiry, providing affidavits with false information regarding the telephone call recordings.",
"When ''Salgado'' was questioned on the 27 February, 2015 auction, he told the Commission that he did not take the decision to place bids worth 15 billion LKR at the Auction, even though he was the PTL's Chief Dealer at the time.",
"According to Salgado, CEO of PTL Kasun Palisena took the decision to place the bid.",
"Salgado also agreed that Arjun Aloysius would have been consulted by Palisena on this decision.",
"Salgado disassociated himself from the final sales of the Treasury bonds bought at the February 27 2015 auction by the Employee’s Provident Fund.",
"According to Salgado, it was Palisena who sealed most of the deals for PTL with the EPF.",
"Additional Solicitor General, ''Yasantha Kodagoda'', playing three ‘deleted’ telephone conversations before the Commission, established the position that Arjun Aloysius was privy to insider and price sensitive information on the questioned Treasury bond issuance at the 29, 31 2016 March auctions.",
"===Perpetual Treasuries Ltd. and Arjun Aloysius===\nAccording to two telephone conversations, Arjun Aloysius, despite him not being the PTL CEO anymore, gives specific instructions to Kasun Palisena who at the time was the CEO of PTL.",
"According to the ''Salgado'''s testimony the following factors were established at the Commission;\n* ''Arjun Aloysius'' possessed confidential and price sensitive information which were not in the public domain.",
"* Those information could not be derived from the public domain.",
"* Those sensitive information had a direct bearing on the decision making process of the PTL regarding the 31 March 2016 auction.",
"* ''Arjun Aloysius'' was running the show and directing how the decisions should be made by PTL, though he had stepped down from the post as CEO of PTL.",
"* ''Arjun Aloysius'' received sensitive information from multiple insiders.",
"* ''Kasun Palisena'' bid at the 31 March 2016 auction using this information given to him by ''Arjun Aloysius''.",
"Giving a statement to COPE, ''Arjun Aloysius'', principal shareholder of PTL, had previously stressed that (after his resignation from the post of CEO of PTL) he was not involved in any operations of PTL.",
"However it was revealed and confirmed at the Commission by the ''Attorney General’s Department'' that ''Aloysius'' was in fact involved in PTL operations, and was the decision maker at PTL.",
"''Kasun Palisena'', the the successor of ''Arjun Aloysius'' also admitted that ''Aloysius'' had in fact '''deliberately''' lied to COPE on the matter.",
"It was noted that the call recording system at PTL had been crashed on 6 July, 2017, the very day PTL was suspended from trading as a Primary Dealer..\nBy 12 September 2017, evidence of 50 witnesses, was heard.",
"However the owner of PTL, ''Arjun Aloysius'' informed to the Commission through his counsel on 14 September 2017, that he was not willing to be testified before the Commission.",
"An order saying that The Commission cannot compel ''Aloysius'' to be testified before it was issued on 13 September 2017, even though a significant amount of documents had been produced implicating ''Perpetual Treasuries'' as the major dealer in all the transactions considered."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''MN (Mission Neutral) PARK''' is a specialized Life Sciences cluster spread across 400 acres in '''Genome Valley''' near Hyderabad, Telangana. Genome Valley is India’s first organized cluster for life science research & development activities, with more than 150 companies located in its Eco-friendly environment. MN Park provides world-class collaborative facilities and infrastructure solutions in an integrated eco-system to Indian and Multi-National Life-Sciences driven companies that are looking for a ready-to-use or built-to-suit solution on a pre-leased basis; focusing on industrial assets and specialized office spaces across the value chain. \n\nThe Park is located within the Genome Valley cluster over a spread of approximately 25 sq. kilometers. It is strategically located about 25 kms from the city centre of Hyderabad with excellent road connectivity. \n\nMN PARK offers leasing opportunity of laboratory and specialized office spaces for R&D and Manufacturing, exclusively to Life-Science companies. It already has leased and operational buildings, housing a wide array of Multi-National and premium Indian companies, with state-of-the-art and sustainable R&D infrastructure, analytical labs and high-end scientific tools and equipment. It also offers an environmentally sustainable advanced solid and liquid waste management system and is well-connected with all the essential utilities including 100% Power back-up, Water, Compressed air, Vacuum, Nitrogen and Steam. \n\nMN as a part of its leasing model, offer fully compliant buildings with all the statutory approvals from Government of Telangana with governing bodies such as Pollution Control Board (PCB) and Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA).\n",
"\n=== Synergy Square 1 ===\n\n==== 450 | MN Park ==== \n\nBuilding 450 is a multi-tenanted laboratory space facility designed specially to meet the needs of mid-scale companies with varied R&D needs. It is occupied by multiple CROs and is a hub for life science activities such as pharma, chemistry, bio-pharma, vaccines, agri-research and formulation. \n\n==== 459 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 459 is a grade-A office space designed for companies to set up corporate offices in Genome Valley. It offers specialized, fully furnished 60-100 seater office space and state-of-the-art conference facilities. \n\n==== 900 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 900 is a world-class integrated laboratory/ office space in MN Park, with a standalone campus like environment. It offers a high degree of flexibility and custom design, making it ideal for both single tenant or multi-tenant operations. It is suitable for mid-scale and large-scale life science companies.\n\nBuilding 900 is fully leased by the R&D division of a major multi-national CRO and life-sciences company. \n\n==== MN iHub | MN Park ====\n\n MN iHub is a successful public-private partnership (PPP) model, with the Government of Telangana as state support, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) as center support, and the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) as an institutional body; being managed by MN as a private player. MN iHub/Biotechnology Incubation Center (BTIC) is designed, constructed and operated to enable emerging and mid scale life sciences driven companies.\nThe center offers best in class, plug and play modular laboratory, business centre and office space, supported by wide range of shared scientific and testing equipment, analytical and instrumentation laboratory and support services which are accessible by the tenant companies without making any substantial upfront investment.\nThe Society of Biotechnology and Incubation Center(SBTIC), who manages MN iHub/BTIC, to enhance its facility services has established Advance Analytical Characterization Resource(“AACR”) facility in 2016, which helps to serve the need of best-in-class third party Analytical services for various incubate, mezzanine and established companies located in Genome Valley and other places in city of Hyderabad.\n\nMN iHub also has fully equipped and operational pilot plant facilities to support research in Biotech activities in the following specifications:\n* Cell Culture Fermentation System (30 Litre)\n* Microbial Fermentation System (20 Litre)\n* Microbial Fermentation System (200 Litre)\n\n=== Synergy Square 2 ===\n\nIt is a 160-acre integrated park that houses companies like Biological E, Sanzyme and Unique Biotech. Companies like Issar Biotech, Issar Biopharma and Arjun Biotech, are planning to set up their facilities in this area. The park is suitable for Indian and Global pharma research majors to carry out R&D and Manufacturing activities. \n\nThe park also has the Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Animal Research Facility for Biomedical Research (ICMR-NARFBR) within its premises, which is expected to be functional by 2018-2019. \n\n=== Synergy Square 3 ===\n\n==== 1800 | MN Park ====\nBuilding 1800 is a world class multi-tenanted laboratory block, designed for pharma and life science R&D. It has a fully fitted out modular laboratory, pilot plant and office space and has chemical and solvent storage spaces to support tenant operations.\n\nBuilding 1800 is occupied by major European and Indian pharmaceutical companies. \n\n==== 2700 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 2700 is a world-class multi-tenanted research block, designed to nurture leading edge research companies. It creates the perfect environment to encourage intellectual excellence by providing a place geared for breakthrough innovation and research.\n\nBuilding 2700 houses major American and Indian multi-national companies specializing in chemical solutions and formulations. \n\n=== Synergy Square 4 ===\nIt is a 9-acre integrated park which can house companies involved in different fields including pharma research, new age vaccine development, CROs/Vivariums, R&D and Agri-research.\n\n=== Synergy Square 5 ===\n\n==== 9000 | MN Park ====\nBuilding 9000 (Synergy Square 5) is a 52-acre life sciences park situated at Pregnapur on Karimnagar highway. This facility is one among India’s largest pre-clinical vivarium facilities and it houses companies that provide drug development and discovery services.\n",
"MN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Networking ==== \nMN Park has initiated a business networking event called ‘GV CONNECT – Convene • Converse • Collaborate’ to facilitate networking between all the tenant companies for the development of the cluster. The event is a quarterly meet where all the MN Park resident companies are brought under a single roof so as to create and nurture an environment of inclusive growth.\n\n==== Training Room ==== \nMN Park has a state-of-the-art Training Room in Synergy Square 3. 60 Seater and multiples thereof, with a maximum capacity of 250 and fully equipped with AV/VC facilities.\n\nThere are also independent meeting rooms, shared 16 and 24-seater conference rooms available for tenants of MN Park.\nMN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Medical Service ==== \n‘Connect & Heal’ is a multi-speciality clinic and diagnostic service available at MN Park Synergy Square 1. There is a dedicated General Physician in the clinic along with a specialist doctor and the clinic is open during office hours.\n\nThe clinic also offers the local residents of the surrounding areas free consultation services every Saturday. \n\n==== Easy-Commute Shuttle ==== \nEasy Commute shuttle facility is available to all employees at MN Park. They can book and avail trip to Genome Valley in AC shuttle buses by simply downloading the ‘Easy Commute App’ on Google Play, select pickup & drop-off point and book & pay from e-wallet.\nMN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Food joints ====\nCafé Valley is a multi-cuisine restaurant at MN Park Synergy Square 1 managed by Leonia Hotels & Resorts.\n\nUmbrella Food Court, a mobile food truck stationed at MN Park, Synergy Square 1, serves breakfast in the morning and snacks throughout the day.\n\nUpcoming food joints that have been proposed include a drive-in and an ice cream parlour.\n\n==== Multi-purpose gym ==== \nThere is a multi-purpose gym with state-of-the-art equipment and trainer at MN Park, Synergy Square 3. \n\n==== Banking ==== \nConvenience of bank and ATM with HDFC bank is available at MN Park, Synergy Square 1. ATM services are also available from Axis Bank, ICICI Bank and SBI.\nMN Park Entry Gate\n\n=== Government Support ===\n\n==== IALA ==== \nIALA (INDUSTRIAL AREA LOCAL AUTHORITY), a GoT policy soon to be implemented at Genome Valley, empowers the Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TSIIC) to maintain civic amenities at Genome Valley. TSIIC ensures betterment of the cluster by cleaning, maintaining and developing roads, thereby ensuring immaculate roadways and street lighting within the cluster.\n\n==== Proposed Skyway ==== \nSkyway, an upcoming elevated road project undertaking of GoT under the ‘Strategic Road Development Program’ will enable direct connectivity between Genome Valley & Jubilee Bus Stand, which is the nucleus of the city of Hyderabad. This elevated road of nearly 20 km will reduce travel time from JBS to GV to around 25 minutes. \n\n==== Fire Station ==== \nGenome Valley is equipped with a fully functional fire station which has a full sized fire-fighting vehicle and two permanent fire fighters. It is the only pharma cluster in the city to have a dedicated Fire Station. The fire station is located in Kolthur Village on the fringes of Genome Valley main road, opposite the campus of Biological E, Synergy Square 2. \n",
"\nMN Park was established as a JV platform of Lighthouse Canton Pte. Ltd. and Cerestra Advisors Pvt. Ltd.The platform acquired specialized R&D assets in Genome Valley and rechristened it as “MN Park” in 2016. \n\n==== Lighthouse Canton Pte. Limited (Lighthouse) ====\nLighthouse is a Singapore based Wealth Management Company providing wealth planning and investment advisory services, registered with the MAS (“Monetary Authority of Singapore”) with over US$400 million of customer assets under advisory & management.\n\n==== Cerestra Advisors Private Limited ====\nCerestra is a real assets focused platform targeting investments in Core and Core+ assets in India. Cerestra intends to establish itself as a partner of choice for private equity asset monetisation in “socially relevant” and “business critical” sectors. \n",
"\nIn 2012, '''Building 1800''' is rated as a '''LEED Platinum Certified green building by Indian Green Building Council (“IGBC”)''', the highest honor to be recognized for a building.\n\nIn 2017, '''Building 2700''' which is a life science R&D and cleaning manufacturing building received a '''LEED Gold Certification from Indian Green Building Council (\"IGBC\").'''\n",
"\nIn February 2017, KT Rama Rao, Cabinet Minister for Industries & Commerce, Government of Telangana, visited Genome Valley and laid the foundation for multiple projects that support life science initiatives. \n\nBio Asia 2017 was witness to many new deals to promote life science initiatives in India. The developments made at Genome Valley are an effort to replicate Silicon Valley in terms of innovation and global relevance. \n\nGenome Valley is soon to be accorded IALA status by the Govt. of Telangana. \n",
"\n IKP \n\nORR \n\nAirport \n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Integrated Campuses ",
" Facilities ",
" Partners ",
" Awards & Recognitions ",
" In media ",
" Further reading ",
" References "
] | MN Park | [
"==== Banking ==== \nConvenience of bank and ATM with HDFC bank is available at MN Park, Synergy Square 1.",
"ATM services are also available from Axis Bank, ICICI Bank and SBI."
] | [
"\n\n'''MN (Mission Neutral) PARK''' is a specialized Life Sciences cluster spread across 400 acres in '''Genome Valley''' near Hyderabad, Telangana.",
"Genome Valley is India’s first organized cluster for life science research & development activities, with more than 150 companies located in its Eco-friendly environment.",
"MN Park provides world-class collaborative facilities and infrastructure solutions in an integrated eco-system to Indian and Multi-National Life-Sciences driven companies that are looking for a ready-to-use or built-to-suit solution on a pre-leased basis; focusing on industrial assets and specialized office spaces across the value chain.",
"The Park is located within the Genome Valley cluster over a spread of approximately 25 sq.",
"kilometers.",
"It is strategically located about 25 kms from the city centre of Hyderabad with excellent road connectivity.",
"MN PARK offers leasing opportunity of laboratory and specialized office spaces for R&D and Manufacturing, exclusively to Life-Science companies.",
"It already has leased and operational buildings, housing a wide array of Multi-National and premium Indian companies, with state-of-the-art and sustainable R&D infrastructure, analytical labs and high-end scientific tools and equipment.",
"It also offers an environmentally sustainable advanced solid and liquid waste management system and is well-connected with all the essential utilities including 100% Power back-up, Water, Compressed air, Vacuum, Nitrogen and Steam.",
"MN as a part of its leasing model, offer fully compliant buildings with all the statutory approvals from Government of Telangana with governing bodies such as Pollution Control Board (PCB) and Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA).",
"\n=== Synergy Square 1 ===\n\n==== 450 | MN Park ==== \n\nBuilding 450 is a multi-tenanted laboratory space facility designed specially to meet the needs of mid-scale companies with varied R&D needs.",
"It is occupied by multiple CROs and is a hub for life science activities such as pharma, chemistry, bio-pharma, vaccines, agri-research and formulation.",
"==== 459 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 459 is a grade-A office space designed for companies to set up corporate offices in Genome Valley.",
"It offers specialized, fully furnished 60-100 seater office space and state-of-the-art conference facilities.",
"==== 900 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 900 is a world-class integrated laboratory/ office space in MN Park, with a standalone campus like environment.",
"It offers a high degree of flexibility and custom design, making it ideal for both single tenant or multi-tenant operations.",
"It is suitable for mid-scale and large-scale life science companies.",
"Building 900 is fully leased by the R&D division of a major multi-national CRO and life-sciences company.",
"==== MN iHub | MN Park ====\n\n MN iHub is a successful public-private partnership (PPP) model, with the Government of Telangana as state support, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) as center support, and the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) as an institutional body; being managed by MN as a private player.",
"MN iHub/Biotechnology Incubation Center (BTIC) is designed, constructed and operated to enable emerging and mid scale life sciences driven companies.",
"The center offers best in class, plug and play modular laboratory, business centre and office space, supported by wide range of shared scientific and testing equipment, analytical and instrumentation laboratory and support services which are accessible by the tenant companies without making any substantial upfront investment.",
"The Society of Biotechnology and Incubation Center(SBTIC), who manages MN iHub/BTIC, to enhance its facility services has established Advance Analytical Characterization Resource(“AACR”) facility in 2016, which helps to serve the need of best-in-class third party Analytical services for various incubate, mezzanine and established companies located in Genome Valley and other places in city of Hyderabad.",
"MN iHub also has fully equipped and operational pilot plant facilities to support research in Biotech activities in the following specifications:\n* Cell Culture Fermentation System (30 Litre)\n* Microbial Fermentation System (20 Litre)\n* Microbial Fermentation System (200 Litre)\n\n=== Synergy Square 2 ===\n\nIt is a 160-acre integrated park that houses companies like Biological E, Sanzyme and Unique Biotech.",
"Companies like Issar Biotech, Issar Biopharma and Arjun Biotech, are planning to set up their facilities in this area.",
"The park is suitable for Indian and Global pharma research majors to carry out R&D and Manufacturing activities.",
"The park also has the Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Animal Research Facility for Biomedical Research (ICMR-NARFBR) within its premises, which is expected to be functional by 2018-2019.",
"=== Synergy Square 3 ===\n\n==== 1800 | MN Park ====\nBuilding 1800 is a world class multi-tenanted laboratory block, designed for pharma and life science R&D.",
"It has a fully fitted out modular laboratory, pilot plant and office space and has chemical and solvent storage spaces to support tenant operations.",
"Building 1800 is occupied by major European and Indian pharmaceutical companies.",
"==== 2700 | MN Park ====\n\nBuilding 2700 is a world-class multi-tenanted research block, designed to nurture leading edge research companies.",
"It creates the perfect environment to encourage intellectual excellence by providing a place geared for breakthrough innovation and research.",
"Building 2700 houses major American and Indian multi-national companies specializing in chemical solutions and formulations.",
"=== Synergy Square 4 ===\nIt is a 9-acre integrated park which can house companies involved in different fields including pharma research, new age vaccine development, CROs/Vivariums, R&D and Agri-research.",
"=== Synergy Square 5 ===\n\n==== 9000 | MN Park ====\nBuilding 9000 (Synergy Square 5) is a 52-acre life sciences park situated at Pregnapur on Karimnagar highway.",
"This facility is one among India’s largest pre-clinical vivarium facilities and it houses companies that provide drug development and discovery services.",
"MN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Networking ==== \nMN Park has initiated a business networking event called ‘GV CONNECT – Convene • Converse • Collaborate’ to facilitate networking between all the tenant companies for the development of the cluster.",
"The event is a quarterly meet where all the MN Park resident companies are brought under a single roof so as to create and nurture an environment of inclusive growth.",
"==== Training Room ==== \nMN Park has a state-of-the-art Training Room in Synergy Square 3.",
"60 Seater and multiples thereof, with a maximum capacity of 250 and fully equipped with AV/VC facilities.",
"There are also independent meeting rooms, shared 16 and 24-seater conference rooms available for tenants of MN Park.",
"MN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Medical Service ==== \n‘Connect & Heal’ is a multi-speciality clinic and diagnostic service available at MN Park Synergy Square 1.",
"There is a dedicated General Physician in the clinic along with a specialist doctor and the clinic is open during office hours.",
"The clinic also offers the local residents of the surrounding areas free consultation services every Saturday.",
"==== Easy-Commute Shuttle ==== \nEasy Commute shuttle facility is available to all employees at MN Park.",
"They can book and avail trip to Genome Valley in AC shuttle buses by simply downloading the ‘Easy Commute App’ on Google Play, select pickup & drop-off point and book & pay from e-wallet.",
"MN Park Entry Gate\n\n==== Food joints ====\nCafé Valley is a multi-cuisine restaurant at MN Park Synergy Square 1 managed by Leonia Hotels & Resorts.",
"Umbrella Food Court, a mobile food truck stationed at MN Park, Synergy Square 1, serves breakfast in the morning and snacks throughout the day.",
"Upcoming food joints that have been proposed include a drive-in and an ice cream parlour.",
"==== Multi-purpose gym ==== \nThere is a multi-purpose gym with state-of-the-art equipment and trainer at MN Park, Synergy Square 3.",
"MN Park Entry Gate\n\n=== Government Support ===\n\n==== IALA ==== \nIALA (INDUSTRIAL AREA LOCAL AUTHORITY), a GoT policy soon to be implemented at Genome Valley, empowers the Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TSIIC) to maintain civic amenities at Genome Valley.",
"TSIIC ensures betterment of the cluster by cleaning, maintaining and developing roads, thereby ensuring immaculate roadways and street lighting within the cluster.",
"==== Proposed Skyway ==== \nSkyway, an upcoming elevated road project undertaking of GoT under the ‘Strategic Road Development Program’ will enable direct connectivity between Genome Valley & Jubilee Bus Stand, which is the nucleus of the city of Hyderabad.",
"This elevated road of nearly 20 km will reduce travel time from JBS to GV to around 25 minutes.",
"==== Fire Station ==== \nGenome Valley is equipped with a fully functional fire station which has a full sized fire-fighting vehicle and two permanent fire fighters.",
"It is the only pharma cluster in the city to have a dedicated Fire Station.",
"The fire station is located in Kolthur Village on the fringes of Genome Valley main road, opposite the campus of Biological E, Synergy Square 2.",
"\nMN Park was established as a JV platform of Lighthouse Canton Pte.",
"Ltd. and Cerestra Advisors Pvt.",
"Ltd.The platform acquired specialized R&D assets in Genome Valley and rechristened it as “MN Park” in 2016.",
"==== Lighthouse Canton Pte.",
"Limited (Lighthouse) ====\nLighthouse is a Singapore based Wealth Management Company providing wealth planning and investment advisory services, registered with the MAS (“Monetary Authority of Singapore”) with over US$400 million of customer assets under advisory & management.",
"==== Cerestra Advisors Private Limited ====\nCerestra is a real assets focused platform targeting investments in Core and Core+ assets in India.",
"Cerestra intends to establish itself as a partner of choice for private equity asset monetisation in “socially relevant” and “business critical” sectors.",
"\nIn 2012, '''Building 1800''' is rated as a '''LEED Platinum Certified green building by Indian Green Building Council (“IGBC”)''', the highest honor to be recognized for a building.",
"In 2017, '''Building 2700''' which is a life science R&D and cleaning manufacturing building received a '''LEED Gold Certification from Indian Green Building Council (\"IGBC\").'''",
"\nIn February 2017, KT Rama Rao, Cabinet Minister for Industries & Commerce, Government of Telangana, visited Genome Valley and laid the foundation for multiple projects that support life science initiatives.",
"Bio Asia 2017 was witness to many new deals to promote life science initiatives in India.",
"The developments made at Genome Valley are an effort to replicate Silicon Valley in terms of innovation and global relevance.",
"Genome Valley is soon to be accorded IALA status by the Govt.",
"of Telangana.",
"\n IKP \n\nORR \n\nAirport"
] | finance |
[
"Photograph possessed by Australian War Memorial. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum adopts the same photograph for the exhibition. It was photographed by . The leg of accompanying journalist was also included intended to describe the situation. \n'''Human Shadow Etched in Stone''' () is an exhibition at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. It is thought to be the outline of a person, who was sitting at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank that remained, when the atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. It is also known as '''Human Shadow of Death'''.\n",
"According to the museum, it is thought that the person had been sitting on the stone step waiting for the bank to open, when the heat ray from bomb burned the surrounding stone white and left their shadow. A black deposit was also found on the shadow. A a piece of stone containing the artifact was cut from the original location, and had a horizontal surface area of about 3.3m2 and a height of about 2m, and was moved to the museum.\n\nIn January 1971, the museum garnered the stone, whose human shadow had become indistinct due to weathering. In April 1975, the museum started research on how to preserve the shadow. In 1991, the museum reported that earnest investigation of preservation methods had commenced. At present, the stone is exhibited surrounded by glass.\n\nIt is thought that the person depicted in the stone, died immediately with the flash of the atomic bomb, or died after falling down after the explosion. Some people stated that they saw the person sitting at the entrance just before the bombing. Also a former soldier testified that he had recovered the persons body. However the person's identity is still unknown. As of 2016, the exhibition of the museum states that, \"Several people have suggest that the person could be a member of their family\". In the past, the museum exhibition contained a statement, that the person had been a 42-year-old woman named Mitsuno Koshitomo (越智ミツノ). As a result of these statements in the past, some conclusions in the literature states that she was the person depicted in the stone.\n\nAccording to museum staff, many visitors to the museum believe that the shadow, is the outline of a human vaporized immediate after the bombing. However from a medical perspective, the possibility of human vaporization is not supported. The ground surface temperature is thought to have ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 degrees Celsius just after the bombing. Even after a body burned at these temperature with heat rays, bones and carbonized organs would remain. Even when considering the effect of radiation, though the skin may become severely inflamed and ulcerated, complete vaporization of the body is impossible.\n",
"\n=== Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank ===\n\nFile:住友銀行広島支店位置図.png|The black x-mark indicates ground zero, while the red circle is the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank (now Sumitomo Mitsui Bank) \nFile:住友銀行広島支店被爆前.jpg|Aerial photograph on July 25th, 1945, before the bombing\nFile:住友銀行広島支店被爆後.jpg|Aerial photograph on August 8th, 1945, two days after the bombing\n\nHiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank after the bombing. There existed Human Shadow of Death near the person standing at the entrance.\nThe view toward the east from . The white building on the center is the head office of Geibi Bank, and the neighbor on the right is Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank.\nPhotographed by U.S. forces on November 20th, 1945\nHuman Shadow Etched in Stone was originally a part of stone steps at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank, which was 260m from the ground zero. The present address is at, Kamiya-cho 1 Chome, the current location of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Hiroshima Branch.\n\nThe building of the bank was built in 1928. It was designed by at the department of engineering of Sumitomo Group (now Nikken Sekkei), and was constructed by Obayashi Corporation. The building had reinforced concrete construction, with four floors above ground and one below with an open ceiling up to the third floor. The rooms for business, reception room and specie room were on the first floor, the meeting rooms and cafeteria on the fourth floor, and the boiler room in the basement. It was built in the south of head office of Geibi Bank （Now head office of ）, which had been built a year before, and witch was almost the same size. It had Romanesque architecture style in general, and was characterized by the large arch with molding of its front.\n\nOn August 6, 1945, it was bombed. It was not totally destroyed, but the interior was destroyed while the exterior remained. Fortunately, the specie room was not damaged. The cash and passbooks remained. Papers inside the building was blown away even to by the blast.\n\nIn the morning of the day of the bombing, the bank was to be open as usual. Most of the employees were on their way to the office when the bomb was dropped. 29 employees were killed immediately (including both those who were in the branch and those on their way to the work), 40 injured and no one missing. Some of the survivors died within a few days because of the illness caused by the radiation exposure, others worked till the retirement age. Since it was close to the ground zero, passerby took refuge into the building, and quite a number of bodies were recovered. \n\nAs the branch started their business again after the war, the entrance soon became a famous sight \"a place of A-bomb\" showing the damage of the atomic bombing, which was officially recognized by Hiroshima City. In those days, the shadow was called \"Human Shadow of Death\". According to a testimony, it was the second most famous sight next to Atomic Bomb Dome. Sumitomo Bank made great efforts to preserve the shadow. In 1959 they built a fence surrounding the stone, and in 1967 they placed tempered glass covering the stone to prevent deterioration.\n\nIn 1971, Hiroshima Branch was planned to be rebuilt. The stone was cut down around the shadow, which was then donated to the museum. \n\n=== Saying of human vaporization ===\nAccording to (1947-), a radiology scientist, in his childhood he heard of the saying that the shadow had been generated after human vaporization. \"Journal on the damage of atomic bombing in Hiroshima\" (広島原爆戦災誌), published by Hiroshima City in 1971, also contains a description implying human vaporization, which is now proved to be impossible.\n",
"\n\n=== References ===\n\n",
"* Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum\n* Bombed buildings of banks\n** - In existence.\n** - The bombed wall is planned to be preserved.\n** - The bombed iron door is in existence.\n** - The entrance is in existence as a monument.\n",
"* Damage by the Heat Rays/Human Shadow Etched in Stone - Hiroshima City\n* Is it true that human beings vanished in the bomb's heat? - Chugoku Shimbun\n\n "
] | [
"Introduction",
" Outline ",
" History ",
" Notes ",
" See also ",
" External links "
] | Human Shadow Etched in Stone | [
"It is thought to be the outline of a person, who was sitting at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank that remained, when the atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima.",
"According to the museum, it is thought that the person had been sitting on the stone step waiting for the bank to open, when the heat ray from bomb burned the surrounding stone white and left their shadow.",
"\n=== Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank ===\n\nFile:住友銀行広島支店位置図.png|The black x-mark indicates ground zero, while the red circle is the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank (now Sumitomo Mitsui Bank) \nFile:住友銀行広島支店被爆前.jpg|Aerial photograph on July 25th, 1945, before the bombing\nFile:住友銀行広島支店被爆後.jpg|Aerial photograph on August 8th, 1945, two days after the bombing\n\nHiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank after the bombing.",
"The white building on the center is the head office of Geibi Bank, and the neighbor on the right is Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank.",
"Photographed by U.S. forces on November 20th, 1945\nHuman Shadow Etched in Stone was originally a part of stone steps at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank, which was 260m from the ground zero.",
"The building of the bank was built in 1928.",
"It was built in the south of head office of Geibi Bank （Now head office of ）, which had been built a year before, and witch was almost the same size.",
"In the morning of the day of the bombing, the bank was to be open as usual.",
"Sumitomo Bank made great efforts to preserve the shadow."
] | [
"Photograph possessed by Australian War Memorial.",
"Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum adopts the same photograph for the exhibition.",
"It was photographed by .",
"The leg of accompanying journalist was also included intended to describe the situation.",
"'''Human Shadow Etched in Stone''' () is an exhibition at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.",
"It is also known as '''Human Shadow of Death'''.",
"A black deposit was also found on the shadow.",
"A a piece of stone containing the artifact was cut from the original location, and had a horizontal surface area of about 3.3m2 and a height of about 2m, and was moved to the museum.",
"In January 1971, the museum garnered the stone, whose human shadow had become indistinct due to weathering.",
"In April 1975, the museum started research on how to preserve the shadow.",
"In 1991, the museum reported that earnest investigation of preservation methods had commenced.",
"At present, the stone is exhibited surrounded by glass.",
"It is thought that the person depicted in the stone, died immediately with the flash of the atomic bomb, or died after falling down after the explosion.",
"Some people stated that they saw the person sitting at the entrance just before the bombing.",
"Also a former soldier testified that he had recovered the persons body.",
"However the person's identity is still unknown.",
"As of 2016, the exhibition of the museum states that, \"Several people have suggest that the person could be a member of their family\".",
"In the past, the museum exhibition contained a statement, that the person had been a 42-year-old woman named Mitsuno Koshitomo (越智ミツノ).",
"As a result of these statements in the past, some conclusions in the literature states that she was the person depicted in the stone.",
"According to museum staff, many visitors to the museum believe that the shadow, is the outline of a human vaporized immediate after the bombing.",
"However from a medical perspective, the possibility of human vaporization is not supported.",
"The ground surface temperature is thought to have ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 degrees Celsius just after the bombing.",
"Even after a body burned at these temperature with heat rays, bones and carbonized organs would remain.",
"Even when considering the effect of radiation, though the skin may become severely inflamed and ulcerated, complete vaporization of the body is impossible.",
"There existed Human Shadow of Death near the person standing at the entrance.",
"The view toward the east from .",
"The present address is at, Kamiya-cho 1 Chome, the current location of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Hiroshima Branch.",
"It was designed by at the department of engineering of Sumitomo Group (now Nikken Sekkei), and was constructed by Obayashi Corporation.",
"The building had reinforced concrete construction, with four floors above ground and one below with an open ceiling up to the third floor.",
"The rooms for business, reception room and specie room were on the first floor, the meeting rooms and cafeteria on the fourth floor, and the boiler room in the basement.",
"It had Romanesque architecture style in general, and was characterized by the large arch with molding of its front.",
"On August 6, 1945, it was bombed.",
"It was not totally destroyed, but the interior was destroyed while the exterior remained.",
"Fortunately, the specie room was not damaged.",
"The cash and passbooks remained.",
"Papers inside the building was blown away even to by the blast.",
"Most of the employees were on their way to the office when the bomb was dropped.",
"29 employees were killed immediately (including both those who were in the branch and those on their way to the work), 40 injured and no one missing.",
"Some of the survivors died within a few days because of the illness caused by the radiation exposure, others worked till the retirement age.",
"Since it was close to the ground zero, passerby took refuge into the building, and quite a number of bodies were recovered.",
"As the branch started their business again after the war, the entrance soon became a famous sight \"a place of A-bomb\" showing the damage of the atomic bombing, which was officially recognized by Hiroshima City.",
"In those days, the shadow was called \"Human Shadow of Death\".",
"According to a testimony, it was the second most famous sight next to Atomic Bomb Dome.",
"In 1959 they built a fence surrounding the stone, and in 1967 they placed tempered glass covering the stone to prevent deterioration.",
"In 1971, Hiroshima Branch was planned to be rebuilt.",
"The stone was cut down around the shadow, which was then donated to the museum.",
"=== Saying of human vaporization ===\nAccording to (1947-), a radiology scientist, in his childhood he heard of the saying that the shadow had been generated after human vaporization.",
"\"Journal on the damage of atomic bombing in Hiroshima\" (広島原爆戦災誌), published by Hiroshima City in 1971, also contains a description implying human vaporization, which is now proved to be impossible.",
"\n\n=== References ===",
"* Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum\n* Bombed buildings of banks\n** - In existence.",
"** - The bombed wall is planned to be preserved.",
"** - The bombed iron door is in existence.",
"** - The entrance is in existence as a monument.",
"* Damage by the Heat Rays/Human Shadow Etched in Stone - Hiroshima City\n* Is it true that human beings vanished in the bomb's heat?",
"- Chugoku Shimbun"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Akolisa Ufodike''' (born October 6, 1973 in Maiduguri) is a Nigerian-Canadian entrepreneur, finance executive and politician. He was a governorship aspirant in the 2017 Anambra governorship primaries held in Nigeria. He is the co-founder and CEO of Kainji Resources Ltd a oil and gas company in Nigeria.\n\nHe currently serves as Assistant professor of Accounting and Finance at the MacEwan University school of business in Edmonton.\n",
"'''Ufodike''' was born in Maiduguri to the family of Colonel Leonard Ufodike and Ebele Ufodike (nee Ozoka) of Umudim and Otolo, Nnewi. He was born on October 6, 1973.\n\n=== Education ===\nUfodike attended Nigerian Military School, Zaria and Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. In 2006, he attended and obtained Bachelor of Commerce from Laurentian University, Canada, in 2008 he also obtained a Master's Degree in Business Administration from Cornell University and in 2017 obatined Doctor of Philosophy in Management from University of Calgary.\n\n=== Career and employment ===\nAfter his graduating from Nigerian Defence Academy, Ufodike started a career in banking, working for Intercontinental Merchant Bank in Onitsha. In 1997, he quit banking job to start his first business, sand dredging in Emuoha, Rivers state. He is also a board member of the Canadian Nigerian Chamber of commerce helping in the facilitation of trade between Canada and Nigeria.\n\nIn 2010, Ufodike co-founded Kainji Resources Limited a refinery company in Imo State. \n\nIn 2015, he ran for the Alberta provincial election. In 2017, Ufodike ran for Anambra Governorship primaries but was disqualified due to dual citizenship in Canada and Nigeria. He later appealed and was re-qualified, Ufodike later stepped down a week before the primaries.\n\n=== Membership ===\nUfodike is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors Canada, Chartered Professional Accountant Canada, Certified Professional Accountant USA and Certified Chartered Accountant UK.\n",
"* ''Fellowships of CPA Canada (FCPA)''\n* ''Fellowship of CGA Canada'' (FCGA)\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Early life and career ",
" Award and recognition ",
" References "
] | Akolisa Ufodike | [
"=== Career and employment ===\nAfter his graduating from Nigerian Defence Academy, Ufodike started a career in banking, working for Intercontinental Merchant Bank in Onitsha."
] | [
"\n\n'''Akolisa Ufodike''' (born October 6, 1973 in Maiduguri) is a Nigerian-Canadian entrepreneur, finance executive and politician.",
"He was a governorship aspirant in the 2017 Anambra governorship primaries held in Nigeria.",
"He is the co-founder and CEO of Kainji Resources Ltd a oil and gas company in Nigeria.",
"He currently serves as Assistant professor of Accounting and Finance at the MacEwan University school of business in Edmonton.",
"'''Ufodike''' was born in Maiduguri to the family of Colonel Leonard Ufodike and Ebele Ufodike (nee Ozoka) of Umudim and Otolo, Nnewi.",
"He was born on October 6, 1973.",
"=== Education ===\nUfodike attended Nigerian Military School, Zaria and Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna.",
"In 2006, he attended and obtained Bachelor of Commerce from Laurentian University, Canada, in 2008 he also obtained a Master's Degree in Business Administration from Cornell University and in 2017 obatined Doctor of Philosophy in Management from University of Calgary.",
"In 1997, he quit banking job to start his first business, sand dredging in Emuoha, Rivers state.",
"He is also a board member of the Canadian Nigerian Chamber of commerce helping in the facilitation of trade between Canada and Nigeria.",
"In 2010, Ufodike co-founded Kainji Resources Limited a refinery company in Imo State.",
"In 2015, he ran for the Alberta provincial election.",
"In 2017, Ufodike ran for Anambra Governorship primaries but was disqualified due to dual citizenship in Canada and Nigeria.",
"He later appealed and was re-qualified, Ufodike later stepped down a week before the primaries.",
"=== Membership ===\nUfodike is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors Canada, Chartered Professional Accountant Canada, Certified Professional Accountant USA and Certified Chartered Accountant UK.",
"* ''Fellowships of CPA Canada (FCPA)''\n* ''Fellowship of CGA Canada'' (FCGA)"
] | finance |
[
"\n\nThe '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' is the largest charitable trust in the United States devoted exclusively to supporting student nurses and nursing education. The trust — which began as a foundation in 1935, but transferred its assets to the trust in 1969 — has provided grants, scholarships, and financial aid for the education, health, and welfare of student nurses. \n",
"Nurse wearing uniform from British Honduras(Helene Fuld Health Foundation foreign nurse uniform photograph collection)\nThe story of the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' has three parts: (i) the '''Estate of Helene Fuld''', who died in 1923, (ii) the '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''', which ran from 1935 to 1969, and (iii) the creation of the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' in 1969.\n\n=== Estate ===\nHelene Fuld, through probate proceedings following her death in 1923 ''('', under the auspices of the '''Estate of Helene Fuld, Deceased'''), devised $91,718 to her two children. Her husband (and father of her two children), Bernhard Fuld (1843–1918), had already died. Her children, Leonhard Felix Fuld (1883–1965) and Florentine Minnie Fuld (1878–1956), as devisees under her estate, shared the inheritance equally.\n\n=== Foundation ===\nIn 1935, Leonhard Felix Fuld, LLM, PhD, and Florentine Minnie Fuld established the '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''', each contributing $5,000 in honor of their mother, Helene Fuld ''(née'' Helene Schwab; 1858–1923), who had been a health care advocate and education.\n\nThe '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''' assets grew – from $4.8 million in 1952 to more than $35 million in 1965. In 1961, Fuld — desirous that the foundation continue after his death or incapacity — structured a succession plan that would eventually transfer the assets to a charitable trust named the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust'''.\n\nIn 1950, the foundation's address was 8 Baldwin Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey.\n\n=== Charitable trust ===\nLeonhard Fuld died in 1965. Four years later, in 1969, the Foundation was dissolved according to Fuld's instructions, and the foundation assets – around $25 million – were transferred into the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' that had been created in 1950. The trust, in 1969, was managed by Marine Midland Bank, of Buffalo, as sole trustee. Marine Midland, was acquired by HSBC Bank USA in 1980 and changed its name to HSBC Bank USA in 1999.\n",
"Leonhard Felix Fuld was born in Manhattan in 1883. Growing up, Leonhard attended Public School 57 (on 115th Street, near Lexington), Public School 83, and for high school, the Horace Mann School (located first at 9 University Place in Greenwich Village, then, in his senior year in Morningside Heights at Teachers College. In higher education, he studied at Columbia University from about 1902 to 1909, earning five degrees: (i) a Bachelor of Arts in 1903 (completing his studies in just 1 year), (ii) a Master of Arts in 1904, (iii) a Bachelor of Laws in 1905, (iv) a Master of Laws in 1906, and (v) a PhD in Sociology and Political Economy (dissertation: \"Police Administration,\" 1,100 pages) in 1909. He went on to become an editor, an Examiner for the New York State Civil Service Commission and police security analyst, but his lifelong passion was public health and sanitation. For much of Leonhard's life, he lived with his sister in Manhattan in a tenement at 130 East 110th Street, between Park and Lexington Avenues. He lived much of his life as a .\n\nFlorentine Minnie Fuld was born in Manhattan in 1878. She had been a primary school teacher. Florentine Minnie Fuld died in 1956 of malnutrition at the Hospital for Joint Diseases, to which her brother had given money. Before she died, she said that she had not left her house in 9 years.\n\nLeonhard Fuld died in 1965 at the Helene Fuld Hospital in Trenton, now known as the Capital Health Regional Medical Center.\n",
"* 1960s to about 1985: Gordon Alexander Philips (1917–1991) became a co-trustee of the Helene Fuld Health Foundation after the death of Leonhard Felix Fuld in 1965. In 1969, he became the President of the Helene Fuld Health Trust, a position he held until about 1971. He had served as legal council for the foundation in the early 1960s and, in 1969, when the trust was founded, also served as legal counsel. Around that time, the trust was supporting about 170 nursing school in the United States and abroad. Philips was also the Corporate Secretary for the Helene Fuld School of Nursing in Trenton. He was also an attorney for the Helene Fuld Hospital in Trenton. Philips had also served on the New Jersey Board of Nursing for five years. He is also had been an FBI agent and municipal court judge. Philips retired in 1985. In her early days, he had attended Rutgers University and, in 1939, graduated from Wake Forest University School of Law.\n",
"* Helene Fuld College of Nursing, New York, founded 1945, has been a beneficiary of the Foundation and Trust since 1955, primarily from grants for (a) scholarships, (b) building renovations, and (c) equipment.\n\n* The '''Helene Fuld School of Nursing''' in Trenton, New Jersey, was founded in 1895 as \"Training School for Nurses\" at Trenton City Hospital. The hospital and school changed their names in 1902 to William McKinley Memorial Hospital and William McKinley Memorial Hospital School of Nursing. In 1951 school changed its name to Helene Fuld School of Nursing, honoring the mother of its benefactor, Leonhard Felix Fuld – the same benefactor as the Helene College of Nursing in New York City. The Trenton school closed in 2011, citing, among other things, changes in nursing education. The Trenton school was not related to the New York school.\n\n* Coppin State University, College of Health Professions, '''Helene Fuld School of Nursing''' in Baltimore was founded in 1973 and, as of 2017, offers baccalaureate degrees for RN, BSN, accelerated BSN, and a graduate program that began in fall 1999. The School offers a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) and a post-masters certification track with a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) role concentration. From 1963 to 1973, it was known as the Helene Fuld School of Nursing at Provident Hospital. At its founding in 1895, it was named the Provident Hospital Training School of Nursing. Luci V. Ashton (1870–1948), who graduated from Freedmen's Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1895, served as the school's first director for a year and a half before becoming Superintendent of Nurses at Douglass Hospital in Kansas City, Kansas. The Baltimore school is not related to the New York School.\n\n* Columbia University School of Nursing, in its new building scheduled to open in 2017, features the Helene Fuld Health Trust Simulation Center, which occupies two floors, spanning 16,000 square feet. The Center features a highly technical simulation labs (\"state of the art,\" according to Columbia officials) that mimic hospital patient and operating rooms.\n",
"\n* \"Health Decalogue for Student Nurses,\" by Leonhard Felix Fuld, :Helene Fuld Health Foundation (© 10 May 1954)\n* Papers, 1884-1987; \n:: Correspondence, diplomas, publications, clippings, and photographs of/or relating to Fuld. Includes materials concerning the Helene Fuld Health Foundation (later Helene Fuld Health Trust), established in 1935 by Fuld and his sister, Florentine Minnie Fuld; the William McKinley Memorial Hospital in Trenton and its school of nursing (later succeeded by Helene Fuld Hospital, Helene Fuld Medical Center, and Helene Fuld School of Nursing); correspondence from Fuld to the hospital attorney, Gordon A. Philips, relating to visits to Trenton and gifts to the hospital and its nursing school; documents regarding Florentine Fuld; and photographs of Fuld and other family members.\n\n: '''''Journal of the Helene Fuld Health Foundation''''', July 1945 (Issue No. 1) – February 1965 (Issue No. 438), Leonhard Felix Fuld, editor; \n:: Note: The ''Journal'' was published irregularly, initially monthly, but sometimes weekly; one issue each year contained the foundation's \"Annual Report\" ()\n:: '''Selected articles'''\n:* \"Going Through Life on 'High,'\" Leonhard Felix Fuld (ed.), No. 95, August 1951\n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust,\" Issue No. 97, September 1951\n:* \"Health Provisions in the Bible,\" by Joel Wittstein, Issue No. 264 (issue month not known) 1959; \n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust (2nd amended agreement), Issue No. 295, October 5, 1960\n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust (3rd amended agreement), Issue No. 330, June 23, 1961\n\n:: '''Issues featuring nurses uniforms from around the world'''\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 112 (issue month not known) 1952\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 115 (issue month not known) 1952\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 117, October 1952\n:* \"Student Nurses of One Hundred Countries,\"‡ Issue No. 128, April 1953\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 328, August 1961; \n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 376, July 1963; \n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No. 392, December 1963; \n\n\n::: \n\n",
"=== Notes ===\n\n\n===Books, magazines, and journals ===\n\n\n=== Newspapers ===\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" History ",
" Helene Fuld Health Foundation benefactors ",
" Selected executives ",
" Selected beneficiaries ",
" Publications ",
" Notes and references "
] | Helene Fuld Health Trust | [
"The trust, in 1969, was managed by Marine Midland Bank, of Buffalo, as sole trustee.",
"Marine Midland, was acquired by HSBC Bank USA in 1980 and changed its name to HSBC Bank USA in 1999."
] | [
"\n\nThe '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' is the largest charitable trust in the United States devoted exclusively to supporting student nurses and nursing education.",
"The trust — which began as a foundation in 1935, but transferred its assets to the trust in 1969 — has provided grants, scholarships, and financial aid for the education, health, and welfare of student nurses.",
"Nurse wearing uniform from British Honduras(Helene Fuld Health Foundation foreign nurse uniform photograph collection)\nThe story of the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' has three parts: (i) the '''Estate of Helene Fuld''', who died in 1923, (ii) the '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''', which ran from 1935 to 1969, and (iii) the creation of the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' in 1969.",
"=== Estate ===\nHelene Fuld, through probate proceedings following her death in 1923 ''('', under the auspices of the '''Estate of Helene Fuld, Deceased'''), devised $91,718 to her two children.",
"Her husband (and father of her two children), Bernhard Fuld (1843–1918), had already died.",
"Her children, Leonhard Felix Fuld (1883–1965) and Florentine Minnie Fuld (1878–1956), as devisees under her estate, shared the inheritance equally.",
"=== Foundation ===\nIn 1935, Leonhard Felix Fuld, LLM, PhD, and Florentine Minnie Fuld established the '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''', each contributing $5,000 in honor of their mother, Helene Fuld ''(née'' Helene Schwab; 1858–1923), who had been a health care advocate and education.",
"The '''Helene Fuld Health Foundation''' assets grew – from $4.8 million in 1952 to more than $35 million in 1965.",
"In 1961, Fuld — desirous that the foundation continue after his death or incapacity — structured a succession plan that would eventually transfer the assets to a charitable trust named the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust'''.",
"In 1950, the foundation's address was 8 Baldwin Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey.",
"=== Charitable trust ===\nLeonhard Fuld died in 1965.",
"Four years later, in 1969, the Foundation was dissolved according to Fuld's instructions, and the foundation assets – around $25 million – were transferred into the '''Helene Fuld Health Trust''' that had been created in 1950.",
"Leonhard Felix Fuld was born in Manhattan in 1883.",
"Growing up, Leonhard attended Public School 57 (on 115th Street, near Lexington), Public School 83, and for high school, the Horace Mann School (located first at 9 University Place in Greenwich Village, then, in his senior year in Morningside Heights at Teachers College.",
"In higher education, he studied at Columbia University from about 1902 to 1909, earning five degrees: (i) a Bachelor of Arts in 1903 (completing his studies in just 1 year), (ii) a Master of Arts in 1904, (iii) a Bachelor of Laws in 1905, (iv) a Master of Laws in 1906, and (v) a PhD in Sociology and Political Economy (dissertation: \"Police Administration,\" 1,100 pages) in 1909.",
"He went on to become an editor, an Examiner for the New York State Civil Service Commission and police security analyst, but his lifelong passion was public health and sanitation.",
"For much of Leonhard's life, he lived with his sister in Manhattan in a tenement at 130 East 110th Street, between Park and Lexington Avenues.",
"He lived much of his life as a .",
"Florentine Minnie Fuld was born in Manhattan in 1878.",
"She had been a primary school teacher.",
"Florentine Minnie Fuld died in 1956 of malnutrition at the Hospital for Joint Diseases, to which her brother had given money.",
"Before she died, she said that she had not left her house in 9 years.",
"Leonhard Fuld died in 1965 at the Helene Fuld Hospital in Trenton, now known as the Capital Health Regional Medical Center.",
"* 1960s to about 1985: Gordon Alexander Philips (1917–1991) became a co-trustee of the Helene Fuld Health Foundation after the death of Leonhard Felix Fuld in 1965.",
"In 1969, he became the President of the Helene Fuld Health Trust, a position he held until about 1971.",
"He had served as legal council for the foundation in the early 1960s and, in 1969, when the trust was founded, also served as legal counsel.",
"Around that time, the trust was supporting about 170 nursing school in the United States and abroad.",
"Philips was also the Corporate Secretary for the Helene Fuld School of Nursing in Trenton.",
"He was also an attorney for the Helene Fuld Hospital in Trenton.",
"Philips had also served on the New Jersey Board of Nursing for five years.",
"He is also had been an FBI agent and municipal court judge.",
"Philips retired in 1985.",
"In her early days, he had attended Rutgers University and, in 1939, graduated from Wake Forest University School of Law.",
"* Helene Fuld College of Nursing, New York, founded 1945, has been a beneficiary of the Foundation and Trust since 1955, primarily from grants for (a) scholarships, (b) building renovations, and (c) equipment.",
"* The '''Helene Fuld School of Nursing''' in Trenton, New Jersey, was founded in 1895 as \"Training School for Nurses\" at Trenton City Hospital.",
"The hospital and school changed their names in 1902 to William McKinley Memorial Hospital and William McKinley Memorial Hospital School of Nursing.",
"In 1951 school changed its name to Helene Fuld School of Nursing, honoring the mother of its benefactor, Leonhard Felix Fuld – the same benefactor as the Helene College of Nursing in New York City.",
"The Trenton school closed in 2011, citing, among other things, changes in nursing education.",
"The Trenton school was not related to the New York school.",
"* Coppin State University, College of Health Professions, '''Helene Fuld School of Nursing''' in Baltimore was founded in 1973 and, as of 2017, offers baccalaureate degrees for RN, BSN, accelerated BSN, and a graduate program that began in fall 1999.",
"The School offers a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) and a post-masters certification track with a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) role concentration.",
"From 1963 to 1973, it was known as the Helene Fuld School of Nursing at Provident Hospital.",
"At its founding in 1895, it was named the Provident Hospital Training School of Nursing.",
"Luci V. Ashton (1870–1948), who graduated from Freedmen's Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1895, served as the school's first director for a year and a half before becoming Superintendent of Nurses at Douglass Hospital in Kansas City, Kansas.",
"The Baltimore school is not related to the New York School.",
"* Columbia University School of Nursing, in its new building scheduled to open in 2017, features the Helene Fuld Health Trust Simulation Center, which occupies two floors, spanning 16,000 square feet.",
"The Center features a highly technical simulation labs (\"state of the art,\" according to Columbia officials) that mimic hospital patient and operating rooms.",
"\n* \"Health Decalogue for Student Nurses,\" by Leonhard Felix Fuld, :Helene Fuld Health Foundation (© 10 May 1954)\n* Papers, 1884-1987; \n:: Correspondence, diplomas, publications, clippings, and photographs of/or relating to Fuld.",
"Includes materials concerning the Helene Fuld Health Foundation (later Helene Fuld Health Trust), established in 1935 by Fuld and his sister, Florentine Minnie Fuld; the William McKinley Memorial Hospital in Trenton and its school of nursing (later succeeded by Helene Fuld Hospital, Helene Fuld Medical Center, and Helene Fuld School of Nursing); correspondence from Fuld to the hospital attorney, Gordon A. Philips, relating to visits to Trenton and gifts to the hospital and its nursing school; documents regarding Florentine Fuld; and photographs of Fuld and other family members.",
": '''''Journal of the Helene Fuld Health Foundation''''', July 1945 (Issue No.",
"1) – February 1965 (Issue No.",
"438), Leonhard Felix Fuld, editor; \n:: Note: The ''Journal'' was published irregularly, initially monthly, but sometimes weekly; one issue each year contained the foundation's \"Annual Report\" ()\n:: '''Selected articles'''\n:* \"Going Through Life on 'High,'\" Leonhard Felix Fuld (ed.",
"), No.",
"95, August 1951\n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust,\" Issue No.",
"97, September 1951\n:* \"Health Provisions in the Bible,\" by Joel Wittstein, Issue No.",
"264 (issue month not known) 1959; \n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust (2nd amended agreement), Issue No.",
"295, October 5, 1960\n:* \"Helene Fuld Health Trust (3rd amended agreement), Issue No.",
"330, June 23, 1961\n\n:: '''Issues featuring nurses uniforms from around the world'''\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"112 (issue month not known) 1952\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"115 (issue month not known) 1952\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"117, October 1952\n:* \"Student Nurses of One Hundred Countries,\"‡ Issue No.",
"128, April 1953\n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"328, August 1961; \n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"376, July 1963; \n:* Photographs of American Wearing Foreign Nurse Uniforms,‡ Issue No.",
"392, December 1963; \n\n\n:::",
"=== Notes ===\n\n\n===Books, magazines, and journals ===\n\n\n=== Newspapers ==="
] | finance |
[
"'''The Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh''' is a Guild located in the City of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded in 1578. They perform the same role within the Burghs of Scotland as the Livery Companies of the City of London. Historically, membership was restricted to burgesses of the burgh (freemen), who would be expected to employ journeymen and take on apprentices. They were also able to prevent any outsiders from practicing their trade in their Burgh until they had paid their dues to the appropriate incorporated trade. They are members of the The Court of Deans of Guild of Scotland, which incorporates the Guildry organisations of Aberdeen, Arbroath, Ayr, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Brechin, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Lanark, Perth and Stirling. The organisation historically formed part of the now defunct Corporation of the City of Edinburgh.\n",
"\nThe Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh form a Guild of Burgess who historically held the power to regulate their various trades in Scotland. There are fifteen incorporations in Edinburgh, fourteen of which had deacons who were permanent members of the Convenery of Trades from its beginning. Unlike the worshipful companies of London which are given precedence based on their date of founding, the trades are given precedence by the Act of Sett of the Burgh of Edinburgh, in a \"decreet arbitral\" by King James VI in 1583. The cited reason for this was that many of the trades \"no longer possessed their original seals of cause and did not know the year in which they had been founded\".\n\nEach trade appoints a Deacon - an office dating back to an Act of Parliament in 1424. Their role was originally one of quality control. To ensure the products of their respective trade matched up to the standards expected of the craft. The role of Deacon later became combined with the role of that of Kirkmaster (treasurer). Historically, six of the deacons of the incorporations were full members of the Edinburgh Town Council, while the remaining eight were denominated “extraordinary deacons”, permitted only at certain meetings of the council. This privilege was rescinded following the passage of the Scottish Burgh Reform Act in 1833. The Deacons undertook other work, for example The Deacon of the Goldsmiths was also the Assay-Master at the Edinburgh Assay Office until 1681 (an organisation that they still operate to this day). Over time they took on roles as trustees of various charities and hospitals.\n\nThe Convenery of the Trades of Edinburgh consists of the deacons of all the incorporated trades and today acts as the ruling body of the Incorporated Trades. Its present-day main focus is the various charities and events operated by the Incorporated Trades. They also assist the various incorporated trades wherever they can. The Convenery is headed by the Deacon-Convener of the Trades of Edinburgh, who holds the distinction of being the first tradesman in Scotland, and third citizen after the Lord Provost and the Lord Dean of Guild. The convenery met histroically at The Magdalen Chapel in Cowgate. Today they meet in the lower floors of the Ashfield building, which also contains a dedicated museum.\n",
"Membership of the trades is restricted to Burgess (freemen) of the Burghs of Scotland. The grant of Burgesship was historically the gift of the Lord Dean of Guild, an office in the council of the City of Edinburgh. However, Local Government Reform in 1973 changed this precedent and the office of Lord Dean of Guild was transferred instead to the Merchant Company of Edinburgh. Though the City of Edinburgh council retained the power to grant Burgesship, it is awarded only honorarily to those who \"have distinguished themselves through their work or efforts, or to recognise the respect and high esteem in which they are held by the people of Edinburgh\". This caused an issue for the Incorporated Trades, as it meant prospective holders first had to approach the Merchant Company of Edinburgh to get their Burgess ticket, before they could join their trade. Edinburgh City Council arbitrated an agreement between the two Guilds, and now nominations for Burgess-ship are accepted from either organisation, adjudicated by a committee with representatives from both Guilds and chaired by the Lord Dean of Guild.\n",
"Many of the trades have taken on a more charitable focus, and some even accept members who have not received a Burgess ticket.\n\nThe Trade of Surgeons is now The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and operates as one of the two leading royal colleges in the united kingdom, the other being The Royal College of Surgeons of England in London. They held the unusual privilege of being the only body with a monopoly on the distilling of alcohol (“aquavite”) in the burgh.\n\nThe Trade of Goldsmiths still operates Edinburgh's Assay Court. Today its members include jewelers, gold and silver smiths, bankers and financiers. Historically, many of their membership helped form the Bank of Scotland in 1695. They retain the role of assaying and hallmarking gold wares before they can be sold.\n\n'''The Kirking of the Deacons'''\n:Every year the Deacons are elected at Beltane, before a ceremony is undertaken whereby the Deacons march in ceremonial dress along with their banner-bearers, under escort from the High Constables of Edinburgh, to Greyfriars Kirk in the old merchant district of Grassmarket. They are met by the Lord Provost and some of the Council where a ceremony is conducted by the Convenery’s Chaplain. Psalms and hymns are sung and then there is a procession from the church to the grave of Mary Erskine, with whom the Incorporated Trades founded the Trades Maiden Hospital 1704. Before the Local Council Reform of 1973, this ceremony was undertaken by the entirety of Edinburgh Council, where they would be \"reminded of their duties and responsibilities and were charged with the responsibility of doing their civic duty impartially and to the best of their ability.\"\n\n'''The Riding of the Marches'''\n:An annual event held in Edinburgh to commemorate the return in the year 1513 of the Captain of the City Band, Randolph Murray clasping the Ancient 'Blue Blanket Banner' (the banner of the Edinburgh tradesmen, allegedly awarded to the craftsmen of Edinburgh by James III in 1482) with news of the defeat of the Scottish Army at the Battle of Flodden.\n",
":1. The Incorporation and Royal College of Surgeons\n:2. The Incorporation of Goldsmiths\n:3. The Incorporation of Skinners\n:4. The Incorporation of Furriers\n:5. The Incorporation of Hammermen\n:6. The Incorporation of Wrights\n:7. The Incorporation of Masons\n:8. The Incorporation of Tailors\n:9. The Incorporation of Baxters\n:10. The Incorporation of Fleshers\n:11. The Incorporation of Cordiners\n:12. The Incorporation of Weavers\n:13. The Incorporation of Waulkers\n:14. The Incorporation of Bonnetmakers & Dyers\n:15. The Incorporation of Candlemakers\n:The Society of Barbers\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Origins and Background",
"Membership",
"Present day activities",
"List of Trades",
"References"
] | Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh | [
"Historically, many of their membership helped form the Bank of Scotland in 1695."
] | [
"'''The Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh''' is a Guild located in the City of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded in 1578.",
"They perform the same role within the Burghs of Scotland as the Livery Companies of the City of London.",
"Historically, membership was restricted to burgesses of the burgh (freemen), who would be expected to employ journeymen and take on apprentices.",
"They were also able to prevent any outsiders from practicing their trade in their Burgh until they had paid their dues to the appropriate incorporated trade.",
"They are members of the The Court of Deans of Guild of Scotland, which incorporates the Guildry organisations of Aberdeen, Arbroath, Ayr, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Brechin, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Lanark, Perth and Stirling.",
"The organisation historically formed part of the now defunct Corporation of the City of Edinburgh.",
"\nThe Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh form a Guild of Burgess who historically held the power to regulate their various trades in Scotland.",
"There are fifteen incorporations in Edinburgh, fourteen of which had deacons who were permanent members of the Convenery of Trades from its beginning.",
"Unlike the worshipful companies of London which are given precedence based on their date of founding, the trades are given precedence by the Act of Sett of the Burgh of Edinburgh, in a \"decreet arbitral\" by King James VI in 1583.",
"The cited reason for this was that many of the trades \"no longer possessed their original seals of cause and did not know the year in which they had been founded\".",
"Each trade appoints a Deacon - an office dating back to an Act of Parliament in 1424.",
"Their role was originally one of quality control.",
"To ensure the products of their respective trade matched up to the standards expected of the craft.",
"The role of Deacon later became combined with the role of that of Kirkmaster (treasurer).",
"Historically, six of the deacons of the incorporations were full members of the Edinburgh Town Council, while the remaining eight were denominated “extraordinary deacons”, permitted only at certain meetings of the council.",
"This privilege was rescinded following the passage of the Scottish Burgh Reform Act in 1833.",
"The Deacons undertook other work, for example The Deacon of the Goldsmiths was also the Assay-Master at the Edinburgh Assay Office until 1681 (an organisation that they still operate to this day).",
"Over time they took on roles as trustees of various charities and hospitals.",
"The Convenery of the Trades of Edinburgh consists of the deacons of all the incorporated trades and today acts as the ruling body of the Incorporated Trades.",
"Its present-day main focus is the various charities and events operated by the Incorporated Trades.",
"They also assist the various incorporated trades wherever they can.",
"The Convenery is headed by the Deacon-Convener of the Trades of Edinburgh, who holds the distinction of being the first tradesman in Scotland, and third citizen after the Lord Provost and the Lord Dean of Guild.",
"The convenery met histroically at The Magdalen Chapel in Cowgate.",
"Today they meet in the lower floors of the Ashfield building, which also contains a dedicated museum.",
"Membership of the trades is restricted to Burgess (freemen) of the Burghs of Scotland.",
"The grant of Burgesship was historically the gift of the Lord Dean of Guild, an office in the council of the City of Edinburgh.",
"However, Local Government Reform in 1973 changed this precedent and the office of Lord Dean of Guild was transferred instead to the Merchant Company of Edinburgh.",
"Though the City of Edinburgh council retained the power to grant Burgesship, it is awarded only honorarily to those who \"have distinguished themselves through their work or efforts, or to recognise the respect and high esteem in which they are held by the people of Edinburgh\".",
"This caused an issue for the Incorporated Trades, as it meant prospective holders first had to approach the Merchant Company of Edinburgh to get their Burgess ticket, before they could join their trade.",
"Edinburgh City Council arbitrated an agreement between the two Guilds, and now nominations for Burgess-ship are accepted from either organisation, adjudicated by a committee with representatives from both Guilds and chaired by the Lord Dean of Guild.",
"Many of the trades have taken on a more charitable focus, and some even accept members who have not received a Burgess ticket.",
"The Trade of Surgeons is now The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and operates as one of the two leading royal colleges in the united kingdom, the other being The Royal College of Surgeons of England in London.",
"They held the unusual privilege of being the only body with a monopoly on the distilling of alcohol (“aquavite”) in the burgh.",
"The Trade of Goldsmiths still operates Edinburgh's Assay Court.",
"Today its members include jewelers, gold and silver smiths, bankers and financiers.",
"They retain the role of assaying and hallmarking gold wares before they can be sold.",
"'''The Kirking of the Deacons'''\n:Every year the Deacons are elected at Beltane, before a ceremony is undertaken whereby the Deacons march in ceremonial dress along with their banner-bearers, under escort from the High Constables of Edinburgh, to Greyfriars Kirk in the old merchant district of Grassmarket.",
"They are met by the Lord Provost and some of the Council where a ceremony is conducted by the Convenery’s Chaplain.",
"Psalms and hymns are sung and then there is a procession from the church to the grave of Mary Erskine, with whom the Incorporated Trades founded the Trades Maiden Hospital 1704.",
"Before the Local Council Reform of 1973, this ceremony was undertaken by the entirety of Edinburgh Council, where they would be \"reminded of their duties and responsibilities and were charged with the responsibility of doing their civic duty impartially and to the best of their ability.\"",
"'''The Riding of the Marches'''\n:An annual event held in Edinburgh to commemorate the return in the year 1513 of the Captain of the City Band, Randolph Murray clasping the Ancient 'Blue Blanket Banner' (the banner of the Edinburgh tradesmen, allegedly awarded to the craftsmen of Edinburgh by James III in 1482) with news of the defeat of the Scottish Army at the Battle of Flodden.",
":1.",
"The Incorporation and Royal College of Surgeons\n:2.",
"The Incorporation of Goldsmiths\n:3.",
"The Incorporation of Skinners\n:4.",
"The Incorporation of Furriers\n:5.",
"The Incorporation of Hammermen\n:6.",
"The Incorporation of Wrights\n:7.",
"The Incorporation of Masons\n:8.",
"The Incorporation of Tailors\n:9.",
"The Incorporation of Baxters\n:10.",
"The Incorporation of Fleshers\n:11.",
"The Incorporation of Cordiners\n:12.",
"The Incorporation of Weavers\n:13.",
"The Incorporation of Waulkers\n:14.",
"The Incorporation of Bonnetmakers & Dyers\n:15.",
"The Incorporation of Candlemakers\n:The Society of Barbers"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n'''The Government College, Chamba''' generally known as Government Post Graduate College, Chamba at Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India was established in 1958. The College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla and has switched to Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for Under Graduate classes from academic session 2013-14 under the guidelines of Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA). It has its own examination centre and also has been recognized as the evaluation centre by the University. The College was accredited with 'B+' grade by NAAC in August 2016.\n",
"\nGovernment College Chamba in Chamba, one of the oldest Princely State in present day Republic of India was started in 1958 with Arts stream. Old College Complex at Akhand Chandi PalaceThe College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. \nInitially, all the classes used to run in the Akhand Chandi Palace of the town. \nNew College complex at SultanpurBut later on January 15, 2015 the college was provided with a new building at Sultanpur by Government of Himachal Pradesh where all the UG courses are being run today whereas IGNOU Study Centre, Post Graduate classes in five disciplines, B.Voc courses in two trades and other Self Finance courses still run in the old college complex at Akhand Chandi Palace.",
"1. The College provides twelve Under Graduate courses in Humanities since 1958 as :- \n* Economics\n* English\n* Geography\n* Hindi\n* History\n* Journalism and Mass Communication\n* Physical Education\n* Political Science\n* Public Administration\n* Sanskrit\n* Sociology\n\n2. Seven Under Graduate courses in Science stream since 1962 as :-\n* Botany\n* Chemistry\n* Physical Science\n* Geology\n* Physics\n* Mathematics\n* Zoology\n \n3. Under Graduate course in Commerce since 1982.\n\n4. Self Finance courses like :-\n* BBA (since 2008)\n* BCA (since 2008)\n* PGDCA (since 2010)\n\n5. B. Vocational Degree in :-\n* Retail Management (from 2017)\n* Hospitality and Tourism (from 2017)\n\n6. Post Graduate courses in :- \n* Economics (since 1993)\n* English (since 2006)\n* History (since 2005)\n* Hindi (since 2014)\n* Political Science (since 2014)",
"\nThis Centre was established in College in the year 1990 with code 1106. \nPresently the following courses are being run under this unit :-\n\n1. Bachelor Degree courses :-\n* Bachelor Degree Programme (B.D.P.)\n* Bachelor of Arts (B.A)\n* Bachelor of Science (B.Sc)\n* Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com)\n* Bachelor Preparatory Programme (B.P.P.)\n* Bachelor of Tourism Studies (B.T.S.)\n* Bachelor of Computer Applications (B.C.A.)\n* Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)\n* B.C.W.\n\n2. Post Graduate courses in :-\n* M.A.\n* M.B.A.\n* M.C.A.\n* M.Com.\n* M.Ed.\n* M.E.G.\n* M.A.H.\n* M.H.D.\n* M.S.O.\n* M.A.R.D.\n\n3. Diploma courses in :-\n* Journalism\n* Nutrition and Health\n\n4. Post Graduate diploma in :-\n* Foreign Trade\n* P.G.D.J.M.\n* D.N.A.M.\n* P.G.D.F.T.\n\nApart from this, educational centre has its own Library consisting of 700 books on different topics. It also has its own examination centre.\n\n",
"The College has Computerized Library with 20785 books on different subjects. The catalog of books has been admitted in Soul Software. It has been subscribed to as many as 11 newspapers, numerous magazines and 3 journals.\nIt also has a Book Bank through which books are allotted to the students related to IRDP families. 3826 books are available in this Book Bank.\n==Existing Cells== \n===Career Guidance Cell===\n\nWith the objective of providing timely information to the students regarding various career opportunities a cell is functioning in the college.\n===Women Cell===\n \nThis cell has been constituted to achieve the objective of gender quality by making the girls aware of their right and duties. Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms and the underlying causes for the discrimination are related to social and economic structure, which is based on informal and formal norms and practices. The cell frequently organizes interactive sessions with students to get an insight into women- specific problems which need to be addressed on priority basis for emancipation of women. \n===Co-Curricular Activities===\n \nBesides preparing students to participate in the competitions outside the college like youth festival, Inter College Competitions, the cell encourage and guide them to take part in the celebration of important occasions like Independence Day, The Science and Technology Day, Himachal Day, Hindi Divas, Teacher's Day etc.\n\n===Tutorial Management Cell===\n \nIn order to encourage interaction between students and teachers, the tutorial groups are created.\n\n=== Grievances Redressal Cell===\n\nCSCA advisory committee of teachers of different facilities has been constituted.\n\n===Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IOAC)===\n\nAs per the guidelines of HPU and Higher Authorities, IQAC is working in the college for its allover development.",
"===National Cadet Corps (NCC)===\n\nThe College NCC wing is existing under a care taker and College helps outstanding students in NCC and studies.\n\n===National Service Scheme (NSS)===\n\nNSS unit provides opportunities to the students to take part in social service activities and social awareness.\n\n===The Bharat Scouts and Guides===\n\nActivities undertaken by The Bharat Scouts and Guides are primarily based on community development. The College has two wings of this organisations:one for boys (Rovers) and the other for girls (Rangers).\n===Sports===\n\nThe College provides opportunities of games like Hockey, Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, Cricket and Table Tennis at College, District, State and National levels.",
"To nourish the creativity among students, the college magazine ''Iravati'' is published every year.",
"As per the instructions of Himachal Pradesh University, the students selected for the Office bearers on the merit base for the session 2016-2017 & 2017-2018 are :-\n\n'''Year'''\n'''Designation'''\n'''Name'''\n'''Course'''\n'''Sem'''\n\n 2016\n ''President''\n Sonali Kumari\n BBA\n V\n\n ''Vice President''\n Sunayna Devi\n M.A\n I\n\n ''Secretary''\n Rajesh Kumar\n B.A\n I\n\n ''Joint Secretary'' \n Vikrant Thakur\n B.Sc\n I\n\n 2017\n ''President''\n Neena Kumari\n B.Sc\n V\n\n ''Vice President''\n Kajal\n M.A\n I\n\n ''Secretary''\n Devesh Nagpal\n B.Com\n I\n\n ''Joint Secretary'' \n Pallavi\n B.A\n I\n\nSeveral Nominated Members are also elected with Office Bearers from different fields like Academics, Cultural Activities, Sports, NCC, NSS & Club/Society who excelled themselves in their respective fields.\n",
"The College successfully completed its process of accreditation in 2016. It has been accredited with a CGPA of 2.62 on a four point scale at 'B+' grade during the visit of NAAC peer team in August 2016.\n",
"* Thakur Singh Bharmauri, Minister of Forest and Fisheries, Government of Himachal Pradesh \n",
"* Himachal Pradesh University\n* Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College And Hospital Chamba\n* Government College, Sanjauli\n* P.G Government College Regional Centre\n* Thakur Jagdev Chand Memorial Government College",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Courses",
"[[Indira Gandhi National Open University| IGNOU Study Centre]]",
"Library",
"Other Activities",
"Iravati",
"College Student's Central Association (CSCA)",
"[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|(NAAC)]]",
"Notable Alumni",
"See Also",
"References"
] | Government College, Chamba | [
"It also has a Book Bank through which books are allotted to the students related to IRDP families.",
"3826 books are available in this Book Bank."
] | [
"\n\n\n'''The Government College, Chamba''' generally known as Government Post Graduate College, Chamba at Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India was established in 1958.",
"The College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla and has switched to Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for Under Graduate classes from academic session 2013-14 under the guidelines of Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).",
"It has its own examination centre and also has been recognized as the evaluation centre by the University.",
"The College was accredited with 'B+' grade by NAAC in August 2016.",
"\nGovernment College Chamba in Chamba, one of the oldest Princely State in present day Republic of India was started in 1958 with Arts stream.",
"Old College Complex at Akhand Chandi PalaceThe College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.",
"Initially, all the classes used to run in the Akhand Chandi Palace of the town.",
"New College complex at SultanpurBut later on January 15, 2015 the college was provided with a new building at Sultanpur by Government of Himachal Pradesh where all the UG courses are being run today whereas IGNOU Study Centre, Post Graduate classes in five disciplines, B.Voc courses in two trades and other Self Finance courses still run in the old college complex at Akhand Chandi Palace.",
"1.",
"The College provides twelve Under Graduate courses in Humanities since 1958 as :- \n* Economics\n* English\n* Geography\n* Hindi\n* History\n* Journalism and Mass Communication\n* Physical Education\n* Political Science\n* Public Administration\n* Sanskrit\n* Sociology\n\n2.",
"Seven Under Graduate courses in Science stream since 1962 as :-\n* Botany\n* Chemistry\n* Physical Science\n* Geology\n* Physics\n* Mathematics\n* Zoology\n \n3.",
"Under Graduate course in Commerce since 1982.",
"4.",
"Self Finance courses like :-\n* BBA (since 2008)\n* BCA (since 2008)\n* PGDCA (since 2010)\n\n5.",
"B.",
"Vocational Degree in :-\n* Retail Management (from 2017)\n* Hospitality and Tourism (from 2017)\n\n6.",
"Post Graduate courses in :- \n* Economics (since 1993)\n* English (since 2006)\n* History (since 2005)\n* Hindi (since 2014)\n* Political Science (since 2014)",
"\nThis Centre was established in College in the year 1990 with code 1106.",
"Presently the following courses are being run under this unit :-\n\n1.",
"Bachelor Degree courses :-\n* Bachelor Degree Programme (B.D.P.)",
"* Bachelor of Arts (B.A)\n* Bachelor of Science (B.Sc)\n* Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com)\n* Bachelor Preparatory Programme (B.P.P.)",
"* Bachelor of Tourism Studies (B.T.S.)",
"* Bachelor of Computer Applications (B.C.A.)",
"* Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)",
"* B.C.W.",
"2.",
"Post Graduate courses in :-\n* M.A.",
"* M.B.A.\n* M.C.A.",
"* M.Com.",
"* M.Ed.",
"* M.E.G.",
"* M.A.H.",
"* M.H.D.",
"* M.S.O.",
"* M.A.R.D.",
"3.",
"Diploma courses in :-\n* Journalism\n* Nutrition and Health\n\n4.",
"Post Graduate diploma in :-\n* Foreign Trade\n* P.G.D.J.M.",
"* D.N.A.M.",
"* P.G.D.F.T.",
"Apart from this, educational centre has its own Library consisting of 700 books on different topics.",
"It also has its own examination centre.",
"The College has Computerized Library with 20785 books on different subjects.",
"The catalog of books has been admitted in Soul Software.",
"It has been subscribed to as many as 11 newspapers, numerous magazines and 3 journals.",
"==Existing Cells== \n===Career Guidance Cell===\n\nWith the objective of providing timely information to the students regarding various career opportunities a cell is functioning in the college.",
"===Women Cell===\n \nThis cell has been constituted to achieve the objective of gender quality by making the girls aware of their right and duties.",
"Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms and the underlying causes for the discrimination are related to social and economic structure, which is based on informal and formal norms and practices.",
"The cell frequently organizes interactive sessions with students to get an insight into women- specific problems which need to be addressed on priority basis for emancipation of women.",
"===Co-Curricular Activities===\n \nBesides preparing students to participate in the competitions outside the college like youth festival, Inter College Competitions, the cell encourage and guide them to take part in the celebration of important occasions like Independence Day, The Science and Technology Day, Himachal Day, Hindi Divas, Teacher's Day etc.",
"===Tutorial Management Cell===\n \nIn order to encourage interaction between students and teachers, the tutorial groups are created.",
"=== Grievances Redressal Cell===\n\nCSCA advisory committee of teachers of different facilities has been constituted.",
"===Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IOAC)===\n\nAs per the guidelines of HPU and Higher Authorities, IQAC is working in the college for its allover development.",
"===National Cadet Corps (NCC)===\n\nThe College NCC wing is existing under a care taker and College helps outstanding students in NCC and studies.",
"===National Service Scheme (NSS)===\n\nNSS unit provides opportunities to the students to take part in social service activities and social awareness.",
"===The Bharat Scouts and Guides===\n\nActivities undertaken by The Bharat Scouts and Guides are primarily based on community development.",
"The College has two wings of this organisations:one for boys (Rovers) and the other for girls (Rangers).",
"===Sports===\n\nThe College provides opportunities of games like Hockey, Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, Cricket and Table Tennis at College, District, State and National levels.",
"To nourish the creativity among students, the college magazine ''Iravati'' is published every year.",
"As per the instructions of Himachal Pradesh University, the students selected for the Office bearers on the merit base for the session 2016-2017 & 2017-2018 are :-\n\n'''Year'''\n'''Designation'''\n'''Name'''\n'''Course'''\n'''Sem'''\n\n 2016\n ''President''\n Sonali Kumari\n BBA\n V\n\n ''Vice President''\n Sunayna Devi\n M.A\n I\n\n ''Secretary''\n Rajesh Kumar\n B.A\n I\n\n ''Joint Secretary'' \n Vikrant Thakur\n B.Sc\n I\n\n 2017\n ''President''\n Neena Kumari\n B.Sc\n V\n\n ''Vice President''\n Kajal\n M.A\n I\n\n ''Secretary''\n Devesh Nagpal\n B.Com\n I\n\n ''Joint Secretary'' \n Pallavi\n B.A\n I\n\nSeveral Nominated Members are also elected with Office Bearers from different fields like Academics, Cultural Activities, Sports, NCC, NSS & Club/Society who excelled themselves in their respective fields.",
"The College successfully completed its process of accreditation in 2016.",
"It has been accredited with a CGPA of 2.62 on a four point scale at 'B+' grade during the visit of NAAC peer team in August 2016.",
"* Thakur Singh Bharmauri, Minister of Forest and Fisheries, Government of Himachal Pradesh",
"* Himachal Pradesh University\n* Pt.",
"Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College And Hospital Chamba\n* Government College, Sanjauli\n* P.G Government College Regional Centre\n* Thakur Jagdev Chand Memorial Government College"
] | river |
[
"\nAn \"enhanced\" subway station\n\nSince the late 20th century, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority has started several projects to maintain and improve the New York City Subway. Some of these projects, such as subway line automation, the FASTRACK maintenance program, and infrastructural improvements proposed in 2015–2019 Capital Program, contribute toward improving the system's efficiency. Others, such as train-arrival \"countdown clocks\", \"Help Point\" station intercoms, \"On the Go! Travel Station\" passenger kiosks, wireless and cellular network connections in stations, and MetroCard fare payment alternatives, and digital ads, are meant to benefit individual passengers.\n\nIn the 1990s, it started converting the BMT Canarsie Line to use communications-based train control, utilizing a moving block signal system that allowed more trains to use the tracks and thus increasing passenger capacity. After the Canarsie Line tests were successful, the MTA expanded the automation program in the 2000s and 2010s to include other lines. As part of another program called FASTRACK, the MTA started closing certain lines during weekday nights in 2012, with each of the lines closing overnight for a week in order to allow workers to clean these lines without being hindered by train movements. The program was expanded beyond Manhattan the next year after noticing how efficient the FASTRACK program was compared to previous service diversions. In 2015, the MTA announced a wide-ranging improvement program as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program. Thirty stations would be extensively rebuilt under the Enhanced Station Initiative, and new R211 subway cars would be able to fit more passengers.\n\nThe MTA has also started some projects to improve passenger amenities. It added train arrival \"countdown clocks\" to most A Division (numbered route) stations and the BMT Canarsie Line () by late 2011, allowing passengers on these routes to see train arrival times using real-time data. A similar countdown-clock project for the B Division (lettered routes) and the IRT Flushing Line was deferred until 2016, when a new Bluetooth-based clock system was tested successfully. Beginning in 2011, the MTA also started \"Help Point\" to aid with emergency calls or station agent assistance. The Help Point project was deemed successful, and the MTA subsequently installed Help Points in all stations. Interactive touchscreen \"On The Go! Travel Station\" kiosks, which give station advisories, itineraries, and timetables, were installed starting in 2011, with the program also being expanded after a successful pilot. Cellular phone and wireless data in stations, first installed in 2011 as part of yet another pilot program was also expanded systemwide due to positive passenger feedback. Additionally, credit-card trials at several subway stations in 2006 and 2010 led to proposals for contactless payment to replace the aging MetroCard system used to pay fares on MTA-operated transportation. Finally, in 2017, the MTA started installing digital advertisements in trains and stations\n",
"This is a punch box, used for signaling to a tower operator which line the train should use at a junction. This technology is no longer in use on the IRT (A Division); the signal system that allows countdown clocks also automates train identification and switching.\n\n\nThe MTA has plans to upgrade much of New York City Subway system from a fixed block signaling system to one with communications-based train control (CBTC) technology, which will control the speed and starting and stopping of subway trains. The CBTC system is mostly automated and uses a moving block system – which reduces headways between trains, increases train frequencies and capacities, and relays the trains' positions to a control room – rather than a fixed block system. This will require new rolling stock to be built for the subway system, as only newer trains can use CBTC systems.\n\nTrains using CBTC locate themselves based on measuring their distance past fixed transponders installed between the rails. Trains equipped with CBTC have a transponder interrogator antenna beneath each carriage, which communicates with the fixed trackside transponders and report the trains' location to a wayside Zone Controller via radio. Then, the Controller issues Movement Authorities to the trains. This technology upgrade will allow trains to be operated at closer distances, slightly increasing capacity; will allow the MTA to keep track of trains in real time and provide more information to the public regarding train arrivals and delays; and will obviate the need for complex interlocking towers. The trains are also equipped with high-tech computers inside the cab so that the conductor could monitor the train's speed and relative location.\n\nThe BMT Canarsie Line () was the first line to implement the automated technology using Siemens's Trainguard MT CBTC system, as it was a self-contained line with none of the route interlining seen elsewhere around the system. The CBTC project was first proposed in 1994 and approved by the MTA in 1997. Installation of the signal system was begun in 2000. Initial testing began in 2004, and installation was mostly completed by December 2006, with all CBTC-equipped R143 subway cars in service by that date. Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered more R160 cars and these were put into service in 2010. This enabled the agency to operate up to 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour, an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology or a redesign of the previous automatic block signal system. The R143s and R160s both use Trainguard MT CBTC, supplied by Siemens.\n\nThe next line to have CBTC installed was the pre-existing IRT Flushing Line and its western extension opened in 2015 (served by the ). The Flushing Line was chosen for the second implementation of CBTC because it is also a self-contained line with no direct connections to other subway lines currently in use. The 2010–2014 capital budget provided funding for CBTC installation on the Flushing Line, with scheduled installation originally set for completion in 2016. The R188 cars were ordered in 2010 to equip the line with compatible rolling stock. This order consists of new cars and retrofits of existing R142A cars for CBTC. However, the CBTC retrofit date was later pushed back to 2017 or 2018. The installation is being done by Thales Group.\n\nSiemens and Thales successfully conducted tests on one of the IND Culver Line's tracks to determine if their CBTC systems were compatible, thus allowing installation of CBTC on the rest of the B Division. In 2016, Siemens and Thales were awarded a contract to install CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line from 50th Street/8th Avenue and 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike. Planning for phase one started in 2015 and was complete by February 2016, with major engineering work following in November 2016. Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street–Columbus Circle to High Street is also provided in the 2015–2019 Capital Program, along with the modernization of interlockings at 30th and 42nd Streets. The local tracks of the IND Culver Line would also get CBTC as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, as well as the entire line between Church Avenue and West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, with three interlockings to be upgraded on that stretch.\n\n, MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029, including most of the IND, as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line. The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line, the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025.\n\nAdditionally, the New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division (the Flushing line, and the trains used on the , do not have ATS.) ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late. Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays.\n",
"FASTRACK on the IND Eighth Avenue LineIn January 2012, the MTA introduced a new maintenance program, FASTRACK, to speed up repair work. This program involves a more drastic approach than previous construction, and completely shuts down a major portion of a line for overnight work on four consecutive weeknights from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. According to the MTA, this new program proved much more efficient and quicker than regular service changes, especially because it happened at night and not the weekend, when most transit closures had occurred before. In 2012 the program only closed lines in Midtown and Lower Manhattan, but due to the success of the program, the MTA decided to expand it to the outer boroughs as well. In 2013, FASTRACK was expanded to other corridors requiring minimal shuttle buses and in 2014 to even more locations. There were corridors scheduled for 2014 during 24 weeks of the year, 12 corridors scheduled during 22 weeks in 2015, and 13 corridors scheduled during 21 weeks in 2016.\n\nAs part of an $836 million program to resolve the subway's 2017 state of emergency, MTA Chairman Joe Lhota announced the expansion of the FASTRACK program in order to fix critical infrastructure faster.\n\n",
"===Enhanced Station Initiative===\n\nThe 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan included funds for the '''Enhanced Station Initiative''' ('''ESI'''), under which thirty-three stations in all five boroughs would undergo a complete overhaul and would be entirely closed for up to 6 months at a time. The 34th Street–Penn Station stops on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line were added to the plan later, but would not be entirely closed due to their key location. The thirty original stations as part of the ESI would be rebuilt for $881 million, the two Penn Station stops would be rebuilt for $40 million, and the Richmond Valley stop on the Staten Island Railway would be rebuilt for $15 million.\n\nUpdates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, strip maps for the subway routes, subway countdown clocks, service alerts, On-The-Go Informational Dashboards, neighborhood maps, new art, and improved station lighting. Cables and conduits would be decluttered, simplifying the stations' wiring. The stations would also include glass barriers near fare control areas (rather than the metal fences that separate the paid and unpaid areas of the stations), as well as new tiled floors that are easy to clean. Concrete repairs, new platform edges, waterproofing, most tile patching, and structural steel repairs would get the stations into states of good repair. One additional station, Richmond Valley of the Staten Island Railway, would be overhauled.\n\nThe renovations are being done in eight stages, called \"packages,\" which would allow contractors to renovate three to five stations in a given area simultaneously. The first four packages would be completed in thirty-three months, by late 2019. The first package consists of the Prospect Avenue, 53rd Street and Bay Ridge Avenue station along the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, for which the contract was awarded on November 30, 2016. These stations were closed from March to December 2017. The second group of stations, comprising the 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations on the BMT Astoria Line in Queens, was awarded on April 14, 2017, to Skanska USA, and entails closing these stations on a staggered schedule from October 2017 to late 2018. Originally, this package entailed renovating one platform at a time since the stations are all consecutive, unlike in other packages, but the plan was later amended so two sets of two non-consecutive stations would be completely closed at once. The third package of stations will be on the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan. The 163rd Street, 110th Street, 86th Street, and 72nd Street stations are included as part of an amendment to the Capital Program. The fourth package of stations will consist of stations in midtown Manhattan, and will include the 34th Street–Penn Station stops on the IND Eighth Avenue Line and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, 57th Street and 23rd Street on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, and 28th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.\n\nThe fifth package of stations will be in northern and eastern Brooklyn, along with Richmond Valley of the SIR. This package will include Flushing Avenue and Classon Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line, and Van Siclen Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Clinton–Washington Avenues on the IND Fulton Street Line. The sixth package, which will include stations in the eastern and northern Bronx, will include Pelham Parkway on the IRT Dyre Avenue Line, and Third Avenue–138th Street, Brook Avenue, East 149th Street, and Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue on the IRT Pelham Line. The seventh package will include three stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line: Northern Boulevard, 67th Avenue, and Parsons Boulevard. The eighth and final package for the New York City Subway will include the remaining three stations in upper Manhattan and the southwest Bronx: 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line, and 167th Street and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line.\n\nIn July 2017, after Package 1 had been assigned, the nonprofit Citizens Budget Commission released a study critical of the plan. In the study, the CBC noted that the 30 original stations only constituted 8% of weekday boardings, and none of these stations were in the list of 25 most-used stations in 2016. Compared to stations that would only be \"renewed\" under this Capital Plan, i.e. with less comprehensive improvements performed under partial closures, the average ESI station could be 2 to 2.5 times as expensive as the average non-ESI station. The CBC wrote that the MTA had added $857 million to the ESI's original $64 million in funding, and that the cost of extensive renovations offset the savings afforded by using design–build contracts for ESI projects.\n\n===Other components===\nMinor component work, such as station signage, tiling, and lighting, would also be performed at over 170 other stations as part of the plan. The MTA would also begin designing a new contactless fare payment system to replace the MetroCard (see ).\n\nIn addition, at least 1,025 R211 subway cars are expected to be ordered under the plan. The R211s would include wide doors, wider than the current MTA standard of , thereby projected to reduce station dwell time by 32%. The new cars will have Wi-Fi installed (see ), USB chargers, digital advertisements, digital customer information displays, illuminated door opening alerts, and security cameras, unlike the current New Technology Trains, which lack these features. Some lines, like the IND Eighth Avenue Line, would get communications-based train control as part of a larger plan to automate the system. These measures are all projected to help reduce overcrowding on the subway, which is prevalent.\n",
"\n\n=== Mainline A Division and Canarsie Line clocks ===\nIn 2003, the MTA signed a $160 million contract with Siemens Transportation Systems to install digital real-time message boards (officially '''Public Address Customer Information Screens''', or '''PA/CIS''') at 158 of its IRT stations to display the number of minutes until the arrival of the next trains. Payments to the company were stopped in May 2006 following many technical problems and delays and MTA started to look for alternative suppliers and technologies. In January 2007 Siemens announced that the issues had been resolved and that screens would start appearing at 158 stations by the end of the year. In 2008, the system-wide roll-out was pushed back again, to 2011, with the MTA citing technical problems.\n\nAn in-house simpler system developed by MTA for the was operational by early 2009 and the first three displays of the larger Siemens system became operational at stations on the IRT Pelham Line () in the Bronx in December 2009. Siemens signs were in operation in 110 A Division stations by March 2011 and in 153 IRT mainline and 24 Canarsie Line stations by late 2011. Simpler countdown clocks, which only announce the track on which the train is arriving and the number of stops the train is from the station, are used at 40 stations. This includes thirteen stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, nineteen stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (including four that also have next-train displays that show this information), three stations on the BMT Broadway Line, and five stations on the BMT Astoria Line; however, the clocks on the Broadway and Astoria Lines are not in use . The announcements are voiced by radio traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast and Carolyn Hopkins.\n\nIn 2012, real-time station information for the \"mainline\" IRT, comprising all the IRT services except the '''7''' train, was made available to third party developers via an API, through MTA's Subway Time mobile app and as open data. In early 2014, data for the '''L''' train were also given to developers.\n\nDisplays at 22 IRT Flushing Line and the 5 IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations are not expected to be operational until the late 2010s, with the delay being attributed to upgrades to upgrading the signal system with CBTC for the IRT Flushing Line stations and to signal modernizations for IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations.\n\n=== Mainline B Division and Flushing Line clocks ===\nDisplays at 267 B Division stations were funded as part of the 2015–2019 capital program. Upon the October 2015 approval of funding for the 2015–2019 capital program, full installation of the countdown clocks was deferred to beyond 2020, with 323 out of 472 stations having countdown clocks by then. This was attributed to the rate of installation of wi-fi and 3G systems in subway stations, which, among other things, makes countdown clocks viable. The '''B''', '''D''', and '''N''' were expected to get countdown clocks in 2016; the '''B''' and '''D''' would get the PA/CIS along their shared IND Concourse Line stations, the '''D''' along the BMT West End Line, and the '''N''' along the BMT Sea Beach Line. Meanwhile, the IRT Flushing Line ('''''') was to get the clocks in 2018, a delay from an earlier announced date of 2016.\n\nIn August 2016, a 90-day testing period began for updated countdown clocks on eight BMT Broadway Line stations on the . The clocks feature new LCD screens as opposed to the old LED screens. The new countdown clocks show the date and time, current weather, next trains, advertisements, other media, and service changes, unlike the old countdown clocks, which can only show the date and time and the next train arrivals. The LCD clocks also use data from the Bluetooth receivers installed at the end of teach platform in the stations, which connect with Bluetooth receivers installed on the first and last cars of every train. If the test was successful, the remaining 269 B Division stations would receive the new LCD countdown clocks. The MTA was able to speed up the test by using Bluetooth receivers and wireless data in stations. As opposed to the countdown clocks on the numbered lines, the system calculates when the trains will pull into their next stop based on when trains enter and leave the stations. The new Bluetooth clocks performed accurately 97% of the time.\n\nIn November 2016, the MTA declared the Broadway Line countdown clock test successful. All B Division stations would get countdown clocks by March 2018 (several years ahead of schedule), using the same Bluetooth technology as the clocks in the Broadway Line stations. The countdown clocks would utilize either existing and new Siemens tricolor LED displays like the ones on the A Division and across scattered parts of the B Division, or new multicolor LCD display like the ones on the Broadway Line. The '''R''' was the first mainline B Division route to receive countdown clocks along its entire length in July 2017. Under the MTA's rolllout schedule released in July 2017, the countdown clocks on other routes would be enabled in stages through December 2017, including on the '''L''' train, where the existing LED clocks would be upgraded to use the new LCD displays. All of the countdown-clock data for the B Division services would also be available in the MTA's Subway Time app, in addition to the data for the A Division and '''L''' services that were already included in the app prior to the test.\n\nThe countdown clocks for the rest of the B Division will be installed as part of the Integrated Service Information and Management – B Division (ISIM-B) project, which will upgrade signal towers and connect track circuits to a central database. The project is called the Beacon Train Arrival System, and all 268 underground stations will have it installed by the end of 2017. In each of the remaining 269 stations without countdown clocks, there would be two displays for each platform, as well as a single display installed just outside fare control. The cost would be around $31.7 million to install, plus $5 million in annual maintenance costs. Since the clocks are based on the Transit Wireless Wi-Fi, installation of each set of displays would cost $211,000 at every aboveground station (which did not have Transit Wireless ) and $54,000 at every underground station with Transit Wireless. The MTA would upgrade the aboveground stations so they could also get Wi-Fi capabilities.\n\nAs the first batch of Bluetooth-enabled B Division countdown clocks was installed in September 2017, there were some passenger complaints about the location of the clocks. Although the MTA places the clocks at the middle of each platform, as well as offers train arrival data on its Subway Time app, riders noted that these clocks were not always placed near locations where the riders would actually wait, such as the stairs to the platforms or the station entrances. Sometimes, the clocks were hidden behind signs or located far away from the station entrances.\n",
"RFID trial on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line\nThe MTA signed a deal with MasterCard in the first few months of 2006 to test out a new RFID card payment scheme. Customers had to sign up at a special MasterCard website and use a MasterCard PayPass credit or debit card/tag to participate. Participating stations included IRT Lexington Avenue Line ( trains) from the Third Avenue–138th Street and 138th Street–Grand Concourse stations in the Bronx to Borough Hall in Brooklyn, as well as the Court Square–23rd Street in Queens for the trains. Originally scheduled to end in December 2006, the trial was extended into 2007 due to \"overwhelming positive response\".\n\nIn light of the success of the first PayPass pilot project in 2006, another trial was started by the MTA. This one started on June 1, 2010, and ended on November 30, 2010. The first two months started with the customer just using the MasterCard PayPass debit or credit card. However, this trial was the debut of having a rider use the VISA PayWave debit or credit card to enter the system, which started on August 1, 2010. For six months, a rider could use either a MasterCard Paypass or VISA PayWave credit/debit card to pay for a fare on an expanded list of subway and bus routes.\n\nIn 2016, the MTA announced that it would begin designing a new contactless fare payment system to replace the MetroCard. The system would probably use phone- and bank card-based payment systems like Apple Pay and Android Pay. In April 2016, MTA solicited proposals for a contactless \"New Fare Payment System\" to replace the MetroCard by 2022. The replacement system was planned for partial implementation as early as 2018.\n",
"The Help Point at the Smith–Ninth Streets station\n\nThe MTA set up another technology pilot project called \"Help Point\" in April 2011. Help Point, a new digital-audio communications system, was designed for use in case of an emergency or to obtain subway information for travel directions. The top button is labeled red for emergencies and connects to the Rail Control Center. The bottom button is labeled green and connects to a MTA station agent for any inquiries. All units are equipped with a microphone and speaker, and can optionally be installed with a camera. Also, the test units were equipped for the hearing impaired (under ADA compliance).\n\nThe two subway stations that were part of this trial were on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. They were the 23rd Street and the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall stations. The Help Points at the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station were wireless, while those at the 23rd Street station ones were hard-wired, to test which type of transmission is best for the subway.\n\nAfter the Help Point test was successfully completed, the MTA started to install Help Points in all subway stations to replace the existing Customer Assistance Intercom (CAI) units. The help points were installed in 166 stations by 2014, at which time the remaining stations were scheduled to have Help Points by the end of 2019. The Help Point installation timeline was later accelerated to the end of 2017.\n",
"The On the Go! Travel Station in use at the Bowling Green station\nOn September 19, 2011, the MTA set up another pilot project, an online, interactive touchscreen computer program called \"On The Go! Travel Station\" (OTG). It lists any planned work or service changes occurring on the subway as well as information to help travelers find landmarks or locales near the stations with an OTG outlet, with advertisements as well. The first station to test this new technology was Bowling Green on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. Other stations scheduled to participate in this program were Penn Station (with the LIRR), Grand Central Terminal (with Metro-North), Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center in Brooklyn, and Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street–Broadway in Queens.\n\nNew and existing On the Go! kiosks were to receive an interface overhaul as a result of the MTA's partnership with Control Group, a technology and design consultancy firm. Control Group were adding route lookups, countdown to train arrivals, and service alerts. Between 47 and 90 interactive wayfinding kiosks were scheduled to be deployed in 2013. , there are 155 kiosks at 31 stations. At the completion of Phase 2, there will be a total of 380 kiosks installed.\n",
"An indoor antenna, part of the distributed antenna system installed by Transit Wireless inside a station|alt=An indoor antenna, part of the distributed antenna system installed inside a station by Transit Wireless\n\nNew York City Subway began to provide underground cellular phone with voice and data service, and free Wi-Fi to passengers in 2011 at six stations in Chelsea, Manhattan. The new network was installed and owned by Transit Wireless as part of company's $200 million investment. The company expanded the services to 30 more stations in 2013 and signed an agreement with all 4 major wireless network operators (Verizon Wireless, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile) to allow their cellular phone customers to use its network. The MTA and Transit Wireless are splitting the fees received from those wireless carriers for the usage of the network. The Wi-Fi service, which operates using antennae, is operated by Boingo Wireless.\n\nPoster announcing cell service and free Wi-FI\nTransit Wireless expected to provide service to the remaining 241 underground stations by 2017. The next 40 key stations (11 in midtown Manhattan and 29 in Queens) have antennas that were in service by March 2014. The wireless for these 40 underground stations were completed by October 2014. Phase 3 of the project was completed in March 2015 and added service to the Flushing–Main Street station in Queens, as well as stations in Lower Manhattan, West Harlem, and Washington Heights. Phase 4 of the project covered twenty underground stations in the Bronx and seventeen in Upper Manhattan; this phase, completed in November 2015, provided service to major stations such as Lexington Avenue–53rd Street, Lexington Avenue–59th Street, 149th Street–Grand Concourse, and 125th Street. Because Governor Andrew Cuomo had implemented a timeline for accelerated implementation of in-station wireless service, phases 6 and 7 of the Transit Wireless network build-out will connect the 90 remaining Brooklyn and Manhattan underground stations by early 2017, about one year ahead of the original completion date of 2018.\n\nIn late December 2016, it was expected that all stations would have wireless by the final day of that year. However, Governor Cuomo later announced that by January 9, that cellular connectivity and wireless service would be available in all underground stations, except at four stations. These stations were the New South Ferry station and the three stations on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line–Prospect Avenue, 53rd Street, and Bay Ridge Avenue—that would have wireless installed as part of their Enhanced Station renovations. Celluar connectivity was completed one year early. The entire project was completed for $300 million, with Transit Wireless sharing revenues derived from the network's service with the MTA. The partnership between Transit Wireless and the MTA is for 27 years.\n\nIn June 2016, the MTA began installing Wi-Fi in subway cars as well. Wireless service was installed on four R160 subway cars assigned to the Jamaica Yard, then tested along the all-underground E route; in-car Wi-Fi was expanded to 20 R160s on the E route by September. However, this pilot program was not advertised to passengers. In addition, the wireless service was not working all the time; one passenger described the signal on board the trains as spotty, and only really available on the platforms. At the time, the MTA was not planning to retrofit subway tunnels with wireless service. Still, this in-car Wi-Fi pilot program is part of the wider program to install Wi-Fi in underground stations and onboard newer MTA buses. Future subway cars, like the R211, will also include Wi-Fi upon their delivery.\n\nIn 2017, the MTA partnered with NYC Public Libraries, New York State, and Transit Wireless, to create Subway Library, a system that allows users to choose from a selection of e-books to read for free when connected to TransitWireless Wi-Fi.\n",
"The first major wave of digital advertisements in the subway were introduced with the deployment of the On the Go! Travel Station in 2011. From 2016 on, the LCD countdown clocks also provided another way to show advertisements to passengers.\n\nIn September 2017, the MTA announced plans to add 31,000 digital advertising screens in 5,134 cars, as well as 9,500 extra screens in stations, far more than what the clocks or travel stations could provide. The advertising screens are being installed by Outfront Media from 2019 to 2022. There would eventually be 50,000 screens systemwide. Prior to the announcement, most of the few digital advertising displays in use systemwide had been used to advertise the Second Avenue Subway's opening earlier that year.\n",
"\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Automation",
"FASTRACK",
"2015–2019 Capital Program overhaul",
"Train arrival \"countdown clocks\"",
"PayPass trials",
"Help Point",
"On The Go! Travel Station",
"Cellular phone and wireless data",
" Digital advertisements ",
"Notes",
"References"
] | Technology of the New York City Subway | [
"The system would probably use phone- and bank card-based payment systems like Apple Pay and Android Pay."
] | [
"\nAn \"enhanced\" subway station\n\nSince the late 20th century, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority has started several projects to maintain and improve the New York City Subway.",
"Some of these projects, such as subway line automation, the FASTRACK maintenance program, and infrastructural improvements proposed in 2015–2019 Capital Program, contribute toward improving the system's efficiency.",
"Others, such as train-arrival \"countdown clocks\", \"Help Point\" station intercoms, \"On the Go!",
"Travel Station\" passenger kiosks, wireless and cellular network connections in stations, and MetroCard fare payment alternatives, and digital ads, are meant to benefit individual passengers.",
"In the 1990s, it started converting the BMT Canarsie Line to use communications-based train control, utilizing a moving block signal system that allowed more trains to use the tracks and thus increasing passenger capacity.",
"After the Canarsie Line tests were successful, the MTA expanded the automation program in the 2000s and 2010s to include other lines.",
"As part of another program called FASTRACK, the MTA started closing certain lines during weekday nights in 2012, with each of the lines closing overnight for a week in order to allow workers to clean these lines without being hindered by train movements.",
"The program was expanded beyond Manhattan the next year after noticing how efficient the FASTRACK program was compared to previous service diversions.",
"In 2015, the MTA announced a wide-ranging improvement program as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program.",
"Thirty stations would be extensively rebuilt under the Enhanced Station Initiative, and new R211 subway cars would be able to fit more passengers.",
"The MTA has also started some projects to improve passenger amenities.",
"It added train arrival \"countdown clocks\" to most A Division (numbered route) stations and the BMT Canarsie Line () by late 2011, allowing passengers on these routes to see train arrival times using real-time data.",
"A similar countdown-clock project for the B Division (lettered routes) and the IRT Flushing Line was deferred until 2016, when a new Bluetooth-based clock system was tested successfully.",
"Beginning in 2011, the MTA also started \"Help Point\" to aid with emergency calls or station agent assistance.",
"The Help Point project was deemed successful, and the MTA subsequently installed Help Points in all stations.",
"Interactive touchscreen \"On The Go!",
"Travel Station\" kiosks, which give station advisories, itineraries, and timetables, were installed starting in 2011, with the program also being expanded after a successful pilot.",
"Cellular phone and wireless data in stations, first installed in 2011 as part of yet another pilot program was also expanded systemwide due to positive passenger feedback.",
"Additionally, credit-card trials at several subway stations in 2006 and 2010 led to proposals for contactless payment to replace the aging MetroCard system used to pay fares on MTA-operated transportation.",
"Finally, in 2017, the MTA started installing digital advertisements in trains and stations",
"This is a punch box, used for signaling to a tower operator which line the train should use at a junction.",
"This technology is no longer in use on the IRT (A Division); the signal system that allows countdown clocks also automates train identification and switching.",
"The MTA has plans to upgrade much of New York City Subway system from a fixed block signaling system to one with communications-based train control (CBTC) technology, which will control the speed and starting and stopping of subway trains.",
"The CBTC system is mostly automated and uses a moving block system – which reduces headways between trains, increases train frequencies and capacities, and relays the trains' positions to a control room – rather than a fixed block system.",
"This will require new rolling stock to be built for the subway system, as only newer trains can use CBTC systems.",
"Trains using CBTC locate themselves based on measuring their distance past fixed transponders installed between the rails.",
"Trains equipped with CBTC have a transponder interrogator antenna beneath each carriage, which communicates with the fixed trackside transponders and report the trains' location to a wayside Zone Controller via radio.",
"Then, the Controller issues Movement Authorities to the trains.",
"This technology upgrade will allow trains to be operated at closer distances, slightly increasing capacity; will allow the MTA to keep track of trains in real time and provide more information to the public regarding train arrivals and delays; and will obviate the need for complex interlocking towers.",
"The trains are also equipped with high-tech computers inside the cab so that the conductor could monitor the train's speed and relative location.",
"The BMT Canarsie Line () was the first line to implement the automated technology using Siemens's Trainguard MT CBTC system, as it was a self-contained line with none of the route interlining seen elsewhere around the system.",
"The CBTC project was first proposed in 1994 and approved by the MTA in 1997.",
"Installation of the signal system was begun in 2000.",
"Initial testing began in 2004, and installation was mostly completed by December 2006, with all CBTC-equipped R143 subway cars in service by that date.",
"Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered more R160 cars and these were put into service in 2010.",
"This enabled the agency to operate up to 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour, an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology or a redesign of the previous automatic block signal system.",
"The R143s and R160s both use Trainguard MT CBTC, supplied by Siemens.",
"The next line to have CBTC installed was the pre-existing IRT Flushing Line and its western extension opened in 2015 (served by the ).",
"The Flushing Line was chosen for the second implementation of CBTC because it is also a self-contained line with no direct connections to other subway lines currently in use.",
"The 2010–2014 capital budget provided funding for CBTC installation on the Flushing Line, with scheduled installation originally set for completion in 2016.",
"The R188 cars were ordered in 2010 to equip the line with compatible rolling stock.",
"This order consists of new cars and retrofits of existing R142A cars for CBTC.",
"However, the CBTC retrofit date was later pushed back to 2017 or 2018.",
"The installation is being done by Thales Group.",
"Siemens and Thales successfully conducted tests on one of the IND Culver Line's tracks to determine if their CBTC systems were compatible, thus allowing installation of CBTC on the rest of the B Division.",
"In 2016, Siemens and Thales were awarded a contract to install CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line from 50th Street/8th Avenue and 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike.",
"Planning for phase one started in 2015 and was complete by February 2016, with major engineering work following in November 2016.",
"Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street–Columbus Circle to High Street is also provided in the 2015–2019 Capital Program, along with the modernization of interlockings at 30th and 42nd Streets.",
"The local tracks of the IND Culver Line would also get CBTC as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, as well as the entire line between Church Avenue and West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, with three interlockings to be upgraded on that stretch.",
", MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029, including most of the IND, as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line.",
"The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line, the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025.",
"Additionally, the New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division (the Flushing line, and the trains used on the , do not have ATS.)",
"ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late.",
"Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays.",
"FASTRACK on the IND Eighth Avenue LineIn January 2012, the MTA introduced a new maintenance program, FASTRACK, to speed up repair work.",
"This program involves a more drastic approach than previous construction, and completely shuts down a major portion of a line for overnight work on four consecutive weeknights from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.",
"According to the MTA, this new program proved much more efficient and quicker than regular service changes, especially because it happened at night and not the weekend, when most transit closures had occurred before.",
"In 2012 the program only closed lines in Midtown and Lower Manhattan, but due to the success of the program, the MTA decided to expand it to the outer boroughs as well.",
"In 2013, FASTRACK was expanded to other corridors requiring minimal shuttle buses and in 2014 to even more locations.",
"There were corridors scheduled for 2014 during 24 weeks of the year, 12 corridors scheduled during 22 weeks in 2015, and 13 corridors scheduled during 21 weeks in 2016.",
"As part of an $836 million program to resolve the subway's 2017 state of emergency, MTA Chairman Joe Lhota announced the expansion of the FASTRACK program in order to fix critical infrastructure faster.",
"===Enhanced Station Initiative===\n\nThe 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan included funds for the '''Enhanced Station Initiative''' ('''ESI'''), under which thirty-three stations in all five boroughs would undergo a complete overhaul and would be entirely closed for up to 6 months at a time.",
"The 34th Street–Penn Station stops on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line were added to the plan later, but would not be entirely closed due to their key location.",
"The thirty original stations as part of the ESI would be rebuilt for $881 million, the two Penn Station stops would be rebuilt for $40 million, and the Richmond Valley stop on the Staten Island Railway would be rebuilt for $15 million.",
"Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, strip maps for the subway routes, subway countdown clocks, service alerts, On-The-Go Informational Dashboards, neighborhood maps, new art, and improved station lighting.",
"Cables and conduits would be decluttered, simplifying the stations' wiring.",
"The stations would also include glass barriers near fare control areas (rather than the metal fences that separate the paid and unpaid areas of the stations), as well as new tiled floors that are easy to clean.",
"Concrete repairs, new platform edges, waterproofing, most tile patching, and structural steel repairs would get the stations into states of good repair.",
"One additional station, Richmond Valley of the Staten Island Railway, would be overhauled.",
"The renovations are being done in eight stages, called \"packages,\" which would allow contractors to renovate three to five stations in a given area simultaneously.",
"The first four packages would be completed in thirty-three months, by late 2019.",
"The first package consists of the Prospect Avenue, 53rd Street and Bay Ridge Avenue station along the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, for which the contract was awarded on November 30, 2016.",
"These stations were closed from March to December 2017.",
"The second group of stations, comprising the 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations on the BMT Astoria Line in Queens, was awarded on April 14, 2017, to Skanska USA, and entails closing these stations on a staggered schedule from October 2017 to late 2018.",
"Originally, this package entailed renovating one platform at a time since the stations are all consecutive, unlike in other packages, but the plan was later amended so two sets of two non-consecutive stations would be completely closed at once.",
"The third package of stations will be on the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan.",
"The 163rd Street, 110th Street, 86th Street, and 72nd Street stations are included as part of an amendment to the Capital Program.",
"The fourth package of stations will consist of stations in midtown Manhattan, and will include the 34th Street–Penn Station stops on the IND Eighth Avenue Line and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, 57th Street and 23rd Street on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, and 28th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.",
"The fifth package of stations will be in northern and eastern Brooklyn, along with Richmond Valley of the SIR.",
"This package will include Flushing Avenue and Classon Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line, and Van Siclen Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Clinton–Washington Avenues on the IND Fulton Street Line.",
"The sixth package, which will include stations in the eastern and northern Bronx, will include Pelham Parkway on the IRT Dyre Avenue Line, and Third Avenue–138th Street, Brook Avenue, East 149th Street, and Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue on the IRT Pelham Line.",
"The seventh package will include three stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line: Northern Boulevard, 67th Avenue, and Parsons Boulevard.",
"The eighth and final package for the New York City Subway will include the remaining three stations in upper Manhattan and the southwest Bronx: 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line, and 167th Street and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line.",
"In July 2017, after Package 1 had been assigned, the nonprofit Citizens Budget Commission released a study critical of the plan.",
"In the study, the CBC noted that the 30 original stations only constituted 8% of weekday boardings, and none of these stations were in the list of 25 most-used stations in 2016.",
"Compared to stations that would only be \"renewed\" under this Capital Plan, i.e.",
"with less comprehensive improvements performed under partial closures, the average ESI station could be 2 to 2.5 times as expensive as the average non-ESI station.",
"The CBC wrote that the MTA had added $857 million to the ESI's original $64 million in funding, and that the cost of extensive renovations offset the savings afforded by using design–build contracts for ESI projects.",
"===Other components===\nMinor component work, such as station signage, tiling, and lighting, would also be performed at over 170 other stations as part of the plan.",
"The MTA would also begin designing a new contactless fare payment system to replace the MetroCard (see ).",
"In addition, at least 1,025 R211 subway cars are expected to be ordered under the plan.",
"The R211s would include wide doors, wider than the current MTA standard of , thereby projected to reduce station dwell time by 32%.",
"The new cars will have Wi-Fi installed (see ), USB chargers, digital advertisements, digital customer information displays, illuminated door opening alerts, and security cameras, unlike the current New Technology Trains, which lack these features.",
"Some lines, like the IND Eighth Avenue Line, would get communications-based train control as part of a larger plan to automate the system.",
"These measures are all projected to help reduce overcrowding on the subway, which is prevalent.",
"\n\n=== Mainline A Division and Canarsie Line clocks ===\nIn 2003, the MTA signed a $160 million contract with Siemens Transportation Systems to install digital real-time message boards (officially '''Public Address Customer Information Screens''', or '''PA/CIS''') at 158 of its IRT stations to display the number of minutes until the arrival of the next trains.",
"Payments to the company were stopped in May 2006 following many technical problems and delays and MTA started to look for alternative suppliers and technologies.",
"In January 2007 Siemens announced that the issues had been resolved and that screens would start appearing at 158 stations by the end of the year.",
"In 2008, the system-wide roll-out was pushed back again, to 2011, with the MTA citing technical problems.",
"An in-house simpler system developed by MTA for the was operational by early 2009 and the first three displays of the larger Siemens system became operational at stations on the IRT Pelham Line () in the Bronx in December 2009.",
"Siemens signs were in operation in 110 A Division stations by March 2011 and in 153 IRT mainline and 24 Canarsie Line stations by late 2011.",
"Simpler countdown clocks, which only announce the track on which the train is arriving and the number of stops the train is from the station, are used at 40 stations.",
"This includes thirteen stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, nineteen stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (including four that also have next-train displays that show this information), three stations on the BMT Broadway Line, and five stations on the BMT Astoria Line; however, the clocks on the Broadway and Astoria Lines are not in use .",
"The announcements are voiced by radio traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast and Carolyn Hopkins.",
"In 2012, real-time station information for the \"mainline\" IRT, comprising all the IRT services except the '''7''' train, was made available to third party developers via an API, through MTA's Subway Time mobile app and as open data.",
"In early 2014, data for the '''L''' train were also given to developers.",
"Displays at 22 IRT Flushing Line and the 5 IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations are not expected to be operational until the late 2010s, with the delay being attributed to upgrades to upgrading the signal system with CBTC for the IRT Flushing Line stations and to signal modernizations for IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations.",
"=== Mainline B Division and Flushing Line clocks ===\nDisplays at 267 B Division stations were funded as part of the 2015–2019 capital program.",
"Upon the October 2015 approval of funding for the 2015–2019 capital program, full installation of the countdown clocks was deferred to beyond 2020, with 323 out of 472 stations having countdown clocks by then.",
"This was attributed to the rate of installation of wi-fi and 3G systems in subway stations, which, among other things, makes countdown clocks viable.",
"The '''B''', '''D''', and '''N''' were expected to get countdown clocks in 2016; the '''B''' and '''D''' would get the PA/CIS along their shared IND Concourse Line stations, the '''D''' along the BMT West End Line, and the '''N''' along the BMT Sea Beach Line.",
"Meanwhile, the IRT Flushing Line ('''''') was to get the clocks in 2018, a delay from an earlier announced date of 2016.",
"In August 2016, a 90-day testing period began for updated countdown clocks on eight BMT Broadway Line stations on the .",
"The clocks feature new LCD screens as opposed to the old LED screens.",
"The new countdown clocks show the date and time, current weather, next trains, advertisements, other media, and service changes, unlike the old countdown clocks, which can only show the date and time and the next train arrivals.",
"The LCD clocks also use data from the Bluetooth receivers installed at the end of teach platform in the stations, which connect with Bluetooth receivers installed on the first and last cars of every train.",
"If the test was successful, the remaining 269 B Division stations would receive the new LCD countdown clocks.",
"The MTA was able to speed up the test by using Bluetooth receivers and wireless data in stations.",
"As opposed to the countdown clocks on the numbered lines, the system calculates when the trains will pull into their next stop based on when trains enter and leave the stations.",
"The new Bluetooth clocks performed accurately 97% of the time.",
"In November 2016, the MTA declared the Broadway Line countdown clock test successful.",
"All B Division stations would get countdown clocks by March 2018 (several years ahead of schedule), using the same Bluetooth technology as the clocks in the Broadway Line stations.",
"The countdown clocks would utilize either existing and new Siemens tricolor LED displays like the ones on the A Division and across scattered parts of the B Division, or new multicolor LCD display like the ones on the Broadway Line.",
"The '''R''' was the first mainline B Division route to receive countdown clocks along its entire length in July 2017.",
"Under the MTA's rolllout schedule released in July 2017, the countdown clocks on other routes would be enabled in stages through December 2017, including on the '''L''' train, where the existing LED clocks would be upgraded to use the new LCD displays.",
"All of the countdown-clock data for the B Division services would also be available in the MTA's Subway Time app, in addition to the data for the A Division and '''L''' services that were already included in the app prior to the test.",
"The countdown clocks for the rest of the B Division will be installed as part of the Integrated Service Information and Management – B Division (ISIM-B) project, which will upgrade signal towers and connect track circuits to a central database.",
"The project is called the Beacon Train Arrival System, and all 268 underground stations will have it installed by the end of 2017.",
"In each of the remaining 269 stations without countdown clocks, there would be two displays for each platform, as well as a single display installed just outside fare control.",
"The cost would be around $31.7 million to install, plus $5 million in annual maintenance costs.",
"Since the clocks are based on the Transit Wireless Wi-Fi, installation of each set of displays would cost $211,000 at every aboveground station (which did not have Transit Wireless ) and $54,000 at every underground station with Transit Wireless.",
"The MTA would upgrade the aboveground stations so they could also get Wi-Fi capabilities.",
"As the first batch of Bluetooth-enabled B Division countdown clocks was installed in September 2017, there were some passenger complaints about the location of the clocks.",
"Although the MTA places the clocks at the middle of each platform, as well as offers train arrival data on its Subway Time app, riders noted that these clocks were not always placed near locations where the riders would actually wait, such as the stairs to the platforms or the station entrances.",
"Sometimes, the clocks were hidden behind signs or located far away from the station entrances.",
"RFID trial on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line\nThe MTA signed a deal with MasterCard in the first few months of 2006 to test out a new RFID card payment scheme.",
"Customers had to sign up at a special MasterCard website and use a MasterCard PayPass credit or debit card/tag to participate.",
"Participating stations included IRT Lexington Avenue Line ( trains) from the Third Avenue–138th Street and 138th Street–Grand Concourse stations in the Bronx to Borough Hall in Brooklyn, as well as the Court Square–23rd Street in Queens for the trains.",
"Originally scheduled to end in December 2006, the trial was extended into 2007 due to \"overwhelming positive response\".",
"In light of the success of the first PayPass pilot project in 2006, another trial was started by the MTA.",
"This one started on June 1, 2010, and ended on November 30, 2010.",
"The first two months started with the customer just using the MasterCard PayPass debit or credit card.",
"However, this trial was the debut of having a rider use the VISA PayWave debit or credit card to enter the system, which started on August 1, 2010.",
"For six months, a rider could use either a MasterCard Paypass or VISA PayWave credit/debit card to pay for a fare on an expanded list of subway and bus routes.",
"In 2016, the MTA announced that it would begin designing a new contactless fare payment system to replace the MetroCard.",
"In April 2016, MTA solicited proposals for a contactless \"New Fare Payment System\" to replace the MetroCard by 2022.",
"The replacement system was planned for partial implementation as early as 2018.",
"The Help Point at the Smith–Ninth Streets station\n\nThe MTA set up another technology pilot project called \"Help Point\" in April 2011.",
"Help Point, a new digital-audio communications system, was designed for use in case of an emergency or to obtain subway information for travel directions.",
"The top button is labeled red for emergencies and connects to the Rail Control Center.",
"The bottom button is labeled green and connects to a MTA station agent for any inquiries.",
"All units are equipped with a microphone and speaker, and can optionally be installed with a camera.",
"Also, the test units were equipped for the hearing impaired (under ADA compliance).",
"The two subway stations that were part of this trial were on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.",
"They were the 23rd Street and the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall stations.",
"The Help Points at the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station were wireless, while those at the 23rd Street station ones were hard-wired, to test which type of transmission is best for the subway.",
"After the Help Point test was successfully completed, the MTA started to install Help Points in all subway stations to replace the existing Customer Assistance Intercom (CAI) units.",
"The help points were installed in 166 stations by 2014, at which time the remaining stations were scheduled to have Help Points by the end of 2019.",
"The Help Point installation timeline was later accelerated to the end of 2017.",
"The On the Go!",
"Travel Station in use at the Bowling Green station\nOn September 19, 2011, the MTA set up another pilot project, an online, interactive touchscreen computer program called \"On The Go!",
"Travel Station\" (OTG).",
"It lists any planned work or service changes occurring on the subway as well as information to help travelers find landmarks or locales near the stations with an OTG outlet, with advertisements as well.",
"The first station to test this new technology was Bowling Green on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.",
"Other stations scheduled to participate in this program were Penn Station (with the LIRR), Grand Central Terminal (with Metro-North), Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center in Brooklyn, and Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street–Broadway in Queens.",
"New and existing On the Go!",
"kiosks were to receive an interface overhaul as a result of the MTA's partnership with Control Group, a technology and design consultancy firm.",
"Control Group were adding route lookups, countdown to train arrivals, and service alerts.",
"Between 47 and 90 interactive wayfinding kiosks were scheduled to be deployed in 2013. , there are 155 kiosks at 31 stations.",
"At the completion of Phase 2, there will be a total of 380 kiosks installed.",
"An indoor antenna, part of the distributed antenna system installed by Transit Wireless inside a station|alt=An indoor antenna, part of the distributed antenna system installed inside a station by Transit Wireless\n\nNew York City Subway began to provide underground cellular phone with voice and data service, and free Wi-Fi to passengers in 2011 at six stations in Chelsea, Manhattan.",
"The new network was installed and owned by Transit Wireless as part of company's $200 million investment.",
"The company expanded the services to 30 more stations in 2013 and signed an agreement with all 4 major wireless network operators (Verizon Wireless, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile) to allow their cellular phone customers to use its network.",
"The MTA and Transit Wireless are splitting the fees received from those wireless carriers for the usage of the network.",
"The Wi-Fi service, which operates using antennae, is operated by Boingo Wireless.",
"Poster announcing cell service and free Wi-FI\nTransit Wireless expected to provide service to the remaining 241 underground stations by 2017.",
"The next 40 key stations (11 in midtown Manhattan and 29 in Queens) have antennas that were in service by March 2014.",
"The wireless for these 40 underground stations were completed by October 2014.",
"Phase 3 of the project was completed in March 2015 and added service to the Flushing–Main Street station in Queens, as well as stations in Lower Manhattan, West Harlem, and Washington Heights.",
"Phase 4 of the project covered twenty underground stations in the Bronx and seventeen in Upper Manhattan; this phase, completed in November 2015, provided service to major stations such as Lexington Avenue–53rd Street, Lexington Avenue–59th Street, 149th Street–Grand Concourse, and 125th Street.",
"Because Governor Andrew Cuomo had implemented a timeline for accelerated implementation of in-station wireless service, phases 6 and 7 of the Transit Wireless network build-out will connect the 90 remaining Brooklyn and Manhattan underground stations by early 2017, about one year ahead of the original completion date of 2018.",
"In late December 2016, it was expected that all stations would have wireless by the final day of that year.",
"However, Governor Cuomo later announced that by January 9, that cellular connectivity and wireless service would be available in all underground stations, except at four stations.",
"These stations were the New South Ferry station and the three stations on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line–Prospect Avenue, 53rd Street, and Bay Ridge Avenue—that would have wireless installed as part of their Enhanced Station renovations.",
"Celluar connectivity was completed one year early.",
"The entire project was completed for $300 million, with Transit Wireless sharing revenues derived from the network's service with the MTA.",
"The partnership between Transit Wireless and the MTA is for 27 years.",
"In June 2016, the MTA began installing Wi-Fi in subway cars as well.",
"Wireless service was installed on four R160 subway cars assigned to the Jamaica Yard, then tested along the all-underground E route; in-car Wi-Fi was expanded to 20 R160s on the E route by September.",
"However, this pilot program was not advertised to passengers.",
"In addition, the wireless service was not working all the time; one passenger described the signal on board the trains as spotty, and only really available on the platforms.",
"At the time, the MTA was not planning to retrofit subway tunnels with wireless service.",
"Still, this in-car Wi-Fi pilot program is part of the wider program to install Wi-Fi in underground stations and onboard newer MTA buses.",
"Future subway cars, like the R211, will also include Wi-Fi upon their delivery.",
"In 2017, the MTA partnered with NYC Public Libraries, New York State, and Transit Wireless, to create Subway Library, a system that allows users to choose from a selection of e-books to read for free when connected to TransitWireless Wi-Fi.",
"The first major wave of digital advertisements in the subway were introduced with the deployment of the On the Go!",
"Travel Station in 2011.",
"From 2016 on, the LCD countdown clocks also provided another way to show advertisements to passengers.",
"In September 2017, the MTA announced plans to add 31,000 digital advertising screens in 5,134 cars, as well as 9,500 extra screens in stations, far more than what the clocks or travel stations could provide.",
"The advertising screens are being installed by Outfront Media from 2019 to 2022.",
"There would eventually be 50,000 screens systemwide.",
"Prior to the announcement, most of the few digital advertising displays in use systemwide had been used to advertise the Second Avenue Subway's opening earlier that year."
] | river |
[
"'''Robert Clements''' (born December 11, 1950) is an American politician and businessman.\n\nClements was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He graduated from Elmwood High School in Elmwood, Nebraska in 1969. Clements received his bachelor's degree in 1973 from University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Clements is a banker at America Exchange Bank in Elmwood, Nebraska. On February 6, 2017, Clements was appointed to the Nebraska Legislature replacing Bill Kintner who resigned. He is involved with the Republican Party.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Notes"
] | Robert Clements (Nebraska politician) | [
"Clements is a banker at America Exchange Bank in Elmwood, Nebraska."
] | [
"'''Robert Clements''' (born December 11, 1950) is an American politician and businessman.",
"Clements was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.",
"He graduated from Elmwood High School in Elmwood, Nebraska in 1969.",
"Clements received his bachelor's degree in 1973 from University of Nebraska–Lincoln.",
"On February 6, 2017, Clements was appointed to the Nebraska Legislature replacing Bill Kintner who resigned.",
"He is involved with the Republican Party."
] | finance |
[
"\nThe '''Dublin Commercial Historic District''' is a historic district roughly centered on Jackson Ave. and Lawrence St. in Dublin in Laurens County, Georgia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The district included 76 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing object.\n\nIt covers the historic core of the town of Dublin, which was incorporated in 1812 and was laid out in a gridiron pattern. Streets were named after U.S. presidents and after Revolutionary War and War of 1812 heroes.\n\nThe town planis an example of the Sparta-type county seat plan. The Sparta plan features a central courthouse square, but the square is given greater prominence by aligning major streets to run directly towards its center. This may occur on all four sides of the square, or as is the case in Dublin, two streets may approach the center while others intersect at the corners. The town was laid out in a gridiron pattern with the courthouse at the east end of Jackson Avenue, the main east-west street in the central business district that runs directly to the center of the square. The nonhistoric Laurens County courthouse, constructed in 1962, occupies the west side of the square while the Federal Building and United States Courthouse constructed in 1936 and later renamed for J. Roy Rowland occupies the east side.\n\nNotable buildings include:\n*Christ Episcopal Church (1898), Gothic Revival\n*Carnegie Library (1904), Neoclassical style, designed by Atlanta architects Morgan and Dillon, separately NRHP-listed\n*First National Bank Building (1912), Classical Revival, seven stories tall (the tallest building in the district).\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | Dublin Commercial Historic District | [
"Notable buildings include:\n*Christ Episcopal Church (1898), Gothic Revival\n*Carnegie Library (1904), Neoclassical style, designed by Atlanta architects Morgan and Dillon, separately NRHP-listed\n*First National Bank Building (1912), Classical Revival, seven stories tall (the tallest building in the district)."
] | [
"\nThe '''Dublin Commercial Historic District''' is a historic district roughly centered on Jackson Ave. and Lawrence St. in Dublin in Laurens County, Georgia.",
"It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.",
"The district included 76 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing object.",
"It covers the historic core of the town of Dublin, which was incorporated in 1812 and was laid out in a gridiron pattern.",
"Streets were named after U.S. presidents and after Revolutionary War and War of 1812 heroes.",
"The town planis an example of the Sparta-type county seat plan.",
"The Sparta plan features a central courthouse square, but the square is given greater prominence by aligning major streets to run directly towards its center.",
"This may occur on all four sides of the square, or as is the case in Dublin, two streets may approach the center while others intersect at the corners.",
"The town was laid out in a gridiron pattern with the courthouse at the east end of Jackson Avenue, the main east-west street in the central business district that runs directly to the center of the square.",
"The nonhistoric Laurens County courthouse, constructed in 1962, occupies the west side of the square while the Federal Building and United States Courthouse constructed in 1936 and later renamed for J. Roy Rowland occupies the east side."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n'''Kavain Space''', known as '''RP Boo''', is a Chicago-based electronic musician, producer and DJ known as one of the originators of the footwork genre. He released his debut album ''Legacy'' on Planet Mu in 2013.\n\nBorn in West Chicago, RP Boo started as a DJ and dancer working with the House-O-Matics juke and House crew, making mixtapes, and contributing to the Bud Billiken Parade. His early, self-released singles are cited as foundational to the evolution of the style of Footwork. He produces tracks using a Roland R-70 and an Akai SO1.\n",
"\n===Albums===\n* ''Legacy'' (2013)\n* ''Fingers, Bank Pads, and Shoe Prints'' (2015)\n\n=== EPs and singles ===\n* 1997: ''Baby Come On''\n* 1999: ''11-47-99'' (The Godzilla Track)\n* 2014: ''RP Technic''\n* 2015: ''Classics, Volume 1''\n* 2016: ''The Ultimate''\n",
"\n",
"*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Discography",
"References",
"External links"
] | RP Boo | [
"\n===Albums===\n* ''Legacy'' (2013)\n* ''Fingers, Bank Pads, and Shoe Prints'' (2015)\n\n=== EPs and singles ===\n* 1997: ''Baby Come On''\n* 1999: ''11-47-99'' (The Godzilla Track)\n* 2014: ''RP Technic''\n* 2015: ''Classics, Volume 1''\n* 2016: ''The Ultimate''"
] | [
"\n\n'''Kavain Space''', known as '''RP Boo''', is a Chicago-based electronic musician, producer and DJ known as one of the originators of the footwork genre.",
"He released his debut album ''Legacy'' on Planet Mu in 2013.",
"Born in West Chicago, RP Boo started as a DJ and dancer working with the House-O-Matics juke and House crew, making mixtapes, and contributing to the Bud Billiken Parade.",
"His early, self-released singles are cited as foundational to the evolution of the style of Footwork.",
"He produces tracks using a Roland R-70 and an Akai SO1.",
"*\n*\n*"
] | river |
[
"'''Jack Gold''' was a 20th-century American union labor leader and political activist who served as manager of the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) and was a founding board member of the Amalgamated Bank of New York.\n\nFor Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) (of which Amalgamated Bank co-founder Sidney Hillman was president), Gold served as the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board, manager of the New York Joint Board of the ACWA, chairman of the ACWA committee for the United Labor party, \n\nFellow co-founders of the Amalgamated Bank included Sidney Hillman and Max Lowenthal.\n",
"\n\n",
"\n* Getty Images: Jack Gold shakes hands with Simon Ackerman (June 1, 1948)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External sources"
] | Jack Gold (labor) | [
"'''Jack Gold''' was a 20th-century American union labor leader and political activist who served as manager of the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) and was a founding board member of the Amalgamated Bank of New York.",
"For Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) (of which Amalgamated Bank co-founder Sidney Hillman was president), Gold served as the manager of the Coatmakers Trade Board, manager of the New York Joint Board of the ACWA, chairman of the ACWA committee for the United Labor party, \n\nFellow co-founders of the Amalgamated Bank included Sidney Hillman and Max Lowenthal."
] | [
"\n* Getty Images: Jack Gold shakes hands with Simon Ackerman (June 1, 1948)"
] | river |
[
"The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.\n\n\n",
"\n\n* 1880 - Teke trading site at Pool Malebo \"ceded...to French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza;\" named Ncouna.\n* 1884 - Ncouna renamed Brazzaville.\n* 1886 - Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of French Congo founded.\n* 1892 - Sacred Heart Cathedral built.\n* 1893 - Palais Épiscopal built.(fr)\n",
"* 1901 - built.\n* 1910 - Brazzaville becomes part of colonial French Equatorial Africa.\n* 1911 - White residential Poto-Poto neighborhood established.\n* 1912 - Town hall built.(fr)\n* 1927 - Stade Marchand (stadium) opens.\n* 1929 - Urban plan created.(fr)\n* 1930 - Activist André Matsoua imprisoned; unrest ensues.\n* 1931 - Poste Centrale (post office) built.(fr)\n* 1932 - Gare ferroviaire (train station) built.\n* 1934 - Congo–Ocean Railway (Pointe-Noire-Brazzaville) begins operating.\n* 1940\n** Brazzaville becomes capital of government-in-exile of France (Free France) during World War II.\n** October: De Gaulle visits city.\n* 1943\n** arrondissement created.\n** (church) construction begins.\n* 1944\n** Brazzaville Zoo opens.\n** January: Meeting of government-in-exile of France held in Brazzaville.\n* 1945 - Population: 50,000 (approximate).\n* 1948 - Victor Schoelcher monument erected.\n* 1951 - founded.\n* 1953 - Vog cinema built.(fr)\n* 1955 - Palais de Justice (courthouse) built.(fr)\n* 1956 - 18 November: Moyen-Congo municipal elections, 1956 held; Fulbert Youlou becomes mayor.\n* 1958 - Population: 100,000 (approximate).\n* 1959 - and Ouenzé arrondissements created.\n* 1960 - City becomes capital of independent Republic of the Congo.\n* 1961 - Population: 136,200.\n* 1962 - (television) begins broadcasting from Brazzaville.\n* 1963 - City hall built.(fr)\n* 1965\n** Stade de la Révolution (stadium) opens.\n** July: 1965 All-Africa Games held in Brazzaville.\n* 1970\n** neighborhood created.\n** Population: 200,000 (approximate).\n* 1971 - University of Brazzaville and Lycée Français Saint-Exupéry de Brazzaville (school) founded.\n* 1975 - Sister/twin city agreement signed with Dresden, Germany.\n* 1976 - Development Bank of the Central African States branch in business.\n* 1977 - 18 March: Assassination of president Ngouabi.\n* 1980\n** 5 May: Catholic pope visits city.\n** Commune of Brazzaville detaches from the Pool Department.\n** Population: 422,000 (approximate).\n* 1984 - Population: 596,200.\n* 1986 - Nabemba Tower built.\n* 1987\n** April: held in city.\n** Meeting of the Association Internationale des Maires Francophones held in city.\n* 1989 - AS Police (football club) formed.\n* 1990\n** arrondissement officially established.\n** Population: 760,300 (estimate).\n* 1994 - built.\n* 1996 - Population: 976,806 (estimate).\n* 1997 - City taken by pro-Sassou Nguesso forces during the Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99).\n",
"* 2001 - December: Trial of former president Lissouba held in city.\n* 2002\n** June: \"Government troops battle Ninja rebels in Brazzaville.\"\n** Population: 1,242,857 (estimate).\n* 2003 - Hugues Ngouelondélé becomes mayor.\n* 2004 - July: 2004 African Championships in Athletics held in city.\n* 2005 - (music festival) begins.\n* 2006 - Mausolée de Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (memorial) erected.(fr)\n* 2009 - 26 August: Airplane crash occurs.\n* 2010 - Maya-Maya Airport new terminal opens.\n* 2011\n** and arrondissements created.\n** active.\n* 2012\n** 4 March: Brazzaville arms dump blasts.\n** 30 November: Airplane crash occurs.\n* 2015\n** Kintélé Sports Complex, Palais des Sports, and Stade Municipal de Kintélé (stadium) open.\n** 4–19 September: 2015 African Games held in Brazzaville.\n** 27 September: Political protest.\n** October: Political protest; crackdown.\n** Port Authority Headquarters building constructed.\n* 2016 - April: Post-election unrest.\n* 2017\n** August: Christian Roger Okemba becomes mayor.\n** Long-planned project to build a Brazzaville-Kinshasa Bridge reactivated.\n",
"* Brazzaville history\n* List of mayors of Brazzaville\n* Timeline and history of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (city across Congo River from Brazzaville)\n",
"\n:''This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and Spanish Wikipedia.''\n",
"\n\n;in English\n* Martin, Phyllis 1995, Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n* \n* \n* \n\n;in French\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n",
"\n* (Bibliography of open access articles)\n* Items related to Brazzaville, various dates (via Europeana)\n* Items related to Brazzaville, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"19th century",
"20th century",
"21st century",
"See also",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
] | Timeline of Brazzaville | [
"* 1976 - Development Bank of the Central African States branch in business."
] | [
"The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.",
"\n\n* 1880 - Teke trading site at Pool Malebo \"ceded...to French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza;\" named Ncouna.",
"* 1884 - Ncouna renamed Brazzaville.",
"* 1886 - Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of French Congo founded.",
"* 1892 - Sacred Heart Cathedral built.",
"* 1893 - Palais Épiscopal built.",
"(fr)",
"* 1901 - built.",
"* 1910 - Brazzaville becomes part of colonial French Equatorial Africa.",
"* 1911 - White residential Poto-Poto neighborhood established.",
"* 1912 - Town hall built.",
"(fr)\n* 1927 - Stade Marchand (stadium) opens.",
"* 1929 - Urban plan created.",
"(fr)\n* 1930 - Activist André Matsoua imprisoned; unrest ensues.",
"* 1931 - Poste Centrale (post office) built.",
"(fr)\n* 1932 - Gare ferroviaire (train station) built.",
"* 1934 - Congo–Ocean Railway (Pointe-Noire-Brazzaville) begins operating.",
"* 1940\n** Brazzaville becomes capital of government-in-exile of France (Free France) during World War II.",
"** October: De Gaulle visits city.",
"* 1943\n** arrondissement created.",
"** (church) construction begins.",
"* 1944\n** Brazzaville Zoo opens.",
"** January: Meeting of government-in-exile of France held in Brazzaville.",
"* 1945 - Population: 50,000 (approximate).",
"* 1948 - Victor Schoelcher monument erected.",
"* 1951 - founded.",
"* 1953 - Vog cinema built.",
"(fr)\n* 1955 - Palais de Justice (courthouse) built.",
"(fr)\n* 1956 - 18 November: Moyen-Congo municipal elections, 1956 held; Fulbert Youlou becomes mayor.",
"* 1958 - Population: 100,000 (approximate).",
"* 1959 - and Ouenzé arrondissements created.",
"* 1960 - City becomes capital of independent Republic of the Congo.",
"* 1961 - Population: 136,200.",
"* 1962 - (television) begins broadcasting from Brazzaville.",
"* 1963 - City hall built.",
"(fr)\n* 1965\n** Stade de la Révolution (stadium) opens.",
"** July: 1965 All-Africa Games held in Brazzaville.",
"* 1970\n** neighborhood created.",
"** Population: 200,000 (approximate).",
"* 1971 - University of Brazzaville and Lycée Français Saint-Exupéry de Brazzaville (school) founded.",
"* 1975 - Sister/twin city agreement signed with Dresden, Germany.",
"* 1977 - 18 March: Assassination of president Ngouabi.",
"* 1980\n** 5 May: Catholic pope visits city.",
"** Commune of Brazzaville detaches from the Pool Department.",
"** Population: 422,000 (approximate).",
"* 1984 - Population: 596,200.",
"* 1986 - Nabemba Tower built.",
"* 1987\n** April: held in city.",
"** Meeting of the Association Internationale des Maires Francophones held in city.",
"* 1989 - AS Police (football club) formed.",
"* 1990\n** arrondissement officially established.",
"** Population: 760,300 (estimate).",
"* 1994 - built.",
"* 1996 - Population: 976,806 (estimate).",
"* 1997 - City taken by pro-Sassou Nguesso forces during the Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99).",
"* 2001 - December: Trial of former president Lissouba held in city.",
"* 2002\n** June: \"Government troops battle Ninja rebels in Brazzaville.\"",
"** Population: 1,242,857 (estimate).",
"* 2003 - Hugues Ngouelondélé becomes mayor.",
"* 2004 - July: 2004 African Championships in Athletics held in city.",
"* 2005 - (music festival) begins.",
"* 2006 - Mausolée de Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (memorial) erected.",
"(fr)\n* 2009 - 26 August: Airplane crash occurs.",
"* 2010 - Maya-Maya Airport new terminal opens.",
"* 2011\n** and arrondissements created.",
"** active.",
"* 2012\n** 4 March: Brazzaville arms dump blasts.",
"** 30 November: Airplane crash occurs.",
"* 2015\n** Kintélé Sports Complex, Palais des Sports, and Stade Municipal de Kintélé (stadium) open.",
"** 4–19 September: 2015 African Games held in Brazzaville.",
"** 27 September: Political protest.",
"** October: Political protest; crackdown.",
"** Port Authority Headquarters building constructed.",
"* 2016 - April: Post-election unrest.",
"* 2017\n** August: Christian Roger Okemba becomes mayor.",
"** Long-planned project to build a Brazzaville-Kinshasa Bridge reactivated.",
"* Brazzaville history\n* List of mayors of Brazzaville\n* Timeline and history of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (city across Congo River from Brazzaville)",
"\n:''This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and Spanish Wikipedia.''",
"\n\n;in English\n* Martin, Phyllis 1995, Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.",
"* \n* \n* \n\n;in French\n* \n* \n* \n* \n*",
"\n* (Bibliography of open access articles)\n* Items related to Brazzaville, various dates (via Europeana)\n* Items related to Brazzaville, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n\nThe '''NAB AFL Women's Rising Star''' award is given annually to a standout young player in the AFL Women's (AFLW). The first award was made in 2017. The National Australia Bank (NAB) has been the major sponsor since 2017.\n",
"Every round, two nominations are given to standout young players who performed well during that particular round. To be eligible for nomination, a player must be younger than 21 years of age on 1 January of that year and not be suspended during the season.\n\nAt the end of the season, the selection panel, which also votes for the AFL Women's All-Australian team, votes for five of the nominees, with their top selections earning five votes, their second selection earning four votes, etc. The player who receives the most votes is the winner. The current selection panel is Simon Lethlean, Mark Evans, Josh Vanderloo, Jennie Loughnan, Kevin Sheehan, Peta Searle, Darren Flanigan, Kelli Underwood, Ros Lanigan and Shelley Ware.\n",
"The winners of the AFL Women's Rising Star award have been:\n\n\n\n Year \n Winner \n Team \n Recruited\nRef.\n\n 2017\n Ebony Marinoff\n \n 2016 AFL Women's draft, selection 7\n\n\n\n===By club===\n\n\n Club\nNominations\nWinners\n\n \n1 \n1\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n4 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n\n===Most nominations in a season===\n\n\n '''Noms.''' \n'''Club''' \n'''Season''' \n'''Nominees'''\n\n 4 \n \n 2017 \n Lily Mithen, Jasmine Grierson, Katherine Smith, Deanna Berry\n\n 2 \n \n 2017 \n Tayla Harris, Sabrina Frederick-Traub\n\n \n 2017 \n Isabella Ayre, Tilly Lucas-Rodd\n\n \n 2017 \n Erin McKinnon, Nicola Barr\n\n 1 \n \n 2017 \n Ebony Marinoff\n\n \n 2017 \n Brittany Bonnici\n\n \n 2017 \n Ashley Sharp\n\n \n 2017 \n Bailey Hunt\n\n",
"\n'''Rising Star winners in a premiership year'''\n* Ebony Marinoff () – 2017\n\n'''Rising star and premiership player'''\n* Ebony Marinoff – 2017 Rising Star, 2017 AFLW premiership\n",
"\n",
"* AFL Women's Awards on the official AFL website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Eligibility and nominations",
"Winners",
"Achievements of winners",
"References",
"External links"
] | AFL Women's Rising Star | [
"The National Australia Bank (NAB) has been the major sponsor since 2017."
] | [
"\n\n\n\nThe '''NAB AFL Women's Rising Star''' award is given annually to a standout young player in the AFL Women's (AFLW).",
"The first award was made in 2017.",
"Every round, two nominations are given to standout young players who performed well during that particular round.",
"To be eligible for nomination, a player must be younger than 21 years of age on 1 January of that year and not be suspended during the season.",
"At the end of the season, the selection panel, which also votes for the AFL Women's All-Australian team, votes for five of the nominees, with their top selections earning five votes, their second selection earning four votes, etc.",
"The player who receives the most votes is the winner.",
"The current selection panel is Simon Lethlean, Mark Evans, Josh Vanderloo, Jennie Loughnan, Kevin Sheehan, Peta Searle, Darren Flanigan, Kelli Underwood, Ros Lanigan and Shelley Ware.",
"The winners of the AFL Women's Rising Star award have been:\n\n\n\n Year \n Winner \n Team \n Recruited\nRef.",
"2017\n Ebony Marinoff\n \n 2016 AFL Women's draft, selection 7\n\n\n\n===By club===\n\n\n Club\nNominations\nWinners\n\n \n1 \n1\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n \n2 \n0\n\n \n4 \n0\n\n \n1 \n0\n\n\n===Most nominations in a season===\n\n\n '''Noms.'''",
"'''Club''' \n'''Season''' \n'''Nominees'''\n\n 4 \n \n 2017 \n Lily Mithen, Jasmine Grierson, Katherine Smith, Deanna Berry\n\n 2 \n \n 2017 \n Tayla Harris, Sabrina Frederick-Traub\n\n \n 2017 \n Isabella Ayre, Tilly Lucas-Rodd\n\n \n 2017 \n Erin McKinnon, Nicola Barr\n\n 1 \n \n 2017 \n Ebony Marinoff\n\n \n 2017 \n Brittany Bonnici\n\n \n 2017 \n Ashley Sharp\n\n \n 2017 \n Bailey Hunt",
"\n'''Rising Star winners in a premiership year'''\n* Ebony Marinoff () – 2017\n\n'''Rising star and premiership player'''\n* Ebony Marinoff – 2017 Rising Star, 2017 AFLW premiership",
"* AFL Women's Awards on the official AFL website"
] | finance |
[
"\n'''''Cat and Mouse''''' is a 1958 British crime drama film directed by Paul Rotha. It was released in the United States with the alternative title '''''The Desperate Men'''''.\n",
"* Lee Patterson as Rod Fenner\n* Ann Sears as Ann Coltby\n* Victor Maddern as Superintendent Harding\n* Hilton Edwards as Mr. Scruby\n* Diana Fawcett as Mrs. Pomeroy\n* Roddy McMillan as Mr. Pomeroy\n* Stuart Saunders as Plainclothes Sergeant \n* George Rose as Second-hand Clothes Dealer\n* Llewellyn Rees as\tBank Manager\n",
"\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Cast",
"References",
"External links"
] | Cat and Mouse (1958 film) | [
"* Lee Patterson as Rod Fenner\n* Ann Sears as Ann Coltby\n* Victor Maddern as Superintendent Harding\n* Hilton Edwards as Mr. Scruby\n* Diana Fawcett as Mrs. Pomeroy\n* Roddy McMillan as Mr. Pomeroy\n* Stuart Saunders as Plainclothes Sergeant \n* George Rose as Second-hand Clothes Dealer\n* Llewellyn Rees as\tBank Manager"
] | [
"\n'''''Cat and Mouse''''' is a 1958 British crime drama film directed by Paul Rotha.",
"It was released in the United States with the alternative title '''''The Desperate Men'''''."
] | river |
[
"'''Naomi Ferguson''' is the Commissioner and Chief Executive of the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department.\n",
"Ferguson was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and studied at the University of Glasgow, graduating with a Master of Arts in English Literature and Sociology.\n",
"\nOn graduating, Ferguson joined Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs as a trainee tax inspector, followed by a short period working at Barclays Bank as the Human Resources, Restructuring and Development Director, and then returned to HRMC. She has also held the position of Regional Director for Inland Revenue in Northern Ireland. \n\nIn 2003, Ferguson was seconded to the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department as Deputy Commissioner for a period of 3 years. From 2006 to 21012 she was director, business customer and strategy for HRMC. In July 2012 she was appointed Commissioner and Chief Executive of the New Zealand IRD. She is the first woman to hold these positions.\n\n=== Recognition ===\nIn 2016 she won the New Zealand Women of Influence Award in Public Policy.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Early life ",
" Career ",
"References"
] | Naomi Ferguson | [
"\nOn graduating, Ferguson joined Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs as a trainee tax inspector, followed by a short period working at Barclays Bank as the Human Resources, Restructuring and Development Director, and then returned to HRMC."
] | [
"'''Naomi Ferguson''' is the Commissioner and Chief Executive of the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department.",
"Ferguson was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and studied at the University of Glasgow, graduating with a Master of Arts in English Literature and Sociology.",
"She has also held the position of Regional Director for Inland Revenue in Northern Ireland.",
"In 2003, Ferguson was seconded to the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department as Deputy Commissioner for a period of 3 years.",
"From 2006 to 21012 she was director, business customer and strategy for HRMC.",
"In July 2012 she was appointed Commissioner and Chief Executive of the New Zealand IRD.",
"She is the first woman to hold these positions.",
"=== Recognition ===\nIn 2016 she won the New Zealand Women of Influence Award in Public Policy."
] | river |
[
"\n\n\n\n'''Werner Rügemer''' (born 1941 in Amberg) is a German commentator, lecturer and writer. He is considered to be a leading \"intervening philosopher\".\n",
"Rügemer was born in Amberg. His a original from the Upper Palatinate region of Germany and has attended primary and secondary education in Brendlorenzen / Rhön, Bad Neustadt an der Saale and Berchtesgaden. Afterwards he attended at University of Munich, University of Tübingen, University of West-Berlin and Paris, where he studied in Literary, Philosophy and Economy. In the year 1979 at the University of Bremen he finished his doctoral thesis about the argument \"Philosophical anthropology and epoch crisis. A study on the connection between the general crisis of capitalism and the anthropological foundation of philosophy as exemplified by Arnold Gehlen. He was co-founder of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in the year of 1999.\n",
"After several experiences in the world of journalism, he was appointed in 1974 to 1989 by the editor of the monthly '' Demokratische Erziehung''. Werner Rügemer has been collaborating with the world of printed papers since the 1980's on various radio and television publications (especially with WDR. His principal areas of interest are corporate crime and bank criminality, dealing with issues ranging from corruption. Werner Rügemer's work covers both \"Klüngel\", corruption and corporate crime in his hometown of Cologne, in European municipalities and in the global economy. Therefore Rügemer criticizes a tendency to pervert democracy in Germany and the \"Western values community\", since public debt, corruption and enrichment of elected and unelected elites have reached a level that was attributed only to \"developing countries\". In his publications on the 2008 financial crisis, he deeply criticized for liquidated insolvency of banks, which have speculated. However the philosopher supports the dismantling of the three major rating agencies Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's, as well as the four leading KPMG, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Ernst & Young and Deloitte accounting companies for their worldwide sovereign tasks.\n\n=== New technology - old society. Silicon Valley. ===\nIn the book from 1984, Werner Rügemer described \"The Dark Side of High Tech\". A field study from California, where the digital revolution began. Including the history of inventions, illegal work in sweat shops, working conditions of chip workers, groundwater poisoning, interviews with Stanford scientists, trade unionists, armament engineers, firefighters and portrait Steve Jobs. The Book was translated in russian and hungarian.\n\n=== \"State Secret - Discharge Water\" ===\nThe \"Staatsgeheimnis Abwasser\" (\"State Secret - Discharge Water\") is a book by Werner Rügemer from 1994. In which he wrote about the cycle of drinking water and the industrial wastewater of the corruption system, as exemplified by the city of Cologne.\n\n=== \"Economies without corruption?\" ===\nEconomies without corruption (German: Wirtschaften ohne Korruption?) is a 1996 novel by Werner Rügemer. The book is about the history of corruption in the Federal Republic of Germany and international practice of the USA, France, Great Britain.\n\n=== \"Colonia Corrupta\" ===\n\"Colonia Corrputa - Privatization, Globalization and Corruption in Cologne\" was published in 2002. In this book he published an article about the \"Cologne waste incineration plant\".\n\n=== \"The Banker\" ===\nIn 2006, Rügmer's book \"Der Bankier -Ungebetener Nachruf to Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim\" appeared in the store. In addition he added some aspects of the party system under Helmut Kohl. His book reveals that Kohl was secretly funded by Sal. Oppenheim in the early eighties with at least DM 1.3 million.\n\n=== \"\"Grasshoppers\" in the public space\" ===\nHe criticized the disadvantages of Cross-Border-Leasing (CBL) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP). In his transmission, Rügmer criticized CBL's practice of selling public properties to US private investors. The treaty was largely secrecy. With his book \"Cross-Border Leasing\" he discussed the discussion. This is a standard book about the global expropriation of cities.\n\n=== \"Privatization in Germany - A Financial Statement\" ===\nIn 2006, his book \"Privatization in Germany - A Financial Statement\" was published. There he investigated a balance of privatization projects launched and implemented since 1984, and their impact on public budgets, public services and democracy.\n\n=== Rating agencies: Insights into the present capitalist power ===\nThe reviewing economist of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Rudolf Hickel, recommends the book capitalism critics and supporters alike. Rügemer openly disclosed the \"systematically well-maintained intransparency as well as the lack of liability for incorrect decisions\" of the agencies.\n\n=== \"Die Fertigmacher\" ===\nThe book \"Die Fertigmacher - Arbeitsunrecht und professionelle Gewerkschaftsbekämpfung\" (\"Work Abuse and Fight Against the labour union\") was published in 2014. The author portrays with examples from the USA and the state support from formerly German governments under Kohl/Lambsdorff and Schröder.\n\n=== Until this freedom illuminates the world ===\nFrom the variety of his publications, Werner Rügemer summarizes a selection here. This is not only about the great questions of the transatlantic relationship, but also about what is happening in cities, churches, businesses, financial oases, streets, courtrooms, administrations, editorial offices - or in the arts, music and literature business.\n",
"Werner Rügemer was co-founder of the initiative \"Gemeingut die Bürgerinnenhand\". He served as the President of Business Crime Control. However after serving two years, he resign as President for privat reasons. He is a member of Transparency International, the International Gramsci Society, the Association of German Writers (VS) in ver.di, the PEN Center of Germany, the attac scientific committee, and is co-founder of the \"Verein Aktion gegen Arbeitsunrecht\".\n",
"Rügemer has won many awards throughout his career including Friedrich-and-Isabel-Vogel-Prize of the Association for German Science. In 2002, Rügemer received the Journalists' Prize of the Federation of Taxpayers. Rügemer received the Journalists' Prize of Association Enterprises (VKU) for a radio broadcast in 2003. In November 2008, Rügemer received the accolade of \"Karls-Preis\" from NRhZ-Online – Neue Rheinische Zeitung.\n",
"* ''Die Psychoanalyse der BILD-Zeitung.'' 1968 (for Springer-Tribunal and Kritische Universität Berlin)\n* ''Philosophische Anthropologie und Epochenkrise. Studie über den Zusammenhang von allgemeiner Krise des Kapitalismus und anthropologische Grundlegung der Philosophie am Beispiel Arnold Gehlens.'' Dissertation. Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln 1979.\n* ''Neue Technik - alte Gesellschaft. Silicon Valley.'' Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, Köln 1985, . \n* ''Der Kranke Weltpolizist: Das Innenleben der USA als Gefahr für den „Rest der Welt“.'' Köln 1986.\n* Uwe Hirschfeld, Werner Rügemer (editor): ''Utopie und Zivilgesellschaft. Rekonstruktionen, Thesen und Informationen zu Antonio Gramsci.'' Berlin 1990.\n* ''Staatsgeheimnis Abwasser.'' Zebulon Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, .\n* ''Wirtschaften ohne Korruption?'' Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, .\n* ''Grüezi! Bei welchen Verbrechen dürfen wir behilflich sein? Die Schweiz als logistisches Zentrum der internationalen Wirtschaftskriminalität. Essays, Analysen und Materialien.'' Distel Verlag, Heilbronn 1999, .\n* ''Arm und reich.'' transcript, Bielefeld 2002, .\n* ''Die Berater.'' transcript, Bielefeld 2004, .\n* ''Cross-Border-Leasing.'' Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2004, .\n* ''Der Bankier. Ungebetener Nachruf auf Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim.'' 3. erweiterte geschwärzte Ausgabe. Nomen, Frankfurt am Main 2006, .\n* ''Privatisierung in Deutschland.'' 4. erweiterte und aktualisierte Ausgabe. Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2008, . \n* ''ArbeitsUnrecht. Anklage und Alternativen.'' Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2009, .\n* ''„Heuschrecken“ im öffentlichen Raum: Public Private Partnership - Anatomie eines globalen Finanzinstruments.'' transcript, Bielefeld 2008, 2.Auflage 2011. .\n* ''Colonia Corrupta.'' Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2012 / 8. Auflage 2015, .\n* ''Ratingagenturen - Einblicke in die Kapitalmacht der Gegenwart.'' transcript, Bielefeld, 2012, . (spanische Ausgabe: Januar 2013)\n* ''Die Fertigmacher. Arbeitsunrecht und professionelle Gewerkschaftsbekämpfung.'' Papyrossa Verlag, Köln 2014 / Erweiterte und aktualisierte 3. Auflage März 2017 .\n* ''Bis diese Freiheit die Welt erleuchtet. Transatlantische Sittenbilder aus Politik und Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Kultur.'' Papyrossa-Verlag, Köln August 2016 / 2. Auflage Februar 2017 / \n",
"\n",
"* Werner Rügemer at the German National Library\n* Official website\n* Artikel von Werner Rügemer from Linksnet\n* Kurzporträt\n* Der Bankier - Buchrezension\n* Brauner Quark mit roter Soße\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Biography ",
" Newspapers, Magazines and Books ",
" His affiliations ",
" Accolades ",
" Literature ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | Werner Rügemer | [
"His principal areas of interest are corporate crime and bank criminality, dealing with issues ranging from corruption."
] | [
"\n\n\n\n'''Werner Rügemer''' (born 1941 in Amberg) is a German commentator, lecturer and writer.",
"He is considered to be a leading \"intervening philosopher\".",
"Rügemer was born in Amberg.",
"His a original from the Upper Palatinate region of Germany and has attended primary and secondary education in Brendlorenzen / Rhön, Bad Neustadt an der Saale and Berchtesgaden.",
"Afterwards he attended at University of Munich, University of Tübingen, University of West-Berlin and Paris, where he studied in Literary, Philosophy and Economy.",
"In the year 1979 at the University of Bremen he finished his doctoral thesis about the argument \"Philosophical anthropology and epoch crisis.",
"A study on the connection between the general crisis of capitalism and the anthropological foundation of philosophy as exemplified by Arnold Gehlen.",
"He was co-founder of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in the year of 1999.",
"After several experiences in the world of journalism, he was appointed in 1974 to 1989 by the editor of the monthly '' Demokratische Erziehung''.",
"Werner Rügemer has been collaborating with the world of printed papers since the 1980's on various radio and television publications (especially with WDR.",
"Werner Rügemer's work covers both \"Klüngel\", corruption and corporate crime in his hometown of Cologne, in European municipalities and in the global economy.",
"Therefore Rügemer criticizes a tendency to pervert democracy in Germany and the \"Western values community\", since public debt, corruption and enrichment of elected and unelected elites have reached a level that was attributed only to \"developing countries\".",
"In his publications on the 2008 financial crisis, he deeply criticized for liquidated insolvency of banks, which have speculated.",
"However the philosopher supports the dismantling of the three major rating agencies Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's, as well as the four leading KPMG, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Ernst & Young and Deloitte accounting companies for their worldwide sovereign tasks.",
"=== New technology - old society.",
"Silicon Valley.",
"===\nIn the book from 1984, Werner Rügemer described \"The Dark Side of High Tech\".",
"A field study from California, where the digital revolution began.",
"Including the history of inventions, illegal work in sweat shops, working conditions of chip workers, groundwater poisoning, interviews with Stanford scientists, trade unionists, armament engineers, firefighters and portrait Steve Jobs.",
"The Book was translated in russian and hungarian.",
"=== \"State Secret - Discharge Water\" ===\nThe \"Staatsgeheimnis Abwasser\" (\"State Secret - Discharge Water\") is a book by Werner Rügemer from 1994.",
"In which he wrote about the cycle of drinking water and the industrial wastewater of the corruption system, as exemplified by the city of Cologne.",
"=== \"Economies without corruption?\"",
"===\nEconomies without corruption (German: Wirtschaften ohne Korruption?)",
"is a 1996 novel by Werner Rügemer.",
"The book is about the history of corruption in the Federal Republic of Germany and international practice of the USA, France, Great Britain.",
"=== \"Colonia Corrupta\" ===\n\"Colonia Corrputa - Privatization, Globalization and Corruption in Cologne\" was published in 2002.",
"In this book he published an article about the \"Cologne waste incineration plant\".",
"=== \"The Banker\" ===\nIn 2006, Rügmer's book \"Der Bankier -Ungebetener Nachruf to Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim\" appeared in the store.",
"In addition he added some aspects of the party system under Helmut Kohl.",
"His book reveals that Kohl was secretly funded by Sal.",
"Oppenheim in the early eighties with at least DM 1.3 million.",
"=== \"\"Grasshoppers\" in the public space\" ===\nHe criticized the disadvantages of Cross-Border-Leasing (CBL) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP).",
"In his transmission, Rügmer criticized CBL's practice of selling public properties to US private investors.",
"The treaty was largely secrecy.",
"With his book \"Cross-Border Leasing\" he discussed the discussion.",
"This is a standard book about the global expropriation of cities.",
"=== \"Privatization in Germany - A Financial Statement\" ===\nIn 2006, his book \"Privatization in Germany - A Financial Statement\" was published.",
"There he investigated a balance of privatization projects launched and implemented since 1984, and their impact on public budgets, public services and democracy.",
"=== Rating agencies: Insights into the present capitalist power ===\nThe reviewing economist of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Rudolf Hickel, recommends the book capitalism critics and supporters alike.",
"Rügemer openly disclosed the \"systematically well-maintained intransparency as well as the lack of liability for incorrect decisions\" of the agencies.",
"=== \"Die Fertigmacher\" ===\nThe book \"Die Fertigmacher - Arbeitsunrecht und professionelle Gewerkschaftsbekämpfung\" (\"Work Abuse and Fight Against the labour union\") was published in 2014.",
"The author portrays with examples from the USA and the state support from formerly German governments under Kohl/Lambsdorff and Schröder.",
"=== Until this freedom illuminates the world ===\nFrom the variety of his publications, Werner Rügemer summarizes a selection here.",
"This is not only about the great questions of the transatlantic relationship, but also about what is happening in cities, churches, businesses, financial oases, streets, courtrooms, administrations, editorial offices - or in the arts, music and literature business.",
"Werner Rügemer was co-founder of the initiative \"Gemeingut die Bürgerinnenhand\".",
"He served as the President of Business Crime Control.",
"However after serving two years, he resign as President for privat reasons.",
"He is a member of Transparency International, the International Gramsci Society, the Association of German Writers (VS) in ver.di, the PEN Center of Germany, the attac scientific committee, and is co-founder of the \"Verein Aktion gegen Arbeitsunrecht\".",
"Rügemer has won many awards throughout his career including Friedrich-and-Isabel-Vogel-Prize of the Association for German Science.",
"In 2002, Rügemer received the Journalists' Prize of the Federation of Taxpayers.",
"Rügemer received the Journalists' Prize of Association Enterprises (VKU) for a radio broadcast in 2003.",
"In November 2008, Rügemer received the accolade of \"Karls-Preis\" from NRhZ-Online – Neue Rheinische Zeitung.",
"* ''Die Psychoanalyse der BILD-Zeitung.''",
"1968 (for Springer-Tribunal and Kritische Universität Berlin)\n* ''Philosophische Anthropologie und Epochenkrise.",
"Studie über den Zusammenhang von allgemeiner Krise des Kapitalismus und anthropologische Grundlegung der Philosophie am Beispiel Arnold Gehlens.'' Dissertation.",
"Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln 1979.",
"* ''Neue Technik - alte Gesellschaft.",
"Silicon Valley.''",
"Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, Köln 1985, .",
"* ''Der Kranke Weltpolizist: Das Innenleben der USA als Gefahr für den „Rest der Welt“.''",
"Köln 1986.",
"* Uwe Hirschfeld, Werner Rügemer (editor): ''Utopie und Zivilgesellschaft.",
"Rekonstruktionen, Thesen und Informationen zu Antonio Gramsci.''",
"Berlin 1990.",
"* ''Staatsgeheimnis Abwasser.''",
"Zebulon Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, .",
"* ''Wirtschaften ohne Korruption?''",
"Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, .",
"* ''Grüezi!",
"Bei welchen Verbrechen dürfen wir behilflich sein?",
"Die Schweiz als logistisches Zentrum der internationalen Wirtschaftskriminalität.",
"Essays, Analysen und Materialien.''",
"Distel Verlag, Heilbronn 1999, .",
"* ''Arm und reich.''",
"transcript, Bielefeld 2002, .",
"* ''Die Berater.''",
"transcript, Bielefeld 2004, .",
"* ''Cross-Border-Leasing.''",
"Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2004, .",
"* ''Der Bankier.",
"Ungebetener Nachruf auf Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim.'' 3.",
"erweiterte geschwärzte Ausgabe.",
"Nomen, Frankfurt am Main 2006, .",
"* ''Privatisierung in Deutschland.'' 4.",
"erweiterte und aktualisierte Ausgabe.",
"Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2008, .",
"* ''ArbeitsUnrecht.",
"Anklage und Alternativen.''",
"Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2009, .",
"* ''„Heuschrecken“ im öffentlichen Raum: Public Private Partnership - Anatomie eines globalen Finanzinstruments.''",
"transcript, Bielefeld 2008, 2.Auflage 2011. .",
"* ''Colonia Corrupta.''",
"Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2012 / 8.",
"Auflage 2015, .",
"* ''Ratingagenturen - Einblicke in die Kapitalmacht der Gegenwart.''",
"transcript, Bielefeld, 2012, .",
"(spanische Ausgabe: Januar 2013)\n* ''Die Fertigmacher.",
"Arbeitsunrecht und professionelle Gewerkschaftsbekämpfung.''",
"Papyrossa Verlag, Köln 2014 / Erweiterte und aktualisierte 3.",
"Auflage März 2017 .",
"* ''Bis diese Freiheit die Welt erleuchtet.",
"Transatlantische Sittenbilder aus Politik und Wirtschaft, Geschichte und Kultur.''",
"Papyrossa-Verlag, Köln August 2016 / 2.",
"Auflage Februar 2017 /",
"* Werner Rügemer at the German National Library\n* Official website\n* Artikel von Werner Rügemer from Linksnet\n* Kurzporträt\n* Der Bankier - Buchrezension\n* Brauner Quark mit roter Soße"
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\n'''Paul Nelson''' (Chicago, 8 November 1895 - Marseille, 1979) was a French architect with American origin.\n",
"\nPaul Nelson was born in an American middle-class family with Irish origin. From 1913 to 1917 he studied at Princeton University and in 1917 he enrolled as volunteer in Lafayette squadron. He moved then at United States Air Force. He returned in America after the war working in a Bank and then in his father’s interior decoration company.\n\nHe went in Paris in 1920 and continued his studies at École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, in Emmanuel Pontremoli’s and Auguste Perret’s atelier. He became architect in 1927.\nHe married a French woman in 1920, Francine Le Cœur. Francine was François Le Cœur’s daughter, Mr Le Coeur was an architect and teacher at Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture of Paris. He settled in Varengeville-sur-Mer, working in the same atelier witch was used years before by Claude Monet, Jean-Baptiste Corot, Eugène Isabey.\n\nHe had some friends such as Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, and he knew many artists as Georges Braque, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Alexander Calder, André Derain, Fernand Léger, Alberto Giacometti.\n\nDuring the Second World War he returned in United States, acted as chairman of “France for ever”. The movement had the aim to spread French culture to Americans. In 1944 he was appointed as head of Construction and Urban Planning division at French Supply mission in Washington. In 1945 he became technical advisor at the French Ministry of Reconstruction; later he took the role as adviser at the US National Health Service for the French Ministry of Public Health. He organized an exhibition at Grand Palais regarding American architectural and construction techniques. In 1951 his wife passey away and after one year he married the painter Madd Giannattasio, daughter of Ugo Giannattasio, futurist painter and writer. The couple had two sons, Ugo and Rory, respectively an architect and a musician.\n\nPaul Nelson taught in the most prestigious American Universities; in 1963 André Malraux appointed him as Director of Atelier Franco-Américain d’Architecture at l’École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Between 1967 and 1977 he also headed the Atelier Franco-International in Marseille.\n\nIn 1973 he obtained French citizenship.\n\nHe died in 1979, he is buried in Varengeville-sur-Mer cemetery, near his wife Madd Giannattasio and the painter Georges Braque, his great friend who had reached him in Normandy in 1929 and of whom he had realized the atelier.\n",
"\nHis research was focused on space conception and on use of prefabrication. He become an expert on hospital architecture which was the subject of his thesis. \n\nOne of his first works is the parisian residence of the American author Alden Brooks, realized in 1929. In 1930 he realized the decorations of Allan Dwan’s movie, ''What a widow!'' with Gloria Swanson.\n\nIn 1932 he presented a project for the new hospital in Lille, published on ''Cahiers d’Art'' in 1933. The project was ambitious but had been refused due to his French origins. \n\nPaul Nelson, on the left, with Robert Pontraby and Anatole Koop, on the right\n\nAfter two years he projected the surgical pavilion of Suez Canal company hospital in Ismailia, north-east Egypt. Nelson changed the form of operating rooms which become ovoid, he used glass floors for internal walls and flexible sunshades. Depsite his work was really appreciated, it was not realized for his innovation. The project was published on ''Cahiers d’Art'' in 1935 on an article signed by Jean Hélion.\n\nFrom 1936 to 1938 worked on his project of suspended house, designed to show the benefits of steel construction, as a solution to standardize accomodations. For the project he involved artists such us Jean Arp, Alexandre Calder, Fernand Léger, Joan Miró.\n\nIn 1937 he partecipated to the competition of International exhibition «Arts et Techniquesdans la Vie Moderne» for the Palais de la Découverte at Grand Palais. His constructivist architecture project was not accepted in any case. The same year he joined with his friend Fernand Léger to the contest for the radio WGN of Chicago.\n\nAfter the war he made his mainwork: the Centre Hospitalier Mémorial France - États-Unis in Saint-Lô, designed and realized among 1946 and 1956, built also thanks to Americans’ contribution.\n\nIn 1946 he contributes together with Alberto Giacometti to realize a memorial to Gabriel Péri.\n\nHe set in a sperimental site built by a group of three modern buildings with the help of Charles Tillon (Minister for Reconstruction and Urban Planning in 1947). It was related to Noisy-le-Sec reconstruction. Worked on it from 1950 to 1953, close with the two architects Roger Gilbert and Charles Sébillotte.\n\nIn 1955, he designed the in Biot.\n\nBetween 1967 and 1977 realized the Policlinique François I in Le Havre, as well as Dinan (1968) and Arles hospitals (1965-1974).\n",
"\n* ''Un architecte, des artistes : Paul Nelson, Léger, Calder, Brassaï, Hélion, Braque, Miró'', 2007, ISBN 2-910133-18-14\n*\n*\n*"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Works",
"References"
] | Paul Nelson (architect) | [
"He returned in America after the war working in a Bank and then in his father’s interior decoration company."
] | [
"\n\n\n'''Paul Nelson''' (Chicago, 8 November 1895 - Marseille, 1979) was a French architect with American origin.",
"\nPaul Nelson was born in an American middle-class family with Irish origin.",
"From 1913 to 1917 he studied at Princeton University and in 1917 he enrolled as volunteer in Lafayette squadron.",
"He moved then at United States Air Force.",
"He went in Paris in 1920 and continued his studies at École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, in Emmanuel Pontremoli’s and Auguste Perret’s atelier.",
"He became architect in 1927.",
"He married a French woman in 1920, Francine Le Cœur.",
"Francine was François Le Cœur’s daughter, Mr Le Coeur was an architect and teacher at Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture of Paris.",
"He settled in Varengeville-sur-Mer, working in the same atelier witch was used years before by Claude Monet, Jean-Baptiste Corot, Eugène Isabey.",
"He had some friends such as Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, and he knew many artists as Georges Braque, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Alexander Calder, André Derain, Fernand Léger, Alberto Giacometti.",
"During the Second World War he returned in United States, acted as chairman of “France for ever”.",
"The movement had the aim to spread French culture to Americans.",
"In 1944 he was appointed as head of Construction and Urban Planning division at French Supply mission in Washington.",
"In 1945 he became technical advisor at the French Ministry of Reconstruction; later he took the role as adviser at the US National Health Service for the French Ministry of Public Health.",
"He organized an exhibition at Grand Palais regarding American architectural and construction techniques.",
"In 1951 his wife passey away and after one year he married the painter Madd Giannattasio, daughter of Ugo Giannattasio, futurist painter and writer.",
"The couple had two sons, Ugo and Rory, respectively an architect and a musician.",
"Paul Nelson taught in the most prestigious American Universities; in 1963 André Malraux appointed him as Director of Atelier Franco-Américain d’Architecture at l’École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts.",
"Between 1967 and 1977 he also headed the Atelier Franco-International in Marseille.",
"In 1973 he obtained French citizenship.",
"He died in 1979, he is buried in Varengeville-sur-Mer cemetery, near his wife Madd Giannattasio and the painter Georges Braque, his great friend who had reached him in Normandy in 1929 and of whom he had realized the atelier.",
"\nHis research was focused on space conception and on use of prefabrication.",
"He become an expert on hospital architecture which was the subject of his thesis.",
"One of his first works is the parisian residence of the American author Alden Brooks, realized in 1929.",
"In 1930 he realized the decorations of Allan Dwan’s movie, ''What a widow!''",
"with Gloria Swanson.",
"In 1932 he presented a project for the new hospital in Lille, published on ''Cahiers d’Art'' in 1933.",
"The project was ambitious but had been refused due to his French origins.",
"Paul Nelson, on the left, with Robert Pontraby and Anatole Koop, on the right\n\nAfter two years he projected the surgical pavilion of Suez Canal company hospital in Ismailia, north-east Egypt.",
"Nelson changed the form of operating rooms which become ovoid, he used glass floors for internal walls and flexible sunshades.",
"Depsite his work was really appreciated, it was not realized for his innovation.",
"The project was published on ''Cahiers d’Art'' in 1935 on an article signed by Jean Hélion.",
"From 1936 to 1938 worked on his project of suspended house, designed to show the benefits of steel construction, as a solution to standardize accomodations.",
"For the project he involved artists such us Jean Arp, Alexandre Calder, Fernand Léger, Joan Miró.",
"In 1937 he partecipated to the competition of International exhibition «Arts et Techniquesdans la Vie Moderne» for the Palais de la Découverte at Grand Palais.",
"His constructivist architecture project was not accepted in any case.",
"The same year he joined with his friend Fernand Léger to the contest for the radio WGN of Chicago.",
"After the war he made his mainwork: the Centre Hospitalier Mémorial France - États-Unis in Saint-Lô, designed and realized among 1946 and 1956, built also thanks to Americans’ contribution.",
"In 1946 he contributes together with Alberto Giacometti to realize a memorial to Gabriel Péri.",
"He set in a sperimental site built by a group of three modern buildings with the help of Charles Tillon (Minister for Reconstruction and Urban Planning in 1947).",
"It was related to Noisy-le-Sec reconstruction.",
"Worked on it from 1950 to 1953, close with the two architects Roger Gilbert and Charles Sébillotte.",
"In 1955, he designed the in Biot.",
"Between 1967 and 1977 realized the Policlinique François I in Le Havre, as well as Dinan (1968) and Arles hospitals (1965-1974).",
"\n* ''Un architecte, des artistes : Paul Nelson, Léger, Calder, Brassaï, Hélion, Braque, Miró'', 2007, ISBN 2-910133-18-14\n*\n*\n*"
] | finance |
[
"This is a list of the main career statistics of former professional tennis player Pam Shriver.",
"\n===Grand Slam finals===\n\n====Singles: 1 (0 titles, 1 runner–up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Opponent'''\n'''Score'''\n\nRunner-up \n 1978 \n US Open \n Hard \n Chris Evert \n 7–5, 6–4\n\n\n====Doubles: 27 (21 titles, 6 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nRunner-up \n1980 \n US Open \n Hard \n Betty Stove \n Billie Jean King Martina Navratilova \n 7–6, 7–5 \n\n1981 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–3, 7–6(6)\n\nRunner-up \n1981 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–2, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1982 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–4, 6–1\n\nWinner \n1982 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 6–4, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1983 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull \n 6–2, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1983 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Rosalyn Fairbank Candy Reynolds \n 6–7(4), 6–1, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1983 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull \n 6–4, 6–7, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1984 \n French Open \n Clay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandlíková \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1984 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1984 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnball \n 6–2, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1984 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1985 \n French Open \n Clay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\nRunner-up \n1985 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Smylie \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–4\n\nRunner-up \n1985 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–7(5), 6–2, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1985 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1986 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull \n 6–1, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1986 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1987 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil \n 6–1, 6–0\n\nWinner \n1987 \n French Open \nClay \n Martina Navratilova \n Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini \n 6–2, 6–1\n\nWinner \n1987 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Smylie \n 5–7, 6–4, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1988 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull \n 6–0, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1988 \n French Open \nClay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–2, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1989 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington \n 3–6, 6–3, 6–2\n\nRunner-up \n1989 \n US Open \n Hard \n Mary Joe Fernandez \n Hana Mandlíková Martina Navratilova \n 5–7, 6–4, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1991 \n US Open \n Hard \n Natasha Zvereva \n Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko \n 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(5)\n\nRunner-up \n1993 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Elizabeth Smylie \n Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva \n 6–4, 6–3\n\n\n====Mixed doubles: 1 (1 title, 0 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nWinner \n1987 \n French Open \n Clay \n Emilio Sánchez \n Lori McNeil Sherwood Stewart \n 6–3, 7–6(4)\n\n\n===Olympics===\n\n====Women's doubles: 1 (1 gold medal)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nGold \n1988\nSeoul \n Hard \n Zina Garrison \n Jana Novotná Helena Suková \n 4–6, 6–2, 10–8\n\n\n===Year-End Championships finals===\n\n====Doubles: 10 (10 titles, 0 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nWinner \n 1981 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh \n 6–0, 7–6(6)\n\nWinner \n 1982 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–4, 6–3\n\nWinner \n 1983 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 7–5, 6–2\n\nWinner \n 1984 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura \n 6–3, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1985 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–7(4), 6–4, 7–6(5)\n\nWinner \n 1986 (Nov) \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 1–6, 6–1, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1987 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n6–1, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1988 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Larisa Savchenko Natalia Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n 1989 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Larisa Savchenko Natalia Zvereva \n 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n 1991 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Gigi Fernández Jana Novotná\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–4\n\n",
"\n===Singles:48 (21–27)===\n\n\n\n\nWinner — Legend\n\nGrand Slam tournaments (0–1)\n\nWTA Tour Championships (0–1)\n\nTier I (0–0)\n\nTier II (0–1)\n\nTier III (1–1)\n\nTier IV (2–1)\n\nTier V (1–1)\n\n Virginia Slims, Avon, Other (17–21)\n\n\n\nTitles by Surface\n\nHard (3–7)\n\nGrass (10–9)\n\nClay (0–1)\n\nCarpet (8–10)\n\n\n\n\nOutcome\nNo.\nDate\nTournament\nSurface\nOpponent\nScore\n\nWinner\n 1.\n January 23, 1978\n Columbus\n Carpet (i)\n Kate Latham\n 6–1, 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 1.\n August 28, 1978\n US Open\n Hard\n Chris Evert\n 5–7, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 2.\n June 4, 1979\n Beckenham\n Grass\n Evonne Goolagong Cawley\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 2.\n March 22, 1980\n Carlsbad\n Hard (i)\n Kate Latham\n 6–1, 6–2\n\nRunner-up\n 3.\n December 1, 1980\n Sydney\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 4–6, 6–7(8–10)\n\nRunner-up\n 4.\n March 9, 1981\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 5.\n April 6, 1981\n Hilton Head Island\n Clay\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 6.\n July 27, 1981\n San Diego\n Hard\n Tracy Austin\n 2–6, 7–5, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 3.\n November 16, 1981\n Perth\n Grass\n Andrea Jaeger\n 6–1, 7–6(7–4)\n\nRunner-up\n 7.\n February 15, 1982\n Houston\n Hard\n Bettina Bunge\n 2–6, 6–3, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 8.\n September 27, 1982\n Philadelphia\n Carpet (i)\n Barbara Potter\n 4–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 9.\n November 15, 1982\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 3–6, 1–6\n\nWinner\n 4.\n April 25, 1983\n Atlanta\n Hard\n Kathy Jordan\n 6–2, 6–0\n\nRunner-up\n 10.\n October 10, 1983\n Tarpon Springs\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 5.\n November 14, 1983\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 7–5\n\nWinner\n 6.\n February 6, 1984\n Chicago\n Carpet (i)\n Barbara Potter\n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner\n 7.\n June 11, 1984\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Anne White\n 7–6(7–2), 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 11.\n August 13, 1984\n Mahwah\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n 4–6, 6–4, 5–7\n\nWinner\n 8.\n May 6, 1985\n Sydney\n Carpet (i)\n Dianne Balestrat\n 6–3, 6–3\n\nWinner\n 9.\n May 13, 1985\n Melbourne\n Carpet (i)\n Kathy Jordan\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nWinner\n 10.\n June 10, 1985\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Betsy Nagelsen\n 6–1, 6–0\n\nRunner-up\n 12.\n July 15, 1985\n Newport\n Grass\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 13.\n July 29, 1985\n Manhattan Beach\n Hard\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 14.\n September 23, 1985\n New Orleans\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 4–6, 5–7\n\nWinner\n 11.\n October 14, 1985\n Filderstadt\n Carpet (I)\n Catarina Lindqvist\n 6–1, 7–5\n\nRunner-up\n 15.\n November 11, 1985\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n 3–6, 5–7\n\nRunner-up\n 16.\n January 6, 1986\n Washington\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 1–6, 4–6\n\nWinner\n 12.\n June 9, 1986\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Manuela Maleeva\n 6–2, 7–6(7–0)\n\nWinner\n 13.\n July 14, 1986\n Newport\n Grass\n Lori McNeil\n 6–4, 6–2\n\nRunner-up\n 17.\n August 4, 1986\n Montreal\n Hard\n Helena Suková\n 2–6, 5–7\n\nRunner-up\n 18.\n September 29, 1986\n New Orleans\n Carpet (–)\n Martina Navratilova\n 1–6, 6–4, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 19.\n December 29, 1986\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Hana Mandlíková\n 2–6, 6–2, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 20.\n January 5, 1987\n Sydney\n Grass\n Zina Garrison\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 21.\n March 16, 1987\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert\n 1–6, 3–6\n\nWinner\n 14.\n June 8, 1987\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Larisa Savchenko\n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\nWinner\n 15.\n July 13, 1987\n Newport\n Grass\n Wendy White\n 6–2, 6–4\n\nWinner\n 16.\n August 17, 1987\n Toronto\n Hard\n Zina Garrison\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 22.\n October 20, 1987\n Brighton\n Carpet (i)\n Gabriela Sabatini\n 5–7, 4–6\n\nWinner\n 17.\n November 2, 1987\n Worcester\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert\n 6–4, 4–6, 6–0\n\nWinner\n 18.\n December 28, 1987\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Jana Novotná\n 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–4)\n\nWinner\n 19.\n January 4, 1988\n Sydney\n Grass\n Helena Suková\n 6–2, 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 23.\n February 8, 1988\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 0–6, 3–6\n\nRunner-up\n 24.\n February 22, 1988\n Fairfax\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 0–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 20.\n April 25, 1988\n Tokyo\n Carpet (i)\n Helena Suková\n 7–5, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 25.\n June 5, 1988\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch\n 1–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 21.\n October 17, 1988\n Zürich,\n Carpet (i)\n Manuela Maleeva \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nRunner-up\n 26.\n November 14, 1988\n Virginia Slims Championships\n Carpet (i)\n Gabriela Sabatini\n 5–7, 2–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 27.\n July 17, 1989\n Newport\n Grass\n Zina Garrison\n 0–6, 1–6\n\n\n===Doubles (111)===\n\n\n\nLegend (Women's doubles)\n\n Grand Slam tournaments (21)\n\n WTA Tour Championship (10)\n\n Olympic Gold (1)\n\n Tier I (1)\n\n Tier II (9)\n\n Tier III (3)\n\n Tier IV or V (4)\n\n Virginia Slims, Avon, Other (62)\n\n\n\n\n'''No.'''\n'''Date'''\n'''Tournament'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\n 1.\n June 12, 1978\n Chichester International (1)\n Chichester, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Janet Newberry Wright\n Yvonne Vermaak Michelle Tyler Wilson\n 3–6, 6–3, 6–4\n\n 2.\n January 7, 1980\n Avon Championshipsof Cincinnati\n Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.\n Carpet\n Laura duPont\n Mima Jaušovec Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 3.\n March 22, 1980\n Honda Civic Classic\n Carlsbad, California, U.S.\n ?\n Laura duPont\n Rosemary Casals Joanne Russell\n 6–7, 6–4, 6–1\n\n 4.\n June 9, 1980\n Crossley Carpets Trophy (2)\n Chichester, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 7–5\n\n 5.\n July 21, 1980\n Player's Challenge Classic \n Montreal\n Hard\n Anne Smith\n Ann Kiyomura Hayashi Greer Stevens\n 6–3, 7–6(3)\n\n 6.\n December 8, 1980\n Thunderbird Classic\n Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.\n Hard\n Paula Smith\n Candy Reynolds Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–0, 6–4\n\n 7.\n December 1, 1980\n Building Society NewSouth Wales Open (1)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 4–6, 6–4\n\n 8.\n December 8, 1980\n National Panasonic Open\n Adelaide, Australia\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Sue Barker Sharon Walsh\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 9.\n February 1, 1981\n Avon Championshipsof Chicago (1)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 10.\n March 2, 1981\n Avon Championshipsof Dallas (1)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 11.\n March 16, 1981\n Avon Championships (1)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 6–0, 7–6\n\n 12.\n April 20, 1981\n United Airlines Tournament (1)\n Orlando, Florida, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 7–6\n\n 13.\n June 8, 1981\n BMW Championships (1)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–7, 6–2, 6–1\n\n 14.\n July 4, 1981\n Wimbledon (1)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 7–6\n\n 15.\n August 10, 1981\n Player's Canadian Open\n Toronto\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Anne Smith\n 7–6, 7–6\n\n 16.\n September 21, 1981\n Playtex U.S. Women'sIndoor Championships (1)\n Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 7–5\n\n 17.\n November 16, 1981\n Building Society NewSouth Wales Open (2)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–7, 6–2, 6–4\n\n 18.\n December 21, 1981\n Colgate SeriesChampionships (1)\n East Rutherford, New Jersey,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 19.\n January 31, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Chicago (2)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 20.\n February 21, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Houston (1)\n Houston, Texas, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Sue Barker Sharon Walsh\n 7–6, 6–2\n\n 21.\n March 14, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Dallas (2)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Billie Jean King Ilana Kloss\n 6–4, 6–4\n\n 22.\n March 28, 1982\n Avon Championships (2)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 23.\n April 11, 1982\n Family Circle Cup (1)\n Hilton Head, South Carolina,U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Joanne Russell Virginia Ruzici\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 24.\n April 18, 1982\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (1)\n Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 25.\n June 20, 1982\n BMW Championships (1)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 26.\n July 4, 1982\n Wimbledon (2)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–1\n\n 27.\n October 18, 1982\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (1)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Anne Smith\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 28.\n October 25, 1982\n Daihatsu Challenge (1)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 2–6, 7–5, 6–4\n\n 29.\n November 28, 1982\n New South Wales BuildingSociety Open (3)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 6–2, 2–6, 7–6\n\n 30.\n November 28, 1982\n Australian Open (1)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 6–4, 6–2\n\n 31.\n December 19, 1982\n Toyota Championships (2)\n East Rutherford, New Jersey,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Paula Smith\n 6–4, 7–5\n\n 32.\n January 10, 1983\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (1)\n Washington, D.C.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–3\n\n 33.\n January 16, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Houston (2)\n Houston, Texas, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Jo Durie\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 34.\n February 20, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Chicago (3)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 35.\n March 14, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Dallas (3)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 36.\n March 27, 1983\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (3)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 7–5, 6–2\n\n 37.\n June 18, 1983\n BMW Championships (2)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Anne Hobbs\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 48.\n July 3, 1983\n Wimbledon (3)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–2\n\n 39.\n July 17, 1983\n Virginia Slims Hallof Fame Classic\n Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.\n Grass\n Barbara Potter\n Barbara Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 40.\n August 15, 1983\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (1)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack Virginia Ruzici\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 41.\n September 12, 1983\n US Open (1)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer\n 6–7, 6–1, 6–3\n\n 42.\n October 17, 1983\n Eckerd Open\n Tampa, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Bonnie Gadusek Wendy White Prausa\n 6–0, 6–1\n\n 43.\n October 24, 1983\n Daihatsu Challenge (2)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Chris Evert\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 44.\n December 12, 1983\n Australian Open (2)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 6–7, 6–2\n\n 45.\n January 15, 1984\n Virginia Slimsof California\n Oakland, California, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Alycia Moulton\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 46.\n February 26, 1984\n Computerland U.S. Women'sIndoor Championships (2)\n East Hanover, New Jersey, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 47.\n March 4, 1984\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (4)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 48.\n March 5, 1984\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (2)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n Barbara Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–3, 6–7(7), 6–3\n\n 49.\n June 6, 1984\n French Open (1)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandlíková\n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\n 50.\n June 25, 1984\n Eastbourne (3)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–4, 6–2\n\n 51.\n July 8, 1984\n Wimbledon (4)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 52.\n August 19, 1984\n United Jersey Bank Open (1)\n Mahwah, New Jersey, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 7–6(3), 3–6, 6–2\n\n 53.\n September 9, 1984\n US Open (2)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 54.\n September 30, 1984\n Virginia Slimsof New Orleans\n New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Sharon Walsh Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 6–1\n\n 55.\n November 18, 1984\n National Panasonic Open (1)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Bettina Bunge Eva Pfaff\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 56.\n December 9, 1984\n Australian Open (3)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 57.\n March 9, 1985\n U.S. Women's IndoorChampionships (3)\n Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Marcella Mesker Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 7–5, 6–2\n\n 58.\n March 24, 1985\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (5)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–7(4), 6–4, 7–6(5)\n\n 59.\n April 14, 1985\n Family Circle Cup (2)\n Hilton Head, South Carolina,U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Svetlana Parkhomenko Cherneva Larisa Savchenko Neiland\n 6–4, 6–1\n\n 60.\n April 28, 1985\n Chrysler Tournamentof Champions (2)\n Orlando, Florida, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Elise Burgin Kathleen Horvath\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 61.\n May 13, 1985\n Australian Indoor\n Sydney\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 7–5, 7–5\n\n 62.\n May 20, 1985\n Melbourne Indoors\n Melbourne, Australia\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Kathy Jordan Anne Hobbs\n 6–2, 5–7, 6–1\n\n 63.\n June 9, 1985\n French Open (2)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\n 64.\n June 23, 1985\n Eastbourne (4)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 65.\n October 20, 1985\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (2)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Hana Mandlíková\n Carina Karlsson Tina Scheuer Larson\n 6–2, 6–1\n\n 66.\n November 17, 1985\n National Panasonic Open (2)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–4, 6–7(6), 6–1\n\n 67.\n December 8, 1985\n Australian Open (4)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 68.\n January 11, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (2)\n Washington, D.C.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 69.\n January 20, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof New England (1)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 70.\n February 23, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Florida\n Key Biscayne, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Helena Suková\n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 71.\n March 30, 1986\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (3)\n Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.\n Carpet\n Barbara Potter\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 72.\n June 21, 1986\n Pilkington GlassChampionships (5)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 73.\n July 6, 1986\n Wimbledon (5)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 6–3\n\n 74.\n August 17, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (2)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 75.\n September 7, 1986\n US Open (3)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 3–6, 6–3\n\n 76.\n October 19, 1986\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (3)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Gabriela Sabatini\n 7–6(5), 6–4\n\n 77.\n November 10, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof New England (2)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 78.\n November 23, 1986\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (6)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 7–6(1), 6–3\n\n 79.\n January 25, 1987\n Australian Open (5)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 80.\n March 8, 1987\n Lipton InternationalPlayers Championships\n Key Biscayne, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 7–6(6)\n\n 81.\n March 29, 1987\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (3)\n Washington, D.C.\n Carpet\n Elise Burgin\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 3–6, 6–4\n\n 82.\n June 6, 1987\n French Open (3)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–2, 6–1\n\n 83.\n August 16, 1987\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (3)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 84.\n September 13, 1987\n US Open (4)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 5–7, 6–4, 6–2\n\n 85.\n October 18, 1987\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (4)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 86.\n November 22, 1987\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (7)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–1, 6–1\n\n 87.\n January 3, 1988\n Ariadne Classic (3)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 2–6, 7–5, 6–2\n\n 88.\n January 24, 1988\n Australian Open (6)\n Melbourne\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull\n 6–0, 7–5\n\n 89.\n February 28, 1988\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (4)\n Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Helena Suková Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 90.\n May 1, 1988\n Pan Pacific Open (1)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Helena Suková\n Gigi Fernández Robin White\n 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(5)\n\n 91.\n June 5, 1988\n French Open (4)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–2, 7–5\n\n 92.\n October 2, 1988\n Olympic Games\n Seoul, South Korea\n Hard\n Zina Garrison\n Jana Novotná Helena Suková\n 4–6, 6–2, 10–8\n\n 93.\n November 6, 1988\n Virginia Slimsof New England (3)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Helena Suková Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–3, 3–6, 7–5\n\n 94.\n November 20, 1988\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (8)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 95.\n January 15, 1989\n New South Wales Open (4)\n Sydney\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 96.\n January 29, 1989\n Australian Open (7)\n Melbourne\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington\n 3–6, 6–3, 6–2\n\n 97.\n February 19, 1989\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (5)\n Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.\n Carpet\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 98.\n March 5, 1989\n U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (1)\n San Antonio, Texas, U.S.\n Hard\n Katrina Adams\n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington\n 3–6, 6–1, 6–4\n\n 99.\n March 12, 1989\n Virginia Slims of Indian Wells\n Indian Wells, California, U.S.\n Hard\n Hana Mandlíková\n Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer Gretchen Magers\n 6–3, 6–7(4), 6–3\n\n 100.\n August 20, 1989\n United Jersey Bank Classic (2)\n Mahwah, New Jersey, U.S.\n Hard\n Steffi Graf\n Louise Allen Laura Arraya\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 101.\n November 5, 1989\n Virginia Slimsof New England (4)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Elise Burgin Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer\n 6–4, 4–6, 6–4\n\n 102.\n November 19, 1989\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (9)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 103.\n September 8, 1991\n US Open (5)\n New York City\n Hard\n Natasha Zvereva\n Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko Neiland\n 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(5)\n\n 104.\n September 22, 1991\n Nichirei InternationalChampionships\n Tokyo\n Hard\n Mary Jo Fernandez\n Carrie Cunningham Laura Arraya\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 105.\n October 27, 1991\n Midland BankChampionships (3)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Natasha Zvereva\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 106.\n November 24, 1991\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (10)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Gigi Fernández Jana Novotná\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–4\n\n 107.\n February 16, 1992\n Virginia Slims of Chicago (4)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Katrina Adams Zina Garrison\n 6–4, 7–6(7)\n\n 108.\n March 29, 1992\n U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (2)\n San Antonio, Texas, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Patty Fendick Andrea Strnadová\n 3–6, 6–2, 7–6(4)\n\n 109.\n January 17, 1993\n Peters New SouthWales Open (5)\n Sydney\n Hard\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Lori McNeil Rennae Stubbs\n 7–6(4), 6–2\n\n 110.\n February 6, 1994\n Toray Pan Pacific Open (2)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Martina Navratilova Manon Bollegraf\n 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(3)\n\n 111.\n July 31, 1994\n Acura U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (3)\n Stratton Mountain,Vermont, U.S.\n Hard\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Conchita Martínez Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\n 7–6(4), 2–6, 7–5\n\n\n===Mixed doubles (1)===\n* 1987: French Open (Emilio Sánchez)\n\n",
"\n===Singles===\n\n\n Tournament !! 1978 !! 1979 !! 1980 !! 1981 !! 1982 !! 1983 !! 1984 !! 1985 !! 1986 !! 1987 !! 1988 !! 1989 !! 1990 !! 1991 !! 1992 !! 1993 !! 1994 !! 1995 !! 1996 !! 1997 !! Career SR\n\nAustralian Open\n\n\nQF\nSF\nSF\nSF\nQF\n3R\nNH\nQF\n4R\n3R\n3R\n3R\n3R\n1R\n2R\n1R\n1R\n\n'''0 / 16'''\n\n French Open\n\n\n\n\n\n3R\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1R\n\n\n\n'''0 / 2'''\n\n Wimbledon\n3R\n2R\n4R\nSF\n4R\n2R\nQF\nQF\n1R\nSF\nSF\n3R\n\n3R\n2R\n\n3R\n1R\n2R\n\n'''0 / 17'''\n\n US Open\nF\n1R\nQF\n4R\nSF\nSF\nQF\nQF\nQF\nQF\n2R\n1R\n\n3R\n2R\n1R\n2R\n2R\n1R\n\n'''0 / 18'''\n\n SR\n0 / 2\n0 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 1\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 0\n'''0 / 53'''\n\nCareer Statistics\n\nYear-end ranking\n13\n33\n9\n7\n6\n4\n4\n4\n6\n4\n5\n17\n66\n37\n31\n38\n63\n110\n189\n\n\n\n\nSR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number played.\n\n===Doubles===\n\n\n Tournament !! 1978 !! 1979 !! 1980 !! 1981 !! 1982 !! 1983 !! 1984 !! 1985 !! 1986 !! 1987 !! 1988 !! 1989 !! 1990 !! 1991 !! 1992 !! 1993 !! 1994 !! 1995 !! 1996 !! 1997 !! Career SR\n\n Australian Open\nA\nA\nQF\nF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nNH\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n1R\n2R\nSF\nF\nSF\n2R\n1R\n1R\n'''7 / 16'''\n\n French Open\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nA\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nA\nA\nA\nA\n2R\n2R\nA\nA\nA\n'''4 / 6'''\n\n Wimbledon\n1R\nA\nQF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nF\n'''W'''\nQF\n3R\nSF\nA\nSF\nSF\nSF\nQF\nQF\n3R\n1R\n'''5 / 16'''\n\n US Open\nSF\n3R\nF\nSF\nSF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nSF\nF\nA\n'''W'''\nSF\n3R\n3R\nQF\n1R\nA\n'''5 / 15'''\n\n SR\n0 / 0\n0 / 0\n0 / 1\n1 / 2\n2 / 3\n3 / 3\n4 / 4\n2 / 4\n2 / 2\n3 / 4\n2 / 4\n1 / 3\n0 / 1\n1 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 4\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n'''21 / 53'''\n\nCareer Statistics\n\nYear-end ranking\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''2'''\n'''1'''\n'''2'''\n'''2'''\n'''2'''\n4\n92\n9\n7\n7\n12\n18\n91\n249\n\n\n\nSR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam doubles tournaments won to the number played.\n",
"* \n* \n* \n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Major finals",
"Titles",
"Grand Slam performance timelines",
"External links"
] | Pam Shriver career statistics | [
"August 19, 1984\n United Jersey Bank Open (1)\n Mahwah, New Jersey, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 7–6(3), 3–6, 6–2\n\n 53.",
"August 20, 1989\n United Jersey Bank Classic (2)\n Mahwah, New Jersey, U.S.\n Hard\n Steffi Graf\n Louise Allen Laura Arraya\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 101."
] | [
"This is a list of the main career statistics of former professional tennis player Pam Shriver.",
"\n===Grand Slam finals===\n\n====Singles: 1 (0 titles, 1 runner–up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Opponent'''\n'''Score'''\n\nRunner-up \n 1978 \n US Open \n Hard \n Chris Evert \n 7–5, 6–4\n\n\n====Doubles: 27 (21 titles, 6 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nRunner-up \n1980 \n US Open \n Hard \n Betty Stove \n Billie Jean King Martina Navratilova \n 7–6, 7–5 \n\n1981 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–3, 7–6(6)\n\nRunner-up \n1981 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–2, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1982 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–4, 6–1\n\nWinner \n1982 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 6–4, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1983 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull \n 6–2, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1983 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Rosalyn Fairbank Candy Reynolds \n 6–7(4), 6–1, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1983 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull \n 6–4, 6–7, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1984 \n French Open \n Clay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandlíková \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1984 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1984 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnball \n 6–2, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1984 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1985 \n French Open \n Clay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\nRunner-up \n1985 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Smylie \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–4\n\nRunner-up \n1985 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–7(5), 6–2, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1985 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1986 \n Wimbledon \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull \n 6–1, 6–3\n\nWinner \n1986 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull \n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1987 \n Australian Open \n Grass \n Martina Navratilova \n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil \n 6–1, 6–0\n\nWinner \n1987 \n French Open \nClay \n Martina Navratilova \n Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini \n 6–2, 6–1\n\nWinner \n1987 \n US Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Smylie \n 5–7, 6–4, 6–2\n\nWinner \n1988 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull \n 6–0, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1988 \n French Open \nClay \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–2, 7–5\n\nWinner \n1989 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Martina Navratilova \n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington \n 3–6, 6–3, 6–2\n\nRunner-up \n1989 \n US Open \n Hard \n Mary Joe Fernandez \n Hana Mandlíková Martina Navratilova \n 5–7, 6–4, 6–4\n\nWinner \n1991 \n US Open \n Hard \n Natasha Zvereva \n Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko \n 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(5)\n\nRunner-up \n1993 \n Australian Open \n Hard \n Elizabeth Smylie \n Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva \n 6–4, 6–3\n\n\n====Mixed doubles: 1 (1 title, 0 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Championship'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nWinner \n1987 \n French Open \n Clay \n Emilio Sánchez \n Lori McNeil Sherwood Stewart \n 6–3, 7–6(4)\n\n\n===Olympics===\n\n====Women's doubles: 1 (1 gold medal)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nGold \n1988\nSeoul \n Hard \n Zina Garrison \n Jana Novotná Helena Suková \n 4–6, 6–2, 10–8\n\n\n===Year-End Championships finals===\n\n====Doubles: 10 (10 titles, 0 runners-up)====\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\nWinner \n 1981 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh \n 6–0, 7–6(6)\n\nWinner \n 1982 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith \n 6–4, 6–3\n\nWinner \n 1983 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff \n 7–5, 6–2\n\nWinner \n 1984 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura \n 6–3, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1985 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 6–7(4), 6–4, 7–6(5)\n\nWinner \n 1986 (Nov) \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n 1–6, 6–1, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1987 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková \n6–1, 6–1\n\nWinner \n 1988 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Larisa Savchenko Natalia Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner \n 1989 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Larisa Savchenko Natalia Zvereva \n 6–3, 6–2\n\nWinner \n 1991 \n New York City \n Carpet (I) \n Martina Navratilova \n Gigi Fernández Jana Novotná\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–4",
"\n===Singles:48 (21–27)===\n\n\n\n\nWinner — Legend\n\nGrand Slam tournaments (0–1)\n\nWTA Tour Championships (0–1)\n\nTier I (0–0)\n\nTier II (0–1)\n\nTier III (1–1)\n\nTier IV (2–1)\n\nTier V (1–1)\n\n Virginia Slims, Avon, Other (17–21)\n\n\n\nTitles by Surface\n\nHard (3–7)\n\nGrass (10–9)\n\nClay (0–1)\n\nCarpet (8–10)\n\n\n\n\nOutcome\nNo.",
"Date\nTournament\nSurface\nOpponent\nScore\n\nWinner\n 1.",
"January 23, 1978\n Columbus\n Carpet (i)\n Kate Latham\n 6–1, 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 1.",
"August 28, 1978\n US Open\n Hard\n Chris Evert\n 5–7, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 2.",
"June 4, 1979\n Beckenham\n Grass\n Evonne Goolagong Cawley\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 2.",
"March 22, 1980\n Carlsbad\n Hard (i)\n Kate Latham\n 6–1, 6–2\n\nRunner-up\n 3.",
"December 1, 1980\n Sydney\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 4–6, 6–7(8–10)\n\nRunner-up\n 4.",
"March 9, 1981\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 5.",
"April 6, 1981\n Hilton Head Island\n Clay\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 6.",
"July 27, 1981\n San Diego\n Hard\n Tracy Austin\n 2–6, 7–5, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 3.",
"November 16, 1981\n Perth\n Grass\n Andrea Jaeger\n 6–1, 7–6(7–4)\n\nRunner-up\n 7.",
"February 15, 1982\n Houston\n Hard\n Bettina Bunge\n 2–6, 6–3, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 8.",
"September 27, 1982\n Philadelphia\n Carpet (i)\n Barbara Potter\n 4–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 9.",
"November 15, 1982\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 3–6, 1–6\n\nWinner\n 4.",
"April 25, 1983\n Atlanta\n Hard\n Kathy Jordan\n 6–2, 6–0\n\nRunner-up\n 10.",
"October 10, 1983\n Tarpon Springs\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n 3–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 5.",
"November 14, 1983\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 7–5\n\nWinner\n 6.",
"February 6, 1984\n Chicago\n Carpet (i)\n Barbara Potter\n 6–3, 6–4\n\nWinner\n 7.",
"June 11, 1984\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Anne White\n 7–6(7–2), 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 11.",
"August 13, 1984\n Mahwah\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n 4–6, 6–4, 5–7\n\nWinner\n 8.",
"May 6, 1985\n Sydney\n Carpet (i)\n Dianne Balestrat\n 6–3, 6–3\n\nWinner\n 9.",
"May 13, 1985\n Melbourne\n Carpet (i)\n Kathy Jordan\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nWinner\n 10.",
"June 10, 1985\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Betsy Nagelsen\n 6–1, 6–0\n\nRunner-up\n 12.",
"July 15, 1985\n Newport\n Grass\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 13.",
"July 29, 1985\n Manhattan Beach\n Hard\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 14.",
"September 23, 1985\n New Orleans\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert-Lloyd\n 4–6, 5–7\n\nWinner\n 11.",
"October 14, 1985\n Filderstadt\n Carpet (I)\n Catarina Lindqvist\n 6–1, 7–5\n\nRunner-up\n 15.",
"November 11, 1985\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n 3–6, 5–7\n\nRunner-up\n 16.",
"January 6, 1986\n Washington\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 1–6, 4–6\n\nWinner\n 12.",
"June 9, 1986\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Manuela Maleeva\n 6–2, 7–6(7–0)\n\nWinner\n 13.",
"July 14, 1986\n Newport\n Grass\n Lori McNeil\n 6–4, 6–2\n\nRunner-up\n 17.",
"August 4, 1986\n Montreal\n Hard\n Helena Suková\n 2–6, 5–7\n\nRunner-up\n 18.",
"September 29, 1986\n New Orleans\n Carpet (–)\n Martina Navratilova\n 1–6, 6–4, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 19.",
"December 29, 1986\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Hana Mandlíková\n 2–6, 6–2, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 20.",
"January 5, 1987\n Sydney\n Grass\n Zina Garrison\n 2–6, 4–6\n\nRunner-up\n 21.",
"March 16, 1987\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert\n 1–6, 3–6\n\nWinner\n 14.",
"June 8, 1987\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Larisa Savchenko\n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\nWinner\n 15.",
"July 13, 1987\n Newport\n Grass\n Wendy White\n 6–2, 6–4\n\nWinner\n 16.",
"August 17, 1987\n Toronto\n Hard\n Zina Garrison\n 6–4, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 22.",
"October 20, 1987\n Brighton\n Carpet (i)\n Gabriela Sabatini\n 5–7, 4–6\n\nWinner\n 17.",
"November 2, 1987\n Worcester\n Carpet (i)\n Chris Evert\n 6–4, 4–6, 6–0\n\nWinner\n 18.",
"December 28, 1987\n Brisbane\n Grass\n Jana Novotná\n 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–4)\n\nWinner\n 19.",
"January 4, 1988\n Sydney\n Grass\n Helena Suková\n 6–2, 6–3\n\nRunner-up\n 23.",
"February 8, 1988\n Dallas\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 0–6, 3–6\n\nRunner-up\n 24.",
"February 22, 1988\n Fairfax\n Carpet (i)\n Martina Navratilova\n 0–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 20.",
"April 25, 1988\n Tokyo\n Carpet (i)\n Helena Suková\n 7–5, 6–1\n\nRunner-up\n 25.",
"June 5, 1988\n Birmingham\n Grass\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch\n 1–6, 2–6\n\nWinner\n 21.",
"October 17, 1988\n Zürich,\n Carpet (i)\n Manuela Maleeva \n 6–3, 6–4\n\nRunner-up\n 26.",
"November 14, 1988\n Virginia Slims Championships\n Carpet (i)\n Gabriela Sabatini\n 5–7, 2–6, 2–6\n\nRunner-up\n 27.",
"July 17, 1989\n Newport\n Grass\n Zina Garrison\n 0–6, 1–6\n\n\n===Doubles (111)===\n\n\n\nLegend (Women's doubles)\n\n Grand Slam tournaments (21)\n\n WTA Tour Championship (10)\n\n Olympic Gold (1)\n\n Tier I (1)\n\n Tier II (9)\n\n Tier III (3)\n\n Tier IV or V (4)\n\n Virginia Slims, Avon, Other (62)\n\n\n\n\n'''No.'''",
"'''Date'''\n'''Tournament'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Surface'''\n'''Partner'''\n'''Opponents'''\n'''Score'''\n\n 1.",
"June 12, 1978\n Chichester International (1)\n Chichester, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Janet Newberry Wright\n Yvonne Vermaak Michelle Tyler Wilson\n 3–6, 6–3, 6–4\n\n 2.",
"January 7, 1980\n Avon Championshipsof Cincinnati\n Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Laura duPont\n Mima Jaušovec Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 3.",
"March 22, 1980\n Honda Civic Classic\n Carlsbad, California, U.S.\n ?",
"Laura duPont\n Rosemary Casals Joanne Russell\n 6–7, 6–4, 6–1\n\n 4.",
"June 9, 1980\n Crossley Carpets Trophy (2)\n Chichester, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 7–5\n\n 5.",
"July 21, 1980\n Player's Challenge Classic \n Montreal\n Hard\n Anne Smith\n Ann Kiyomura Hayashi Greer Stevens\n 6–3, 7–6(3)\n\n 6.",
"December 8, 1980\n Thunderbird Classic\n Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.\n Hard\n Paula Smith\n Candy Reynolds Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–0, 6–4\n\n 7.",
"December 1, 1980\n Building Society NewSouth Wales Open (1)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 4–6, 6–4\n\n 8.",
"December 8, 1980\n National Panasonic Open\n Adelaide, Australia\n Grass\n Betty Stöve\n Sue Barker Sharon Walsh\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 9.",
"February 1, 1981\n Avon Championshipsof Chicago (1)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 10.",
"March 2, 1981\n Avon Championshipsof Dallas (1)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 11.",
"March 16, 1981\n Avon Championships (1)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 6–0, 7–6\n\n 12.",
"April 20, 1981\n United Airlines Tournament (1)\n Orlando, Florida, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 7–6\n\n 13.",
"June 8, 1981\n BMW Championships (1)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–7, 6–2, 6–1\n\n 14.",
"July 4, 1981\n Wimbledon (1)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 7–6\n\n 15.",
"August 10, 1981\n Player's Canadian Open\n Toronto\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Anne Smith\n 7–6, 7–6\n\n 16.",
"September 21, 1981\n Playtex U.S. Women'sIndoor Championships (1)\n Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 7–5\n\n 17.",
"November 16, 1981\n Building Society NewSouth Wales Open (2)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–7, 6–2, 6–4\n\n 18.",
"December 21, 1981\n Colgate SeriesChampionships (1)\n East Rutherford, New Jersey,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 19.",
"January 31, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Chicago (2)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 20.",
"February 21, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Houston (1)\n Houston, Texas, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Sue Barker Sharon Walsh\n 7–6, 6–2\n\n 21.",
"March 14, 1982\n Avon Championshipsof Dallas (2)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Billie Jean King Ilana Kloss\n 6–4, 6–4\n\n 22.",
"March 28, 1982\n Avon Championships (2)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 23.",
"April 11, 1982\n Family Circle Cup (1)\n Hilton Head, South Carolina,U.S.",
"Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Joanne Russell Virginia Ruzici\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 24.",
"April 18, 1982\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (1)\n Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 25.",
"June 20, 1982\n BMW Championships (1)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 26.",
"July 4, 1982\n Wimbledon (2)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 7–5, 6–1\n\n 27.",
"October 18, 1982\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (1)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Anne Smith\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 28.",
"October 25, 1982\n Daihatsu Challenge (1)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 2–6, 7–5, 6–4\n\n 29.",
"November 28, 1982\n New South Wales BuildingSociety Open (3)\n Sydney\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 6–2, 2–6, 7–6\n\n 30.",
"November 28, 1982\n Australian Open (1)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 6–4, 6–2\n\n 31.",
"December 19, 1982\n Toyota Championships (2)\n East Rutherford, New Jersey,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Paula Smith\n 6–4, 7–5\n\n 32.",
"January 10, 1983\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (1)\n Washington, D.C.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–3\n\n 33.",
"January 16, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Houston (2)\n Houston, Texas, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Barbara Potter Jo Durie\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 34.",
"February 20, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Chicago (3)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 35.",
"March 14, 1983\n Virginia Slims of Dallas (3)\n Dallas, Texas, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 36.",
"March 27, 1983\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (3)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff\n 7–5, 6–2\n\n 37.",
"June 18, 1983\n BMW Championships (2)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Anne Hobbs\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 48.",
"July 3, 1983\n Wimbledon (3)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–2\n\n 39.",
"July 17, 1983\n Virginia Slims Hallof Fame Classic\n Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.\n Grass\n Barbara Potter\n Barbara Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 40.",
"August 15, 1983\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (1)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack Virginia Ruzici\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 41.",
"September 12, 1983\n US Open (1)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Candy Reynolds Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer\n 6–7, 6–1, 6–3\n\n 42.",
"October 17, 1983\n Eckerd Open\n Tampa, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Bonnie Gadusek Wendy White Prausa\n 6–0, 6–1\n\n 43.",
"October 24, 1983\n Daihatsu Challenge (2)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Chris Evert\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 44.",
"December 12, 1983\n Australian Open (2)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 6–7, 6–2\n\n 45.",
"January 15, 1984\n Virginia Slimsof California\n Oakland, California, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Rosemary Casals Alycia Moulton\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 46.",
"February 26, 1984\n Computerland U.S. Women'sIndoor Championships (2)\n East Hanover, New Jersey, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 47.",
"March 4, 1984\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (4)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 48.",
"March 5, 1984\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (2)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n Barbara Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–3, 6–7(7), 6–3\n\n 49.",
"June 6, 1984\n French Open (1)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandlíková\n 5–7, 6–3, 6–2\n\n 50.",
"June 25, 1984\n Eastbourne (3)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Jo Durie Ann Kiyomura Hayashi\n 6–4, 6–2\n\n 51.",
"July 8, 1984\n Wimbledon (4)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Anne Smith\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 52.",
"September 9, 1984\n US Open (2)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Anne Hobbs Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 54.",
"September 30, 1984\n Virginia Slimsof New Orleans\n New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Sharon Walsh Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 6–1\n\n 55.",
"November 18, 1984\n National Panasonic Open (1)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Bettina Bunge Eva Pfaff\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 56.",
"December 9, 1984\n Australian Open (3)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 57.",
"March 9, 1985\n U.S. Women's IndoorChampionships (3)\n Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Marcella Mesker Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 7–5, 6–2\n\n 58.",
"March 24, 1985\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (5)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–7(4), 6–4, 7–6(5)\n\n 59.",
"April 14, 1985\n Family Circle Cup (2)\n Hilton Head, South Carolina,U.S.",
"Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Svetlana Parkhomenko Cherneva Larisa Savchenko Neiland\n 6–4, 6–1\n\n 60.",
"April 28, 1985\n Chrysler Tournamentof Champions (2)\n Orlando, Florida, U.S.\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Elise Burgin Kathleen Horvath\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 61.",
"May 13, 1985\n Australian Indoor\n Sydney\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Barbara Potter Sharon Walsh\n 7–5, 7–5\n\n 62.",
"May 20, 1985\n Melbourne Indoors\n Melbourne, Australia\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Kathy Jordan Anne Hobbs\n 6–2, 5–7, 6–1\n\n 63.",
"June 9, 1985\n French Open (2)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 4–6, 6–2, 6–2\n\n 64.",
"June 23, 1985\n Eastbourne (4)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 7–5, 6–4\n\n 65.",
"October 20, 1985\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (2)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Hana Mandlíková\n Carina Karlsson Tina Scheuer Larson\n 6–2, 6–1\n\n 66.",
"November 17, 1985\n National Panasonic Open (2)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–4, 6–7(6), 6–1\n\n 67.",
"December 8, 1985\n Australian Open (4)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 68.",
"January 11, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (2)\n Washington, D.C.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 69.",
"January 20, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof New England (1)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 6–1\n\n 70.",
"February 23, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Florida\n Key Biscayne, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Helena Suková\n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 71.",
"March 30, 1986\n Bridgestone DoublesChampionship (3)\n Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Barbara Potter\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 72.",
"June 21, 1986\n Pilkington GlassChampionships (5)\n Eastbourne, United Kingdom\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–2, 6–4\n\n 73.",
"July 6, 1986\n Wimbledon (5)\n London\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull\n 6–1, 6–3\n\n 74.",
"August 17, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (2)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–4, 6–3\n\n 75.",
"September 7, 1986\n US Open (3)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Hana Mandlíková Wendy Turnbull\n 6–4, 3–6, 6–3\n\n 76.",
"October 19, 1986\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (3)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Gabriela Sabatini\n 7–6(5), 6–4\n\n 77.",
"November 10, 1986\n Virginia Slimsof New England (2)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 7–5, 6–3\n\n 78.",
"November 23, 1986\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (6)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 7–6(1), 6–3\n\n 79.",
"January 25, 1987\n Australian Open (5)\n Melbourne\n Grass\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–0\n\n 80.",
"March 8, 1987\n Lipton InternationalPlayers Championships\n Key Biscayne, Florida, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–3, 7–6(6)\n\n 81.",
"March 29, 1987\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (3)\n Washington, D.C.",
"Carpet\n Elise Burgin\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 3–6, 6–4\n\n 82.",
"June 6, 1987\n French Open (3)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–2, 6–1\n\n 83.",
"August 16, 1987\n Virginia Slimsof Los Angeles (3)\n Los Angeles\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 84.",
"September 13, 1987\n US Open (4)\n New York City\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Kathy Jordan Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n 5–7, 6–4, 6–2\n\n 85.",
"October 18, 1987\n Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (4)\n Filderstadt, West Germany\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 86.",
"November 22, 1987\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (7)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–1, 6–1\n\n 87.",
"January 3, 1988\n Ariadne Classic (3)\n Brisbane, Australia\n Grass\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 2–6, 7–5, 6–2\n\n 88.",
"January 24, 1988\n Australian Open (6)\n Melbourne\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull\n 6–0, 7–5\n\n 89.",
"February 28, 1988\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (4)\n Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Helena Suková Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 90.",
"May 1, 1988\n Pan Pacific Open (1)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Helena Suková\n Gigi Fernández Robin White\n 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(5)\n\n 91.",
"June 5, 1988\n French Open (4)\n Paris\n Clay\n Martina Navratilova\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Helena Suková\n 6–2, 7–5\n\n 92.",
"October 2, 1988\n Olympic Games\n Seoul, South Korea\n Hard\n Zina Garrison\n Jana Novotná Helena Suková\n 4–6, 6–2, 10–8\n\n 93.",
"November 6, 1988\n Virginia Slimsof New England (3)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Helena Suková Gabriela Sabatini\n 6–3, 3–6, 7–5\n\n 94.",
"November 20, 1988\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (8)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–4\n\n 95.",
"January 15, 1989\n New South Wales Open (4)\n Sydney\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie Wendy Turnbull\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 96.",
"January 29, 1989\n Australian Open (7)\n Melbourne\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington\n 3–6, 6–3, 6–2\n\n 97.",
"February 19, 1989\n Virginia Slimsof Washington (5)\n Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.",
"Carpet\n Betsy Nagelsen McCormack\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–2, 6–3\n\n 98.",
"March 5, 1989\n U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (1)\n San Antonio, Texas, U.S.\n Hard\n Katrina Adams\n Patty Fendick Jill Hetherington\n 3–6, 6–1, 6–4\n\n 99.",
"March 12, 1989\n Virginia Slims of Indian Wells\n Indian Wells, California, U.S.\n Hard\n Hana Mandlíková\n Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer Gretchen Magers\n 6–3, 6–7(4), 6–3\n\n 100.",
"November 5, 1989\n Virginia Slimsof New England (4)\n Worcester, Massachusetts,U.S.",
"Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Elise Burgin Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer\n 6–4, 4–6, 6–4\n\n 102.",
"November 19, 1989\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (9)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Larisa Savchenko Neiland Natasha Zvereva\n 6–3, 6–2\n\n 103.",
"September 8, 1991\n US Open (5)\n New York City\n Hard\n Natasha Zvereva\n Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko Neiland\n 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(5)\n\n 104.",
"September 22, 1991\n Nichirei InternationalChampionships\n Tokyo\n Hard\n Mary Jo Fernandez\n Carrie Cunningham Laura Arraya\n 6–3, 6–3\n\n 105.",
"October 27, 1991\n Midland BankChampionships (3)\n Brighton, United Kingdom\n Carpet\n Natasha Zvereva\n Zina Garrison Lori McNeil\n 6–1, 6–2\n\n 106.",
"November 24, 1991\n Virginia SlimsChampionships (10)\n New York City\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Gigi Fernández Jana Novotná\n 4–6, 7–5, 6–4\n\n 107.",
"February 16, 1992\n Virginia Slims of Chicago (4)\n Chicago\n Carpet\n Martina Navratilova\n Katrina Adams Zina Garrison\n 6–4, 7–6(7)\n\n 108.",
"March 29, 1992\n U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (2)\n San Antonio, Texas, U.S.\n Hard\n Martina Navratilova\n Patty Fendick Andrea Strnadová\n 3–6, 6–2, 7–6(4)\n\n 109.",
"January 17, 1993\n Peters New SouthWales Open (5)\n Sydney\n Hard\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Lori McNeil Rennae Stubbs\n 7–6(4), 6–2\n\n 110.",
"February 6, 1994\n Toray Pan Pacific Open (2)\n Tokyo\n Carpet\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Martina Navratilova Manon Bollegraf\n 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(3)\n\n 111.",
"July 31, 1994\n Acura U.S. Women'sHardcourt Championships (3)\n Stratton Mountain,Vermont, U.S.\n Hard\n Elizabeth Sayers Smylie\n Conchita Martínez Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\n 7–6(4), 2–6, 7–5\n\n\n===Mixed doubles (1)===\n* 1987: French Open (Emilio Sánchez)",
"\n===Singles===\n\n\n Tournament !",
"!",
"1978 !",
"!",
"1979 !",
"!",
"1980 !",
"!",
"1981 !",
"!",
"1982 !",
"!",
"1983 !",
"!",
"1984 !",
"!",
"1985 !",
"!",
"1986 !",
"!",
"1987 !",
"!",
"1988 !",
"!",
"1989 !",
"!",
"1990 !",
"!",
"1991 !",
"!",
"1992 !",
"!",
"1993 !",
"!",
"1994 !",
"!",
"1995 !",
"!",
"1996 !",
"!",
"1997 !",
"!",
"Career SR\n\nAustralian Open\n\n\nQF\nSF\nSF\nSF\nQF\n3R\nNH\nQF\n4R\n3R\n3R\n3R\n3R\n1R\n2R\n1R\n1R\n\n'''0 / 16'''\n\n French Open\n\n\n\n\n\n3R\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1R\n\n\n\n'''0 / 2'''\n\n Wimbledon\n3R\n2R\n4R\nSF\n4R\n2R\nQF\nQF\n1R\nSF\nSF\n3R\n\n3R\n2R\n\n3R\n1R\n2R\n\n'''0 / 17'''\n\n US Open\nF\n1R\nQF\n4R\nSF\nSF\nQF\nQF\nQF\nQF\n2R\n1R\n\n3R\n2R\n1R\n2R\n2R\n1R\n\n'''0 / 18'''\n\n SR\n0 / 2\n0 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 1\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 0\n'''0 / 53'''\n\nCareer Statistics\n\nYear-end ranking\n13\n33\n9\n7\n6\n4\n4\n4\n6\n4\n5\n17\n66\n37\n31\n38\n63\n110\n189\n\n\n\n\nSR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number played.",
"===Doubles===\n\n\n Tournament !",
"!",
"1978 !",
"!",
"1979 !",
"!",
"1980 !",
"!",
"1981 !",
"!",
"1982 !",
"!",
"1983 !",
"!",
"1984 !",
"!",
"1985 !",
"!",
"1986 !",
"!",
"1987 !",
"!",
"1988 !",
"!",
"1989 !",
"!",
"1990 !",
"!",
"1991 !",
"!",
"1992 !",
"!",
"1993 !",
"!",
"1994 !",
"!",
"1995 !",
"!",
"1996 !",
"!",
"1997 !",
"!",
"Career SR\n\n Australian Open\nA\nA\nQF\nF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nNH\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n1R\n2R\nSF\nF\nSF\n2R\n1R\n1R\n'''7 / 16'''\n\n French Open\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nA\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nA\nA\nA\nA\n2R\n2R\nA\nA\nA\n'''4 / 6'''\n\n Wimbledon\n1R\nA\nQF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nF\n'''W'''\nQF\n3R\nSF\nA\nSF\nSF\nSF\nQF\nQF\n3R\n1R\n'''5 / 16'''\n\n US Open\nSF\n3R\nF\nSF\nSF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nF\n'''W'''\n'''W'''\nSF\nF\nA\n'''W'''\nSF\n3R\n3R\nQF\n1R\nA\n'''5 / 15'''\n\n SR\n0 / 0\n0 / 0\n0 / 1\n1 / 2\n2 / 3\n3 / 3\n4 / 4\n2 / 4\n2 / 2\n3 / 4\n2 / 4\n1 / 3\n0 / 1\n1 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 4\n0 / 4\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n'''21 / 53'''\n\nCareer Statistics\n\nYear-end ranking\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''2'''\n'''1'''\n'''2'''\n'''2'''\n'''2'''\n4\n92\n9\n7\n7\n12\n18\n91\n249\n\n\n\nSR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam doubles tournaments won to the number played.",
"* \n* \n*"
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''Tanchon Commercial Bank''' (formerly called '''Changgwang Credit Bank'''; possibly called '''Danchon Bank''') is a North Korean bank. It was originally opened in August 1986.\n",
"\nTanchon Bank has about thirty employees and has regional offices specializing in weapon sales in the Middle East, Myanmar, and Africa.\n\nAccording to a Business Insider article, ''Chang-Kwang Credit Bank'' is the financial institution used \"to repatriate and hold foreign currency accounts\" and under the control of the Ministry of Industry.\n\nThe bank's purpose was to handle transactions concerning Yongaksan Trading Company and as a fund manager for the Second Economic Committee. At one time, the bank's leader was Maeng Bong-shik.\n\nThe bank's address is Saemul 1-Dong Pyongchon District, Pyongyang, North Korea.\n\nMun Cho'ng-Ch'o'l is a Tanchon Commercial Bank representative.\n",
"\n*List of banks in North Korea\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"See also",
"References"
] | Tanchon Commercial Bank | [
"\n\n'''Tanchon Commercial Bank''' (formerly called '''Changgwang Credit Bank'''; possibly called '''Danchon Bank''') is a North Korean bank.",
"\nTanchon Bank has about thirty employees and has regional offices specializing in weapon sales in the Middle East, Myanmar, and Africa.",
"According to a Business Insider article, ''Chang-Kwang Credit Bank'' is the financial institution used \"to repatriate and hold foreign currency accounts\" and under the control of the Ministry of Industry.",
"The bank's purpose was to handle transactions concerning Yongaksan Trading Company and as a fund manager for the Second Economic Committee.",
"At one time, the bank's leader was Maeng Bong-shik.",
"The bank's address is Saemul 1-Dong Pyongchon District, Pyongyang, North Korea.",
"Mun Cho'ng-Ch'o'l is a Tanchon Commercial Bank representative."
] | [
"It was originally opened in August 1986.",
"\n*List of banks in North Korea"
] | finance |
[
"This is a list of films released by the British distribution company '''General Film Distributors'''. GFD was part of the Rank Organisation, and handled films produced by the various companies controlled by or linked to Rank including Gainsborough Pictures, Two Cities Films and Ealing Studios. The list also includes films released by Rank's other distribution outlet Eagle-Lion Films. Foreign films which were handled in Britain by GFD, such as imports from the Hollywood studio Universal Pictures, are not included. In 1955 GFD was abolished and replaced by '''Rank Film Distributors'''.\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''Koenigsmark'' \n October 1935 \n Maurice Tourneur \n\n\n ''Moscow Nights'' \n November 1935 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' No Monkey Business'' \n November 1935 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Mystery of the Mary Celeste'' \n November 1935 \n Denison Clift \n\n\n ''The Improper Duchess'' \n January 1936 \n Harry Hughes \n\n\n ''Limelight'' \n January 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''When Knights Were Bold'' \n February 1936 \n Jack Raymond \n\n\n ''Public Nuisance No. 1'' \n February 1936 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''King of the Castle'' \n February 1936 \n Redd Davis \n\n\n '' Fame'' \n March 1936 \n Leslie S. Hiscott \n\n\n ''Wolf's Clothing'' \n March 1936 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n ''The Crimson Circle'' \n March 1936 \n Reginald Denham \n\n\n '' Debt of Honour'' \n March 1936 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Birds of a Feather''\n April 1936 \n John Baxter\n\n\n ''The Marriage of Corbal'' \n May 1936 \n Karl Grune \n \n\n ''The Three Maxims'' \n June 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''Dishonour Bright'' \n September 1936 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''Southern Roses'' \n September 1936 \n Frederic Zelnik \n\n\n ''Secret of Stamboul'' \n October 1936 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n '' Land Without Music'' \n October 1936 \n Walter Forde \n \n\n '' Tropical Trouble'' \n October 1936 \n Harry Hughes \n\n\n '' This'll Make You Whistle'' \n November 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox\n\n\n ''You Must Get Married'' \n December 1936 \n Leslie Pearce \n\n\n ''Splinters in the Air '' \n 1937 \n Alfred J. Goulding \n\n\n ''Sunset in Vienna'' \n 1937 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Millions'' \n 1937 \n Leslie S. Hiscott \n\n\n ''London Melody'' \n February 1937 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''For Valour'' \n March 1937 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''The Frog'' \n March 1937 \n Jack Raymond \n\n\n ''The Gang Show'' \n April 1937 \n Alfred J. Goulding \n\n\n '' Our Fighting Navy'' \n April 1937 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''O-Kay for Sound'' \n April 1937 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Take My Tip'' \n May 1937 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''King Solomon's Mines'' \n June 1937 \n Robert Stevenson\n \n\n ''The Edge of the World'' \n July 1937 \n Michael Powell\n\n\n ''Said O'Reilly to McNab'' \n July 1937 \n William Beaudine \n\n\n ''School for Husbands'' \n August 1937 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n ''Command Performance'' \n August 1937 \n Sinclair Hill \n\n\n ''Gangway'' \n August 1937 \n Sonnie Hale \n\n\n ''Jericho'' \n August 1937 \n Thornton Freeland \n\n\n ''Doctor Syn'' \n August 1937 \n Roy William Neill \n\n\n ''Non-Stop New York'' \n September 1937 \n Robert Stevenson \n\n\n ''Smash and Grab'' \n September 1937 \n Tim Whelan \n\n\n ''Oh, Mr Porter!'' \n October 1937 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n '' Young and Innocent'' \n November 1937 \n Alfred Hitchcock \n\n\n ''The Sky's the Limit'' \n 1938 \n Jack Buchanan \n\n\n ''Sweet Devil'' \n January 1938 \n René Guissart \n\n\n ''Lightning Conductor'' \n 1938 \n Maurice Elvey \n \n\n ''A Spot of Bother'' \n 1938 \n David MacDonald \n\n\n '' Second Best Bed'' \n January 1938 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''Sailing Along'' \n January 1938 \n Sonnie Hale \n\n\n ''Owd Bob'' \n January 1938 \n Robert Stevenson \n\n\n ''Bank Holiday'' \n January 1938 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''Pygmalion'' \n March 1938 \nAnthony Asquith, Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''Kicking the Moon Around'' \n March 1938 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Break the News'' \n April 1938 \n René Clair \n\n\n ''Strange Boarders'' \n May 1938 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''Convict 99'' \n June 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Alf's Button Afloat'' \n July 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Kate Plus Ten'' \n August 1938 \n Reginald Denham \n\n\n ''Crackerjack'' \n October 1938 \n Albert de Courville \n \n\n ''Hey! Hey! USA'' \n October 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Old Bones of the River'' \n December 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Mikado'' \n January 1939 \n Victor Schertzinger \n\n\n ''A Girl Must Live'' \n April 1939 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''On the Night of the Fire'' \n October 1939 \n Brian Desmond Hurst \n \n\n ''The Frozen Limits'' \n November 1939 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Arsenal Stadium Mystery'' \n November 1939 \n Thorold Dickinson \n\n\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''Band Waggon''\n March 1940 \n Marcel Varnel\n\n\n ''The Spider'' \n April 1940 \n Maurice Elvey\n\n\n ''For Freedom'' \n May 1940 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' A Window in London'' \n June 1940 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''Charley's (Big-Hearted) Aunt'' \n August 1940 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Neutral Port'' \n December 1940 \n Marcel Varnel \n \n\n ''Gasbags'' \n February 1941 \n Walter Forde, Marcel Varnel \n\n\n '' Old Bill and Son'' \n March 1941 \n Ian Dalrymple\n\n\n ''The Ghost Train'' \n May 1941 \n Walter Forde\n\n\n '' The Man at the Gate'' \n July 1941 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Major Barbara'' \n August 1941 \n Gabriel Pascal \n\n\n ''Jeannie'' \n September 1941 \n Harold French \n\n\n '' Cottage to Let'' \n September 1941 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''He Found a Star'' \n September 1941 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''49th Parallel'' \n October 1941 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''I Thank You'' \n October 1941 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Hi Gang!'' \n December 1941 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Back-Room Boy'' \n April 1942 \n Herbert Mason\n\n\n ''Hard Steel'' \n May 1942 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''The Day Will Dawn'' \n June 1942 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Uncensored'' \n August 1942 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The First of the Few'' \n September 1942 \n Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''Secret Mission'' \n October 1942 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''The Great Mr. Handel'' \n November 1942 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''King Arthur Was a Gentleman'' \n December 1942 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Silver Fleet'' \n March 1943 \n Vernon Sewell \n\n\n ''It's That Man Again'' \n March 1943 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''We Dive at Dawn'' \n April 1943 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The Gentle Sex'' \n April 1943 \n Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp'' \n June 1943 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n '' Miss London Ltd.'' \n June 1943 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''The Man in Grey'' \n August 1943 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''The Flemish Farm'' \n September 1943 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n ''Dear Octopus'' \n September 1943 \n Harold French\n\n\n ''Millions Like Us'' \n November 1943 \n Sidney Gilliat, Frank Launder \n\n\n ''They Met in the Dark'' \n November 1943 \n Karel Lamac \n \n\n ''The Lamp Still Burns'' \n November 1943 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' The Demi-Paradise'' \n December 1943 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' On Approval'' \n February 1944 \n Clive Brook \n \n\n ''Bees in Paradise'' \n March 1944 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''Tawny Pipit'' \n April 1944 \n Bernard Miles \n \n\n ''Time Flies'' \n May 1944 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Fanny by Gaslight'' \n May 1944 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The Way Ahead'' \n June 1944 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''This Happy Breed'' \n June 1944 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''English Without Tears'' \n July 1944 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Give Us the Moon'' \n July 1944 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''A Canterbury Tale'' \n August 1944 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''Mr. Emmanuel'' \n October 1944 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Henry V'' \n November 1944 \n Laurence Olivier \n \n\n ''Love Story'' \n November 1944 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''Don't Take It to Heart'' \n November 1944 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n ''Two Thousand Women'' \n November 1944 \n Frank Launder \n\n\n ''Madonna of the Seven Moons'' \n January 1945 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n '' Waterloo Road'' \n February 1945 \n Sidney Gilliat \n\n\n '' Blithe Spirit'' \n April 1945 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''A Place of One's Own'' \n May 1945 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n ''The Way to the Stars'' \n June 1945 \n Anthony Asquith \n \n\n ''They Were Sisters'' \n July 1945 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n ''I'll Be Your Sweetheart'' \n July 1945 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''Dead of Night'' \n September 1945 \n Alberto Cavalcanti, Charles Crichton Robert Hamer, Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Johnny Frenchman'' \n October 1945 \n Charles Frend \n \n\n ''The Seventh Veil'' \n October 1945 \n Compton Bennett \n \n\n ''I Know Where I'm Going!'' \n November 1945 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''Brief Encounter'' \n November 1945 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''The Wicked Lady'' \n November 1945 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''The Rake's Progress'' \n December 1945 \n Sidney Gilliat \n\n\n ''Caesar and Cleopatra'' \n December 1945 \n Gabriel Pascal \n\n\n ''Pink String and Sealing Wax'' \n December 1945 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n ''They Knew Mr. Knight'' \n March 1946 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''The Years Between'' \n April 1946 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n ''The Captive Heart'' \n April 1946 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Bedelia'' \n May 1946 \n Lance Comfort \n\n\n ''Caravan'' \n June 1946 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n ''Here Comes the Sun'' \n June 1946 \n John Baxter \n\n\n ''Beware of Pity'' \n July 1946 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' I See a Dark Stranger'' \n July 1946 \nFrank Launder \n\n\n ''Theirs Is the Glory'' \n August 1946\n Brian Desmond Hurst \n\n\n ''Men of Two Worlds'' \n September 1946 \n Thorold Dickinson \n\n\n ''The Magic Bow'' \n September 1946 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n '' London Town'' \n September 1946\n Wesley Ruggles \n\n\n '' Tehran'' \n October 1946 \n William Freshman, Giacomo Gentilomo \n\n\n ''The Overlanders'' \n October 1946 \n Harry Watt \n \n\n ''A Matter of Life and Death'' \n November 1946 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n '' School for Secrets'' \n November 1946 \n Peter Ustinov \n\n\n '' Carnival'' \n December 1946 \n Stanley Haynes \n\n\n ''Great Expectations'' \n December 1946 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''Green for Danger'' \n December 1946 \n Sidney Gilliat \n\n\n",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''The Blue Lamp'' \n January 1950 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Golden Salamander'' \n February 1950 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''The Astonished Heart'' \n February 1950 \n Terence Fisher \n\n\n ''Madeleine'' \nFebruary 1950 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''Morning Departure'' \n February 1950 \n Roy Ward Baker \n\n\n ''They Were Not Divided'' \n March 1950 \n Terence Young \n\n\n ''The Reluctant Widow'' \n May 1950 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n ''Prelude to Fame \n May 1950 \n Fergus McDonell \n \n\n ''So Long at the Fair \n May 1950 \n Terence Fisher \n\n\n ''Tony Draws a Horse \n June 1950 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''Waterfront'' \n July 1950 \n Michael Anderson \n\n\n ''Trio'' \n August 1950 \n Ken Annakin, Harold French \n\n\n ''Cage of Gold'' \n September 1950 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''The Woman in Question'' \n October 1950 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' The Magnet'' \n October 1950 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Clouded Yellow'' \n November 1950 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''Highly Dangerous'' \n December 1950 \n Roy Ward Baker \n\n\n ''Traveller's Joy'' \n December 1950 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''The Dark Man'' \n January 1951 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n '' Blackmailed'' \n January 1951 \n Marc Allégret \n\n\n '' Pool of London'' \n February 1951 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' The Adventurers'' \n March 1951 \n David MacDonald \n\n\n ''The Browning Version'' \n March 1951 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Night Without Stars'' \n April 1951 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n '' White Corridors'' \n June 1951 \n Pat Jackson \n\n\n ''The Lavender Hill Mob'' \n June 1951 \n Charles Crichton\n\n\n ''Hotel Sahara'' \n July 1951 \n Ken Annakin \n \n\n '' The Man in the White Suit'' \n August 1951 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n ''Valley of Eagles'' \n September 1951 \n Terence Young \n\n\n '' Appointment with Venus'' \n October 1951 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''Where No Vultures Fly'' \n November 1951 \n Harry Watt \n\n\n '' High Treason'' \n November 1951 \n Roy Boulting \n\n\n '' Encore'' \nNovember 1951 \n Pat Jackson, Anthony Pelissier Harold French \n \n\n ''His Excellency'' \n January 1952 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n '' Secret People'' \n February 1952 \n Thorold Dickinson \n\n\n ''The Card'' \n February 1952 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''I Believe in You'' \n March 1952 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Hunted'' \n March 1952 \n Charles Crichton \n\n\n ''Curtain Up'' \n May 1952 \n Ralph Smart \n \n\n ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' \nJune 1952 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''Something Money Can't Buy'' \n July 1952 \n Pat Jackson \n\n\n ''Mandy'' \n July 1952 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n '' Penny Princess'' \n August 1952 \n Val Guest \n\n\n '' Meet Me Tonight'' \n September 1952 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n ''The Planter's Wife'' \n September 1952 \n Ken Annakin \n\n\n '' The Gentle Gunman'' \n October 1952 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''It Started in Paradise'' \n October 1952 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n ''Venetian Bird'' \n October 1952 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n '' Made in Heaven'' \n November 1952 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n '' The Long Memory'' \n January 1953 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n '' The Net'' \n February 1953 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Top of the Form'' \n February 1953 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''Black Orchid'' \n February 1953 \n Charles Saunders \n\n\n ''Street Corner'' \n March 1953 \n Muriel Box \n \n\n '' Desperate Moment'' \n March 1953 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n '' The Cruel Sea'' \n March 1953 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Titfield Thunderbolt'' \n March 1953 \n Michael Truman \n\n\n ''Deadly Nightshade'' \n March 1953 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Genevieve'' \n April 1953 \n Henry Cornelius \n\n\n ''Turn the Key Softly'' \n April 1953 \n Jack Lee \n\n\n ''A Queen Is Crowned'' \n June 1953 \n Michael Waldman \n\n\n ''Malta Story'' \n June 1953 \n Brian Desmond Hurst \n\n\n ''The Square Ring'' \n July 1953 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Wheel of Fate''\n July 1953 \n Francis Searle \n\n\n ''Always a Bride'' \n August 1953 \n Ralph Smart \n\n\n ''The Final Test'' \n August 1953 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Personal Affair'' \n October 1953\n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n ''A Day to Remember'' \n November 1953 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n '' Meet Mr. Lucifer'' \n November 1953 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n '' Trouble in Store'' \n December 1953 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''The Kidnappers'' \n December 1953 \n Philip Leacock \n\n\n ''Small Town Story'' \n December 1953 \n Montgomery Tully \n\n\n ''The Love Lottery'' \n January 1954 \nCharles Crichton \n\n\n '' The Million Pound Note'' \n January 1954 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''You Know What Sailors Are'' \n February 1954 \n Ken Annakin \n\n\n ''The Maggie'' \n February 1954 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n ''Star of My Night'' \n February 1954 \n Paul Dickson \n\n\n ''Fast and Loose'' \n February 1954 \n Gordon Parry \n\n\n '' Doctor in the House'' \n March 1954 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''West of Zanzibar'' \n March 1954 \n Harry Watt \n\n\n ''Double Exposure'' \n March 1954 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Forbidden Cargo'' \n May 1954 \n Harold French \n\n\n '' The Rainbow Jacket'' \n May 1954 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''The Seekers'' \n June 1954 \n Ken Annakin \n \n\n ''The Embezzler'' \n July 1954 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Delayed Action'' \n July 1954 \n John Harlow \n \n\n ''Up to His Neck'' \n August 1954 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n '' The Beachcomber'' \n August 1954 \n Muriel Box \n\n\n '' The Young Lovers'' \n August 1954 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''Romeo and Juliet'' \n September 1954 \n Renato Castellani\n \n\n ''The Purple Plain'' \n September 1954 \n Robert Parrish \n\n\n ' Lease of Life'' \n October 1954 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Divided Heart'' \n November 1954 \n Charles Chrichton \n\n\n ''Mad About Men'' \n November 1954 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''One Good Turn'' \n January 1955 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''To Paris with Love'' \n January 1955 \n Robert Hamer \n \n\n '' Simba'' \n January 1955\n Brian Desmond Hurst\n\n\n '' Out of the Clouds'' \n February 1955 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''As Long as They're Happy'' \n March 1955 \n J. Lee Thompson \n\n\n ''The Night My Number Came Up'' \n March 1955\n Leslie Norman \n\n\n ''Above Us the Waves'' \n March 1955 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''One Jump Ahead'' \n March 1955 \n Charles Saunders \n\n\n '' The Ship That Died of Shame'' \n April 1955 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Passage Home \n April 1955 \n Roy Ward Baker \n \n\n ''The Hornet's Nest'' \n May 1955 \n Charles Saunders \n \n\n",
"* Macnab, Geoffrey. ''J. Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry''. Routledge, 1994.\n*Wood, Linda. ''British Films, 1927–1939''. British Film Institute, 1986.\n",
"* List of Gainsborough Pictures films\n* List of Ealing Studios films\n* List of Stoll Pictures films\n* List of British Lion films\n* List of British National films\n* List of British and Dominions films\n* List of Two Cities Films\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"1930s",
"1940s",
"1950s",
"Bibliography",
"See also"
] | List of General Film Distributors films | [
"October 1937 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n '' Young and Innocent'' \n November 1937 \n Alfred Hitchcock \n\n\n ''The Sky's the Limit'' \n 1938 \n Jack Buchanan \n\n\n ''Sweet Devil'' \n January 1938 \n René Guissart \n\n\n ''Lightning Conductor'' \n 1938 \n Maurice Elvey \n \n\n ''A Spot of Bother'' \n 1938 \n David MacDonald \n\n\n '' Second Best Bed'' \n January 1938 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''Sailing Along'' \n January 1938 \n Sonnie Hale \n\n\n ''Owd Bob'' \n January 1938 \n Robert Stevenson \n\n\n ''Bank Holiday'' \n January 1938 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''Pygmalion'' \n March 1938 \nAnthony Asquith, Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''Kicking the Moon Around'' \n March 1938 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Break the News'' \n April 1938 \n René Clair \n\n\n ''Strange Boarders'' \n May 1938 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''Convict 99'' \n June 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Alf's Button Afloat'' \n July 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Kate Plus Ten'' \n August 1938 \n Reginald Denham \n\n\n ''Crackerjack'' \n October 1938 \n Albert de Courville \n \n\n ''Hey!"
] | [
"This is a list of films released by the British distribution company '''General Film Distributors'''.",
"GFD was part of the Rank Organisation, and handled films produced by the various companies controlled by or linked to Rank including Gainsborough Pictures, Two Cities Films and Ealing Studios.",
"The list also includes films released by Rank's other distribution outlet Eagle-Lion Films.",
"Foreign films which were handled in Britain by GFD, such as imports from the Hollywood studio Universal Pictures, are not included.",
"In 1955 GFD was abolished and replaced by '''Rank Film Distributors'''.",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''Koenigsmark'' \n October 1935 \n Maurice Tourneur \n\n\n ''Moscow Nights'' \n November 1935 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' No Monkey Business'' \n November 1935 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Mystery of the Mary Celeste'' \n November 1935 \n Denison Clift \n\n\n ''The Improper Duchess'' \n January 1936 \n Harry Hughes \n\n\n ''Limelight'' \n January 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''When Knights Were Bold'' \n February 1936 \n Jack Raymond \n\n\n ''Public Nuisance No.",
"1'' \n February 1936 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''King of the Castle'' \n February 1936 \n Redd Davis \n\n\n '' Fame'' \n March 1936 \n Leslie S. Hiscott \n\n\n ''Wolf's Clothing'' \n March 1936 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n ''The Crimson Circle'' \n March 1936 \n Reginald Denham \n\n\n '' Debt of Honour'' \n March 1936 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Birds of a Feather''\n April 1936 \n John Baxter\n\n\n ''The Marriage of Corbal'' \n May 1936 \n Karl Grune \n \n\n ''The Three Maxims'' \n June 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''Dishonour Bright'' \n September 1936 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''Southern Roses'' \n September 1936 \n Frederic Zelnik \n\n\n ''Secret of Stamboul'' \n October 1936 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n '' Land Without Music'' \n October 1936 \n Walter Forde \n \n\n '' Tropical Trouble'' \n October 1936 \n Harry Hughes \n\n\n '' This'll Make You Whistle'' \n November 1936 \n Herbert Wilcox\n\n\n ''You Must Get Married'' \n December 1936 \n Leslie Pearce \n\n\n ''Splinters in the Air '' \n 1937 \n Alfred J. Goulding \n\n\n ''Sunset in Vienna'' \n 1937 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Millions'' \n 1937 \n Leslie S. Hiscott \n\n\n ''London Melody'' \n February 1937 \n Herbert Wilcox \n\n\n ''For Valour'' \n March 1937 \n Tom Walls \n\n\n ''The Frog'' \n March 1937 \n Jack Raymond \n\n\n ''The Gang Show'' \n April 1937 \n Alfred J. Goulding \n\n\n '' Our Fighting Navy'' \n April 1937 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''O-Kay for Sound'' \n April 1937 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Take My Tip'' \n May 1937 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''King Solomon's Mines'' \n June 1937 \n Robert Stevenson\n \n\n ''The Edge of the World'' \n July 1937 \n Michael Powell\n\n\n ''Said O'Reilly to McNab'' \n July 1937 \n William Beaudine \n\n\n ''School for Husbands'' \n August 1937 \n Andrew Marton \n\n\n ''Command Performance'' \n August 1937 \n Sinclair Hill \n\n\n ''Gangway'' \n August 1937 \n Sonnie Hale \n\n\n ''Jericho'' \n August 1937 \n Thornton Freeland \n\n\n ''Doctor Syn'' \n August 1937 \n Roy William Neill \n\n\n ''Non-Stop New York'' \n September 1937 \n Robert Stevenson \n\n\n ''Smash and Grab'' \n September 1937 \n Tim Whelan \n\n\n ''Oh, Mr Porter!''",
"Hey!",
"USA'' \n October 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Old Bones of the River'' \n December 1938 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Mikado'' \n January 1939 \n Victor Schertzinger \n\n\n ''A Girl Must Live'' \n April 1939 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''On the Night of the Fire'' \n October 1939 \n Brian Desmond Hurst \n \n\n ''The Frozen Limits'' \n November 1939 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Arsenal Stadium Mystery'' \n November 1939 \n Thorold Dickinson",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''Band Waggon''\n March 1940 \n Marcel Varnel\n\n\n ''The Spider'' \n April 1940 \n Maurice Elvey\n\n\n ''For Freedom'' \n May 1940 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' A Window in London'' \n June 1940 \n Herbert Mason \n\n\n ''Charley's (Big-Hearted) Aunt'' \n August 1940 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Neutral Port'' \n December 1940 \n Marcel Varnel \n \n\n ''Gasbags'' \n February 1941 \n Walter Forde, Marcel Varnel \n\n\n '' Old Bill and Son'' \n March 1941 \n Ian Dalrymple\n\n\n ''The Ghost Train'' \n May 1941 \n Walter Forde\n\n\n '' The Man at the Gate'' \n July 1941 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''Major Barbara'' \n August 1941 \n Gabriel Pascal \n\n\n ''Jeannie'' \n September 1941 \n Harold French \n\n\n '' Cottage to Let'' \n September 1941 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''He Found a Star'' \n September 1941 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''49th Parallel'' \n October 1941 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''I Thank You'' \n October 1941 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Hi Gang!''",
"December 1941 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''Back-Room Boy'' \n April 1942 \n Herbert Mason\n\n\n ''Hard Steel'' \n May 1942 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''The Day Will Dawn'' \n June 1942 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Uncensored'' \n August 1942 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The First of the Few'' \n September 1942 \n Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''Secret Mission'' \n October 1942 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''The Great Mr. Handel'' \n November 1942 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''King Arthur Was a Gentleman'' \n December 1942 \n Marcel Varnel \n\n\n ''The Silver Fleet'' \n March 1943 \n Vernon Sewell \n\n\n ''It's That Man Again'' \n March 1943 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''We Dive at Dawn'' \n April 1943 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The Gentle Sex'' \n April 1943 \n Leslie Howard \n\n\n ''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp'' \n June 1943 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n '' Miss London Ltd.'' \n June 1943 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''The Man in Grey'' \n August 1943 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''The Flemish Farm'' \n September 1943 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n ''Dear Octopus'' \n September 1943 \n Harold French\n\n\n ''Millions Like Us'' \n November 1943 \n Sidney Gilliat, Frank Launder \n\n\n ''They Met in the Dark'' \n November 1943 \n Karel Lamac \n \n\n ''The Lamp Still Burns'' \n November 1943 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' The Demi-Paradise'' \n December 1943 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' On Approval'' \n February 1944 \n Clive Brook \n \n\n ''Bees in Paradise'' \n March 1944 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''Tawny Pipit'' \n April 1944 \n Bernard Miles \n \n\n ''Time Flies'' \n May 1944 \n Walter Forde \n\n\n ''Fanny by Gaslight'' \n May 1944 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''The Way Ahead'' \n June 1944 \n Carol Reed \n\n\n ''This Happy Breed'' \n June 1944 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''English Without Tears'' \n July 1944 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Give Us the Moon'' \n July 1944 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''A Canterbury Tale'' \n August 1944 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''Mr.",
"Emmanuel'' \n October 1944 \n Harold French \n\n\n ''Henry V'' \n November 1944 \n Laurence Olivier \n \n\n ''Love Story'' \n November 1944 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''Don't Take It to Heart'' \n November 1944 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n ''Two Thousand Women'' \n November 1944 \n Frank Launder \n\n\n ''Madonna of the Seven Moons'' \n January 1945 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n '' Waterloo Road'' \n February 1945 \n Sidney Gilliat \n\n\n '' Blithe Spirit'' \n April 1945 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''A Place of One's Own'' \n May 1945 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n ''The Way to the Stars'' \n June 1945 \n Anthony Asquith \n \n\n ''They Were Sisters'' \n July 1945 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n ''I'll Be Your Sweetheart'' \n July 1945 \n Val Guest \n\n\n ''Dead of Night'' \n September 1945 \n Alberto Cavalcanti, Charles Crichton Robert Hamer, Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Johnny Frenchman'' \n October 1945 \n Charles Frend \n \n\n ''The Seventh Veil'' \n October 1945 \n Compton Bennett \n \n\n ''I Know Where I'm Going!''",
"November 1945 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n ''Brief Encounter'' \n November 1945 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''The Wicked Lady'' \n November 1945 \n Leslie Arliss \n\n\n ''The Rake's Progress'' \n December 1945 \n Sidney Gilliat \n\n\n ''Caesar and Cleopatra'' \n December 1945 \n Gabriel Pascal \n\n\n ''Pink String and Sealing Wax'' \n December 1945 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n ''They Knew Mr. Knight'' \n March 1946 \n Norman Walker \n\n\n ''The Years Between'' \n April 1946 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n ''The Captive Heart'' \n April 1946 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Bedelia'' \n May 1946 \n Lance Comfort \n\n\n ''Caravan'' \n June 1946 \n Arthur Crabtree \n\n\n ''Here Comes the Sun'' \n June 1946 \n John Baxter \n\n\n ''Beware of Pity'' \n July 1946 \n Maurice Elvey \n\n\n '' I See a Dark Stranger'' \n July 1946 \nFrank Launder \n\n\n ''Theirs Is the Glory'' \n August 1946\n Brian Desmond Hurst \n\n\n ''Men of Two Worlds'' \n September 1946 \n Thorold Dickinson \n\n\n ''The Magic Bow'' \n September 1946 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n '' London Town'' \n September 1946\n Wesley Ruggles \n\n\n '' Tehran'' \n October 1946 \n William Freshman, Giacomo Gentilomo \n\n\n ''The Overlanders'' \n October 1946 \n Harry Watt \n \n\n ''A Matter of Life and Death'' \n November 1946 \n Michael Powell \n\n\n '' School for Secrets'' \n November 1946 \n Peter Ustinov \n\n\n '' Carnival'' \n December 1946 \n Stanley Haynes \n\n\n ''Great Expectations'' \n December 1946 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''Green for Danger'' \n December 1946 \n Sidney Gilliat",
"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Title\n Release Date\n Director\n Notes\n\n ''The Blue Lamp'' \n January 1950 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Golden Salamander'' \n February 1950 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''The Astonished Heart'' \n February 1950 \n Terence Fisher \n\n\n ''Madeleine'' \nFebruary 1950 \n David Lean \n\n\n ''Morning Departure'' \n February 1950 \n Roy Ward Baker \n\n\n ''They Were Not Divided'' \n March 1950 \n Terence Young \n\n\n ''The Reluctant Widow'' \n May 1950 \n Bernard Knowles \n\n\n ''Prelude to Fame \n May 1950 \n Fergus McDonell \n \n\n ''So Long at the Fair \n May 1950 \n Terence Fisher \n\n\n ''Tony Draws a Horse \n June 1950 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''Waterfront'' \n July 1950 \n Michael Anderson \n\n\n ''Trio'' \n August 1950 \n Ken Annakin, Harold French \n\n\n ''Cage of Gold'' \n September 1950 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''The Woman in Question'' \n October 1950 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' The Magnet'' \n October 1950 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Clouded Yellow'' \n November 1950 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''Highly Dangerous'' \n December 1950 \n Roy Ward Baker \n\n\n ''Traveller's Joy'' \n December 1950 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''The Dark Man'' \n January 1951 \n Jeffrey Dell \n\n\n '' Blackmailed'' \n January 1951 \n Marc Allégret \n\n\n '' Pool of London'' \n February 1951 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' The Adventurers'' \n March 1951 \n David MacDonald \n\n\n ''The Browning Version'' \n March 1951 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Night Without Stars'' \n April 1951 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n '' White Corridors'' \n June 1951 \n Pat Jackson \n\n\n ''The Lavender Hill Mob'' \n June 1951 \n Charles Crichton\n\n\n ''Hotel Sahara'' \n July 1951 \n Ken Annakin \n \n\n '' The Man in the White Suit'' \n August 1951 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n ''Valley of Eagles'' \n September 1951 \n Terence Young \n\n\n '' Appointment with Venus'' \n October 1951 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''Where No Vultures Fly'' \n November 1951 \n Harry Watt \n\n\n '' High Treason'' \n November 1951 \n Roy Boulting \n\n\n '' Encore'' \nNovember 1951 \n Pat Jackson, Anthony Pelissier Harold French \n \n\n ''His Excellency'' \n January 1952 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n '' Secret People'' \n February 1952 \n Thorold Dickinson \n\n\n ''The Card'' \n February 1952 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''I Believe in You'' \n March 1952 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Hunted'' \n March 1952 \n Charles Crichton \n\n\n ''Curtain Up'' \n May 1952 \n Ralph Smart \n \n\n ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' \nJune 1952 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''Something Money Can't Buy'' \n July 1952 \n Pat Jackson \n\n\n ''Mandy'' \n July 1952 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n '' Penny Princess'' \n August 1952 \n Val Guest \n\n\n '' Meet Me Tonight'' \n September 1952 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n ''The Planter's Wife'' \n September 1952 \n Ken Annakin \n\n\n '' The Gentle Gunman'' \n October 1952 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''It Started in Paradise'' \n October 1952 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n ''Venetian Bird'' \n October 1952 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n '' Made in Heaven'' \n November 1952 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n '' The Long Memory'' \n January 1953 \n Robert Hamer \n\n\n '' The Net'' \n February 1953 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Top of the Form'' \n February 1953 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''Black Orchid'' \n February 1953 \n Charles Saunders \n\n\n ''Street Corner'' \n March 1953 \n Muriel Box \n \n\n '' Desperate Moment'' \n March 1953 \n Compton Bennett \n\n\n '' The Cruel Sea'' \n March 1953 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Titfield Thunderbolt'' \n March 1953 \n Michael Truman \n\n\n ''Deadly Nightshade'' \n March 1953 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Genevieve'' \n April 1953 \n Henry Cornelius \n\n\n ''Turn the Key Softly'' \n April 1953 \n Jack Lee \n\n\n ''A Queen Is Crowned'' \n June 1953 \n Michael Waldman \n\n\n ''Malta Story'' \n June 1953 \n Brian Desmond Hurst \n\n\n ''The Square Ring'' \n July 1953 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n '' Wheel of Fate''\n July 1953 \n Francis Searle \n\n\n ''Always a Bride'' \n August 1953 \n Ralph Smart \n\n\n ''The Final Test'' \n August 1953 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n '' Personal Affair'' \n October 1953\n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n ''A Day to Remember'' \n November 1953 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n '' Meet Mr. Lucifer'' \n November 1953 \n Anthony Pelissier \n\n\n '' Trouble in Store'' \n December 1953 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''The Kidnappers'' \n December 1953 \n Philip Leacock \n\n\n ''Small Town Story'' \n December 1953 \n Montgomery Tully \n\n\n ''The Love Lottery'' \n January 1954 \nCharles Crichton \n\n\n '' The Million Pound Note'' \n January 1954 \n Ronald Neame \n\n\n ''You Know What Sailors Are'' \n February 1954 \n Ken Annakin \n\n\n ''The Maggie'' \n February 1954 \n Alexander Mackendrick \n\n\n ''Star of My Night'' \n February 1954 \n Paul Dickson \n\n\n ''Fast and Loose'' \n February 1954 \n Gordon Parry \n\n\n '' Doctor in the House'' \n March 1954 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''West of Zanzibar'' \n March 1954 \n Harry Watt \n\n\n ''Double Exposure'' \n March 1954 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Forbidden Cargo'' \n May 1954 \n Harold French \n\n\n '' The Rainbow Jacket'' \n May 1954 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''The Seekers'' \n June 1954 \n Ken Annakin \n \n\n ''The Embezzler'' \n July 1954 \n John Gilling \n\n\n ''Delayed Action'' \n July 1954 \n John Harlow \n \n\n ''Up to His Neck'' \n August 1954 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n '' The Beachcomber'' \n August 1954 \n Muriel Box \n\n\n '' The Young Lovers'' \n August 1954 \n Anthony Asquith \n\n\n ''Romeo and Juliet'' \n September 1954 \n Renato Castellani\n \n\n ''The Purple Plain'' \n September 1954 \n Robert Parrish \n\n\n ' Lease of Life'' \n October 1954 \n Charles Frend \n\n\n ''The Divided Heart'' \n November 1954 \n Charles Chrichton \n\n\n ''Mad About Men'' \n November 1954 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''One Good Turn'' \n January 1955 \n John Paddy Carstairs \n\n\n ''To Paris with Love'' \n January 1955 \n Robert Hamer \n \n\n '' Simba'' \n January 1955\n Brian Desmond Hurst\n\n\n '' Out of the Clouds'' \n February 1955 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''As Long as They're Happy'' \n March 1955 \n J. Lee Thompson \n\n\n ''The Night My Number Came Up'' \n March 1955\n Leslie Norman \n\n\n ''Above Us the Waves'' \n March 1955 \n Ralph Thomas \n\n\n ''One Jump Ahead'' \n March 1955 \n Charles Saunders \n\n\n '' The Ship That Died of Shame'' \n April 1955 \n Basil Dearden \n\n\n ''Passage Home \n April 1955 \n Roy Ward Baker \n \n\n ''The Hornet's Nest'' \n May 1955 \n Charles Saunders",
"* Macnab, Geoffrey.",
"''J.",
"Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry''.",
"Routledge, 1994.",
"*Wood, Linda.",
"''British Films, 1927–1939''.",
"British Film Institute, 1986.",
"* List of Gainsborough Pictures films\n* List of Ealing Studios films\n* List of Stoll Pictures films\n* List of British Lion films\n* List of British National films\n* List of British and Dominions films\n* List of Two Cities Films"
] | river |
[
"'''Kroyo Bank''' is a North Korean bank. \nIt was originally opened in July 1994.",
"\nThe bank has about thirty employees and has regional offices specializing in weapon sales in the Middle East, Myanmar, and Africa.\n\nIt is controlled by Korean Workers Party Office 38 to control “the service industry, hotels and department stores that cater to foreigners”.\n\nAccording to a Business Insider article, Kroyo Bank is the financial institution used by the North Korean Office 38 \"to repatriate and hold foreign currency accounts\" and, at one time, under the control of the Ministry of Defense.\n\n\nAt one time, the bank's leader was Kim Yong-goo. The bank use to belong to the Trade Bank.\n",
"\n*List of banks in North Korea\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"History",
"See also",
"References"
] | Kroyo Bank | [
"'''Kroyo Bank''' is a North Korean bank.",
"\nThe bank has about thirty employees and has regional offices specializing in weapon sales in the Middle East, Myanmar, and Africa.",
"According to a Business Insider article, Kroyo Bank is the financial institution used by the North Korean Office 38 \"to repatriate and hold foreign currency accounts\" and, at one time, under the control of the Ministry of Defense.",
"At one time, the bank's leader was Kim Yong-goo.",
"The bank use to belong to the Trade Bank."
] | [
"It was originally opened in July 1994.",
"It is controlled by Korean Workers Party Office 38 to control “the service industry, hotels and department stores that cater to foreigners”.",
"\n*List of banks in North Korea"
] | finance |
[
"'''Kamy''' may refer to:\n* KAMY, a Lubbock, Texas radio station broadcasting on 90.1 FM.\n* Kami, a divine being in Shinto culture.\n",
"* Kamy Sepehrnoori, a Bank of America centennial professor.\n* Kamy Keshmiri, an American athlete.\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" People "
] | Kamy | [
"* Kamy Sepehrnoori, a Bank of America centennial professor."
] | [
"'''Kamy''' may refer to:\n* KAMY, a Lubbock, Texas radio station broadcasting on 90.1 FM.",
"* Kami, a divine being in Shinto culture.",
"* Kamy Keshmiri, an American athlete."
] | finance |
[
"\n\n\nHis Honour Judge '''Peter Testar''' is a British judge who presided over and was a sentencing judge in high-profile cases involving fraud, insider dealing and other serious offences.\n",
"His Honour Judge Testar was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1974, where he was made a bencher in 2014. He was a Recorder of the Crown Court until 2004, when he was appointed a circuit judge. In 2006 he became the Resident Judge on the South Eastern Circuit based at Southwark Crown Court. As a circuit judge he has heard and led many high-profile criminal cases.\n\n===Cases of notice===\n* In 2008 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Lindani Mangena, a fraudster who persuaded churchgoers and other religious people to hand over millions of pounds to him.\n\n* In 2011 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Edward Davenport, a convicted fraudster who had “caused harm to many people” and ordered him to pay a £12 million confiscation order and £1.9 million in compensation to victims. Another £400,000 of the original confiscation order is still outstanding. Judge Testar has acknowledged Davenport's skill in deception, but sentenced him to seven years and eight months. \n\n* In 2014 His Honour Judge Tester was the presiding judge in the trial of Christopher Weatherhead and Holly Road who carried out Denial of Service attacks on Visa Inc., Mastercard and Paypal. In his closing speech Judge Peter Tester emphasised that hacking is intolerable:\n\n\n* In 2016 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of a gang of fraudsters, who \"frittered money away on ephemeral junk\" at Harrods and was present when £48,000 was spent at in one go at the department store, adding the crook \"threw himself fully into the lavish lifestyle\" by booking expensive hotels, cars and nightclubs. 25-year-old Muslim Feezan Choudhary used Scottish, Welsh or posh English accents to pose as an official from a bank’s fraud department to persuade employees to give him vital security details over the phone.\nMost of his victims were believed to be small companies, with one solicitor’s firm in Liverpool losing more than half a million while a company in Gloucestershire was drained of more than £2m in just hours. Choudhary regularly stayed in the five-star Mayfair Hotel and even hired a suite there to carry out his fraud in the lap of luxury. Judge Testar said the scam was allowing cash to flow like \"coins from a fruit machine\".\nSentencing him, he said: The fraudulent scheme involved calling businesses and telling staff they were speaking to fraud investigators persuading them to provide crucial bank account details. Giving Choudhary an 11 years sentence, judge Testar said: \"Anyone who had heard the calls would have been struck and affected by them. There was a great deal of sophistication in the fraud. The people behind the fraud would have need to have an understanding of bank systems. The people involved seem to be able to take control of telephone lines of business so as to shut them out of the banks.\"\n\n* In 2017 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Simon Kenny and his assistant Emma Coates who were charged with stealing money from their firm's client account.\n",
"* Criminal justice\n* Judiciary of England and Wales\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Judicial career",
"See also",
"References"
] | Peter Testar | [
"25-year-old Muslim Feezan Choudhary used Scottish, Welsh or posh English accents to pose as an official from a bank’s fraud department to persuade employees to give him vital security details over the phone.",
"Sentencing him, he said: The fraudulent scheme involved calling businesses and telling staff they were speaking to fraud investigators persuading them to provide crucial bank account details.",
"The people behind the fraud would have need to have an understanding of bank systems."
] | [
"\n\n\nHis Honour Judge '''Peter Testar''' is a British judge who presided over and was a sentencing judge in high-profile cases involving fraud, insider dealing and other serious offences.",
"His Honour Judge Testar was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1974, where he was made a bencher in 2014.",
"He was a Recorder of the Crown Court until 2004, when he was appointed a circuit judge.",
"In 2006 he became the Resident Judge on the South Eastern Circuit based at Southwark Crown Court.",
"As a circuit judge he has heard and led many high-profile criminal cases.",
"===Cases of notice===\n* In 2008 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Lindani Mangena, a fraudster who persuaded churchgoers and other religious people to hand over millions of pounds to him.",
"* In 2011 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Edward Davenport, a convicted fraudster who had “caused harm to many people” and ordered him to pay a £12 million confiscation order and £1.9 million in compensation to victims.",
"Another £400,000 of the original confiscation order is still outstanding.",
"Judge Testar has acknowledged Davenport's skill in deception, but sentenced him to seven years and eight months.",
"* In 2014 His Honour Judge Tester was the presiding judge in the trial of Christopher Weatherhead and Holly Road who carried out Denial of Service attacks on Visa Inc., Mastercard and Paypal.",
"In his closing speech Judge Peter Tester emphasised that hacking is intolerable:\n\n\n* In 2016 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of a gang of fraudsters, who \"frittered money away on ephemeral junk\" at Harrods and was present when £48,000 was spent at in one go at the department store, adding the crook \"threw himself fully into the lavish lifestyle\" by booking expensive hotels, cars and nightclubs.",
"Most of his victims were believed to be small companies, with one solicitor’s firm in Liverpool losing more than half a million while a company in Gloucestershire was drained of more than £2m in just hours.",
"Choudhary regularly stayed in the five-star Mayfair Hotel and even hired a suite there to carry out his fraud in the lap of luxury.",
"Judge Testar said the scam was allowing cash to flow like \"coins from a fruit machine\".",
"Giving Choudhary an 11 years sentence, judge Testar said: \"Anyone who had heard the calls would have been struck and affected by them.",
"There was a great deal of sophistication in the fraud.",
"The people involved seem to be able to take control of telephone lines of business so as to shut them out of the banks.\"",
"* In 2017 His Honour Judge Tester presided over a case of Simon Kenny and his assistant Emma Coates who were charged with stealing money from their firm's client account.",
"* Criminal justice\n* Judiciary of England and Wales"
] | river |
[
"\n'''Sanders Hill''', also known as '''Overhome''', near Montrose in Laurens County, Georgia, is a house built in 1903, constructed of Georgia heart pine, as a copy of a house from early in the prior century which was destroyed c.1900. It is located about southwest of Montrose off I-16/GA 404, about west of Dudley. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The structure's architectural style was then \"quite similar to the 'saltbox' style popular in New England but rare in the Middle Georgia area.\"\n\nIt was home of its builder, John M. Sanders, who was Judge of the \"Harvard Militia District\" in Laurens County. The house, from the courthouse in Dublin, Georgia, was the location of many business and legal transactions. The judge conducted numerous marriages in the house's front room at its southwest corner, including presiding over the marriage of Mabel, his daughter, to Claude Gross Wade in 1913. According to the NRHP nomination, Wade, a successful farmer, \"eventually became President of the Federal Land Bank, and was largely responsible for the planting of the millions of pine trees which altered the vegetative cover of this area of our country.\"\n\nThe property is one acre surrounded by a dirt road to the west and a fence around the rest.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | Sanders Hill | [
"According to the NRHP nomination, Wade, a successful farmer, \"eventually became President of the Federal Land Bank, and was largely responsible for the planting of the millions of pine trees which altered the vegetative cover of this area of our country.\""
] | [
"\n'''Sanders Hill''', also known as '''Overhome''', near Montrose in Laurens County, Georgia, is a house built in 1903, constructed of Georgia heart pine, as a copy of a house from early in the prior century which was destroyed c.1900.",
"It is located about southwest of Montrose off I-16/GA 404, about west of Dudley.",
"The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.",
"The structure's architectural style was then \"quite similar to the 'saltbox' style popular in New England but rare in the Middle Georgia area.\"",
"It was home of its builder, John M. Sanders, who was Judge of the \"Harvard Militia District\" in Laurens County.",
"The house, from the courthouse in Dublin, Georgia, was the location of many business and legal transactions.",
"The judge conducted numerous marriages in the house's front room at its southwest corner, including presiding over the marriage of Mabel, his daughter, to Claude Gross Wade in 1913.",
"The property is one acre surrounded by a dirt road to the west and a fence around the rest."
] | river |
[
"Paul Doty, chairman of the State Board of Registration for Architects, Engineers and Land Surveyors 1921-1938\n'''Paul Aaron Langevin Doty''' (May 30, 1869 – March 3, 1938) was an American mechanical engineer, vice-president and general manager of the St. Paul Gas Light Co., president of St. Paul Trust and Savings Bank, and investor. He is known as the 53nd president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1934-35.\n",
"=== Family and education ===\nDoty was born in Hoboken, New Jersey as son of William Henry Harrison Doty and Anna (Langevin) Doty in 1869. He was a seventh in line descent from Edward Doty, Pilgrim passenger in the ''Mayflower'' in 1620, and one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.\n\nDoty obtained his MSc in mechanical engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1888. For his graduation Doty made experiments on the naphtha engine, of which the results where published in ''The Iron Age'' magazine.\n\n=== Further career ===\nAfter his graduation in 1888, Doty started the first half of his career in the gas industry. In 1904 he was appointed vice-president and general manager of the St. Paul Gas Light Company, the Edison Electric Light and Power Company of Saint Paul, Minnesota. This lasted until September, 1917, when he was appointed Major of the general staff of the U.S. Army.\n\nIn 1910 Doty had also been elected President of the Business League of St. Paul. He had joined the Minnesota National Guard, where in 1916 he obtained the rank of Brigadier General and Commissary General. In the late 1910s he was also appointed vice-president and managing director of St. Paul Trust and Savings Bank, After his serves at the U.S. Army he was appointed chairman of the Minnesota Board of Registration for Architects, Engineers and Land Surveyors. \n\nIn 1922 he had accepted the Democratic nomination for Member of Congress from the fourth district of Minnesota, but the Republican Oscar Keller took the seat. In 1923 Doty was appointed president of the St. Paul Association of Commerce.\n\nIn 1917 he served as Vice President of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1934-35 as its president. In 1934 Dorr also returned in U.S. Government service one last time as regional reconditioning supervisor with the Home Owners Loan Corporation, supervising the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Biography ",
" References "
] | Paul Aaron Langevin Doty | [
"Paul Doty, chairman of the State Board of Registration for Architects, Engineers and Land Surveyors 1921-1938\n'''Paul Aaron Langevin Doty''' (May 30, 1869 – March 3, 1938) was an American mechanical engineer, vice-president and general manager of the St. Paul Gas Light Co., president of St. Paul Trust and Savings Bank, and investor.",
"In the late 1910s he was also appointed vice-president and managing director of St. Paul Trust and Savings Bank, After his serves at the U.S. Army he was appointed chairman of the Minnesota Board of Registration for Architects, Engineers and Land Surveyors."
] | [
"He is known as the 53nd president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1934-35.",
"=== Family and education ===\nDoty was born in Hoboken, New Jersey as son of William Henry Harrison Doty and Anna (Langevin) Doty in 1869.",
"He was a seventh in line descent from Edward Doty, Pilgrim passenger in the ''Mayflower'' in 1620, and one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.",
"Doty obtained his MSc in mechanical engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1888.",
"For his graduation Doty made experiments on the naphtha engine, of which the results where published in ''The Iron Age'' magazine.",
"=== Further career ===\nAfter his graduation in 1888, Doty started the first half of his career in the gas industry.",
"In 1904 he was appointed vice-president and general manager of the St. Paul Gas Light Company, the Edison Electric Light and Power Company of Saint Paul, Minnesota.",
"This lasted until September, 1917, when he was appointed Major of the general staff of the U.S. Army.",
"In 1910 Doty had also been elected President of the Business League of St. Paul.",
"He had joined the Minnesota National Guard, where in 1916 he obtained the rank of Brigadier General and Commissary General.",
"In 1922 he had accepted the Democratic nomination for Member of Congress from the fourth district of Minnesota, but the Republican Oscar Keller took the seat.",
"In 1923 Doty was appointed president of the St. Paul Association of Commerce.",
"In 1917 he served as Vice President of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1934-35 as its president.",
"In 1934 Dorr also returned in U.S. Government service one last time as regional reconditioning supervisor with the Home Owners Loan Corporation, supervising the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama."
] | finance |
[
"'''M. Azizul Haq''' is a former Inspector General of Bangladesh Police and former adviser of Caretaker Government of Bangladesh. He was in charge of Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of Shipping, and Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. He was elected Vice-Chairman of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd in 2016.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"References"
] | M. Azizul Haq | [
"He was elected Vice-Chairman of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd in 2016."
] | [
"'''M.",
"Azizul Haq''' is a former Inspector General of Bangladesh Police and former adviser of Caretaker Government of Bangladesh.",
"He was in charge of Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of Shipping, and Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Aubrey Dunn, Jr.''' is an American Republican politician and banker from the state of New Mexico. He has served as New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands since 2015. \n",
"Dunn, Jr. was born in Alamogordo. He graduated from Colorado State University, receiving a bachelor's degree in animal science. Prior to serving as the Commissioner of Public Lands, he worked for 25 years in the banking industry including 10 years as CEO and President of First Federal Bank of New Mexico. In 2008, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in New Mexico's 2nd Congressional District. He lost in the Republican Primary to Edward R. Tinsley who went on to lose the general election to Harry Teague.\n",
"Dunn, Jr. is the son of late New Mexico state senator, Aubrey Dunn, Sr., who served in the legislature from 1965 until 1980 as a Democrat. He is married and has 3 children.\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Personal Life",
"References"
] | Aubrey Dunn, Jr. | [
"Prior to serving as the Commissioner of Public Lands, he worked for 25 years in the banking industry including 10 years as CEO and President of First Federal Bank of New Mexico."
] | [
"\n'''Aubrey Dunn, Jr.''' is an American Republican politician and banker from the state of New Mexico.",
"He has served as New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands since 2015.",
"Dunn, Jr. was born in Alamogordo.",
"He graduated from Colorado State University, receiving a bachelor's degree in animal science.",
"In 2008, he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in New Mexico's 2nd Congressional District.",
"He lost in the Republican Primary to Edward R. Tinsley who went on to lose the general election to Harry Teague.",
"Dunn, Jr. is the son of late New Mexico state senator, Aubrey Dunn, Sr., who served in the legislature from 1965 until 1980 as a Democrat.",
"He is married and has 3 children."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Petropavlivka''' (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in Ukraine and the administrative center of Petropavlivka Raion. Population: \n\nPetropavlivka is located on the left bank of the Samara River, a left tributary of the Dnieper.\n",
"===Transportation===\nPetropavlivka is just north of the Highway M04, connecting Pokrovsk with Dnipro and Kryvyi Rih. A road to Kramatorsk branches off north.\n\nPetropavlivka railway station is located southeast of the settlement, in the village of Zaliznychne, on the railway connecting Pokrovsk and Pavlohrad.\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Economy",
"References"
] | Petropavlivka | [
"Population: \n\nPetropavlivka is located on the left bank of the Samara River, a left tributary of the Dnieper."
] | [
"\n'''Petropavlivka''' (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in Ukraine and the administrative center of Petropavlivka Raion.",
"===Transportation===\nPetropavlivka is just north of the Highway M04, connecting Pokrovsk with Dnipro and Kryvyi Rih.",
"A road to Kramatorsk branches off north.",
"Petropavlivka railway station is located southeast of the settlement, in the village of Zaliznychne, on the railway connecting Pokrovsk and Pavlohrad."
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''Sonia Bashir Kabir''' is a Bangladeshi business executive. She is currently the Managing Director for Microsoft Bangladesh, Board Director and Co Founder of D Money (a Fin-Tech start up), Vice President and Co-Founder of Bangladesh Women in Technology (BWIT). Besides co-founding an IT firm called Syntec in Bangladesh, Sonia has served as the Country Director of Dell Bangladesh, Director Business Development for South East Asia, New Emerging Markets in Microsoft and Chief Operating Officer for Aamra Technologies Ltd. She currently serves as a Board Member of Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS). She also serves in the Advisory Boards of the School of Business and the School of Computer Science of North South University and in the School of Business Advisory Board of Independent University Bangladesh. Sonia was a Bangladeshi national athlete; she has played for Abahani women's Volleyball and Cricket team and continued playing for Bangladesh National Volleyball team and Bangladesh National Cricket team. Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Sonia in 2015 to the Governing Council of the Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries (LDC) for a 3 year term. \n",
"Sonia passed SSC and HSC from Vicarunnessa High school and College. She lived in Silicon Valley, Northern California for 20 years where she was educated and trained. She has a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree from California State University and an Musters in Business Administration (MBA) from Santa Clara University. \n",
"After completing MBA, Sonia worked in Silicon Valley for Fortune 100 companies (Sun Microsystems & Oracle), startups & in the financial district. Her expertise include strategic planning & growth, sales execution, financial management, team building and change management.She is also the Advisory Council Member of Toru (Institute of Inclusive Innovation); Board of Trustees Member of Jaago Foundation and Governing Board Member for Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center (BYLC). Sonia is also the Founder President of TiE Dhaka and has served in the Boards of the American International School, Dhaka, Bangladesh Employers Federation, Bangladesh Cricket Board (Women's Wing), Abahani Women's Games Development Committee and Women Entrepreneur's Association. \n",
"* Microsoft Founder Award \n* SDG Pioneer Award, 2017 \n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
" Career ",
"Awards",
" References "
] | Sonia Bashir Kabir | [
"Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Sonia in 2015 to the Governing Council of the Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries (LDC) for a 3 year term."
] | [
"\n\n'''Sonia Bashir Kabir''' is a Bangladeshi business executive.",
"She is currently the Managing Director for Microsoft Bangladesh, Board Director and Co Founder of D Money (a Fin-Tech start up), Vice President and Co-Founder of Bangladesh Women in Technology (BWIT).",
"Besides co-founding an IT firm called Syntec in Bangladesh, Sonia has served as the Country Director of Dell Bangladesh, Director Business Development for South East Asia, New Emerging Markets in Microsoft and Chief Operating Officer for Aamra Technologies Ltd. She currently serves as a Board Member of Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS).",
"She also serves in the Advisory Boards of the School of Business and the School of Computer Science of North South University and in the School of Business Advisory Board of Independent University Bangladesh.",
"Sonia was a Bangladeshi national athlete; she has played for Abahani women's Volleyball and Cricket team and continued playing for Bangladesh National Volleyball team and Bangladesh National Cricket team.",
"Sonia passed SSC and HSC from Vicarunnessa High school and College.",
"She lived in Silicon Valley, Northern California for 20 years where she was educated and trained.",
"She has a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree from California State University and an Musters in Business Administration (MBA) from Santa Clara University.",
"After completing MBA, Sonia worked in Silicon Valley for Fortune 100 companies (Sun Microsystems & Oracle), startups & in the financial district.",
"Her expertise include strategic planning & growth, sales execution, financial management, team building and change management.She is also the Advisory Council Member of Toru (Institute of Inclusive Innovation); Board of Trustees Member of Jaago Foundation and Governing Board Member for Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center (BYLC).",
"Sonia is also the Founder President of TiE Dhaka and has served in the Boards of the American International School, Dhaka, Bangladesh Employers Federation, Bangladesh Cricket Board (Women's Wing), Abahani Women's Games Development Committee and Women Entrepreneur's Association.",
"* Microsoft Founder Award \n* SDG Pioneer Award, 2017"
] | river |
[
"\n\nThe '''Global Landscapes Forum''' ('''GLF''') is a science-led multi-stakeholder forum dedicated to promoting the landscape approach.\n",
"",
"The inaugural GLF event took place alongside to 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 19) in Warsaw, Poland.\n",
"\nThe current coordinating partners of the GLF are the World Bank, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), and the United Nations Environment Programme.\n",
"\nThe GLF is active on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, Tumblr, and Instagram.\n",
"\n=== Annual Events ===\n\n==== Warsaw 2013 ====\n==== Lima 2014 ====\n==== Paris 2015 ====\n\nThe fourth major GLF event was held alongside the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21).\n\nInitiatives launched at this event include:\n\n*AFR100\n* Blue carbon Initiative\n* Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS)\n* Belantara Foundation\n\n==== Marrakesh 2016: Climate Action for Sustainable Development ====\n\n==== Bonn 2017 ====\n\n=== The Investment Case ===\n\n==== London 2015 ====\n==== London 2016 ====\n\n=== Thematic Events ===\n\n==== Jakarta 2017: Peatlands Matter ====\n\n=== National and Policy Dialogues ===\n\n==== Riau, Indonesia 2017: Laws and Best Practices for Reducing Fire and Haze ====\n\n==== Niamey, Niger 2017: Second Annual AFR100 Partnership Conference ====\n",
"* Global Landscapes Forum\n",
"* United Nations Climate Change Conference\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Overview ",
" History ",
" Partners ",
" Outreach ",
" Events ",
" External links ",
" See also ",
" References "
] | Global Landscapes Forum | [
"\nThe current coordinating partners of the GLF are the World Bank, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), and the United Nations Environment Programme."
] | [
"\n\nThe '''Global Landscapes Forum''' ('''GLF''') is a science-led multi-stakeholder forum dedicated to promoting the landscape approach.",
"The inaugural GLF event took place alongside to 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 19) in Warsaw, Poland.",
"\nThe GLF is active on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, Tumblr, and Instagram.",
"\n=== Annual Events ===\n\n==== Warsaw 2013 ====\n==== Lima 2014 ====\n==== Paris 2015 ====\n\nThe fourth major GLF event was held alongside the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21).",
"Initiatives launched at this event include:\n\n*AFR100\n* Blue carbon Initiative\n* Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS)\n* Belantara Foundation\n\n==== Marrakesh 2016: Climate Action for Sustainable Development ====\n\n==== Bonn 2017 ====\n\n=== The Investment Case ===\n\n==== London 2015 ====\n==== London 2016 ====\n\n=== Thematic Events ===\n\n==== Jakarta 2017: Peatlands Matter ====\n\n=== National and Policy Dialogues ===\n\n==== Riau, Indonesia 2017: Laws and Best Practices for Reducing Fire and Haze ====\n\n==== Niamey, Niger 2017: Second Annual AFR100 Partnership Conference ====",
"* Global Landscapes Forum",
"* United Nations Climate Change Conference"
] | finance |
[
"Henry Clay\nThe following is a list of things named for Henry Clay, as well as monuments and memorials in his honor.\n",
"* Henry Clay Boulevard and Clay Avenue in Lexington, Kentucky\n* Henry Clay Boulevard in Ashland, Missouri\n* Clay Streets in numerous cities, including New Haven, Connecticut, Richmond, Virginia, Vicksburg, Mississippi and Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin.\n* Ashland Ave. in Chicago, Illinois; Ashland, Virginia, Ashland County in Ohio and Wisconsin were named for his estate, as were the cities of Ashland in Kentucky, Alabama, and Pennsylvania.\n",
"* Ashland, Missouri, was named after Clay's Lexington, Kentucky estate.\n* Clay, in Onondaga County, New York, including the road Henry Clay Boulevard. Also, Clayville in Oneida County, New York.\n* Henry Clay Village, or Breck's Mill Area, on the left bank of Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware, factory and mill worker's residences.\n* The town of Claysburg in central Pennsylvania is named in honor of Clay.\n* Clayville, Illinois was an active settlement during the statesman's life.\n* Claysville, Alabama is named in honor of Clay.\n",
"* Sixteen Clay counties in the United States, in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia. (Clay County, Iowa is named for his son Henry Clay Jr.)\n",
"Tomb in Lexington, KY\nHenry Clay Monument in New Orleans ca.1890\n* Memorial column and statue at his tomb in Lexington, Kentucky\n* Henry Clay statue and portrait in Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia\n* Henry Clay monument in Pottsville, Pennsylvania\n",
"* Mount Clay in the Presidential Range of New Hampshire was named for Clay, since renamed Mount Reagan by the state legislature but not by the federal Board on Geographic Names\n* In New Orleans: uptown – Henry Clay Avenue, and downtown – a 20-foot-tall monument erected in 1860 at Canal Street and St. Charles Avenue/Royal Street, and moved to the center of Lafayette Square in 1901.\n* Many schools throughout the U.S., including Clay High School in South Bend, Indiana, Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky, Henry Clay Middle School in Los Angeles, California, Henry Clay Elementary School in the Hegewisch neighborhood in Chicago, Henry Clay School in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin and Henry Clay Elementary School in his birthplace, Hanover County, Virginia.\n* The Instituto Educacional Henry Clay in Caracas, Venezuela, a bilingual private school\n* The Clay Dormitory at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky\n* The Lafayette class submarine USS ''Henry Clay'' (SSBN-625), the only ship of the United States Navy named in his honor, although the and are named for his estate\n* Clay is one of the many senators honored with a cenotaph in the Congressional Cemetery.\n* Between 1870 and 1908, Clay was invariably included in the pantheon of Great Americans presented on U. S. definitive postage stamps: he appeared on the 12¢ denomination in the issues of 1870, 1873 and 1879 and on the 15¢ denomination in the issues of 1890, 1894, 1898 and 1902. He has since been honored by the United States Postal Service with a 3¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.\n* Cooper's Rock State Forest in West Virginia features a preserved nineteenth century iron furnace named in commemoration of Henry Clay.\n* The Henry Clay, an historic upscale residential building in downtown Louisville, KY, formerly the city's YWCA building.\n",
"\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Roads",
"Towns",
"Counties",
"Monuments",
"Other",
"References"
] | List of things named for Henry Clay | [
"* Henry Clay Village, or Breck's Mill Area, on the left bank of Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware, factory and mill worker's residences."
] | [
"Henry Clay\nThe following is a list of things named for Henry Clay, as well as monuments and memorials in his honor.",
"* Henry Clay Boulevard and Clay Avenue in Lexington, Kentucky\n* Henry Clay Boulevard in Ashland, Missouri\n* Clay Streets in numerous cities, including New Haven, Connecticut, Richmond, Virginia, Vicksburg, Mississippi and Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin.",
"* Ashland Ave. in Chicago, Illinois; Ashland, Virginia, Ashland County in Ohio and Wisconsin were named for his estate, as were the cities of Ashland in Kentucky, Alabama, and Pennsylvania.",
"* Ashland, Missouri, was named after Clay's Lexington, Kentucky estate.",
"* Clay, in Onondaga County, New York, including the road Henry Clay Boulevard.",
"Also, Clayville in Oneida County, New York.",
"* The town of Claysburg in central Pennsylvania is named in honor of Clay.",
"* Clayville, Illinois was an active settlement during the statesman's life.",
"* Claysville, Alabama is named in honor of Clay.",
"* Sixteen Clay counties in the United States, in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia.",
"(Clay County, Iowa is named for his son Henry Clay Jr.)",
"Tomb in Lexington, KY\nHenry Clay Monument in New Orleans ca.1890\n* Memorial column and statue at his tomb in Lexington, Kentucky\n* Henry Clay statue and portrait in Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia\n* Henry Clay monument in Pottsville, Pennsylvania",
"* Mount Clay in the Presidential Range of New Hampshire was named for Clay, since renamed Mount Reagan by the state legislature but not by the federal Board on Geographic Names\n* In New Orleans: uptown – Henry Clay Avenue, and downtown – a 20-foot-tall monument erected in 1860 at Canal Street and St. Charles Avenue/Royal Street, and moved to the center of Lafayette Square in 1901.",
"* Many schools throughout the U.S., including Clay High School in South Bend, Indiana, Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky, Henry Clay Middle School in Los Angeles, California, Henry Clay Elementary School in the Hegewisch neighborhood in Chicago, Henry Clay School in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin and Henry Clay Elementary School in his birthplace, Hanover County, Virginia.",
"* The Instituto Educacional Henry Clay in Caracas, Venezuela, a bilingual private school\n* The Clay Dormitory at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky\n* The Lafayette class submarine USS ''Henry Clay'' (SSBN-625), the only ship of the United States Navy named in his honor, although the and are named for his estate\n* Clay is one of the many senators honored with a cenotaph in the Congressional Cemetery.",
"* Between 1870 and 1908, Clay was invariably included in the pantheon of Great Americans presented on U. S. definitive postage stamps: he appeared on the 12¢ denomination in the issues of 1870, 1873 and 1879 and on the 15¢ denomination in the issues of 1890, 1894, 1898 and 1902.",
"He has since been honored by the United States Postal Service with a 3¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.",
"* Cooper's Rock State Forest in West Virginia features a preserved nineteenth century iron furnace named in commemoration of Henry Clay.",
"* The Henry Clay, an historic upscale residential building in downtown Louisville, KY, formerly the city's YWCA building."
] | river |
[
"\n'''Carl Olof (Ole, C.O.) Frietsch''' (24 March 1901 Prague – 19 August 1973 Malles, Val Venosta, South Tyrol, Italy) was the Finnish Consul General and the MP fom the Swedish People's Party.\n\nFrietsch's parents were M.Sc. (Eng.) Karl Gustaf Frietsch and Eva Lönnblad. He graduated in 1920 and then studied at the Kiel University, where he graduated as a doctoral student in 1926.\n\nFrietsch served as an official of the Nordic Union Bank in Helsinki in 1927–1937 and as a Procurator of the Bank from 1935 to 1937. He was the advisor for co-operative Varuboden from 1937 to 1940 and the head of the sales office of Uusimaa in 1941–1945.\n\nFrietsch was also served as the Secretary of the ''Kontorsvärlden'' newspaper in 1933–1935 and as editor-in-chief from 1935 to 1937 and editor in chief of ''Vi och vårt'' 1937–1945.\n\nAfter the war, Frietsch was a newsreader at the Embassy of Finland in Stockholm from 1946 to 1948, as Secretary of State in Stockholm from 1948 to 1950, and from 1953 to 1956, as Secretary of State in Oslo and Copenhagen from 1948 to 1950, and as Secretary of State in Washington, 1950–1953.\n\nFinland's Permanent Representative at the Vienna headquarters of the United Nations in and Chargé d'Affaires in Vienna 1957–1961 and last Consul General in Hamburg 1961–1965.\n\nFrietsch was a member of the Parliament from the Swedish People's Party between 1936 and 1945 representing the constituency of Uusimaa. Frietsch moved to a branch office in Stockholm in December 1945 and replaced by Henrik Kullberg in the Swedish People's Party.\n\nFrietsch chaired the Parliamentary Banking Committee, belonged to the Finnish Broadcasting Company's Supervisory Board and the Board of Directors of the Social Insurance Institution. He was also chairman of the Finnish-American Association, the Finnish branch of the Swedish branch office and the Swedish Banking Association of Finland.\n\nFrietsch was a member of the peace opposition during the Continuation War. During the war, he was also a member of the Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee. In 1945, he published a piece of work devoted to war-related politics ''Finlands ödesår 1939–1943''\n\nFrietsch was married from 1927 to 1964 with Anna Liesbeth Hollen and since 1965 with Leni Hanna Magda Maria Delwall.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | C. O. Frietsch | [
"Frietsch served as an official of the Nordic Union Bank in Helsinki in 1927–1937 and as a Procurator of the Bank from 1935 to 1937."
] | [
"\n'''Carl Olof (Ole, C.O.)",
"Frietsch''' (24 March 1901 Prague – 19 August 1973 Malles, Val Venosta, South Tyrol, Italy) was the Finnish Consul General and the MP fom the Swedish People's Party.",
"Frietsch's parents were M.Sc.",
"(Eng.)",
"Karl Gustaf Frietsch and Eva Lönnblad.",
"He graduated in 1920 and then studied at the Kiel University, where he graduated as a doctoral student in 1926.",
"He was the advisor for co-operative Varuboden from 1937 to 1940 and the head of the sales office of Uusimaa in 1941–1945.",
"Frietsch was also served as the Secretary of the ''Kontorsvärlden'' newspaper in 1933–1935 and as editor-in-chief from 1935 to 1937 and editor in chief of ''Vi och vårt'' 1937–1945.",
"After the war, Frietsch was a newsreader at the Embassy of Finland in Stockholm from 1946 to 1948, as Secretary of State in Stockholm from 1948 to 1950, and from 1953 to 1956, as Secretary of State in Oslo and Copenhagen from 1948 to 1950, and as Secretary of State in Washington, 1950–1953.",
"Finland's Permanent Representative at the Vienna headquarters of the United Nations in and Chargé d'Affaires in Vienna 1957–1961 and last Consul General in Hamburg 1961–1965.",
"Frietsch was a member of the Parliament from the Swedish People's Party between 1936 and 1945 representing the constituency of Uusimaa.",
"Frietsch moved to a branch office in Stockholm in December 1945 and replaced by Henrik Kullberg in the Swedish People's Party.",
"Frietsch chaired the Parliamentary Banking Committee, belonged to the Finnish Broadcasting Company's Supervisory Board and the Board of Directors of the Social Insurance Institution.",
"He was also chairman of the Finnish-American Association, the Finnish branch of the Swedish branch office and the Swedish Banking Association of Finland.",
"Frietsch was a member of the peace opposition during the Continuation War.",
"During the war, he was also a member of the Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee.",
"In 1945, he published a piece of work devoted to war-related politics ''Finlands ödesår 1939–1943''\n\nFrietsch was married from 1927 to 1964 with Anna Liesbeth Hollen and since 1965 with Leni Hanna Magda Maria Delwall."
] | finance |
[
"'''Jennifer Koranteng''' is a former beauty pageant contestant. She was first runner up at Miss Ghana 2006, went on to become Miss Universe Ghana in 2009 and represented her country at the Miss Universe pageant later that same year in Bahamas.\n\nShe is also the founder and creative lead of African fashion brand JVK.\n",
"Jennifer was born on 27th July 1986 in Accra, Ghana. She grew up in Axim until age 5 when she moved to Takoradi with her family where she lived for another 2 years before moving to Accra. She enrolled at the Morning Star school where she completed her primary and Junior High School education before moving on to the prestigious Wesley Girls' High School for her secondary education. Upon graduating from Wesley Girls’ she gained admission into the University of Ghana in Legon where she graduated with a degree in Psychology and Theatre Arts. \n",
"In her first year at the University, Jennifer participated in the Miss Ghana beauty pageant in 2006 and emerged first runner up. Not entirely satisfied with the outcome of her first pageant, she entered the Miss Universe pageant three years later in 2009 in which she was crowned winner and represented Ghana at the world finals in Bahamas. At the Miss Universe finals in 2009, she was on the leaderboard for top 25 out of 83 beauty queens from around the world. \n",
"Jennifer interned for Finatrade Group during her summer breaks in the University. She also modeled under the Exopa Agency during that time where she did severals shows including Accra Fashion Week. She joined United Bank for Africa as a marketing executive for two years before moving to New York to pursue a modeling career full time. \n",
"Jennifer as part of her social work for Miss Universe, embarked on an effort to encourage reading among children. This work involved raising funds funds from corporate and other organizations that went towards equipping basic school libraries. The first donation for the project was to the Anglican Primary School in Axim, where she donated reading books, exercise books and other stationery to the school library. Similar donations were made to schools in Jamestown, which is one of the lower income suburbs in Accra. She also made donations to her alma mater, the Morning Star school in Accra. \n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" Early Life ",
" Pageants ",
" Work Life ",
" Social Work ",
"References"
] | Jennifer Koranteng | [
"She joined United Bank for Africa as a marketing executive for two years before moving to New York to pursue a modeling career full time."
] | [
"'''Jennifer Koranteng''' is a former beauty pageant contestant.",
"She was first runner up at Miss Ghana 2006, went on to become Miss Universe Ghana in 2009 and represented her country at the Miss Universe pageant later that same year in Bahamas.",
"She is also the founder and creative lead of African fashion brand JVK.",
"Jennifer was born on 27th July 1986 in Accra, Ghana.",
"She grew up in Axim until age 5 when she moved to Takoradi with her family where she lived for another 2 years before moving to Accra.",
"She enrolled at the Morning Star school where she completed her primary and Junior High School education before moving on to the prestigious Wesley Girls' High School for her secondary education.",
"Upon graduating from Wesley Girls’ she gained admission into the University of Ghana in Legon where she graduated with a degree in Psychology and Theatre Arts.",
"In her first year at the University, Jennifer participated in the Miss Ghana beauty pageant in 2006 and emerged first runner up.",
"Not entirely satisfied with the outcome of her first pageant, she entered the Miss Universe pageant three years later in 2009 in which she was crowned winner and represented Ghana at the world finals in Bahamas.",
"At the Miss Universe finals in 2009, she was on the leaderboard for top 25 out of 83 beauty queens from around the world.",
"Jennifer interned for Finatrade Group during her summer breaks in the University.",
"She also modeled under the Exopa Agency during that time where she did severals shows including Accra Fashion Week.",
"Jennifer as part of her social work for Miss Universe, embarked on an effort to encourage reading among children.",
"This work involved raising funds funds from corporate and other organizations that went towards equipping basic school libraries.",
"The first donation for the project was to the Anglican Primary School in Axim, where she donated reading books, exercise books and other stationery to the school library.",
"Similar donations were made to schools in Jamestown, which is one of the lower income suburbs in Accra.",
"She also made donations to her alma mater, the Morning Star school in Accra."
] | finance |
[
"\n'''Cetera Financial Group''' (commonly referred to as '''Cetera''') is a shared service organization serving affiliates that comprise the second-largest family of independent broker-dealers in the United States. The company has nearly 8,000 financial advisors , is a leading provider of retail financial services to investment programs of banks and credit unions, and has over $224.5 billion in advisory and brokerage assets under advisement, generating approximately $1.6 billion in annual revenue for the 2016 fiscal year. “Cetera Financial Group” refers to the network of independent retail firms encompassing, among others, Cetera Advisors, Cetera Advisor Networks, Cetera Investment Services (marketed as Cetera Financial Institutions), Cetera Financial Specialists, First Allied Securities, Girard and Summit Brokerage Services. All firms are members FINRA/ SIPC.\n\nCetera was established in February 2010, with the sale of three broker-dealers, Financial Network Investment Corp., Multi-Financial Securities Corp. and PrimeVest Financial Services Inc. to an investment fund managed by Lightyear Capital LLC, a private equity firm specializing in financial services. The three broker-dealers, each with its own rich history and culture, along with their technology and back-office support teams, grew to four firms in April 2012 with the purchase of Genworth Financial’s broker-dealer and investment adviser firms, Genworth Financial Securities Corp. and Genworth Financial Advisors Corp.\n\nRCS Capital Corporation purchased Cetera on April 29, 2014, along with other independent broker-dealer and investment advisors including: First Allied on September 25, 2013. ; Investors Capital Corporation and Summit Brokerage on June 11, 2014 ; JP Turner on June 13, 2014 , Girard Securities on March 18, 2015, and VSR Group on May 12, 2015. On May 25, 2016, Cetera completed a transformation into an independent, privately held organization under parent company, Aretec Group, Inc\n. Through this restructuring process, a new Board of Directors was established, with the sole focus remaining on the company's mission of supporting independent financial advisors and investment programs of financial institutions.\n \nCetera has corporate offices in El Segundo, California., Boca Raton, Florida., Denver, Colorado., San Diego, California., St. Cloud, Minnesota., and Schaumburg, Illinois.\n",
"On November 9, 2009, Lightyear Capital LLC, a private equity firm specializing in financial services, announced that an investment fund managed by Lightyear Capital LLC would acquire three broker-dealers, along with their technology and back-office support teams, from ING Group.\n\nThe three broker-dealers formed the operating subsidiaries of Cetera when Lightyear completed the acquisition on February 1, 2010, which served approximately 5,000 independent financial advisors and 700 institutions nationwide. \n\nOn April 2, 2012, Cetera brought aboard Genworth Financial Securities Corp. and its affiliate, Genworth Financial Advisors Corporation .\n\nCetera unveiled a new brand structure on September 4, 2012 , in an effort to define each firm’s unique brand of independence. \n\nVia this rebranding, beginning Q4 of 2012 through early 2013: Financial Network was renamed to Cetera Advisor Networks; Multi-Financial became Cetera Advisors; PrimeVest became Cetera Investment Services (marketed as Cetera Financial Institutions); and the Genworth firms became Cetera Financial Specialists, the broker-dealer, and Cetera Investment Advisers, the registered investment adviser.\n\nOn September 25, 2013, RCS Capital announced the acquisition of First Allied Holdings, Inc.\n\nOn October 3, 2013, RCS Capital Announces the acquisition of Investors Capital Holdings Ltd. \n\nOn November 15, 2013, RCS Capital announced the acquisition of Summit Financial Services Group, Inc.\n\nOn January 16, 2014, RCS Capital announced that it had agreed to purchase Cetera from Lightyear Fund II. \n\nOn August 6, 2014, RCS Capital Announces the acquisition of VSR Financial Services.\n\nOn March 18, 2015, RCS Capital completed its acquisition of Girard Securities, bringing the total number of broker-dealers affiliated with Cetera Financial Group today to nine. \n\nIn early 2017, Cetera implemented a new strategic blueprint for redefining the delivery of retail financial advice for individuals and families seeking financial well-being. The model, known as The Advice-Centric Experience\n\nOn May 11, 2016 , Cetera announced the launch of its advisory platform, My Advice Architect , the first segment of the firm’s Advice Architect Ecosystem.\n",
"Approximately 8,000 financial advisors supported\n\n$224.5 billion in advisory and brokerage assets under advisement\n",
"WealthManagement.com Industry Awards (2017)\nFinalist: Practice Management for Broker-Dealers with 1,000+ Advisors\nFinalist: Technology for Broker-Dealers with 1,000+ Advisors\n\nBISA Technology Awards (2017)\nWon two Bank Insurance & Securities Association Technology Innovation Awards for DOL DynamIQs and Cetera Fastpath programs\n",
"\n",
"* Cetera web site\n* Cetera Advisors web site\n* Cetera Advisor Networks web site\n* Cetera Financial Institutions web site\n* Cetera Financial Specialists web site\n* First Allied web site\n* Girard Securities web site\n* Summit Brokerage Services web site\n* Cetera Retirement Plan Specialists web site\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Timeline",
"Statistics",
"Awards",
"References",
"External links"
] | Cetera Financial Group | [
"WealthManagement.com Industry Awards (2017)\nFinalist: Practice Management for Broker-Dealers with 1,000+ Advisors\nFinalist: Technology for Broker-Dealers with 1,000+ Advisors\n\nBISA Technology Awards (2017)\nWon two Bank Insurance & Securities Association Technology Innovation Awards for DOL DynamIQs and Cetera Fastpath programs"
] | [
"\n'''Cetera Financial Group''' (commonly referred to as '''Cetera''') is a shared service organization serving affiliates that comprise the second-largest family of independent broker-dealers in the United States.",
"The company has nearly 8,000 financial advisors , is a leading provider of retail financial services to investment programs of banks and credit unions, and has over $224.5 billion in advisory and brokerage assets under advisement, generating approximately $1.6 billion in annual revenue for the 2016 fiscal year.",
"“Cetera Financial Group” refers to the network of independent retail firms encompassing, among others, Cetera Advisors, Cetera Advisor Networks, Cetera Investment Services (marketed as Cetera Financial Institutions), Cetera Financial Specialists, First Allied Securities, Girard and Summit Brokerage Services.",
"All firms are members FINRA/ SIPC.",
"Cetera was established in February 2010, with the sale of three broker-dealers, Financial Network Investment Corp., Multi-Financial Securities Corp. and PrimeVest Financial Services Inc. to an investment fund managed by Lightyear Capital LLC, a private equity firm specializing in financial services.",
"The three broker-dealers, each with its own rich history and culture, along with their technology and back-office support teams, grew to four firms in April 2012 with the purchase of Genworth Financial’s broker-dealer and investment adviser firms, Genworth Financial Securities Corp. and Genworth Financial Advisors Corp.\n\nRCS Capital Corporation purchased Cetera on April 29, 2014, along with other independent broker-dealer and investment advisors including: First Allied on September 25, 2013. ; Investors Capital Corporation and Summit Brokerage on June 11, 2014 ; JP Turner on June 13, 2014 , Girard Securities on March 18, 2015, and VSR Group on May 12, 2015.",
"On May 25, 2016, Cetera completed a transformation into an independent, privately held organization under parent company, Aretec Group, Inc\n.",
"Through this restructuring process, a new Board of Directors was established, with the sole focus remaining on the company's mission of supporting independent financial advisors and investment programs of financial institutions.",
"Cetera has corporate offices in El Segundo, California., Boca Raton, Florida., Denver, Colorado., San Diego, California., St.",
"Cloud, Minnesota., and Schaumburg, Illinois.",
"On November 9, 2009, Lightyear Capital LLC, a private equity firm specializing in financial services, announced that an investment fund managed by Lightyear Capital LLC would acquire three broker-dealers, along with their technology and back-office support teams, from ING Group.",
"The three broker-dealers formed the operating subsidiaries of Cetera when Lightyear completed the acquisition on February 1, 2010, which served approximately 5,000 independent financial advisors and 700 institutions nationwide.",
"On April 2, 2012, Cetera brought aboard Genworth Financial Securities Corp. and its affiliate, Genworth Financial Advisors Corporation .",
"Cetera unveiled a new brand structure on September 4, 2012 , in an effort to define each firm’s unique brand of independence.",
"Via this rebranding, beginning Q4 of 2012 through early 2013: Financial Network was renamed to Cetera Advisor Networks; Multi-Financial became Cetera Advisors; PrimeVest became Cetera Investment Services (marketed as Cetera Financial Institutions); and the Genworth firms became Cetera Financial Specialists, the broker-dealer, and Cetera Investment Advisers, the registered investment adviser.",
"On September 25, 2013, RCS Capital announced the acquisition of First Allied Holdings, Inc.\n\nOn October 3, 2013, RCS Capital Announces the acquisition of Investors Capital Holdings Ltd. \n\nOn November 15, 2013, RCS Capital announced the acquisition of Summit Financial Services Group, Inc.\n\nOn January 16, 2014, RCS Capital announced that it had agreed to purchase Cetera from Lightyear Fund II.",
"On August 6, 2014, RCS Capital Announces the acquisition of VSR Financial Services.",
"On March 18, 2015, RCS Capital completed its acquisition of Girard Securities, bringing the total number of broker-dealers affiliated with Cetera Financial Group today to nine.",
"In early 2017, Cetera implemented a new strategic blueprint for redefining the delivery of retail financial advice for individuals and families seeking financial well-being.",
"The model, known as The Advice-Centric Experience\n\nOn May 11, 2016 , Cetera announced the launch of its advisory platform, My Advice Architect , the first segment of the firm’s Advice Architect Ecosystem.",
"Approximately 8,000 financial advisors supported\n\n$224.5 billion in advisory and brokerage assets under advisement",
"* Cetera web site\n* Cetera Advisors web site\n* Cetera Advisor Networks web site\n* Cetera Financial Institutions web site\n* Cetera Financial Specialists web site\n* First Allied web site\n* Girard Securities web site\n* Summit Brokerage Services web site\n* Cetera Retirement Plan Specialists web site"
] | finance |
[
"\n'''IRC''' is an is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, entrepreneurs and people around the world to find long-term solutions to the global crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services.IRC is founded at Government Institute on Community Water Supply, 13 Parkweg, the Hague in 1968, under the agreement between World Health Organization and the Government of the Netherlands. Initially addressed as the '''WHO International Reference Centre on Community Water Supply (I.R.C.)''', IRC was appointed to be the hub of information dissemination in community water supply and nexus of a world-wide network of collaborating institutions which are active in water supply research and development. After several changes in organization status and leaderships, IRC has now turnd into a think-and-do tank to find long-term solutions to the global crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services.\n\n\n",
"=== Early years ===\nIn December 1968, under the agreement of the World Health Organization and the Netherlands government, the WHO International Reference Center on Community Water Supply was established. (abbreviated as I.R.C.) In 1969, a part-time director, a part-time deputy director and a full-time chemical engineer were assigned upon its founding. Noticeably,IRC was then an annex of the Government Institute of Drinking Water Supply. (Dutch: Rijksinstituut voor Drinkwatervoorziening,R.I.D, merged in RIVM in 1984). Apart from the relation with R.I.D, IRC also received consultation from advisory board that consisted representatives from both national and international water supply sectors. In 1970, IRC drafted its first five-year plan with three main objectives: provide knowledge, coordinate research,and stimulate application in drinking water supply industry.Throughout this period, several researches were performed. In 1972 IRC's chemical engineer B.C.J. Zoeteman concluded the 3-year research over the practicality of Iodine and Iodine components disinfection in small water supplies by a research report, which embarked the initiation of IRC's Technical Paper (TP)series. In 1973, IRC held the \"Bilthoven Meeting\", joined by 31 international collaborating institutions. This meeting set working priorities for IRC as developing appropriate water hygiene practices for better water supply quality. Some projects were consequently planned and initiated.\n\n=== Gaining independence ===\nIRC encountered its first major change in 1980. In 1980, IRC became an independent foundation under the name International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation. (Abbreviated as IRC). In 1981, the IRC foundation was established through an Act of Dutch Parliament. Hans Van Damme became the Director of IRC, while Pier Santema became member of the newly constituted Governing Board. At the mean time, UN put forward the International Drinking Water Decade, 1981–90, which led to changes on scope and strategies of IRC, accordingly. IRC's role in international WASH knowledge dissemination was strengthened. In 1981, IRC published its first best seller,''Small Communities Water Supplies '', which had been an all-time bestseller ever since. Between 1983 and 1985, IRC published two major publications on Slow Sand Filtration, the one published in 1985 was further distributed to WHO Regional Office in Europe and WRC Research Centre. IRC also started to focus on gender issues in water hygiene and sanitation sectors and published several substantial documents on this topic, led by the 1985 publication ''Participation of Women in Water Supply and Sanitation: Roles and Realities''. On the other aspect, IRC started to produce consuling and advice serveries for various International Organizations in the 1980s. In 1987, IRC undertook a number of assignments from DGIS, Commission of the European Economic Community, DANIDA, UNDP, World Bank, UNICEF and WHO. In 1988, IRC changed its name from \"International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation\" to \"International Water and Sanitation Centre\", the abbreviation \"IRC\" stayed the same.\n\n=== Years of change ===\nIRC was always open for changes. One the front page of 1991's annual report it says:\n\nIn 1990, at a consultation in New Delhi, IRC presented two hands-on experience of CD-ROM in WASH sector knowledge dissemination. On 1991 Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s held in New Delhi, \"community management\" was brought up and soon became one of the guiding principles in IRC's work in the 1990s. In the same year,IRC published its 28th of technical paper, an approach to sustainable piped water supplies. Apart from technical paper series (TP) that covered a broad spectrum of audience , IRC also put forward the Occasional Paper Series (OP) that targeted at limited key stakeholders, and The Training Series (TS) that was used for training. Up to 1993, IRC had possessed one of the \"most comprehensive collections of low-cost water supply and sanitation literature\" within the water sectors.\n\nAlong with knowledge dissemination, some other substantial WASH sector issues were involved in IRC's daily activities in 1990s. Advisory and evaluation service was one of them. Training activities were also along the line. In 1994, IRC delivered its training courses in English, French and Spanish at its headquarter and Kenya, Cameroon, Burkina Faso,Colombia, and India.\n\nIn 1996, after working in IRC for 27 years, Mr.Hans van Damme resigned from his position as director of IRC.\n\nAlso in 1996, IRC received an external evaluation arranged by the Governing Board. It was suggested that IRC should make a clear distinction between profitable products and information dissemination. Consequently, IRC had set its scope as \"Better Water and Sanitation for a better Future\", a new policy framework was also put forward in 1997. Changes in technology influenced IRC's knowledge dissemination. In 1996 IRC set up an intranet system and a World Wide Web page. The IRC website recorded 42,000 clicks between year 1996 and 1997. An average of 3,500 per month. Brand new IRC bulletin was put up to the Internet as well.\n \nStepping into the new millennium, IRC oriented itself as a \"capacity building\" organisation to ensure \"sustainable and economical\" acquisition of WASH services for world's poorest region. After the second external evaluation in 2001, advocacy activities, institutional reforms and people-centered approaches were emphasized in IRC's daily operations. The thematic advocacy programmes witnessed a shift from water supply to policy issues, sanitation and hygiene, participatory methodologies and gender issues. In 2000,IRC and Global Water Partnership (GWP) launched Gender and Water Alliance that promoted the gender equity of water supply and sanitation management in developing areas. \n\nIRC closed a number of long-term projects in 2002. Reorganization, again, was put as a top priority. In 2006, IRC cut off the statutory link with the Netherlands government by an act, and became an autonomous foundation. In 2014, IRC changed its name from International Water and Sanitation Centre to IRC. IRC was no longer an abbreviation but a full name.\n\n=== Current status ===\nNow IRC is cooperating with many stakeholders in the least developed areas, including NGOs, governments and local citizens themselves. IRC aims to develop water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services that last not for years, but forever. IRC is specialized in tackling problems derived from WASH service delivery and is capable of solving them. The main tasks of IRC are uncovering the problems people face in maintaining WASH services in the communities that need them most; helping those who plan and provide services to adapt and change the way they think and work, creating learning communities that go on to develop credible, affordable and long-term services; and putting ideas and knowledge into practice through innovative action research.\n",
"IRC has seven country teams, all led by a CEO of IRC:\n*Burina Faso\n*Ethiopia \n*Ghana\n*Honduras\n*India\n*Netherlands\n*Uganda\n\nThe headquarters are in the Netherlands.\n",
"\n",
"* \n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
" History ",
" Organisation ",
" References ",
" External links "
] | IRC (WASH) | [
"In 1987, IRC undertook a number of assignments from DGIS, Commission of the European Economic Community, DANIDA, UNDP, World Bank, UNICEF and WHO."
] | [
"\n'''IRC''' is an is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, entrepreneurs and people around the world to find long-term solutions to the global crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services.IRC is founded at Government Institute on Community Water Supply, 13 Parkweg, the Hague in 1968, under the agreement between World Health Organization and the Government of the Netherlands.",
"Initially addressed as the '''WHO International Reference Centre on Community Water Supply (I.R.C.",
")''', IRC was appointed to be the hub of information dissemination in community water supply and nexus of a world-wide network of collaborating institutions which are active in water supply research and development.",
"After several changes in organization status and leaderships, IRC has now turnd into a think-and-do tank to find long-term solutions to the global crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services.",
"=== Early years ===\nIn December 1968, under the agreement of the World Health Organization and the Netherlands government, the WHO International Reference Center on Community Water Supply was established.",
"(abbreviated as I.R.C.)",
"In 1969, a part-time director, a part-time deputy director and a full-time chemical engineer were assigned upon its founding.",
"Noticeably,IRC was then an annex of the Government Institute of Drinking Water Supply.",
"(Dutch: Rijksinstituut voor Drinkwatervoorziening,R.I.D, merged in RIVM in 1984).",
"Apart from the relation with R.I.D, IRC also received consultation from advisory board that consisted representatives from both national and international water supply sectors.",
"In 1970, IRC drafted its first five-year plan with three main objectives: provide knowledge, coordinate research,and stimulate application in drinking water supply industry.Throughout this period, several researches were performed.",
"In 1972 IRC's chemical engineer B.C.J.",
"Zoeteman concluded the 3-year research over the practicality of Iodine and Iodine components disinfection in small water supplies by a research report, which embarked the initiation of IRC's Technical Paper (TP)series.",
"In 1973, IRC held the \"Bilthoven Meeting\", joined by 31 international collaborating institutions.",
"This meeting set working priorities for IRC as developing appropriate water hygiene practices for better water supply quality.",
"Some projects were consequently planned and initiated.",
"=== Gaining independence ===\nIRC encountered its first major change in 1980.",
"In 1980, IRC became an independent foundation under the name International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation.",
"(Abbreviated as IRC).",
"In 1981, the IRC foundation was established through an Act of Dutch Parliament.",
"Hans Van Damme became the Director of IRC, while Pier Santema became member of the newly constituted Governing Board.",
"At the mean time, UN put forward the International Drinking Water Decade, 1981–90, which led to changes on scope and strategies of IRC, accordingly.",
"IRC's role in international WASH knowledge dissemination was strengthened.",
"In 1981, IRC published its first best seller,''Small Communities Water Supplies '', which had been an all-time bestseller ever since.",
"Between 1983 and 1985, IRC published two major publications on Slow Sand Filtration, the one published in 1985 was further distributed to WHO Regional Office in Europe and WRC Research Centre.",
"IRC also started to focus on gender issues in water hygiene and sanitation sectors and published several substantial documents on this topic, led by the 1985 publication ''Participation of Women in Water Supply and Sanitation: Roles and Realities''.",
"On the other aspect, IRC started to produce consuling and advice serveries for various International Organizations in the 1980s.",
"In 1988, IRC changed its name from \"International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation\" to \"International Water and Sanitation Centre\", the abbreviation \"IRC\" stayed the same.",
"=== Years of change ===\nIRC was always open for changes.",
"One the front page of 1991's annual report it says:\n\nIn 1990, at a consultation in New Delhi, IRC presented two hands-on experience of CD-ROM in WASH sector knowledge dissemination.",
"On 1991 Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s held in New Delhi, \"community management\" was brought up and soon became one of the guiding principles in IRC's work in the 1990s.",
"In the same year,IRC published its 28th of technical paper, an approach to sustainable piped water supplies.",
"Apart from technical paper series (TP) that covered a broad spectrum of audience , IRC also put forward the Occasional Paper Series (OP) that targeted at limited key stakeholders, and The Training Series (TS) that was used for training.",
"Up to 1993, IRC had possessed one of the \"most comprehensive collections of low-cost water supply and sanitation literature\" within the water sectors.",
"Along with knowledge dissemination, some other substantial WASH sector issues were involved in IRC's daily activities in 1990s.",
"Advisory and evaluation service was one of them.",
"Training activities were also along the line.",
"In 1994, IRC delivered its training courses in English, French and Spanish at its headquarter and Kenya, Cameroon, Burkina Faso,Colombia, and India.",
"In 1996, after working in IRC for 27 years, Mr.Hans van Damme resigned from his position as director of IRC.",
"Also in 1996, IRC received an external evaluation arranged by the Governing Board.",
"It was suggested that IRC should make a clear distinction between profitable products and information dissemination.",
"Consequently, IRC had set its scope as \"Better Water and Sanitation for a better Future\", a new policy framework was also put forward in 1997.",
"Changes in technology influenced IRC's knowledge dissemination.",
"In 1996 IRC set up an intranet system and a World Wide Web page.",
"The IRC website recorded 42,000 clicks between year 1996 and 1997.",
"An average of 3,500 per month.",
"Brand new IRC bulletin was put up to the Internet as well.",
"Stepping into the new millennium, IRC oriented itself as a \"capacity building\" organisation to ensure \"sustainable and economical\" acquisition of WASH services for world's poorest region.",
"After the second external evaluation in 2001, advocacy activities, institutional reforms and people-centered approaches were emphasized in IRC's daily operations.",
"The thematic advocacy programmes witnessed a shift from water supply to policy issues, sanitation and hygiene, participatory methodologies and gender issues.",
"In 2000,IRC and Global Water Partnership (GWP) launched Gender and Water Alliance that promoted the gender equity of water supply and sanitation management in developing areas.",
"IRC closed a number of long-term projects in 2002.",
"Reorganization, again, was put as a top priority.",
"In 2006, IRC cut off the statutory link with the Netherlands government by an act, and became an autonomous foundation.",
"In 2014, IRC changed its name from International Water and Sanitation Centre to IRC.",
"IRC was no longer an abbreviation but a full name.",
"=== Current status ===\nNow IRC is cooperating with many stakeholders in the least developed areas, including NGOs, governments and local citizens themselves.",
"IRC aims to develop water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services that last not for years, but forever.",
"IRC is specialized in tackling problems derived from WASH service delivery and is capable of solving them.",
"The main tasks of IRC are uncovering the problems people face in maintaining WASH services in the communities that need them most; helping those who plan and provide services to adapt and change the way they think and work, creating learning communities that go on to develop credible, affordable and long-term services; and putting ideas and knowledge into practice through innovative action research.",
"IRC has seven country teams, all led by a CEO of IRC:\n*Burina Faso\n*Ethiopia \n*Ghana\n*Honduras\n*India\n*Netherlands\n*Uganda\n\nThe headquarters are in the Netherlands.",
"*"
] | river |
[
"\n\n'''Chandrika Tandon''' is a business leader, Grammy-nominated artist and humanitarian. In addition to being CEO of Tandon Capital Associates, she is a member of the Board of Directors at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and the Berklee Presidential Advisory Council.\n\nAt New York University, she is Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Chair of the President’s Global Council, Chair of the Board of the NYU Tandon School of Engineering, and she serves on the boards of the NYU Stern School of Business and the NYU Langone Health System.. Chandrika is the recipient of the Gallatin Medal, the Walter Nichols Medal and the Polytechnic Medal. Her first album – ''Soul Call'' – earned a Grammy nomination and the fourth album on her not-for-profit label Soul Chants Music - ''Shivoham - The Quest'' - is due for release on 15 September 2017.\n",
"Chandrika was the first Indian American woman to be elected partner at McKinsey and Company. She established Tandon Capital Associates in 1992 and has advised clients including Chase Manhattan Corporation, Comerica, Unibanco (Brazil), Suncorp-Metway Ltd. (Australia), Fleet Financial Group/ Bank of America, Rabobank and ABN Amro.\n",
"NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, Unites States\n* Contribution of 100 million US Dollars - the largest donation by an Indian American in the US\nAmerican India Foundation\n* Trustee (2005-2011)\n",
"New York University, New York, NY, Unites States\n* Vice Chairman, Board of Trustees\n* Chairman, NYU President's Global Council\nNYU Stern Business School, New York, NY, United States\n* Member, Board of Overseers\nYale University, New Haven, CT, United States\n* Member, President's Council on International Activities\nBerklee College of Music, Boston, MA, United States\n* Member, President's Advisory Council\n* Founder, Tandon Global Clinics for Contemporary Western music training around the world. \nMadras Christian College, Chennai, India\n* Founder and Contributor, World-Class Business Program\n",
"Chandrika has received the Gallatin Medal, New York University’s highest honor for outstanding contributions to society, the Walter Nichols Medal for representing the highest ideals of business, service and integrity from NYU Stern, and the Polytechnic Medal recognizing her efforts for science and engineering.\nChandrika Tandon was given the “Distinguished Alumnus” award from Madras Christian College in 2013.\n",
"The 2017 release from Chandrika Tandon on Soul Chants Music\n\nChandrika Tandon released her first album - Soul Call - on her own not-for-profit label - Soul Chants Music - in 2009 and earned a Grammy nomination. Since then, she has released Soul March, Soul Mantra and most recently, Shivoham - The Quest, on 15 September 2017.\n\n\nRelease name\nRelease date\n\n''Shivoham - The Quest''\n 15 September 2017\n\n''Soul Mantra''\n 2014\n\n''Soul March''\n 2013\n\n''Soul Call''\n 2009\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Introduction",
"Business Leader",
"Philanthropy",
"Education & Governance",
"Awards",
"Discography",
"References"
] | Chandrika Tandon | [
"She established Tandon Capital Associates in 1992 and has advised clients including Chase Manhattan Corporation, Comerica, Unibanco (Brazil), Suncorp-Metway Ltd. (Australia), Fleet Financial Group/ Bank of America, Rabobank and ABN Amro."
] | [
"\n\n'''Chandrika Tandon''' is a business leader, Grammy-nominated artist and humanitarian.",
"In addition to being CEO of Tandon Capital Associates, she is a member of the Board of Directors at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and the Berklee Presidential Advisory Council.",
"At New York University, she is Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Chair of the President’s Global Council, Chair of the Board of the NYU Tandon School of Engineering, and she serves on the boards of the NYU Stern School of Business and the NYU Langone Health System.. Chandrika is the recipient of the Gallatin Medal, the Walter Nichols Medal and the Polytechnic Medal.",
"Her first album – ''Soul Call'' – earned a Grammy nomination and the fourth album on her not-for-profit label Soul Chants Music - ''Shivoham - The Quest'' - is due for release on 15 September 2017.",
"Chandrika was the first Indian American woman to be elected partner at McKinsey and Company.",
"NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, Unites States\n* Contribution of 100 million US Dollars - the largest donation by an Indian American in the US\nAmerican India Foundation\n* Trustee (2005-2011)",
"New York University, New York, NY, Unites States\n* Vice Chairman, Board of Trustees\n* Chairman, NYU President's Global Council\nNYU Stern Business School, New York, NY, United States\n* Member, Board of Overseers\nYale University, New Haven, CT, United States\n* Member, President's Council on International Activities\nBerklee College of Music, Boston, MA, United States\n* Member, President's Advisory Council\n* Founder, Tandon Global Clinics for Contemporary Western music training around the world.",
"Madras Christian College, Chennai, India\n* Founder and Contributor, World-Class Business Program",
"Chandrika has received the Gallatin Medal, New York University’s highest honor for outstanding contributions to society, the Walter Nichols Medal for representing the highest ideals of business, service and integrity from NYU Stern, and the Polytechnic Medal recognizing her efforts for science and engineering.",
"Chandrika Tandon was given the “Distinguished Alumnus” award from Madras Christian College in 2013.",
"The 2017 release from Chandrika Tandon on Soul Chants Music\n\nChandrika Tandon released her first album - Soul Call - on her own not-for-profit label - Soul Chants Music - in 2009 and earned a Grammy nomination.",
"Since then, she has released Soul March, Soul Mantra and most recently, Shivoham - The Quest, on 15 September 2017.",
"Release name\nRelease date\n\n''Shivoham - The Quest''\n 15 September 2017\n\n''Soul Mantra''\n 2014\n\n''Soul March''\n 2013\n\n''Soul Call''\n 2009"
] | finance |
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