url
stringlengths 37
43
| title
stringlengths 1
175
| text
stringlengths 3
261k
|
|---|---|---|
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5319 | Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan | The Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan is the upper chamber of the legislative body of the Republic.
40 deputies of the 50-member Senate are indirectly elected by local maslikhats and the remaining 10 deputies are appointed by the President. The term of office of the Senate deputies is 6 years. The Speaker of the Senate is called its Chairman, the current holder of this position is Maulen Ashimbaev.
## Electoral system
40 deputies of the 50 members of the Senate of Kazakhstan are indirectly elected by maslikhats of 17 regions and three cities of republican significance for six years. They are not elected immediately: every three years twenty are elected from each region and city. The remaining 10 deputies are appointed by the president, half of them are nominated by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan.
## History
### First convocation (1996–1999)
Powers of the first convened Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan on January 30, 1996 with the opening of the first session began and ended on November 30, 1999, the date of the first session of the second convened Parliament.
In the elections held in December 1995, 40 deputies of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan were elected from 19 regions and 2 from the capital of Kazakhstan. Seven deputies of the Senate were appointed by the President.
On October 8, 1997, due to the expiration of the term of office of the Senate deputies elected for 2 years in 1995, the Senate deputies were elected for 4 years. As a result of the optimization of regions, elections were scheduled for 14 regions of the republic and the city of Almaty.
In October 1997, 15 deputies were elected to the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In connection with the declaration of Akmola as the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on February 11, 1998, the election of the deputies of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan was held in the city of Akmola.
### The second convocation (1999–2004)
The mandate of the second convocation of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan began with the opening of its first session on December 1, 1999, and the first session of the third convocation began in 2004 ended on November 2.
On September 17, 1999, on September 17, 1999, due to the expiration of the term of office of the Senate deputies elected for 4 years in 1995, the election of the Senate deputies was held for 6 years.
The powers of the Senate deputies elected in 1997 continued until December 2002 in the second election in accordance with the constitutional norms.
### The third convocation (2004–2007)
The powers of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the third convocation began with the opening of its first session on November 3, 2004, and the day of the first session of the fourth convocation of the Parliament 2007 ended on September 1.
In December 2005, due to the expiration of the term of office of the Senate deputies elected on September 17, 1999, the election of Senate deputies was held on August 19, 2005.
The powers of the Senate deputies elected in 2002 continued in the third election in accordance with the constitutional norms.
### The fourth convocation (2007–2012)
The mandate of the fourth convocation of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan began on September 2, 2007 with the opening of its first session, and the day of the first session of the fifth convocation of the Parliament 2012 ended on January 19.
According to the changes made to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in May 2007, 8 more deputies of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan were appointed by the Decree of the President of the country on August 29, 2007.
The powers of the Senate deputies elected in 2002 continued until December 2008 in the fourth election. The powers of the Senate deputies elected and appointed in 2005 continued until September 2011.
On August 19, 2011, another election was held for half of the deputies of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
On November 23, 2011, 7 deputies were appointed by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their mandate will expire in 2017.
### The fifth convocation (2012–2016)
The term of office of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the fifth convocation began on January 20, 2012 with the opening of its first session and ended with the start of the first session of the sixth convocation of the Parliament.
The powers of the Senate deputies elected in 2008 and 2011, appointed in 2007 and 2011 in the fifth election of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan will continue in accordance with the constitutional norms.
On August 26, 2013, 8 deputies of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan were appointed due to the expiration of the mandate of the Senate deputy appointed in August 2007 by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
On October 1, 2014, according to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the election of Senate deputies was held.
Deputies elected in 2008 were terminated due to registration of deputies elected in 2014.
### Sixth convocation (2016–2021)
The mandate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the sixth convocation began on March 25, 2016 with the opening of its first session, and ended with the start of the first session of the Parliament of the seventh convocation.
The powers of the Senate deputies elected in 2011, 2014, appointed in 2011, 2013 in the fifth election of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan will continue in accordance with the constitutional norms.
On June 28, 2017, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the election of Senate deputies was held.
In connection with the registration of deputies elected in 2017, the powers of deputies elected in 2011 were suspended on June 30.
In October 2018, the election of two Senate deputies was held in the city of Shymkent, as a city of republican significance.
Elections of Senate deputies were held on August 12, 2020.
In connection with the registration of the elected deputies of 2020, the mandate of the elected Senate deputies of 2014 was suspended on August 28.
### Seventh convocation (2021–2023)
The mandate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the seventh convocation begins on January 15, 2021 with the opening of its first session and continues until the first session of the Parliament of the eighth convocation begins .
The mandate of the Senate deputies elected in 2017 and 2020, appointed in 2017 and 2019 in the sixth convocation of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan will continue in accordance with constitutional norms.
Due to the creation of three new regions in the republic, the election of Senate deputies from these regions has been scheduled. On August 24, 2022, the election of six new Senate deputies was held.
### The eighth convocation (2023–)
The seventh convocation was dissolved early and new parliamentary elections were announced in 2023. The eighth elected Senate began its work on March 29, 2023.
## Leadership
### Chairman
Chairman of the Senate is the speaker of the Senate, elected by secret ballot among deputies. The Senate candidate is proposed by the President.
### Deputy Chairman
The Senate has two Deputy Chairman who supervise the implementation of the orders made by the Senate. Deputies of the Senate elect the deputy chairpersons, and the chairperson himself proposes their candidacy.
## Committees
* Committee on Constitutional Legislation, Judiciary and Law Enforcement
* Committee on Finance and Budget
* Committee on International Relations, Defense and Security \< > * Economic policy, innovative development and entrepreneurship committee
* Socio-cultural development and science committee
* Committee on agrarian issues, use of nature and development of rural areas
## School of Analysis
From 2022, the School of Analysis will operate under the Senate.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5206 | Kurmangazy | Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly (1823-1896) is a great Kazakh singer-composer. A classic of Kazakh instrumental music.
## Biography
Place of birth Bokei khanate, a place called Zhideli belonging to the Zhanakala district of the modern West Kazakhstan region. The place where the soil is ordered is the former "Shaytani bataga", now "Kurmangazy hill" of the Astrakhan region.
The origin is the Kyzylkurt branch of the Sultansiyk, descended from Kishi hundred, twelve ancestors Baiul. Ershi, the seventh grandfather of Kurmangazy, was a man of fiery tongue, sickly mouth, and eloquent man. And his uncles are the Berish clan. The name of Agatai Batyr, who stood out for his bravery during the Kalmyk invasion, was the motto of Berish. Since then, Otemis bi, Makhambet Otemisuly, Isatai Taimanuly have been the honorable sons of not only the Berish clan, but also of Kazakhs. Kurmangazy's father Sagyrbay (real name is Duysenbay) was a peasant who could not devote himself to art. The fifth grandfather of Kurmangazy was probably an artist who graduated from the Baltabai family. And his seventh grandfather, Ershi, was a man with a fiery tongue, a scythe legend, and a man of words. To this day, there is a saying in the country: "Put the man in the saddle and argue with his wife first." Kurmangazy's uncle is the Berish clan. Kurmangazy's mother, Alka, a daughter of a country that has a tradition of bravery and freedom, flew freely like a manly wind of the field until she became a bride, a man became a bridegroom, and the game brought the atmosphere of a wedding. Later, when Igilyk's daughter married Aues, the Berish clan became Kurmangazy's in-laws.
Since Kurmangazy's childhood, the most eloquent and sensitive language of Kurmangazy was the Kui language coming from the throat of the double-stringed dombra. That's why, as soon as he listens to Sokir Eszhan, the sahara's swashbuckling musician, he understands the language and religion of his dombra and listens to it. That's why he appreciated the state of his contemporaries such as Sherkesh, Baijuma, Balamaysang, and learned the most honest secret of the time from those states. Kurmangazy's teacher was Uzak.
In 1830, Kurmangazy was also involved in the peasant uprising against Zhangir Khan, led by Isatai Taimanuly from Berish and his soul friend, stormy poet, quarrelsome musician Makhambet Otemisuly. In those years, he produced the tune "Kishkentai". In 1857, Kurmangazy was imprisoned. He escapes from the place where he is going to be driven to Siberia. The second time he was imprisoned in Orinbor prison, but he was saved with the support of the Governor-General Perovsky. He sings various tunes on the theme of the prison: "I will break up", "I will leave tomorrow", "Open handcuffs", "Escaped from prison", "Bet by a cart", "Perovsky march", "Neither scream, nor noise", "Machine".
In 1880, he moved to the settlement of Sakmar in the foothills of Astrakhan. Kurmangazy, Dina Kenzhekvyna Nurpeyisova, Yergali Yeszhanov, Mendigali Suleymenov, who are highly respected among the community, will gather their successors. Kokbala, Menetay, Menkara, Sugirali, Torgaybai, Shora, famous masters of dombra playing at that time, were teachers of Kurmangazy.
Kurmangazy saw off Sokyr Eszhan, a quarrelsome coachman of the Sahara, became close friends with a cheerful coachman like Dauletkerey, and learned from the art of musicians like Sherkesh, Baijuma, and Balamaisan.
## History and list of his life
* 1823 - was born in Kurmangazy district, present-day Atyrau region.
* 1836-1840 - animal husbandry is stopped and art comes to an end. Kuishi follows Uzak and travels around the country.
* 1830-1840 - the field of composition opens and gives birth to dozens of tunes.
* 1845-1850 - travels around Zhem, Saqig Bay and Mangistau, Ustirt regions. He lives in the land of his great-uncles Toremurat and Narynbai in Aday.
* 1850 - after coming from Mangystau, he was imprisoned in Orinbor prison. Soon he will run away from him.
* 1857 – on September 26, he was sent to Orda prison.
* 1857 - escapes from prison at the beginning of November.
* 1857-1860 - hides in other villages.
* 1860-1863 - returns to the country.
* 1864 - imprisoned in Orda prison for escaping from prison and "cattle theft" and spent 2 years and 7 months there.
* 1868 - Meets journalist N. Savichev.
* 1868 - enters the Ural prison.
* 1870 - he was summoned from Astrakhan and imprisoned again. There he met a Kalmyk named Saranjap and escaped from prison.
* 1882 – is in Krasnoyar prison.
* 1884 - asked for help from the ruler Makash Bekmukhammedov and received a "White passport".
* 1885-90 - Moves to Sakhma and publishes "Recreation".
* 1890-95 - lived a leisurely life, hunted and shot birds. The disciple educates.
* 1896 - died in Altynzhar, Volodar district, Astrakhan region.
## Works
Kurmangazy's life, especially when he began to recognize right from left and began to actively participate in life, was very complicated. This period was the time when the colonial policy conducted by Tsarist Russia gained momentum, was expensive, and went beyond limits. It is a habit that the weight of the nauvet that comes to the head of the country falls first of all on the shoulders of tall men. Zamana Zobalan also engulfed Kurmangazy with its fire. His works include "Escaped from prison", "Opened the handcuffs", "I will leave tomorrow", "Bozkangyr", "Pabeski", "From the window and the door", "Bozsholak", "Buktym-buktym", "Ne krichi, ne shumi", "Arba" "Struck", "Aman bol, chechem, bol hale!", "Kairan chechem" are like one station of your zobalan, which is different from time. He responded to any discussion of harsh fate with his art and left a mark with his art.
Kurmangazy is a singer in love with life. He can rejoice like a child in the bright moments of life and be filled with emotions. His "Red Birch", "Akjelen", "Aday", "Saryarka", "Balbyraun", "Serper", "Nazym", "Balkaymak", "Nightingale's Dry", "Aksak Kiik", "Toremurat", "Kuanysh" "like the heartbeat of a soul eager for life.
Kurmangazy is a conceptual poet. It is characteristic of the spiritual nature of Kurmangazy to reflect on modern events that affect the fate of not one, not two, but several generations. His tunes such as "Dzhiger", "Kobik shashkan", "Kishkentai", "Akbay" are the assessment of a musical philosopher devoted to the historical and social nature of the time in which he lived.
Similarly, "Aizhan-ay", "Ida nightingale", "Alatau", "Amandasar", "Bas Akjelen", "Remalys", "Laushken", "Oybai, my child", "Saranjap" "Negative" "Kapai", "Uzak Akzhelen" tunes are widely known. Kurmangazy's lofty spirit is not a phenomenon that fits into only one field of music. The existence of such a unique talent can be a testimony to the spiritual existence of a single nation. All the joys and sorrows of the great historical changes in the fate of the nation are always measured by the fate of the firstborn children. On this occasion, Kurmangazy was able to be the brightest witness not only with his unique art, but also with his life to all the qualities of his native people and the state of the people of that turbulent period. With his winged states, like Mahambet in poetry, like Shokan in science, like Kenesary in the battlefield, he lived without losing control of his ambitious spirit and without changing the times.
## History of Kuylyri
"Kishkentai" is one of the first works of Kurmangazy Kushi. This song is dedicated to the leader of the rebellion, Isaiah. In his compositions "Akbay", "Aksak kiik", "Kobik shashkan", "Escape from prison", "Aday", bright future, people's hope, anger towards the ruling class are skillfully described. The poet brings to mind his homeland, the vast steppe through the poem "Saryarka". Kurmangazy's tunes captivate the listener with their rich melody, kerbez pattern, energetic energy, and their quick accent. Kuishi knew how to fully use the methods of performing the dombra, the rich sound and technical capabilities of the instrument. Due to the peculiarities of Kurmangazy tunes - the climax of the tune, i.e., the small mouth and the big mouth, the dombra range is completely mastered, and the original size and rhythm of the tune is kept unchanged throughout the work. "Balbyraun", "Erten zhetem", "Buktym-buktym", "Balkaymak", "Gray Kangyr", "Ne krichi ne shumi", "Aizhan-ay", "Laushken" etc. b. Below are detailed definitions of many states:
* Kairan Chesham
Akbay's messengers were about to tie Kurmangazy to a cart when they saw Akbala, his mother. He regrets that he has not done a good deed to his mother, who brought him up in a pitiful manner, and thinks that he is being driven away again. He comes to his mother with tears in his eyes. "If I say that I have found a son, then I have given birth to something bad and bad. Who are you crying in front of?" - and pulls him to the side with a slap. Kurmangazy realizes his mistake. While he was in the Ural prison, he thought about all of this and wrote a song called "Kairan Checham" dedicated to his mother. The mood begins slowly, as if describing the situation of a poet in a cage, and gradually it is moved and poured out with inspiration.
* Kapy
The dance that Kurmangazy revenged will be by following him. At one gathering, Kurmangazy, who was playing the tambourine and telling the story of Isatai and Makhambet, scolded Kurmangazy saying, "You told the story of Isatai Makhambet." Because of this regret, he released the status "Kapy".
* Goodbye
When Kurmangazy was about to be arrested and sent to the Orda prison, he said "Goodbye, my people, until we see each other again" and took the pose "Goodbye". "
* Massacre of the girl Danai
In 1850, Kurmangazy went with his brothers Toremurat, Oten, and Narymbai along the Zhem river and brought back the girl Danai. Kurmangazy protects the pursuers by knocking them down and preventing them from coming to the wedding. His uncles are pleased with this heroism and give him a gift. The inspired singer sings "Kyz Danai's massacre" for this joy. Kurmangazy describes the clatter of horse hooves and a fierce battle. In between, the girl was able to depict Danai's beauty and ringing smile with clay voices. Due to the emergence of this state, Toremurat gathers the people and makes a big feast with slaughtering of animals.
* Red Birch
It is said that Kurmangazy survived the persecutors by covering himself with a branch of a red birch that grew alone in the field. Later: "My country, my land, and my tree are a refuge. "I took care like a mother and devoted myself to the red birch, which sheltered me with its leaves," he said.
* The foamy
Caspian Sea at certain times rises in level, overflows the shore and overflows. According to scientists, this is a phenomenon that happens every epoch. A similar phenomenon occurred in the second half of the 19th century. Great composer Kurmangazy and poet Kashagan saw this with their own eyes. When Kurmangazy came, he met Kashagan and both of them walked along the shore of the overflowing sea. There is also a picture drawn by an artist about this. Kashagan published a saga called "The Flood" about this flood that caused suffering to the people. The poet connects the tragic phenomenon of nature with the loss of moral and sensual qualities of mankind with a philosophical concept. Kurmangazy saw the sea overflowing, foaming and raging, and felt pain that it had harmed the people. He is also greatly influenced by the Kashagan saga. So, the heart-wrenching clay "Foamed" came out.
* Escaped from prison
According to the book, Kurmangazy writes the poem after escaping from prison, while resting. Kuishi has been fighting for the independence of his country since he was young, and along the way he has been imprisoned many times. At one of those times, the coachman's friend in prison, Lavochkin's mother, secretly brings a steel saw to his throat. Then Kurmangazy escapes from the prison with the help of his supporters. Tired and taking a rest, the singer sings "The Escape from Prison".
## External links
* Descendants of Kurmangaz
* Status power
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7098 | Kanat Bekmyrzauly Saudabaev | Kanat Bekmyrzauly Saudabayev (born in 1946) is a deputy of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Political Science, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2007 - 2012)
## Biography
\< > Born in 1946. He came from the Baiys section of the Zhanys clan of the Dulat tribe. Graduated from Leningrad State Institute of Culture, Academy of Social Sciences (Moscow).
* After graduating from the institute, he worked in the field of the Ministry of Culture. He was the chairman of the State Committee on Cinematography, State Committee on Culture.
* Since 1991, he has been appointed as the representative of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of Turkey, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Head of the Prime Minister's Office, and member of the Government since 1991.
* In 2007, he acted as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United States of America, and the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Canada.
* May 15, 2007 - State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Director of the state institution of multidisciplinary scientific analysis and humanitarian education "Nazarbayev Center"
* Since August 27, 2015 - a deputy of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5075 | Sara Tastanbekovyna | Sara Tastanbekovyna (1853; present-day Kapal district of Almaty region - 1907) is a poet, musician, folk poet, singer, drummer. He came from the Atalik Kaptagai section of the Matai clan of the Naiman tribe.
## Biography
The creative path of Sara, who has seen a lot of hardships in her short life and suffered from social inequality, is a difficult and complicated path. He lost his father when he was three years old and grew up suffering from poverty. As if this is not enough, his cousin Jaishanbek, who is the sole support, even on the outside, goes to prison under the accusation that he "stole an ox". Turusbek Haji, who took care of an orphan, a widow, left alone in the midst of poverty, and brought her to his village, calls Sara and gives her to a rich son, Zhienkul, who is not equal to him, born with a defect in nature.
Esimbek pilgrim, who heard about the action of the Turussbek pilgrim who bought cattle for the orphan girl, raised an argument and moved Sara to his village. But it will not be good for Sarah. In the end, the peasant settled down with the two pilgrims agreeing to divide the girl's livestock equally.
In this way, the opening of the garden of the poet girl, who was in trouble like a snowball, will be a big reason for her to meet the famous Birzhan Sal, who is currently traveling around the Naiman country and making friends, and to argue with him in front of a square group. This argument increases Sarah's reputation in front of the people and spreads her fame far and wide. The pilgrims, who felt that the fate of the poetess, who was respected by the country and won the love of the people, was slipping out of their hands, could not oppose the crowd and gave her freedom. Thus, the poet Sara achieved equality thanks to her great talent, and at the age of nineteen she married her equal Altynbekuly Bekbay. It was as if he had reached equality, joined his equal, and opened his eyes.
## The meeting of the poet Abai and Sara
On the way back from the city of Vernyi with the remains of Abish (Abdirahman), Sara, along with the good people of the Naiman country who came to condole with Abay, came to see the great poet, dear Expresses sympathy for the loss of a child.
## Birzhan and Sara
Sara Tastanbekovyna's Birzhan salmen aytis, which has been continuing from century to century, is considered a high and artistic example of the Kazakh art of aytis.
## Poems of the poet
In addition to this poem, "Heart", "Ashindym", "In front of Arsalan's brother", "Secret of the heart", "In the garden", "To the ghost of Abish", He has many poems such as "Hosh bol, elim" and the saga "Tuzak".
## Sara Tastanbekovyna's grave
As a young woman, she saw a lot of poverty, suffered the effects of inequality, lived a hard life, and was accompanied by sadness. died early.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6143 | Gibraltar | Gibraltar (English: Gibraltar [ʤɪˈbrɔːltɚ]) is a British dependency located on the Iberian Peninsula, bordering Spain to the north.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7346 | Ilyas Korykbaev | Ilyas Korykbaev (1937, Batpakht village, Yrgyz district - 1994, Batpakht village, Yrgyz district) is a singer.
## Biography
* Secretary of the Village Council
* head of the postal communication department
* worked as an accountant.
## Art way
He learned drumming from his brother-in-law Zakaria Zyrau.
Kurmangaz's "Aksak Kiik", "Aday", "Kisen Ashkan", Tattimbet's "Sarzhailau", "Sylkyldak", "Bylkyldak", etc. performed the tunes perfectly on the drum.
"Kulager", "Manmanger", "Balkadisha", "Walking Musa" by the famous Akan Seri Koramsauly, "Ak sisa", "Sursha Kyz" by Baizhanuly, "Aitbay" by Birzhan Kozhaguly, "Gashigym", etc. . He sang his songs along with the drum.
Sh. He recited Kaldayakov's songs and Nurkhan Akhmetbekov's poems "Esym Seri", "Jasaul massacre", "Ury karga" and epic poems "Alpamys batyr", "Er Targyn", "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulo".
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7170 | Әбу-Насыр | Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Arabic: ابو نصر محمد الفارابي ; Abu Nasir Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tarkhan ibn Uzlag al-Farabi al-Turki; 870 - 950) is a world-famous thinker, philosopher, sociologist, mathematician, physicist , astronomer, botanist, linguist, logician, music researcher. Born in Otyrar.
## Educational path
He was educated in Otyrar Madrasah, Shash, Samarkand, Bukhara, then Harran, Egypt, Aleppo (Aleppo), Baghdad.
## The way of creativity
Abu Nasir Al-Farabi is the most famous and famous of the Turkish thinkers, the scholar who was called "the 2nd teacher of the world". His time coincides with the development of the economy and culture of the cities along the Silk Road, including Otyrar. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made global trips to the cities of Central Asia, Persia, Iraq, Arab countries and grew up quickly. In those places, he met and interviewed many scholars, thinkers, poets, and figures. According to historical data, he knew about 70 languages. A thinker who read a lot and searched a lot, he wrote about 150 treatises in the fields of philosophy, logic, ethics, metaphysics, linguistics, natural science, geography, mathematics, medicine, and music. In his works, he analyzed the works of ancient Greek scholars, especially Aristotle (he wrote commentaries on Aristotle's main works such as "Metaphysics", "Category", "First and Second Analytics"). The famous Arab scientist-geographer Ibn-Hawkal in his work "Kitab Masalik wa Mamalik" and Ibn-Khallikan who lived in the 13th century in his work "Ufiat al-aian fi al-Zaman" mentioned the names of the great-grandfathers of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Tarkhan, Uzlak ) is presented in pure Turkish. Although the future scientist learned his first language in his native place, at the age of 12-16 he followed the caravan and went to Baghdad in search of education. Before the birth of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, 126 years ago, the city of Farab, a great cultural center of the Turks, had peacefully converted to Islam. At that time, it was obligatory for every open-minded Muslim to engage in the science of Islam. Since then, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi has been considered a scholar of the Arabic language.
Since the Holy Quran is not only a collection of religious principles, but also a universal book that contains the secret keys of many teachings, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made it obligatory for all Islamic scholars - ijtihad (work hard to reach the peak of thinking ability). and mujtahid (a person engaged in ijtihad bases his findings on the Holy Qur'an and Hadith Sharif - obligatory and sunnah actions). Under the influence of atheistic ideology during the Soviet regime, al-Farabi was presented as a non-religious scientist. However, the following information about his great contribution to the preservation of Islamic unity has been preserved. The brave commander Muhammad Ikhshid ibn Tugit Amir, who is of Turkish descent, meets with Abu Nasir Al-Farabi after defeating the "Karmat" country, which violated the path of Islam. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, who was happy about the defeat of the Karmats who did not allow him to make a "pilgrimage" by cutting off the road to Mecca, secretly intends to make a "pilgrimage" and talks with the Arab caliph's said-zadas. In this story, the scientist expresses the idea that in order to preserve the unity of Islam, it is necessary to reconcile the sects, and declares that he is trying to eliminate the divisions between the Arab, Persian and Turkish races. "In the testament left by the ancestors, it was said that the Turkish people are just. Now we are convinced of the truth and justice of that word," Said-zadalar respectfully shakes Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's hand.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's visit to Baghdad from a young age has the following two secrets. First, the trusted viziers of the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled the Caliphate of Baghdad at that time, were mainly from the Turkestan city of Farab. Secondly, the city of Baghdad opened its gates wide and created the best possible conditions for those who are on the path of science and art. In Baghdad, there was a house of scholars called "Bait al-Hakma" and the richest library in the world. At first, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi introduced himself as a poet, singer, and musician, and then he began to engage in complex scientific research by reading the manuscripts of ancient Greek scientists. Farabi's first teachers were Nestorian Christians who recognized Jesus as a "prophet" and not as a "son of God". They were the ones who bridged the gap between ancient Greek science and Arabic science. The worldview of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is the result of the interrelationships of two worlds: nomadic and sedentary civilizations and Eastern and Greco-Roman cultures. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's socio-political views, language culture, philosophical and humanitarian (philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics, politics, sociology, linguistics, poetry, rhetoric, music) and natural sciences (astronomy, astrology, physics, chemistry, geography) , cosmology, mathematics, medicine) and made valuable scientific discoveries in these areas.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has three main directions in his philosophy: he recognized the eternity of the world, confirmed the dependence of knowledge on existence, differentiated the doctrine of intelligence. He sought the origins of eternity and dependence from Almighty God, from the essence of phenomena in the heavenly world, from intelligence, from the soul of man, from the relationship between form and matter. From the principles of Aristotle, he accepted those close to his worldview and explained it from this point of view. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's philosophical approach can only be deeply understood in historical context, in relation to his era. In the Middle Ages, the development of philosophical thought was based on the foundations of religious teachings. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the philosophical teaching of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi from the perspective of the religious concepts of his time. But he developed these concepts philosophically. It is especially evident from the doctrine of the "underworld". This was a further development of Aristotle's view of the creative mind. The creative mind is not only the cause of motion of the "underworld", but also the logos in itself. The law of this world is the mind inherent in the earthly world. An individual's mind develops only if it is combined with the world consciousness. The last, that is, world consciousness, is eternal. A person creates a world that is fleeting. From this, the idea that the soul is eternal and flies away to another place is born, which was a thesis that was the subject of a struggle between religious principles and philosophy. The great thinker attached great importance to philosophy and placed great hopes on it. He understood philosophy as an intellect that wakes up the society, a beacon of reason, a main direction that brings the people to a just society, a tool that continues the spiritual and cultural continuity between generations, a method that finds solutions to complex social and ethical problems, answers to the demands of the times. At this level, it is necessary to read and learn the 9 principles of philosophy in order to think correctly and act positively.
The goal here is to search for integrity, truth, goodness, new sources of good, and to achieve it. The philosopher attached great importance to the education of a person to know his own nature. This problem is widely differentiated from the logical, ethical, pedagogical, and linguistic points of view, and it is considered in the continuity with each other. He looks for symbols of the highest spiritual goal in the sources that connect people to each other - the harmony of the soul, beauty, charity, happiness. "Views of residents of the benevolent city", "Words of state figures" and others. In his political and social treatises, he focused more on the issue of charity and happiness. Charity followed the tradition of ancient thinkers who espoused the ideas of reason, justice, happiness and equality. He warned that only people who have real knowledge about happiness, clearly know the ways to achieve it, and act accordingly are flexible to charity.
Al-Farabi was again turning to the problem of improving the system of feeling and thinking, education and action. Without education, morality cannot be improved, an uneducated person cannot recognize the virtues of others. There is no great success without educating the soul. The way to spiritual health will be opened only if science and education are combined. He warns that a person who has not been able to correct his behavior will not have access to true science.
The teachings of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi rely on Eastern thinkers, Aristotelian and New Platonist views, giving them a new character. In his work entitled "Treatise on the Necessary Conditions for Learning Philosophy", he presents his views on the nine conditions necessary for learning Aristotle's philosophy.
Based on Aristotle's scheme presented in Nicomachean Ethics (Book 1, §1), al-Farabi divides philosophy into theoretical and practical. Theoretical philosophy studies immutable, impermanent things, practical philosophy studies things that can be changed or created. Philosophy, according to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, is learned through reason, the "most special" good that exists only in man. The function of the mind and reason should not be carried out as it is, then purposefulness takes on a character. It is based on the correct methods of thinking, which are considered by the art of logic. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, a person should start his path to happiness from logic.
In a word, Farabi says that it is up to people to achieve their goals. He concludes that a person should constantly improve himself from the spiritual point of view, that a person can improve only by knowing the truth and the world around him.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's thoughts on civil, political, human and society are considered in the treatise "Fusul al-madani" ("Proverbs of statesmen"). Although the topics of this treatise are different, they are mainly dedicated to one goal - the relationship between man and society, and its development. A unique characteristic of labor is that physical and spiritual phenomena are compared.
If Farabi begins his analysis of society in "Civil Policy" from the city, in "Proverbs..." he begins it from the smallest nest, fireplace or home. Like Aristotle, he divides the house into several parts - husband and wife, master and servant, parent and child, property and owner. The house has its own purpose, but as a part of the city, it is dedicated to serving the common purpose that the city defines, and in the meantime there is an opinion about subordinating the interests of a person to the interests of society. Here, understanding Farabi's city as the state, we find high manifestations of great civil humanism in his thoughts. Here, we consider not only the interests of the individual, but the high regard for the interests of the society as a sacred expression of great citizenship and morality.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi believes that a person must be honest. because if one does good deeds and expects to be paid for it, a person turns these deeds into bad deeds. A mature philosopher should know theoretical sciences and be able to apply these sciences to other sciences. Plato and Aristotle believed that a true philosopher should be entrusted with the duties of a governor, but according to Plato, a philosopher refers to immutable truths and considers state management to be a burden that hinders the achievement of a higher goal, while Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, on the contrary, does not keep away from life's affairs, but again people's pursuit of the truth. tries to help him get on his way. Meanwhile, he compares religion and philosophy. According to him, religion is similar to philosophy: both provide an understanding of higher principles, the beginnings of things. But philosophy requires proof, religion requires belief. The lawgiver, by virtue of his very good judgment, is able to properly implement the laws which are supposed to be in the interest of man.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi left many legacies from all fields of science of his time, especially mathematics, astronomy, physics, and natural sciences. In his work "The chain of sciences" he divides the science of that time into five major areas:
* linguistics and its chapters;
* logic and its chapters;
* mathematics and its chapters;
* physics and its chapters, metaphysics and its chapters;
* civil science and its branches, jurisprudence and religious science.
The scientist determines the subject of all these sciences and dwells on their summary.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi worked as a mathematician in three closely related fields. They are: 1) the methodology of mathematics. problems (origin of the subject of mathematical science, basic concepts and methods), 2) mathematical natural science, 3) participation in creating some specific chapters of mathematics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi divides mathematics into seven chapters (arithmetic, geometry, optics, astronomy, music, statics, mechanics — the science of method and trick). He is one of the first scientists who considered algebra as an independent branch of mathematics and defined the subject of algebra. In this regard, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi proposed a very important idea of expanding the concept of number to the concept of positive real number.
tries to reveal the origin and causes of mathematics in his treatise called "The Origin of Sciences". In the work called "Commentary on the difficult places in the introductions of the first and fifth books of Euclid", the methodol. gave valuable comments on the issues. He showed in practice that Euclid's "Fundamentals", which were considered perfect and perfect for a long time, could be tested, edited, and corrected, and pointed the right way to mathematicians. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, in addition to laying the foundation stone of philosophy of mathematics, also demonstrated the need to boldly apply it to the study of natural phenomena. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, mathematics provides clear, true knowledge and strongly influences the development of other sciences. In his work entitled "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", he separates scientific astrology from astronomy, and based on the principles mentioned in Aristotle's logical works and the achievements of natural sciences, he tries to distinguish whether unknown, random phenomena can be predicted in advance or not. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's later, his opinions were of great importance in the formation of the philosophy and logical bases of the probability theory. He wrote major works in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a lengthy commentary on the "Almage" of the great ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. This work is known as "Commentary on Almages". This treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, which was of great importance in the history of astronomy and mathematics, had a good influence on the development of trigonometry. Based on the works of mathematicians before him, he developed his own theory of trigonometry lines. The main innovation here is that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered sine, cosine, sine-fersus, tangent, cotangent lines within a single circle of constant radius. He revealed some relations between them, defined some simple features. He achieved significant success in determining the sine and cosine of one degree of arc, which is very necessary in making tables of trigonometry. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, based on these mentioned trigonometry data and other additional mathematical materials, offers the easiest methods of mathematically solving the problems of astronomy and geography discussed in "Almages". "The Book of Natural Secrets and Spiritual Methods and Tricks on the Details of Geometric Figures" has sorted out geometry construction problems and brought them into a single system. More than a hundred calculation methods are shown. These include: constructing a parabola, trisecting an angle, doubling a cube, constructing right polygons, constructing polygons, transforming plane figures, etc. there is Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has extensively considered problems that can be solved with the help of a permanent compass and a one-sided ruler. In this work, there is an idea of how to mentally solve the problem of 3, 4, 5, etc., that is, how to mentally solve the problem of building a cube. In view of this, there is reason to assume that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is one of the first exponents of the idea of multidimensional abstract geometry. It has been found that the treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has been attributed by the historians of mathematics to the famous Khorasan mathematician Abu-l-Wafa. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a work called "A Brief Introduction to Theoretical Arithmetic" in the field of arithmetic. Many of his logical works contain elements of mathematical logic. The mathematical ideas and heritage of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi were widely used by Eastern scholars such as Abu-l-Wafa, Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), Abu Rayhan Biruni, Omar Khayyam, and European scientists such as Roger Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci.
The outstanding work of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of physics is called "On Vacuum". Here he tried to prove that there is no vacuum by means of logical conclusions based on a rare experience of the ancient Greeks. In this work, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered various problems of physics, in addition to the problem of vacuum, and found the correct solutions according to the level of science at that time (the expansion or contraction of a body due to heat, the laws of increasing or decreasing the volume of air due to applied tension, pressure, the transfer of applied tension to air, etc.).
In his treatise "On the Necessity of the Art of Alchemy", he analyzed the alchemical knowledge of his time, separated the scientific grain of alchemy from the false shell, and considered it as a branch of natural science with a specific research subject.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of medicine "Treatise written against Galen on the difference with Aristotle on human organs", "Animal Organs", "On Temperament" etc. wrote works, in which he mainly dealt with the theoretical problems of medicine, and tried to define the subject, tasks and goals of the art of medicine. In the philosophy and natural philosophy works of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, he focuses on many problems of natural science.
Astronomida observed through his own experience that the position of the sun's apogee is not constant. Ray propagation is proven by geometry with the laws of optics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's understanding of light, who discovered the laws of gathering, refraction, dispersion, and concentration of rays by geometrically precise methods, became known to European science only in the 17th century. German astronomer I. Kepler called it "focus" in Arabic. Eight centuries ago, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi called it "muharaq" from the meaning of "burning", "burning place". He made a concave mirror, that is, a parabola, a lens with his own hands, and used them in science.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi interprets and perfects the works of the great ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, makes theoretical (mathematical) and practical conclusions, and gives ideas and opinions. For example, for the first time in history, he observes the passage of the planet Cholpan over the surface of the Sun, in his treatise "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", the scholar describes scientific astronomy, the location, color, movement of stars, etc. distinguishes it from the ambiguous and doubtful science of astrology, which claims that it is possible to predict the future of human life and events on earth based on its visual properties.
In the process of seriously reviewing the scholar's scientific and philosophical works, we see that he was one of the great figures in the history of pedagogy. He is an educationalist who created the first constructive pedagogical system in Eastern countries.
In order to form the consciousness of the young generation, it is necessary to systematize and sequence the characteristics of three things:
* The child's inner enthusiasm, passion;
* Teacher's skill, honesty;
* Location of the lesson process.
The scientist paid special attention to the similarity of physical education and moral education, their influence on each other.
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi. In his treatises "Rhetoric", "On the Art of Poetry", "Guide to Happiness", he paid attention to ethical and aesthetic issues, revealed the categories of art, beauty, happiness, kindness knowledge and proved their basis.
He considered ethics to be, first of all, a science that allows us to distinguish between good and bad. That is why the categories of goodness and kindness occupy the main place in his concepts on ethics. The scholar's ethical thoughts are filled with deep humanism, he understands that the [human] child is the highest peak of creation, the owner of the whole soul, and that is why he should be respected and cherished. The main point of the Kortyn made by Farabi is the unity of the three knowledge, kindness and beauty. Farabi's humanist ideas spread widely around the world. He glorified the high value of intelligence and knowledge. Farabi says about art and beauty: it is a characteristic of the reality of life, an imaginary image of existence, real phenomena, social life. He believes that art is a sign that shows the beauty of the body and soul.
## Universal musician
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi was also a universal musician. He played clay instruments, sang, composed songs and tunes. "The Great Book of Music" is a great historical work written by the scholar both about music and about physics and mathematics. Here the problems of musical acoustics are covered as widely as possible, the nature, origin, distribution of sound, etc. There are many correct and correct opinions about it. Creates the practical (experimental) and theoretical (mathematical) foundations of music, shows the ways in which physical-mathematical laws are realized in known musical instruments. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi defined three general (universal) theoretical conditions of scientific knowledge, and based on them he created a new theory of music. Those conditions are: firstly, to know all the fundamental bases and principles of science; secondly, to be able to draw necessary conclusions and results related to that science from these principles; thirdly, to be able to analyze the opinions that have never been expressed about this science, to be able to distinguish the right from the skin and correct the mistakes. In developing a mathematical theory of music, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi covered many fundamental problems of mathematics. They are: the theory of relations, problems of combinatorial analysis, functional dependencies and their mapping, the idea of axiomatics, etc.
## Al-Farabi and Abay
There is no specific information about Abay's familiarity with Farabi's works. However, Sagdiyk: "... Abay al-Farabi, who attached great importance to philosophy and wisdom, was familiar with Ibn Sinas and had knowledge of these secret books" (Republican Literary and Memorial Museum of Abai. Inv. No. 172, 17-6. ), - is the opinion that Abay was familiar with Farabi's works. Abai does not hide the spiritual sources that nourished him in his works, he says again: "I searched for science, aimed at the world, looked in both directions..." - there is a deep secret in his warning. When considering the continuity of ideas in the works of Farabi and Abay, and the origins of the spiritual sources from which the poet's work was nourished, it is necessary to pay special attention to the view of the "soul power" common to the two great thinkers, or, in Abai's own words, "self-knowledge".
In the course of the continuous development of scientific thought in the history of mankind, knowing the ways of formation of thoughts about "self-knowledge" or "soul power" has become a complex problem, which has prompted the development of opposite views from the very beginning. Although the first step of the doctrine of human self-knowledge began with the philosophers of the ancient world, the work of Farabi, who brought it down to a scientific system in his time, is especially noticeable. In the Kazakh soil, Farabi in ancient times and Abay in recent times explored the complex thoughts about "soul power" or "self-awareness" in general. In Abai's poems and poems, the thoughts about soul power are "spirit passion", "spirit power", "soul power", "soul food" etc. b. There are reasons for his special remark when he shares his thoughts in such a philosophical column: "The power of the soul is a lot of things, and there is not enough time to write them all here." From this conclusion, the poet's complete familiarity with the history of the doctrine of "self-knowledge" is clearly visible, and his regret for not being able to convey his thoughts to his listeners in a broad way can be felt. The philosophy used by Farabi on soul power. terms are given in Abay's poems and poems of Seventh, Seventeenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Forty-third with equivalent words according to the kapyga or Kazakh concept in the original. Fourteenth and Seventeenth verses of the poet "At first, a cold ice is intelligent...", "There is no thought except for the eyes...", "A friend to an animal except an animal without sorrow...", "The word God is easy... ", "The heart is the sea, everything that is interesting is a precious stone..." is a special word and philosophy about the mind, courage, and heart. The origin of his thoughts on meaning lies in the works of Farabi.
Farabi, in his work "Treatise on the Attitudes of the Residents of the Good City", systematizes the ideas of man about self-knowledge as "plant soul", "animal soul", "human soul". Analyzing the human soul (intellect), its internal and external sense organs (hawas), the heart is always given a decisive importance and shown in a special way. This approach to the knowledge of general soul power is characteristic of those who belong to the school of perepatetics. Farabi's and Abai's thoughts on this are consistent and interrelated. Farabi said, "Heart is the main organ, no other part of the body controls it. Next comes the brain. This is also the main member, but its dominance is not the first" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises. -A. , 1973, 289-6. ), - and giving decisive importance to the heart, Abay also said: "You will join the heads of the three of you in my said business. But it's okay if you have a ruling heart." From this, it can be seen that the basis of the knowledge of the heart of both great thinkers is the same, only the form of narration is different. According to the poet Farabi, in addition to giving the heart a decisive meaning, he also knows it as the source and abode of goodness, grace, and intercession. Moral philosophy, which the thinker-poet paid a lot of attention to, is also based on this knowledge. All the ideas of morality and morality that spread throughout Abay's works are combined with this point of view. The poet's line of thoughts about "hawas", "three pouring" (imani flower), "ja wan marelik", "justice", "intercession" are also concepts within this framework of knowledge. These are the basis of Farabi's knowledge about the most perfect (kamili insani) model of human personality in the above-mentioned work. The continuation of this Farabi tradition is clearly felt in Abay's thinking about the "complete man". Abay often mentions "full man", "half man", "being a man", "perfection of humanity", "perfection of personality", "full humanity", "humanity", "man's humanity", "being human", etc. b. concepts, groups of words with nominal meaning, and the source of opinions about it originate from the line of thought in Farabi's works. Farabi, in his work on "Fundamentals of Natural Sciences" (cosmogony), paid special attention to the khakas in general, and especially to its external sense organs, called khawasi hamsa zahiri. Al-Farabi's philosophies about the sense organs, which play a central role in recognizing the secret of the nature of the environment. concepts are presented in the same original form in Abai's Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth poems and the poem "Alla is easy to feel". The conclusion of the poet that "the owner of the soul, who benefits from the inanimate creatures, created the animals, and created the intelligent insan (man) who uses the living animals" originates from Farabi's step-by-step knowledge about the creation of the world, which says that God first created the inanimate world, plants, animals, and then intelligent people. If this knowledge is a weak point of Farabi's view, it is also a weak point of Abay's knowledge. In his works, the thoughtful poet pays special attention to the hawasi hamsa zahiri in the tradition of Farabi. Mind, consciousness is recognized as a spiritual phenomenon that arises from the reality of life around us through the external five senses, i.e., the radiant energy of cognition and radiation in the human mind. The basis of Abai's worldview about the origin of mind and consciousness corresponds to Farabi's line of thought: "Mind is nothing but experience" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises, 295-6.). Al-Farabi divides soul power into moving power and knowing power, and considers the knowing power in a person as internal and external soul power. This knowledge of Farabi is psychological in the work of Abai. is spoken as an equivalent of concepts. In the poems of the poet, five external human organs and internal sensory organs are taken together and interpreted as passion. Abai's sentence of hawas is often combined with the principle of representation (ahsi jihan), and in the Forty-third word, it is internally connected with Farabi's knowledge about the power of the soul in a person. The poet's concept of "ignorance of man" corresponds to Farabi's thoughts about the soul. Farabi paid special attention to the ability of a person to know the world (al-kwat almutehayila), and the main lines of thought are reflected in the concepts of hawas, hawasi hamsa zahiri, hawas salam, which are special words in Abai. When Farabi spread his own line of thoughts about soul power, he classified them into three: plant soul, animal soul, and human soul, and considered the process of cognition as an innate characteristic of the human soul. Similar conclusions can be found in the Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Forty-third words of Abai. In his seventh speech, Abai dwelled on the "food of the soul" and said: "... we must have expanded our field and increased our treasure, which we passionately accumulated, this was the food of the soul", and he explains it in terms of feelings that develop through the passion of the soul. In his twenty-seventh speech, he classified the differences between animals and humans according to their way of knowing the world. Has the light of the soul been given to all of us equally? A person examines the front, the back, and this day - all three. "An animal knows its back, even this day, and doesn't even have to check its front," he notes that the ability to recognize a person has a great qualitative feature. As explained by the poet Farabi, he recognized that the qualities of passion and energy are unique to humans.
In the time of Farabi, a new direction was formed in the thinking of the Muslim community, which explained the whole of existence, all the various phenomena in it, on the basis of mutakalliminim. The critical thinking of Farabi, who mercilessly criticized the fundamental error in the knowledge of Mutakallimins, was further developed by Abai, when the idea of pan-Islamism spread its wings. There is a secret of deep knowledge in the poet's radical rebuttal of the mutakallimin criticized by Farabi: "Mind and desire are all, The heart is full without knowledge, the heart is full of feeling, The mutakallimin, manticin, It is wasted in vain.." The concept of hawas, which Abai specifically raised, was confirmed by the three different meanings of "hawasi hamsa zahiri", "hawas salam", "hawas" in the poet's works. In the poem "The word Allah is easy", the poet openly refutes the reasoning of the scholars and logicians in the interpretation of hawas. The deep-seated critical attitude in the middle showed. What is worth noting in Abai's worldview is the poet's familiarity with the principle of classification of science created by Farabi. There is no concrete evidence that the poet was familiar with the principles of systematization of science created by Farabi. However, in his works, Abay expresses his opinion on the systematization of science to a certain extent with concrete data. For example, in the forty-first word. "... there are innumerable paths of science in the world, and on each path there is a madrasa...", he mentions the abundance of scientific fields and specific names individually. In the thirty-eighth speech of the poet, the principle of a certain systematization of the fields of science is revealed. When a scientist comments on rulers, he groups social sciences independently, saying: "...the fact that they sharpened the minds of human beings and taught them the difference between truth and courage...". In the 38th speech of Abay, the fields of science such as "human knowledge", "science of God", "self science", "science of the world", "external science", "knowledge of the world" are the philosophers of Farabi. it is considered with the names used in the conclusions or with an alternative name according to the Kazakh concept.
## Stages of reaching the legacy of the scientist
The legacy of the scientist reaching us can be divided into four stages:
* Through scholars who wrote in Arabic, Persian and other languages in the Middle Ages (An -Nadim, al-Baihaqi, Ibn Said al-Kifti, Haji Khalifa, Venike, Camerarius, etc.);
* Through scientists of Western Europe and America during the New Age (Leonardo da Vinci, Spinoza, I.G.L. Kozegarten, G. Zuter, F. Dieterezzi, K. Brockel, J. Sarton, M. Steinschneider, D. S. Margolius, etc.);
* 20th century, especially through Soviet Orientalists (V. V. Barthold, E. E. Bertels, B. Gafurov, S. N. Grigoryan, V. P. Zubov, A. Sagadeev, Yu. Zavadovsky, Turks A. Sayyly, H. Bolshoi, etc.);
* Through scholars of Kazakhstan and Central Asia (A. Margulan, A. al-Mashani, O. Zhautikov, A. Kasymzhanov, A. Kobesov, M. Burabaev, A. Derbisaliyev, I. Zharikbaev, Sh. Khairullaev, etc. p. ).
Fundamental research of the heritage of Abu Nasir al-Farabi in Kazakhstan was undertaken only in the 60s of the 20th century. Kazakh scientists Akzhan al-Mashani (Mashanov) and Kanysh Satbaev were the first to initiate it. An international conference was held in Almaty in 1975 according to the decision of UNESCO issued on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi.
These days, the Department of Oriental Philosophy and Farabi studies works at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. So far, more than 20 treatises of the scholar have been translated into Kazakh and Russian languages, scientific explanations and prefaces have been written here. This department conducts a series of studies on dialectics, epistemology and social philosophy of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi. The Farabi Studies Center was established at KazMU. Here, too, translation, research, and promotion of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi's heritage are being carried out in new, fresh directions freed from Marxist views.
## Pupils of Abu-Nasir al-Farabi
Farabi was widely known among the people both during his time and after him. Farabi was considered a teacher by many scientists of the East and West, who received great morals, lessons, and education from his works.
* Abu Ali Qusayin Ibn-Abdolla ibn-Sina (Avicenna) is the father of medical science, a great person from Central Asia who greatly influenced the development of science and culture.
* Omar Ibn-Ibrahim Al-Khayyam (1048-1130) is a master and developer of the heritage of Farabi and Ibn-Sina. Thoughtful poet, deep philosopher, great mathematician.
* Ulykbek Ibn Shahrukh (1394-1447) is a great statesman, astronomer, mathematician, a scientist who knows well the main works of early Greek scientists and outstanding scholars of Central Asia.
## Sources
## Links
* A. Kasymzhanov. The book of Abu-Nasr al-Farabi
* R.S.Karenov. Abu Nasir al-Farabi: his life, works, contribution to global science and culture
* Works on Adebiportal.kz website |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5096 | Jangir-Kerey Khan | Bokeiuli Dzhangir Khan (1801-1845) was the last khan of the Bokei Horde that broke away from the Abilkhair Khanate of Kishi Yuz, the great-grandson of Abilkhair, the grandson of Nurali. His real name is Jihanger.
## Biography
His father Bokei ruled his country between the Volga and Zhayik first as a sultan, and then he received the title of khan in 1812 due to the Russian policy of dividing and weakening the Kazakh khanates. But he could not see much of the interest of the khanate and died in 1815. The Khan was inherited by the eldest of the three children left behind by Bokei, but due to the fact that he was studying abroad (in the house of Astrakhan Governor Andreyevsky), Bokei's younger brother Shigai Sultan took over the power until he became a man and knew his right and left.
The young man, who received European education, was brought up in Russian, and learned the ways of managing the khanate from the administrative side, after taking the reins of power in 1823, he became one of the puppet khans who implemented the policy of the tsar in West Kazakhstan.
The foundation of the Inner Horde was solidified, and the internal social and economic situation was formed and strengthened during the period of 1823-1845 when Jangir Khan ruled. Dzhangir, who is open-eyed, open-minded, fluent in Russian, Tatar, Arabic, and Persian languages, was awarded with many awards of the Russian government, became a cavalier of the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree, decorated with a golden crown, and was the first Kazakh khan to be promoted to the rank of general-major.
In the fall of 1824, Zhangir married Fatima, the daughter of mufti of Orinbor, Mukhamedzhan Huseynov. Fatima had a European education, mastered languages, was close to dance and music.
In 1826, Khan Zhangir and his wife Princess Fatima were invited to the enthronement ceremony of Russian Tsar Nicholas I. At the ceremony held in Moscow, the Russian intelligentsia, Tsar Nicholas himself, who invited Fatima to dance, were impressed by Fatima's knowledge and culture, as well as her speaking and dancing in Russian.
In 1827, Zhangir Khan presented a yurt made with special skill to the king. In 1829, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna Fatima presented Princess Fatima with a gold tiara, comb and earrings decorated with Brazilian topazes.
During the rule of Dzhangir, Kazakh peasants were forbidden to use the lands along the banks of the Volga, Zhayik rivers and the Caspian Sea. They have no right to graze or fish in these regions. Added to this was an increase in taxes and a decrease in the share of the peasants in the distribution, and all this led to the birth of a peasant uprising led by Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisuly in the Bokei Horde.
During his reign, Jangir Khan paid special attention to the issue of transitioning the country to settlement, opening a school and educating children. Muhammed-Salyk Babazhanov, a well-known Kazakh ethnographer and a staff member of the Russian Geographical Society, one of the first to study at the school opened by him, writes: ...under the influence and sympathy of the khan, people in the Horde began to feel the need for education. In order to encourage students and teachers, the late khan spared neither his money nor his enthusiasm to explain the benefits of education to the hordes. He opened a school in his palace and taught 60 people about Islamic religion, Russian writing and language. This school near the palace has been called "Zhangir school" to this day. There, 30 children are receiving education at the expense of the Orda's economic finances.
At one time, Zhangir himself donated important manuscripts written in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages to the library of Kazan University. In 1844, the scientific council of the university elected Dzhangir as an "honorary member of Kazan University" in recognition of his work to spread enlightenment. Zhangir bought Russian publications, newspapers and magazines, various books, and accumulated a rich library fund. In his personal library at home, there were the publications "Severnaya pchela", "Otechestvennye zapiski", "Sovremennik", "Architecture of the 19th century" by Shinkel, and "Dead Souls" by Gogol.
Dzhangir Khan is a complex person in which both good and bad qualities are competing, and depending on the circumstances of his actions, both of them are reflected. We believe that the time has come to see the good and glorify it, not to exalt it, to see the bad, to memorize it, not to push it to the edge, but to give a historical evaluation of human morality with high common sense. There is no doubt that Jangir Khan has a special place in the history of our nation.
After the death of Jangir Khan, the Khan's authority in the Bokei Horde was abolished and the management system was reorganized.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3725 | Наурыз | March is the third month of the Gregorian calendar. 31 days in March. In the northern hemisphere, spring begins in March. . (31 days), the beginning of spring. Kazakhs also call this holiday Az-Nauryz. In the first three days of the people's belief, a special sound (roar) can be heard from heaven Only the shepherd who cares for it hears it. On this day, special feelings, energy, and virtue are poured into the whole nature, the soul and the animal. That's why our people say, "There will be no joy." ## History
According to the Turkic tribes, the first month is considered the beginning of the year, it is a holiday of entertainment and March festival found the holiday to be a religious ritual and banned its official celebration in 1926. It was celebrated as a national holiday only in 1988, when the democratic movement began to take shape in the country. In his historical article "A few words about the origin of Kazakh", Abay takes the history of Nauryz back to the time when the nomadic peoples were called "Khibagi" and "Khuzagi". That day is called "Great Day of the Nation", he writes. The poet does not associate Nauryz with religion, but writes openly that it is a spring holiday, and notes that the word "Great day of the nation" changed its original meaning in his time and began to be used in connection with Eid al-Adha.
## Additional information
## Sources
http://www.info-tses.kz/red/article.php?article =52851 Archived 24 September 2015.
## See more
* Kazakh calendar
* Gregorian calendar
* Nauryz holiday |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2651 | My Kazakhstan | The phrase My Kazakhstan may have the following meanings:
* My Kazakhstan (song)
* My Kazakhstan (anthem)
* My Kazakhstan (movement) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5247 | Tahir Khan | Taiyr Khan was the ruler of the Kazakh Horde who ruled (1523-1533).
Taiyr Khan was a person with low ability to rule the country, he was not good at military, political and diplomatic affairs. He could not control the feudal strife, he was at war with most of the neighboring countries: the Shaibani family, the Nogai Horde, and the Mongol Khans. The Kazakhs were defeated in these wars, the Kazakh Khanate lost some of its land in the south and north-west, and its influence remained only in Zhetysu. Tahir Khan fled to Zhetisu and formed an alliance with the Kyrgyz against the Mongol Khan. After 1527, he mostly ruled the Kyrgyz, fought against the attack of the Oirat-Dzungars on Zhetysu. State power has declined, and the border area of the state has decreased.
After the death of Taiyr Khan, his younger brother Buydash (1533-1534) became the head of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz union.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3874 | Part of the sentence | Parts of a sentence are independent parts of a sentence that are used in syntactic function as a result of semantic interconnection of words. The words in the sentence have a semantic connection with each other, and the words and phrases that have a grammatical meaning based on that connection serve as parts of the sentence. The correct structure of the sentence, the use of each word in its place, and the clearness of the line of thought and style are important in the function of the parts of the sentence. The parts of the sentence are divided into two large groups. There are two types of them:
* dependent members (initial, narrative);
* non-positional members (determiner, complement, modifier).
Different parts are considered the main backbone of the sentence, they are used as the smallest sentence based on the predicative relationship, and based on them, the subject, rhema, even noun and verb phrases are defined.
* The subject is the owner of the thought in the sentence, it is a noun in the zero, plural, dependent persons, noun phrases, and the narrator is a verb, clarifying the main properties of the subject, etc. made up of word classes. Indefinite clauses are directly related to the subject and the narrator, complementing and clarifying the thought to be expressed in the sentence.
* The complement indicates the material quality of the predicated words and is divided into direct and indirect types.
* Determines the definite article, substantivized word classes, adverbial modifiers, it has qualitative and specific types.
* The modifier is often used for actions, and sometimes for nouns. The parts of the sentence are mainly formed from independent word classes, auxiliary nouns, auxiliary verbs, adverbs, modal words are involved in their formation, the semantics of independent words are determined by these auxiliary words. Sentences are single, complex, compound, sometimes compound.
A part of a sentence is a fully meaningful word, phrase or complex word that is part of a sentence and answers a certain question.
In a sentence, words are grammatically connected to each other, express a known meaning, concept, and give reasons for expressing thoughts. A meaningful word or sequence of words that is grammatically connected with other words in a sentence and can answer a specific question is called a part of a sentence. The parts of the sentence are divided into five parts: initial, narrative, complementary, defining, and elaborative. Depending on the ability to form a sentence, they will be a fixed member and a non-fixed member. We call the initial and the narrative participles, and the determiner, complement, and modifier are the participles.
Introductory is a noun clause in a sentence, it expresses who and what the thought is about, and is directly related to the narrator. Who is the starter? what? who are what are who am i what? who what is and other word groups become objects and answer the questions in the noun phrase. The primary nominative case consists of a noun and a pronoun: The race was given to the brigade. Don't think only of yourself. (G. Mustafin) Other word groups (adjectives, nouns, pronouns of verbs, forms of closed verbs, etc.) that are classified in the nominative case also serve as initials.
Narrator is a structural member that is classified in a sentence and expresses the actions and actions of the subject, who he is, and is used to cross-link with him from the point of view, sometimes singular, plural (1-2 parties). What did the narrator do? back? why? answers the questions. Sometimes the beginning of a sentence is hidden, and it can be determined from the narrator which word it is.
A complement is a non-positional member that complements one member in terms of substantive meaning, standing in one of the adverbs other than the noun and subject. Complementary questions: who? what? to whom why who has in what from who from what with whom with what about who (what)? about who (what)?
Determinant is an indefinite article that determines the article that is a noun or used in a substantive sense in terms of quality, quantity, and ownership. What is the identifier? which one whose what's where? when? how much how many what is how? what do you do? answers one of the questions. Depending on the composition, it is divided into single (black) and complex (dark blue).
Modifier is an indeterminate part of the sentence that expresses the state of action, action, amount, time, place, reason and purpose of the action. How is the processor? back? when? where? where from why why? for whom why? what to do for what purpose? by what by whom? how many times Answers the questions. Adverb is a qualifying word class. At the same time, nouns in the adverbs of barys, zatys, khisht, khujmar, sometimes adjectives and nouns, the prepositional form of the verb in the adverbs barys, khisht, khujmar are words and words in the adverbs of barys, khisht, khujmar together, layer, row, and adverbial impersonal words and through, because of, for, every, adverbial adverbs also serve as modifiers. Depending on the composition, it is divided into single (for fun) and complex (for fun). a) How is the action processor? how back? how many times by what b) When is the tense modifier? since when when? until when b) Reason modifier why? why? why? c) What is the purpose of the processor? why why why?
## Substantive parts of the sentence
Substantial parts are the main parts of the sentence and the narrator.
## Irregular parts of a sentence
By Irregular parts, we mean determiners, complements, modifiers that cannot form a sentence by themselves, but only expand the scope of the thought given in the sentence
# # Literature
* S. Amanzholov, Kazakh language grammar, 1966.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6110 | Польша | Poland (pol. Polska), official name — Republic of Poland (pol. Rzeczpospolita Polska) — is a country in Central Europe. Land area — 312.7 thousand km². The population is 37.8 million. Most of the population are Poles (97.1%), the rest are Germans (1.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Ukrainians (0.5%), etc. The official language is Polish. The majority of the population is Catholic, and the northern regions are Protestant. According to the constitution, the head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the bicameral parliament (the Seym and the Senate). The capital is Warsaw. Administratively, it is divided into 16 voivodeships. National holiday - November 11 - Independence Day. The currency is the zloty.
## Nature
More than 90% of Poland's land is flat, mountain massifs are found only in the southern part. The part connected to the Baltic Sea is flat and sandy. The topography of Northern Poland is mainly covered by the Great Poland, Mazovia and Podlias basins formed from accumulative sediments. The asymmetric ridges of Silesia, Lesser Poland, and Lublin continue to them from the south. The Sudeten massif is located on the southwestern edge of Poland, and the Carpathian mountain range (the highest point is 2499 m) is located in the south and southeast. The climate is temperate, changing from maritime to continental climate from west to east.
The average temperature in January is 1⁰C on the sea coast and in the west, 6⁰C in the mountainous region; 17⁰C in July, 10 — 14⁰C in the mountainous region. The average amount of annual precipitation is 500 — 1000 mm. The river network mainly belongs to the Baltic Sea basin. The largest rivers are Vistula and Odra. 27.6% of its territory is forest (mostly conifers dominate).
## History
### Prehistoric Poland
At the beginning of our era, it was known that the Germanic tribes Skirs and Lugis lived on the territory of Poland. Then they were replaced by the Goths of the Wilbar culture. In the middle of the 1st millennium, the south of Poland was ruled by Alans and Turkic tribal associations. The Baltic Velbar culture is indisputably connected with the Crimean Goths. At the end of the 1st millennium, the Western Meadows (from them the name of the country), Lenzians (from them the name of the neighboring Poles: "Poles"), Kuyavians, Pomeranians, Mazovians, Wislans, at the end of the 1st millennium tribes, Slensians (in Silesia), etc. Gradually, large on the basis of tribal principalities, proto-state associations appear; the main principalities of these principalities were the Principality of Vistula in present-day Lesser Poland (Kraków district) and the Poles in Greater Poland (Poznan district).
### Gniezno Poland (877-1320)
After the conquest of Lesser Poland by Great Moravia in 877, Greater Poland, whose capital was the city of Gniezno, remained the center of the formation of the Polish state. The first known ruler of Poland was Mieszko I (960-992), Prince of Greater Poland from the Piast family; In 966, he accepted the Western Christian religion. During the reign of his son Boleslaw Batyr, the Polish principality reached the peak of power.
In 999, Boleslaw took the future Lesser Poland with Kraków from Bohemia; he was a Czech prince from 1003 to 1004, annexing Lusatia and Milsko after a long war with the Holy Roman Empire. Boleslaw was related to the Cursed Prince of Kiev Svyatopolk, supported him against his brother Yaroslav the Wise, and captured Kiev in 1018; He received the title of king in 1025. His son Mieszko II the Sloth, forced to fight Germany, Bohemia and Russia at the same time, lost almost all his father's conquests, including the royal title, which he renounced in 1033. After his death, a period of chaos and anarchy began, and his son Casimir I the Restorer, driven out of Poland by the rebels, restored his power with difficulty and expense. But the latter's son, Boleslaw II the Bold (1058-1079), completely revived the former Polish rule and again (1076) assumed the royal title; In 1068, he supported his relative Izyaslav Yaroslavich and captured Kiev. He was deposed by a conspiracy; but under Boleslaw III Kryvoust (1102-1138) the Old Polish state reached its final prosperity. Boleslaw repelled the invasion of the German emperor in 1109, and in 1122 annexed all of Pomerania to Poland. However, after his death, just as in Russia in those years - after the death of Vladimir Monomakh, feudal disunity began in Poland. According to the "Statute of Bolesław Wrymuth" (1138), Poland was divided between four sons with the title of Grand Duke and the Grand Duke's inheritance (part of Greater Poland with Gniezno and Lesser Poland with Kraków) for the eldest. A number of principalities were established: Kuyavia, Mazovia, Silesia, Pomerania, Sandomierz, and others.
It was at this time that the German "Attack to the East" began. In 1181, the prince of Western Pomerania recognized himself as a vassal of the German emperor; In 1226, Prince Konrad of Mazovia invited the Teutonic Order to fight the Prussians. In 1241, the Tatar-Mongols invaded Poland and defeated the Poles and Germans near Lignitz, but then moved on to Hungary. At the end of the 13th century, centripetal tendencies began to emerge again. Prince Przemyśl II (1290-1296) of Great Poland received the title of king in 1295. Soon after, Przemyśl was killed by the Electors of Brandenburg and the magnates of Greater Poland.
### Kraków Poland (1320-1569)
In 1320, Prince Władysław Loketek (1305-1333) of Kuyavian annexed Greater Poland and was appointed Polish king in Krakow. From now on, Krakow will be the new capital of Poland. Under his successor, Casimir III the Great (1333-1370), Poland flourished. In 1349, Galicia was annexed to Poland. In 1370, Casimir's Angevin nephew, King Louis (Lajos) I of Hungary became King of Poland - the first foreign king to ascend the Polish throne. Not firmly established in the country, he granted the concessions of Košice in 1374, according to which magnates and nobles were exempted from military service and all duties except for a small tax of 2 gross of land.
In 1384, Jadwiga became the queen of Poland (according to Polish law - the king). The magnates began looking for a husband for Jadwiga who could become a full-fledged Polish monarch, and found her in the person of Grand Duke Jagiello (in Polish, Jagiello). In 1385, a Polish-Lithuanian union was created in Krewa, according to which Jagiellon was baptized in the Catholic rite, introduced Catholicism as the state religion in Lithuania, married Jadwiga and ascended the Polish throne as Władysław II. Thus, the Polish-Lithuanian state appeared in the east of Europe. During the reign of Jagiello, the oppression of the Orthodox people of the Russian lands occupied by the Poles began. Jagiello gave the Catholics the Orthodox Cathedral in Przemyśl, built during the reign of the Russian prince Volodar Rostislavovich, which began the Catholicization and Polonization of the city. The Orthodox metropolitan of Galicia lost all his lands in favor of the Catholic archbishop.
In 1410, the Battle of Grunwald took place, which ended with the defeat of the Teutonic Order.
Jagiello's son Władysław III (r. 1434-1444) was king of Hungary and Poland at the same time, but was killed in a battle with the Turks near Varna. After that, the Polish-Hungarian union ceased, but the (broken) Polish-Lithuanian union was restored thanks to the election of Władysław's brother, Lithuanian prince Casimir Jagiellonczyk (Casimir IV, 1447-1492) to the Polish throne. .
In 1454, according to the statutes of Neshav, Poland became a republic, where the supreme power belonged to the Sejm.
Wars with the Teutonic Order started again. In 1466, according to the Second Treaty of Toruń, Poland annexed Pomerania with Gdańsk and got access to the Baltic Sea. The king's son Vladislav became the king of the Czech Republic in 1471, and the king of Hungary from 1490.
In 1505, the Nihil novi law was passed, which limited the power of the king in favor of the nobles. Since then, the term Rzeczpospolita has been widely used to refer to the Polish system of government.
After the battle of the Mohawks with the Turks, when the Czech-Hungarian king Louis (Lajos) Jagiellon died in 1526, the geopolitical situation changed dramatically: there was no trace of the supremacy of the Jagiellonian dynasty, and the territories of southern Poland were divided between Turkey. and Austria. During the reign of the last Jagiellon, Sigismund II Augustus, the Polish-Lithuanian alliance again faced the rise of the Muscovite state, ruled by Ivan IV the Terrible. From 1562, Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were involved in the Livonian War, which was violent, long and destructive for both sides.
### Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Sigismund Augustus was childless, as he grew older, the question arose about the future fate of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which was held together only by family unity. The need to create it according to new principles led to the conclusion of the Union of Lublin (1569), according to which Poland formed a united confederal state with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania headed by the Sejm and a king elected by it. The state entered history as "Rzeczpospolita" (Polish Rzeczpospolita, from Latin res publica ("republic"), "common cause"; it was first used in reference to the Polish state in the 13th century by Wikentius Kadlubek). . As a result of the Union of Lublin, vast southern Russian territories were transferred to Polish crown lands, greatly increasing Polish Rus', which now accounts for about two-thirds of Polish territory.
After the death of Sigismund, the era of elected kings began under the new constitution. The French Henry Valois (1572-1574) ascended the throne and soon fled to France, and Ivan the Terrible again attacked Livonia. In 1576, the election of Prince Stefan Báthory of Transylvania turned the situation in favor of the Commonwealth: he returned the lost Polotsk (1579), then he invaded Russia and besieged Pskov. The peace of Yama-Zapolsky (1582) restored the old border.
After Bathory's death in 1586, the Poles elected Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden; however, he soon lost the Swedish throne due to Catholic fanaticism. Three important events are associated with his rule: the transfer of the capital from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596 (the Tajiks were still held in Kraków); The Brest Union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches (1596) put an end to the traditional religious tolerance of the Poles and set the stage for the Khmelnytsky Uprising and Poland's intervention in Russia during the Troubles.
Polish intervention in Russia
Polish magnates supported the false Dmytro Mniszeki and equipped him with an army of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Polish volunteers. In 1604, the impostor's army invaded Russia, and the cities and troops sent to meet him swore to the new king. In 1605, the impostor entered Moscow and was crowned, but was soon killed.
The swindler promised Sigismund III, the Polish king, to repay the aid to Smolensk. Under the pretext of these promises, Sigismund began the siege of Smolensk in 1610. The army sent to the rescue by the new Tsar Vasily Shuisky was defeated by Hetman Zholkievsky in the battle of Klushino, after which the Poles approached Moscow, and the troops of the new false Dmitri II besieged it from the other side. Shuisky was deposed and later extradited to Zholkevskii. The Moscow boyars swore allegiance to Sigismund Vladislav's young son and then sent a Polish garrison to Moscow. Sigismund did not want to send his son to Moscow and did not want to baptize him into the Orthodox faith (this was done according to the terms of the treaty), but after the departure of Zolkiewski, he tried to personally rule Moscow through Alexander Gonsevsky, who headed the Polish garrison in Moscow. The result was the unification of the former "Tushino thieves" - the Cossacks with the Shuisky nobles against the Poles (beginning of 1611) and a joint campaign against Moscow with the support of the uprising in Moscow itself, which the Poles were able to suppress. only by setting fire to the city.
The siege of Moscow by the First Militia failed due to disagreements in its ranks. The campaign of the second militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky left the Poles in a difficult situation. Having taken Smolensk, Sigismund dispersed his army. On November 1, 1612 (according to the new style), the militia took Kitay-gorod, the Poles took refuge in the Kremlin. On November 5, the Poles signed a capitulation, freed the Moscow boyars and other nobles from the Kremlin, and surrendered the next day.
In 1617, Vladyslav, bearing the title of Grand Duke of Moscow, invaded Russia and tried to take the "legitimate" throne, reached Moscow, but failed. According to the Treaty of Deulinsky, the Commonwealth received the lands of Smolensk and Seversk. Vladislav retained the title of Grand Duke of Moscow. After the truce, Russia tried to return Smolensk, but after the defeat under its walls in 1633, according to the Polyanovsky peace, Smolensk recognized Poland, and Vladislav renounced the title of Moscow.
The beginning of the disintegration of the state
King Władysław IV prevented the participation of Commonwealth countries in the Thirty Years' War, supported religious tolerance, and carried out military reforms. He opposed the magnates and sought to strengthen the royal power. The reign of Władysław IV was the last stable era in the history of royal Poland.
In addition, rapid Polonization took place in the 16th century, and then the conversion of Western Russian gentry to Catholicism was for a long time spontaneous and voluntary, arising from status advantage. By the end of the 16th century, Ukrainian-Belarusian Orthodox peasants were under the rule of the Catholic Polonized nobility. This situation, together with the rise of the Counter-Reformation and the influence of the Jesuits, gave rise to the desire to convert the "serfs" to Catholicism. The result of the Orthodox pressure was an increase in tensions, and ultimately the rebellion of Bogdan Khmelnytsky, which began in 1648, was disastrous for the Commonwealth. In 1654, Russian troops invaded Poland; the following year - the Swedes occupied Warsaw, King Jan II Casimir fled to Silesia - anarchy began, which in Poland was called the "Flood".
In 1657, Poland renounced its sovereignty to East Prussia. The Swedes could never stay in Poland because of the outbreak of partisan warfare. On the other hand, some of the Cossack officers, frightened by the influence of the Russian governors, retreated from Moscow and tried to restore relations with the Commonwealth, thanks to which the Poles returned Belarus and Ukraine on the right bank. According to the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667), Poland lost Kiev and all areas east of the Dnieper.
Young Vishnevetsky's short reign was not very successful; Poland was defeated in the war against the Ottoman Empire, which captured Podolia and forced to surrender the fortress of Kamenets. Jan III Sobieski carried out a radical reform in the armament and organization of the army. Under his command, a coalition of Christian powers defeated the Turks at the Battle of Vienna on September 12, 1683, stopping the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe.
The reign of Jan Sobieski was the last great episode in the history of the Commonwealth, and then began a continuous decline. In 1697, Elector of Saxony Augustus II the Strong was elected King of Poland, ushering in the era of the Saka kings. His plans to regain Livonia ended in the Northern War, during which Charles XII, King of Sweden, invaded Poland, defeated Augustus II, captured Warsaw, and installed his subject, Stanisław Leszczynski, on the Polish throne. In 1709, Peter I expelled the Swedes and their vassals from Poland and restored Augustus the Strong to the throne. With no internal resources, no tax service, no customs, no standing army, and no capable central government, the country was no longer the puppet of its powerful neighbors. After the death of Augustus the Strong in 1733, the War of the Polish Succession broke out, during which the Saxons and Russians expelled the French-backed Stanisław Leszczynski and installed a new Saxon elector, Augustus III (1734). -1763), on the Polish throne.
At the end of the reign of Augustus III came the era of the Seven Years' War, when Poland became a battlefield between Prussia and its rivals. Prussian king Frederick II was the master of the idea of partitioning Poland, but his failures in the war pushed this project back. In 1764, under pressure from Russia, the less popular and less influential Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected king of Poland. In fact, a Russian protectorate was established over Poland. Although Poniatovsky was an educated and sensible person, he lacked the political will to act in such a difficult situation.
The real protectorate of Russia was manifested, in particular, in the fact that Russia, with the support of Prussia, forced Stanislav to solve the "problem of dissidents" - to equalize the rights of Orthodox and Protestants with Catholics. Also, the king had to stop the reforms he had started; Catherine declared herself a guarantor of the "liberum veto." The nobles' response was the "All Confederacy" (1768), which began a guerrilla war against the Russian troops. The rebellion was soon suppressed and the rebels exiled to Siberia; on their part, Austria and Prussia jealously watched the establishment of Russia in Poland, and took advantage of its difficulties in the war with Turkey to claim their share.
In 1772, the Commonwealth was first divided between Prussia, Austria and Russia, according to which Galicia went to Austria, West Prussia to Prussia, and the eastern part of Belarus (Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Dvinsk) to Russia.
The dark years after the first partition gave way to a new social upsurge in the late 1780s. In 1787, a new Russo-Turkish war began, Russian troops were withdrawn from Poland. In 1788, the "Quadrennial Diet" began its work, which set itself the task of implementing radical reforms that could renew the country. A constitution was drawn up, which abolished the pernicious principle of the "liberum veto," curbed clan anarchy, softened the social inequality of serfdom, introduced the foundations of civil society, and established a strong and capable centralized government. The Constitution of May 3 (1791) was one of the first constitutions in the world.
Dissatisfied with the destruction of "Golden Freedoms", magnates go to Petersburg in search of support and agree to Russian intervention. To justify the intervention, they created an act of confederation, actually in St. Petersburg, but falsely calling Targovitsa - the property of one of the confederates, as a result of which the confederation was called Targovitska.
Empress Catherine II moved her troops to Poland. Fierce struggle began between the supporters of the new constitution against the confederates and the Russian army. After the victory of the Russian troops, the constitution was abolished, the dictatorship of the Targovice confederations was established; at the same time, Prussian troops also entered Poland, and the second division of the lands of the Commonwealth between Prussia and Russia (1793) was carried out. A Sejm was convened in Grodno, where the restoration of the old constitution was announced; Warsaw and several other cities were occupied by Russian garrisons; The Polish army was drastically reduced.
In March 1794, Kosciuszko's national liberation uprising began. Kościuszko, proclaimed "leader of the insurrection" in Kraków, defeated the Russian detachment in Racławice and moved on to Warsaw, where the insurgent population routed the Russian garrison; Vilna was captured. In the summer, the rebels withstood the siege of Warsaw by Russian-Prussian troops. However, in the fall, the rebels suffered several defeats. It was found that the people of Belarus and Ukraine did not support the uprising. Kosciuszko was defeated and captured at Macevice, Suvorov captured the suburbs of Prague and Warsaw; Warsaw surrendered. After that, the third partition took place (according to the agreement between Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1795), and Poland ceased to exist as a state.
### Statelessness period
For more than a century, Poland did not have its own statehood, Polish lands were part of other states: Russia, Prussia (later the German Empire) and Austria (later Austria-Hungary)
Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1813)
Napoleon After defeating Prussia, he created the Duchy of Warsaw, a vassal of France, from part of the Polish lands belonging to him. Russia recognized this principality, ruled by the Saxon king Friedrich August, loyal to Napoleon, and received the Bialystok region. In 1809, after a victorious war with Austria (in which the Poles also took part), Lesser Poland and Krakow joined the Duchy of Warsaw.
The 5th Corps of the Grand Army consisted of 3 Polish divisions and light cavalry: 16th Division (Zajonczek), 17th Division (Dombrowski), 18th Division (Kniazewicz).
The next (fourth) division of Poland took place between Austria, Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. Most of the former Duchy of Warsaw was given to Russia, Poznań went to Prussia, Krakow was declared a "free city". The Congress of Vienna announced the granting of autonomy to the Polish lands in all three parts, but in practice this was only implemented in Russia, where a constitutional Kingdom was established under the initiative of Emperor Alexander I, known mainly for his liberal aspirations. Poland was created.
Kingdom of Poland (1815-1915)
On November 27, 1815, Poland received its own constitution as part of Russia, which bound Poland and Russia in a personal union and allowed Poland to elect its own Diet, its own government, and its own army. First, Kosciuszko's old comrade-in-arms general Joseph Zaionchek was appointed governor of Poland, and then Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, brother of the Russian emperor. Initially relatively liberal, the constitution was later restricted. A legal opposition emerged in the Polish Sejm, and secret political societies emerged.
In November 1830, the "November" uprising began in Warsaw, and after it was suppressed, in 1831 Nicholas I canceled the constitution given to Poland in 1815. National liberation uprisings took place in Poznań in 1846 (they were suppressed by Prussia). In the same year, there was an uprising in Krakow, as a result of which (with the agreement of Nicholas I) the city went to Austria.
After the death of Nicholas I, the liberation movement rose with a new force, which was now divided into two hostile camps: the "reds" (democrats and socialists) and the "whites" (aristocrats). The general demand was for the restoration of the 1815 constitution. In the fall of 1861, martial law was introduced to stop the unrest in Poland. The liberal Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, who was appointed viceroy, could not bear this situation. It was decided to announce admission and send pre-selected "unreliable" young people to the soldiers on a special list. The meeting, in turn, became a signal for the mass "January Uprising" of 1863. The uprising was suppressed and military rule was established in the Kingdom of Poland. The January Uprising led Alexander II to the idea of depriving the rebellious clans of social support, and in order to carry out peasant reform - in 1864, the Decree on the Settlement of the Peasants of the Kingdom of Poland was adopted, which was abolished. remnants of serfdom, and land was given to peasants. The suppression of the January Uprising gave impetus to the policy of abolishing the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland and bringing Poland closer to the Russian Empire.
The accession of Nicholas II to the Russian throne revived hopes for the liberalization of Russia's policy towards Poland. In 1897, the emperor visited Warsaw, where he agreed to establish a polytechnic university and erect a monument to Mickiewicz.
In 1897, on the basis of the National League, the National Democratic Party of Poland was founded, which, although its strategic goal was to restore the independence of Poland, primarily fought against the laws of Russification and the restoration of Polish autonomy. Soon, the National Democratic Party became the leading political force in the Kingdom of Poland and participated in the activities of the Russian State Duma (Polish Colo faction).
During the 1905-1907 revolution in Russia, there were also revolutionary uprisings in the Kingdom of Poland. Józef Piłsudski's Polish Socialist Party, which organized a series of strikes and strikes in the industrial enterprises of the Kingdom of Poland, gained great influence. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Piłsudski went to Japan and tried to finance an uprising in Poland and organize Polish legions to join the war against Russia. This was opposed by the National Democrats of Roman Dmovsky. Nevertheless, Pilsudski received the support of Japan in the purchase of weapons: in 1904, he founded the Fighter Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, which in the following years carried out several dozen terrorist attacks and attacks on Russian institutions and organizations, including the Bezdan robbery of 1908, the most famous of the year. Only in 1906, 336 Russian officials and military personnel died at the hands of Pilsudsky militants.
Intensive Germanization was carried out in Polish lands within Prussia, Polish schools were closed. In 1848, Russia helped Prussia put down the Poznań Rebellion. In 1863, the two powers concluded the Alvensleben Convention to help each other in the fight against the Polish national movement.
The situation of the Poles in Austria was somewhat better. In 1861, the Sejm of Galicia was established in Lviv to solve the problems of the local life of the Polish-dominated province; schools, institutions and courts used the Polish language; and the Jagiellonian (in Kraków) and Lviv universities became all-Polish cultural centers.
After the outbreak of World War I on August 14, 1914, Nicholas II promised to unite the Kingdom of Poland with the Polish lands acquired in Germany and Austria-Hungary into an autonomous state within the Russian Empire after winning the war.
The war created a situation where the Poles, Russian subjects, fought against the Poles who served in the armies of Austria-Hungary and Germany. The pro-Russian National Democratic Party of Poland, led by Roman Dmowski, considered Germany to be Poland's main enemy, and its supporters believed it necessary to unite all Polish lands under Russian control with autonomous status within the Russian Empire. Anti-Russian supporters of the Polish Socialist Party (PSP) believed that Poland's path to independence was through Russia's defeat in the war. A few years before the start of World War I, PPS leader Jozef Pilsudski started military training for Polish youth in Austro-Hungarian Galicia. After the start of the war, the Polish legions were formed as part of the Austro-Hungarian army.
In 1915, the territory of Russian Poland was occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary. On November 5, 1916, the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary issued a manifesto on the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Poland in the Russian part of Poland. In the absence of the King, his powers were exercised by the Council of Regents.
After the February Revolution in Russia, on March 16 (29), 1917, the Provisional Government of Russia announced that it would contribute to the creation of a Polish state in all areas inhabited mainly by Poles in the event of a "free military union". ” with Russia.
In August 1917, the Polish National Committee (PUC) was established in France, headed by Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Paderewski; where the Polish "blue army" led by Josef Haller was formed.
On October 6, 1918, the Council of Regents of Poland announced the creation of an independent Polish state, the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej) was established, and on November 14, after the surrender of Germany and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, it assumed full power in the country Gave to Jozef Pilsudski.
Meanwhile, a Polish-Ukrainian war broke out in Galicia between Polish forces and the forces of another newly formed state, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WPR), resulting in large-scale hostilities starting on November 1. From 1918 to July 17, 1919, and the BUKH ended in defeat.
On December 27, 1918, the Poles of the German province of Posen launched the Wielkopolska Uprising, after which the province became an independent state until mid-1919.
### Republic of Poland (1918-1939)
On January 26, 1919, elections were held to the legislative Sejm, which confirmed Józef Pilsudski as the head of state.
In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles ceded most of the German province of Posen as well as part of Pomerania to Poland, giving the country access to the Baltic Sea (the Polish Corridor); Danzig (Gdansk) received the status of "free city".
In Silesia in 1919-1921 there were three uprisings of Poles against German rule. After a referendum held in Upper Silesia in 1922 in which part of the population (Poles) preferred to join Poland and part (Germans) preferred to live in Germany, the League of Nations deemed it appropriate to partition the region. according to the wishes of the residents. . The eastern part formed the autonomous Silesian Voivodeship within Poland.
On January 1, 1918, Poland declared war on the Ukrainian People's Republic due to the Ukrainian side's refusal to hand over territories controlled by Ukraine to Poland. The Polish-Ukrainian war ended with the complete defeat of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. In 1919, the Soviet-Polish war began, which continued with varying success. At the beginning, the Poles penetrated deep into Belarus and Ukraine and occupied Minsk and Kiev. The Red Army then launched a counterattack and reached the Vistula, but they were unable to take the well-fortified Lviv and Warsaw. The "Miracle on the Vistula" happened - the Red Army was defeated. During the war, a total of up to 200,000 Red Army soldiers were captured by the Poles, of whom, according to various estimates, up to 80,000 died of starvation and disease. The war was actually lost to Soviet Russia, and according to the Treaty of Riga in 1921, the western part of Ukraine and Belarus was transferred to Poland.
The southern border of Poland was agreed upon at the conference of ambassadors held on July 28, 1920. Teszyn region was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
In October 1920, Polish troops under the command of General Zheligowski occupied a part of Lithuania together with the city of Vilna (Vilnius) and declared Central Lithuania a virtual puppet state. The annexation of these lands to Poland was approved by the Vilna Sejm on February 10, 1922.
In 1921, the Legislative Seimas adopted a constitution according to which the Seimas, consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, are elected by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by citizens over the age of 21 without distinction. There was a legislative body based on gender, religion and nationality, the head of state - the President, who was elected by the Seimas and exercised representative functions, and the executive body - the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President and responsible to the Seimas.
On November 5, 1922, elections to the Diet were held.
After the revolution in 1926, an authoritarian sanitary regime was established in Poland led by Józef Piłsudski. In 1934, a camp for opponents of the ruling regime was established in Bereza Kartuzskaya, the Brest trial of oppositionists was held, the Greater Poland camp, as well as the National Radical camp, were declared illegal, and freedom of the press and assembly were restricted. introduced.
On June 15, 1931, the USSR and Poland signed a treaty on friendship and trade cooperation. On January 25, 1932, the USSR and Poland signed a non-aggression pact.
On January 26, 1934, Poland and Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression pact. On November 4, 1935, Poland and Germany signed an agreement on economic cooperation.
Shortly before Pilsudski's death in April 1935, a new Constitution was adopted in Poland, which included the main principles of Sanation: a strongly centralized state with a presidential system of government.
In 1938 (after the Munich Agreement) Poland annexed the Ceszyn region of Czechoslovakia.
On March 21, 1939, Germany demanded that Poland hand over the free city of Danzig to it, join the Anti-Comintern Pact, and open the "Polish Corridor" for it (created after the First World War to ensure Poland's access to the Baltic Sea). Poland rejected all German demands.
On March 28, 1939, Hitler broke the non-aggression pact with Poland. After that, Poland wanted a guarantee from the Allies. Poland expected help from Great Britain. However, Poland refused to ally with it, France and the USSR. Britain gave a verbal guarantee of protection from Germany. When Hitler learned of the British guarantees, he was furious and ordered Operation Weiss.
On August 23, 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact. According to the secret additional protocol to the agreement on the delimitation of areas of mutual interest in Eastern Europe in the case of "territorial and political reconstruction", the inclusion of Eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Bessarabia was considered in this area. The interests of the USSR, Lithuania and Western Poland are in the sphere of German interests.
### World War II
On September 1, 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland. Combat operations for the defenders were unsuccessful, on September 16, the Germans reached the line Osovets - Bialystok - Bielsk - Kamenets-Litovsk - Wlodava - Vladimir-Volynskyi - Zamosc - Lviv - Sambir, and approached the Soviet Union at a distance of 150-200 km. Polish border. Encircled in Warsaw, units of the Polish army tried to hold the city as long as possible.
On September 17, Soviet troops entered Poland. On the night of September 17-18, the country's top leadership fled to Romania (later a new leadership was formed, called the "Polish government in exile").
On September 27, the German troops took Warsaw, the Polish army stopped the resistance. On October 5, the last large Polish division of General Kliberg surrendered.
The territorial division of Poland between the USSR and Germany ended on September 28, 1939, with the signing of the Friendship and Border Treaty between the USSR and Germany. As a result of the division of the Polish territory, the USSR began to border with Germany and Lithuania. Initially, Germany intended to make Lithuania its protectorate, but on September 25, during Soviet-German contacts on the settlement of the Polish problem, the USSR proposed to start negotiations on the withdrawal of German claims to Lithuania. Warsaw and Lublin provinces of Poland. On this day, Count Schulenburg, the German ambassador to the USSR, sent a telegram to the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in which he was invited to the Kremlin, where Stalin added that this proposal was the subject of future negotiations. If Germany agrees, the Soviet Union will proceed immediately to resolve the question of the Baltic states in accordance with the protocol of August 23, and expect the full support of the German government in this matter.
After that, the occupied Polish territories were added to the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR. In the spring of 1940, the NKVD of the USSR carried out the Katyn massacre - a mass execution of Polish citizens (mainly captured officers of the Polish army).
Germany took the rest of the Polish territories, and those that were part of Prussia before the First World War (Poznan and Danzig) were directly annexed to Germany, and a significant part of the Polish population was expelled from there. By the end of 1944, about 450,000 Polish citizens had been drafted into the German army, including some members of the Polish underground. Occupation administration was organized in the remaining territories, which received the name "General-Governorship". The Polish language was banned in the Polish territories completely occupied by the Germans, the Polish press was closed, almost all the clergy were arrested, Polish cultural institutions were destroyed, and Polish intellectuals and civil servants were killed. Poles lost about 2 million non-military personnel, 45% of doctors, 57% of lawyers, 40% of university professors, 30% of engineers, 18% of priests, and almost all journalists. It is believed that more than 20% of Poland's population - about 6 million people - died during World War II.
During the Second World War, a resistance movement consisting of heterogeneous groups, often with opposite goals and subordinated to different leading centers, operated on Polish territory: the Homeland Army, exiled under the command of the Polish government, organized the Warsaw Uprising. 1944; Ludow Guard is a military organization of the Polish Communist Party; Khlopsky battalions formed by the peasant party, etc. ; There were also Jewish militant organizations that organized the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943.
On July 30, 1941, after the German attack, the USSR recognized the "London" government in exile; The military units subordinated to this government on the territory of the Soviet Union were formed from Polish citizens who were expelled from the USSR in 1942 and later distinguished themselves in the battles in Italy. On April 25, 1943, the USSR broke off relations with the "London" government, citing Poland's position on the Katyn issue as a pretext. After that, Stalin formed the 1st Infantry Division of the Polish Army from the Poles remaining in the USSR. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, led by Colonel Zygmunt Berling, a deserter from the Polish army of Anders.
The "London Government" instructions to the Home Army, drawn up on October 1, 1943, contained the following instructions in the event of unauthorized entry of Soviet troops into Poland by the "Polish Government": "The Polish Government will send a protest. Against the violation of Polish sovereignty due to the entry of Poland into the United Nations without the consent of the Polish government - at the same time declares that the country will not interact with the Soviets. At the same time, the government warns that underground organizations will move to self-defense in case of arrest of representatives of the underground movement and any persecution against Polish citizens." The pre-war Polish government created the concept of the return of Polish territories, which was the basis for the belief that, if not in war, it would be possible to strike at the USSR in geopolitics. The commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, Panzer Kazimierz Sosnkowski, believed that the third world war would begin and that the USSR would be defeated in this war. However, Poland's eastern border was agreed at the Tehran Conference, so the Poles could not get support on this issue.
Together with units of the Soviet army, Berling's army moved to the Polish border. On July 20, 1944, the Red Army crossed the "Curzon Line" and the next day, the communist-led "Polish Committee for National Liberation" (Lublin Committee) was formed, which took over the functions of the Provisional Government. With the support of the Council. The decree of the Craiova Rada of the People's Council on the merger of the partisan People's Army with the 1st Polish Army into a single Polish army, as well as the decree on the appointment of the high command of the Polish army (General Michal Zimerski was appointed as the commander of the Polish army). On July 26, 1944, the government of the USSR and the Polish National Liberation Committee signed an agreement on the recognition of the authority of the Communist Party of Poland on the territory of liberated Poland, and the Soviet government recognized the Communist Party of Poland as the only legal authority in the country.
At the end of July, the question of who will be established in Polish territory - London or Lublin - was raised. Parts of the Red Army approached Warsaw; On August 1, an uprising started in Warsaw led by the Homeland Army and led by General Bur-Komorowski, with the aim of liberating Warsaw and preventing Polish troops from entering Warsaw before the arrival of the Soviet troops by order of the "London Government". The coming to power of the National Liberation Committee. Meanwhile, the Germans launched a counterattack near Warsaw, and Rokossowski (a few hours before the beginning of the uprising in Warsaw) was forced to order the 2nd Panzer Division, which was advancing on the city, to go on the defensive. Stalin ignored the Zhukov-Rokossovsky plan to resume the offensive after regrouping and refused to allow the use of Soviet airfields to aid the rebels after the appeal of Winston Churchill, who supported the "London Government". However, no documentary evidence of the Red Army's deliberate halting of the offensive was found. The brutal suppression of the uprising and the destruction of Warsaw was a severe blow to the Poles.
The offensive of the Red Army resumed on January 12, 1945; On January 17, Warsaw was captured by the 1st Army of the Polish Army, and in early February, almost all of Poland was liberated from German forces. The Polish Workers' Party began its activities, and the underground resistance of supporters of the London government could do nothing.
In Poland during the war, the Germans and members of the Polish nationalist underground organized mass killings of the Jewish population [48]. The last major Jewish pogrom took place in Kielce in 1946, involving Polish police and soldiers. The Holocaust and the anti-Semitic atmosphere of the post-war years created a new phase of Jewish emigration from Poland.
By the decision of the Berlin Conference of 1945, the western border of Poland was established along the rivers Odra (Oder) and Nysa-Luzhitskaya (Neisse), two-thirds of the territory of East Prussia went to Poland. As a result of the conclusion of the Soviet-Polish border treaty, the Bialystok region (from the BSSR) and the city of Przemysl (from the Ukrainian SSR) went to Poland. Poland returned the Teszyn region, which had been captured in 1938, to Czechoslovakia.
The extermination of the Jews, the post-war relocation of Germans from the German territories annexed to Poland, as well as the establishment of new borders with the USSR and the exchange of population with it, turned Poland into a practically mono-ethnic state.
### Modern Poland (since 1989)
Gorbachev's reconstruction policy weakened the influence of the USSR on Poland and led to changes in the country. A new wave of mass strikes in the spring and autumn of 1988 forced the PZPR leadership to negotiate with Lech Walesa and his supporters in Magdalenka. On February 6, 1989, an agreement was reached between the government and the opposition to convene a "round table". On April 4, it ended with the signing of an agreement, the main points of which were the holding of free elections, the introduction of the presidency and the upper chamber of the Seym (Senate).
Poland was the first country in the socialist union to begin the peaceful abolition of the socialist system. In the elections held on June 4, 1989, the Solidarnost bloc (which was built around the Solidarity movement and united various political movements from left-wing socialists to conservative, Catholic, nationalist groups) won 99% of the seats in the Senate. and 35% of the seats in the Sejm, he then formed a government that, under the leadership of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Leszek Balcerovic, initiated market reforms: price liberalization and privatization of state-owned property. The consequence was a radical change in political institutions and local government bodies. At that time, the centrally planned economy, dominated by chaos and hyperinflation, was replaced by a market economy, which emerged in the context of an intensifying economic crisis, political chaos, and the collapse of central and regional institutions.
Wojciech Jaruzelski became the country's president. In the direct presidential election of 1990, the candidate of the "Solidarity" party, Lech Walesa, won. However, in the face of a sharp decline in the real incomes of the population, a rapid increase in unemployment, the emergence of new social inequalities and a growing sense of danger and insecurity, the political consensus united with the initially victorious Solidarity forces. on the issue of reforms, the former socialist regime was abolished. Even within the coalition, there was a demarcation between left-liberal and right-wing (mainly conservative Catholic and nationalist) forces.
After the 1991 parliamentary elections, President Lech Walesa offered Jan Olszewski, a member of the conservative Center Accord party, to head the government. At the same time, Olszewski demanded that the architect of "shock therapy" in Poland, Leszek Balcerowicz, not enter his government. However, Olszewski's premiership was overshadowed by a conflict with the president, which led to the premature resignation of the cabinet. Olszewski's main act as prime minister was to enact the lustration law (though it was soon declared unconstitutional). On June 5, 1992, a vote of no confidence in his government was passed. Having lost public support, Olszewski's cabinet had to give way to the centrists - the new government was headed by Hanna Sukhotskaya.
Parliamentary elections in 1993 led to the formation of a coalition government of the Union of Democratic Left Forces, under the prime ministership of Waldemar Pawlak, who united former peoples with the Polish Peasant Party and other political forces. He resigned in March 1995, and the government was led by representatives of the SDLS. main market institutions were established.
The 1995 presidential election was won by Oleksandr Kwasniewski from the Union of Democratic Left, but Solidarity won again in the 1997 parliamentary elections, with Jerzy Buzek of Solidarnost leading the government. In 1997, a constitution was adopted and finally a mixed republic was established. In 1999, Poland joined the NATO bloc and supported the bombing of Yugoslavia (1999), the bloc's intervention in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003).
Kwasniewski was re-elected president in the 2000 presidential election, the SDLS also won the 2001 parliamentary election, and SDLS member Leszek Miller became head of government, replaced by Marek Belka in 2004. On May 1, 2004, Poland joined the European Union.
In the fall of 2005, right-wing forces returned to power in Poland. At this time, two parties from the anti-communist opposition and Solidarity fought for influence on the political scene: the Kaczynski brothers' Law and Justice, a conservative party with strong elements of populism and nationalism, and the liberal-conservative Civics. Platform party. , directed by Donald Tusk and Ian Rokita. In the parliamentary elections held on September 25, 2005, the Law and Justice party won 26.99% (155 out of 460 seats), followed by Civic Platform with 24.14% (133 seats), followed by Andrzej's populist Self-Defense " party won. Lepper - 11.41%. The Kaczynski brothers' party formed a governing coalition with two other smaller parties, Self-Defense and the right-wing nationalist Catholic League of Polish Families. First, Kazimer Marcinkiewicz became the prime minister, and from July 2006, Jarosław Kaczynski became the prime minister.
On October 9, 2005, Lech Kaczynski and Donald Tusk entered the second round of the presidential election. On October 23, Lech Kaczynski won and became the president of Poland. 54.04 percent of voters voted for it. His opponent got 45.96% of votes.
Extraordinary parliamentary elections held in October 2007 brought victory to the Civic Platform, while the Law and Justice Party and its allies were defeated. Donald Tusk, the leader of the "Civil Platform", became the prime minister.
On April 10, 2010, the presidential plane crashed on its way to Smolensk to participate in events dedicated to the anniversary of the Katyn tragedy. All passengers and crew, including the president and his wife, were killed. Marshal of the Seimas Bronislav Komorovsky became the acting head of state. On July 4, 2010, the 2nd round of the presidential election was held in Poland, where Bronisław Komorowski won the most votes, and the gap with Jarosław Kaczynski was 6%. On August 6, 2010, Bronisław Komorowski took office as the President of the Republic of Poland.
On October 9, 2011, regular parliamentary elections were held, in which the governing coalition of the Civic Platform and the Polish Peasant Party retained their majority in the Sejm and the Senate. The third largest party in the Sejm was the new liberal anti-clerical party of the Palikota movement. In 2014, many deputies switched from it to the Union of Democratic Left Forces and the Security and Economy parliamentary group.
## Economy
Poland has the fastest growing economy with the lowest unemployment rate among European countries. Between 1990 and 2015, the gross domestic product (GDP) doubled. And in 2021, the GDP reached 661.7 billion US dollars (6th place in Europe). Between 2015 and 2015, GDP per capita grew by an average of 7.3% annually, which is higher than the GDP growth of countries such as South Korea and Singapore during this period. That's why Poland is called the tiger countries of Asia and Europe. Advanced economic development began with radical market reforms in the 90s. Industry and agriculture are equally developed in Poland. The leading branches of the economy are machine-building, shipbuilding, metalworking, chemical, food, and textile industries. The country's agriculture is mainly focused on raising rye, grain, oats, fruits and beef and dairy cattle and pigs. It exports machinery, chemicals, metal, food, textiles, copper, coal, and imports tools, household goods, and raw materials.
Polish economy also has weaknesses. Agriculture suffers from a lack of investment, a large number of small farms and overstaffing. The amount of compensation for expropriations under communist rule has not been determined.
Polish economy is a socially oriented market economy. It is the sixth largest economy in the European Union and the largest among the former members of the Eastern Bloc and the new members of the European Union. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization, and its economy was the only one in the EU to avoid recession during the financial crisis of 2007-2008. As of 2019, Poland's economy has been growing steadily for the past 28 years, a record in the EU. This growth has been exponential: GDP per capita at purchasing power parity has grown by an average of 6% per year over the past 20 years, the most impressive rate in Central Europe, leading to a doubling of the country's GDP since 1990.
On September 29, 2017, the financial company FTSE Group, which calculates stock indices, announced the results of its annual market classification, according to which it upgraded the Polish economy from an emerging market to a developed market; Poland is the first post-communist country to achieve this status. Other financial companies (notably MSCI and S&P) classify Poland as an emerging market.
### Standard of living
From January 1, 2019, the minimum monthly salary (gross) is PLN 2,250 (EUR 523.54). As of January 1, 2019, the average salary in Poland is PLN 5,071.25 (€1,180.16 gross) and PLN 3,600 (€837.78 net). The Keitz index (the ratio of the minimum wage to the average wage) is about 44.4% as of January 1, 2019. From August 1, 2019, income tax for employees under the age of 26 has been abolished in Poland, if the employee's income is less than 85,528 PLN (about 20,000 euros) per year, which affects about 2 million young workers in Poland. As of October 1, 2019, income tax in Poland has been reduced from 18% to 17%. From July 1, 2019, the monthly allowance for the first child and each subsequent child is PLN 500 (EUR 116.33, net). As of January 1, 2020, the minimum wage (gross) in Poland is PLN 2,600 (€600) per month and PLN 17 (€3.92) per hour. The Keitz index will be 49.7% according to the estimated average salary in Poland in 2020. Starting January 1, 2021, the minimum wage (gross) in Poland is PLN 2,800 (€630.55) per month and PLN 18.30 (€4.12) per hour. According to the projected average salary in Poland, the Keitz index will be 53.2% in 2021. From January 1, 2022, the minimum wage is PLN 3,010 (EUR 653.20) gross and PLN 2,363.56 (EUR 512.92) net. From January 1, 2023, the minimum wage is PLN 3,490 (EUR 742.54) gross and PLN 2,709.48 (EUR 576.48) net.
### Leading branches of the manufacturing industry
engineering (Poland fishing vessels, electric trains, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machinery, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment, etc.), ferrous and non-ferrous (large zinc production), chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic products), textile (cotton, linen, wool), sewing, production of cement, porcelain and earthenware, production of sports goods (kayak, yacht, tent, etc.).
### Agriculture
Poland's agriculture is highly developed. Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main cereals are rye, wheat, barley, oats.
Poland is the main producer of sugar beet (more than 14 million tons per year), potatoes and cabbage. Exports of apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic and onions are of great importance.
The leading branch of animal husbandry is pig farming; dairy and meat livestock farming, poultry farming (Poland is one of the largest suppliers of eggs in Europe); beekeeping. Sea fishing and reindeer husbandry (deer and deer in the Lublin Voivodeship).
## Relations between Kazakhstan and Poland
Relations between Kazakhstan and Poland began in the 19th century. 1830 — 1917 A. contributed to the study of Kazakh culture among Poles exiled to Kazakhstan. Yanushkevich, G. Zelinsky, B. Zalessky and A. V. Zataevich was also there. 1936 — 39 years and Poles were deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. Currently, about 60 thousand Poles live in the northern regions of Kazakhstan.
1994 Diplomatic relations were established between Kazakhstan and Poland, the embassy of Kazakhstan was opened in Warsaw, and the embassy of Poland was opened in Almaty. 1999 In October, Polish President A. Kwasniewski visited Kazakhstan on an official visit. 2002 President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev paid an official visit to Poland. Joint enterprises of Poland operate in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan buys shoes, furniture, medicines, mining machines from Poland. Poland buys oil, yellow phosphorus, gas, coal and metallurgical products from Kazakhstan. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4786 | Flag of the President of Kazakhstan | The flag of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the high official symbols of the head of state.
1995 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan In accordance with the Decree of December 29 "On the procedure for the official use of the flag of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its insignia", the official insignia and their locations were determined.
It is blue (the same color as the national flag), rectangular in shape, the width and length of which correspond to two-thirds.
In the center, a young leader of the Saka era, sitting on a winged leopard with his right hand raised, is depicted in a golden circle.
The fabric is covered with gold fringe on three sides.
Sabyna A silver plate with the surname, name and patronymic of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan written in the state language and the time of election is attached.
The flag of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is always with the Head of State and is carried with him when traveling abroad. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6191 | Кения | Kenya (eng. Kenya), Republic of Kenya (eng. Republic of Kenya) is a country located in East Africa. The land area is 582.6 thousand km². The population is 55,143,353 people. The ethnic composition of the population is Bantu, Nilot, Kikuyu (about 21%), Luya (14%), Luo (13%), Kalenjin (11%), Kamba (11%), etc. consists of tribes and more than 165 thousand people from Asia, Europe, Arab countries. The official languages are English and Swahili. Some of the residents adhere to traditional beliefs, some to Catholic and Protestant branches of Christianity, and some to Islam. The capital is Nairobi. Kenya is a republic within the British Commonwealth. According to the constitution adopted in 1969, the country is governed by a president elected for 5 years in general elections (since 1978, Daniel Arab Moi). The supreme legislative body is the unicameral National Assembly. Administratively, it is divided into 7 provinces and the capital district. National holiday December 12 - Republic Day (1963). The currency is the Kenyan shilling. Kenya occupies the northeastern edge of the East African highlands. The equator line passes through the central part of the Earth. There are many savannah plants. Tropical forests grow in the center and mountain slopes, and meadows grow on the tops of the mountains.
## Mineral resources
Coal sodium salt, kyanite, diatolite, gypsum, thorium, niorium, gold and polymetallic ores. The climate is subequatorial: the average temperature in January is 14 — 24°С; 12 — 25°С in July, annual precipitation is from 250 mm (north-east) to 2000 mm (west). The rivers are small. The largest rivers Tana and Galana flow into the Indian Ocean. Lakes — Rudolph, Baringo, Nakuru, Naivasha, Magedi, etc. Amboseli, Mara, Marsabit, Agong game reserves and Mount Kenya, Nairobi, Tsavo, etc. national parks are located. They have elephants, giraffes, zebras, buffaloes, lions, leopards, monkeys, ostriches, etc. there is Crocodiles and hippos can be found in the rivers.
## Nature
Kenya occupies the northeastern edge of the East African highlands. The equator line passes through the central part of the Earth. The land is red, laterite, meadow black-gray soil. There are many savannah plants. Tropical forests grow in the center and mountain slopes, and meadows grow on the top of the mountain. Mineral resources: coal sodium salt, kyanite, diatolite, gypsum, thorium, niorium, gold and polymetallic ores. The climate is sub-equatorial: the average temperature in January is 14-24C; 12 - 25C in July, annual precipitation amount. From 250 mm (north-east) to 2000 mm (west). The rivers are small. The largest rivers Tana and Galana flow into the Indian Ocean. Lakes - Rudolph, Baringo, Nakuru, Naivasha, Magedi, etc. Amboseli, Mara, Marsabit, Agong game reserves and Mount Kenya, Nairobi, Tsavo, etc. national parks are located. They have elephants, giraffes, zebras, buffaloes, lions, leopards, monkeys, ostriches, etc. there is Crocodiles and hippos can be found in the rivers.
## History
The indigenous peoples of Kenya are mainly those who immigrated from other places in the 14th - 19th centuries. BC 5th century i BC 6th century Greek, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Arab seafarers often come and go. Arab and Swahili settlements appeared here in the 7th - 8th centuries. In the 11th century, city-states were established on the coasts and inland regions. From the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese came to the country and pushed out the Arabs. In the 18th century, several Arab sultanates were established, most of which later became subordinate to the neighboring Sultanate of Zanzibar. In the 19th century, Kenya was colonized by Great Britain and Germany. In 1890, the country was completely controlled by the British, and in 1895, the East African Protectorate was established, and most of the country was declared the property of the British Crown. The colonialists issued special laws in 1904, 1915, 1939, displaced local peoples from better lands, subjected them to racist discrimination. Negroes were not employed in local administrations. However, during World War 1 (1914-18), along with local Europeans, Negroes were drafted into the army and joined the war against Germany. After the war, Europeans began to flock to Kenya. The first political organizations appeared. During World War 2 (1939 – 45), Britain used Kenyan troops to fight in the Middle East and Burma. After the war, political organizations began to be formed among the local population, demanding the elimination of racism. In 1952, the colonial government punished the leaders of political organizations. In response, an armed uprising against the colonists began. In 1956, the uprising was crushed. But there were small uprisings everywhere. In 1960, the government agreed to end the state of emergency and introduced some reforms. In the same year, the newly formed African National Union (CANU) began negotiating with the government for the independence of Kenya. KANU won parliamentary elections in 1961 and 1963 and formed the first African government in 1963. On December 12, 1963, Kenya was declared an independent republic. In 1963-66, there was a disagreement among the leaders of KANU about ways to develop the country. In 1969 there was a very strong internal political crisis. Conflicts began between different ethnic groups in the country. To suppress it, political parties were banned and only the KANU party was in power in the country. In 1984, the government suppressed ethnic unrest by force. In 1989, political prisoners were released. In 1991, the government moved to a multi-party system and allowed the formation of opposition parties. In 1997, mass uprisings of the people took place in the country regarding the implementation of democratic reforms. In 1998, there was an explosion at the US embassy in Nairobi, killing more than 230 people and injuring about 5,000 people.
## Economy
Kenya is a poorly developed economy. 80% of the population work in agriculture, 7% in industry, and 13% in services. The number of unemployed in the country is 16%. The annual national product of the country is 9.3 billion. About USD. To the side: produces tea, coffee, oil products, fruits. Crude oil, machinery, industrial goods, chemical products, and household items are brought to the country from abroad. Main trade partners: Uganda, Great Britain, Tanzania, Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates, etc.
The indigenous peoples of Kenya are mainly those who immigrated from other places in the 14th - 19th centuries. Between the 5th century BC and the 6th century AD, Greek, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Arab seafarers often came and went to its shores. Arab and Swahili settlements appeared here in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 11th century, city-states were established on the coasts and inland regions. From the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese came to the country and began to displace the Arabs. They completely occupied the coasts and kept them under their control until the 18th century. In the 18th century, several Arab sultanates were established, most of which later became subordinate to the neighboring Sultanate of Zanzibar. In the 19th century, Kenya was colonized by Great Britain and Germany. 1890 the country was completely controlled by the British in 1895. East Africa was established as a protectorate and most of the country was declared a possession of the British throne. Colonists 1904, 1915, 1939 issued special laws, displaced local peoples from better places, subjected them to racist discrimination. Negroes were not employed in local administrations. However, during World War 1 (1914-18), along with local Europeans, Negroes were recruited into the army and joined the war against Germany. After the war, Europeans began to flock to Kenya. During World War II (1939-45), Britain used Kenyan troops to fight in the Middle East and Burma. After the war, political organizations began to be formed among the local population, demanding the elimination of racism. 1963 On December 12, Kenya was declared an independent republic.
Kenya is a poorly developed economy. 80% of the population works in agriculture, 7% in industry, and 13% in service industries. To the side: produces tea, coffee, oil products, fruits. Crude oil, machinery, industrial goods, chemical products, and household items are brought to the country from abroad. Main trade partners: Uganda, Great Britain, Tanzania, Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates, etc.
## Sources
## External links
* Republic of Kenya General Info Archived 31 August 2009. (English)
* Kenya from the Encyclopædia Britannica (English)
* Map of Kenya (Russian) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2886 | NEWhoo | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4011 | Дания | Denmark (Danish: Danmark [ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊]), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark) is a country in Northern Europe. It is located on the Jutland peninsula and the Danish archipelago.
Denmark is located in the north of the Central European plain, between Europe and the Scandinavian peninsula. This kingdom has been living since the 19th century.
Denmark stretches 360 km from north to south and 480 km from east to west. The territory of Denmark is 43,093 km 2 (excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands). A large part of the country (29,776 km²) is located on the Jutland Peninsula. The Danish archipelago includes 500 islands. They are mainly located in the east of Jutland, between the Baltic and Kattegat straits. The area is 12,729 km², and the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea is 588 km². The length of the coast of Denmark is 7,438 km.
Denmark is bordered by dry land only with Germany. This border is 68 km long. In the east, Denmark borders with Sweden, it passes through the Öresund (Sund) and Kattegat straits, and in the north, the Skagerrak strait separates Denmark from Norway. Denmark is part of the northern sea shelf. It is the eastern part. Besides, Denmark is part of its former colonies. They are the Faroe Islands and the Greenland Island, they have their own representatives in the parliament.
The Faroe Islands are located 375 km north of Scotland. Its territory is 1399 km². They have been under the rule of Denmark since 1380, only in 1948 they received the right to govern themselves. Greenland is the largest island in terms of size, its area is 2,175,600 km², but only 341,700 km² of it is free of ice. Greenland was a colony of Denmark in 1729, it was accepted as part of the state in 1953, and in 1979 it was given the status of autonomy.
Sectoral industry structure. Agriculture, forestry and fishing industries in the gross domestic product - 3%, industry - 21%, services - 76% (2006).
## Population
The population of Denmark is 5810 thousand people. In the 1980s, the population was stable, and since 1990, its number has increased, mainly due to immigration (11,000 people per year). About 625,800 people live in the city of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and Gentofte communes. (1995). In other large cities - Aarhus (275.5 thousand), Odense (182.6 thousand), Aalborg (159 thousand), Esbjerg (82.6 thousand), Runners (64.4 thousand), Kolling (59.6 thousand) , Herning (57.7 thousand), Helsingør (56.9 thousand), Horsens (55.3 thousand) and Vaile (52.3 thousand). 2 million people around the city of Copenhagen. 26% of the population lives in this country. Zeeland (Shellann) is located below - 42% of the population lives there. The population of the city is 85%, there are many cities with 15 inhabitants. 570 thousand people live on the islands of Funen, Lollann and Falster, and 50 thousand people live on Bornholm. The population of Jutland is 2.4 million people, the population density is 81 people. The population of Greenland is 59,000 people (1997), 5,000 of them are Europeans, and the rest are Inuit (Eskimos). The population of the Faroe Islands is 50 thousand people (1997).
Population and increase in 1995 - 2000 years.
Number (people) 5 199 437 5 249 632 5 305 048 5 333 617 5 356 845 5 336 934 increase 0.22% 0.38% 0.59% 0.49% 0.38% 0, 31%
Age structure of the population between 1995 and 2000.
0 - 14 years 17% 17% 18% 18% 18% 18%15 - 64 years 68% 67% 67% 67% 67% 67%
Birth and death rate 1999 - During 2000 years ( per 1000 people )
Birth 12.38 12.24 12.78 12.18 11.57 12.16 Death 11.14 10.42 11.22 11.08 10.97 11.00 Age infant mortality rate 6.80 4.80 5.20 5.17 5.11 5.11
Sex composition of the population in 1996-2000.
Newborns 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
all 0.97 0.98 ... 0.98 0.98
\< > Average life expectancy of the population between 1995 and 2000.
all 76.11 77.30 76.10 76.31 76.51 76.54 Among men 73.23 73.78 73.44 73.64 73.83 73.95 Among women 79.16 81. 01 78.90 79.12 79.33 79.27
### Ethnic composition
98% Danes, Eskimos, Faroese, Germans. Evangelical Lutherans make up 91%, and the remaining Protestants and Catholics make up 2%. Denmark is a single-ethnic state. A small number of Germans, Jews and Poles have been assimilated.
In 1960, the development of production required additional labor force. Because of this, labor ("gastearbejdere" - guest workers) emigrants came to the country. By the end of 1980, a large number of Turks, Yugoslavs, Iranians, and Pakistanis were formed. The official language is Danish, close to Norwegian. English is less popular than German. From these tribes, the modern Danish people are formed. In addition, the Danes have a dialect in their language, they mainly speak the Copenhagen dialect.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church is the official church of Denmark and is supported by the state. There is freedom of belief. Those who join this church make up 87% of the country. Muslims (74 thousand people) are a significant minority of religious communities. The rest are Catholics (33 thousand ), Baptists (6 thousand), Jews (5 thousand).
## Nature
Flatness of the Earth's surface. Most of Denmark's land area is made up of not very high undulating plains. The highest point of the country is Iding-Skovh mountain (173 m), located in the east of Jutland. The lowest point (12 m) is located in the western part. There are many potholes on the land, lakes and swamps are located in them. In the north of the country, layered sea plains are spread. The main rock is limestone, which was formed in the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic eras. Groundwater is closely connected with these rocks. The eastern part of Denmark is covered with many deep pits. It is divided. The western and northern parts are sandy hills. The southwestern part was formed as a result of marine activities. During this period, many dams and dams were built to protect against floods.
## Climate
Denmark is a land with mild maritime winters. The influence of the ocean is very noticeable in winter. The average temperature in February is 0° C, in July it is 15-16° C. A lot of wind blows throughout the year. Mostly from the west. There are many cloudy days in winter. It is sunny in summer. A lot of precipitation occurs in autumn and winter. Rain falls in the form of rain. Rivers and lakes. The surface of the country is covered with many river networks. Their speed is not high and the length is short. Floods occur in winter. The largest river - Gudeno is located in the east of Jutland. Its length is 158 km. Lakes are concentrated mainly in central Jutland.
## Economy
General information about the economy. Denmark is a developed country in the world with a highly developed industry and a high standard of living of its people. The private sector plays a leading role in its economy. Denmark's industry is diversified. The main highly developed electronic equipment production, food, shipbuilding and construction. Fishing plays a major role in agriculture. Denmark managed to recover its economy after the Second World War. The share of agriculture in the national income increased to 20% in 1953 and 3.9% in 1995. In Denmark, 74.7% of the population works in services. the share of foreign trade in the product is 54.9%. In 1991-1997, the share of the unemployed was 10.3%, and inflation was 2.5% in 1990-1995. The gross domestic product in Denmark in 1995 was 173.3 billion. USD, or USD 33,144. per capita. At that time, it was second only to Switzerland and Japan in terms of per capita.
State expenditure in 1996 was 46% of GDP, half of which was allocated to pensions and benefits. Average economic development was 4.5% in 1960 and 1.7% in 1986-1995. State budget. In 1996, the income of the state was 61.3 billion. dollar was 65.6 billion, the deficit was 2.5% of GDP. 46% for social payments, 13% for education and research, 10% for business development, 10% for health care, 3% for defense, 3% for culture and the church, 2% for accommodation subsidies and 2% for police and law. to the protection authorities. The counties and municipalities have their own tax inspectorate. They are subordinate to the central government. Denmark's net financial debt in 1994 was 38 billion. dollar amounted to 26.2% of GDP.
Foreign trade. Exports and imports make up 1/3 of GDP. 2/3 of foreign trade is conducted with the countries of the European Union. Mainly Germany and In addition to the European Union, the United States and Japan.
75% of exports are industrial goods. These are devices, chemical products, agricultural products. Agriculture makes up 15% of exports. Services make up 10% of exports. 70% of imports are raw materials. 30% of exports are household goods, i.e. cars. The service sector. In Denmark, economic development is gaining a lot of success thanks to the provision of services thanks to the educated population. In 1994, this sector accounted for 71% of employment and 72% of GDP (49% private sector and 23% public sector). The main service sectors are banking, tourism, financial, transport and trade. In 1994, the amount of money received from foreign tourists was 3.8 billion. dollar made up
## Transport
In Denmark, the transport industry is considered traditional. It helps to bring in foreign money. Through this industry, 90% of foreign money is earned. 75% of transportation is done by sea transport.
Total 2 838 2 848 3 358 2 859
Motorways connect Danish cities with each other. Bicycle transport is also popular. Motorways 1990 ( km. ).
Total 71 042 71 420 71 600 71 437
Kastrup Airport in Copenhagen is the largest airport in Europe. The airline "Scandinavian Airlines System" - "SAS" serves Danish, Swedish and Norwegian routes. It also carries out transportation within and outside Europe. "SAS" company carries out transportation through "Danair" (Copenhagen - Zeeland, Jutland, Funen, Bornholm and Faroe Islands).
Airports in 1990.
Total concrete 102 102 28 28 28 Length 3 047 m. 2 2 2 2 2 Length from 2 438 m to 3 047 m. 7 7 7 7 7 Its length is from 1,524 m to 2,437 m. to 3 3 3 3 3 From 914 m to 1 523 m in length 13 13 13 13 13 To 914 m in length 77 77 3 3 3 All underground 7 7 90 90 90 From 1 524 to 2 437 m in length 1 1 1 1 1 From 914 m to 1,523 m 6 6 7 7 7 Length up to 914 m ... ... 82 82 82
In addition, bridge and ferry transportations are made in this state. Main ferry routes: Funen Island - Zeeland Island, Sund Strait (route, Denmark - Sweden). Two bridges connect Funen Island - Jutland. The longest bridge in Denmark connects Zealand and Falster. Ports: Aalborg, Aarhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Odense , Köge, Greno, Struer, Fredericia. Telephone communication. Telephone and telegraph communication are at a high level. Local lines - through underground and sea cables, 4-channel communication system. International lines - 18 sea lines, they connect Denmark with Norway, Sweden, Russia, Poland, With Germany, Netherlands, Faroe Islands, Iceland and Canada, 6 stations Intelsat, 10 stations Eutelsat, 1 station Orion, 1 station Inmarsat (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden are registered to the Inmarsat station together with Denmark).
## Industrial production
The volume and type of goods of the Danish industry are very large. gas (10.8 billion cubic meters per year) and building materials. The main processing industries are machine-building and metalworking (electrical engineering, radio electronics, shipbuilding, machine tools, equipment for food production), food, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, woodworking, and others. 3.5% of the population works in agriculture. Main the field is beef and dairy cattle breeding and pig farming. They grow wheat, rice, and millet from grains. 2/3 of agricultural products are exported.
In the food industry, dairy products, meat products make flour and beer. In the chemical industry, the main ones are gasoline, medicines and plastic products. In the machinery industry, engines, agricultural machines, pumps, thermostats, refrigerators and telecommunication equipment are used. Also ships the assembly is developed.
Finally, Danish furniture, clothes and toys are the main selling goods. Danish design is highly appreciated in the world.
Agriculture. The main branch of agriculture is meat and dairy cattle breeding. It produces 9/10 agricultural goods. It also grows potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat. Fishing is 1.6 million. etc. (in 1986). In Denmark, 64% of the land is under agriculture due to favorable topography. 80% of agricultural products are produced by cooperatives. Recently, the importance of agriculture in Denmark is decreasing.
Grain production and food products. In 1995, 58% of the cultivated land was planted with potatoes, sugar beets, turnips, and kohlrabi. 25% was planted with forage grass or used as pasture. 4 million in the country in 1996. millet was produced. This is 30% less than in 80 years. Millet is feed for pigs. It is also used to make beer, the rest is exported. Wheat production in 1995 was 4.2 mln. T reached. From other products: rye 429 thousand. t, rice 169 thousand. t, potatoes 1.6 million. T and sugar beet 3.5 million. etc. Wheat is mainly grown in East Jutland, West Zealand and Funen. Rye is grown in Central and West Jutland. Rice is grown in North and West Jutland. Potatoes are widespread mainly in Jutland.
Vegetables and garden products. Since 1970, the volume of these products has been decreasing. At the end of 1980s, during harvest, the volume was 305 thousand. made t; 60% of it is for apples, it is 75 thousand. t has decreased. 25% of the horticultural area is located in Jutland. The rest is on the islands. Vegetable and horticultural production is intensively developing in southeast Zealand. Their products are processed in Copenhagen and Slagelse canneries. The second main area is the island of Funen and the Odense and Svennborg canneries. . 40 thousand in 1995. 40% of the harvested apples go to the domestic market. In 1995, the import of food products in Denmark amounted to 5.1 billion. USD, and export - 11.6 billion. dollar formed. Animal husbandry. 90% of grain products are fed to cattle, pigs and poultry. By 1994, 65% of the livestock population was owned by farms. In Denmark, dairy farming is developing more than meat farming. In 1983, the amount of milk production was 5.4 mln. t, in 1995 it was 4.6 mln. t decreased. The number of black cattle is 3 million. decreased from to 0.8 million. 1 bln. in 1996 from cheese export. USD. profit. The main types of livestock are black Danish and red Danish cows. 90% of the milk production is for the second type. The main livestock breeding area is Jutland. 75% of them are black cattle. The number of pigs in 1993 was 11.6 million. The volume of pig production is 1.7 mln. t, export profit in 1996 was 3.4 bln. made up of dollars. 3/4 meat products are exported. Mainly they are sent to developing countries. Fishing. Fish export to the state is 2.1 billion. dollar brought in 1993. But in 1995, this figure was 520 million. Dollars decreased. The main fish caught is cod, which accounts for 1/3. Other fish are flounder, sea crab and herring. The main fishing ground is the North Sea and Skagerrak, the main port is located in the western part of Jutland. In shipping, Esbjerg served in the North Sea. Since 1980, fishing has decreased after the exploitation of resources increased and the North Sea became polluted.
## Health Care
According to the report, in 1970, the birth rate was 14.4 per 1000 people, the death rate was 9.8, the number of live births per 1000 children, per meter 15. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other non-communicable diseases are more common in the country. Epidemic diseases such as influenza and typhoid are common. Tuberculosis is also common. In 1967-1968, 193 hospitals with 47.2 thousand beds, including 17 hospitals with 1.6 thousand beds, were privately owned. In 1968, there were 6.9 thousand doctors, 1.9 thousand dentists and 15.6 thousand midwives. Doctors are trained by 7 special higher educational institutions.
## Education
General management of schools is carried out by the Ministry of Education. Tuition is free, although there are private educational institutions. In 1970, 20,875 children were educated in pre-school institutions. The term of study at the gymnasium is 3 years, its graduates can enter higher educational institutions. Vocational education is given in secondary and lower special educational institutions. The largest higher education institutions are the Danish Military Technical School and the Danish Engineering Academy.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5276 | Ғұндар | Huns are a nomadic people. The Huns followed the divine religion and used the Turkic script. The spoken language was also Turkic. In the east, Mede conquered the "Eastern Ku" tribes, and its composition included, approximately, Sanbi and Ukwan tribes living in the Kerulen and Onon valleys. Mede made campaigns against the Yuedi (Yuezhi) tribes in the west. At that time, the territory stretching from modern Korea to Tibet and from East Turkestan to the middle reaches of the Yellow River came under the control of the Hun Shanyus, and in the north, the tribes united to the Hun confederation occupied the territory from Baikol to the southern regions. The records also mention the campaigns of the Huns against the Sayan-Altai tribes. The chronicler B.C. In 201, it is reported that the Sunnis continued their campaign to the north and northwest and conquered the countries of Kunyu, Tusuyshe, Dinglin, Gekung and Sinli. In the explanation given in the text, it is said that the five mentioned countries are located in the northern part of the Sunnis, which probably stretches from the Kem (Yenisei) river to the Ile valley in the west. BC. During the campaign of 201, the Huns conquered almost all the Altai tribes, but they did not completely subjugate this territory. However, neither written records nor archeological materials could show that this happened at that time.
In the following decades, in addition to the strengthening of the Hun tribes, they also began to show intense activity in the west. BC In 177, under the pretext that Mede had acted against his neighbors on his own, he sent his tuks (kinazis) in the west on a campaign against the Yuedi. The cavalry of the Huns defeated the Yuedi near Zhangye-Gangzhou district, and at the same time conquered several parts of the outlying region of the forming Hun union. In the summer of the following year, Shanyu said about this: "By the grace of heaven, the warriors came out alive, and the horses were strong: they destroyed and appeased the Yuedi; He strengthened (his authority) by putting him to the sword or subduing him. Loulang, Usyn, Kutze and 36 shares adjacent to them (from Kinaz) were assigned to the Sunnis. All of them joined the army of the Sunnis and became one family.
This document is very important, but requires a critical review. "Thirty-six states" refers to the territories located in the territory of present-day East Turkestan, that is, in general, all the land up to the coast of the Caspian Sea in the west. Sima Qian, the author of "Historical Records" (Shitizi), welcomed the news about the "complete" defeat of the Yuedi, and in this regard, BC. In 177, he did not take into account that only a part of the Yuedi (Yuezhi) living west of the northern valley of the Yellow River was known to the Chinese. After the nomadic tribes called Yuedi in Chinese records destroyed Greco-Bactria, information about them began to spread throughout Central Asia.
Most likely, B.C. It should be considered unreal that the Sunni-Huns conquered all the countries from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the Caspian Sea in 177 with the cavalry of one person. However, there is no doubt that the Yuedi in the east were subjugated, and it is also true that the communities of Laulang, Usyn and Kutize were dependent on the Yuedi. The geographical location of these ethnic-political names is not very clear. Only Laulang (Croraina) fault in Lobnor district more or less corresponds to the present age. The ethnonym of the place or tribe of Kutize, which is equated with the name of other data in the Chinese records, may come from the local name Aigyr. It was located between Usyn and Tizang-kun countries, that is, approximately in Southern Altai. Herodotus' Argive tribe is believed to have settled in this vicinity. I. According to X. Dvoreshchii, the word "Argippei" means "steed", "horse" in ancient Greek, so it is a translation of some local name close to the same concept. From this point of view, it seems correct to compare the above-mentioned transcriptions of the early Chinese language with the Turkic words "argymak" or "stallion". The social life of the confederation was strongly influenced by powerful forces that did not want to submit to a single center, and the lack of strong political and economic ties between different areas of the vast land. At first, some unity was established by a special type of inter-phratry organization in the Hun society.
It is known from the history of Sunnu-gun that the dynastic union consisted of three and later four exogamous ruling clans (phratries). The document says: "Kuyang clan, Lang clan, and Suibu clan appeared after them; Among them, the most famous branches are precisely these three dynasties"11. In this regard, the Kuiang clan was the most famous of the left wing, while Lang and its subsidiary Suibu were the ten wings. It is interesting that the Luangti clan of Shanyu is not called a famous clan. And Kuyang and Lang were related by the mother-in-law. When approaching our time, in-law kinship has changed a bit. In the southern Sunnis, the Shanyu clan began to be called Sui-Liang-ti, and other aristocratic families were named Kuiang, Suibu, Tsuling and Lang. "These four clans were famous clans in their country and were usually related by blood to Shanyu." It further states: "The Kuiang clan was the left (i.e. eastern and large) wing, and the Lang and Suibu clans were the right (i.e. western and small) wing." After another two centuries, their royal family changed and changed their name. The most famous listed is the Duge (Tughlaq) clan, which was "the most heroic and the greatest, so the Shanyus came from them. Their famous four clans were the Kuyang clan, the Suibu clan, the Lang clan, and the Tsao (Tsuling) clan, but the most famous is the Kuyang clan, from which came the chancellors, left-wing and right-wing Jichus. Over time, the Shanui clan's evolution from an unknown clan to the "greatest" clan based on being "the bravest" is remarkable. In fact, a dual organization was formed here at a certain period with the de facto dominance of the male (patriarchal) lineage, which showed the principle of inheritance from the male side.
BC Already in the middle of the 1st century, the Sunni society, along with the loss of its vassal possessions, was divided into two groups in the "indigenous" composition - the southern group led by Gukanyechangui and the northern group led by Zhizhi. The southern Sunnis lived in the territory of Ordos, and the northern Sunnis, under the pressure of their tribesmen, moved to the Sayan and Baikol regions and migrated to the north and west.
BC In 49, Zhizhi took advantage of the short absence of Guqanye, who went on a diplomatic trip to a neighboring province, to seize his land and thereby attempt to restore the unity of the confederation. However, his strength did not reach him. According to the chronicler, "Zhizhi himself knew that he could not strengthen the Sunnah by force." He asked for help from his vassal Utizutu, but the latter took his ambassador's head and sent 8,000 cavalry to attack Zhizhi. Zhizhi's cavalry routed the Yuxin forces, and Zhizhi, without allies, was forced to withdraw from the southern Hun lands. This and subsequent events are described in the following account as follows: "Seeing that the house of Zhizhi had a large army, and that his ambassador had not yet returned, he deployed his army, set foot on the houses, and destroyed them with stones; turns to the north, hits Utize and subdues it. With the help of his army, Zhizhi destroys Zizangqu in the west and conquers Danlin in the north. After conquering the three evils, he sent troops to his home several times and usually defeated them.
## History
From the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BC, the role of nomadic tribes of Central Asia increased in the ethno-political history of Eurasia. In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, a group of tribes called the Huns (Xunnu, Dunhu) appeared in the north of China and Central Asia. Specifically, he was born in 209 BC and lived until 216 BC.
The famous Mote hero who raised his bell. In 209 BC, Medes killed his father and took the throne.
From this time, the Hun state began to grow stronger (in particular, in 188 BC, the Huns subjugated the Chinese emperor Gao-Di, it is known that the Han dynasty paid taxes to the Huns. Yuezhi, Lovfan, Baiyan, Yusun and others takes the land of the tribes.)
The Huns established a state in the area from Baikal to Tibet, from East Turkestan to the Yellow River. His army was 300-400 thousand.
After the death of Mede, mutual strife began. During Hulagu's time, in 47 BC, the Huns split into southern and northern Huns. The southern Huns accepted Chinese rule, while the northern Huns went west in alliance with the Central Asian tribes and preserved their independence. However, due to constant pressure from China, he crossed the Tien-Shan and came to the Khanals. This was the first migration of Huns to Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
The second migration took place in the 1st century AD. In 93, the Northern Huns, displaced by the Chinese, again moved westward. They headed west through the territory of Kazakhstan. Due to the entry of these nomads into Kazakhstan, the Turkification of the ethnic tribes of eastern Iran begins.
At the beginning of the 1st millennium of our era, the appearance of the tribes of Zhetysu and southern Kazakhstan began to become mongolized. The Huns subjugated the local tribes and entered the Aral region, central and western Kazakhstan along the Syrdarya. It took three centuries for the Huns to arrive in Eastern and Central Europe in the 4th century AD.
The Huns threatened the Roman Empire. In the 30s of the 5th century, the leader of the Huns, Attila, terrified the people of Europe. In 375-376, the struggle of the Visigoths with the Huns from the steppes of Kazakhstan led to the fall of the ancient Roman Empire.
## Farming
The basis of the agricultural-cultural type is nomadic animal husbandry. Livestock breeding, especially horse breeding, played a major role. Also, sheep breeding, hunting, agriculture developed.
Handicrafts of the Huns are strongly developed (made of metal, bone and horn, stone and clay, wood, ceramics). The development of trade is shown by silk fabrics, mirrors, jade products. They raised all kinds of livestock. The main shelter of the Huns was yurts. Huns developed a style of gluing different colored objects on the surface of their products, historically it was called polychrome style. This style was developed in Central Kazakhstan. It was used by the decoration method. Wild animals were the main image for decorating products.
### Animal husbandry
Nomadic animal husbandry was very important in the life of the Huns. Due to the increase in the number of livestock, livestock breeders intended to develop new territory and obtain suitable pastures. Pasture was changed more often, and cattle were increasingly grazed far away from settlements. In Chinese records, it is written that they raised horses, cattle, sheep and goats and kept some camels and donkeys. They ate domestic animals, made their skins into clothes, and used their fur and skin for clothing and blankets.
The Huns founded horse racing games. And they used sheep meat, skin and wool. Almost all cattle were grazed in the fields throughout the year. Therefore, drought in summer or frostbite in winter, cattle epidemics caused great disaster. Huns were also engaged in hunting as an additional occupation. This occupation was carried out mainly to increase their food reserves and to create a village.
### Agricultural occupation and settlements
Among the Huns, there were those who had settled marriages and engaged in agriculture. Among the grain crops, the Huns grew a lot of millet. Tools necessary for planting and harvesting crops such as iron scythes, plow teeth, hand mills, threshers were found, indicating that agriculture was well developed. If grain storage bins are found inside the premises, straw remains can be found on the plaster of the floor, walls, and raw bricks.
They mostly lived in yurts. The yurt consisted of a lattice frame, a hut, a roof and a felt covering. Around the yurt are whips, swords with wooden scabbards, bows and arrows, etc. was going to be hung.
## Social structure
Social inequality was formed in the Hun tribes. Many valuable objects are found in the graves of wealthy families or members of the ruling class. In the graves of poor people, cheap items of simple manufacture are found, and in some graves nothing is found. The ruling group of the Huns protected the interests of the noble clan and solved all the problems as a leader.
## Society
The signs of patriarchal-tribal relations were very strong. Huns are divided into 24 clans. Elders were at their head. The Council of Elders and the People's Assembly worked. There were also slaves who were prisoners of war.
Written data also left information about the sign of authority in the Hundred society. Shanyu ruled the country. Then there were the tumanbas. The appearance of private ownership of cattle and land in the Hundred society, the creation of a primitive bureaucratic apparatus, the existence of taxes and writing led to the emergence of a class society and state.
## Relations of the Huns with the Yuezhi, China, Uysin, Kangli
The struggle of the Huns with the Yuezhi tribe ended with the victory of the Huns. The Yuezhi were finally defeated only in 174-165 BC. As a result, the Yuezhi retreated to Central Asia and moved to the upper reaches of the Amu Darya. Among those who surrendered to the Huns, there were Uysin. Chinese records mention the subjugation of about 36 neighboring uluses. Medes died in 174 BC.
During the reign of Laushan, the son of Mede, the Yuezhi were defeated and some of them settled in Zhetisu. Under the pressure of the Yuezhi, a part of the Sakas in Zhetsu crossed Ferghana, moved to Parthia, Bactria, and another part went from Afghanistan to North India (Kashmir). The big Yuezhi managed to occupy Zhetisu only for about 30-40 years. Later, Zhetysu was taken from the Yuezhi by the Yuxin. Thanks to the military assistance of the Huns, the houses were located in Zhetysu. The Yuezhi, who moved to the west, subdue Bactria. Some of them have now joined their families.
Exchange trade was going on between the Huns and China. This was especially beneficial for the Huns. In 158 B.C., in order to expand trade sources on the border, the Holy Prophet started a war against China. In 152 BC, he reached a trade agreement with the Huns. Trading places will be opened in the border areas. At the same time, they will take back pastures south of the Gobi.
In 133 BC, a new period of Hun-Chinese wars began. This time the war was started by the Chinese. Military movements moved to the former Hun territory. In the last battle, 90,000 Huns were defeated. In the conflicts of the 90s before our era, 70 thousand Chinese troops could not defeat the Hun army. Convinced that they could not defeat the Huns by their own power, the Chinese rulers, after a 20-year break, began to drive other nomadic tribes against the Huns. In 71 BC, the Huns began to attract conquered countries to their side. Among them, he sends an ambassador to the ruler of his house and establishes marriage ties. The Huns did not stand by and in their turn gave a daughter to the kunbi (gunmo) of their house. And the conflict between the Huns and the Chinese continued. The Huns now begin to take revenge on the allies of the Chinese. The Chinese princess in the Uysin sent a letter to the imperial palace and demanded help for the Uysin. 100,000 Chinese cavalry marches against the Huns. Uysinder alone produces 50,000 troops. 39,000 prominent Huns who could not resist the combined Chinese-Chinese forces were captured, and 700,000 livestock remained in the hands of the enemy. This was an irreparable blow to the Huns. In 71 BC, the Huns, who attacked the Uysin in return, were attacked by the Dunkhus from the east and the Uysin from the west. The Hun army will suffer a heavy defeat. He will lose half of his livestock. A third will die on the battlefield. 3/10 of people die of hunger. Chinese troops also attack from three directions and capture thousands of soldiers. The Chinese continued to incite their neighbors against the Huns. Military labor armies will be placed on the land taken from the Huns.
In 59 BC, China established a body to manage the Western region. Now there was a split among the Huns and a struggle for power. Due to power struggles, internal and external crises, the Hun state disintegrated and split into the south and the north in 55 BC. The southern group, led by Huhanye Shanyu, established peaceful relations with China. And the northern part of the Huns, led by Zhi-Zhi, moved to the west under the pressure of China.
In the first half of the 3rd century AD, the Hun tribes who came to East Kazakhstan and Zhetysu founded the Yueban state, which existed until the 5th century. This state, which was considered to be the descendants of the former Northern Huns, received the traditional title of Tangirkut.
There is information that the Yueban language was close to the ancient Turkish language.
## Appendix
Huns, Huns - a union of tribes in ancient times, ancestors of the Turkic peoples. It was formed in the 1st millennium BC. Initially, they settled in northern China, Mongolia, Baikal region. In ancient Chinese chronicles, the Huns are known as gui fan, gong rong, hong yu, xian yu, shiung nu, etc. given by names. By the end of the 3rd century BC, the Huns formed an army and formed their own state. The Huns were divided into 24 clans, which were ruled by the beg. Each clan had its own place of migration. The supreme ruler held the position of "Tangirkut". In Chinese sources, the supreme ruler of the Huns is called "shanyu". Nomadic animal husbandry plays a major role in the life of the Huns. He grew noble breeds of horses and mastered horse training. Among the Huns, there were those who had settled marriages and engaged in agriculture. Among the grain crops, the Huns grew a lot of millet. Craftsmanship and visual arts were at a high level. He gave birth to the polychrome style in jewelry. He founded equestrian games. He prayed to the spirits of his ancestors. Formed their own traditional legal system. Basically, it provides the following: "The land of the person guilty of theft will be confiscated, the person who beheaded or captured the enemy in battle will be given a cup of wine, the captured booty will be given to him, and those who were captured will be his slaves and his slaves; those who died on the battlefield "Whoever replaces a person's remains will receive all the property of his family." The Huns beheaded those who were guilty of crimes among themselves. Because the scar on the face of the victim is a sign of past guilt, such people did not dare to commit a crime again. This is because the next punishment would be death penalty. The Huns enslaved prisoners of war and used them as domestic servants, shepherds, artisans and plowmen. Almost all men were considered ordinary soldiers. The basis of the Hun army consisted of cavalry. The weapons of a traditional warrior are bows, swords, daggers, spears, and bugalyk (thieves' axe). Shocked by the fighting power of the Huns, the Chinese built the Great Wall of China. The Chinese did not like the fact that the Huns were a powerful state. They were looking for a way to weaken the Huns. From 209 BC, the Huns were ruled by Mede. Even in the first years of his reign, Mede made raids on the border areas of China and struck a devastating blow. In a fierce struggle, the dominant military and political power of the Han dynasty forced the Huns to refuse to settle in the places where the Huns moved in Ordos. Emperor Gaozu of Han was forced to bow down to Mede and sign a "treaty of peace and kinship" with him. Under this treaty, he agreed to give Medes his princess as a wife and to pay taxes as a "gift" every year, which he paid regularly thereafter. In the east, Mede subjugated the "Eastern Hu" tribes, which roughly included the Xianbi and Wuhuan tribes living in the Kerulen and Onon valleys. In the west, he made expeditions to the Yuezhi tribes. At that time, the territory extending from present-day Korea to Tibet and from East Turkestan to the middle reaches of the Yellow River fell under the control of the Huns. In the campaign in 201 BC, the Huns conquered almost all the Altai tribes. By 177 BC, they controlled the lands from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the Caspian Mountains. Thus, the Hundred state included Dunhu, Yuezhi, Gyangun (Kyrgyz), Uysin, Kangly, etc. tribes entered. By the middle of the 1st century BC, the state of the Huns, which had become an empire, began to weaken due to continuous bloody wars, a dispute over the throne, and the influence of forces that did not want to submit to a single center. As a result, in 56 BC. It was divided into southern groups led by Huhanye and northern groups led by Zhizhi (Shouje). South G. They inhabited the Ordos region, and the northern Huns moved to the Sayan and Baikal regions under the pressure of their tribesmen. In 49 BC, Zhizhi attempted to re-establish unity by capturing the lands of the Southern Huns, which had become a vassal of the Han Empire. But his efforts did not yield results. Northern Huns were defeated in 87-93 by a joint alliance of the Chinese Xianbi and Dinglin tribes. Part of the defeated Northern Huns created their own state in South Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the 5th century and conquered Afghanistan, Iran, and some parts of India. As a result of the rebellion in 304, the southern Huns, under the control of the Han Empire, had the opportunity to create their own state called Liu-Han. In 318, the state of Liu Han was divided into the Greater Zhao and the Lesser Zhao. In 329, Zhao the Younger conquered Zhao the Great and northern China. 350 years Zhang Ming, the commander of Little Zhao, who was of Chinese origin, seized power and massacred most of the Huns in Little Zhao. This soon led to the downfall of Little Zhao. the southern Huns became stronger again towards the end of the 4th century. At the beginning of the 5th century, their famous commander Heliang founded the Baba Xia Kingdom, and the Meng Sun leader Bei Liang founded the Kingdom. These two states, founded in the region of Ordos and Nanynan (now Gansu Province of the PRC), were destroyed in 439 as a result of an attack by Tobaghs (Toba). In the 2nd half of the 4th century, a large part of the northern Huns in Volga conquered the coast of the Black Sea, the region up to the Dniester. After bringing the Sarmatians to their knees, they defeated the Alans. In 375, he conquered the Ostrogoth, Herul, Genid, Saka tribes and marched to the Kap mountain. The march of the Huns to the West triggered the "great migration of peoples". The Huns established their empire in Europe.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4851 | Erbol Turmakhanuly Orynbaev | Yerbol Turmakhanuly Orynbaev (June 29, 1971, Shymkent) is a social and statesman, assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (since 2013).
He came from the Kulshigash clan of the Konyrat tribe.
## Career
Since 1992 - specialist of the commercial department of "Ak Bastau Bank" OJSC (Shymkent city).
Since 1993 - Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Joint-Stock Commercial Bank "Future" from Moscow. M.V. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University named after Lomonosov (1995).
Since 1995 - Liverpool "Welkfield inspection Services Ltd." general director of cotton certification company (Shymkent city). Has a master's degree in international economic development.
In 1996 - 1998, he was the deputy governor of Turkestan region.
In 1998 - 2001, he worked in the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms, the Presidential Administration, the Agency for Public Service Affairs.
In 2001, he worked as a consultant of the World Bank in Washington.
In 2002, he was appointed the Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning,
In 2003, he was appointed the Chairman of the Department of Marketing Analysis, Research, Center.
since April 2004 - deputy head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
since 2005 - head of the Department of Social and Economic Analysis, since 2006 - deputy head.
From January 2007 - Head of the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2008 - 2013 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. November 2013 - Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. August 24, 2015 Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was dismissed.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6661 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the only international legal document that declares basic human rights and freedoms. 1948 On December 10, the UN General Assembly adopted and promulgated Charter 217 A (III). The main task of this document is to ensure universal recognition, protection and effective implementation of the human rights and freedoms defined and approved in the document.
The uniqueness and importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lies in the fact that it was the first to raise human rights and freedoms to the international level. The declaration has no obligation, legal character, that is, the approved norms must not be fulfilled without fail. However, due to the importance of the principles of human rights and freedoms set forth in the document, the Declaration is recognized as a universal act and all states that have voted to adopt it strive to implement it.
As stated in the UN Charter (Article 30):
None of the principles in this declaration shall be interpreted as conferring on any State, group of persons or individuals the right to engage in any activity.
## Sources
## External links
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Kaz.)
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (eng.) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4934 | Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan | Honorary title "Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan" — 1993. was established.
The title is awarded to those citizens who successfully implemented the assigned program of space flight, and who performed the scientific and technical, research and practical tasks set before them in an exemplary manner.
## Awardees
Currently 4 people have been awarded, including:
* Toktar Aubakirov — the 1st cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan
* Talgat Musabaev — 2nd cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan
* Yury Malenchenko — 12.01.1995;
* Aydyn Ayymbetov — 14.10.2015. Other cosmonauts born in Kazakhstan Viktorenko
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7479 | Kemengeruly Koshke | Koshmukhambet Duysebayuly Kemengerov (July 15, 1896, former Akmola region, Omby district, Beke bolysy, Karzhas village - November 21, 1937, Omby) - Alash activist, scientist, playwright, writer, journalist.
The fate of Koshke Kemengeruly, who strived for education and knowledge, is closely connected with the bright life of our intellectuals. During this period, Koshke, along with his peers, participated in the national liberation struggle against colonialism. His work on the development of a multi-faceted nation was interrupted by the repression campaign of the Soviet government, which began in the 1930s.
## Biography
Koshke Kemengeruly was born on July 15, 1896 in the village of Karzhas, Omby district, Akmola region, according to the territorial division at that time. He came from the Karjas section of the Suyindik clan of the Argyn tribe. His ancestors had moved here from Sarytau of Bayanaul. According to the data, Shorman Bi bought land for 250 soms on the left side of Irtys, where the cadet corps where his son Musa studied is visible, saying, "When I go to Omby, I have no place to eat or pray." build housing, barns for livestock. Kemenger loved two sons named Duysenbay and Duysebay. When Koshmukhambet, descended from Duysebai, grew up, he used to sign his writings as "Koshke Kemengeruly".
The Argyn tribe originated from the ancestor of Karjas of the Suyindik clan.
Dindar Duysebay started the path of righteousness from an early age, he went to Mecca on his single day and became a pilgrim. On his way to this holy Mecca, he will travel with Kartabai, the prestigious lord of Atygay. Kartabai liked young Duysebai very much, and when he came to the country, he presented his daughter Jamila with his hand. Thus, the future writer was born in an open-minded, wealthy, prosperous family and received a comprehensive education.
## Education
Koshke, who studied under Belgibai mullah in Karjas in Kisyk, was sent by his father to the Ombi parish school (At that time, the Muslim educational institution was called a school, a madrasa, and a Russian educational institution was called a school, a school). Parish schools, which were first opened to convert to Christianity, released their children from the "God's Law" lesson after realizing the intention of Muslims. Young Koshke learns the basics of the Russian language and other subjects from this school.
After that, Koshke will enter the veterinary and paramedic school of Omb. Since it is a special educational institution, he takes lessons in the basics of zootechnics and medicine. In 1913, when he graduated from the 2nd grade of the mentioned school, he wanted to enter the Omby agricultural school. This year, together with Koshke, students such as Ahmet Abdirakhimuly, Smagul Kazybekuly, and Mukhtar Samatuly will enter this educational institution. A year before them, Kazakh children such as Sulembek Baizhanuly, Birmukhamed Aibasuly, Asfandiyar Shormanuly were admitted to the school. In 1916, Smagul Saduakasuly entered this study.
On December 7, 1920, the authority of the Siberian Revkom of Kazakhstan sent a special letter to the management of the Siberian Agricultural and Industrial Institute, asking them to admit K. Kemengeruly and M. Seiitul to the medical department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine outside the course. While Koshke was studying here, the name of the institute was changed to "West Siberian State Medical Institute". About his place of residence at that time, the writer says: "My parents live in village No. 9 in Kisyk pasture, Teke bolysi, Ombi region. My current address is: Omby city, line 2, house 68," he writes.
On August 21, 1924, K. Kemengeruly applied to transfer to the Faculty of Medicine of the Central Asian State University after completing the 3rd year. In the same year, he left for Tashkent, the center of the Republic of Turkestan. A telegram with the following content is registered in the archive: "Tashkent. To the editorial office of "Ak Zhol" newspaper. To K. Kemengeruly. He listened to the entire lecture of the 4th year. Ombi. Omby street, house 26. Sokolova". From this data, it can be seen that Koshke settled in the neighborhood of "Ak Zhol" in Tashkent.
During the political events of 1917-1918, Koshke was among the agitated people and students. At that time, the times were harsh and politics were volatile. Despite this, the intellectuals of Alash did not separate themselves from the clashing crowd and looked for a way to bargain. In April 1917, Koshmukhambet Kemengeruly accompanied by Dinshe Adilul came to the city of Akmola (from Omby) on behalf of the regional Kazakh committee of Akmola and opened the district Kazakh committee. Saken Seifollauly is appointed as its chairman. The founders of the Kazakh committee met in the city of Akmola, sometimes in a madrasa, and sometimes in the house of the city administration, and discussed how to save the people from the difficulties of the turbulent times.
Koshke also participates in the work of the "Young Kazakh" organization, which was initiated by Saken in Akmola. However, after a disagreement between the regional Kazakh committee and the district Kazakh committee on some important issues, and after the "Young Kazakh" leaders distanced themselves from Alash Orda, Koshke returned to Ombi in August 1917. In the fall and winter months of that year, K. Kemengeruly made efforts to open the Alash party committee of the Akmola region. So, he will be a member of that committee. From December 5-13, in Orinbor, the famous Alash participates as a delegate in the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress announcing the government of the Horde. In terms of his age, he was just over twenty years old, and he was not left out of struggle and search.
In 1915-1916, the Kazakh youth of Ombi used to gather secretly in Karzha on the left bank, but after the 17th change, they organized an open meeting in the city. The result of the first gatherings was the "Young Citizen" organization and newspaper, which in 1918-1919 provided unwavering support to the Alash Horde and did thorough work on the issue of national unity. Koshke joined the board of this organization, he became the editor of the newspaper "Zhas Gajam", which was published in the city of Kyzylzhar. As a follower of national publications such as "Kazakh", "Saryarka", "Abay", "Young Citizen" published articles lamenting the loss of Alash. This newspaper publicized the unbelieving actions of the Bolsheviks. He also called the youth to unity in difficult times. In 1919, Koshke entered the Ombi Polytechnic Institute. Here he studies only the first year. In 1920, he was invited to become a teacher in Petropavl (Kyzylzhar) district of Akmola region (center - Omby). Here he begins to lecture as a teacher at the newly established "Red Teacher's Course" in accordance with its name. At that time, Magzhan also taught here. Dzhunisbek Zhanghonakov, who graduated from this course and later became the director of the Kazakh pedagogic school in Omby, recalls: "200 teachers attended the course. Koshmukhambet taught the subject of creation. He was also busy with literary issues. "He used to read his stories and plays from his manuscript," he writes.
## Plays
In the city of Kyzylzhar, Koshke's dramaturgical ability was sharpened. Before that, K. Kemengeruly, who had staged plays such as "Aulie Tauip", now expanded the subject of his works in this field. In 1919-1920, two plays titled "Wolves and Sheep" and "The Fruit of Freedom" were written by him. Both of these were performed on the stage of the city garden in Kyzylzhar. Zh. Zhanghonakov tells about the events of 1916 in the play "Wolves and sheep" that he played the role of an official, and Sabit Mukanov, who later became a writer, played the role of a messenger of the bolys.
## Family
In the spring of 1923, a big event happened in the personal life of K. Kemengeruly: he met his daughter Zura Mukhamedzhan while he was teaching medicine to people in the Kyzylzhar region under the guidance of professor Zarnitsyn. At that time, Koshke was a student-intern. As fate would have it, in March 1924, Zura died with a child. This tragedy shocked Koshke. In 1925, K. Kemengeruly married Gulsim Jamivyna. Gulsim has three children named Zaira (1926-2011), Narmanbet (1927-2008), Saule (1928-1993). Descendants from them live today in Omb and Almaty, Kokshetau, Astana, Karaganda regions of Russia.
## K. Kemengeruly in Tashkent
He moved here to serve the nation. In the 20s, most of the intellectuals settled mainly in Tashkent. The political climate here was relatively different from Orinbor. In Turkestan, the people at the top of the government had different preferences for the old studies. "Talap" community founded by H. Dosmukhameduly in 1922 was filled with good citizens. At that time, Alash lions worked here in the fields of press and education. K. Kemengeruly once believed in the idea of the Turkestan confederation raised by the figure T. Ryskululy.
Having established himself in Tashkent, Koshke began to have close relations with the Alash intellectuals who had settled here in 1921-22. At that time, Ahmet and Mirzhakyp were working in Orynbor, and Alikhan Bukeikhan was working in the Kazakh section of the "Kunchykis" publishing house in Moscow. In Tashkent, Koshke also interacted with such lions as Khalel Dosmukhameduly, Mukhtar Auez, Magzhan Zhumabay, Zhusipbek Aimautuly, Abdolla Baitasuly, Daniyal Yskakuly. The time when Koshke turned his horse's head to Turkestan coincided with the time when the famous "Alka" program was widely discussed among readers. The following lines in the program corresponded to Koshke's ideal: "The mouth of the new literature has been drawn, the beginning has not yet begun." There have been and are bright and dark times in our lives. Kazakhs had and still have their own views on nature, life, and life, their own philosophy, deep feelings. Not one of these has yet been written. ... Without these things, literature will not be our own literature."
A little later, in 1926, it is known that Koshke elaborated and systematized this idea in his article "On Fiction". His opinion about the nature and legitimacy of art is still controversial.
The Tashkent period of his career expanded the life of K. Kemengeruly's creativity. He finished his research on "Kazakh History" which he started in Omsk and submitted it to the publishing house "Kunchikys" in Moscow. In 1925, this publishing house also published the author's scientific work "Formerly Oppressed Nations" and "Kazakh-Russian Translator". Under the leadership of K. Kemengeruly, Baigaskauly, Baimakanuly, Dauletbekuly, Temirbekuly, Sarsenbayuly were involved in creating the dictionary. While in Tashkent, Koshke wrote a 2-book textbook in Kazakh. The first of them was published in 1928 in Tashkent, and the second in 1929 in Kyzylorda.
As S. Saduakasuly wrote in 1918-1919: "The young demand of Kemengeruly's prose gives hope for the future", Koshke's writings in the Tashkent years of his life were "Colonial Ugliness", "Bloody Wave", "Momyntai", "Erlik". In the heart", "Kazakh women", "Orphan girl", "Duryia", "Nazikha" and other original stories were born. Artist K. Kemengeruly, like his colleagues Mukhtar Auez, Zhusipbek Aimayutuli, aspired to the heights of artistic representation, preserving the national style in prose. In 1925, he moved to Akmeshit, the capital of Kazakhstan, and this Kazakh settlement along the iron road received a new name, Kyzylorda. Here, on January 13, 1926, the State National Theater opened its first curtain with the play "Golden Ring" by K. Kemengeruly. This performance had a positive effect on the playwright, and in 1926 he wrote and presented to the audience the plays "Bribers", "Old Reading" in 1927, and "Kunasiz kuygender" in 1930. Talented critic S. Saduakasuly evaluated Koshke's drama: "The inner secret of a private person is more familiar than this."
Koshke Kemengeruly showed his abilities as a skilled journalist in Tashkent. He worked in the newspaper "Ak Zhol" with the consent of Ombay, and also edited several issues of the scientific and educational magazine "Sana". Participated in the organization of the first meeting of "Ak Zhol" reporters held in 1925. He wrote various articles on society, economy, science and education. He expressed a constructive opinion in the debate on literature. Kuyben collected material for a novel he was going to write about his contemporaries when he was free from journalistic and educational life. In his letter to D. Adilul on March 16, 1925, which was found in the archives of the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote: "You are a person who has experienced a lot of history in your life. You know that I can make fun of the city. I want to know your way of life. Take some time. The reporting period has arrived. "I sat down to write a novel about Kazakh intellectuals."
Three children named Zaira, Narmanbet and Saule were born to Koshke and Gulsim (the daughter of an Ombi intellectual).
## Teaching work
Koshmukhambet Kemengeruly remained in the history of Tashkent in the 20s, full of political upheavals, not only as a writer, but also as an educator and educator. He says that in 1926 he lectured at the Central Asian University and the Turkestan Military School. Karatker also gave lectures on the Kazakh language at the rabfa of SAGU, the preparatory department, the faculty of oriental studies, the faculty of Soviet economy and law, and the faculty of pedagogy.
After working at the university for two years, K. Kemengeruly seriously wanted to focus on science. In this case, he chose Turkification. On October 23, 1928, Koshke was admitted to the department of Turkic studies of the Faculty of Oriental Studies as a graduate student. Along with K. Kemengeruly, Mukhtar Auez also studied at the postgraduate course of this faculty. These two talented citizens were mentored by such scientists as A. Schmidt, M. Gavrilov, A. Dobson. Real science is born only after open and systematic discussion. As a linguist, Koshke used to argue with mentors like Yudakhin, Polivanov, and Schmidt about complex issues of the Kazakh language. For example, at the orthography conference held in May 1929, E. Omarov, K. Zhubanov, K. Kemengeruly expressed their firm opinion about new orthography and the principles of term creation, and argued with European scientists. This was a manifestation of the confrontation of the Eurocentric view of linguistic science, which has emerged from the cradle and is growing stronger.
Koshke was in Tashkent and wrote a number of studies on the problems of Kazakh language education. According to Daniyal Yskakuly, who studied at SAGU: "In 1927, when S. Saduakasuly became the director of the Kazakh Pedagogical University in Tashkent, he hired Koshke as a teacher."
The scientific work of K. Kemengeruly includes the "Grammar of the Kazakh language" published in Russian in 1927 compiled by G. Arkhangelsky. In the foreword of this study, edited by Koshke, the compiler says: "The real work presents the written lecture on the Kazakh language, read tov. Kemengerov writes that he is a teacher of the Kazakh language at Turkestanskih Kursakh Vostokovedina RKKA in 1924-1925 and expresses great gratitude to his teacher. And in the statement written by the publisher, it is said that A. Baitursynuly highly appreciated this work.
Koshke Kemengeruly did not stop at just one Tashkent in the 24-30s. He went on various business trips to the cities of Orinbor, Kyzylorda, Semey, Shymkent and communicated with writers.
In the summer of 1929, the penman touched the soil of Kyzyltau and Sarytau for the last time.
## Persecution
On October 13, 1930, K. Kemengeruly was arrested in Tashkent on the false charge of being a "perpetrator of actions against the Soviet government" and imprisoned. He described his current state of mind and his suffering as "I am stuck in a deep abyss without a passage. I could not find justice. Is there any way?" described it, in one of his letters to his cousin Nurmagambet, he says, "The bird is in the hunt, and the fish is in the net, there is no way for fate to write." At the end of October 30 of this year, Koshke was sent from Tashkent to Almaty prison. He stayed in Almaty prison until the end of April 1932. On April 20, by the decision of the trio, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison under clauses 10, 11 of Article 58 and deported to Valuyki, Ukraine. Kalamger was a doctor in the railway system here. It was in 1932-1933 that S. Saduakasuly worked as an engineer in the construction of this road. Also, in the direction of Valuyki, Voronezh, such citizens as Kh. Dosmukhameduly, Zh. Dosmukhameduly, Zh. Akbayuly, E. Omaruly, S. Kadyrbayuly, K. Tokhtibayuly, M. Tynyshbai, Zh. Kuderiuly, M. Myrzauly were deported.
In 1935, Koshke Kemengeruly completed his term in Valuyki. According to the law, he was now free to return to the country. But the cunning NKVD wanted to keep political prisoners out of the country. That is why K. Kemengeruly did not give his full consent and allowed him to settle in Sharbakkol of Omb. He chose a simple job in the district health department.
According to Zaira Koshkevyna's memoirs, her father finished a novel about his contemporaries that he had written from Tashkent in the middle of 1937, and now he was considering a way to deliver it to Almaty publishing houses. The book was later captured by the NKVD in manuscript form.
The dark whirlwind of 1937 found Kochke, a doctor in Sharbakkol, without difficulty. The sentence to shoot the figure was confirmed on November 17 and executed on November 21 in Ombi. His relatives did not know that Koshke had moved to the eternal world - only God knew. Koshke became a martyr in the cause of justice and freedom.
When the Siberian Military District Tribunal officially acquitted their father on August 17, 1957, Zaira, Narmanbet, and Saule were sensible citizens who knew the rules of totalitarianism. Now the generation descended from them is loyal to the legacy of their ancestors and has grown up.
Since 1995, Koshke's heritage has been published several times. In 2004-2006, the publishing house "Alash" published a three-volume collection of the artist's works. The science of koshketanu is also developing and branching out.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3380 | List of countries (common names) | This list contains the official or generally accepted names of the countries of the world. The names of some countries are not included in this list because they still do not have a place in the Kazakh language. You can see the complete list of countries with the laws of Kazakh phonetics in this list.
## A
* Afghanistan - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan; Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (from August 15, 2021)
* Abkhazia - Republic of Abkhazia
* Algeria - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
* Australia - Union of Australia
* Austria - Republic of Austria
* Andorra - Principality of Andorra
* Angola - Republic of Angola
* Anguilla (Overseas Territory of Great Britain)
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina - Republic of Argentina
* Armenia - Republic of Armenia
* USA - America United States
* US Virgin Islands (US Administration Territory)
* American Samoa (US Administration Territory)
up ↑
### A
* Azerbaijan - Republic of Azerbaijan
up ↑
### B
* Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain
* Bahamas - Commonwealth of Bahamas
* Bangladesh - Bangladesh People's Republic
* Barbados
* Western Sahara - Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* UAE - United Arab Emirates
* Belize
* Belarus - Republic of Belarus
* Belgium - Kingdom of Belgium \< > * Benin - Republic of Benin
* Bermuda
* Bhutan - Kingdom of Bhutan
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bolivia - Plurinational State of Bolivia
* Bulgaria - Republic of Bulgaria
* Botswana - Botswana Republic
* Brazil - Federative Republic of Brazil
* British Virgin Islands (Overseas Territory of Great Britain)
* Brunei - State of Brunei Darussalam
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi - Republic of Burundi
up ↑
### B
* Vanuatu - Republic of Vanuatu
* Vatican City - Vatican City State
* Venezuela - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
* Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
up ↑
### G
* Ghana - Republic of Ghana
* Gabon - Republic of Gabon
* Gambia - Republic of Gambia \< > * Guyana - Cooperative Republic of Guyana
* Haiti - Republic of Haiti
* Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
* Greece - Greek Republic
* Georgia
* Grenada
* Guatemala - Republic of Guatemala
* Guinea - Republic of Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau - Republic of Guinea-Bissau
* Honduras - Republic of Honduras
* Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)
* Guam - Territory of Guam (administered by the United States territory)
up ↑
### D
* Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
* Djibouti - Republic of Djibouti
* Dominica - Commonwealth of Dominica
* Dominican Republic
up ↑
### J
* Japan
* New Zealand
up ↑
# ## Z
* Zambia - Republic of Zambia
* Zimbabwe - Republic of Zimbabwe
up ↑
### I
* Iran - Iran Islamic Republic
* Iraq - Republic of Iraq
* Indonesia - Republic of Indonesia
* Ireland
* Iceland - Republic of Iceland
* Spain - Kingdom of Spain
* Israel - State of Israel
* Italy - Republic of Italy
* Jordan - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
up ↑
### Y
* Yemen - Republic of Yemen
up ↑ \< >
### K
* Qatar - State of Qatar
* Canada
* Cameroon - Republic of Cameroon
Cape Verde - Republic of Cape Verde
* Cambodia - Republic of Cambodia
* DPRK - Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* Republic of Korea
* Comoros - Union of Comoros
* Colombia - Republic of Colombia
* Democratic Republic of Congo
* Republic of Congo
* Costa Rica - Republic of Costa Rica
* Cote d'Ivoire - Republic of Cote d'Ivoire
* Cuba - Republic of Cuba \ <> * Kuwait - State of Kuwait
* Cook Islands (British Overseas Territory)
* Kenya - Republic of Kenya
* Kiribati - Republic of Kiribati
* Cyprus - Republic of Cyprus
* Curacao
up ↑
### К
* Kazakhstan - Republic of Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyz Republic
* China - People's Republic of China
up ↑ \< >
### Л
* Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic
* Latvia - Republic of Latvia
* Lesotho - Kingdom of Lesotho
* Liberia - Republic of Liberia \< > * Libya - State of Libya
* Lebanon - Republic of Lebanon
* Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania
* Liechtenstein - Duchy of Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
top ↑
### M
* Mali - Republic of Mali
* Malaysia
* Malawi - Republic of Malawi
* Republic of Maldives
* Malta - Republic of Malta
* Madagascar - Republic of Madagascar
* Marshall Islands - Republic of Marshall Islands
* Mauritania - Islamic Republic of Mauritania
* Mauritius - Republic of Mauritius
* Hungary
* Mexico - United States of Mexico
* Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia
* Moldova - Republic of Moldova
* Monaco - Principality of Monaco
* Mongolia
* Montserrat (British Overseas Territory)
* Morocco - Kingdom of Morocco
* Mozambique - Republic of Mozambique
* Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt
* Myanmar - Republic of the Union of Myanmar
up ↑
### H
* Namibia - Republic of Namibia
* Nauru - Republic of Nauru
* Nepal - Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
* Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
* Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua
* Niger - Republic of Niger
* Nigeria - Federal Republic of Nigeria \< > * Niue (Territory of New Zealand)
* Norway - Kingdom of Norway
up ↑
### O
* Oman - Sultanate of Oman
* OAR - Republic of South Africa
* Central African Republic
* South Sudan - Republic of South Sudan
* South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) For South Korea, see Republic of Korea
* For South Korea See link Republic of Korea
up ↑
### О
* Uzbekistan - Republic of Uzbekistan
up ↑
### P
* Republic of Palau
* Palestine - State of Palestine
* Panama - Republic of Panama
* Papua - New Guinea - Independent State of Papua - New Guinea
* Paraguay - Republic of Paraguay \ <> * Pakistan - Islamic Republic of Pakistan
* Peru - Republic of Peru
* Pitcairn Islands (British Overseas Territory)
* Poland - Republic of Poland
* Portugal - Republic of Portugal
* Puerto Rico (Territory administered by the United States)
up ↑
### Р
* Russia - Russian Federation
* Rwanda - Republic of Rwanda
* Romania
up ↑
### C
* Saudi Arabia - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
* Samoa - Independent State of Samoa
El Salvador - Republic of El Salvador
* San Marino - Republic of San Marino
* Sao Tome and Principe - Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
* Senegal - Republic of Senegal
* Saint Kitts and Nevis - Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (British Overseas Territory)
* Saint Lucia (British Overseas Territory)
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (British Overseas Territory)
* Serbia - Republic of Serbia
* Seychelles - Republic of Seychelles
* Singapore - Republic of Singapore
* Slovakia - Slovak Republic
* Slovenia - Republic of Slovenia
* Solomon Islands
* Somalia - Federated Republic of Somalia
* Somaliland - Republic of Somaliland
* Sudan - Republic of Sudan
* Suriname - Republic of Suriname
* Syria - Syrian Arab Republic
* Sierra Leone - Republic of Sierra Leone
* Northern Cyprus - Northern Cyprus Republic of Turkey
* North Macedonia - Republic of North Macedonia For North Korea see Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* For North Korea see Democratic People's Republic of Korea
up ↑
### T \ <>
* Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania
* Republic of China or Taiwan
* Thailand - Kingdom of Thailand
* Togo - Togolese Republic
* Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
* Trinidad and Tobago - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
* Tunisia - Republic of Tunisia
* Tuvalu
* Tajikistan - Republic of Tajikistan
* Turkey - Republic of Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Transnistria - Transnistria Moldovan Republic (partly recognized state)
up ↑
### U
* Uganda — Republic of Uganda
* Ukraine
* Uruguay — Republic of Eastern Uruguay
up ↑
### N
* United Kingdom - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
up ↑
### Я
* India - Republic of India
up ↑
### Ф
* Fiji - Republic of Fiji
* Finland - Republic of Finland
* France – French Republic
up ↑
### X
* Croatia – Republic of Croatia
up ↑
### Ч
* Chad - Republic of Chad
* Czech Republic - Czech Republic
* Chile - Republic of Chile
up ↑
### Ш
\< > * Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden
* Switzerland - Swiss Confederation
* Sri Lanka - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
* East Timor - Democratic Republic of East Timor
top ↑
### E
* Ecuador - Republic of Ecuador
* Equatorial Guinea - Republic of Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea - State of Eritrea
* Eswatini - Kingdom of Eswatini
* Estonia - Republic of Estonia
* Ethiopia - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
up ↑
### I
up ↑
### Y
*
up ↑
## Comments
## External links
* List of Territories (2004 ). United Nations Cartographic Section. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
* Countries and currencies Archived 28 April 2006. (2004). European Commission. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
* The World Factbook Archived 7 November 2017. (2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
* Countries Archived 7 March 2017. - Open Listing Project (ODP)
* How many countries are there in the world? an article by David Madore on this unanswerable question |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1727 | Abay Kunanbayuly | Abay (Ibrahim) Kunanbayuly (August 10, 1845 - July 6, 1904) was a teacher, poet, educator, founder of the Kazakh literary language, philosopher, musician, translator, political figure, and brought closer to Russian and European culture, relying on his liberal views on Islam. a reformer who aimed to renew Kazakh culture through In his poetic works, Abai focused on the social, public, and moral problems of the Kazakh people.
Abay was well versed in Eastern and Western culture. He was well acquainted with the works of a number of world thinkers. Written in the style of philosophical treatises, "Black Words" is valuable for its scope, depth of worldview, political and social importance.
## Brief overview
Abai Kunanbayuly came from the Tobyk tribe of Orta Yuz. His father, Kunanbai Uskenbayuly, was one of the most famous people of his time. In an election in the middle of the 19th century, the royal government confirmed it to the senior sultanate of Karkaraly district. Abai's mother, Ulzhan, was a daughter of the Karakesek clan from the Argyn tribe of Orta Yuz, Abai was raised by her grandmother Zere, who became the great-grandmother of Uskenbay's family, from her childhood. Our mother Tokbala (Zere), the godmother of Uskenbay, was the daughter of the rich Bektemir of Naiman's Matai bolys. Zere's grandmother affectionately called Ibrahim "Abay". Since then, Abai entered history with this name.
One of the four sons born to Kunanbai and Ulzhan, who came from such a noble background, Abay stands out for his special abilities and intelligence from an early age. The father, who is critical of the child, has high hopes for this child. After his father noticed his intelligence, after he turned 10, he sent him to Ahmet Riza Madrasah in Semipalatinsk. After studying at the madrasah for four years, he was taken out of school, kept with him, and began to teach the country's administration. Around his father, he interacts with the best of the country and gets to know the spiritual culture systems of his people. He is ready to speak eloquently in the style of a dancer. With his rational speech and fair rule, he became known and famous. Soon, at the beginning of the seventies, there will be a country called Konyr Kokshe. After getting involved in the government and gaining some experience, he tried to shed light on the dark side of people's life. But it does not produce satisfactory results. Therefore, he tries to promote the things he finds useful to his people with artistic words, especially poems. On the one hand, Abay read the oriental classics Nizami, Saghdi, Khoja Hafiz, Nauai, Fizuli, Jami and others, on the other hand, Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nikolai Nekrasov, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Krylov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan He studied the legacy of Turgenev and Nikolai Chernyshevsky, with whom he was deeply acquainted, from Western literature he read poets such as Goethe, George Byron, studied the works of Draper, Spinoza, Spencer, Lewis, and Darwin.
## Biography
### Family
Abai Kunanbayuly was born on August 23, 1845 in the Chinggis mountains of the modern Semey region, one of the four wives of Kunanbay, the elder sultan of Karkaraly. , born from his second wife, Ulzhan.
The poet's ancestry begins with Olzhai batyr in Ortahuz Tobyk, Argyn. 3 generations named Aydos, Kaidos, and Gyagek descend from Olzhai. Each of these later became a country with a separate tribe. Aidos's wife Aipara gave birth to 4 sons: Yrgyzbay, Kotibak, Topai, Torgai. Their father was a gentle, peasant man, and their mother was a sharp-tongued woman with a strong character. To the children of Aipara:
Chain boy, chubar chest Yrgyzbayim,
Tokpak jaldi toraigyr Kotibag,
Don't go away, don't go away Topayim,
Probably and right-handed sparrow...
As Ana said, indeed, among them, Yrgyzbai was the leader of the country. Urker, Myrzatai, Zhortar, Uskenbay spread from Yrgyzbai. As Uskenbai was a good man for farmers and fair to the government, the proverb "If you are honest, go to Uskenbai, if you are dishonest, go to Yeraly" is left behind. Kunanbai was born from Zere, the wife of Uskenbai.
Kunanbai is a man who married 4 wives. From his godmother Kunke - Kudaiberdi, to his younger brother Kuttymuhambet, after becoming a widow during the bride's marriage, his second wife gave birth: from Ulzhan - Tanirberdi (Takezhan), Ibrahim (Abay), Ishaq, Ospan, and from his third wife Aigiz - Haliulla, Ismagul. Nurganym, the youngest wife, married in old age, has no children. That's why Abay said, "I was six from my father and four from my mother." The future poet grew up under the upbringing of his mother Ulzhan, who had a calm and generous nature, who was known as the mother of the country, "old grandmother" Zere. Abai first opened a dairy in the Gabithan mullah in the village, and after turning 10 years old, he studied at the Ahmet Riza mosque-madrasah in Semipalatinsk for 3 years. In this madrasa, religious classes were conducted mainly in Arabic and Persian languages. A child who is more attentive than his peers devotes himself to study and becomes the best student. He does not focus only on studying religion, but strives to improve his education on his own. Thus, he gets acquainted with the works of many oriental poets, fairy tales, sagas, and stories written in Arabic, Iranian, Chagatai (old Uzbek) languages, and admires the great scholars and classic poets of the East, such as Nizami, Nauai, Sagdi, Khoja Hafiz, Fizuli. In the third year of the madrasa, Abay also entered the "Prihodskaya Shkola" in Semipalatinsk, where he began to learn Russian. But he could not continue his studies, and after only 3 years, he completed his studies in both Muslim and Russian languages.
Kunanbai, who realized that Abay was superior to other children, invited him to the country, took him with him, and tried to involve him in administrative work. So, 13-year-old Abai gets involved in the country's affairs. During the years that Father Abai was with him, he clearly understood the tricks of the officials, the contradictions of the feudal relations, which began to disintegrate in the Kazakh steppe, the consequences of social inequality, hunger and nakedness, the harm of patriaphalism, customs and traditions.
The colonial policy of the tsarist government and the corrupt actions of the local rulers of the Russian governors, he felt a sense of disgust in his heart and decided to fight against them. adheres to the conclusion. With this goal, he participated in elections and won, and in 1876-1978 he became a candidate for Konyr-Kokshe country. During these years, Abai tried to balance the balance of justice by using the power in his hands. Those who did violence to the weak and those who committed theft were severely punished and became patrons of the people. This direction of his administration of the country was strongly opposed by the shonjars, who were oppressing the people as they wished, and there were more false complaints against him. One of them was Uzikbai Boribaev, who filed a false claim that "they took away my land called Taimakkol", and the case lasted for 10 years in exile, and finally ended with the help of Yevgeny Michaelis. P. V. Makovetsky dismissed this case on August 27, 1884 as a false slander. A group of Shonjar's enemies filed a complaint against the poet saying, "Abai was taken hostage, the village was washed away and the woman was abused."
The poet was exiled from St. Petersburg to Semipalatinsk in the 1870s for his political activities, and in the 80s with the Russian democrats N. I. Dolgopolov, A. Meets A. Leontiev. Undoubtedly, these forward-thinking citizens had a positive influence on Abai's political and social outlook. But to say that Abai Kunanbayev is related to Russian culture, literature, and democratic views through these people would be an understatement. At this point, Mukhtar Auzov said, "Well, after learning the Russian language and getting to know the great Russian culture richly and deeply, Abay does not learn his own ideas from them. He studied the heritage of Pushkin himself, Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, and Nekrasov and received a wide and deep education. "If we attribute the importance of Abay as a classical poet and his social outlook only to the influence of Michaelis, then we would be insulting Abay, the great heritage and great sages of the Russian people." Thus, Abai read European poets such as Goethe, George Byron, works of critical scholars such as Spencer, Benedict Spinoza, Lewis, Darwin, and Draper. So, in the words of Auezov, "in 1884, when he was almost forty years old, he was a man with a lot of knowledge about the world." At this point, in 1886, on the recommendation of his friend Michaelis, Abay was elected a full member of the Statistical Committee of Semipalatinsk region.
In 1875, he won the elections held in the country of Konyrkokshe and remained absent until 1878. Abai, who knows well the traditional ways of ruling the country, customary laws of the Kazakh people, is actively involved in various administrative and legal reforms in the country. In his old age, he keeps away from administrative power and officialdom and engages only in creativity. In many of Abai's works, the theme of Adam, Being and Reality, as well as the secret of absolute truth, is a constant place.
In May 1885, an emergency congress was held in Karamola along the Shar River under the leadership of General-governor of Semey Tseklintsky, where more than 100 bi-bolis of 5 districts of Semey province met. At this congress, Abai was elected as a top dancer and was tasked with developing "Legal regulations against criminal cases for the Semey Kazakhs." The commission headed by Abai prepared the regulation, which consists of 93 articles, in 3 days and 3 nights. It was a different document, not similar to the long-standing customary laws of the Kazakh community, nor to the laws of the tsarist government based on exploitation and violence. Its articles on theft, crime and women are particularly valuable. But after the Karamola congress, which raised Abay's fame so much, even his enemies died. In 1890, 16 officers, starting with Baigulak and Kuntu, conspired to commit a hostile action against Abay in Shi, on the outskirts of Jirenshe winter village.
Since 1891, Abay has been burdened by a cloud of grief that has been connected to each other. This year, the beloved brother of the poet, Ospan, will pass away. After that, she lost her son, Abdirahman, who had a Russian military education and had high hopes. How their death affected the poet's soul is evident from his collection of poems dedicated to this topic. Thus, the son of a talented poet, Magauiya, who was like his last support, also died. Forty days after the death of Abay Magauiya, who was severely broken by such a layered grief, he himself died. The remains of the poet will be buried near his younger brother Ospan in Zhidebai near Chingistau. On this day, the two-towered complex, built with the latest architectural style, stands as a symbol of the generation's undying love and respect for the two great sons of Kazakhstan - Abay and Shakarim.
The dispute started by Orazbai in 1891 lasted until 1897. The end of this tension leads to the conflict in the Mukyr elections of 1898 and the assassination of Abai. In his letter to the Senate, the poet proves all the hideous secret of this scandal, his own, with the most evidence. Abai started writing poems at the age of 10 ("Who is it that came and chased the camel..."), and began to produce his own poems in the period from 1880-1997. In 1896, the poet, who distributed his poems under everyone's name and published them under the name of Kokbay, warned his students to "collect" their poems. He wrote his khakliya-wills written in black language in 1890-1898. Abai married 3 wives. From grandmother Dilda: Akilbay, Abdirahman, Kulbadan, Akimbay, Magauiya, Raihan; He had 7 sons and 3 daughters named Turagul, Mekayil, Izkail, Junior from his second wife Aygerim. He did not see children from his wife Yerkezhan.
## His works
Abai started writing poems at the age of 10 ("Who was chasing the camel..."). In addition, his earlier poems are "Yuzi-raushan", the second is "Fizuli, Shamsi, Saikhali". Poems "Line, line, happiness", "Sharipke", "Abralyga", "Goodness", "Ken zhayla" were written between 1870 and 80 years. His great work, which showed his poetic power, was "Kansonard" in 1882. written. However, only after reaching the age of forty, he became seriously interested in fiction, developed his attitude, and understood the influence of the art of speech on the people's consciousness. His works unfold in three systems: one is his original poems; the second is his prose called ghakliya (or Abai's black words); the third - poems translated from other languages, especially from Russian.
Abai's poems are almost entirely composed of lyrics, it can be seen that he did not devote much time to the poem genre. In his short poems, he is very good at creating images of nature, portraits of people, and showing their internal and external qualities and behaviors with clear pictures. The characteristics of the Kazakh land and the national character of Kazakhs are visible in every poem. By getting to know the literature of the Eastern countries where Islam spread, he further strengthens his skills. Two stories from the East are turned into poems under the names "Masgut" and "Iskender". He also conveys his philosophical views on religious knowledge, which he believed in Islam in his own way, in poetry. Abai's world view was formed in the second half of the 19th century under the influence of the development of the economy and thought of the Kazakh people in the direction of forward striving. In the way of world studies, he reads the works of revolutionary democrats of Sary-Russia, digests the leading thoughts of his era, and uses them to explain the most important issues of Kazakh life to others. In the area of world studies, he weighs the relationship of two qualities - feeling and logic, intuition and mind. That's why he writes: "Don't believe without believing, if you come across a case."
The appearance of any nation on the stage of history is not only the result of a homogeneous way of life adapted to the system, but also a testimony to the unity of the dream-ansar (ideal), which is considered sacred. In that case, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the qualities such as laziness, arrogance, laziness, selfishness, lying, gossiping, pride, flattery, divisiveness, which have come under the criticism of Abai, are not innate defects of some Kazakh children, but are the result of political and social relations in the society where Abay lived. Then, Abay opened the way to consider the "flaws" of our ancestors not as a cause, but as a consequence of the political and social relations of that time.
## Black words
Abai Kunanbayuly's artistic, social, humanist and religious views are deeply known work - black words. Black words of Abai Kunanbayuly (Ghakliya) is a prose work written in a classical style, which shows the artistic power of the great poet in the art of speech, and his wisdom in philosophy. Black words of Abai Kunanbayuly, consisting of a total of forty-five separate works, are not written in the same direction in terms of theme, but are diverse. Six or seven of his samples are short, but some of them are extensive in terms of content and subject matter. Abay Kunanbayuly in his dark words not only paid attention to the light of the work, but also paid attention to its depth and logical meaning.
Thus, artistic skill and scientific intelligence combine artistic consciousness and philosophical consciousness. Abai Kunanbayuly's humanist, enlightened, social thoughts in his words, combined with his opinions on religion, form the philosophical concept of the entire Kazakh people. Abai Kunanbayuly's black words have also become a noble word shared by the entire human race.
Some of his dark words were first published in 1918 in the magazine "Abay" published in Semey. Later, Abay's black words were Russian, Chinese, French, etc. translated into many world languages.
### Thought expressed in black words
There is a complex philosophical concept of "food of the soul" that is exposed in Abay's seventh black speech. Abai Kunanbaily sees it as a science, a accumulated fund of knowledge that appears as a result of the radiation in the mind of the objective world that lives outside our consciousness. For this reason, Abay Kunanbayuly:
... we must have been passionate and increase our accumulated treasure, it was the food of the soul,
- gives a good explanation... in the word" was to inculcate only the healthy food of the soul into the mind of his generation through the passion of the soul that is born in a person. This is where the source of one of the branches of Abai Kunanbayuly's educational approach took root.
Abai Kunanbayuly expressed his thoughts in this direction in other words, "Don't be proud of not finding science", etc. said in his poems. Here he replaces the concept of "food for the soul" with the many things necessary to "be a man" from the point of view of his time. The poet presents the thesis of his systematic and established view of being a complete person. It is in the lines:
If you want to become a person...
Avoid five things...,
Be eager for five things,
-. In all the works of the poet, there was a relevant idea in the main topic. According to Abai Kunanbayuly, the enrichment of our inner spiritual treasury is directly in our hands. This sad opinion is repeated in Abai Kunanbayuly's "Nineteenth Speech". According to Abai Kunanbayuly's worldview, the emergence of consciousness and reason is a natural phenomenon that arises only as a result of everyday life experience. That's why Abai Kunanbayuly said in his nineteenth speech:
A person is not born from his parents: if he hears, sees, touches, tastes and remembers, he knows the good and bad in the world, and the person who knows and sees a lot becomes educated. A person who listens to the words of others will become a listener himself... If he takes into account the good things he has heard from those listeners, if he avoids the bad ones, then he will be useful, then he can be called a person.
it can be seen that it expands and develops.
## Abay lexicon
As the basis of the Abay language is the general folk speech and oral literary language of the Kazakh people, its lexicon-phraseological treasury is based on the origin, first of all, from native Kazakh words, then consists of a small layer of Arabic-Persian and Russian words. The Abai language clearly reflects the changes and innovations that took place in the Kazakh vocabulary due to the political-social, cultural-economic situation of the Kazakh society during its time. For example, if some names become old and fall out of use, Abay often uses such words to describe antiquity or as an image.
The words khan, vizir, alaman, abyz, ylis, tokis, marzdama are often used in Kara words in the context of telling history. And he accepts the new names that have come to life, and creates new ones in addition to them (see New words). In connection with the theme of Abay's works, ethnographisms (childekhana, three nines, kinamende, akshomshi, iktirma, zhuzeu, etc.) ), also uses the names of ancient clothes, armor, and equipment (dandaku, jarhak shalvar, pystan, chakak, chonchik, helmet, sharayna, etc.). He also uses words that are outdated in terms of appearance (for example, uluk instead of Uly, small instead of small, tukry instead of tura) with a specific purpose, such as adverbial formation and semantic tone. However, it can be seen that the degree of obsolescence of a number of words during Abay's time was much weaker than it is today. For example, the words "brother" and "sister" in the meaning of "brother", "country", "near" and "foreign", "alash" with distant semantics, and "hand" in the military sense are still freely and often used in these concepts, both in the Kazakh literary language and in the Abai language. A language that is closely related to the life of society, especially its vocabulary, changes according to the life of that society in each period, that is, the meanings of a number of words change, one of them is raised to the level of a term, and now the frequency of use of a variety of words increases. Writers actively participate in this process. At the same time, Abai's work stands out.
Arabic and Persian influence:
The next layers of Abai language lyrics are Arabic and Persian words. Abai freely uses oriental words that have long been used in the common language of the Kazakh people. They are devoted to religion, education, arts and education, administration, trade, etc. b. is related. The vast majority of Arabic-Persian words, as in the general vernacular, in Abai are abstract concept names (ar, honor, mercy, nala, duty, anger, imagination, power, era, etc.). One of the features of the lyrics of the Abai language is the use of Arabic-Persian words that are not included in the Kazakh language. They are mainly concentrated in Abai's poems, not in all of them, but only in some of them, which are known according to the topic. The famous thirty-eighth speech dedicated to the children of the power of the heart of those works and the 13th speech, which tells Kazakh readers that they will obey and believe... In expressing his thoughts on philosophy and morality, the author used the Arabic names of the concepts in these fields as they were, without Kazakhizing them.
Russian words:
The next layer of Abai's lyrics is Russian words. Although they are much less than the Arab-Persian stratum in terms of number, they dominate in terms of the direction of further displacement. The cause of this trend was, first of all, the social, political, and economic condition of the Kazakh society at that time and further, and secondly, the democratic development of the Kazakh national written language. Abai and Ibrai took the elements of the Russian language directly from the Russian literary language, not from the experience of general speech. Most of Abay's popularly used words are related to administrative, legal, and economic spheres. They are: bolys, candidate, oyaz, siyaz, sarshyn, mayir, shen, party, sot, shar, zakun, zakunshik, kateleshke, bodan, rakhod, kir, lapke, barkyt, samauryn, apartment, soma, bakalshik, malish (trade) , arshepke, drum, plant, machine.
Abay has a group of Russian words that do not appear in the Kazakh literary models before and during his time. They are lawyer, doctor, governor, chief, visit, monastery, frankincense, bayonet, cartridge, tact, number, chemistry, tragedy, unit, zero, education, appointment, mediator, lot, request, knowledge, direct, caviar, factory, electricity , rumke, glass, and the nouns уоздный, уовенный, жазомыслачью, уголовный, самородный (yellow gold), vinovat, and the verbs гулайттау, пошел, занимайся.
## Abai and Pushkin
A translator needs two qualities. One is elegance, the other is depth of thought. What we mean by sophistication is one aspect of Abay's rule. Abay did not translate what he saw, he competed with the author who was trying to translate. Abay's translations are, in fact, mind-boggling. Therefore, Abay's translations should be taken as the field of his thought space. Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov, who selected and selected from the Russian people fluent in the Abai language, translated two poets in particular. You will be amazed by Abay's elegance. Abai definitely recognized two scientists who will remain forever with the Russian country and its culture and do not fall under any other value criteria, and in order to introduce them to the Kazakh people, he translated their works into the Kazakh language.
Abai did not fully translate the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" written in verse. Abai translated excerpts from it: "Onegin's character," "Tatyana's letter to Onegin," "Onegin's answer to Tatyana," "Onegin's speech." "Onegin's letter to Tatyana", "Tatiana's speech", "From Lensky's speech" and "Onegin's dying speech" - translated into eight works separately. If Yevgeny Onegin was translated completely, it would not be accepted by Kazakh readers, probably, Abai understood that, Kazakh readers are immersed in such classic and wonderful works on the theme of love and infatuation, starting with "Layli Mazhnun", that's why they might not accept Onegin's feelings for Tatiana. Of course, he cannot accept it. In the Eastern tradition, lovers have to go to sacrifice, for example, like Kozy Korpesh-Bayan Sulu. Realizing this, Abai selected and translated excerpts from "Evgeny Onegin" and translated them into Kazakh terms.
## Musical legacy
Great poet, educator, Abai left a legacy in the field of music as already mentioned. He wrote down his precious poems and dark words on paper and left them for the next generation, but he did not have such a chance in terms of music. After all, when Abay lived, there was no written culture of music in Kazakh, folk music was in a traditional form. That's why Abai's songs, like other Kazakh folk songs, passed from mouth to mouth, from time to time. Despite the lack of a written culture in the field of music, the reason why Abai's songs have reached us is that they were works of high quality to be kept in the hearts of the people, because they had an indelible place in the minds of the people. The uniqueness of Abai's songs is in the novelty of the melodic and rhythmic aspects, and the openness of the ideological content. At first glance, this difference was not clear to everyone who listened, nor was it going to be. In the feudal situation, which hindered the development of culture, for some, the new languages of those songs might seem like a departure from the tradition of Kazakh folk songs. But Abai, who was a fighter of new, progressive culture, did not back down. Seytip and Abay's songs first began to spread to his surroundings - villages and regions, and then to the Kazakh people as a whole. Since Abai's songs were nourished by the folk roots, rooted in folk songs, they became popular with the masses even when there were no musical notes. The reason for this was the creation of a poem text with a new sharp language that had never existed before in the musical tradition of the people.
## Abaytanu
Abaytanu is a branch of Kazakh literary studies. Abaytanu includes numerous research works on Abai's life and creative art, philosophy, social and aesthetic views, the verse system in Kazakh folk poetry, his contribution to the development of poetic language, and his musical heritage. It can be said that the study of Abai's life and creative heritage actually began with the articles of Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynuly, and Mirzhakip Dulatuly.
Ahmet Baitursynuly 1913 In the article "Abay - the main Kazakh poet" published in the "Kazakh" newspaper, Abay was praised very highly, saying that "there was no Kazakh poet who was better than him in the past, as we know." There are enough concrete data to prove that the work of collecting, writing down, organizing and preparing Abay's works for publication was started shortly after the poet's death. The collection of Abai's poems, which was compiled a few years before his publication and published in St. Petersburg in 1909, contained about one hundred and forty poems of the poet (including the translated poems) and the poems "Iskender", "Masgut", that is, almost all of the outstanding works of poetry known to this day were included.
## Abai Kunanbayuly's attitude towards religion
In evaluating and summarizing Abai's attitude towards religion, two types of misconceptions occurred. Some researchers say that Abai is a "representative of Islam from within the Kazakhs", while other researchers explain that Abai's thoughts on religion are a weak and weak side of the poet's creativity. The first opinion is a slander against Abai, and the last one is an assumption born as a result of bowing to vulgar sociology, without looking at the poet's understanding of religion from a historical and dialectical point of view. Correct understanding and evaluation of Abai's thoughts about religion requires a historical perspective. During Abay's time, dual religiosity took place in the Kazakh steppe, although the Islamic religion prevailed in official life, witchcraft instincts and concepts prevailed in everyday life. Dual religiosity is clearly visible in the beliefs and worldview of the Kazakh people at that time. The main category in witchcraft is "God", in Islam - "Allah" are Kazakh concepts. In shamanism, "jin" is the person who connects God and spirits with people, while in Islam, "angels" are considered to be the person who connects God with people. In the daily life of Kazakhs, shamanism was represented and conducted by shamans who called demons, and in the Islamic religion - hojas who considered themselves descendants of the prophet. In his work "A few words about the origin of the Kazakh roots", Abai specifically analyzes how the Islamic religion spread in the Kazakh land and its connection with shamanism.
Abai's understanding of religious problems - the relationship between God and man, life and death, soul and body, faith and shame, religion and science, religion and religious people, is an anti-clerical analysis. He specifically analyzes the relationship between God and man in the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth speeches and discusses with the great Greek thinker Socrates.
## The poet's childhood
Abay Kunanbayev was born in 1845 in Chinggis Mountain, Abay District, East Kazakhstan Region. The name of the call to prayer was Ibrahim.
Abay grew up in a religious family that respects the principles of Islam. His father, Kunanbai, was a very influential dance of the Haji family, who knew Russian well. He was in contact with representatives of leading intellectuals of Russia. He was elected as one of the first senior sultans in Karkaraly district, even though he was not from the sultan family. At the end of his life, he went on pilgrimage to Mecca. There is still Tabiya Hotel built by Kunanbay Hajj in Mecca. After returning from pilgrimage, Kunanbai renounced worldly affairs forever. The poet's grandfather, Uskenbai, was one of the fairest and most influential Kazakh dances in the North-East region of Kazakhstan. He left a lot of wise words and instructive commandments. People from distant Kazakh clans also came to Bi with complaints. Abai's great-grandfather Yrgyzbai was also a famous dancer and hero.
Abay first learned from the village mullah, and then studied for three years at the Ahmet Riza madrasa in Semipalatinsk. He was fond of books from a young age, he got acquainted with examples of Arabic-Persian and ancient Turkish literature. Abay deeply learned the traditional law of Kazakhs and the principles of Islam. The mullahs themselves were afraid of competing with him. Abai knew the samples of folk literature very well. He started writing his first poems while studying at school.
Father Kunanbai takes Abai back to the village from his studies with the aim of making him the future ruler of his tribe. Here he falls into the middle of the crowd. He often mingles with dancers, poets, musicians and singers, as well as the wise thinkers of the field. The poet's youth coincided with the time when the tsarist government began to enter southern Kazakhstan with military force. He saw with his own eyes that the position of the tsar's government in the district orders was getting stronger and the administrative reforms of the 1960s and 1990s were introduced. During his short absence, he tried to solve any case fairly and honestly. For that, he was deeply respected by ordinary people. But he gradually becomes convinced that complex problems of society cannot be solved in such a simple way. That is why he becomes an active supporter of education and science of Kazakhs.
## Interaction with representatives of advanced Russian intelligentsia
His interaction with representatives of advanced Russian intelligentsia greatly influenced the formation of the world view of the future poet. At that time, active participants in national liberation movements for the independence of their homeland were exiled to the territory of Kazakhstan. They were, in particular, more educated representatives of the intelligentsia in Ukraine and Poland. Representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, who opposed the policies of the tsarist government, were among the exiles. They contributed to the formation of Abai's political views. In particular, Eugene Michaelis, A. Leontiev, S. Gross, A. Black, P. Lobanovsky, N. Konshin, N. Dolgopolov and others.
They often visited with Abai. Thanks to them, Kazakh poet A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. He was well acquainted with the works of Lermontov and others.
## Abay is a great poet and thinker
Abay started writing his poems since childhood. But he first became known as a poet in the middle of the 80s of the 19th century. At that time, Abay published his poem "Zhaz" ("Summer is July when...") on his own behalf. Abai wrote the poems "Iskender", "Masgud", "Azim's story" and the ethical and philosophical work "Black words". In the poet's "Black words" written between 1890 and 1898, the existence of the Kazakh people in the second half of the 19th century was studied.
The conditions that greatly worried the poet were the mass impoverishment of Kazakhs and the beginning of beggarhood, the extreme tyranny of the officials of the tsarist government, the bribery and unsatisfied selfishness of the local bolys. In his poems, he tries to kill the stingy rich who do not lend a helping hand to their close relatives.
Abay called on the Kazakh society to work tirelessly. He exposes the bad qualities of some of his contemporaries - laziness, indolence, arrogance, divisiveness, and ignorance. He said that one of the ways to get out of poverty is to engage in farming, learn crafts and trade. He wrote:
Sow the harvest,
Trade tax
Learn, think, look for cattle
It was not possible for him to think otherwise. The frequent floods in the Kazakh steppe caused great suffering to the common people. At that time, it was possible to lose the livestock that had been accumulated for years and swallow it in one day. Abai saw the disaster of 1880 with his own eyes. That year, thousands of his compatriots fell into poverty. The number of poor households in Semey region has reached an unprecedented high. They flocked en masse to Cossack towns and Russian peasant villages, were hired for pennies, became domestic servants, handymen, and shepherds. There were many people who wandered the country begging.
Abay emphasized the need to teach Kazakhs to trade and engage in a certain type of business along with livestock breeding. He paid great attention to the occupations of the inhabitants of Central Asia. He wrote: "Looking at it now, there is no crop that the sart has not planted, there is no place that the merchant has not traveled, and there is no skill that the merchant has not done. No city people (that is, city people. — author) are worried about themselves and do not fight with each other. While he was not looking at Russia, he was carrying the afterlife (shroud. author) of the Kazakh dead and the clothes of the living."
Abai hated those who did not sympathize with the people, the contempt of the rich people for the common people made him angry. He was constantly looking for ways to develop the society in a progressive manner. Abay believed that honest people who serve the people should be elected to lead the country. He supported the qualities of selfless devotion to his people and protection of their interests in the people around him, his relatives and students.
## Careful and public education
The great poet called the young generation to be faithful, moral, and learn science and knowledge.
Do not be proud without finding science,
Do not adjust without finding a place.
Don't be happy with passion
Play and laugh in vain...
Avoid five things,
Be eager for five things,
I will be a man if you say,
Your wish, your life is ahead of you,
If you grieve for him,
Gossip, lies, proud,
Arrogant, want to waste money
\ <> If you know five enemies.
Demand, hard work, deep thought,
Think about satisfaction, grace -
Five noble deeds if you give in..., -
tells young people about five things - called to stay away from gossip, lies, pride, lasciviousness, vain squandering, five noble deeds - demand, love work, be able to think deeply, be satisfied, and be kind.
Abai urged to eliminate the fatal defects, impudence and shamelessness in the youth through upbringing and education. For this reason, the poet was in favor of building a large number of schools for the education of Kazakh children. In particular, he said: "Children should be taken from their parents and sent to school, some of them should be directed to study one type of profession, and some of them to study other professions. It is necessary to increase the number of schools, so that even girls study in them."
In his works, the great poet urged people to actively engage in science. He called on everyone to be accountable for every day of his past, and for the next generation to be reasonable.
According to Abai, three different factors must be found in a person to be human. First, the child must have a good background, secondly, his social status or environment must be pleasant, and thirdly, the child must be educated in a moral manner. Abay denounced corrupt rulers, greedy judges, and ignorant mullahs. He believed that this obstacle to the welfare of the people can be eliminated only through science and education. He tasked the youth to continuously work and learn. He stressed that work devoted to education is always fruitful and virtuous. Perhaps because of the darkness, he explained to the young people that education is the only way to bring the country to civilization.
## Translation service
Abai mastered the Russian language perfectly. This allowed him to translate a number of Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov's poems into Kazakh. In particular, Abai M.Yu. Lermontov's "Shaitan" ("Demon"), "Prayer" ("Molitva"), "Dagger", "I went on the road alone in a silent night", "Flag" ("The only flag is shining"), "Poplar's gift" ( He translated poems such as "Asau Terek doldang, burkarnyp"). Abay A.S. He freely translated excerpts from Pushkin's epic "Eugene Onegin" in the Kazakh language. "Tatyana's Song on the Edge" written by Abai to Tatyana's letter became a favorite song of the whole country.
Abay I.A. He also worked on translating Krylov's examples into Kazakh. A prominent leader of the Kazakh National Liberation Movement. Bukeikhanov wrote that during his visits to various districts in the Kyrgyz steppe, he was convinced that the poets there knew well the poems of Pushkin and Lermontov translated by Abai, and sang them on the drums. The works translated from Russian by Abai enriched Kazakh literature. Abai translated more than 50 poems of great Russian poets into Kazakh.
## Abai's place in the history of Kazakhstan
Abai revealed all aspects of the life of Kazakh society in his poems and teachings written in black language. Villagers flocked to him for advice. In particular, he was visited by famous poet and genealogist Mashhur Zhusip Kopeiuli of Bayanaul region. Political exiles who came to Semipalatinsk with Abay were also counted. All this caused jealousy and envy, even political suspicion, on the part of the officials of the tsarist government and some of their local henchmen. He intensified gossiping and slandering the poet. The administration of the tsar's government followed Abai with a torch and set up a search. Even in 1903, the police chief of Semey searched the house of the poet and his children.
The poet's health was affected by the death of close relatives and children one after the other, as well as being tracked down and persecuted. In 1891, Abay lost his favorite younger brother, Ospan. In 1895, the eldest son Abdirahman died. In the spring of 1904, another of his sons, Magauiya, passed away. These sad events hit Abay very hard. 40 days after Magawiya's death, Abay himself died.
The poet brought up his talented students. Abai's followers were Shakarim, Kokbay, Akylbay, Kakitai and Magauiya.
Abai never collected his poems during his lifetime. He wrote each of them on a piece of paper and distributed them to the young people. They memorized Abai's poems. Thus, Abai's poems spread from mouth to mouth in the Kazakh steppe. His poems were copied from hand to hand. Having such a handwritten copy was a great pleasure for every literate Kazakh. Later, his son Turagul began to collect Abay's works. The first collection of Abai's poems was published in Kazan in 1909 thanks to the poet Kakitai. Kokbai Zhanatayuly (1864-1927) was a devoted poet who exerted a lot of effort to collect and publish Abai Kunanbayev's poems and had a good influence. Those poems were published under the editorship of well-known public figure Alikhan Bukeikhan.
Abai occupies a prominent place in our national history and literature. Abay laid the foundations of Kazakh national written literature. The name Abay stands alongside Shakespeare, Pushkin and Goethe in the literature of the peoples of the world. The rich literary heritage of the poet is considered a spiritual treasure not only of one nation, but of the whole humanity. In Kazakhstan, the name of the great Abay is given to many settlements and streets, to the Almaty National University, to the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater in Almaty. Monuments were erected in Kazakhstan and Russia in honor of the great poet. International and republican scientific conferences dedicated to Abai's work are held annually in higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan. The 150th anniversary of the great poet was celebrated in 1995 at the world level of UNESCO.
## Turkmen readers
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the poet's death, Turkmen poets translated his poems, and scientists and critics wrote research articles on Abay's creative path and specific features of his poetry. Abai's poems were written by poets M. Seidov, K. Ezizov, S. Uraev, A. Baimuradov, A. Oraz Taganov translated into Turkmen. On the eve of the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great poet B. Kerbabayev, B. Seytakov, A. Alymkulov, N. Gullaev, A. Belmuradov, N. Esenmuradov also wrote articles with a comprehensive analysis of Abay's poems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, balls came to the fore in Turkmen poetry. Shahir is also an extraordinary poet, they can compose a poem without any prior preparation. Such shahars include Ker-molla, Bayram-shahir, Molla-murt, Durdy-Klych, Ata Salih, who continued the tradition of the great Abai. The peculiarity of extraction characteristic of Abai's poetry can be found in the poetry of these Turkmen poets. About this, the Turkmen writer A. Baimuradov spoke extensively in his article "Continuation of the Abai tradition in our poetry" ("Literature and Sungat", 1974). Along with poems, Abai's ghakliyas, epics "Iskender", "Masgut", "Azim's story" are well known to Turkmen readers.
## About Abai
About Abai (books, articles, films, etc.):
* Additional materials to Abay's biography — Mukhtar Auezov's article. It was published in volume 2 of the 2-volume collection "Abai Kunanbayuly's works" published in 1940.
* Abai is the great Kazakh poet (book) — ("Life and work of Abaya (Ibrahima) Kunanbaeva"), article by Mukhtar Auezov. "Lyrics and Poems" by Abay Kunanbayev, 1940. Foreword to the collection published in Russian by "Hudozhestvennaya literatura" publishing house. Book L. Published under the editorship of Sobolev.
* Abai is the great Kazakh poet (book) - the work of Mukhtar Auezov (together with B. Kenzhobaev). 1945 in connection with the 100th anniversary of Abai's birth. published.
* In the village of Abai - a work of art dedicated to the childhood of Mukhtar Auezov. Author T. Zhurtbaev. 1987 Published by "Zalyn" publishing house.
Surroundings of Abai's poetry - an article by Mukhtar Auezo. 1934 of "Literary Front" magazine. It was published in the 11-12 issue of the same year in the December 30 issue of the "Social Kazakhstan" newspaper.
* The country of Abai is an album-genealogy. It was published by "Oner" publishing house in 1994 on the occasion of Abay's 150th anniversary.
* A holiday held in the country of Abai - an essay by Mukhtar Auezov. On the 100th anniversary of Uly Abai, he wrote his thoughts based on what he saw and felt. The essay was published in the magazine "Kazakh eli" in 3-4 issues of 1945, then in the 20-volume collection of works of Mukhtar Auezov (book 18, 1985).
* Mukhtar Auezov's article is a high target of Abay's works. It was written on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Abai's birth and was first published in the newspapers "Socialist Kazakhstan" (18. VIII. 1945), "Lenin Tuy" (23. VIII. 1945), "Altai Bolsheviki" (26. VIII. 1945).
* To the researchers of the Abay region - an article by Mukhtar Auezov. It was published in the July 17, 1940 issue of the Semey regional newspaper "Ekpindi".
* Abay road — ("Put Abaya"), a short article by Mukhtar Auezov. It was published in "Literaturnaya Gazeta" on November 13, 1954.
* The poetics of the epic "Abai Zholy" and the history of its writing is a monographic study. Author Z. Akhmetov. It was published in Russian in 1984 by "Gylym" publishing house.
* Historical foundations of the epic "Abai Zholy" - monograph. The author is Laila Auezova. It was published in Russian in 1969 by "Gylym" publishing house.
* Important issues of researching Abay Kunanbayev's creativity - Mukhtar Auezov's article. It was published for the first time in 1954 in the July 1st issue of the newspaper "Kazakhstan khetimiri".
* Abai Kunanbayev is a poet and educator of the Kazakh people - (10. VIII. 1945) was published in the newspaper. The aim of the article is to acquaint the general reader with Abai's poetic life, and mainly contains biographical data.
* Abay Kunanbayev (for the 150th anniversary) — a collection of scientific works of Mukhtar Auezov. "Sanat" publishing house in 1995 in connection with the 150th anniversary of Abai. published.
* Thoughts on preparations for the 100th anniversary of Abai Kunanbayev - an article written by Mukhtar Auezov in 1940, A. together with Tazhibaev).
* Abai (documentary film) — a documentary film. It was produced by the Almaty film studio in 1954.
* Abai (film) is a film. Produced in 1956 by the Moscow Diafilm studio.
* Abai (advertisement booklet) is an advertisement booklet in Russian for the performance of the opera of the same name. 1958 Issued by the Ministry of Culture of the Kazakh SSR.
* Abai (film drama) is a film drama of the writer. The manuscript is stored in the writer's archive (folder #141), written in Arabic, 53 pages long.
* Abai (research work of M. Auezov) — 1933 by Mukhtar Auezov. written research work. It was included in the "Teaching tool of Kazakh literature of the XIX and early XX centuries".
Abai (literary magazine) — 1918. Literary magazine founded by Mukhtar Auezov (together with Zh. Aimautov). S. 12 issues were published with the support of "Wak Bory Partnership" organized by Shikibayev.
* Abai (literary script) is a writer's literary script. The author aimed to describe the poetic character of Abay along with the creativity of his student poets.
* About the writing of the novels "Abay" and "Abai Zholy" — ("Kak ya rabotol nad romanami "Abay" i "Put Abaya"), an article by Mukhtar Auezov. On the basis of the thoughts that came to mind during the meetings with the readers and the answers to the readers' questions, especially M. Written on the basis of his speeches at a meeting with students studying at the Gorky Institute of Literature.
* Abai should be known for a thoughtful age - a textbook written by Mukhtar Auezov. In 1997, the full version was published by "Sanat" publishing house. Book compiler and scientist M. It opens with a lengthy foreword by Myrzakhmetuly "Mukhtar Auezov and the world of Abai".
* Regional studies, education — "Regional studies, education", article by Mukhtar Auezov. It was published in the 11th issue of "New School" magazine in 1929. Reprinted in volume 3 (1998) of the 50-volume complete edition of the author's collected works.
## Sources
## External links
* Abai Kunanbayev, poems, poems, translations
* World-renowned - ABAY Archived on August 25, 2009 .
* Abai Kunanbayev's pedagogical approach. Archived February 26, 2011.
* Great Kazakh poet Abai Kunanbayuly
* Darkhan Kydyrali. The greatest poet of Turkestan
* Abay information portal |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5292 | Kimak Kagan | Kimak (Kimek) Khaganate is an early state that existed in Eastern and Central Kazakhstan at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 11th century.
The center of the state was in the middle basin of the Irtysh. In the 7th century, the Kimaks settled in the north of Altai, on the banks of the Irtysh, and became part of the West Turkic Khaganate. In the 8th century, the Kimak tribes inhabited the middle reaches of the Irtysh. From the first half of the 9th century, they began to settle in the Alakol region in the northwest of Zhetysu. Their western border reached the eastern part of the Southern Urals and the shores of the Aral Sea. In the middle of the 10th century, the kimaks were hollowed out from east to west. They migrated on the southern and southwestern slopes of the Southern Ural Mountains, along the shores of the Caspian Sea. At the end of the 10th century, a group of Kimaks moved to the Syrdarya coast and mixed with the Muslim regions of Turkestan. As a result of the migration of Central Asian tribes to the west in the 11th century, the location map of the Kimaks changed. Mahmut Kashkari's data on imaks (kimaks) (XI century) date back to this time. The map given in "Diwani Lugat at-Turk" shows imaks only in the coastal areas of the Irtysh, where they are a whole group.
After the dissolution of the West Turkic Khaganate in 656, the Kimaks separated into themselves. In 840, after the collapse of the Turfan Khaganate, the Eymur, Bayandur, and Tatar tribes included in it joined the Kimaks. The formation of the Federation of Kimak tribes corresponds to this time. According to Gardizi, the tribal union of the Kimaks was originally formed from seven tribes: Aymur, Imak, Tatar, Bayandur, Kypchak, Lanikaz, and Ajlad tribes. Around the middle and the end of the 9th century, the Kimaks actively helped the Oghuz leaders to conquer the Syr Darya basin and the Aral coast, inhabited by the Kangar-Pecheneg tribes. The Kimaks went on a military campaign to the Kyrgyz states on the Nine Oguz and Yenisei rivers, and in the second half of the 8th-9th centuries, they established themselves in the region from the center of Irtys to the Dzungar Gate. Thus, a step was taken to create the Kimak state. The first data on the Kimak Kaganate are historical geogr. in Arabic at the end of the 9th and beginning of the 10th century found in works. "Turkistan and the Turks," writes al-Yakubi (9th century), are divided into several peoples and states, including the Karluks, nine Ogzhs, Kimaks and Ogzhs. Each tribe of the Turks is a separate state and is at war with each other." Since the foundation of the Kimak Khanate, their kings have been called khakan (or khagan), the highest Turkish title. It is two degrees higher than the title of zabhu. The Kimak Kaganate had a tribal structure. The country was ruled by the Khakan and his eleven successors (emirs) in the regions. The rulers of the country were, on the one hand, military leaders and received a share from the Khan. Each estate provided a certain amount of troops to the khakan. In this state, taxes were collected, and there was an ancient Turkic script.
## Creation of the Kimak state
The events of the second half of the 8th century - the events of the 9th century stimulated the development of the state organizations of the Kimaks, during these events, the Kimak tribes established a strong foundation in the territory from the middle reaches of the Irtysh to the Dzhungar Gate kicked and advanced to the west, to the South Urals and the Syrdarya valley. The existence of a state in the Kimaks is mentioned for the first time in Arabic historical and geographical works of the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century. For example, al-Yakubi, a historian and geographer of the 9th century, distinguished by his extensive knowledge and rather high accuracy in his reports, says about the statehood of the Kimaks and other Turkic-speaking peoples: "Turkistan and Turks are divided into several peoples and states (mamalik), including: Karluks, nine - it is divided into guz, kimaks and ogys. Each tribe of Turks has its own state and they are at war with each other. Ibn al-Fakih (10th century) has interesting information about the Kimaks, who writes that there are the most powerful of all the Turks - the kings of the Oghuz, the Nine-Guz and the Kimaks. Classical Arab geographers Al-Istakhri and Ibn Haukal report that "in the land of the Turks (their) tribes differ according to their states." The ruler of Kimak was quite powerful. Since the formation of the Kimak Khanate at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century, their king began to be called the khagan (khakan), the highest title of the Turks. "Kagan is the most important king of the Turks. Kagan is the khan of khans, that is, as the Persians say shahanshah, the leader of leaders," says al-Khwarizmi, a Central Asian scholar of the 10th century. The title of Kagan was two steps higher than the title of Yabgu.
So, according to the social and political development of the Kimak society from the tribe to the state structure, there was a gradual transition from the lower level to the higher level in the titles of their leaders. From the point of view of comparison, the following ranks were typical for the shonjars of the early Turks: shad, yabgu (great shad), junior khagan, great khagan. As you can see, the connection between the Kimaks and the ancient Turkic titles is undeniable, and they show the continuity between the Kimaks environment and the original homeland of the ancient Turks.
## Ethnic and tribal composition
There is no direct doubt in the data that the Kimiks belong to the Turks in terms of ethnicity and language. On the contrary, everyone who wrote about them unanimously considered the Kimiks among the main Turkic tribes. In terms of time, the first mention of the ethnonym Kimak in written sources dates back to the 8th century. According to the Arab geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (9th century), in the list of politically and socially important Turkic peoples, the Kimaks are mentioned along with the Nine-Guz, Oghuz, Pechenegs, Karluks, Kypchaks, Azqishis, and Turgesh
## Political history
The first period of the history of the Kimaks is closely connected with the name of the Yanmo tribe, which appears in Chinese sources. Yanmo (or kimaks) VII century. At first, he lived in the northwest of Mongolia. VII century in the middle they migrated to the northern slopes of Altai, near Irtys. 656 After the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate, the tribe began to stand out.
The Kaganate constantly invaded neighboring countries to protect itself from external enemies and to expand its territory. There are many such messages in written data. For example, in them it is said that in the 11th century the Kimaks subjugated a part of the "Nine-Guzdar" land, and in the beginning of the 10th century, they captured the border town of the Nine-Guzdars - the city of Zhamlekes in East Turkestan. At the same time, the Kimaks were also attacking the Kyrgyz along the Yenisei River. And there are times when they are at peace with the oghuzs along the Syr, and sometimes they are at war with each other. From such situations, these tribes have a lot of similarities in terms of language and culture.
## Inscription
There is evidence to group that there was writing in Kimaks. We see this from the words of Abu Dulaf: "They grow reeds, and with these reeds they write." The ancient Kimaks wrote with a reed pen and must have used the ancient Turkish alphabet here. Bronze mirrors with Turkish inscriptions dating back to the 9th-10th centuries, found along the Irtys River, in the Tarbagatai Mountains, show this.
## Agriculture
Kimaks were mainly engaged in animal husbandry. In addition to this, they were engaged in agriculture, fishing, hunting, and prepared expensive animal skins in the taiga regions. Crafts also developed among the Kimaks, they wove cloth, sewed clothes, produced metal products, produced iron, silver, gold, and cast metal. Arab-Persian authors of the 9th - 11th centuries write that there were permanent settlements of sedentary Kimaks. According to al-Idrisi (12th century), they had 16 cities on the shores of rivers and lakes, in mountainous areas, in places where mineral resources are located. Most of them are located on trade routes. Al-Idrisi writes that the capital of the Khanate of the Kimaks was surrounded by a strong fortress on the banks of the Irtys River. In the 9th - 11th centuries, remnants of ancient Turkic religious beliefs spread among the Kymaks, where belief in gods and ghosts prevailed. At the same time, witchcraft, which was widespread among the Turkic peoples, was prevalent among them. In the regions inhabited by the Kimak tribes, the custom of erecting stone statues was widespread, and they worshiped those statues. From the social and cultural point of view, the Kimaks kept and further developed the traditions formed in the ancient Turkic environment in the 6th - 8th centuries. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Kimaks were replaced by newly strengthened Kypchak tribes.
## The fall of the Kimak state
The end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century, the Kimak state collapses. There were two reasons for his downfall. Basically, it is an internal reason due to the disobedience of the Kypchak khans who sought to rule themselves and create their own statehood. At the same time, the external events that took place under the influence of the migration of nomadic Central Asian tribes, which began to migrate at the beginning of the XI century. The main reason for the migration of the tribes was the establishment of the Liao state by the Qidans in Northern China in 916. The expansion of the territory of this power to the west led to the further displacement of nomadic tribes. The echoes of the huge migration of tribes are found in many documents of the Middle Ages: Arab-Persian, Russian, Armenian, Hungarian, Byzantine, Syrian, etc. reflected in the data. Among these sources, first of all, it is worth noting the Arab scholar Al-Marwazi (XII century), whose works contain valuable information about that migration, he describes the migration of tribes as follows: "Among them (the Turks) there is a group of people called Kundar, who He came from China because he was afraid of the Chinese Khan. They are Nestorian Christians. They left their area due to lack of pasture. Ikinji ibn Koshkar Khorezmshah came from them. They (Khundars) saw the people called Kailar. They were much stronger than them. They chased them from the pasture. Then the Huns came and settled in the land of the Chars, and the Chars moved to the land of the Turkmens. The Turkmens moved to the eastern lands of the Oghys, and the Oghys moved to the lands of the Pechenets near the Armenian Sea. Meanwhile, the Armenian Sea is called the Black Sea. Hence, this migration involved peoples from China to the Black Sea. The analysis of these data by a number of scientists allows us to briefly visualize the following scenario: the Kai and Kun tribes push a group of Kimak-Kipchak tribes to the North-Eastern Zhetysu and Irtys region and attack the Kimak state. So the Kailar displaces the Kypchaks, and the Kypchaks dislodge the Oghys from the valley of the Syrdarya River, the western region of the Aral Sea and the northern region of the Caspian Sea, forcing them to move to the steppes of southern Russia and the Black Sea region. will prevail in terms of power in the main place of former settlement, and during these events, the Kymaks not only lost their political dominance, but also remained dependent on the Kypchaks. One part of the Kimaks remained in Irtys, the other part moved to Turkestan and Central Asia, and now some of them moved to the west, to the southern Russian steppes, together with the Kypchak tribes. The Kypchaks replaced the Kimak state.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6827 | Наймандар | The Naimans are one of the ancient Turkic tribes that formed the Kazakh people. The Persian historian Rashid al-Din writes that the Naimans were a large state in history and an influential tribe of that century. The Naiman tribe founded many khanates, great uluses and khaganates, one of which is the Genghis Khan Empire. The Naiman tribe separated from the Abilkhair Horde in the middle of the 15th century and was the first to support Sultans Kerey and Zhanibek, who founded the Kazakh Khanate. In Chinese records, it is recorded as the strongest and oldest tribe of Central Asia and the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Range.
## The history of Naimans
The history begins with the time of Volodymyr Khagan. It is written in the ancient Chinese data that the Naimans founded the Hun state as a Tele tribe in the 3rd century. For example, states such as the Shan Matai Empire (Ancient China) were formed by each Naiman tribe in the 2nd century BC. BC BC, Onogor-Naiman Khanate in Transcaucasia, Naiman-Boarix Empire - II century BC, Khan Mataev-Madiya (Media) Empire in the north of Iran - VI century BC, in Egypt Naiman-Hyksos Empire - about 18th century. BC BC, Naiman Khaganate - IX-XIII centuries BC BC, Sadyr-Naimans Tang Empire (early medieval China) - VX centuries, Hun-Naimans under Attila empire IV-V centuries, Onogor-Naiman state (principality) in Crimea - VI century, Yueban Empire in eastern Kazakhstan - III-VIII centuries, Kiev Khaganate - X century, Karakhanid Khaganate - IX-XIII centuries, Kushlik Khan Empire in Zhetisu - XIII century, Naiman Lame Iron Empire - XIV century and others.
In the 9th-12th centuries "Kidan records (liaushi, 辽史)" and "Golden Kingdom records (jinshi, 金史)" preserved in Chinese history, the former name of Naimans is "zhanbon", "zhanbak", "janbagi". ", "janbag" (Chinese: 美拔恩 or 美八嵜) is written. The name Naiman was given by the Khitans to the tribes located around eight rivers in the Altai mountains, and later it was called Naiman. The question of the origin of the Naiman tribe has been a source of debate among historians since ancient times. A number of researchers (I.Ya. Schmidt, A.M. Pozdneva, D. Osson, V.V. Barthold, V.P. Vasiliev, etc.) called the merchants Mongolian, others (Rashid al-Din, H. Khovars, P. Pouha, A. Bobrivnikov, G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo, S. Amanzholov, A. Margulan). Currently, it is fully proven that they are of Turkic origin. According to many researchers, the name "naiman" means "eight" in Mongolian. "The Naymans from the Oghuz tribe were a Turkic-speaking people. Since the 8th century, they formed the "Eight Ogyz" and later the "Tszbu-Bu" union. "The word "Naiman" is the name given to them by the neighboring peoples," wrote L.L. Viktorova. According to Abilgazy: "Naymans are one of the oldest peoples, a people with a lot of cattle and heads." In the Uyghur monument built in 750, called "Selenga Stone Inscription", in the "Liao Shi" inscriptions (8th century) there is information about the Eight-Oghyz. There is a grouping of the eight Oghuz peoples as "naiman region" ("eight tribes") in the 10th century. Later, the era of the Mongol Empire created further conditions for this word to be used instead of the main name. Researchers argue that although this tribe began to be called "Naiman" from the 10th century, until the 13th century, the previous name "Eight" was used as a double name.
## Naymans were among other states
Eight Oghiz were located in the eastern part of the Turkic Khaganate. After the disintegration of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, they were under the rule of the Uyghur Khaganate, and later the Qidans (Liao Dynasty) who migrated from Northern China. At this time, instead of the name of eight oghuz, the word naymandar was established. At the beginning of the 12th century, when the Khitans were defeated by the Jin dynasty (Churchits) and migrated to Zhetysu, the Naimans had the opportunity to form a separate nation. In the second half of the 12th century they were Ort. The most powerful and leading member in Asia. becoming one of the associations, a diplomat with far and near countries. established relations (K Naiman state). In the written data of this period, it is said that the Naimans bordered and were neighbors with the Kangli and Kypchaks in the west, the Kereys, Merkits in the east, the Kyrgyz in the Terek, the Uighurs in the right, and the Tanguts. After the fall of the Naiman state and the people surrendered to the empire of Genghis Khan, some of them settled in the Irtys and Altai valleys, close to their native settlements, and looked after the son of Ugedei Khan. Those displaced from the invasion settled in Balkash region, Alaköl vicinity, Syr, Yrgyz valley. In the 15th century, a significant part was under the influence of Abulkhair Khan, and later Muhammad Shaibani Khan. The remaining part moved to the territory of Mongolia together with the main tribes that formed the Kazakh Khanate. In the 16th and 17th centuries, some Naiman clans lived in Atbasar and Yrgyz regions. Along with M. Shaibani, the Afghan Naimans went to Mauerannakhr in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. the political world of the regions of the Balyk and Merv ranges. played an important role in his life for more than a hundred years. 1620 - 25 years After the struggle for power in Khorezm, the Naymans surrendered, one group to the Kyrgyz, one part to the Nogai Horde in Volga, Zhayik, and another to the Bukhara Khanate. According to M. Tynyshbaev, in 1680 a group of Naimans began to settle from Auliyata to Tashkent, Arys and Syrdarya region, Karatau mountains. During the years of "Aktaban Shubyrindy, Alkakol Sulama", most of the Naymans were killed, and the rest moved to the regions of Samarkand and Bukhara. 1726 The Naimans came close to the Russian border and passed under the control of Sameke Khan. After his death, he turned to the Abylai rule and settled in the valley up to Alakol, Zaisan, and Altai. They took an active part in the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungars. Kazakh hand 1750-60. When Zhetysu and Altai were freed from the Dzungars, the Naimans got a part of their former homeland up to Kara Irtys and Buktyrma, and settled down there completely. This settlement continued until 1810. 1917 According to the census conducted by the Russian government, about 830 thousand Naimans lived in the Russian and Chinese empires. Naimans Avg. Uzbek, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, etc. of Asia. included in the composition of the peoples.
## Naimans in the Kazakh population
### Gennady Volkovsky:
"Naimans are the largest tribe of the Middle Hundred"
According to the genealogical data of the Kazakh people, the Naymans belong to the Middle Hundred. From the naymans of the Kazakh people, clan associations such as negative-marked (sometimes elata), sugurshi, and tulugetai spread. From Teristanbaly: mambet, ryskul; from the sweeper: axed, poled, male; from Tulugetai: karakerei, narus, chertuul, matai, atalik (in some sources, junior), sadir. In the next version of the genealogy, Tokpan, Elata, Okiresh are distributed from Naymans. From Elata: kelbuga and ketbuga; from okureshe: tulugetai and sugurshi; From tulugetai: karakerei, chertuul, sadir, matai are spread. From the sweeper: male, with a pole, with an ax; from the male: the Koukzharli, Saryjomart, Bura clans spread. Each clan has its own clan symbol and motto.
Common symbol of Naimans is Y (bakan), motto is Kaptagai.
## Naiman Khanate
The Khanty of the Irtys River was adjacent to the west, the Kyrgyz to the north, the Orkhon to the east, the Merkits occupying the Selenga River, and the Uighur and Xia people to the south. According to written records, the first rulers are known since 1143. The Naiman state was strengthened during the reign of Inanish Bilge Buka Khan, who ruled at the end of the 12th century. It is located on the Great Silk Road. Political and trade relations of the Naiman state with neighboring countries have improved. Rashid al-Din wrote that "the khans of the Naimans were respectable and powerful, their population was large, and their army was powerful." Khans of the Naiman state were elected by inheritance. Well-known tribal rulers, heroes, commanders were part of the khan's council. Khan was the commander-in-chief of the Ulus army. In Ulus, documents were kept, khan's decrees were written down, and the khan's four-cornered golden seal (sign) was printed on it. From the end of the 12th century, the khans of the Naiman state were called "Bayvail" and "Kushlik". After the death of Inanish Bilge, his two sons, Tayan Khan and Bayayl Khan, fought for the throne and divided the Naiman state into two. Each of the uluses divided into two estates acted independently and clashed with each other. This internal political crisis coincided with the increase of Genghis Khan's military power. The hand led by Chinggis Khan and Kereyler Khan Togryl (Uang Khan) captured the son of Bayil Khan in 1199 and Tayan Khan in 1204. Their attempts to unite against the Mongols with the power of the union of tribes led by Jamuka ended in vain. Arriving in the land of Zhetysu, the Naiman state became a political world. Kushlik Khan, the son of Tayan Khan, who tried to re-strengthen his side, was killed by the Arrow-headed hand of Genghis Khan.
## Khans of the Naiman Khanate
* Kuchik Khan
* Bayayl Khan
* Diyam Khan
* Inansh Bilge Khan
* Tayan Khan \< > * Koksu-Sarybuka
* Eniyat khan
* Darkesh Dayan
* Ioan khan
And many other khans.
## Religions of Naimans
### Conversion to Christianity:
Around 1007 or 1008, Khan Naiman sends an embassy to the Metropolitan of Merv and accepts Nestorian Christianity with his people. Along with the Kereys, Onguts and Tatars, a part of the Mongolian tribes converted to Christianity.
### Ketbuga's religion
Ketbuga (1184-1260) is a great singer, the founder of the Kazakh folk art, the trusted commander of Genghis Khan, the father of the drum. He came from the Baganaly clan of the Naiman tribe, a Christian followed his religion.
### Naimans converted to Islam
Naimans converted to Islam in the Golden Horde at the beginning of the 14th century under Uzbek Khan.
## Generals of Genghis Khan from Naiman
* Ketbuga Bey
* Zhurgetai Bey
* Toty-Tulga
* Koksu-Sarybuka
* Zelme- Bull
* Takai-Buka
* Mynkair bey
* Doledei-Buka
* Antelope-Buka
* Ungyran bey
* Khichik-Buka
* Dar-Buka bey \ <> * Maragai-Buka
* Tungytai Bey
* Suzegen-Buka
* Jeder-Buka
* Tarbuka Bey
* Kadai-Buka
* Kurban-Buka
* Buka Bey
* Edige Tanashuly Bey
And many others, thousands of Genghis Khan's commanders were Beys of the Naiman tribe and the name Buka was given only to commanders and honorable people.
## Commanders of Naiman Amir Temir
* Edige Tanashuly-bey
* Latifallah-bey
* Tukai-Temir-bey
* Temur Khoja-bey
* Mr. Erkebulan
* Amir Aubakir-bek
* Amir Ak-Buka
* Amir Ali-Tutak
* Saadat-amir
All the chief commanders of the lame Temir were from the Naiman tribe. it is said that he only trusted his people.
## Naiman
Aristov says "Naiman was a branch of the Katuni river, named after that river." In ancient times, Naiman was a large country, during the reign of Chinggis Khan, two brothers named Tan and Baiyal ruled and divided into two. When Genghis killed both khans and destroyed his country, a part of the Naimans went to the west, and the Naimans, who became the Mongols in today's Mongolia, are his race. Many of these naimans are present in the Turkic races of the world. Middle-faced Naiman, according to our old Kazakh word, is the race of Mr. Sofy. When he was killed by Mr. Baba's younger brother, Okiresh, the only son of Mr. Sofy's uncle, moved to Kazakh interior. This word corresponds to the words of Abilgazy Khan. Because when Mr. Sofi killed Abilgazy's father, the Arab Muhammedhan, and said, "I will replace him with a khan," Mr. Sofi brought a Khan from Samarkand named Khysirau, when Mahmud, the Arab, found out and killed Khysirau, and gave Mr. Sofi to Mr. Sofi's brother Baba, who was his servant, "I will not make a person who is an enemy of the khan a brother." he writes that he killed his own brother. In the words of Russian writers Spassky, Aristov, Maevsky, who wrote about the ancestors of the middle-aged Naiman, he was written as a warrior. As far as we know, the middle-aged Naiman's grandfather is Mr. Sofy, his son is Okiresh, and his three children are Dombaul, Sugirshe, and Sarjomart. The horse of Dombaul breed was marked on the negative side and was named Teristanbaly.
Teristanbaly is the cousin of the Naiman country,
it is divided into two clans, Baganaly and Baltaly, but they are not brothers, but because they have the same ancestral home, they are mentioned together, their great-grandfathers are related to Naiman. Sugirshe's son is China, his son is Tolegetai, his four sons are Karakerei, Matai, Sadyr, Tortul, these four are:
Tolegetai's four lions
Karakerei's two sons are Baytori, Yertori. Bais, the son of the Baitor, and Aknaiman, who was adopted, became a separate clan within this Naiman. Yertor's son - Baisyyk and adopted Karamolda, Baiys's four children from godmother - Mambetkul, Sybankul, Ahmedkul, Sary. Mambetkul was known as Kyrzhi because he was angry in his youth. Sybankul became Syban, Ahmedkul became Akhimbet. Bais' two children from Tokal - Tuma, Tokbak, and two children from Tokal - Boshatchy, Baigana. And one of Bayys's daughters, aunt Makta, married Toktarkhoja and found two children, Baizhigit and Zhanzhigit. Zhanzhigit went with his father to Turkestan, and Baizhigit stayed here. The name of Sari's wife above was Muryn, Sari's race was named Muryn after her mother's name; Four children of the upper Baisiyk - Zhanguli, Menlibai, Tobet, Akbelbeu. Of these four, Karamolda and adopted Semiz Naiman were named. The three children of Jogyrgy Matai - Atalik, Junior, Kaptagai - were named Kyzai after the name of the father's wife, Kyzai.
Another big country of Naiman is Saryjomart, after Sary became a hero and generous to the country, the suffix Jomart was added to Sary's name and became Saryjomart. These four went to their uncle's house and became a boy today. The reason for this is that Sarjomart's race was called Ergenek with a symbol:
Ergenekti Naiman
. That's why they called Ergenek. But most of the people called them Wak. The children of Sarjomart's tokal are Bura and Kokzharly..
## History
Data about Naiman recognize him as one of the tribes that migrated between the Irtys and Orkhon rivers of the Great Plain, stretching from Khingan to Karpaty. . It is a fragment of the Hunnu (Hun) people who lived in the second century BC and occupied the vast region from Central Asia to the Sary River, a community of indigenous felt-based blood tribes, described as "Tele" in Chinese writings in the early centuries of our era. According to Abilgazy: "Naymans are one of the oldest people, a people with a lot of cattle and heads." According to Kazakh scientist and figure K. Sartkozhauly in Mongolia, this country is represented in the form of "Bayrku" and "eight Oguz" tribes in our ancestral inscription, which was born during the time of the great Turkic Khaganate in the VI-VII centuries. According to some scholars, one of the meanings of the word "Oguz" in the ancient Turkic language is tribe. ("ok" is a tribe, "z" is a collective noun). And "naiman" is the Mongolian word for eight. In the 10th century, Mongolian-speaking Qidans began to call the eight Oghuz peoples "naiman region" ("eight tribes"). Later, the birth of the Mongol Empire created further conditions for this word to be used in the place of the main name. Researchers point out that although this tribe began to be called "Naiman" from the 10th century, the previous name "Eight" was also observed in a double manner until the 13th century. In the annals written about the history of the Great Kydan state (10th century) of the Liyau dynasty, which once subjugated the vast region from the Sea of Japan to East Turkestan, and ruled over the Naimans for some time, the Naimans were in the west (beyond Irtys) and in the east (the valley of the Orkhon, Tola and Ongyn rivers). ) is said to be bordered by the Kyrgyz on the Terkay (tributaries of the Selengen), the Uyghurs on the south, and the Tanguts on the border. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the Turko-Mongol people, who are a fragment of the Hunnu and Dunkhus, spread their wings to the west of these rivers to the Kerei and Merkit lands , the dominance and influence of the state of Kydan (from which the name "China" is derived) speaking a language that later became known as the Mongolian language, was very noticeable. It is not surprising that one of the reasons why these people, who are in the heart of the Turkic tribes, eventually learned the Mongolian language is that they are closely related to the destructive assimilation of those natives from Inner Mongolia. (There is no need to look far for such an example. In the half century when the Russian language began to penetrate, almost half of the Kazakhs became Russian-speaking. It is known that at the beginning of the 12th century, the Great Qidan (Liao state) disintegrated, some of the Qidans moved to Zhetysu and Central Asia and formed the Karakytai state (1140-1213). They later assimilated into the local people. At the end of the same century, the Kyyat tribe, led by a young leader like Temujin, rose up among the tribes that inhabited the Onon and Kerulen valleys, "united the scattered Mongols like millet" and turned into a Mongolian state that was able to organize the neighboring country in a short time. Mongolian-Kazakh scholar I. Kabyshuli says that Tory (Torgil) was the khan of the Kereys who took the name Chingis (Victory) to Temuzhin. Tory is also called "Wang" or "Wang Khan" given to him by the Chinese. After he became the ruler of a big country and his father Yesugei's brother, Tori probably said this name as "good wish" or "half wish". However, Genghis Khan rose to his chest every time he struck, and after subduing the neighboring Tatars (tata, tetan) and Konyrat, he surrendered to the Kerey country itself. Tory (Uang Khan), who was like his father, was chased away from his birthplace, and finally he was accidentally killed by Naiman guards. And the battles of the wealthy Naiman state with Genghis Khan are a story that has been comprehensively recorded in historical annals.
During the reign of Temujin's father Yesugei Batyr, Naiman country was ruled by Inanch Bilge Kagan. "Inanch" means reliable, "bilge" means expert, genius. At the time of that Inanch, the Naimans were freed from the yoke of the Kydan state (Karakytais) and gained their freedom. After his death, Naiman's son and two sons, Baibuka (alias Tai, Tayan. The Kydans gave him the title of "great ruler" (that word later became Tayan) and Bürek) were in conflict. Finally, the enmity between the two brothers split the nation into two. As Tai Khan is the eldest, he lives in the flat region, Buyrek mountain region, in his father's place. The first battle between the Naimans and Chinggis Khan's army took place in 1199 near Ulingir Lake in the Altai region. There, Chinggis came to help as an ally at the invitation of Kerei Khan Tori. That time, Buyrek Khan was defeated and escaped to the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Less than three years later, they met again on the battlefield. But this time too, Genghis Khan and Wang Khan's joint action forced Buyrek Khan to lose. He managed to escape again with barely a scratch on his head. After that, we have just mentioned that Genghis Khan fought with the Kereys and reached the bottom of Tory Khan (Wang Khan). Those who killed him were the servants of Tai Khan, the brother of Buyrik Khan. Tai, who had clearly received the news, tensed up with anger and said, "A little Mongolian in the east has shown something. Wang Khan, who was born noble by his grandfather, was threatened and decorated in various ways, and was put to death. So they're going to own everything and become a king, right? The sun and the moon were created to keep the sky always bright. And there cannot be two khagans. So, let's bring that little Mongolian tied up." ("Secret Chronicle of Mongolia"). Then Tai Khan's younger mother Kerbez said: "Are you going to come back, don't those Mongols smell brown and wear dirty clothes?" You will bring it back. You should be hunting. Isn't it enough to bring fair-skinned women, wash your hands and feet, and milk cattle?" - they say. Tai Khan formed an alliance with the neighboring Merkit, Katagan, Durbet tribes, who had not yet surrendered to the Mongols, and some of the previously defeated Kereys and Tatars, and prepared for a campaign against Genghis Khan. However, after hearing this news, Chinggis made an early move and ambushed the allies' army and destroyed them. Tai Khan was killed in the war, and his son Kushlik led the survivors and took refuge with his brother Buyrek Khan, who was in the north of Altai at that time. After that, the settlement of the entire Naiman country was under the rule of the Mongols. In the "Secret Chronicle" Tai Khan's younger mother Kerbez (Kurbesu) was brought before Genghis Khan and said: "You call Mongols stinky." It is written that he took it as a joke.
After defeating the Naimans and Kereyits, their large neighbors, who were in close proximity to each other, there was no force left in this region to stop Genghis Khan. In a short time, he conquered the entire region that corresponds to the present Mongolian territory. In 1206, nomads with felt hair gathered on the banks of the Onon, "raised the nine-legged white flag" and raised Genghis as the great khan of the Mongol Empire. (Historian I. Kabyshuly says that on the eve of the establishment of that empire, there were 200,000 Mongols, 600,000 Kereys, and 800,000 Naimans). After this meeting, Chinggis Khan went on a campaign to Buyrek Khan, who was still thinking of recapturing the homeland of Naiman in the Altai mountains. At that time, he was hunting and camping with a few people along the Saksu River in the foothills of Ulyk Mountain. A large army fell on him as if he had been there, and he was taken prisoner, and his arch-enemy beheaded him there. Kuslik, who is taking refuge in him, flees to Irtys with the surviving people. However, Chinggis Khan does not give peace to the Naimans here either. In 1208, on the banks of the Irtys River, the joint forces of the Naimans and the Merkets were crushed. After that, these tribes head towards Zhetysu.
Kushlik Khan went around Besbalyk, Turfai region, and the revived form of the Kydan state, which once ruled the Naimans, came to Central Asia and reached Balasagun, the capital of the Karakytai Empire. In this era, the region from Dzungar mountain to Iran was under this Karakytai Gurkhan (great khan). Kushli, the son of Tayan Sindy Khan of the Naimans, is warmly welcomed in the Gurkhan Palace. Jilugu Gurkhan gives him his daughter and makes him one of his closest people. This was the time when the Karakytai state weakened and Khorezm, which had been subordinate to it, began to rise. Apparently, Gurkhan must have intended to use the naymans gathered around Kushlik for his own benefit. And we can see that Kushlyk made a similar promise to him from Rashid al-Din's "Collection of Chronicles" and the Chinese work "Materials of the History of Road Transport". Kushlik Khan said to Zhilugu: "My tribe is large, they are now settling in the lands of Emil, Koylyk, and Besbalyk. "If you allow me, I will collect them and use their power to help you." Gurkhan agrees and gives him weapons and funds. Of course, the news that Tayan Khan's son Kushlik Khan had arrived in the Turkestan region had a great impact on the Naimans who had moved to this area due to the wrath of Genghis Khan. They quickly gathered under the leadership of Kushlik Khan and became a destructive force. This situation now prompted Kushli to want to seize the power of Gurkhan. And at that time, it was sad to hear that Muhammad Khorezm, an Indian from many countries, went against Gurkhan, and Kushlik, trying to realize his plan, started a campaign against the ruler of Karakytai. You are a well-made army, Kushlik soon sat on the throne of his father-in-law. Thus, the last khan of the Naiman state, which was destroyed by the army of Genghis Khan (1204), took over the power of the Karakhitai empire less than eight years later. Historical sources say that the Naimans and Kereis followed the Nestorian religion (a sect of Christianity). After marrying Kushlik Khan Jhilugu's daughter Kunke, he left the Nestorian religion and converted to Buddhism (paganism). At that time, most of the people in the Karakytai state followed the Muslim religion, so it seems that Kushlik Khan made violent demands that they "convert to either Nestorianism or Buddhism."
Chinggis Khan was probably not unaware that Naiman Khan, whom he had driven out of his homeland, was living like this in the vast Turkestan region. Only he was at the head of the campaigns to conquer China during this period. Although he died in that campaign, in 1218 Genghis Khan sent a powerful army led by the famous commander Jebe Noyan against Kushlik. Zebe Noyan successfully announced freedom of religion and belief to Karakytai country. Kushlik, who had already opposed the Muslims, could not withstand the onslaught of the Mongol troops, which had been strengthened in battles. Defeated and fled to the Altai mountains. But Jebe Noyan kept chasing him and finally caught him near Sarykol and killed him. This is how the bloody struggle of the Naiman country against Genghis Khan, which lasted for twenty years, ended. The collapse of the Naiman state led to the wide disintegration of the clans that were part of this country, scattered among other tribes. Some of them settled in the Irtys and Altai valleys, near their native settlements, and came under the rule of Genghis Khan's son Ugedei Khan. Those displaced from the invasion settled in the vicinity of Balkash, near Alakol, in the Syr, Yrgyz valleys, and in the south reached the lands of Central Asian khanates.
The Naimans who settled in this region were under the influence of Muhammad Shaibani Khan at the end of the 15th century. In the 16th century, Mary was ruled by Kobyz bi and Jolym bi from Naiman. Naiman Nazar bin ruled Balkh. Nomads from Nurata were led by Naiman Ahmetali. One of the commanders of the Shayban family of Babakhan was Naiman Janmuhammed Bi. Chronicler Abilgazy Naiman mentions that Mr. Sopyr was one of the organizers of the conspiracy to kill his father Arab Muhammad Khan in 1604. From these examples, it is not difficult to see that the Naimans acted as one of the wall forces in the Central Asian region. These Naymans gradually assimilated into the local population and became a branch of the Uzbek, Karakalpak community. The meeting of the Kazakh-Naiman clans in Uzbeks, columned, negative-marked in Karakalpak, Buye Naiman, Kun Naiman, Mr. Naiman, Zhuanbut Naiman in Kyrgyzstan is a sign of that interaction.
After the Dzungar invasion in the 1720s, the Kazakh Naimans settled in the region from the Tokyraun valley in Central Kazakhstan to the Altai and Dzungar mountains. According to M. Tynyshbayuly, the Naimans left Karkaraly and Chingistai and moved to the south in 1810, which was their last migration. Historian shows that the number of these Naimans, including their relatives in Bukhara and China, was about 830,000 people on the eve of 1917. Among the Middle Hundred countries, you will not find such a large number of Naimans. Not only their large clan union, but sometimes even individual clans have their own motto. It is not surprising that this peculiarity has the effect of its character, which was manifested as "eight-eighty" in the first millennium. "Eight tribes" means that Naiman people are made up of these tribes. However, there is no clear information about them in scientific data.
According to historical data, "Naiman" is not the name of an individual, as mentioned in Kazakh chronicles. However, folk creativity makes it the name of the original ancestor and disperses all the clans that call themselves Naimans (even if there are people who came and assimilated from other countries in the turbulent times) only from that "paralysis".
According to old sayings, it is said that Naiman married Aksulu, the daughter of Ulyhuz Dulat Bi, when the great man named Tokpan, whom Naiman met late, became an adult. Not long after that, Naiman's old woman and son Tokpan died at the same time. Aksulu thought about the future of the family he entered, went to his country, asked for Alpesh, one of his close sisters, and brought him to his grandfather. Naiman died after living with Kyzeine for about six months. Alpesh, who is pregnant, will give birth in due course. The child's name is given as a sign left by Naiman. His second name is Okiresh. Naiman's saintly daughter-in-law Aksulu, after giving her grandfather's year, married Kyzyney to Eltai, the grandson of Shumak, who is related to Sarmanai, who is said to be Naiman's great grandfather. He is named El ata because he was my grandfather instead of my grandfather. Kyzyney finds a son named Serkibai from him. Aksulu brought up Belgibai, and when he turned fifteen, he called her his brother-in-law. He has two sons named Suyinshe and Sugirshe. Cousin Toksulu later joins his younger sister Karakoz to Belgibay so that her sister can have wings. Otegen is born from Karakoz. The Naiman in the Kazakh genealogy is derived from these four and is called the nine-digit Naiman.
## Settlement
In general, the settlement of the Naimans originates from far West Mongolia to the Middle East, and as for the Kazakh land, the largest clan of the Altai land is the Naiman and the largest clan in the Kazakh people. , is considered a tribe.
The clans of the Naiman tribe settled all over Kazakhstan, but the places where they had a lot of footholds are the following: in Central Kazakhstan, the valley of the rivers Zhezkazgan, Kulanotpes, Terisakgan, Kuma, Korgalzhyn, the vicinity of Lake Tengiz, the length of the Nura river and its many tributaries; the entire East Kazakhstan, the ancestral home of the Naimans for centuries, the Northern Balkash region, the Karkaraly, Kokshetau mountains and their surroundings with many rivers, the headwaters of the Ashchysu, Nura rivers, the vicinity of the Karasor, Katynkol, Saumalkol lakes and along the Irtysh; In North Kazakhstan, starting from the Kishikaroy and Ebeity lakes, and further along the Esil and its tributaries to the west, the Zerendy, Alabota, Zhalbyrkol, Saulekol, Akpan-burli, Taisary, Zhabai, Zhylandy rivers, etc. b. height.
The Naimans also lived in the Kishi hundred region, those places: Aktaz-Naiman tribe in Atyrau, Aktau region, the vicinity of Shoshkaly, Sarykol, Koybagar lakes, along many small rivers and the valleys near these lakes, Bolkhytamdy, which flows into Torgai, Moyildi, The length of small rivers called Sarytorgai, as well as the lower part of the river Torgai and the vicinity of Sarykol.
Lived in South Kazakhstan in the Great Hundred: Ile Bay, Sarkant, Lepsi, Kapal, Taldykorgan, Almaty regions and the northeastern regions of Shymkent and Turkestan regions.
## Slogans and symbols
Unlike other Kazakh tribes, each tribe of the Naymans has its own motto and symbol.
## Naimans in Mongolia
People with the following tribal surnames live in Mongolia:
Naiman — registered in all regions of Ulaanbaatar and Mongolia;
* Baga Naiman — Ulan-Batyr and Khentiy region;
* Barun Naiman — Ulan-Batir;
* Googoo Naim — Ulan-Batyr and Bayankhongor region;
* Ikh Naim — Khentii and Dornod regions;
* Ikh Naiman — Ulan-Batyr, Orkhon, Tuve, Khentii regions and others. ;
* Naim — Ulan-Batyr and Dornod, Darkhan-Uul, Bulgan regions;
* Naimaa — Ulan-Batyr, Uverhangai, Dornod regions and others. ;
* Naimaan — Ulan-Batyr, Khovd region, etc. ;
* Naimad — Ulan-Batir;
* Naiman Taij — Ulan-Batyr and Selenge region;
* Naimanuud — Ulan-Batir;
* Naimangud — Ulan-Batyr and Dornod region;
* Naimnud — Bayankhongor region;
* Naymokhan — Ulan-Batyr and Khovd, Khuvsgel, Uverhangai regions;
* Bidgun — Ulan-Batyr and Arkhangai, Darkhan-Uul regions;
* Bidgun — Ulan-batyr and Bayankhongor, Selenge regions;
* Bidegun — Ulan-Batyr and Bayankhongor, Sukha-Bator, Tuve, Arkhangai regions;
* Bidegun — Ulan-Batyr and Bayankhongor, Darkhan-Uul, Govi-Sumber, Arkhangai, Selenge, Dundgov regions;
* Badgun — Selenge region;
* Bedegun — Bayankhongor, Arkhangai, Uverhangai regions;
* Badegun — Ulan-Batyr.
## Naimans in the Uzbeks
Some clans of the Naiman tribe are part of the Uzbek people. According to the research of some scientists, by the beginning of the 20th century, the naymans of the Uzbeks consisted of 17 divisions: ) ) (Uzb. kozayakli naiman)
* karakok (Uzb. karaguk)
* aghiran (Uzb. agran)
* mamai (Uzb. mamai)
* sagzyl (Uzb. sakzil)
* chymshikty (Uzb. chumchukli)
* sadyrbek (Uzb. sadirbek)
* ukiresh-naiman (Uzb. ukresh-naiman)
* jagarbaily (Uzb. jagarbayli)
* columnar (Uzb. baanali)
* baltaly naiman (Uzb. baltali naiman)
## Naimans within the Kyrgyz
Naimans within the Kyrgyz inhabit the southern region of the country (along the border with Tajikistan):
* bibol
* gray
* gray torgoi
* boo naiman
* kan naiman
* kara naiman
* kojo naiman
* koshon
* kuny naiman
* kuko naiman
* gudyamende
* otoy
* sarybai
* mischievous
* tuuma
* chirgoo
## Instructions
* History. kz Archived December 21, 2008.
* Merchants Archived January 17, 2010.
* Composition of the Naiman clans according to the questionnaire
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5007 | Former Khan | Former khan - 1480-1511. He was one of the three sons of Kerei Khan, who ruled the Kazakh Khanate between
It is not known when the former was born. Based on the fragmentary information of the written data of the Middle Ages, it is possible to reconstruct the period of 40-50 years of his life.
The life of the former khan is closely connected with the first era of the history of the Kazakh khanate. That is why major events and developments in the history of the khanate are considered milestones in his life. Despite the scarcity of written data, several milestones in the life of Mekuldyk Khan can be clearly seen.
* His role in the second period of the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate, which happened approximately in 1469-1472;
* From 1472-1473 to the mid-90s of the 15th century, the role played by the Kazakh khanate in the struggle with the Nogai lords in the west and for the cities and regions of the Syr Bay in the south;
* From the middle of the 90s of the 15th century to the first 10 years of the 16th century, conflicts between Sultan Kasym, alliance with Shaibani Khan, loss of prestige in the Kazakh society and his departure from the country.
The relationship of the past to the process of the creation of the khanate can be seen from the events of 1469-73. During these years, the following events took place in relation to the Kazakh Khanate: in 1469, Abulkhair Khan organized a campaign against the Kazakh Khanate on the western side of Mongolia, and died midway in November-December of that year.
His second son Shaikh-Khaidar will take his place. All the data about his rule are not positive. The author of "Tarihi Kipchak" Khojamkuly-bek Balkhi gives the following description of his personality:
He was a mild-mannered and unmotivated person, he was not capable of taking steps on his own to govern
Using this, Abulkhair's yesterday's enemies used each starts making hikes from the side. Several expeditions are made from the Kazakh Khanate. According to the data of "Shaibani Nama", "Fath Nama", "Bahr al-asrarfi manakib al ahiar", in addition to "Tawarihi Guzidan Nusrat-nama", only Zhanibek Khan is mentioned in the destruction of the state of "nomadic Uzbeks". And we say that Kerey Khan is not named, he died before 1469. Being the eldest son of former Kerei, it is self-evident that he will lead his father's son. The legend about when Kerey died says: "Kerey Khan, who established a khanate along the Shu for about ten years, was buried on Khan Mountain." The famous archaeologist M. Eleuov collected and published the legend.
After Kerey, the khanate power passed to Zhanibek Khan. As for Mebuluk, he leads the Ulus and carries out the decrees of Janibek Khan. It was during these years that for the first time the name of Mebuluk was entered into the written data with the title "khan". On the part of the Kazakh Khanate against Shaykh Haidar, Zhanibek Khan was the leader of the struggle, and Mebuldyk was the one who implemented it. The source information about this is as follows:
Mebulukyuk Khan gathered his son from among the people of Zhanibek Khan, and Abulkhair Khan made a sacrifice to his sons. Their resistance forces scattered in all directions. After returning from earlier, they met again.
According to Derek, the executor of Janibek Khan's task, the purpose of the campaign was to destroy the Puckanian sultans in Deshti Kypchak. Although the trip was quite successful, it seems that the main goal was not achieved. With the return of the past, the sons of Abulkhair who ran away will gather again. Nevertheless, this campaign of the Past will leave him in history. Thus, he contributes to the period of formation of the Kazakh Khanate, especially its second period.
The time when the name of the former khan shone brightly in Kazakh history was in the 70-90s of the 15th century. These years were the era of struggle for strengthening, consolidation of the Kazakh khanate and unification of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people. The most important event of the era was the battles of the Kazakh Khanate for the Syr region with the rulers of Mauerennakhr, the Sultans of Puckaban, and the Khans of Mongolia. During these battles, the second generation of Kazakh khans: Mebuludyk and Kasym khans appeared on the stage of history and contributed to the further strengthening and consolidation of the Kazakh state.
In the years of the struggle for the Syr region, the Kazakh Khanate was ruled by Mebuldyk Khan. It is not known when Janibek Khan died and from what years Meludik began to rule. He did not write any data about him.
What we mean by Syr Bay are the lands along the middle course of the Syr Darya River. XIV-XVI centuries. Written data call the region the Turkestan region. Since the 11th century, the region has been an integral part of Deshti Kipchak and together with it has formed a single economic, cultural, ethnic, religious and linguistic space. Only in some historical periods, the Syr region looked temporarily to Mauerennahr from a political point of view. Between the rulers of Deshti Kipchak and Mauerennahr in the XI-XV centuries. the main form of communication is the Turkestan region. In order to prove it, let's talk about the political relations between the Kipchak Khanate and the Khorezm state in the 11th-12th centuries, Orda Yezhen ulus and Shagatai ulus in the 13th century, Orys Khan and Amir Temir, Tokhtamys Khan and Amir Temir, Barak Khan and Ulykbek, Abulkhair Khan and Amir Temir's descendants. is coming. Political relations continued even after the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate. The beginning of the struggle for the region coincides with the reign of former Khan. Its role in Kazakh history is also reflected in the struggle for this Syr region.
We have mentioned the reason for the struggle for Syr Bay, and the event that triggered it was the arrival of Muhammad Shaibani Khan, the grandson of Abulkhair Khan, to the Turkestan region under Mauerennakhr. During these years, the rulers of Mauerennahr, who were experiencing mutual feudal wars, did not have the strength to protect the Turkestan region. That is why it was very beneficial for them to oppose the Kazakhs, the main enemy of the Kazakh Khanate - the Pukhban sultans.
The Kazakh Khanate immediately opposes this action of the rulers of Mauerennakhr. Regardless of the winter season, the Kazakh troops led by Mebulukyuk Khan entered the battle in the regions of Syganak, Sauran and Sozak, where Muhammad Shaibani Khan was fortified. Defeated in several battles, Shaibani Khan was forced to flee. Akim of the region, Muhammad Mazid-Tarkhan, who felt the danger of losing other regions of the region, persuaded Shaibani Khan to leave for Samarkand. Thus, the first stage of the struggle for the Kazakh Khanate began successfully, and the northern regions of the region passed to the Kazakh Khanate. It should be noted that the entire khanate was ruled by Mebuluk and the first victories were achieved, but as mentioned in the data, the sons of Janibek Khan, Kasym, Zhirenshe, and Mahmud sultans stand out. These battles took place approximately in the mid-1470s.
And in the 80s of the 15th century, Shaibani and Mauerennahr, relying on their rulers, entered the region again and occupied the northern region. As a result of the actions of the former Khan and Zhanibek Khan's sons against him, the grandson of Abulkhair Khan is forced to leave the Turkestan region. And the Kazakh khanate not only protects the northern region of the region, but also begins to strengthen its influence in the central and southern regions of the region. Mainly, the influence of the 9 sons of Janibek Khan grows in the region. Their territory expanded, cities and good winter pastures came under their control.
In the 90s of the 15th century, conflicts began to arise between the sons of Beludyuk Khan and Janibek Khan. The basis of the conflict is the growth and strengthening of the influence of Zhanibek Khan's sons in the Syr region. This contradiction in domestic political life affects foreign policy as well. That is why the battles for the Turkestan region in 1493-96 were difficult, heavy and long. Shaibani Khan sometimes sided with Mughal Khan and sometimes with Mauerennakhr rulers, changing his direction. He even tries to get closer to his main rival, Mekuldyk Khan. Further aggravation of the conflict between Zhanibek Khan and his sons makes the former allied with Shaibani Khan. Thus, in 1496, after three years of long battles, the warring parties came to an agreement. According to the conclusion of the agreement, the Turkestan region will be divided into three parts, the Kazakh khanate will rule in the north, Mogulstan in the south, and Shaibani Khan will rule in the center.
At the same time, in order to deepen the alliance between Mebulukyuk Khan and Janibek Khan, he gave his two daughters to the two sultans of Pukaban. Against this kind of alliance, the sons of Janibek Khan got closer to the Moghuls and formed a counter alliance. Kassym Sultan's brother Adik Sultan marries the Mughal Khan's sister. In this way, within the khanate in the Kazakh society, opposing forces are formed. At the end of the 15th century, during the reign of the former khan, the political forces in the Kazakh khanate were divided into two, which affected the foreign political situation of the khanate. But the existing situation does not bring honor to the past. As a khan, instead of uniting all the political forces in the state, instead of pitting them against each other, his presence in one of those forces was the beginning of the decline of his authority. This was the sad side of the former khan's life.
In the first 10 years of the 16th century, serious and major events took place that brought a radical change in the life of Mebulukuk Khan. That incident was again connected with the name of Muhammad Shaibani Khan. In the summer of 1500, the Puckani sultan, who came to the Samarkand throne, united all of Mauerennakhr and his entourage within 3-4 years, and seized Tashkent from the Mongol khan under the rule of Mongolia. Mughal Khans Sultan Mahmut and Sultan Ahmed Khan are captured, but Shaibani Khan releases them. From 1505 to 1510, Muhammad Shaibani Khan, who became very strong, organized 4 campaigns against the Kazakh Khanate. The political and economic goals of the campaigns were to subjugate or weaken the Kazakh Khanate and to join the Turkestan region to Mauerennakhr. We believe that the previous khan made big mistakes during these campaigns. Our evidence for this is as follows: During the first three campaigns, Melukdyk Khan did not take any measures against the enemy. Shaibani Khan freely destroys the sons of Zhanibek Khan: Zhanysh and Tanysh, and loots thousands of livestock. Even during the third campaign, which took place in the winter of 1509, he was informed that the enemy army was coming towards his son, and he was forced to flee without any resistance. We understand the act of desperation of the former khan as his deliberate plan. The weaker the sons of Janibek Khan, the more his power should grow. But everything turned out the other way around. In the winter of 1510, the enemy made another campaign against the Kazakhs. This time, the route of the campaign will be directed against Kasym Sultan Ulus. Although Kassym was not an official khan, his reputation was stronger than that of the former khan.
In the first years of the 16th century, Mebulukyuk Khan, who was actively involved in the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate and contributed to the strengthening of the Khanate in the subsequent periods, could not show a great, state-level vision. The transition from national interests to personal, narrow interests brought down his reputation, lost his reputation. The fate of the former khan can be a historical lesson for everyone.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7547 | Икона | Icon (Middle Gr. εἰκόνα "image", "evening"; ancient Gr. εἰκών "image", "picture") - in the Christian religion (Catholic, Orthodox and Monophysite) pictures depicting God, goddess, saints, sacred books.
Icon worship in Catholics and Orthodoxy 787 AD. Established by the 7th World Congress.
Although there is no icon, it is a similar type of statue, the worship of holy things is also widespread in Lamaism and Buddhism.
In the narrow sense, iconography is a branch of the image art developed in the Middle Ages.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5318 | Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan | The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest legislative body in Kazakhstan, a bicameral parliament. It consists of an upper chamber called the Senate and a lower chamber called Majilis.
## History
In the autumn of 1994, journalist and former candidate for deputy of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan, Tatyana Kvyatovskaya, filed a lawsuit demanding the annulment of the results of the 1994 parliamentary elections. In March 1995, after lengthy court proceedings, the then Constitutional Court of Kazakhstan recognized Kvyatkovskaya's claims as valid, despite the objections of President Nursultan Nazarbayev and Chairman of the Supreme Council Abish Kekilbayuly, on March 6, 1995. As a result of the court ruling, Nazarbayev issued a decree on March 11 to dissolve the Supreme Council, declaring all draft laws passed by the Council "invalid". That is why there was no legislative power in Kazakhstan, instead, all laws were adopted on the basis of Presidential Decrees.
On August 30, 1995, a constitutional referendum was held, in which the people of Kazakhstan voted for a new draft of the Constitution of Kazakhstan, which established a new bicameral Parliament consisting of the Mazhilis and the Senate. Senate elections were first held on December 5, 1995, followed by two rounds of Majilis elections, held on December 9 and December 23, 1995. Parliament convened for its first session on January 30, 1996.
In March 2007, several changes were made to the Constitution, as a result of which the Mazhilis moved from a mixed electoral system to a party-list system, and the presidential term changed from eight to five years. However, due to this change, Nazarbayev's term of office was no longer limited, and the way to authoritarianism was opened. In the parliamentary elections held in 2007, the ruling Nur Otan party won all the seats of parliament and eliminated all the powers of the opposition in the Parliament. Thus, until the 2012 elections, Kazakhstan was a one-party state.
In 2010, the Parliament gave Nazarbayev the title of "Leader". With the help of the new title, Nazarbayev would have some power and legal immunity without becoming the President.
## Rights and duties
The authority of the Parliament starts from the opening of its first session and ends when the first session of the newly elected Parliament begins its work. The power may be prematurely terminated in the cases and procedures provided for by the Constitution. The organization and activity of the Parliament, the legal status of its deputies are determined by the constitutional law.
The Parliament adopts laws in separate sessions of its chambers by considering issues first in the Majlis and then in the Senate; discusses the republican budget and reports on its execution, changes and additions to the budget, meml. determine and remove taxes and fees; determines the procedure for solving problems related to the administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan; issues acts on granting amnesty to citizens; joint commissions of chambers elect half of their members; In accordance with the Constitution, the powers of the deputies of the Chambers are terminated, they are deprived of the right to immunity; listens to the reports of members of the government; forms coordinating and working bodies of chambers, adopts regulations, implements other changes provided for by the Constitution (Article 54).
At the joint sessions of the Chambers, the Parliament: makes changes and additions to the Constitution at the proposal of the President; Adopts constitutional laws, makes changes and additions to them; approves the republican budget and the reports of the Report Committee on the control of the execution of the Government and the republican budget on the execution of the budget, makes changes and additions to the budget; According to the laws or articles of the law that caused the objection of the President, the President shall hold repeated discussion and voting within a period of one month from the date of objection (failure to observe this period means that the objection of the President has been accepted); At the initiative of the President, with the vote of two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each Chamber, the President is granted legislative authority for a period not exceeding one year; Prime Minister of the President; agrees to the appointment of the chairman of the National Bank; listens to the Prime Minister's report on the Government's program, approves or rejects the program (the second rejection of the Government's program by the votes of two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Chamber is an expression of no confidence in the Government); expresses no confidence in the Government by the vote of two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each Chamber, at the initiative of at least one-fifth of the total number of deputies of the Parliament; resolves issues of war and peace; Introduces a proposal to establish a republican referendum, etc.
The Parliament adopts legal acts in the form of laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resolutions of the Parliament, resolutions of the Senate and Majilis, which are binding on the entire territory of the Republic. Laws of the Republic enter into force after the President signs them. Legal acts of the Parliament and its chambers, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution, are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the Chambers, and constitutional laws are adopted by a majority vote of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each Chamber on the issues provided for by the Constitution. The President can dissolve the Parliament when the Parliament expresses no confidence in the Government, when the Parliament does not agree twice to appoint the Prime Minister, when there is a political crisis due to disagreements between the Chambers of the Parliament or between the Parliament and other branches of state power. However, the Parliament cannot be dissolved during the state of emergency or war, during the last 6 months of the President's term of office, as well as within 1 year after the previous dissolution.
Current activities of the Parliament are carried out regularly, their number should not exceed seven in each Chamber. The Senate and the Majlis have the right to create joint commissions on an equal basis to resolve issues related to the joint activity of the Chambers. The draft law is preliminarily reviewed in the regular session of the Majilis, and after giving a conclusion on it, it is discussed at the general session of the Majilis. Usually, the discussion takes place in two readings. At least two readings must be held on the issues of introducing changes and additions to the Constitution and adoption of constitutional laws or introducing changes and additions to them.
The Senate has the right to object to the considered bill. The draft rejected by the majority vote of the total number of Senate deputies shall be returned to the Mazhilis. If Majilis deputies approve the project again with two-thirds of their total number, then the project is sent to the Senate for further discussion and voting. A rejected bill cannot be re-introduced during the same session. Each Chamber was elected from among the deputies, meml. a chairman who is fluent in the language is in charge. Chairmen conduct the work of chambers.
In general, the bicameral structure of the Parliament aims to reduce the differences of opinions and cooperate with each other in the activities of the supreme legislative body of Kazakhstan: the chambers are not subject to each other, they are created independently of each other; Each of the wards works in its own way, has its own scope and tasks. In addition, they are obliged to work together on many issues.
## See more
* Speakers of the Parliament of Kazakhstan
* State structure of Kazakhstan
* Political parties in Kazakhstan
## External links
* Official website of the Parliament
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6407 | Қарақытайлар | State of Karakhitai (1128-1213). Black people. Their creation is closely related to the Qidan tribes of Central Asia. The Kydans (tsidan, kita, hita) are mentioned in written records as Turkic-speaking tribes. In this state, most of the Kereyit, Naiman, Saka, and Merkit tribes lived (from the main work of P. Karpini, who translated Tileuber Abenayuly Tynybayin). Abenayuly even wrote: "Az baba, that is, the son of Kytan, the founder of the Karakytai Khaganate, Tama Shor or AZAU Shor Khagan, the founder of the Khagan dynasty, came from the Khytans' tele branch, from the Kerei, from the grandfather of Ellik Mer, who was the owner of the city of Yikshari. P. Karpini kerei On the connection between Ong Khan and Karakytai Gurkhan: "Ong Khan's grandfather"" (Tileuberdi Abenaiyuli. Familiar and unknown Genghis Khan family and valuable data in Chinese annals, including "Ethnic origin of the people who created the First, Lau Empire". "Chingis Khan" magazine, no. 4 (37), 2020). It was one of the tribes of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. They lived on the border of Manchuria and Ussuri in the north of China. 924 The land from Altai to the Pacific Ocean is under the control of the Qidan state (Liao Empire).
1125 The combined power of Song China and the Zhuzhen state overthrows the Liao Empire. Part of the Khitans obeyed the Zhuzhens, and the rest moved westward to East Turkestan and Zhetysu under the leadership of Elyu-Dashi. They pass through the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and reach the length of the Emil River. A city of the same name will be built there. As a result of the western part of the Kydans looking at a part of Zhetysu and mixing with the local Turkic-speaking population, the immigrants were called Black Chinese/Chinese.
1128 The possessor of Balasagun, from the Karakhan family, opposes the Kanlys and Karluks who are oppressing them. Elu Dashi, leader of the Karakhitas, captured Balasagun and established his state in Zhetysu. Zhetysu, South Kazakhstan, Maurennahr and East Turkestan are part of Karakytai state. He rules the Karakhan dynasty.
The head of the Karakytai state is called Gurkhan. His abode was in the valley of Shu Ozen. Balasagun remained the center. Discipline in the army was strict. In the country, a system of tax collection from the head of the yard will be introduced - a tax of one dinar will be collected from each house. Gurkhan did not offer land and water to his relatives, he was afraid that they would become competitors. The Karakytais rule the southern part of Zhetysu, the northeastern region of Isfijab, the Kulja region.
The first Gurkhan Elyu-Dashi in 1143. died. 1169 his son - Elyu-Chhilugu - ascends the throne. Being a Christian, he opposes the Muslim religion. His policy of subjugating the Muslim population of Zhetysu was met with opposition. 1208 Even the Naiman tribes who settled in Zhetysu do not violate this internal policy. The region of Zhetysu becomes a center of mutual conflicts and Muslim movements. This situation in Zhetysu in 1218. until the arrival of Genghis Khan's army. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1649 | Cities of Kazakhstan | There are 90 settlements with city status in Kazakhstan. 3 of them are of national importance, 39 of them are of regional importance, and 48 of them are of district importance. 60.2% of the population of the republic (in 2023) is concentrated in cities. Most of the cities are concentrated in the territory of Akmola region (11 cities) and Aktobe region (8 cities). The regions with the highest share of urban population in Kazakhstan are Karaganda (81.6%), Ulytau (81%) and Aktobe (74.9%) regions.
## Cities with more than a million inhabitants
* Almaty - 2,228,515 people (2024)
* Astana - 1,430,136 people (2024)
* Shymkent - 1,222,055 people (2024)
## Cities with a population of 300,000 - 999,000 (large cities)
* Aktobe - 570,452 people (2024)
* Karaganda - 520,689 people (2024)
* Taraz - 431,160 people (2024)
* Atyrau - 412,286 people (2024)
* Ust-Kamenogorsk - 374,713 people (2024)
* Pavlodar - 368,393 people (2024)
* Ural - 361,954 people (2024)
* Kyzylorda - 356,348 people (2024)
* Semey - 330,836 people (2024)
## Population Cities between 200 thousand and 299 thousand (big cities)
* Aktau - 281,783 people (2024)
* Kostanay - 268,182 people (2024)
* Turkestan - 228,003 people (2024)
* Petropavlovsk - 222,703 people (2024)
* Taldykorgan - 204,082 people (2024)
## Cities with a population of 100,000 - 199,000 (medium-sized cities)
\< > * Kokshetau - 193,501 people (2024)
* Temirtau - 177,299 people (2024)
* Zhanaozen - 151,587 people (2024)
* Ekibastuz - 145,081 people (2024)
* Rudny - 123,529 people (2024)
## Cities (small towns) with population from 10,000 to 99,000
* Kentau - 99,774 people (2024)
* Zhezkazgan - 93 166 people (2024) * Kaskelen - 84,199 people (2024) * Arys - 79,285 people (2024) (2024). )
* Talgar - 65,356 people (2024)
* Saryagash - 62,215 people (2024)
* Shakhtinsk - 58,213 people (2024)
* Kosshi - 55,856 people (2024) \ <> * Zharkent - 53,144 people (2024)
* Alatau - 52,762 people (2024)
* Ridder - 51,511 people (2024)
Shchuchinsk - 47,604 people (2024)
* Shu - 45,531 people (2024)
* Zhetysai - 44,805 people (2024)
* Saran - 43,738 people (2024)
* Ayagoz - 42,010 people (2024)
* Esik - 41,517 people (2024)
* Arkalik - 38,002 people (2024)
* Aral - 37,183 people (2024)
* Aksai - 36 034 people (2024)
* Altai - 35,746 people (2024)
* Kandyagash - 35,699 people (2024)
* Zhitikara - 34,988 people (2024)
* Lisakovsk - 34,631 people (2024). 121 people (2024) * Atbasar - 30,744 people (2024) * Khromtau - 30,304 people (2024) (2024)
* Karatau - 28,422 people (2024)
* Shalkar - 27,971 people (2024)
* Zhanatas - 25,693 people (2024)
* Alga - 22,798 people (2024 )
* Usharal - 21,188 people (2024)
* Ushtobe - 19,243 people (2024)
* Zaisan - 18,422 people (2024)
* Shemonaikha - 18,365 people (2024) \ <> * Makinsk - 18,142 people (2024)
* Sarkan - 17,939 people (2024)
* Karazhal - 17,313 people (2024)
* Akkol - 15,616 people (2024)
* Tayinsha - 13,037 people (2024)
* Emby - 12,998 people (2024)
* Ereimentau - 12,126 people (2024)
* Esil - 11,196 people (2024)
* Priozersk - 11,153 people (2024) * Kurchatov - 10,348 people (2024) (2024)
* Fort Shevchenko - 8,778 people (2024)
* Bulaev - 8,550 people (2024)
* Sergeev - 8,112 people (2024)
* Kazaly - 7,462 people (2024). )
* Stepnyak - 4,130 people (2024)
* Iron - 2,210 people (2024)
* Fodder - 1,218 people (2024)
## Sources
\ <>
## External links
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 29, 2011.
* Cities of Kazakhstan Archived March 14, 2017. — Open Listing Project (ODP)
* [1] Archived 3 September 2014. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5204 | Ayubaev | Mukhtar Akatuliy Ayubaev (August 22, 1959, Turgen village, Enbekshikazak district, Almaty region, Kazakh SSR) is the head of the Security Service of the President of Kazakhstan. In March 2013, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, he was appointed to the post of commander of the Republican Army, lieutenant general.
## Short Biography
He comes from the Shapyrasht clan.
* Born on August 22, 1959 in Turgen village, Shelek district, Almaty region.
* Father - Ayubaev Akat Rashuly (born in 1937), retired, worked as an office manager in Kerbulak district of Almaty region. Mother - Ayubaeva Gania Bekkutymovna (born in 1939), retired.
* Engineering and mechanical faculty of Zhambyl Institute of Light and Food Industry Technology (1981) with specialty "Light industrial machines and devices";
* higher courses of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Minsk, 1985);
* Graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Kazakh Humanities and Law University (2005) with the specialty of lawyer.
* Since 1975 - a collective worker.
* Since 1981 - serving in the ranks of the Soviet Army.
* Since 1983 - the instructor of the Kerbulak District Komsomol Committee.
* Since 1984 - cadet of the higher courses of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
* since 1985 - mechanic-repairer of "Zhetisu" Almaty industrial footwear association;
* Emergency representative of Paktaaral AB, emergency representative of Sairam AB, emergency representative of Shymkent regional NSKB.
* Since 1991 - operational representative, senior operational representative, head of the secretariat-board of the Taldykorgan regional NSKB.
* Since January 1995 - head of the department of personal security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputy head of the personal security department, deputy head of the First Department of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Since 2002 - Deputy Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of the Department of Security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* 2004 First Deputy Commander of the Republican Guard of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Since January 2006 - Deputy Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of the Department of Security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Since March 2006 - Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* On March 6, 2013, Mukhtar Ayubayev was appointed to the post of the commander of the Republican Army of the Republic of Kazakhstan by Presidential Decree.
## Awards
* II degree "Aibyn" order (2004);
* With 8 medals.
* "Kazakhstan President's Fortress" (2002)
* "Excellence of the Soviet Army"
* Awarded with "Militia Excellence" signs
* promoted with various departmental prizes.
* Honorable officer of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Honorable citizen of Almaty region.
* Has the qualification category "Master" (specialist mentor of the 1st category).
* Master of sports in freestyle wrestling.
## Home situation
* Married. Spouse - Ayubayeva Jamal Akimovna (born in 1960)
* Sons - Almas (born in 1984), Aibol (born in 1987);
* daughter Alipa (born in 1993).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7093 | Бабырнама | "Babyrnama"
* Historical work, valuable heritage common to the peoples of Central Asia. The author is Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire (1526–1258). It was written in Turkic (Chagatai) language in 1526-1930. The book is a valuable work for historians, ethnographers, geographers who study the structure, customs, customs and toponymy of the states founded by the Iron Dynasty, and for writers and linguists who study literary and scientific works written in the Turkic language in the Middle Ages. "Babaranamada" is a unique work in terms of abundance of information and richness of language. The work gives a historical description of the ruling generations of the Iron Dynasty, the history of the countries and peoples of Ferghana, Hindustan region (today's Central Asian states, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India) in the 15th-16th centuries, between the Iron Dynasty and Muhammad Shaibani, the throne, power and land in the Mongols. talks in detail about the wars fought for He writes about the construction, architecture, destruction of large and small cities (Aksikent, Kabul, Shash, Bukhara, etc.), settlements along the Syrdarya, Zhetysu. Focusing on the medieval cities of Almalyk (in the foothills of Zharkent), Almatu (Almaty), Yangi (Tarazkent), it is said that they were destroyed by the Mongols and the rulers of the Shaibani dynasty. It is said that near these cities there were gardens, various wild fruits, dozens of species of animals in the mountains of Central Asia and India. After Babur's death, the work was translated into Persian (Abdul-Rahim district), and then into English. The manuscript of the work was translated into Russian by N. I. Ilminsky and published in Kazan in 1857, and A. S. Beveridge in 1905 in London. "Babyrnama" was published in English (1826, 1921), French (1871), Russian (1943, 1958), Uzbek (1960), Kazakh (1990, 1993). In 1980, a special commission was established by UNESCO with the participation of scientists from countries (USSR, Afghanistan, India) interested in a new French translation and its publication. This translation of "Babyrnama" was published in French (1985, 2nd edition), Turkish (1987), Japanese (1995, 1996).
The 460th anniversary of "Babyrnama" was celebrated at the international level, and a scientific-theoretical conference on the topic "Babyrnama and Eastern Renaissance" was held (October 22-26, 1990, Tashkent).
* Historical-literary memoir read by Abai, a precious written monument of the medieval peoples of Central Asia. The author is the famous general Babur, the founder of the Great Mughal dynasty in India. In this work, the history, customs, ethnography, culture of the peoples of India and Central Asia, geography of Turkestan, Mauerennahr, Zhetysu region, Deshti-Kipchak ruler M. The war between Shaibani is described. Very valuable information is collected about the Kazakh khans Zhanibek, Adik, Kasym, Muhammed Haidar Dulati, the author of Tarikh-i Rashidi. Abay says in his historical work "A few words about the origin of Kazakh origin" that he got his data about Alasha Khan from "Babyrnama". "Babyrnama" 1990, 1993. published in Kazakh
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5074 | Kenen Azirbaev | Kenen Azirbaev (born on June 19, 1884 in Matibulak settlement, Zhambyl district, present-day Almaty region - died on April 12, 1976 in the then Kirov collective farm (now Kenen village), Zhambyl region, Kordai district) - a famous Kazakh folk poet, poet , the end of the sal-seri tradition, singer and composer. Honored artist of Kazakhstan.
Children: Tortken (Tortkempirbirshal), Kurkemzhan, Bakhytzhan, Aktamak, Akbilek.
## Biography
From Zhanys clan of Dulat tribe. At the age of 10, he started singing with a tambourine. At the age of 11, he released his first song "Ri, Koyim", and at the age of 13, the famous song "Boztorgai". This song, which impressed the people, quickly spread throughout the Kazakh steppe. The name of the boy Kenen became known to Kyrgyz-Kazakhs and he was called "Bozdala's bluebird". Also, he is the author of about two hundred lyrical, didactic dedications and meditations. His repertoire consisted of an epic poem. He was a person who used to sing those poems and epics early in the morning, fill the ears of his listeners, and become the spiritual sleeper of the people. It is not only Zhetisu, which is known as the mine of songs and poems, but also an art field that has deeply mastered the traditions of Kazakh singing and singing, poetry and singing. Kenen's talent enriched the Kazakh art of singing in terms of melodic intonation, raised the character of the song to new heights, added new historical and social content to the topic, and brought it to the fields. His songs such as "Boztorgai", "Koksholak", "Bulbulga", "Sixteenth Year" are characterized by their original character in terms of composition and theme, in addition to their melodic innovations. Behind each of these songs, in addition to the breath of time, Kenen's own historical instinct and intelligence, his unique personality, can be understood. For example, in the poem "Bulbulga", which was born long before the 16-year riots, in order to express the words "Kangirtgan two mezdy tsar kurgurr" while mourning with a nightingale, in addition to anger, it takes a visionary to understand the rotten political situation at that time. Or, in the first days of the Motherland War, which thundered like the sun, Alatau screamed like a white eagle, "Our Motherland will win!" It is probably a testimony of unwavering faith worthy of a man, optimism worthy of a poet, insight worthy of a mind.
## Tribute to the poet
Kenen Azirbayev's name:
* To general secondary school No. 15 located in the village of Boraldai, Ile district, Almaty region;
* to the school located in Rayymbek village, Karasai district, Almaty region;
* to secondary school #41 at "Otar" station, Kordai district, Zhambyl region;
* It was given to the secondary school located in the village of Kozhamberdi, Kazygurt district, Turkestan region.
* Nur-Sultan, Almaty, Taraz, Shymkent and others. streets were given in cities and districts
* Since 2001, once every two years in the city of Taraz "Shyrka, dausym!" named after Kenen Azirbayev. The Republican traditional singers competition is held
* In 2009, a postage stamp of Kazakhstan dedicated to Kenen Azirbayev was issued for the 125th anniversary of the poet
In 2011, a documentary film titled "The Truth of Alatau" was shot about the poet's work and life. * In 2013, a monument was erected in Almaty. An official website was opened in honor of Kenen Azirbayev
* In 2018, the Zhambyl regional philharmonic in Taraz was named after Kenen Azirbayev
* In 2019, a monument was placed in front of the Zhambyl regional philharmonic named after Kenen Azirbayev
* Zhambyl region, Kordai district, where the poet lived for many years the settlement is called Kenen village. Literary-memorial museum named after Kenen Azirbayev works there. A monument has been installed in front of the museum.
* The 100th, 110th, 120th, 125th, 135th anniversaries of the poet are celebrated continuously at the Republican level.
* Books written about the work and life of Kenen Azirbayev: "Conversation with the spirit of the father", "Kenen", "Two Kenen are not born", "Obeisance to the spirit of the father", "The great field poet"
Kenen Azirbayev left behind a rich legacy , an artist who made an immeasurable contribution to connecting the centuries-old spiritual treasures of the people with today's life. Immortal poems and beautiful songs of the poet Akiyk will be created forever with the people.
## Awards
* Order of "Lenin" - 1974
* "Red Banner of Labor" order - 1967
* Order "Sign of Honor" - 1959
* Order "Sign of Honor" - 1945
* Seven times awarded with the Certificate of Honor of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR and many medals
* People's Poet of the Kazakh SSR - 1961.
* Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR - 1956
* Member of the Union of Composers of the USSR - 1939.
* Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR - 1937.
## Works:
* Collection of poems, a., 1947;
* "Ali batyr", a., 1951, 1986;
* Poems and sagas, a., 1953;
* Songs, A., 1955;
* Poems and sagas and texts, a., 1961;
* Collection of works, a., 1967;
* "Secret of poets", a., 1969, 2002;
* Selected works, a., 1974;
* Boztorgai, A., 1977;
* Selected songs, A., 1984.
* 5-volume collection of works, 2008.
* 5-volume collection of works, 2017.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6142 | Суоми | Finland (sounding of the name of the country in Finnish and Swedish languages fin. Suomi, Swedish. Finland; official name is the Republic of Finland, Finnish. Suomen tasavalta, Swedish. Republiken Finland) is a country located in the north of Europe. As of 2020, the population is 5,574,802 people, the land area is 338,430.53 km². It ranks 115th in the world by population and 64th in terms of land.
The capital and largest city is Helsinki. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. The Swedish language is widespread in the Åland Islands, and the Sami languages are widespread in the north.
Parliamentary-presidential republic. Since February 5, 2012, President Sauli Niinistö has been in charge of the country. It is a member of the Nordic Passport Union (1952), the Nordic Council (1956), the European Union (1995) and the Schengen Agreement (1996). It has been considered an independent country since December 6, 1917.
It borders Russia in the east, Sweden in the northwest, and Norway in the north. The southern and western coasts of the country are washed by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland and Bothnia. It borders with Estonia by sea.
In 2010, according to Newsweek magazine, Finland was on the first place in the list of "The world's best countries", and in 2011-2014, the American Fund for Peace named the country "The most stable country in the world". evaluated as ".
## Etymology
The name of the state comes from the Swedish word Finland ("land of the Finns"). In the Ynglinga saga written in Old Icelandic (XIII century) isl. There is a toponym Finnland. The Finnish name of the country is Suomi.
There are several versions of the origin of this name:
* Some say that the word Suomi comes from the Finnish word suomu ("scale"). The reason for this is that the natives sewed clothes from fish skin.
* According to another theory, Suomi was a personal name. This is the name of a Danish nobleman who made peace with Charlemagne. The nobleman's name was preserved in the king's papers.
* According to another version, the word Suomi comes from the Estonian language. There is an assumption that at one time there was a place called Sooma (lit. soo - "swamp", maa - "land"; more precisely: "swamp land"). Those who migrated from this region began to call the southwestern part of their homeland Finland Suomi.
* Now, according to another version, Suomi is a corruption of the word Saami, that is, the name of the people who lived in this region before the arrival of the Finnish tribes.
## History
### Ancient history
According to the results of archaeological research, the first settlements began to appear on the territory of Finland at the end of the ice age, that is, our e. . In the year 8500. The inhabitants of this place were hunters and gatherers who used stone tools. Our e.p. In the 3rd millennium, the first pottery began to appear, and from the east came the culture of pit-comb ceramics. To the southern shores of Finland, our e. In the 32nd century, along with the battle ax culture, agriculture also began to appear. Despite this, the main livelihood of the people remained hunting and fishing, especially in the north and east of the country.
### As part of Sweden (1150/1300 — 1809)
In the last period of the Viking Age, Swedish merchants and kings began to level their influence over the entire Baltic region.
For several centuries, Finland was under Catholic and then Protestant Sweden. Since 1595, he has been known as the Grand Duke of Finlandia.
On March 1, 1753, the entire Duchy's territory changed from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar.
### Within the Russian Empire (1809 — 1917)
In 1807, under the Treaty of Tilsit, Russia allied with the French Empire to oppose Great Britain and its allies. One of Great Britain's allies was Sweden. Russia was forced to name Sweden. The "Continental Blockade" is the blockade of the British Isles. Britain, in turn, offered to pay Sweden a million pounds every month for the war, which, however, also allowed the landing of a British expeditionary force in Sweden. King Gustav IV Adolf. The highest order of the Adolphus Alexander Empire returned to Alexander, the Order of St. Andrew, the first to be called. Gustav I.V. Adolphe declared that he could not achieve the same order as Napoleon Bonaparte because he had humiliated him.
Russian diplomatic power threatened Russian troops in southeastern Finland in early 1808 and announced the conquest of Finland in the summer of that year. On March 15, 1809, the Russian emperor signed the Finnish system of government, which he maintained in his territory in internal affairs and applied Swedish law, announced the next day at the opening of the first-level meeting of the representatives of the Finnish peoples, but military operations were suspended until the summer of 1809, and between Russia and Sweden It ended with the peace of Friedrichsgam on September 5, according to which Sweden gave Russia to Finland and a part of Västerbotnia to Russia, Rinin and Muonio (the present community of Tornio, Yulitornio,, Pello, Kolari, Muanio and Palanga).
Since 1840, during the rule of Nicholas I, reforms in the field of education began to be implemented in the Principality. After that, the Finnish language was allowed to be taught in local schools. Higher permission was granted to publish religious, historical and economic literature in national languages. This policy was implemented under Emperor Alexander II. In 1858, the first Finnish-language lyceum was established.
### Uprising of 1917
In 1917, after the February Revolution and the fall of the autocracy in Russia, power passed to the Provisional Government, which partially satisfied public opinion. In Finland, a manifesto was published that canceled all integration measures that had been carried out since 1899. Finland's privileges lost after the revolution of 1905 were renewed. A new governor-general was appointed and a diet convened. However, after the Sejm unilaterally declared the independence of Finland in internal affairs, by the decision of the Provisional Government of Russia on July 18, 1917, the law on the restoration of the autonomous rights of Finland, approved by the Sejm, was not adopted, the Sejm was dissolved and its building was occupied by Russian troops, but the units of the Russian army that were in the Grand Duchy now took control of the situation. could not manage. The police were disbanded and law enforcement was suspended, resulting in increased unrest in the country. In general, by the summer of 1917, the idea of independence was widely accepted.
The October Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the Provisional Government, allowed the Finnish Senate to sign the Declaration of Finnish Independence on 4 December 1917, which was approved by the parliament on 6 December. Thus, the independence of Finland was declared, which at the same time was declared a republic (Republic of Finland).
"Recognition of the state independence of the Republic of Finland" was proposed by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RKFSR on December 18, 1917.
### Independent Finland (since 1917)
## Geography
### Geographical location
Since Finland is located in northern Europe, most of the territory passes through the Arctic zone (25%). It borders on land with Sweden (border length 586 km), Norway (716 km) and Russia (1265 km), and by sea with Estonia through the Gulf of Finland and Sweden through the Gulf of Bothnia.
The length of the outer coastline (excluding the curvature) is 1,100 km. is equal. The length of the coastline (excluding islands) is 46,000 km. There are about 81,000 islands (over 100 m² in area) in the coastal zone.
The state is divided into three main geographical areas.
* The coastal plain extends along the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia. There are many rocky islands, the main archipelagos are the Åland Islands and the Turku Archipelago. The heavily indented coast runs off the southwest coast into the largest archipelago in Finland (the Archipelago Sea).
* Kolder district is a plateau in the south of the country. There are dense forests, many lakes and wetlands.
* Northern origin, most of it is located beyond the Arctic belt. The main symptoms are soil deterioration. Lapland has many rocky mountains and small ridges. The highest point of Finland (1324 m above sea level) is located on the slopes of Haltia Hill in the western part of Lapland.
## Industry
Finland is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. Finland's main industries are based on the country's forest resources. Finland is one of the world's leading wood products exporters. Finland ranks 2nd in the world in the production of paper and hard paper (after Canada), and 4th in the production of pulp and laminated board. The main branches of the economy: engineering, shipbuilding, mainly icebreakers (1st place in the world), sea tugs, ferries, pulp and paper, wood processing, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, textiles, clothing, food, mining, oil refining , fuel and energy, electronics, etc. Machine-building is dominated by Swedish capital, oil by American and Anglo-Dutch capital. The production of iron, titanium-magnesium, copper, zinc, nickel, cast iron, steel, chrome (the world's largest ore), lead, granite, marble, cobalt is well developed. In terms of electricity per capita, Finland is among the top five countries in the world. Swimming and fishing play an important role. Beef and dairy cattle and sheep breeding are dominant in agriculture. Pigs, poultry and deer are also grown. Finland is a country of small and medium farmers. Agriculture is formed as a secondary branch of animal husbandry. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, fodder crops, hay are sown. Deer farming is developed in the northern part of the country. Large seaports – Helsinki, Turku, Kotka, Pori, oil ports – Scheldvig, Nantali. There are ferries between Sweden, Estonia, Poland and Germany. Tourism is developed. Produces outdoor wood and woodworking industry products, ships (ice boats, sea tugs), pulp and paper industry equipment, electrical engineering products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, chemical, light and food industry products, sports skis. The basis of import is liquid fuel, nuclear fuel, natural gas, coal. The per capita amount of the gross national product is equal to 24,400 US dollars. Main trade partners: European Union countries, USA, Japan, Norway, Russia.
## Military forces
Finnish defense forces consist of personnel (8.7 thousand professionals), as well as conscripts (about 12 thousand conscripts are called up in January and July, including 250-300 women). The entire structure is subordinate to the commander of the defense forces, who in turn reports to the President of the republic. Since August 1, 2014, the commander of Finland is Lieutenant General Jarmo Lindberg. The budget of the Finnish defense forces is less than 3 billion euros per year. By 2014, the armed forces had 31 total positions, of which 28 remained due to overall cuts by 2015.
The donkey of World War II, Finland was permanently excluded from the status quo. In Finland, the issue of joining NATO is constantly raised by right-wing forces. In 2022, the country's leadership seriously thought about the prospect of joining NATO after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Currently, a program of military cooperation is being implemented with many countries that are part of the NATO bloc.
Since the population of the entire country is just over 5.5 million, most of the Finnish Armed Forces are conscripts. All eligible male Finnish citizens between the ages of 18 and 30 are called up for military or alternative service. The term of service is six to 12 months (alternative non-military service). In recent years, there has been an increase in so-called total refusals (21 in 2011, 41 in 2012), which have been replaced by military or alternative civilian service with supervised house arrest. Residents of the Åland Islands are not conscripted. Since 1995, women can serve as volunteers in the army. In 2014 ~ 4,000 soldiers terminated their service (3,000 of them due to mental and behavioral disorders - depression, depression, adjustment problems, alcohol and drug addiction). Union of conscripts works to protect the rights of conscripts.
The Armed Forces of Finland include the Finnish Army (Fin. Suomen maavoimat, Swedish. Finländska armén), the Finnish Navy (Fin. Suomen merivoimat, Swedish. Finländska marinen), the Finnish Air Force (Fin. Suomen ilmavoimat, Swedish. Finländska flyvapnet). The Finnish Border Guard is under the Ministry of the Interior, but can be attached to the armed forces if necessary.
Currently, funding, number of personnel (in 2008-2012 personnel was reduced by more than 10%) and the number of garrisons of the Finnish Defense Forces are decreasing. In order to save money, it is planned to shorten the term of service for military service by two weeks, as well as the possibility of dismissing the cadre military, i.e. officers, which was never offered before, will be allowed.
## Economy
Finland is one of the small, highly developed industrial countries. Its share in world production is less than 0.4%, in world trade - 0.8%. Finland's gross domestic product in 2002 was 140.5 billion euros. The growth is 1.7% compared to 2001. Finland is among the leading countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita - 44,492 US dollars (at purchasing power parity) or 45,927 US dollars (in nominal value) according to 2017 data. <>
In January 2013, the volume of exports amounted to €4.6 billion (3% more than in January 2012); the share of chemical industry products from Finnish exports exceeded a quarter (about 50% — oil products); export of wood and metal processing products increased; there was a decline in the export of mobile phones (from 0.5 million units). In January 2012, up to 32 thousand (in January 2013). State revenue from tax collection is ~65 billion euros (Finland is estimated to receive 4.6-7.7 billion euros annually from non-payment of taxes; the share of bankrupt firms and other tax evasion companies is about 4.1 billion euros) state revenues ~78 million euros
As of the second quarter of 2016, the average salary in Finland is €2,509 (net monthly) and €3,380 (gross monthly).
Advantages: export and quality oriented industry. High-tech sector (here map service, internet services). First place in the world in terms of paper production. Rapid recovery of exports after recession. Low inflation, sometimes below 2% per year. Growing investment attractiveness. Gateway to the Russian and Baltic economies. Part of the Eurozone. Rapid economic growth.
Weaknesses: Severe recession in 1991-1993, real GDP fell by 15%. Rapidly aging population, early retirement. Large public debts and foreign debts; high unemployment (10%). Underdeveloped domestic market; The location of the periphery in Europe.
In 2009, the police conducted 611 investigations into economic crimes, in 2013 they were 326. The same trend can be observed in court sentences: in 2010, the court banned 416 business activities, and in 2013 - 342. In 2014, there were about 1,000 bans on doing business in Finland, while 30 to 40 entrepreneurs were found to violate it every year. .
According to the 2014 estimate, the annual damage to the state from computer problems at the workplaces of civil servants reaches 275 million euros
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6107 | Сомали | Somalia (Model:Lang-so, Arabic: الصومال es-Sumal), official name is the Federated Republic of Somalia, is a country located on the Somali Peninsula in northeastern Africa. The land area is 637.7 thousand km2. The population is 16,186,504 people (2005). The capital is the city of Mogadishu. Almost 98% of the population are Somalis, besides Arabs, Swahili, Italians, Indians, and Amhars. The official language is Somali, Arabic. 99% of the population are Muslims.
## State construction.
The head of state is the president, the supreme legislative body is the unicameral national assembly. National holiday - Independence Day - July 1 (1960). Administrator. is divided into 18 regions. The currency is the Somali shilling. Member of the UN (1960), the Organization of African Unity (African Union) (1963), the League of Arab States (1974), the Organization of the Islamic Conference.
## Nature.
The terrain is flat (500-1500 m). The sandy low-lying coast in the southeast rises gradually to the north and northwest and continues with the Gulf of Aden in the area where the Somali plate meets the Red Sea tectonic fault. The highest point is the peak of Shimbiris (2416 m) on Mt. Mijurtin, in the north of the country. The plateau is surrounded by slightly hilly lowlands in the north and south-east.
## Climate.
The land area is located in tropical (far north) and subequatorial (middle and southern part) climatic zones. Somalia has a dry and hot climate due to the influence of cold currents. The average monthly temperature is 25-32°C throughout the year. Annual precipitation is 50-100 mm in the north and east, 500-600 mm in the south and west. Most of its land is occupied by cereal plants and bushy deserts. Cree Rivers - Jubba Wabi-Shebelle is less watery. Niobium and table salt are produced from minerals. Dates and coconut palms grow in the fields. There are many ethereal shrubs that yield valuable resin. Among the animals, deer, zebra, rhinoceros, lion, leopard, wolf, elephant, rhinoceros, wild boar can be found along the river. There are crocodiles and hippos in the rivers. There are a lot of monkeys, birds, reptiles and insects.
## Population.
The vast majority of the population are Somalis. Good with them. a small group of peoples from the Bantu language family - Wagosha and Swahili - live in the districts; the coastal towns are populated by Arabs, Amharic, Indians and Europeans (mostly Italians). Important cities - Mogadishu, Berbera, Hargeisa, Kisimayo, Isha-Baidoa
## History.
Somali land was settled by the first people in the ancient stone age. During our time, cities appeared and trade was conducted with Arabs, Indians, Greeks, and Africans. In the 7th - 8th centuries, Arab Muslims immigrated to the Somali peninsula and greatly influenced the formation of the religion, language and culture of the local population. In the 12th - 19th centuries, different Muslim states were established in Somalia, a part of the country was owned by Oman, Zanzibar, and Ottoman sultans. In the 19th century, European states began to conquer the Somali peninsula. At the beginning of the 20th century, the peninsula was divided into 3 colonies (British Somalia, French Somalia, Italian Somalia). On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly decided to transfer Italian Somalia to the international trusteeship system for a period of 10 years. On June 26, 1960, British Somalia was declared an independent country. On July 1, 1960, the former British and Italian Somalis united to form the independent Somali Republic. But the people's standard of living is low, internal ethnicity. there were frequent conflicts and military coups. During the 1991-92 civil war, the United Somali Congress came to power. More than 1 million refugees have gone abroad due to tribal conflicts and conflicts within the country, the disaster of drought and the war with Ethiopia. In 1993, UN peacekeeping forces were introduced and humanitarian aid was provided to the starving. In 1994-95, there was another civil war in the country.
## Economy.
Somalia is an agrarian country with a poorly developed economy. The share of agriculture in the economy is 65%, and industry is 10%. More than 80% of the population works in agriculture, 2/3 of them are nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock farmers. There are about 50 million cattle in the country. Mainly, sheep and goats, camels and cattle are bred, livestock trade accounts for more than 80% of the country's exports. Agriculture is mainly found in river valleys and mountain slopes (1.5% of the land area). Bananas, sugarcane, cotton, corn, millet, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes were grown. A lot of aromatic resin (gum, incense, etc.) is collected. Fishing is quite developed in the country. The industry is engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials: meat and fish canning, milk and oil churning, leather and wool, cotton, textile and food industries. Most of them are small and poorly developed secondary industries. The basis of imports is fuel, fertilizers, food, equipment, electronics. The main seaports are Mogadishu, Kisimayo, Berbera. There is no railway, the length of highways is more than 20 thousand km. National income per capita. equal to 550 US dollars. The main trading partners are Saudi Arabia, USA, Yemen, Kenya, EU countries.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7345 | The country is lost | The country is lost - the state of the people.
1723 During the "Ak taban shubyriny" during the Dzhungar invasion, when the country was empty, the folk singers sang "The country is lost" from the throat of the dombra. A mood full of sadness, performed in a medium tempo. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3873 | A phrase | word phrase is a combination of two or more words with full meaning that are related to each other in terms of personality and meaning.
For example: The words in the sentence "Kairat told the children about the conversation with Dosan" are composed of the following phrases: "Kairat told the children; with Dosan; with Dosan; about the conversation; about the conversation."
* Courage for children;
* children with Dosan;
* Was with Dosan;
* of the conversation;
* context of the conversation;
* reported the situation.
Here, each word is connected only with the word that made it necessary and is necessary. We find the semantic connection of words by asking questions.
## Ways words connect
When words are connected, they connect to each other in different ways:
* Words connect to each other through additions, especially conjunctions . For example, in the phrases "He came" and "He came to Astana" the words are connected by the participle and adverbial conjunction.
* Words are connected to each other by adverbial clauses. For example, the phrase "came to study" is connected by a preposition.
* Words are connected to each other without any conjunctions or inflections, standing in the root persons. For example, the word "good doctor" is connected without a conjunction
* The semantic connection between words is sometimes given by tone of voice. For example, the words "Aidyn-dariger" are connected through the tone of voice.
The connection of the words in the phrase through additions is a synthetic connection, and the connection through place order, intonation, and idioms is an analytical connection.
## Types of connection of words
In the Kazakh language, the connection of words is divided into five types: they are crossing, acquiring, matasu, kabysh and touch.
### Conjugation
Conjugation is a form of word-to-word connection through participles and the order of classification.
For example:
The 3rd person in the first example does not have a special participle, the words are connected only in the order of classification, and there is a delay between them, we put a hyphen in writing.
### Mengeru
Mengeru is the connection of a word with adverbs other than the root case.
For example: Edit Wikipedia; respect for elders; to chop a tree with an ax
### Matasu
Matasu is a way of connecting words through the stem and dependent conjunctions
For example: school house, village cattle.
### Conjugation
Conjugation is a form of connecting words to each other without any conjunctions or interjections, only by standing next to each other.
For example: an interesting book, a white collar, a gold watch.
### Conjugation
Conjugation is the connection of the previous word with the last word through interjections or without any conjunction, standing in the root person, sometimes adjacent and sometimes distant.
For example: soaring, soaring to the sky.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7168 | Отырар | Otyrar is a medieval town. It is located 7 km to the north-west from Temir railway station of Otyrar district of Turkestan region.
Otyrar has been known as Tarband (Traban) since the beginning of the 8th century. This name is found in ancient Turkic inscriptions dedicated to Kultegin and Bilge Khagan. Yakut, an Arab geographer of the 8th century, writes that "Tarband, Turar, Turarband and Otyrar are one city." According to the Arab historian Tabari, who called the king of Otyrar one of the enemies of the caliph Al-Mamun, Otyrar was already a big city in the 9th century. 10th century records mention the region of Farab with the central city of Keder. It is written in the work of Al-Maqdisi (late 10th century) that Farab is an older city than Keder. According to him, the capital city was named Farab after the region. After the 10th century, Keder is not mentioned in historical and geographical records, instead both the capital and the region are called Farab. In the 5th - 15th centuries, Otyrar was an important city on the trade route from Iran and Central Asia to Siberia, Mongolia and China, trading with nomadic tribes along the Aral Sea. According to some researchers, the city had the world's largest library and many mosques and madrasahs at that time.
## Otyrar disaster
In 1218, the merchants of Genghis Khan's caravan were killed by the emir of Qairkhan, the ruler of Muhammad Khorezmshah in Otyrar. This was the pretext for Genghis Khan's invasion of Central Asia. In historical literature, this massacre is known as "Otyrar disaster". In the fall of 1219, the Mongol troops reached Otyrar. As a result of the Mongol invasion, Otyrar was destroyed and the inhabitants of the city were massacred. But after the disaster of 1219, Otyrar was revived.
In 1255, an Armenian traveler mentions Otyrary among the major cities along the Syr Darya. Otyrar still played an intermediary role in world trade.
In 1320, the Florentine merchant Pegolotti's notes about the trade route from the Sea of Azov to the Far East also emphasized the city.
In the 14th century, the Khans of the White Horde built madrasahs, khanakas, mosques, and offices here.
At the end of the 14th century, Otyrar Amir became part of the Iron State. Amir Temir visited here several times and died here (1405) when he was preparing for the Eastern campaign. During the struggle between the heirs of Amir Temir and the Muhammed Shaibani family with the Kazakh khans, the fate of Otyrar was again challenged.
From the 2nd half of the 16th century, the city came under the control of the Kazakhs and remained until the beginning of the 18th century.
Archeological excavations in Otyrar began on a large scale in 1969 after the organization of the Otyrar archaeological expedition led by K. Akyshev of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan.
## Character of Otyrar
Currently Otyrar is a pentagonal hill. Dimensions: right. side - 380 m, south-west - 145 m, west - 400 m, south-east - 380 m and east - 350 m. The highest point of the hill is 18 m above the base. The total area is 200 ha. The city is surrounded by a wall. Its buildings on the south-east and east sides are well preserved. There are trenches dug around the main hill. The city had three gates. Avg. the gate is right. located on the side. Archeological excavations revealed the cultural layers in the city, at what time did they exist, and divided the construction sites into periods and made it possible to analyze them. The cultural layer of the city is 16 m. It consists of 7 cultural layers.
* From the 1st floor (1st-6th centuries AD) a few items (hand-made potsherds) were found;
* The thickness of the 2nd floor (7th-8th centuries) is about 3 m;
* Location of residential houses with raw brick walls (422210 cm) from the 3rd floor (about 1 m thick, 9th-10th centuries), fragments of bronze bracelets and necklaces, fragments of iron products, wine vessels found;
* The 4th floor (thickness 1.5 m, the beginning of the 11th-13th century) is characterized by re-planned constructions, at the same time, a sword fragment, a bronze ring, fragments of glass vessels, various glass necklaces, etc. were found in this layer. things were taken;
* From the 5th floor (thickness 1.5 m, 13-14 centuries), the place of buildings built with burnt bricks (24244 cm), tandoor, household pits, storehouse (from which iron knife, men- Remains of fog harness, iron needle, bronze necklaces, etc. were discovered;
* From the 6th layer (thickness 1.5 m, 15-16 centuries) edged iron knife, goldsmith's hammer made of bone, horse statue, etc. items were selected;
* The thickness of the 7th floor is 0.7-0.8 m (17-18 centuries). This layer belongs to the period when the city began to decline.
In 1971-74, one-fifth of the territory of Otyrar (4 hectares) was cleared. It was found that there were streets built in longitudinal and latitudinal directions. The width of the streets is 2-3.5 m. There are unfinished squares or courtyards between the streets. Residential buildings here are homogeneous, one, two or three-room houses built very close to each other, and multi-room houses are rare. The size of a single or central room is 20-35 m2. The walls are made of raw bricks (30209 cm, 27167 cm) with flat and sloping edges. In places with harsh winters, laying bricks in this way is a typical method for houses covered with thick soil. Such an approach is found even now in the construction of residential buildings in the south of Kazakhstan. Inside the house, a 20-30 cm high heating tandoor is placed between the floors. The fire-burning part of the tandoor is covered with burnt bricks, and the smoke outlet is attached to the wall. Pit under the fireplace. Its floor and walls are covered with burnt bricks or its fragments. From here, a stone mill and its fragments, various stone kelsaps were found, as well as inside the rooms there are earthenware grain-storing pots and jars, uras, and household pits. Multi-room houses have double tandoors. They are placed in each corner of the houses and have a common chimney. Excavated building complexes belong to the 16th-18th centuries. Numismatic materials (about 120 coins) prove that they belong to this period. It can be seen that there was a fire during this period, traces of fire have been preserved in some rooms. At the bottom of the vessels there are written signs. Such signs, which were made before firing the vessels, are found not only on the bottom, but also on the lower part. These correspond to the symbols of the Kazakh Kerey and Kypchak clans. Sitting Archaeol. excavations are still in progress.
## Otyrar-Karatau culture
Otyrar-Karatau culture is the ancient culture of the Kanly tribes inhabiting the regions of South Kazakhstan (the end of the 1st millennium BC). The main distribution area of the monuments includes the middle course of Syrdarya. Cities and settlements, cemeteries are well researched. Their largest concentration is on average. Need to sit down; Mardan, Mardan-Kuyik, Kostobe, Shashtobe, Seitmantobe, Akaytobe, Sholtobe, etc. on the northern bank of the Arys River. had big cities.
### History
1940 A.N. Archaeol led by Bernstam. exped. during which the first data were collected and it was called Kangyu-karatau culture. Later, this region was covered by E.I. Argeeva, G.I. Pacevich, K. Akishev, K. Baipakov, L.B. Erzakovich, L.M. Levina, A.N. Studied Podushkin. One of the largest monuments is Kokmardan. O.-K. m. The houses of the cities were built in the quarter system from the early period. Usually 4-6 houses make up one quarter. Valuable features include about 100 signs on pottery. The main group of signs are tribal signs. Research scientists believe that these are very close to the symbols of the last Middle Ages. A peculiarity is that there are symbols of tribes included in all three faces of Kazakhs. O.-K. m. tribes followed highly developed agriculture along with livestock, blacksmithing and jewelry crafts were well developed. Residents worshiped the spirits of ancestors and gods. Its people were part of the historical Kanly state together with the tribes of Zhetiasar and Kaunshi cultures neighboring the Syr River. B.C. Characteristics of material culture and anthropology in the 3rd - 4th centuries. data O.-K. It shows that the Huns came and mixed with the tribes that left m. During this period, Turkic culture and language were formed, Turkic-Sogdian synthesis was developed. From the period when the Hun tribes came and joined O.-K. m. A large part of the tribes moved to the upper reaches of the Syr, to Central Asia, together with the Seventh-Asars. In the 6th - 7th centuries O.-K. m.'s development stopped, along with other tribes, the Syr and Amudarya rivers were destroyed. joined the flow and formed the Keder culture. The rest of the residents joined the Kangar Association, which was created in the Otyrar case.
## Otyrar Madrasah
Otyrar Madrasah is a medieval religious educational institution in the city of Otyrar. It was founded at the end of the 8th century and worked until the Mongol invasion. Pupils who came from all over to seek education were educated in the madrasa for 10 years. They were taught until five o'clock, and after five o'clock they started working at the madrasah (sweeping the yard, cooking, watering the garden, etc.). And after lunch, the students were engaged in their work. O. In the first 5 years, three modern world languages were taught: Turkic-Kypchak, Persian, Arabic. After 5 years, in addition to religious lessons, students are taught astronomy, geometry, music, etc. Comprehensive education was provided. Even alphabets that have disappeared in ancient times (for example, the Phoenician alphabet) were taught. O. learned scientist Abu Nasr al-Farabi in
## References
## See also
* History of Otyrar Valley
* History of research of Otyrar
* State Archaeological Museum of Otyrar reserve museum |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5095 | Konyrbayuly Agybay | Agybay Konyrbayuly, Agybay batyr (1802-1885) is a famous hero and commander who fought for the independence of the Kazakh people. One of the leaders of the uprising of the Kazakh Khan Kenesary Kasymuli against Russian colonialism. Agybay Batyr was born in a village at the foot of Ulytau mountain. The Karakesek-Shubustpalya in the Middle Hundred is from the Argyn tribe.
## Short biography
Agybai Batyr was named "Akzholtai Batyr" for his luck in the campaign. Along with the name of Abylai, the soldiers made Agybai the hero their slogan. In 1824, Agybay Batyr took an active part in the uprising against the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in the Karkaraly region. In the period 1826-1849, he attacked the fortresses of Karkaraly, Aktau, Akmola of the Russian Empire and defeated the tsarist troops in the battles along the Yrgyz and Tobyl rivers, and in the battles of Kyzylzhar and Kokshetau. The Kazakh hero showed exceptional bravery in the wars against Orman. In 1847, during Kenesary Khan's battle with the Kyrgyz on Kekilik Mountain, Nauryzbai broke through the enemy lines together with the hero. Even after Kenesary's death, he did not stop resisting the Russian tyranny, and waged war as part of the Syzdyk tyranny. The grave of Agybai Batyr is located in the place called Tayatkan-Shunak, bordering Saryarka and Betpakdala, where he was buried.
## Agybai Batyr in Kazakh literature
The life path of Agybai Batyr, the main hero of Kenesari, was based on the works of Kazakh historians and writers. At the end of the 19th century, the story "Agybai Batyr" was published. Agybai Nysanbai is the main character of Zhyrau's poem "Nauryzbai-Kanshayim" and Ilyas Esenberlin's novel "Kahar". In 1914, Alikhan Bukeikhanov published the book "Kyzyl Kaynar Tekturmas" from the city of Kazan, with the help of Yesim Toru. Saken Seifullin wrote the novel "Akzholtai Batyr". In 1992, in Ayrtau-Sopy, a big celebration was held at the level of the republic in connection with the 190th anniversary of the birth of the hero. His descendants built a large mausoleum in Agybay. It was renovated in 1980 and a tombstone was placed on its head.
## Sources
## External links
* Agybay Batyr Konyrbayuly Archived November 22, 2012.
* Agybay Batyr |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3724 | Ақпан | Akpan is the Kazakh name for the 2nd feural month in the current Gregorian calendar.
The 12th month of the civil calendar of the Kazakh people, 30 days long, comes after January and before March. The name Akpan comes from the word "Ak ikpa" (blizzard). Due to the harsh weather conditions, the white snow and the white snow are also called two brothers. February in the old category is from February 2 to March 3, and in the new category from February 14 to March 16. February is the 2nd month of the Gregorian calendar, the 3rd month of winter. The ancient Turks called this month "Kichik ai", and the Khakas called it "Kichik kyrlas ai".
## Comments
## See more
* Kazakh calendar
* Gregorian calendar |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2650 | Nursultan Nazarbayev | Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (July 6, 1940, Shamalgan village, Almaty region) is a Soviet and Kazakh politician, statesman, the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991–2019) and the last head of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1989–1991).
From 2010 to 2023, the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan had the official status of Elbasy.
In the past, Nazarbayev was a member of the Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan (2019–2023), Chairman of Nur Otan PDP (2007–2022), Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (1995–2021), Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan (1991–2022). . Before the independence of Kazakhstan and his presidency, Nursultan Nazarbayev was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR (1984–1989), a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1986–1991), a member of the Political Bureau of the CPSU (1990–1991), Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1974–1984), Kazakhstan First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1989–1991), Deputy of the North Kazakhstan region of the 10th–11th convocation of the Supreme Council of the USSR (1979–1989), People's Deputy of the USSR (1989–1991), Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR (1990), President of the Kazakh SSR ( 1990–1991).
Nazarbayev's presidency is described by political scientists and observers as an authoritarian, nepotistic dictatorship with a personality cult.
## Biography
### The beginning of the career
Nursultan Nazarbayev was born on July 6, 1940 in the village of Shamalgan, Kaskeleng district of Almaty region Abish (1903–1971 ) and Alzhan (1910–1977) was born in the family. In 1957, he graduated from the Kazakh secondary school named after Abai in the city of Kaskeleng.
Nursultan Nazarbayev decided to become a metallurgist when he heard that Komsomol members from all over the union were gathering for the construction of a metallurgical plant in Temirtau. In the first two months of 1958, he lived in a hostel in the village of Tokarevka, 15 km from the city of Temirtau in the Karaganda region. In 1960, he studied at the Vocational and Technical School No. 22 at the Dnipro Metallurgical Plant in Dniprojersinsk, Ukraine. In 1960, he worked as a worker in the construction department of the trust "Kazmetallurgstroy" in Temirtau. On July 3, 1960, the first blast furnace in Kazakhstan and Central Asia was put into operation, Nazarbayev took part in the first Kazakh cast iron production. After that, he worked as a casting machine ironworker, blast furnace furnace manager, blast furnace dispatcher, gas engineer, and senior gas engineer at the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant. In 1967, he graduated from the Higher Technical School at the Karaganda Metallurgical Combine.
In 1969 and 1973, he worked as a Komsomol Party member in Temirtau. In 1973-1978, he was the secretary of the Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Combine. Literally speaking, Nazarbayev was the second person in the enterprise after the director of the plant. 30 thousand people worked here. In his memoirs, Nazarbayev says that he did not have arrogant ambitions, he was not interested in management positions, but he always had the habit of being the first since his youth. During this period, he gained the experience of communicating with shop managers and ministers as a manager.
In 1978-1979, he was the secretary and second secretary of the Karaganda regional committee of the party. In 1979, he was appointed secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
In 1984-1989, he became the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, and at the age of 44 he became the youngest leader among the union republics.
In December 1986, a strike began in Almaty, the capital of the republic. It was motivated by the election of Gennady Kolbin, who had never lived in Kazakhstan, to the position of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan instead of Dinmuhamed Konaev. The youth strike was ruthlessly suppressed, the participants of the event were persecuted, and it was revised only in 1989-1991.
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1989-1991. People's deputy of the USSR in 1989-1992. At that time, in February-April 1990, he was the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. From July 14, 1990 to August 23, 1991, he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Member of the Central Revision Commission of the CPSU (1981–1986). Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1986–1991).
### Election of the President, 1990s
On April 24, 1990, at the session of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, the position of the President of the Kazakh SSR was created, and Nursultan Nazarbayev was found worthy of it.
In the summer of 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin signed the new union contract, Nazarbayev was going to take the post of chairman of the government of the Union of Independent States, but the August rebellion of the TJMK prevented this.
Nazarbayev supported turning the USSR into a confederation.
On August 28, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CP of Kazakhstan, President Nazarbayev announced his withdrawal from the CPSU. On December 1, 1991, the first nationwide presidential election of the Kazakh SSR was held with the participation of only one candidate. As a result, Nazarbayev won 98.7% of the votes.
On December 10, the name of the Kazakh SSR was changed to the Republic of Kazakhstan. On December 16, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR adopted the law on state independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and Nursultan Nazarbayev became the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 5 days later, the Alma-Ata Declaration of the Goals and Principles of the CIS was signed, confirming the disintegration of the USSR with this status.
As a result of the referendum held on April 29, 1995, the presidential mandate of Nazarbayev was extended until 2000. On January 10, 1999, Nazarbayev was elected president with 79.78% of votes.
### 2000-2010 years
In the elections held on December 4, 2005, Nazarbayev was re-elected as the President of Kazakhstan, receiving 91.15% of the votes.
On June 15, 2010, the status of Elbasy - the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan was officially approved.
At the forum held in Ust-Kamenogorsk on December 23, 2010, a proposal was made to extend the powers of the country's president until 2020, for which a nationwide referendum should be held. One of the proposers was Olzhas Suleymenov. Soon after, on January 7, 2011, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, refused the proposal of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan to submit to a republican referendum to introduce changes and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan to extend the powers of the current president until the 2020 general election. But the collection of signatures did not stop, and on January 13, 2011, 5 million 16 thousand signatures were collected in support of this initiative. On January 14, 2011, the Parliament of Kazakhstan unanimously adopted amendments to the Constitution. On January 31, the Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan found the law on switching the election to a referendum unconstitutional.
On the same day, in his message to the people, the president supported the decision of the Constitutional Council and suggested holding early presidential elections. He was elected the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan until December 2016 in the early elections held on April 3. According to the latest report of the Central Election Commission, Nursultan Nazarbayev won 95.5% of votes. According to the Constitution, one person cannot participate in elections more than two times in a row, but this restriction has nothing to do with the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In March 2015, Nazarbayev was registered as a candidate to participate in the early presidential elections of the Republic of Kazakhstan to be held on April 26, 2015. He got 97.75% of votes in the election.
### Termination of office
On March 19, 2019, he passed a resolution to transfer his presidential powers at will from March 20, 2019. In his address to the people, Nazarbayev announced:
-.
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the powers of the president are given to the Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, who was sworn in on March 20 at the joint session of the two chambers of the Parliament of Kazakhstan. After that, Nazarbayev retained the post of chairman of the country's Security Council, member of the Constitutional Council and chairman of the Nur Otan party.
At the same time, he continued to engage in social activities within the framework of the First President Foundation. In 2019, the fund started implementing the "Hope of the Country" and "Kamkorlyk" youth support projects. The first is aimed at training young managers on change management. Within the framework of the program, the participants had the opportunity to study at the world's leading universities and companies, as well as establish direct contact with government, domestic and international experts who act as their mentors. Under the "Care" program, rehabilitation centers are opened in hospitals, inclusion support offices are opened in schools, and comprehensive rehabilitation is provided to about 5,000 children a year.
In June-July 2020, Nursultan Nazarbayev fell ill with coronavirus. During the coronavirus pandemic, Nursultan Nazarbayev's "We are together!" The national action was initiated, within which 2.3 million citizens were helped: food was provided to needy families, volunteer assistance was given to medical workers, computers were provided for distance learning for children of low-income families.
On April 28, 2021, Nursultan Nazarbayev gave Kassym-Jomart Tokayev the mandate of the Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. It was headed by N. Nazarbayev since 1995, he emphasized the need to continue uniting all ethno-social groups into the all-Kazakhstan society. Nazarbayev was awarded the title "Honorary Chairman of the Assembly".
In April 2021, on the initiative of Nazarbayev, a large-scale charity campaign "Elbasy zhilyi" began. During the campaign, Nursultan Nazarbayev and "Degdar" charitable foundation will help families with poor living conditions, large families, raising children with special needs, and veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Each of 681 needy families received goods weighing 132 kg.
### Losing the position of Elbasy and other statuses
In January 2023, Nazarbayev lost the position of "honorary senator", which he had held since his resignation. The next day, by the decision of both chambers of the Parliament, "About the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the Head of State" completely lost its power. As a result, provision, service and protection of the ex-president and his family ceased to be carried out at the expense of the state, the apartment and state cottage were not transferred to private ownership, but were provided with the necessary services, personal security, private cars with drivers, free travel around the country, and medical services. and provision of sanatorium-resort treatment was stopped.
Chairman of the Parliament Maulen Ashimbaev said that the reason for these changes was "the result of the 2022 constitutional referendum, the decision of the people". However, other sources have cited the 2022 "January Event" as the cause.
Despite Nazarbayev's loss of several statuses, he still had several privileges, for example, he is not responsible for his actions during the presidency, he is provided with services and security at the expense of the state, etc. Since June 1, 2023, Nazarbayev's protection the state guard stopped its activities.
## Marital status
The first wife of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Sara Hokatai (born in 1941) is an engineer-economist. The founder and president of the International Baby Fund, the president of the SOS Children's Villages Fund of Kazakhstan, the first first lady.
Three daughters were born from the marriage of Nursultan and Sara Nazarbayev.
* Eldest daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva (born in 1963) is an elected deputy of the III (2004–2007), V (2012–2015), VII (2021–2022) and VI of the Senate, Chairman of the Parliament (2019–2020) ), director of the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (since 2007), chairman of the Asar party (2003-2006), chairman of the "Kazakhstan Youth Congress" ZTB and the Astana Opera Council. First husband (married 1983–2007, divorced) Rakhat Aliyev (1962–2015) — Ambassador to Austria (2002–2005, February 9, 2007–May 26, 2007), Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia (2002–2005), Foreign First Deputy Minister of Affairs. The second husband (since 2013) Kairat Kamatayuly Sharipbaev (born in 1963) is the general director of "KazTransGas" (2014–2015, 2020–2022), "QazaqGaz" (2020–2022), Kazakhstan Railways (2005–2006). son Nurali Rakhatuly Aliyev (born in 1985) — Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Europe Plus Kazakhstan" (since 2007), "Transtelecom" (since 2023) and "Nurbank" JSC (November-December 2008), Mountaineering Federation (since 2017 ), president of the Hit TV channel (2006–2007) and the Sugar Center (2004–2006). His wealth is estimated at $220,000,000. Wife (since 2003) Aida Berikovna Aliyeva (daughter of Berik Imashev) (1984) owns the Arte Di Casa furniture company and founded the public association "Janum" together with several people. Children: Laura (2003), Alan (2005), Amira and Anwar. The middle son Aisultan Nazarbayev (1990-2020) — played in Rakhat (2006), Kairat (2007), Astana (2011), Sunkar football clubs (2012). Wife (2013–2020, divorced) Alima Kairatkyny Boranbaeva (daughter of Kairat Boranbayev) (born 1993) is a graduate of the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Children Sultan (2010) and Amelie (2016). Daughter Venera Rakhatovna Alieva (born in 2000) owns 99.99% of SCI CDG Garden House. At the age of 11, she played an episodic role as a shepherd's daughter in the Kazakh-Russian-German film "Baikonur". Husband (since 2018) Dalen Shayzhunisov (1995) (grandson of Zhakiya Shayzhunisov).
* The eldest son Nurali Rakhatuly Aliyev (born in 1985) is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Europe plus Kazakhstan" (since 2007), "Transtelecom" (since 2023) and JSC "Nurbank" (November-December 2008), mountaineering Federation (since 2017), "Hit TV" channel (2006–2007) and president of "Sugar Center" (2004–2006). His wealth is estimated at $220,000,000. Wife (since 2003) Aida Berikovna Aliyeva (daughter of Berik Imashev) (1984) owns the Arte Di Casa furniture company and founded the public association "Janum" together with several people. Children: Laura (2003), Alan (2005), Amira and Anwar.
* Middle son Aisultan Nazarbayev (1990–2020) — played in Rakhat (2006), Kairat (2007), Astana (2011), Sunkar football clubs (2012). Wife (2013–2020, divorced) Alima Kairatkyny Boranbaeva (daughter of Kairat Boranbayev) (born 1993) is a graduate of the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Children Sultan (2010) and Amelie (2016).
* Daughter Venera Rakhatovna Alieva (born in 2000) owns 99.99% of SCI CDG Garden House. At the age of 11, she played an episodic role as a shepherd's daughter in the Kazakh-Russian-German film "Baikonur". Husband (since 2018) Dalen Shayzhunisov (1995) (grandson of Zhakiya Shayzhunisov).
* The middle daughter Dinara Kulybaeva (born in 1967) is the director of the Nursultan Nazarbayev Education Fund (now NNEF), the chairman of the board of directors of the Kazakhstan-British Technical University. Husband (since 1990) Timur Kulybayev (born in 1966) — Kazakhstan Railways, Samruk-Energo (2009–2011), Kazatomprom (2008–2012), KazMunayGas (2006–2007, 2009–2012), KEGOC (2006) -2007, 2008-2011) Chairman of the Board of Directors. The wealth of both of them was estimated at $5,000,000,000, and the wealth of the Kulybayevs was estimated at $10,000,000,000. Their children are Altai Askar (1990), Deniza Askar (2004), Nabi Nazarbayev (2008), Alishia Askar (2010).
* Children — Altai Askar (1990), Deniza Askar (2004), Nabi Nazarbayev (2008), Alishia Askar (2010).
* Younger daughter Aliya Nazarbayeva (born in 1980) is the chairman of the "Green Country" youth labor force council (since 2021), chairman of the presidium of the Association of Environmental Protection Organizations (2017-2022). The first husband (married 1998–2001) Aidar Askaruly Akayev (1976–2020) is the son of the President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev. The second husband (2002–?) Daniyar Pernebekuly Khasenov (born in 1979) is a member of the Board of Kazakhstan Railways. Played in "LOKOMOTIV" Astana football club. Third husband (married 2015–2023) Dimash Gabituly Dosanov (nephew of Sabit Dosanov) (born in 1981) — CEO of Kazakhstan-China Pipeline (2014-2016), KazTransOil (2016–2022). Children — Tiara Nazarbayeva (2007) , Alsara Hasenova (2011), Aldiyar (2016) and Ailana (2018).
* Children — Tiara Nazarbayeva (2007), Alsara Khasenova (2011), Aldiyar (2016) and Ailana (2018).
According to opposition sources such as Azattyk Radio, Nazarbayev's unofficial wife (1996–?) Gulnar Orazovna Rakysheva (born in 1970) is the owner of FIRMA SHARM, Sergio group, and Moi servis companies. According to the assumption, two daughters were born from this marriage (years of birth in the early 2000s), but after Gulnar Orazovna moved to Spain in 2004, she changed her daughters' names.
Nursultan Nazarbayev's second wife Asel Tilektesovna (Kurmanbayeva) Isabaeva (October 29, 1980) is Miss Kazakhstan 1999, Art Director of "Astana Ballet" Theater and "Kazakh National Academy of Choreography". Founder of "Astana Ballet" and "Almaty Theater" theaters. From 2nd marriage:
* Eldest son Tauman Nursultanuly (2005).
* Younger son Baiken Nursultanuly Nursultan (2008).
According to official information, Nursultan Nazarbayev knew by heart the genealogy of his twelve grandfathers: Abish, Nazarbay, Edyl, Kembaba, Myrzatai, Aidar, Koshek, Karasai, Altynai, Eskozha, Maldy-Issyk, Shapyrashti, Zalmanbet, Baydibek. Nursultan's eighth grandfather, Karasai Batyr, was a hero. Nursultan's grandfather Nazarbai was a dancer, according to documents in the Central Archive of Kazakhstan, he was a wealthy man in the 1880s. In addition, Nazarbayev knew his mother's seven grandfathers well from his childhood: Alzhan (1910-1977), Bukharbay (Bukha), Zhatkanbay, Kenebay, Olzhabay, Izbasar, Zholai, Tygyr, Zhalmambet, Zhanys, Dulat.
Nursultan Nazarbayev writes in the work "Bez правых и левых" published in 1991:
He was born in the family of Abish and Alzhan, engaged in agriculture. He came from the Shapyrashti clan of Uly Yuz. Abish, the father of Nursultan Nazarbayev, was born in 1903 in the Alatau slopes in the family of Nazarbai. Abish Nazarbayev died in 1971. Nazarbayev's mother Alzhan was born in 1910 in the family of a mullah in the village of Kasyk, Kordai district, Zhambyl region, and she also died in 1977. His mother descends from Zhanys country and from Beskalmak within the Dulat clan.
* Brother - Satybaldi Nazarbayev (1947-1981).
* Brother — Bolat Nazarbayev (1953–2023)
* Sister — Anipa Nazarbayeva (1950).
## Political view
### Foreign policy
One of the initiatives taken by Nazarbayev as president is to close the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, and nuclear weapons, which are the 4th in the world. abandoned his arsenal. Kazakhstan has become an active participant in non-proliferation treaties and institutions.
In the 1990s, the president announced the multi-vector aspect of Kazakhstan's foreign policy, that is, the development of friendly relations with any state that plays an important role in international affairs. During the years of the presidency, Kazakhstan established diplomatic relations with 130 countries. In the framework of regional integration, Nazarbayev made efforts to revive the economic and trade relations of the former USSR states, promoted the economic importance of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Kazakhstan actively participated in the activities of international organizations. In 2010, Kazakhstan chaired the OSCE, and in 2011, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. From the very first day, he was actively involved in the work of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and in 2010-2011 he chaired it. In 2016, he was appointed as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for 2017-2018.
In 2015, the Nursultan Nazarbayev Foundation organized the Astana Club, an international discussion platform, where every year political figures, diplomats and the United States, Russia, China, Europe, the Middle East and Experts from analytical centers of Asian countries will gather..
In 1987, Nazarbayev acted as a peacemaker during the Karabakh conflict, the 2014 Ukraine crisis, the Astana process on Syria and other international conflicts..
in 2011 Nazarbayev proposed the creation of a new G-Global communication platform because, in his opinion, the G-20 and G-8 format did not solve the global anti-crisis plan. The idea of G-Global is that it is better to decide the fate of world issues on the basis of democratic principles with the participation of citizens of as many countries and planets as possible. For this purpose, an international information and communication platform was created on the Internet to discuss issues involving state leaders and experts and their responses.
In 2017, the World EXPO-2017 exhibition on the subject of alternative energy was held in Astana with the participation of 112 countries. After the exhibition ended, "Astana" international financial center was opened in its place.
### Socio-economic development
Within 4 years after the collapse of the USSR, the industrial production of Kazakhstan was halved, agriculture was reduced by 30 percent, many large enterprises were closed. During the years of leadership of Kazakhstan, the size of the country's economy (GDP) increased 15 times, the income of the people increased 9 times in terms of dollars, poverty decreased 10 times, that is, 90 percent. In 2018, the processing sector exceeded 40 percent of the total industrial volume. In Kazakhstan, the volume of housing coverage exceeded 10 million square meters per year, housing coverage per person increased by 21.8 square meters.
In 1997, the president created the "Kazakhstan-2030" development strategy. One of its main goals is economic growth based on an open market economy with a high share of foreign investment and domestic funds. The Council of Foreign Investors was established under the leadership of the President. In 1993-2006, Kazakhstan attracted 51.2 billion dollars of direct foreign investment (more than 80% of the investment in Central Asia).
The National Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan was created at the expense of collecting half of the country's income from oil in order to cover macroeconomic stability.
Nazarbayev supported moving the capital from Alma-Ata to Astana. On September 15, 1995, the resolution "On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted, according to which it was ordered to create a state commission to organize the relocation of the highest and central authorities to the city of Akmola. On December 10, 1997, Akmola was approved as the capital of Kazakhstan, and on May 6, 1998, the name of the city was changed to Astana, and in 2019 it was named Nur-Sultan.
In order for graduates to speak fluently in Kazakh, Russian and English languages, three basic language principles were announced in the field of education. In 1993, the president opened the "Bolashak" educational program, within the framework of which school graduates were sent to study abroad on a competitive state scholarship. 15 thousand specialists were trained under the program. In 2010, on the initiative of the president, Nazarbayev University and Nazarbayev Intellectual School were opened.
A gradual transition to the mandatory social health insurance system was implemented in the field of health care. It was based on the joint responsibility of the people, the state and the employer.
In 2010, the state program of progressive industrial and innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan was approved by the decree of the president. It was created in order to diversify and increase the competitiveness of the economy by developing the raw material sector of the economy, and to improve the welfare of the people by increasing income.
In December 2012, the development program of Kazakhstan until 2050 was created in order to enter the ranks of 30 developed countries.
Against the global economic crisis that started in 2008, Nazarbayev proposed a new economic policy "Nurly Zhol". The measures of the anti-crisis program were concentrated in 5 main areas: stabilization of the financial sector; solving problems in the real estate market; support for small and medium-sized businesses; stimulation of the agro-industrial complex; implementation of industrial and infrastructure projects. One of the main tasks of the anti-crisis program is social protection of the population, in particular, the liberalization of inflation and the maintenance of basic food prices, raising the wages of budget employees, socially unprotected groups of the population: pensioners, disabled people, orphans, old-age pensions, disability benefits, loss of breadwinners. improve social care by increasing the related benefit.
### Party
was a member of the CPSU before the collapse of the USSR. During the preparations for the 1999 presidential election, a public headquarters was created to support Nursultan Nazarbayev's candidacy for the presidency. On January 19, 1999, during the presidential inauguration, a decision was made to create a political party based on it at the headquarters meeting, and on February 12, the republican political party "Nur Otan" was registered. At the 1st Congress, the Party of People's Unity of Kazakhstan, the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, the Liberal Movement of Kazakhstan and the "Kazakhstan-2030" movement joined the party. Due to the amendments made to the Constitution in 2007, Nursultan Nazarbayev was officially confirmed as the chairman of Nur Otan party.
## Fame and awards
State awards of Kazakhstan:
* People's hero, distinctive sign "Golden star" and "Motherland" order ( March 20, 2019) - for his historical contribution to the establishment of independent Kazakhstan, his excellent work in economic, social and humanitarian development, and the unification of Kazakhstani society.
* Kazakhstan with the Order of the Hero of Labor "Golden Star" (March 20, 2019)
State awards of the USSR:
* Order of the October Revolution
* Medal" for the development of barren lands
* " Anniversary medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
* "100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" medal (1970)
* Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1972)
* Order "Sign of Honor" (1972)
On May 12, 2010, the lower house of the Parliament of Kazakhstan - Majilis deputies unanimously accepted for consideration the amendments to the draft law granting Nazarbayev the status of Elbasy - the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2012, the norm was adopted that the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the holder of the title of People's Hero.
On May 30, 2019, the "Honorable Senator" badge was awarded. It was awarded to the first president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, "for his special contribution to the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a democratic secular, legal and social state on a constitutional and legal basis, as well as the formation and development of domestic parliamentarism."
On April 28, 2021, the status of the Honorary Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan was granted.
## Culture
The life path of Nursultan Nazarbaea was told in the film epic "The Leader's Path". The first four films of the film epic - "Childhood Sky" (2011), "Fiery River" (2013), "Iron Mountain" (2013), "Finding a Way" (2014) - tell about the future president's childhood, adolescence and youth. Filmed by Kazakh director Rustem Abdirashov. Young actor Elzhas Alpiev played Nazarbayev's childhood role, Nurlan Alimzhanov played his youth. Bibigul Tolegenova played the role of the grandmother, Natalya Orynbasarova played the mother, and Nurjuman Ikhtimbaev played the father. The final film of the epic, covering the 90s, when the turning point in the history of Kazakhstan and the entire post-Soviet space coincided, was called "Stars meet". Russian director Sergey Snezhkin was invited to shoot it. This director has a lot of experience in directing complex historical series. Berik Aitzhanov played the main role in the film "Stars Meet".
In September 2011, director Alexander Mokhov's "Yeltsin. The film "Three days of August" was released. In November 2011, Erkin Zhuasbek's drama "Deep Roots" about the role of the president in the period of gaining and consolidating the independence of Kazakhstan was premiered at the Peace Palace in Astana on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence.
Since 2004, the state program "Cultural Heritage" has been implemented. The goal of the program is to restore historical and cultural monuments in Kazakhstan.
In addition to the two largest theaters in Central Asia, "Astana Opera" and "Astana Ballet", the Kazakh National Academy of Choreography was opened in the capital of Kazakhstan on the initiative of Nazarbayev.
In 2017, the president founded the "Spiritual Revival" program in order to preserve spiritual values. In order to integrate the Kazakh language into the world space, it was planned to gradually switch to the Latin alphabet. The objects of the "Sacred Geography of Kazakhstan" project have become centers of tourism development in the country. 100 modern textbooks on history, political science, sociology, philosophy, psychology, cultural studies, and philology have been translated into Kazakh.
In 2018, the city of Turkestan was approved as the center of the region, after which the renovation and development of the city began. Turkestan is the ancient capital of the Kazakh Khanate and is known as the "spiritual capital of the Turkic world". On the day of signing the decree on the creation of the Turkestan region, Nazarbayev invited representatives of national companies and large businesses to take an active part in the construction of the city. In 2021, Nazarbayev visited newly built facilities in Turkestan - airport, caravanserai and other facilities. He said that Turkestan has not experienced such revival for years.
In 2020, on the initiative of Nazarbayev, the state academic Kazakh music-drama theater named after K. Kuanyshbayev with an area of 22 thousand square meters was established in Nur-Sultan. In an interview with journalists, he said that since he moved to the capital, he dreamed of building a new big Kazakh drama theater in the city.
In 2020-2021, based on exclusive interviews, a multi-series documentary series "Strihi k portretu" was released. The film is dedicated to the life and character of Nursultan Nazarbayev.
In 2021, a documentary film about Nazarbayev's life "Kazakh: The History of the Golden Man" was released. Directed by Oliver Stone and Igor Lopatyonok.
## Main works
* "Kazakhstan road"
* "Steel profile of Kazakhstan"
* "Right and left"
* "Strategy of saving resources and transition to the market"
* "Kremlin impasse"
* "Strategy of formation and development of Kazakhstan as a sovereign state"
* "Market and socio-economic development"
* "On the eve of the XXI century"
* "N. Nazarbayev. Eurasian Union: ideas, experience, perspectives. 1994-1997"
* "On the wave of history"
* "Epicenter of the world"
* "In the heart of Eurasia"
* "Era of independence" (2017)
* "My life: From slavery to freedom »
### Articles
* "Master caution"
* "Economy of Kazakhstan: reality and prospects for renewal"
* "Issues of division of labor"
* " The impact of trade unions: experience and problems"
* "The situation is new, but" brakes "old"
* "Problems of the Aral Sea and ways to solve them"
* "Totalitarian democracy after Terra Incognita"
* " From the Imperial Union to the Commonwealth of Independent States"
* "Economic integration - there is no reasonable alternative"
* "National unity and economic sovereignty are the main and reliable supporters of our success"
* "Our instructions are integration, social progress, social partnership"
* "Difficult decade"
* "On measures to accelerate market reforms and overcome the economic crisis"
* "Eurasian space: integration potential and its implementation" and others.
## Critical comments
Nursultan Nazarbayev has been accused by several human rights organizations of human rights abuses, stifling dissent and running an authoritarian regime, according to The Guardian. The West did not consider the elections under Nazarbayev held after the independence of Kazakhstan to be free and fair elections.
* Set a record for the longest tenure in power among the countries of the former Soviet Union. He was the first person of the Republic from 1989 to 2019.
* With a wealth of $1.1 billion with unlimited power in his country, he took 10th place in the rating of the most prosperous and unlimited power of the planet. This list was compiled by Handelsblatt.
* There are two billionaires in the president's family (the wealth of the second daughter Kulibaeva Dinara - $3.1 billion and the second son-in-law Timur Kulibayev - $3.1 billion as of November 2017) and several millionaires (the first daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva - $593 million $ , granddaughter Nurali Aliyevta — $ 200 million ), former son-in-law Rakhat Aliyev, younger brother Bolat Nazarbayev. The fortune of the Nazarbayev clan is estimated at $7 billion.
## Additional information
## Sources
## External links
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 29 in 2011.
* Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived April 18, 2007.
* Youth project "My President" Archived September 12, 2019. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5246 | Mamash Khan | Mamash Khan was the ruler of the Kazakh Khanate who ruled (1521-1523).
## Management
In 1520, Jadik Sultan was defeated by the Nogai Horde. As soon as Mamash ascended the throne in 1521, he waged war against the Nogai Horde. But the Nogai Horde begins to win campaigns. And in 1522, the country of Mongolia, which used this, waged a war in the region of Zhetysu. Mamash left his main squad to fight against the Nogai Horde, and together with the rest of his army, he defeated the Mongols. In the same year, a civil war began in the Kazakh Khanate. In 1523, Mamash died. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4783 | Mahmud Bazarkululy Kasymbekov | Mahmud Bazarkululy Kasymbekov (August 2, 1952, Shu) is a state and public figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan, head of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, political scientist, doctor of political sciences, professor.
## Biography
Originated from the Shubyrtpaly section of the Karakesek clan of the Argyn tribe.
* Highly educated, mathematics teacher, economist.
* He started his career in 1969 at the high school named after S. Seifullin in Shu.
* In 1974 he graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute named after Abai, in 1985 from the Planning and Economic Faculty of the Almaty National Economy Institute, and in 1990 from the Almaty Higher Party School.
* In 1973-1976, he worked as the deputy secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute named after Abay, and then the secretary.
* In 1976-1983, Frunze worked as the secretary of district, Almaty city and regional Komsomol committees, as a department head in the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the republic.
* In 1983-1990, he worked in Almaty region and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.
* Since 1990 - head of the Office of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, then the head of the General Department of the Administration of the Head of State.
* Since March 1996, he has been working as the head of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and then as its chief.
## Awards
M.B. Kasymbekov has published more than 100 scientific articles, he is the author, editor and compiler of about 25 books.
* Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of science, technology and education
* Order of "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev"
* III degree "Barys" order
* Order of "Kurmet" \ <> * Awarded with 7 medals.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6190 | Гуам | The Territory of Guam (English: Territory of Guam, Chamorro Guåhån) is a territory owned by the United States in the western Pacific Ocean. The southernmost island of the Mariana Islands. The center is the city of Khagatna.
The inhabitants of the island are the Chamorro tribe. They settled about 3500 years ago.
## Geography
The island stretches 50 kilometers from north to south, and its widest point is about 12 kilometers. There are many small islands in the southern part of the island.
The climate of the island belongs to the tropical temperate zone, the average annual temperature is 26-27 °С. The rainy season is between May and November. And in the months of January-April, the wind blows continuously.
## History
## Administrative division
## Population
## Sources \ <>
## Links
* Official site
* Travel site
* travel.ru
* Guampedia
* US Library Congress
* Maps collection
* Pacific Daily News
* ChamorroBible.org
* The Brown Tree Snake on Guam |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2885 | GNUhoo | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4009 | Норвегия | Norway (Bukmhol Norge, Nynorsk Noreg), official name - Kingdom of Norway (Bukmhol Kongeriket Norge, Nynorsk Kongeriket Noreg) is a country located in Europe.
## Name
## Geography
Norway is one of the largest countries occupying the western coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula of Northern Europe. Influenced by the cold wind blowing from the Atlantic Ocean, the region is dominated by the bitter frost of the mountainous region in the west. It borders three countries in a row: Russia - 196 km, Finland - 727 km, and Sweden - 1619 km.
The land area of the Kingdom is 386,960 km2. In this regard, Norway ranks second among the Scandinavian countries.
If we talk about the crust of Norway, the line of low mountains starting from the north rises to the south and turns into a mountainous region. The highest points of the state are Gallheupigen (2469 m) and Glittertinn (2452 m).
Norway's largest rivers are located in the east, while short but flowing rivers flow in the west. The southern region of the country is rich in beautiful lakes. However, compared to other green countries, Norway has almost no productive plants. Only 4 percent of the mountainous, rugged area with its peak covered with ice is suitable for cultivation. Similarly, the animal world is not very happy in the kingdom.
## Administrative division
The land of Norway is divided into 19 regions (in the local language a region is called a fulke). Each region consists of cities and rural districts (communes). Each of them has a council elected every four years.
## Population
The population is small in relation to the land area and the settlement is also different. For example, 5 million 468 thousand people live in the country. And one third of this small population is concentrated only in the Oslo Fjord area. The population of other large cities is as follows: Bergen (224 thousand), Trondheim (145 thousand), Stavanger (106 thousand), Berum (98 thousand). And the rest of the country is considered a sparsely populated region.
Birth rate in the country is 11.89%, death rate is 9.51%. Child mortality in the country is at the lowest level. And according to statistics, every fourth Norwegian lives in a rural area.
The main population of Norway is a homogenous Germanic nation. And in the north of the country there are about 20 thousand Sami people. There are two types of Norwegian language in the country - Bukmål and Nynorsk.
## Nature
Most of Norway is covered by Scandinavian mountains (the highest point is Mount Galhepiggen 2469 m). The coasts of the North and Norwegian seas are cut by fjords. The climate is slow maritime. The average temperature in January is -2 - 12С, in July - 6 - 15С. The amount of annual precipitation reaches 300 mm in the east and 3000 mm in the western slopes. The total area of glaciers is 3 thousand km². Large rivers with abundant water - Glomma, Logen and others. Forests (mainly coniferous and deciduous) cover 27 percent of its land. Mountain tundra and forest tundra prevail in the north and highlands. The animal world consists of foxes, lynxes, lynxes, martens, moose, reindeer, moose, hares. There are many bird markets on the shores. Norwegian seas are rich in fish. Iron, nickel, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, and silver deposits are known as mineral resources. In 1970, an oil and gas field was discovered in the North Sea.
## History
Independence was achieved only in 1905, before that it was under the care of Denmark in 1397-1814 and was a colony of Sweden in 1814-1905.
## Political system
Norway is a democratic constitutional monarchy. Since January 17, 1991, the king of the state is Harald V.
According to the constitution of the country, which was adopted in 1814 and has undergone many changes and additions, three powers of the country are equally assigned to the hand of the king.
The Cabinet of Ministers consists of the Prime Minister and 16 ministers. Executive power of the country is handed over to the Prime Minister.
169 deputies can be members of the country's parliament called the Storting.
The multi-party system is firmly established in the Kingdom. Norway's main parties include the Norwegian Workers' Party, the Socialist Left Party, and the Center Party.
## Economy
There are many speculative stories about the economy of Norway. The reason for this lies in the fact that the kingdom is not very active in the foreign policy game, despite owning large oil reserves. However, according to the GDP index, Norway is currently among the richest countries in the world. Oil and gas production in the North Sea field, which began in the 1970s, made the country one of the largest oil producers in the Western European market and took the 2nd place after Saudi Arabia in the production of oil for world trade. GDP in 2005 was 194.7 bln. US dollars, or US$42,400 per capita, pushed Norway to 17th place in the ranking, and in 2006, the kingdom rose another five places to 12th place.
The main industry in the country's economy is oil and gas production. However, it is a lie to say that the country's energy source is derived from this oil. Because all Norwegian oil is exported. And they get energy from the water source. In the future, it is planned to add a chemical auxiliary energy source called "ethanol" to it. What this means is to recycle waste and mix it into gasoline to produce clean, environmentally friendly energy. The Norwegian government attaches great importance to chemical technology.
However, before acquiring this underground wealth, it is known that Norway experienced great economic difficulties. Because it is known that until the middle of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century, the main economic sphere of the country was agriculture, forestry and fishing.
The kingdom has long been considered a land of sailors. Therefore, a large part of the population settled on the coast. Long ago, more precisely, in the year 1000 AD, a group of experienced pirates-sailors called Vikings crossed the Atlantic Ocean and entered the New World. This may indicate that maritime industry has been widespread in Norway since early times. This can be evidenced by the large merchant fleet and highly developed fisheries that have survived in the country. It should be noted that in 1997, the mentioned fleet took the 6th place in terms of the volume of transported goods.
Fishing has been well developed in the country since ancient times. In 1975, Norway ranked 5th in the world in terms of economic development, and in 1995 it ranked 10th. Herring is the main fishery industry in the Kingdom. In this regard, according to the 1996 report, Norway caught and exported 330 thousand tons of fish, three times more than its main competitor - Great Britain.
There are also significant achievements in forestry. Because Norway is geographically suitable for forestry. A quarter of the country's territory is forested. However, if we take into account that the growth of wood is very slow, it will not be difficult to make sure that this industry has not become the mainstay of the country's economy.
Agriculture is an unprofitable industry for the people of Norway due to unfavorable geographical conditions. For example, the kingdom's mountainous, rugged, infertile soil geography and cold summers, with abundant rainfall, are unfavorable for planting crops. In 1996, only 5.2 percent of the working population worked in agriculture and forestry. And only 3 percent of the land allocated for agriculture was cultivated and used. Although oil production was one of the main sectors of the country's economy before the discovery, today agriculture is not given much attention in Norway.
In the manufacturing industry of Norway, the leading sectors are electrometallurgy, radio electronics and shipbuilding and repair industries. 25 percent of the working population is involved in these industries. In foreign trade, Norway has close relations with Germany, Sweden, Great Britain, Denmark, the Netherlands, the countries of the European Union and the USA. The main export products are oil and gas (55 percent) and finished products (36 percent). Also, the imported goods are finished products (81.6 percent) and agricultural products (9.1 percent).
## Culture
### Media
* Schibsted media concern
Among the largest newspapers in Norway is the daily "Verdens gang" (365 thousand Dana), "Aftenposten" (250 thousand), "Dagbladet" (183 thousand), which widely present foreign policy materials. Norway ranks among the top in the world in the number of periodicals per capita. In 1998, the Norwegian Newspaper Association united 152 newspapers. Most publications are supported or controlled by the Conservative Party — 44 publications with a total circulation of 800,000 copies.
National news agency — Norwegian Telegraph Bureau — NTB (stock company). It was founded in 1867. NTB is the number one news provider for Norwegian newspapers, radio and TV channels. Norwegian public radio and television broadcasting (except cable and commercial television) is operated by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (Norsk Rikskringkasting, NRK), which includes radio channels NRK P1, NRK P2, NRK P3, NRK1, NRK2 and NRK3. The commercial television channel TV2 in Bergen began broadcasting on September 5, 1992, competing with NRK in terms of popularity. It is followed by TVNorge and TV3. MEtropol, a new Norwegian television channel specializing in films and entertainment programs, has recently been launched.
Abandonment of analogue broadcasting in the FM band
Norway was the first country in the world to completely abandon analog broadcasting in the FM band. The shutdown began on January 11, 2017. According to the plan, national radio stations should switch to digital signal (DAB) by the end of the year; Local broadcasters have five years to follow this procedure.
### Holidays
## Sports
Norway has participated in all Summer Olympics since Paris in 1900 and all Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 related to the games. With a total of nearly 150 medals in the Summer Games (including more than fifty gold) and more than three hundred (including more than a hundred gold) in the Winter Games, in the overall statistics of the Olympic Games, Norway is in the top twenty in the Summer Games and third in the Winter Games.
Norway hosted the Winter Olympics twice. In 1952, the Olympics were held in Oslo, and in 1994 in Lillehammer.
National Olympic Committees were established in Norway in 1900.
Winter types are more developed. Norwegians have won the most medals in cross-country skiing and skating. Biathlon team is one of the strongest teams in the world along with Russia and Germany. The most outstanding modern biathlete is Ole-Einar Björndalen, the world's only eight-time Olympic biathlon champion and multiple medalist in other competitions. However, popular games like hockey and football give way to others. The biggest success of the football team is reaching the 1/8 finals of the World Cup held in France in 1998. Most of the players of the national team play in the English Championship. The Norwegian Championship is traditionally led by Rosenborg (20-time champion), Brann, Volerenga, Viking and others. In the 1990s, Rosenborg played successfully in the Champions League, reaching the quarter-finals, and won the Intertoto Cup in 2008. Famous football players — Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, Toure Andre Flo, John Carew, Jon Arne Riise, Erling Holland and others.
Norwegian chess player Magnus Carlsen has been the world champion since 2013 and has the highest Elo rating in history.
## Music
Archaeological excavations conducted in the territory of the country reveal the ancient origins of Norwegian music. Many folk instruments include violins, harps, and various types of flutes. Ethnic music in Norway is very diverse. In particular, it includes lyric-epic motifs created in the Viking Age.
Norwegian academic music began to develop somewhat later than in many Western European countries, due to over 400 years of dependence on Denmark. At the end of the 18th century, the Linnemann ("Norwegian Bahi") family of composer-organists gained fame. The founders of the National School of Music are often Norwegian romance creator Halfdan Hjerulf; improviser and virtuoso violinist Ole Bull; Rikard Noordrock is a promoter of national music, the author of the national anthem. The most important Norwegian composer can be called Edvard Grieg, who built the main traditions of Norwegian Romanticism. In addition, Christian Sinding, who is called "the greatest national composer after Grieg", made a significant contribution to the development of Norwegian music; F. Valen (student of Arnold Schoenberg), who used the principles of dodecaphony in his work; Alf Hurum, Harald Severud and others. Homeland of composer and performer Ketil Björnstad and Axel Kolstad.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a "new wave" appeared in Norway consisting of groups such as Kjøtt, De Press, The Aller Værste!, Blaupunkt.
Norway's most popular music group is a-ha, which was formed in Oslo in 1983. A-ha is one of the leading groups of the synthpop (electropop) style that appeared at the end of the "new wave".
Norwegian electronic music by Kygo, Röyksopp, Susanna Sunnfer, etc. b. Performers offer.
Opera singer Sissel Shirshebo, famous for her participation in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games held in Norway, as well as for singing vocals in James Cameron's Titanic, was named "Norway's songbird" by the American press.
Norway has a developed metal scene, especially black metal and viking metal. There are many black metal bands, including the founders of this style, originating from Norway. The most famous are: Antestor, Burzum, Darkthrone, Mayhem, Immortal, Dimmu Borgir, Emperor, Gorgoroth, The Covenant, Satyricon, Storm, Windir. In addition, symphonic metal and gothic metal are very popular in Norway: Theater of Tragedy, Leaves' Eyes, Tristania, Sirenia, Mortemia, etc. b.
The most important musician in Norwegian jazz can be called saxophonist Jan Garbarek, who works in a wide stylistic range: free jazz, ethno jazz, symphonic music.
Roy Hahn, owner of a unique velvety voice and former vocalist of the metal band Kamelot, also hails from Norway. In 2014, Angelina Jordan, a young performer of jazz compositions, attracted the attention of music critics.
Katzenjammer can be mentioned among musical groups that combine several styles.
Norway won the Eurovision contest three times (1985, 1995, 2009).
### Literature
Norwegian literature derives its rich history from the old Icelandic sagas created by immigrants from Norway. However, after the union with Denmark, the written Norwegian language was gradually replaced by Danish, and until the beginning of the 20th century, Norwegian writers wrote their works in a language that was practically indistinguishable from Danish. Henrik Vergelann, who fought for the cultural independence of Norway, greatly contributed to the revival of the literary language of Norway. His works influenced the great writers of the second half of the 19th century - Henrik Ibsen and Björnstjern Björnson.
At the end of the 19th century, Norwegian modernists began to assert themselves. Knut Hamsun and Siegbjorn Obstfeller were prominent representatives of modernism. Modernism developed in the 1960s. Profil (Norwegian student magazine Profil) published at the University of Oslo gathered around it a group of young authors who experimented with different literary forms. Among the outstanding Norwegian writers of the 20th century, Johan Borgen and Axel Sandemuse are very popular in Russia, including Lars Soby and Erlend Lu Three Norwegian writers received the Nobel Prize in Literature: Björnstjerne Björnson in 1903, Knut Hamsun in 1920, and Sigrid Unset in 1928.
Norway was also famous for children's literature. In 1874, Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Mu published a collection of folk tales based on Norwegian folklore, Norske Folkeeventyr, which became known as The Norwegian Brothers Grimm. Contemporary children's writers such as Anna-Katharina Vestli and Maria Parr, a rising star of Norwegian children's literature, have gained worldwide recognition.
## Social sector
## Armed forces
In the defense sector of the country, there are infantry, navy and air force. According to the law of the country, citizens between the ages of 19 and 45 must be in military service for a period of 6 months to 1 year. The number of troops in reserve is 230,000. Norway's defense spending in the last year was 1.9% of GDP.
## Comments
## See More
## External Links
* Fisherman's Country Market Archived 12 September 2007.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5275 | White Horde (separate) | The phrase "Ak Horda" can correspond to the following meanings:
* The White Horde is a nation and a state in Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages.
* White Horde residence - the residence of the President of Kazakhstan
* White Horde (movement)
* White Horde is a white yurt.
* White Horde - a tall, solemn white house with twelve wings (or more) where khan-sultans receive visitors, hold councils, maslikhat; The house where the khan-sultan's family lives is called the white house.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4850 | December | Zheltoksan (lat. "December","decem"- ten) is the Kazakh name for the 12th month of December in the current Gregorian calendar. This term is composed of the words "wind" and "ninety". December is sometimes called quarter.
10th month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, December 18 - January 16.
## See also
* Kazakh calendar
* Gregorian calendar
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6656 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the only international legal document that declares basic human rights and freedoms. 1948 On December 10, the UN General Assembly adopted and promulgated Charter 217 A (III). The main task of this document is to ensure universal recognition, protection and effective implementation of the human rights and freedoms defined and approved in the document.
The uniqueness and importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lies in the fact that it was the first to raise human rights and freedoms to the international level. The declaration has no obligation, legal character, that is, the approved norms must not be fulfilled without fail. However, due to the importance of the principles of human rights and freedoms set forth in the document, the Declaration is recognized as a universal act and all states that have voted to adopt it strive to implement it.
As stated in the UN Charter (Article 30):
None of the principles in this declaration shall be interpreted as conferring on any State, group of persons or individuals the right to engage in any activity.
## Sources
## External links
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Kaz.)
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (eng.) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4930 | Zhumeken Sabyruly Nazhimedenov | Zhumeken Sabyruly Nazhimedenov (November 28, 1935, Koshalak, Kurmangazy district, Atyrau region - November 22, 1983, Almaty) is the author of the National Anthem (text) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an outstanding poet, winner of the Kazakhstan Youth Union Award.
## Biography
* Zhumeken grew up and was educated by his grandfather Nazhimeden Stamgaziev. He was the one who formed a warm love for speech, history and traditions of his native people in a child. He used to tell his grandson about his famous ancestors Kartpanbet Zhyrau (sixth grandfather) and his sister Kosuan (Mahambet Utemisuly's mother). Bayuly tribe of Kishi Yuz originates from Alasha clan.
* In 1956-59 he studied at the Faculty of Folk Instruments of the Kazakh State Conservatory.
* 1959-74 editor of "Zhazuchy" publishing house
* department head at "Leninshil Jas" newspaper
* literary consultant at Kazakhstan Writers' Union
* 1974-78, Kaz. SSR Publishing, polygraphy and Editor of the State Committee on Book Trade * 1978-83. Worked as a department head at the "Mektep" publishing house.
## Creativity
Zhumeken Nazhimedenov's first lyric collection "Egis" was published in 1961. Four years later, a collection of poems titled "No, can't be forgotten" was released. During his lifetime, Zh. Nazhimedenov published a total of ten collections of poems and three novels, "White Pebbles" (1973), "Kishkentai" (1975), "Fame and Dagpyrt" (1978).
Poems, poems, short stories and novels, articles and translations that were not published during his lifetime were included in the ten collections published after the poet's death, as well as nine compositions. His works have been translated and published in many languages. The poet translated the works of A. Voznesenskyi, E. Yevtushenko, N. Hikmet and A. Fayzi.
Akin's collections of poems translated into Russian by the poet "Vesennie vetry" (1969), "Moe rozhdenie" (1982), "Tebe govu, potomok" (1986), "Solntsevorog" (1994) were published. In 2003, a collection of poems and poems entitled "Я есть" was published in St. Petersburg.
## National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Zhumeken Nazhimedenov is the author of the text of the current national anthem of Kazakhstan. The song "My Kazakhstan" was written at the beginning of his creative career, when the poet was 21 years old. According to his wife Nasip, Zhumeken wrote the song 50 years ago, in 1956, in Almaty, in the house of the well-known skier Gulsara Pirzhanova. At first glance, this poem seems to have been written for the fact that Kazakhstan collected a billion bushels of grain, but it was mainly born out of opposition to the colonialists who claimed that "the country and the land are mine". When the communists felt it and decided not to release the song at all, Jamal Omarova intervened and had the opportunity to sing it on the air. Thus, the song started to be persecuted before it reached the people, and thanks to independence, it became an official anthem.
On January 11, 2006, the song "My Kazakhstan" was performed as the country's national anthem for the first time under the roof of the capital's "Akorda" residence, at the moment of the inauguration of Nursultan Nazarbayev as the President of Kazakhstan.
## Works
In the second half of the fifties, in the beginning of the sixties, Zhumeken's poems were often published in the republican press. Since the sixties, his poems and works, three novels, translated books were published by "Zhazuchy", "Zhalin" publishing houses: \< "Balausa" (1961) "Light and Heat" (1966)
* "Book of Moods" (1967)
* "My Birthday" (1972)
* "Songs of the Season" (1968)
* "My Son, To You say" (1970)
* "Ballad of Roses" (1971)
* "Ak Chagyl" (1973)
* "Kishkentai" (1975)
* "Fame and Glory" (1977)
* "Seven Colors" (1977)
* "Sun" (1980)
* "Iron Pile" (1981)
* "Open Sky" (1981)
* "My Soil" (1985). Courage" (2001)
* "Zhumeken" (2002)
* "Echo" (2003).
* "The sky is calling" (2005)
* "The brown tone of the drum: What are the acoustics of the drum that came down to us from ancient times?" (2007)
The poet's poems have been translated into several foreign languages.
* In 1967 "No, we cannot forget!" He was awarded the prize of the Lenin Komsomol of Kazakhstan for his poem.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7476 | Компьютер | Computer (eng. computer - "calculator"), EEM (electronic computing machine) - a device designed to perform calculations, receive, process, store and output information according to a predetermined algorithm. In the early stages of the computer era, the main function of a computer was considered to be calculation. Currently, their main activity is management.
## Generalization
The word "computer" in English means calculator, device for calculation. Computers make it possible to carry out a series of calculation operations without the participation of a person, according to a predetermined instruction - program. The foundation of the modern history of computer technology was laid in 1943 with the birth of the "Mark-1" machine. The previous generations of computers were light-emitting diode calculators, which were replaced by transistor electronic calculators (ECMs), then by electronic calculators using integrated circuits, and finally, today's mainframe computers using very large integrated-level circuits.
Basic principles: To perform the task set before it, the computer uses the displacement of mechanical parts, the flow of electrons, photons, quantum particles, or other well-studied physical effects. Most of us are familiar with the most common type of computer - the personal computer.
Computer architecture makes it possible to show and model the proposed problem, the studied physical phenomenon as clearly as possible. For example, e-flows can be used as a model of water flow during the construction of dams. Although analog computers built in this way were common in the 1960s, they are now rare.
In most modern computers, the problem posed is first described in mathematical terms, where all the necessary information is expressed in binary (as ones and zeros), and then simple logic algebra is used to process it. Because virtually all mathematical problems can be reduced to a set of Boolean operations, a fast electronic computer can be used to solve most mathematical problems, as well as most information management problems.
But computers cannot solve any mathematical problem. English mathematician Alan Turing described problems that a computer cannot solve.
The result of the performed calculation is displayed to the user using various input-output devices, for example, lamp indicators, monitors, printers, etc.
A computer is just a machine, it doesn't "understand" the words it shows and it doesn't "think" on its own. The computer only mechanically displays the lines and colors specified in the program using input-output devices. The human brain perceives the scene on the screen and gives it a certain meaning.
## Etymology
The word computer is English from English. to compute, English. comes from the words computer. These words are translated as "calculation", "counter" (the English word, in turn, comes from the Latin word computo - "to calculate"). Originally in English, the word referred to a person who performed arithmetical calculations with or without the use of mechanical devices. Then the word was used to refer to machines, but modern computers can also deal with problems that are not directly related to mathematics.
The definition of the word computer first appeared in the English Oxford dictionary in 1897. In this dictionary, a computer is defined as a mechanical computing device. In 1946, the meaning of digital computer, analog computing machine and electronic computer was distinguished in this dictionary.
## Computer structure
### System unit
System unit is the main device of a personal computer. Many important devices such as the system board (system board), processor, RAM, hard disk, power supply unit, video card are located inside the system unit. The front panel of the system unit houses the Power and Reset buttons, CD and floppy disk drives, and red-green light indicators. On the back of the system unit there are ports and input devices that connect the main (monitor, keyboard, mouse) and additional devices (printer, modem, scanner, microphone).
### Display
Display (monitor) is a device that displays information on the computer screen. Externally, the display looks like a regular color TV, so it is often called a monitor, as in television technology.
### Keyboard
A keyboard is a device used to enter the necessary information while controlling the operation of the computer. It allows you to enter any information into the computer using letter and number keys. The keyboard of modern computers has 101 or 105 keys, and in the upper right corner there are 3 light indicators that provide information about the operating mode.
### Mouse
A mouse, sometimes a mouse, is a "graphical" control device. When you move the mouse over the mat, the mouse pointer on the screen also moves and allows you to select the desired objects. You can perform many actions with objects by pressing one of two (or three) mouse buttons. You can move up and down the text, image or web page that does not fit the whole screen by turning the wheel in the middle of the buttons.
### Printer
A printer is a device that prints information on paper. There are several types of printers: dot matrix, inkjet, laser, sublimation, light emitting diode (LED) printers, etc. there is
### Scanner
Scanner is used to automatically enter text and images on paper into the computer. The scanner converts the image (picture, etc.) into machine code and writes it to the computer's memory. The principle of operation of the scanner is as follows: a light beam scans a flat image line by line, its principle of operation is similar to the scanning of an electronic beam on a display screen. Scanners are available in black and white or color.
## History
Computer generations (computer generation) are historically formed groups of computers united by types of architecture and elemental basis. They are distinguished from each other by their elemental basis, structural-technological implementation, logical organization, technical characteristics, software programs and degree of interaction with the computer by the user.
### Generations of computers
The released computers are divided into generations. It can be said that six generations of computers are known now. In general, the condition for dividing the computer into generations depends mainly on the change of the computer element base, the changes in the types and properties of the devices included in its composition, and the emergence of new (non-numerical) groups of reports produced by computers.
The first generation of computers are electronic lamp machines produced before 1959, with speeds of tens of thousands of seconds, bit rate of 31-34 bits, RAM size of 1-4 kb, the rhythm of operations is a strict sequence, i.e., the following the operation starts only after the execution of the current operation is complete, the CPU is suspended while the I/O operations are in progress. The program is mainly written and executed manually in machine language. The mode of operation was open, that is, each programmer worked by entering his program sitting at the control device. Problems related to numerical values are mainly issued, the use of symbolic values is absent. Standard programs began to be created.
The second generation of computers are transistor computers produced before 1968, the speed of which is hundreds of thousands of bps, the bit rate is 31-48 bits, the size of RAM is 8-128 kb. A processor interrupt and handling system has appeared (it is activated mainly during I/O operations). Programs for automatic translation from algorithmic languages to machine language appeared - translators, that is, high-level programming languages (Fortran, Algol, Cobol and others) were used to create programs, and the stock of standard programs grew. A closed mode of operation was used, that is, the programmer did not work directly with the machine, but handed over his program written in a high-level programming language to a service team that further edited the machine. The first monitoring systems appeared to control and manage the operation of programs. They had their own task management languages. The emergence of index arithmetic, the use of indirect addressing and dynamic memory, the possibility of working with symbolic values determined the structural features of this generation.
The third generation of the computer is a set of computers and computers made by integrated microcircuits since 1970, the speed of which is millions of bps, the bit rate is 32-64 bits, the size of the RAM is 64-1024 kb. Additional processors (channels) with a developed interrupt system are used, which perform I/O operations in parallel with the work of the central processor. In the past, many tasks performed by programs, including handling of interrupts, were performed by hardware. Sensor attachments of computers that can perceive and influence the external environment are beginning to appear. These have transformed the computer from a device that processes pre-entered data deterministically into intelligent devices that can act on the environment. RAM protection and dynamic allocation have been implemented. Many high-level programming languages, including those focused on symbolic problems (such as SNOBOL. LISP. REFAL) and logical problems (such as Prolog. Miranda), have been used, and the proportion of symbolic problems and logical problems has increased. Developed operating systems that control the work of programs from the beginning (able to respond to the conditions in the external and internal environment). The main feature of this generation is the emergence of a complex of machines consisting of several models of computers with increased capabilities so that programs can be downloaded from the bottom up (for example, in the socialist countries, the EU EVM 1020-1050, and in the USA - unified systems of computers such as the IBM 360-370). This made it possible to create computing systems that could share RAM or external devices with computers. A multiprogramming mode has been implemented that divides the time of the central processor so that several programs can do it at the same time. In addition, programs that can work on a real time scale began to appear. They made it possible to control technological processes, work of flying machines and other complex devices.
The fourth generation of computers - since 1975, multiprocessor supercomputers and microcomputers (later they were called personal computers) made using large or very large integrated microcircuits. The speed of supercomputers is up to a hundred million (for example, the speed of the Cray-1 supercomputer is 100 million a/s). In general, the methods of communication through computers of this generation have been further developed, connected to telephone and telegraph networks, computer global (for example, the Internet), corporate and local networks have been created, very large data archives have been collected, data transmission and processing in visual (video) form has developed, work on a real time scale systems that can do this have been widely implemented.
The fifth generation of computer begins with a 5-year project announced by Japan in 1980, in which the logic programming language PROLOG as a machine language of computer language was implemented in hardware, and it was planned to create an artificial intelligence (intelligence) system. This project has been successfully completed, now there are computers that have their own artificial intelligence, that is, they can make and prove conclusions that find a solution to a given problem, can produce a poem or music on a certain topic, and can do other intellectual work by themselves. But they are not widespread, because their price is very expensive and working with them requires special skills.
The sixth generation of the computer was started in the middle of the 90s of the last century. It is based on artificial neural network, multi-valued logic and quantum computing theory. These computers will have advanced artificial intelligence: they will have the ability to teach themselves and will be able to understand (pattern recognize) a problem, design it, and build a program or device to solve or implement it.
### Zero Generation
* BC 3000 years - the first counters - the prison appeared in ancient Babylon.
* BC 500 years — a "new" version of prison appeared in China.
* 1492 - Leonardo da Vinci sketched a 13-digit counter with ten toothed rings in one of his diaries. Although the device based on these drawings was created only in the 20th century, the correctness of Leonardo da Vinci's project was confirmed.
* 1623 - Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the University of Tübingen, invented a device that could add and subtract six-digit decimal numbers based on toothed rings. In 1960, it was rebuilt according to the professor's drawing and showed that it works correctly.
* 1630 - Richard Delamaine made a circular logarithmic ruler.
1642 - Blaise Pascal introduced the "Pascalin" - the first real-life and widely recognized digital computing device. The prototype device could add and subtract five-digit decimal numbers. Pascal created more than a dozen such counters, the latest models of which could work with eight-digit numbers.
* 1673 - the outstanding German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a mechanical calculator that could perform multiplication, division, addition and subtraction using the binary number system.
* Around this time, Isaac Newton laid the foundations of mathematical analysis.
* 1723 - German mathematician and astronomer Christian Ludwig Gersten created an arithmetic machine based on the works of Leibniz. The machine would be able to calculate the integer part and the number of successive addition operations when multiplying numbers. In addition, this machine could check the correctness of entering the entered data.
* 1786 - German military engineer Johann Müller proposed the idea of a "difference machine" - a machine that could tabulate logarithms calculated by the difference method. Based on Leibniz's gears, this machine was rather small (height 13 cm, diameter 30 cm), but could perform four basic arithmetic operations with 14-bit numbers.
* 1801 - Joseph Maria Jacquard created a program-controlled sewing machine that displayed its work using a set of punched cards.
* 1820 - the Frenchman Thomas de Calmar produced the first arithometers in production conditions.
* 1822 - English mathematician Charles Babbage invented a difference machine (arithmometer for automatic creation of mathematical tables), but could not actually demonstrate it.
* 1855 - brothers Georg and Edward Schutz built the first differential machine based on the work of Charles Babbage in Stockholm.
* 1876 - the Russian mathematician P. L. Chebyshev created a switching device that continuously transfers tens. In 1881, this scientist made additions to this machine for multiplication and division.
* 1884-1887 — Hermann Hollerith developed an electric tabulation system (Hollerith tabulator), which was used in the 1890s and 1900s in the US census, and in 1897 in Russia.
* 1912 - a machine for integrating simple differential equations was created according to the project of the Russian scientist A.N. Krylov.
* 1927 - the analog computer was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
* 1938 - German engineer Konrad Zuse created his first computing machine and named it Z1 (Helmut Schreyer's name is also mentioned as his co-author). It was a fully mechanical, programmable digital machine. This model was not used in practice. Its restored version is preserved in the German Technical Museum in Berlin. This year, Zuse began to develop the Z2.
* 1941 - Konrad Zuse created the Z3. This machine had all the features of a modern computer.
* 1942 - At Iowa State University, John Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry began building the first electronic digital computer in the United States. Although this machine was not completely finished (Atanasov went to the army), according to historians, American scientist John Mochly created the Eniac computer two years later.
* At the beginning of 1943, the first American calculator - Mark I was created. This machine was designed to produce complex ballistic calculations for the US Air Force.
* At the end of 1943, the English calculating machine used for special purposes - Colossus was created. The machine was engaged in deciphering the secret codes of Nazi Germany.
* In 1944, Konrad Zuse created the Z4 computer.
* In 1946, the first universal electronic digital calculator - Eniac was developed.
* The first electronic calculator in the Soviet Union was created in 1950 in Kiev under the leadership of Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev.
## Exponential development of computer technology
If we look at the history of the development of computing devices since 1900, we can see that the performance of machines doubles every 18-24 months. This feature was first noticed in 1965 by Gordon E., one of the heads of the Intel company. Moore described. The process of shrinking the size of computers is moving at a similar speed. The first electronic computing machines were huge devices that weighed many tons and were housed in several rooms. They were so expensive that only governments and large research organizations could use them. Compared to them, modern computers are relatively powerful, small and cheap. Computer (English: computer — "calculator"), EEM (electronic computing machine) — to perform calculations and receive, process, store and store information according to a predetermined algorithm. a machine designed to produce results. In the early stages of the computer era, the main function of a computer was considered to be calculation. Currently, their main activity is management.
Basic principles: To perform a task, a computer uses the displacement of mechanical parts, the flow of electrons, photons, quantum particles, or other well-studied physical effects. Most of us are familiar with the most common type of computer - the personal computer.
Computer architecture makes it possible to show and model the proposed problem, the studied physical phenomenon as clearly as possible. For example, e-flows can be used as a model of water flow during the construction of dams. Although analog computers built in this way were common in the 1960s, they are now rare.
In most modern computers, the problem posed is first described in mathematical terms, where all the necessary information is expressed in binary (as ones and zeros), and then simple logic algebra is used to process it. Because virtually all mathematical problems can be reduced to a set of Boolean operations, a fast electronic computer can be used to solve most mathematical problems, as well as most information management problems.
But computers cannot solve any mathematical problem. English mathematician Alan Turing described problems that a computer cannot solve.
The result of the performed calculation is displayed to the user using various input-output devices, for example, lamp indicators, monitors, printers, etc.
computer is just a machine, it doesn't "understand" the words it shows and it doesn't "think" for itself. The computer only mechanically displays the lines and colors specified in the program using input-output devices. The human brain perceives the scene on the screen and gives it a certain meaning.
### Distribution by use
* Calculator
* Console computer
* Minicomputer
* Mainframe
* Personal computerGame consolePocket personal computer \< > * Gaming console
* Pocket personal computer
* Workstation
* Notebook (Laptop)
* Notebook (Laptop)
* Server
* Supercomputer
# ## Physical implementation
To classify computers, you can use the technologies used when they were created. It is known that initially computers were completely mechanical systems. Nevertheless, in the 30s of the 20th century, the telecommunications industry introduced electromechanical components, and in the 40s, fully electronic computers based on vacuum electronic lamps were created. In the 1950s and 1960s, lamps were replaced by transistors, and in the early 1970s, integrated systems (silicon chips) began to be used, which are still used today.
We cannot say that this list is complete; it shows only the main development trend of computing technology. Many different technologies were used in each period. For example, the possibility of creating hydraulic and pneumatic computers is provided, and in 1903-1909 Percy I. An inventor named Ludget created a project for an analytical machine based on a sewing machine.
Optical computers are currently being designed. These computers use light signals instead of electrical signals. In another direction, it is necessary to use the achievements of molecular biology and DNA research. Ultimately, one of the approaches that could lead to huge changes in the field of computing is based on the creation of quantum computers.
* Quantum computer
* Mechanical computer
* Optical computer
* Pneumatic computer
* Electronic computer
### Construction features
Modern computers use design decisions made during the development of computer technology. These solutions are not fundamentally tied to the physical implementation of computers, but rather are the foundation on which computer developers rely. The following are some of the most important questions computer designers must address:
Digital or Analog
When building a computer, you must decide whether it will be a digital or analog system. While digital computers deal with discrete numerical and symbolic variables, analog computers are designed to process a continuous stream of incoming data. Digital computers are now widely used, but analog computers are also used for some special purposes. The reason we are not talking about pulse or quantum computing here is that they are used only in specialized fields, or so far only experimentally.
Analog computers: logarithmic ruler, astrolabe, oscilloscope, television, analog sound processor, autopilot, brain.
The simplest discrete counters are abacus, and the most complex is a supercomputer.
* Analog computer
Binary, decimal or ternary
As an important step in the development of computer technology, we can say the transition of the internal display of numbers to the binary system. This step made the construction of computing equipment and peripherals somewhat simpler. The use of the binary system made it easier to perform arithmetic functions and logical operations.
However, the transition to binary logic did not happen all at once. Many scientists tried to create a computer in human-friendly decimal counting system. Other methods were used. For example, one of the Soviet machines worked based on the ternary system, in some cases the ternary system had advantages over the binary system (the project of the ternary Setun computer was developed by the Soviet scientist N.P. Brusentsov)
The first American computer as a computer based on the decimal system machine — you can call the Mark I machine.
In general, the choice of internal display system does not change the basic principles of computer operation — any computer can emulate a computer system on another system.
Programmable
The main feature of computers is the ability to execute a certain changing list of instructions (program) without changing their physical structure. By further developing this feature, the program execution process can be controlled dynamically. That is, depending on the state of the data, the order of execution of program commands can be changed.
Saving programs and data
When performing calculations, there is a need to save intermediate data. The performance of most computers largely depends on its memory and processing speed. At first, computer memory was used only to store intermediate values, but later there was a proposal to store computer program code in memory as well (according to the von Neumann architecture). This solution is used in most modern computer systems.
### Classification according to ability
As one of the methods of classification of computing techniques, it is possible to name determination of their abilities. All computing machines can be attributed to one of the following three types:
* special devices that perform only one service;
* devices that can perform only a few services;
* currently used general purpose devices. These third type machines are called computers.
Modern general-purpose computer
When we consider modern computers, we notice one important difference between them and earlier computing machines: by using the necessary programs, any computer can perform the actions of another computer (of course, this feature is limited to data storage devices limited by capacity and speed). Thus, it is believed that modern computers can emulate the operation of any computing equipment that will be created in the future. With this ability, you can distinguish between general-purpose computers and special-purpose devices.
## Uses of computers
The first computers were used only for calculations (hence the origin of the terms "computer" and "computer"). Even the simplest computers outperform humans in this field. For this reason, the earliest programming language, Fortran, was intended only for calculations.
The second line is for the database. First of all, they were needed by governments and banks. Database management required complex computers and complex systems for information input/output and storage. For these purposes, the Cobol language was born. Later database management systems had their own programming languages.
The third way is to use with different devices. The development path was from highly specialized (mostly analog) devices to standard computer systems. In addition, day by day, most of the equipment consists of computers.
Eventually, computers began to be used as a primary information tool both in the office and at home. That is, any work performed with information (entering text, watching a movie) was carried out with the help of a computer. This conclusion can be stated in relation to both storage and transfer of information.
Among the fields where computers are used, the most complex and least developed field is artificial intelligence - the use of computers in the absence of a specific algorithm. Examples of this field include text translation and expert systems.
### Harms of the computer
The computer is the main information device that implements information processes, and information processes mean receiving, hearing, seeing, processing, and attracting information. The benefits of this computer are many.
To give an example: teachers demand that abstracts written in each subject should be visual, clean, and beautiful. Let's compare handwritten and computer typed works. The difference between the two is like heaven and earth. Let's say you need several copies of this written abstract. It takes less time to open it and make a copy with a printer. Summarizing my speech, "Computer is a requirement of time" and we use our time rationally.
Articles about the harm of the computer have been published since the eighties of the last century. In particular, it has been scientifically proven since then that various games on it harm the health and nervous system of children and adolescents.
So, the factors that harm the human body of the computer are as follows:
* Decreases the ability of the eyes to see;
* Causes curvature of the spine;
* Puts weight on the nerve; * Relieves fatigue and weakness.
In addition to this, he becomes "tied" to the computer against his will, like childhood obsessions. His character changes dramatically, he gets into the habit of neglecting his surroundings. There is no desire for other games, interesting topics that develop the mind. It also affects the child's mood, that is, instead of being cheerful and alert, he is often angry and tends to show force. At the same time, a "closed world" known only to the child is formed. Because he is limited only to the computer, sooner or later such a child reaches a situation where he cannot communicate with his peers. He will even lose his friends...
## Computer care rules and safety techniques
Computer care rules will help to ensure the smooth operation of the computer:
- when choosing a place to place the computer, keep in mind that it can get hot near heating radiators;
- place the monitor so that sunlight does not fall directly on the video surface;
- regularly clean the working surface of the mouse from dust;
- clean up the computer every day;
Carelessness when working with devices, stops or cables and monitors can lead to injury from electric current, the equipment may be burned. Therefore:
- Do not touch the switches of connecting cables by hand;
- To touch power cords and grounding devices;
- To touch the video surface and the outside of the monitor and keyboard;
- to place things such as disks, notebooks, books on the monitor and keyboard;
- It is strictly forbidden to work with wet clothes and wet hands.
If there is a burning smell, it is necessary to immediately stop work, turn off the devices and contact the technical support center.
## See Also
* Personal Computer Architecture
* Computer Network
* Computer Memory
* Programming
* Internet
\< > ## Sources
* Educational and methodological tool for training people in computer literacy under the program of reducing information inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007.
## Links
* https://bilim-all.kz/article/2109-Komp_yuter-turaly-malimet |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3375 | Wikipedia | Wikipedia (English: Wikipedia, ФА: /ˌwiːkiːˈpiːdi.ə/, or /ˌwɪkiːˈpiːdi.ə/, or /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdi.ə/) is a free and open, multilingual, online encyclopedia for readers and authors based on Wiki technology. The encyclopedia is located in the domain of the Wikimedia Foundation www.wikipedia.org. The owner of the project and responsible for its development is the Wikimedia Foundation. The name of the project is derived from the words "wiki" or wiki (site creation technology) and encyclopedia. Currently, the encyclopedia has chapters in 285 languages. The total number of articles in all languages exceeds 35 million.
Any user accessing the Wikipedia site has the right to change the content and topics on it. Regular participants who add to Wikipedia and participate in writing articles are called "Wikipedians".
## History
First launched in January 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, "Wikipedia" is today the largest and most popular reference on the Internet. "Wikipedia" is considered the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of the world in terms of size and number of topics covered, and one of its biggest advantages is the presence of articles in different languages of the world. Wikipedia means (wiki-quick) in Hawaiian.
The content of Wikipedia articles is unreliable and not factual. Critics say that Wikipedia is prone to vandalism and that the content on it is based on unreliable sources and may contain false information. However, the results of scientific studies show that vandalism is generally not tolerated by Wikipedians.
In addition to serving as an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia has become a source of online information due to its frequent updates.
Wiki - (English Wiki) is a website that allows each user to change the structure of the site with special tools. The term "wiki" was first used to describe sites in 1995 by Ward Cunningham, the name of the earliest wiki system called Wikiwikiweb, meaning "quick" in Hawaiian.
Ward Cunningham and his assistant Bo Leuf in their book "The Wiki Way: Quick collaboration on the web" formulated the concept of "Wiki" as follows:
* A wiki allows any user to modify a site and create new pages and you can use a simple web browser for this.
* The wiki system provides communication between pages.
* The wiki site is not intended for casual users, but rather for mobilizing users who are continuously involved in the site creation process.
Features of the wiki system:
* Allows you to change the same text several times.
* Special language marks - so-called "wiki marks" - can be used to decorate the text structure with elements and hyperlinks, as well as various other tools.
* Change accounting - compares new changes with old changes, and also allows you to restore old information.
* Multi-authors - any user who is a guest of the site can make changes, add or shorten articles on it.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1725 | Украина | Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]) is the largest country in Eastern Europe and the second largest country in Europe, consisting of 24 regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The land area is equal to 600 thousand square kilometers. It borders Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the south-west, Russia to the east and the Black and Azov seas to the south. The capital and largest city of the country is Kyiv.
74 percent of the population of 41.6 million are Ukrainians. In addition, there are Poles, Slovaks, Romanians, Magyars, who settled in the western part of the country, while Russians live mainly in the eastern part. The official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian. Most of the country's religions are Orthodox, but there are also followers of Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam.
In August 1991, Ukraine left the USSR and gained its independence. In 1996, a new constitution was adopted. A series of mass demonstrations, known as Euromaidan, led to the formation of a new pro-European government after a coup in 2014. Russia then illegally annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula, and pro-Russian unrest spilled over into a war in eastern Ukraine between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in the Donbass. Since the start of the war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to build close ties with the United States, the European Union, and NATO. Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 and the conflict in the country is still ongoing.
## Etymology
The word "Ukraine" comes from the Old Slavic language meaning "border" or "land on the border" and comes from the word kraina.
## History
### Early history
The first human settlements on the land of modern Ukraine BC. 32,000 BC, evidenced by the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains. BC By 4,500 AD, the Neolithic Tripolie-Kukuteni culture occupied most of what is now Ukraine. Some sources claim that horse domestication took place here for the first time. The Kurgan hypothesis suggests that the linguistic homeland of the Indo-Europeans was in the Volga-Dnieper region of Ukraine and southern Russia. In the Iron Age, Kemers, Scythians, and Sarmatians who spoke Iranian language lived in this place. Between 700 and 200 BC, it was part of the Rosa Scythian kingdom.
BC By the 6th century, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines settled on the shores of the Black Sea. The Goths were among the peoples who did not move from there, but stayed there, but they were oppressed by the Huns by the year 370. In the 6th century, the present Eastern Ukraine was the center of Great Bulgaria. By the end of the century, most of the Bulgars migrated in different directions, and most of the land was conquered by the Khazars.
Ancient Slavic tribes lived in Ukraine in the V-VI centuries. The migration of the ancient Slavs from modern Ukraine to the Balkans led to the emergence of the modern South Slavs.
### The golden age of Kiev
The formation of the state of Kievan Rus is still unclear. The territory of Kievan Rus included present-day Ukraine, Belarus and the west of European Russia. According to the first annals, the people of Russia included the Scandinavian Varangians. In 882 Oleg the Seer conquered Kiev and made it the new capital of Russia. However, according to anti-Normanist historians, the Eastern Slavs south of the Dnieper were creating their own independent state at that time. The Varangian elite, including the Rurik family, assimilated with the local Slavs. Kievan Rus consisted of several clans led by related Rurikovich clansmen, who were fighting each other for Kiev.
In the X-XI centuries, Kievan Rus was the largest state in Europe, so this time is called its Golden Age. It began with the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980–1015), who carried out Christianization. During the reign of his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054), Rus was at the peak of its cultural and military development. After the death of Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great (1125–1132), there was no unity in Kievan Rus, it was divided into various factions. In the 11th and 12th centuries, Turkic-speaking Kumans and Kipchaks were the strongest power in the Pontic steppe north of the Black Sea.
The invasion of Mongol-Tatars against Russia in the 13th century greatly weakened Russia, and in 1240 Kiev was completely destroyed. Galicia-Volhynia was created in the west of modern Ukraine. Daniil Galitsky, son of Roman Mstislavich, united most of southwestern Rus and became the first king of Galicia-Volhynia with the support of the Pope. In 1349 As a result of the Galicia-Volhynia Wars, the territory was divided between the Kingdom of Poland and the Principality of Great Lithuania. From the middle of the 13th century to the second half of the 14th century, the Republic of Genoa established several bodans on the northern coast of the Black Sea, turned them into large trade centers, and appointed consuls who represented the Republic to their leadership. In 1430, the territory of Podolia became a part of Poland, and Poles began to migrate to the territory of modern Ukraine. In 1441, Haji Gerey I, a descendant of Chinggis Khan, established the Crimean Khanate in Crimea and its surroundings. During the next three hundred years, the Crimeans, along with other Turks, invaded Ukraine and enslaved about 2 million people.
In 1569, the Union of Lublin founded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the Ukrainian land was transferred from Lithuania to the crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which became de jure Polish land. As a result of the Polonization (Polishization) policy, a part of Ruthenia became Catholic and received membership in the nobility.
### Cossack Hetmanship
Since there was no representative of the peasants and urban population among the Ruthenian elite, the black people turned to the Zaporozhian Cossacks. By the middle of the 17th century, a quasi-autonomous state called Zaporozhian Sech was established by Zaporozhian Cossacks and Ruthenian peasants. Poland had little power in the Cossack lands, but they still sent Cossack warriors against the Turks and Tatars. However, the peasants, who were both Ruthenian and Cossacks, did not hesitate to rebel against the authorities due to pressure from the elite, such as the nobility.
In 1648, hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, who was supported by the local population, organized several uprisings against the Polish king, and in 1648, the Hetmanship established the Cossack state. The Hetman state lasted until 1764 (according to some sources, until 1782). After a major defeat in Berestechko, Khmelnytskyi had to ask for help from the Tsar of Russia. In 1654, as a result of the Pereyaslavl Rada, a military and political alliance between the Hetmanship and Russia appeared.
After Khmelnytsky's death, a thirty-year war called "Kulandy" (meaning "ruined pile", Ukrainian Ruin, 1657–1686) took place for the Hetmanship, which involved Russia, Poland, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, and the Cossacks. As a result of the Eternal Peace Treaty, the Hetmanship was divided between Poland and Russia. In 1686, the Kyiv metropolis was annexed by the Russian Church, and the Russian and Ukrainian churches were connected.
After the defeat in the Battle of Poltava, the autonomy of the Hetmanship was greatly reduced. In 1764-1781, by order of Catherine II, most of Central Ukraine was incorporated into the Russian Empire, the Hetmanship and the Zaporozhye Sech disappeared. After the annexation of Crimea, Russians were allowed to move to Ukraine, which was named "Novorossiya" (New Russia). During the tsarist autocracy, which became known as autocracy, the country was subjected to Russification (Russification), including the use of the Ukrainian language and restrictions on the identity of Ukrainians. In 1795, after the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the territory of present-day western Ukraine was divided between Habsburg-ruled Austria and Russia.
### 19th and early 20th centuries
At the beginning of the 19th century, Ukrainian nationalism grew. Due to the rapid urbanization and modernization, romantic nationalism grew among the people, ideas of national revival and social justice appeared among the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Poet Taras Shevchenko and political scientist Mykhailo Drahomanov were the main figures of nationalism. While not much was done against this movement in Austrian Galicia, in the Russian part of the Ukraine (sometimes called "Malorossiya", "Little Russia", or "Southern Russia") much pressure was exerted against it, and in 1876 virtually all books in the Ukrainian language were banned.
Except for large cities such as Donetsk and Kiev, Odesa, which recently opened a mine, most of Ukraine was engaged only in agriculture and extraction of natural resources. The situation in the region of Galicia, which was part of Austria, was very bad, Ukrainians fleeing poverty and hunger were forced to migrate abroad, which is why a large Ukrainian diaspora appeared in countries such as Canada, USA and Brazil. Some Ukrainians also migrated to the east, according to the 2010 census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in Siberia, and 102,000 in Central Asia. In addition, after the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway, 1.6 million Ukrainians moved to the territory.
With the beginning of the First World War, Ukraine was in turmoil, the fighting in the country ended only in 1921. Initially, Ukrainians were divided between Austria-Hungary and fought for the Central Powers, but the vast majority served in the Imperial Russian Army and became part of the Entente. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, the conflict became the Ukrainian War of Independence, with Ukrainians fighting alongside or against the Red, White, Black and Green armies.
In 1917, Mykhailo Hrushevsky founded the left-wing Ukrainian People's Republic with the plan to create an independent country, but these years were full of disunity, as a result of a military coup, Pavlo Skoropadsky came to power and turned the country into an anti-Bolshevik Ukrainian power. However, this state was also unsuccessful, its "life" lasted only one year.
As a result of the conflict, the Second Polish Republic was partially victorious and annexed the western parts of Ukraine. The greatest victory was the USSR, which eventually established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on the remaining Ukrainian land. The territory of present-day Bukovina was conquered by the Kingdom of Romania, Transcarpathia was given to Czechoslovakia as an autonomy.
Conflicts over Ukrainian land, part of the Russian civil war, devastated the entire former Russian Empire, including eastern and central Ukraine. During the war, more than 1.5 million people died on the territory of the former Russian Empire, and hundreds of thousands of people became homeless. In addition, the Eastern regions suffered from the famine that occurred in 1921.
### Soviet Ukraine between the Wars
In Poland, Marshal Józef Pilsudski and his political allies wanted to gain Ukrainian support by offering Ukrainians limited local autonomy as a way to reduce Soviet influence in the border regions. However, this plan was abandoned after Piłsudski's death in 1935 due to continued unrest among the Ukrainian population, and the Polish government responded by restricting the rights of those who declared Ukrainian citizenship and belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church. As a result, in the 1920s and 1930s, an underground nationalist-militant movement of Ukraine emerged, which gradually turned into the Ukrainian military organization and later into the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).
At that time, the newly created Soviet Ukraine was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. In the 1920s, under the leadership of the Bolshevik Mykola Skrypnik, the policy of Ukrainization (Ukrainization) was being carried out, which was part of the policy of korenization (indigenization) taking place in the Union as a whole.
In those years, with the goal of restoring the country and its economy after the war, the New Economic Policy was established under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, market socialism appeared in the country. TPP was mostly successfully implemented. This period ended after the death of Lenin and the rise to power of Joseph Stalin. From the 1920s, a centrally planned economy was established throughout the union, industrialization continued in Ukraine, and its output quadrupled.
However, due to sharp industrialization, Ukrainian peasants suffered from collectivization of agriculture. The confiscation of agricultural products from peasants, known as "collectivization", was part of the Five-Year Plan and was monitored by the police of the Central Committee. Those who opposed him were deported or sent to camps such as the Gulag. When the demands were not fulfilled, a great famine, known as the Holodomor, occurred due to the non-delivery of products such as wheat. Several countries, including modern Ukraine, have recognized this famine as genocide.
After the civil war and collectivization, Stalin's political opponents were repressed, the Ukrainian intelligentsia was persecuted, and the dead and arrested figures became known as the Atilyan Zahoyru.
### World War II
After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the USSR and Germany divided Poland. As a result, the Eastern Galicia and Volhynia regions where Ukrainians lived became part of Ukraine. People were together for the first time in history. In 1940, the territory of Ukraine increased further, including Bessarabia, northern Bukovina and Hertsa region. The eastern territories of the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were transferred to the newly formed Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic. The new territories of the USSR were recognized at the international level by the terms of the Paris Agreement.
On June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht invaded the territory of the USSR. The city received the name "Hero City" for the resistance of Kiev in the Battle of Kyiv. In Kiev, more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (a quarter of the Western Front) died or were captured. After the conquest of western Ukraine, most of the Ukrainian SSR was organized into the Ukrainian Reichskommissariat in order to exploit its resources and eventually settle the Germans. Some Western Ukrainians, who joined the Soviet Union only in 1939, saw the Germans as liberators, but this did not last long, the Nazis continued their policy of collectivization, deported the local population to Germany, and organized the Holocaust in Ukraine.
Although most Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and Soviet partisans, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army emerged in Western Ukraine (UKA, 1942). It was created as the armed forces of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Both organizations supported the goal of creating an independent Ukrainian state in the territory with an ethnic majority of Ukrainians. Although this led to opposition to the ideas of Nazi Germany, the Melnik wing of the UNO sometimes allied itself with the Nazi forces. From mid-1943 until the end of the war, the UKA massacred ethnic Poles in the Volyn and Eastern Galicia regions, killing about 100,000 Polish civilians, leading to repression. The conflicts of the Ukrainian Armed Forces with the USSR continued until the 1950s.
In general, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated at 4.5 million to 7 million; Half of the partisan resistance units that supported the Soviet Union, which numbered 500,000 in 1944, were Ukrainians. In general, figures for the Ukrainian rebel army are unreliable, ranging from 15,000 to 100,000.
### Postwar Soviet Ukraine
The republic was badly damaged by the war, and significant efforts were needed to rebuild it. More than 700 cities and settlements, more than 28 thousand villages were destroyed. The situation was worsened by the drought of 1946–1947 and the destruction of infrastructure during the war, which killed at least tens of thousands of people. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding states of the United Nations (UN), which was part of the Yalta Conference. That is why Ukraine and Belarus, despite not being independent states, had their own right to vote. In addition, Transcarpathia was annexed, and Ukraine increased its territory again. Most of the non-Ukrainian population of the Ukrainian SSR emigrated after the war, in the case of Germans and Crimean Tatars, these were deportations.
In 1953, Stalin died, resulting in the new head of the USSR, Nikita Khrushchev. The Khrushchev Warmth and De-Stalinization policy were introduced, Crimea was transferred from the RKFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, it is believed that this peninsula, named as a gift to a friendly country, was given for economic reasons. After this change, Ukraine got its current borders. Ukraine was one of the most important republics that were part of the USSR. That is why a large number of prominent Soviet politicians, including Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, were Ukrainians. Despite this, ethnic Ukrainians such as Brezhnev himself and Volodymyr Shcherbitsky continued to pursue the policy of Soviet Russification regardless of their nationality.
By 1950, the republic completely surpassed the pre-war level in terms of industry and production. Soviet Ukraine soon became the European leader in industrial production and became an important center of the Soviet arms industry and high-tech research. The Soviet government invested in hydro and nuclear power projects to meet the demand for energy. However, on April 26, 1986, a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded, resulting in the worst nuclear reactor accident in history, the Chernobyl disaster.
### Independence
Mikhail Gorbachev pursued a policy of liberalizing public life, known as perestroika, and attempted to reform the stagnant economy. The latter failed, but the democratization of the Soviet Union fueled nationalist and separatist tendencies among ethnic minorities, including Ukrainians. On July 16, 1990, the newly elected Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine as part of the so-called Parade of Sovereignties; Full independence was declared on August 24 after a failed uprising against Gorbachev organized by members of the CPSU. In the referendum held on December 1, 90.32% of the population supported independence. The new president of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk, participated in the Belovezh Agreement, and Ukraine became one of the founding states of the new Commonwealth of Independent States. However, Ukraine was never a full-fledged member of the organization, it did not ratify the agreement on the creation of the CIS. These documents sealed the fate of the Soviet Union, which officially disowned itself on December 26.
During the transition to a market economy, the country experienced a deeper economic recession than almost all former Soviet republics. During the recession, between 1991 and 1999, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP and suffered from hyperinflation that peaked at 10,000% in 1993. The situation stabilized only after the new currency, the hryvnia, fell sharply in late 1998, partly as a result of the Russian debt default earlier that year. The legacy of the economic policies of the 1990s was the massive privatization of state-owned assets, which created a group of extremely powerful and wealthy individuals known as oligarchs. Ukraine's economy as a whole has performed poorly since independence due to widespread corruption and poor administrative management. For this reason, there were many protests and riots in the country in the 1990s. The war with Russia prevented a significant economic recovery in the 2010s, and measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic that arrived in 2020 have been hampered by low vaccination rates and continued invasion during the later pandemic.
Politically, one of the defining features of Ukrainian politics has long been the division on two issues: the relationship between Ukraine, the West, and Russia, and the classic political left-right divide. The first two presidents, Kravchuk and Kuchma, tended to balance Ukraine's competing visions, although Yushchenko was largely pro-Western and Yanukovych pro-Russian. There were two major protests against Yanukovych: the Orange Revolution of 2004, when tens of thousands of people protested election rigging in his favor (Yushchenko was eventually elected president), and another in the winter of 2013/2014, when Yanukovych's EU-Ukraine Community Agreement gathered at Euromaidan to protest his refusal to sign.
Russia had signed the Budapest Memorandum in 1994, under which Ukraine surrendered its nuclear weapons in exchange for guarantees of security and territorial integrity, but Russia nevertheless launched a war against Ukraine in response to the protests and the new government. In late February and early March 2014, it annexed Crimea using its naval base in Sevastopol; after this success, he launched a proxy war in the Donbass through the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, which were created by pro-Russian separatists and are not officially recognized by the state community. On February 24, 2023, Russia invaded Ukraine.
The military conflict with Russia changed the government's policy towards the West. Shortly after Yanukovych was ousted from Ukraine, the country signed an association agreement with the EU in June 2014, and its citizens were granted visa-free entry to the EU three years later. In January 2019, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was recognized as independent from Moscow. Finally, in the midst of a full-scale war with Russia, Ukraine received the status of a candidate for the European Union on June 23, 2022.
## Geography
The country has a network of rivers, the total number of rivers and springs exceeds 70 thousand. Almost all rivers belong to the basins of the Black and Azov seas. Only the Bug River and its tributaries in the far west flow into the Baltic Sea. The largest rivers in the country include the Dnieper (981 km long on the territory of Ukraine), the Dniester, and the Southern Bug. Most of the rivers are not navigable and not very rich in hydropower.
Forest, wooded steppe and steppe zones are spread over the territory of Ukraine. In the north of the country, pine forests grow in the swampy land of Polesie, which is not suitable for agriculture. The forest reserve of the Carpathians is of economic importance. Currently, almost all land suitable for agriculture has been plowed, and mixed and broad-leaved forests are preserved only in mountainous areas. In general, forests occupy only 15% of the territory of Ukraine. Fields and orchards cover the gray forest soil, black and brown soils. Development of wetlands for agricultural purposes has been undertaken, and the area of drained lands exceeds 2 million hectares. Among the fauna of Ukraine there are animals such as moose, roe deer, wild boar, fox and mink, pheasant, deer.
The country is rich in recreational resources. Health resorts are located mainly along the Black Sea coast, in the Carpathians. Crimean resorts (Yalta, Yevpatoria) with favorable natural and climatic conditions stand out. In the natural parks of Alupka and Mishor in Crimea, special types of plants grow, such as chili araucaria, livae cypress, Mexican pine, and magnolia. And in the garden of Nikita, a variety of tropical and subtropical plants brought from all over the world grow. These corners of nature created by human hands attract the attention of tourists. Many skiers visit the Carpathians, and natural mineral water in the Truskavets resort in front of the Carpathians is used for therapeutic purposes.
### Climate
Depending on the features of the geographical location and the area covered, the climatic conditions of the land of Ukraine are diverse. In the north-eastern regions located towards the interior of the continent, the average temperature in January is about -7°C, while in the south of Crimea, which is surrounded by mountains in the north, this indicator reaches +5°C. The amount of precipitation decreases from northwest to southeast and south. In the Carpathians, rainfall reaches 1500 mm, while in the west of Crimea and the mouth of the Dnieper, its amount is less than 300 mm. The climatic conditions of Ukraine, in general, are suitable for agriculture. Due to the lack of rainfall in the southern regions, it is necessary to irrigate the fields manually.
The territory of Ukraine is mainly located in the temperate-continental zone of the temperate climate zone, with its continentality increasing from the northwest to the southeast. The southern coast of Crimea is divided into a separate zone of subtropical Mediterranean climate. In the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean mountains, the elevation of the area and the exposure of the slopes determine the vertical climate zone.
The lowest air temperature in the country was registered on January 8, 1935 in Luhansk. As a result of the invasion of air currents from the Arctic, the temperature here has dropped to -42°C.
The main regularity of rainfall distribution on the territory of Ukraine is its decrease from the north and northwest to the south and southeast. The highest amount of annual precipitation was observed in the Ukrainian Carpathians — 1,500 mm (Playa plain — 1,663 mm) and the Crimean mountains (1,000-1,200 mm), and the lowest — on the Black Sea coast. In most parts of the territory, the average amount of precipitation ranges from 650-600 mm in the west to 450-400 mm in the south and southeast. Their main mass occurs in the warm season, except for the southern coast of Crimea. In winter, precipitation occurs in the form of snow in almost all parts of the country; the height of the snow cover is 10-30 cm, and in the mountains it reaches 40 cm.
### Watercourses and reservoirs
63,119 rivers and streams with a total length of more than 206,000 km flow on the territory of Ukraine, including 3,302 with a length of 10 kilometers or more . Most of the rivers belong to the basin of the Black and Azov seas. The main rivers include Dnieper, Shamali Tynyk, Southern Bug, Dniester and Danube. There are about 20,000 lakes in the country, of which only 43 have an area of 10 km² or more.
### Biodiversity
The most forested part of the country is Polesie in the northwest with pine, oak and birch. On the territory of the country there are 45,000 different species of animals (mostly invertebrates), 385 of which are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. There are more than 27 thousand plant species in the flora of Ukraine.
### Urban regions
Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of which are at the oblast level, 279 are at the district level, and two have special legal status. In addition, there are 886 towns and 28,552 villages in the country.
## Politics
Ukraine is a unitary democratic parliamentary-presidential republic with a multi-party political system. The executive power is represented by the Cabinet of Ministers, central executive authorities and local executive authorities. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada. Judicial power is represented by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and courts of general jurisdiction — a system of general and specialized courts of various instances.
### Constitution of Ukraine
The current Constitution of Ukraine was adopted on June 28, 1996 at the fifth session of the 2nd convocation of the Verkhovna Rada. This day became the Constitution Day holiday.
In 2004, amendments were adopted that significantly changed the political system of Ukraine; these changes are sometimes referred to as the 2004 Constitution. In 2010, the then president of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, reversed these changes based on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. After the Euromaidan events, the Constitution of 2004 was restored on February 21.
### Legislature
According to Article 75 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Parliament is the Verkhovna Rada, the only legislative body in Ukraine. The constitutional composition of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine consists of 450 people's deputies who are elected for 5 years by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage. The powers of People's Deputies are determined by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine.
### Executive power body
According to Article 102 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine is the head of state, state sovereignty, territorial integrity of Ukraine, observance of the Constitution of Ukraine, human and citizen rights and freedoms is a guarantee. On the basis of the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine and in compliance with them, the President issues decrees and orders with binding force on the territory of Ukraine.
According to Article 113 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Government of Ukraine is the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the highest body in the system of executive power. The legal basis of its activity is the Constitution of Ukraine, laws and acts of the President of Ukraine. The Government is responsible to the President and under the control of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. In practice, this dependence consists of the President appointing the Prime Minister in agreement with the Verkhovna Rada, terminating his powers and deciding on his resignation. The President appoints members of the Cabinet of Ministers and heads of other central executive bodies on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The control and reporting of the Government to the Supreme Council consists of the Parliament's approval of the budget proposed by the Government, making decisions on the implementation of the budget, approving or rejecting the Government's program of activities, and monitoring its work. The government includes the Prime Minister of Ukraine, the First Deputy Prime Minister, three Deputy Prime Ministers and nineteen ministries today. The system of executive power also includes: 12 state committees, 27 central bodies of executive power with special status, 18 other central bodies and institutions of Ukraine.
### Judiciary
In Ukraine, justice is exercised only by courts. The jurisdiction of the courts extends to all legal relations arising in the state. The system of courts of general jurisdiction is based on the principles of territoriality, specialization and instance in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine. Courts of general jurisdiction consist of local, appellate, highly specialized courts and the Supreme Court of Ukraine. The highest judicial body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction is the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
Specialized courts:
* Commercial (regional, appellate, cassational)
* Administrative (district, appellate, cassational).
The only body of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine is the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine is separate and independent from courts of general jurisdiction.
### Political parties
Ukraine is a country with a multiparty system. As of 2021, 365 political parties are registered in the country. Currently, 6 different political parties are in power in the parliament of Ukraine, which is called the Verkhovna Rada.
## Economy
In 2021, agriculture was the largest sector of the economy and Ukraine was one of the world's largest exporters of wheat. However, Ukraine has the lowest nominal GDP per capita in Europe. In 2021, Ukraine ranked 122 out of 180 on corruption, higher than only Russia among European countries.
In 2021, the average salary in Ukraine reached a peak of about 14,300 ₴ (525 USD) per month. Only about 1% of Ukrainians lived below the national poverty line in 2019. Unemployment in Ukraine was 4.5 percent in 2019. In 2020, Ukraine's public debt was about 50 percent of its nominal GDP.
## Population
The total population of Ukraine by the end of 2021 will be approximately 34.5 million. was a person. The natural growth of the population in the country has decreased sharply in recent decades, and in 2000 it was even — 0.6%. Birth rate (per 1000 people) — 8%, death rate — 14%. The average life expectancy of a person is 68 years. Since the mid-1990s, the number of emigrants to other countries has exceeded the number of emigrants. The vast majority of settlers were those who returned to their original homelands (Germany, Israel).
Although the national composition of the country's population is complex, the main nationalities are: Ukrainians (78%) and Russians (13%). Ukrainians are the second largest Slavic nation after Russians. They mainly live in the western, central and northern regions.
The share of Ukrainians continues to decrease towards the south. For example, Ukrainians make up only half of the population of Donetsk and Odessa regions, and their share in Crimea is only 25%. In addition to them, Belarusians, Jews, Moldovans, Poles and Bulgarians, etc. live on the territory of the country. representatives of nationalities live. Tatars are concentrated in Crimea, Greeks are concentrated on the shores of the Sea of Azov, and Romanians and Slovaks are concentrated outside the Carpathians. Hutsuls, Boykas and Lemkas live in the Carpathians. Hutsuls are one of the peoples whose origin is still unknown, they are mainly engaged in animal husbandry and woodworking. Among Hutsuls, there are also many craftsmen who tie wooden knots, clay potters, and carpet weavers.
In terms of religious composition, the Orthodox branch of Christianity dominates, besides, there are other branches and currents of Christianity, as well as Islam and Judaism. The average population density in the republic is 78.6 people per 1 square kilometer. The population is unevenly distributed on the territory of the country; 100-200 people per 1 km² in the industrial-agricultural areas in the east and in the Lviv region in the west. In the Chernigov, Volyn, Zhytomyr regions located in the territory of Polesie, as well as in the steppe Kherson region, this figure is only 40-50 people.
There are 415 large and small cities in Ukraine. The share of the city's population is 65%. The level of urbanization is low in Western Ukraine, the share of urban population in Zakarpattia region is only 41%. Small and medium-sized cities dominate here. The share of the urban population is very high (90%) in the Donetsk basin, where one of the largest urban agglomerations in the CIS, the Donetsk agglomeration, has formed.
## Culture
The customs of Ukraine are strongly influenced by the dominant religion of the country, Orthodox Christianity. Ukraine's culture has been influenced by both its eastern and western neighbors, which can be seen in its architecture, music and art.
The Communist era had a significant impact on Ukrainian art and writing. In 1932, Stalin made socialist realism a state policy in the Soviet Union when he issued a decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organizations." This stopped creativity completely. In the 1980s, glasnost (public) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers were free again.
In 2023, UNESCO included 8 objects in Ukraine in the World Heritage List. Ukraine is also known for its decorative and folk traditions, such as the Petrovka pattern, Kosov ceramics, and Cossack songs. Between February 2022 and March 2023, UNESCO announced the damage of 247 sites, including 107 religious sites, 89 buildings of artistic or historical importance, 19 monuments and 12 libraries. From January 2023, the historical center of Odessa is on the list of endangered world heritage.
### Libraries
V. I. National Library of Ukraine named after Vernadskyi is the main academic library and scientific information center of the country.
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University Maksimovich Scientific Library, Ukrainian National Library, Ukrainian National Scientific Medical Library and Kyiv City Youth Libraries were bombed by Russian weapons.
### Literature
After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus, literary activity fell into a sudden decline before reviving in the 14th century, and flourished further with the invention of the printing press in the 16th century.
The modern literary tradition of Ukrainians began with Ivan Kotlyarevskyi's Aeneid. By the 1830s, Ukrainian romantic literature began to develop, and the country's most famous cultural figure, the romantic poet-artist Taras Shevchenko, became known. If Ivan Kotlyarevskyi is considered the father of Ukrainian literature, Shevchenko is said to be the father of national revival.
In 1863, the publication of Ukrainian material was banned in the Russian Empire. This caused a pause in Ukrainian literature, some writers-poets wrote in Russian, while others published in Galicia under Austrian rule. The ban continued until the Bolsheviks came to power.
Ukrainian literature developed in the early years of the USSR, but various repressions and censorship started by the NKVD in the 1930s put a stop to it. The Great Terror policy later led to the execution of 223 writers, a generation of writers known as the Shot Renaissance. Although literature in the Ukrainian language was not banned, all literature that did not conform to a certain pattern and style was banned.
Literary freedom increased with the collapse of the USSR in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the restoration of Ukraine's independence in 1991.
### Music
Music is a central part of Ukrainian culture with a long history and many influences. From traditional folk music to classic and modern rock, Ukraine has produced several internationally renowned musicians. Traditional musical instruments of the Ukrainian nation include kobza, bandura, torban, cymbal, and lyre.
Cimbali is one of the oldest string instruments in the world. BC in Ukraine There is a stone depicting a cymbal built in the 3500s. Ukrainian national instruments are also depicted on currency: on the 100 hryvnia banknote, you can find the image of a blind Ukrainian boy playing bandura in the land of Cherkassy region.
The first dedicated music academy was established in Gluhov in 1738 and taught violin and bandura, singing. As a result, most of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian Empire were ethnic Ukrainians, born or educated in Glukhov, or closely associated with this school of music.
### National Food
Traditional Ukrainian food includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also eat potatoes, grains and fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes are vareniki (baked dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cheese, cherries or berries), borscht (soup made from beetroot, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and golubtsy (cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onions and minced meat). Ukrainians also have national bread: caraway and Easter Easter bread.
For the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, 1.5 tons, 4*4 meters of Karavai were baked in Vinnytsia. 1000 kg of flour, 350 liters of milk, 2000 eggs, 175 kg of sugar, etc. are needed for its preparation. also needed an ingredient.
## Relations with Kazakhstan
The official visit of President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to Ukraine in September 1999 was a significant event that greatly boosted relations between the two countries. At that time, the number of interstate contracts exceeded 60. Guided by them, we worked in the direction of implementation.
In the first half of 1999, the trade turnover between Kazakhstan and Ukraine amounted to 50 million US dollars, and in 2003, the trade turnover reached 800 million dollars. Now the trade turnover between the two countries has exceeded 1 billion dollars a year. This is the result of the work done during and after. In general, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have strong and positive relations of goodwill.
At the same time, we opened an honorary consulate of Kazakhstan in Crimea in 2001, in 2002 in Lviv to cover 8 regions of western Ukraine. Also, the issue of opening a consulate in Zaporozhye for 5 regions in the east, and then in Odesa, which includes three regions in the south, was agreed and ready. As a result, country-to-country communication and economic relations have increased. At the same time, the honorary consulate of Kazakhstan was opened in Chisinau, as the ambassador of not only Ukraine, but also Moldova was obliged to act as well.
Ukraine needs fuel and gas. On the part of Ukraine, Kazakhstan needs the necessary equipment and machinery from the nuclear, energy, oil and gas industries, agriculture. Most of the goods that are not produced in our country are produced in Ukraine. We have what they don't have. Therefore, if the agreement on the Single Economic Zone is signed, the price of the transportation tariff for goods produced by these countries in the territory of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus may be the same. For example, the price of one ton of oil for transportation from the Tengiz field of Atyrau region to the port of Odessa on the Black Sea will increase to 33-45 dollars. For example, 7-8 dollars in Kazakhstan, 17-25 dollars in Russia, and 9-12 dollars in Ukraine are added to the transportation of 1 ton of oil.
That is, the transport tariff is hindering the interstate foreign trade of all goods.
Ukraine, which wants to become a free trade zone, is likely to agree to join the Single Economic Zone if it does not prevent it from joining the European Union and the World Trade Organization.
### Position of Kazakhstan on the Russia-Ukraine war
On December 4, 2019, on the eve of his state visit to Germany, he gave an interview to Deutsche Welle and stated that he does not consider the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation to be an invasion of Ukraine and caused controversy in Ukraine. He also said that he "trusts the wisdom of the Russian leadership", in response to which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine issued a demarche to him.
Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, representatives of Kazakhstan's leadership, including President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tileuber, refused to recognize the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.
On August 21, 2022, Ukrainian Ambassador to Kazakhstan Petro Vrublevsky gave an interview to a Kazakh blogger, where he commented on Russia's invasion of Ukraine: "The more Russians we kill now, the less our children will have to kill them." Soon, Vrublevsky was summoned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, calling these words "unworthy of the ambassador's position." On October 18, 2022, he was dismissed from office by the President of Ukraine, Zelenskyi.
## More information
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5291 | Karakytai state | State of Karakhitai (1128-1213). Black people. Their creation is closely related to the Qidan tribes of Central Asia. The Kydans (tsidan, kita, hita) are mentioned in written records as Turkic-speaking tribes. In this state, most of the Kereyit, Naiman, Saka, and Merkit tribes lived (from the main work of P. Karpini, who translated Tileuber Abenayuly Tynybayin). Abenayuly even wrote: "Az baba, that is, the son of Kytan, the founder of the Karakytai Khaganate, Tama Shor or AZAU Shor Khagan, the founder of the Khagan dynasty, came from the Khytans' tele branch, from the Kerei, from the grandfather of Ellik Mer, who was the owner of the city of Yikshari. P. Karpini kerei On the connection between Ong Khan and Karakytai Gurkhan: "Ong Khan's grandfather"" (Tileuberdi Abenaiyuli. Familiar and unknown Genghis Khan family and valuable data in Chinese annals, including "Ethnic origin of the people who created the First, Lau Empire". "Chingis Khan" magazine, no. 4 (37), 2020). It was one of the tribes of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. They lived on the border of Manchuria and Ussuri in the north of China. 924 The land from Altai to the Pacific Ocean is under the control of the Qidan state (Liao Empire).
1125 The combined power of Song China and the Zhuzhen state overthrows the Liao Empire. Part of the Khitans obeyed the Zhuzhens, and the rest moved westward to East Turkestan and Zhetysu under the leadership of Elyu-Dashi. They pass through the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and reach the length of the Emil River. A city of the same name will be built there. As a result of the western part of the Kydans looking at a part of Zhetysu and mixing with the local Turkic-speaking population, the immigrants were called Black Chinese/Chinese.
1128 The possessor of Balasagun, from the Karakhan family, opposes the Kanlys and Karluks who are oppressing them. Elu Dashi, leader of the Karakhitas, captured Balasagun and established his state in Zhetysu. Zhetysu, South Kazakhstan, Maurennahr and East Turkestan are part of Karakytai state. He rules the Karakhan dynasty.
The head of the Karakytai state is called Gurkhan. His abode was in the valley of Shu Ozen. Balasagun remained the center. Discipline in the army was strict. In the country, a system of tax collection from the head of the yard will be introduced - a tax of one dinar will be collected from each house. Gurkhan did not offer land and water to his relatives, he was afraid that they would become competitors. The Karakytais rule the southern part of Zhetysu, the northeastern region of Isfijab, the Kulja region.
The first Gurkhan Elyu-Dashi in 1143. died. 1169 his son - Elyu-Chhilugu - ascends the throne. Being a Christian, he opposes the Muslim religion. His policy of subjugating the Muslim population of Zhetysu was met with opposition. 1208 Even the Naiman tribes who settled in Zhetysu do not violate this internal policy. The region of Zhetysu becomes a center of mutual conflicts and Muslim movements. This situation in Zhetysu in 1218. until the arrival of Genghis Khan's army. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6779 | .kz | -{.kz}- — Internet Top Level Domain Country Designation for Kazakhstan (-{ccTLD}-) 1994. introduced on September 19.
When registering second-level sites, at least two DNS servers must be located in Kazakhstan. Special names are specified for the organizations listed below:
* -{ORG.KZ}- - non-revenue organizations
* -{EDU.KZ}- - licensed educational organizations
* -{NET.KZ}- - licensed data communication networks
* -{GOV.KZ}- - government organizations
* -{ MIL.KZ}- — Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan
* -{COM.KZ}- — professional organizations; protection of registered trademarks
## See also
* Kaznet
## External links
* -{IANA .kz WHOIS}-data \< > * -{.kz}- registration site |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5006 | Name is Khan | Esim Khan (1565 - 1628) is a khan who ruled in the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628. Esim Khan was famous in Kazakh history with the name "Esym, a tall man", and this title was given to him because he stood out in the campaign to Mauerennahr in 1598 together with his brother Tauekel Khan. Esim Khan is the son of Shigai Khan, who used to live in the khan court in the city of Turkestan of the Kazakh Khanate.
In Kazakh, there is a saying "The old road built by my friend, the old road built by my name" has been around for a long time. The Kazakh khanate, founded by Kerey and Zhanibek, was weak at first, and it was getting up and running. In the southeast of present-day Kazakhstan, in Zhetysu, a powerful state formed by the Dulats, Jalayyrs, Albanians, Suans, Naimans, and other tribes came to Mongolia and gave land to their Akord brothers who asked for land. Like the ancient eyes of that time, which has not lost its name to this day, the Khan Mountain, the Sunkar Peak, built by the Khans, towers and waves from afar. The Kazakh Khanate, which was trampled by geese and raised its flag, was forced to look around anxiously and make ends meet. A strong state between the Syrdarya and Amu Darya, ruled by the Oirats in the east, the Amir-Temir dynasty in the west, was a shield and a fortress for the Mongols, who were afraid of Mauerennahr and the Siberian Khanate in the north. In particular, there is fear that Khan Abulkhair, who is angry with them, will attack them.
## The way to become a khan
In Kaida, Kerey and Zhanibek did not raise the flag of the Kazakh Khanate, after their death, power fell into the hands of Kasym Khan. Although he was a Muslim, he established a new law and order for the daily life, customs, and attitudes of the nomadic people, which were not similar to the rules and laws of settled countries. That's what we mean by "the road to the eyebrow that I built". The main goal of Kasym's path is to strengthen the Kazakh state, increase its population, and expand its territory. He did not get off his horse day and night on this road, he was able to use the mutual and internal divisions and enmities of the neighboring states to find alliances with his friends and neighbors. As a result, the territory of the Kazakh Khanate, including Saryarka, expanded as far as the banks of Zhayik. Kasym Khan brought his rival Uzbek Khan Muhammed Shaibani to his knees and handed over most of the cities along the Syr to the Kazakh Khanate. The result of his smart, courageous and courageous actions reached the Grand Duke of Russia Vasiliy III and established diplomatic relations. After the death of Kassym Khan in 1523, the dispute over the throne and the garden started among his heirs, the Kazakh khanate weakened a bit, and revived during the reign of Khaqnazar (son of Kassym Khan). Khaknazar (Akhnazar), who did not step down from the throne for 42 years, was called "King of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz". It is known that from the Nogai Horde, which began to disintegrate, along with the Kanlys and Kypchaks, all the tribes that entered the Kishi Yuz-Alshin Union joined the Kazakh Khanate. It should be noted that even the capital of the Nogai Horde, Sarayshik, looked at Khaknazar. However, it is clear that the internal enemy is more cunning than the external enemy. The ruler of Tashkent, Baba Sultan, sent his underlings and killed the Kazakh Sultan Zhalim with his two sons and Khaknazar with his two sons. Two years later, Baba Sultan was also beheaded, and in an open battle at the bottom of the city of Turkestan, the Kazakh army led by Risk defeated Baba Sultan's army and took his own head.
In 1598, Esim Khan appeared on the stage of history after the risk. Before that, he participated in many battles as a commander of his brother Tawakel Khan and was named "A tall man". When danger surrounded Bukhara, he ruled Samarkand with 20,000 troops. Esim, who was elected Khan to replace his brother who died from a serious injury, spared neither his blood nor his soul in the way of protecting and strengthening the newly established Kazakh state for thirty years. He had to fight continuously with the Kalmyks in the east and the Bukhara Khanate in the northwest. It is understandable that the Kalmyks, who constantly plundered the neighboring Kazakh villages, tried to enslave their sons and daughters, turned away, sometimes even went on a campaign and chased them far from the border. There are several reasons for this.
## Rule
After the Khan ascended the throne, he concluded a peace treaty with Bukhara and sought to establish peaceful and economic relations with the cities of Central Asia. He intended to create the Kazakh Khanate as a state subordinate to one center. He created the law called "Esim Khan's old way". The sultans, who were opposed to Esim Khan's policy of subordinating the Kazakhs to one center, tried to divide the Kazakh Khanate. After the city of Tashkent became the Kazakh khanate, it was ruled by Tursyn Muhammed Sultan, the grandson of Janibek Khan and the son of Zhalym Sultan. He soon tried to become an independent khan. He even minted money in his own name and collected "customs and kharaj" taxes. Thus, the Kazakh khanate was divided into two, ruled by Esim Khan, whose center was the city of Turkestan, and Tursyn Khan, whose center was the city of Tashkent. Among these were war conflicts. These two sides started looking for allies and supporters from the Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak rulers. Esim Khan's group allied with Abdirahim Khan who ruled Turpan against the Yarkent Khanate. Tursyn Muhammad Khan was a supporter of Ahmet, the ruler of Yarkent, Shazai. Abdirahim and Ahmet, who were allied with them, were rulers who were at war with each other. In order to make Esim Khan a strong support for himself, he established a relationship with Yarkent Khan Abdirahim. Esim Khan married Abdirahim's daughter Patsha, and his brother Kushik gave Sultan's daughter to Abdirahim. The struggle between Esim Khan and Tursyn Khan continued to intensify. In 1627, Esim Khan killed Tursyn Khan and united the Kazakh khanate under his control. Esim Khan's struggle to overcome the feudal disunity and unify the Kazakh khanate was the subject of the Kazakh historical poem "Ensegei boyly er Esim".
## Kazakh-Bukhar War
Khan of Bukhar intended to recover the lands of Tashkent, Sairam, Andijan, which he lost in the unsuccessful war with Tawakel Khan. At the same time, he aimed to push the Kazakhs to the other side of the Syrdarya. Bukhar Khan, who is spying on the internal situation of the Kazakh Khanate, violates the previous peace treaty and organizes new campaigns on the territory of the Kazakh Khanate. In 1603, there was a big battle in Aigyrzhar. In this battle, the army of the Bukhara khanate was defeated and fled. Bukhara troops hide in the fortress of Samarkand. The troops of the Kazakh Khanate defeated the enemy and returned to Tashkent with a lot of booty.
In 1611, Imamkul Khan himself led the Bukhara army, attacked Tashkent, and fought with the army of Esim Khan, who led the Kazakh army, in the foothills of that city. Bukhar Khan was defeated in this battle and retreated. Later, they joined hands again and attacked Karatau and Aspara regions, inflicting heavy losses on unruly villages and towns. In 1612, the son of Imamkuli, Iskander the Great, killed Shah Said, the Khan of the Hundred, and declared himself Khan. In response to this, in 1613, Yesim Khan invaded Samarkand with a heavy hand. He defeated the army of the Bukhara Khanate.
Tursyn Khan led the army of the Kazakh Khanate in the fourth, fifth, sixth Kazakh-Bukharian war, which took place in 1620-1621, and the Kazakhs won a complete victory.
In 1627, Esim Khan himself led the army of the Kazakh Khanate to the last, seventh bloody battle and won a fierce battle. Thus, the southern border is firmly established. Bukhara Khan Imamkuli admits defeat.
## Ingenuity
The result of his smart, bold and courageous actions reached the Russian ruler Basil III and established diplomatic relations. As an independent nation, the Kazakh people became famous in Western Europe. Austrian diplomat Sigismund Herberstein wrote about it. Famous historian Muhammad Haidar Dulati wrote about this: "Among the Kazakh khanates and sultans, there was no one as powerful as Kasym Khan."
## The death of Tursyn Khan
Tursyn, who was deeply jealous of Esym Khan's reputation in the country, quickly understood the intentions of Bukhara Khan, and the two of them held secret negotiations on the banks of the Syrdarya River, and hatched a plan to destroy Esym Khan. does. At that time, the Kazakh Khan was in the eastern regions to prevent the Mongol rulers and Kyrgyz manaps from fighting each other. Tursyn Khan's ancestor is unknown. His full name is Tursyn Muhammed Sultan. In Russian records, it is said that he was the son of Shygai Khan and a relative of Esim Khan. Mahmud Wali in his work "Bahr Al-asr" says: "He was the son of Jalym Sultan." Zhalim was killed along with his two sons by the ruler of Tashkent, Baba Sultan. We know that this villain entertained his father-in-law, the great Kazakh khan, Khaknazar, with his two sons, through his inanimate objects. And where Zhalim Sultan came from is still unknown. Some researchers say that the son of Az Janibek Khan may be the son of Kasym Khan. Now some people say that he is a descendant of Shygai Khan, that is, a relative of Esim Khan. However, at that time Tursyn was ruling Tashkent and dreaming of becoming a khan for all Kazakhs. But Er Esym of Ensegei height stands in the way. Not only in Tashkent, but also in big and small cities like Biskent, Turkestan, and sometimes Sauran, Andijan, Shahrukhiya. Imamkuli, who had been defeated by him several times when he fought together with Esim Khan, said that he would help, and the fire of hope started to burn. Esim Khan entered the city of Tashkent unannounced at night, tied up the guards of the palace, and killed Tursyn Khan while he was sleeping in a corner. Then Tolegen (Zhyrau to Margas) next to Esim Khan woke him up with the following song: gets
The future Khan of Khiva and famous historian Abilgazy writes about this:
"I went among the Kazakhs. (This is about 1625). I lived in the palace of Esim Khan in Turkestan for three months. At that time, the Kazakhs He came to Turkistan from Tashkent. He left me at home and went to meet with Tursyn. He took me with him and said: "This is the descendant of Zhadiger Khan. Before that, no one from that family had visited us, and our people visited them many times. Now I think it's better to be with you." "Okay, - said Tursyn Khan, - whatever you say." He took me with him to Tashkent. I stayed in Tashkent with Tursyn Khan for two years. Two years later, Esim killed Tursyn and slaughtered his companions. Then I said to Esim Khan: "I came to you to see what benefit I could get from the two Khans, and this is your situation. Now allow me to go to Bukhara, to Imamkuli Khan." "Okay, - answered Yesim Khan, - go ahead." I rode to Imamkuli Khan."
## Historical data
In the fourth part of the sixth volume of the book "Bahr Al-asr" by Mahmud Wali, there are the following narratives about the feud between the Kazakh sultans and the death of Tursyn Khan: "In those years, that is, in 1036 Hijra (1626-1627), Esim Sultan tried to attack the Kalmyk people. He gathered an army from all the Alashtans and other subordinate tribes of the Ulis, as well as the Katagans, who were loyal to Tursyn Sultan, and destroyed the Kalmyk settlements on the outskirts of Mongolia. At that time, Tursyn, who was aiming to destroy his main political rival, formed an army in the vicinity of Esim and killed many people, along with all the equipment of Esim Sultan Satisfied with his success, Tursyn set out to destroy Esim Khan's eyes. The two sides faced each other, near the village of Kenesaryk, Tolebi District, OKO, which is located on the upper course of the Sayramsu River, about 40 kilometers east of the city of Sairam, and "lit the fire of battle". The Sultan's army was defeated and retreated to Tashkent. (The long-lasting (1613–1628) Esim and Tursyn rivalry, on the side of Esim, Tole Bi's grandfather Dulat Kudaiberdi and the shapyrash Karasai Batyr took part (Kazybek bek Tavasaruly "From Tup-tukyan to myself")). According to historical sources, Tursyn was killed by his relatives in the second battle near Tashkent. Esim Khan cut off Tursyn's head and sent it to Imamkuli Khan. Whether he was happy about the death of his rival, the treacherous Tursyn, or whether he was afraid of Yesimkhan himself, Bukhara Khan "gifted" him Tashkent, Turkestan, villages and settlements with fortresses in the vicinity.
After his death, Esim, who was re-elected as the great khan for the second time, must have mercilessly punished the stubborn tribe that opposed him according to the strict tradition of that time. According to the writings of his contemporary Mahmud ibn Wali, Esim will die of his own death soon.
His body was buried near the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. At one time, a special mausoleum, albeit a small one, was erected over his grave, but today it is being destroyed.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7545 | Иероглиф | Hieroglyph (Greek hieros - sign + Greek glyphe - cut) is a symbol of ideographic writing. The term "hieroglyph" was first used by Clement of Alexandria in 200 AD in relation to Egyptian writing. The oldest Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to B.C. It appeared in the 4th millennium. Hieroglyph is used not only in the sense of the ancient Egyptian script, but also in relation to other writing systems (Chinese, Cretan, etc.). Hieroglyphs are writing symbols that have a lotographic (one-word) value and retain at least a pictorial character. It is neither a pictograph nor a phonetic script, but although it does not preserve the image of a real picture, it bears a certain similarity to the first picture. Each character of the hieroglyph script stands alone, the characters are not connected to each other. Hieroglyphs are carved from top to bottom, then from right to left, and sometimes vice versa. The direction of writing was indicated by the face and feet of the person, animal in the sign. It has been observed that it is necessary to read from the side where the face of a person or an animal is facing. There were two types of hieroglyphic writing:
* hieratic (hieratic) writing - a type of writing that arose from writing on papyrus, which later became only a religious writing;
* demotic writing is a rapid writing developed from hieratic, with which official documents, works of art were written, and ancient books were copied, that is why it is called folk writing.
Hieroglyphs are the inscriptions that are difficult to read and write. Symbols of hieroglyphs include things, animals, plants, birds, etc. pictures are used. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphs are pictorial, and Chinese hieroglyphs are pictographic.
## Types
* Introductory hieroglyphs are signs of various structures originally intended to write certain words, then used to write other words (with a different meaning).
## See also
* Chinese script
* Egyptian script
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1656 | Atyrau region | Atyrau region is a region located in the west of Kazakhstan, an agrarian-industrial investment area, founded in 1938 under the name Guryev region. It got its current name in 1992. The center is the city of Atyrau.
## Geography
It borders on West Kazakhstan region in the north, Aktobe region in the east, Mangistau region in the southeast and Astrakhan region of Russia in the west. Also, the southern border abuts the Caspian Sea.
### Terrain
The region covers the northeastern part of the Caspian basin, the western edge of the Zem plateau and the plateau, and the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The land is divided by the tributaries of the rivers Oyil, Sakig, and Zhem, which flow from the north to the south.
This region is occupied by the western ridges of the Zhem Kiryat and Ustirt, Donztau (214 m), parts of it Zheltau (221m), Tamdy (175). Between Kainar and Zhem rivers, Imangara (199 m) Koykara plateau, Karamurat ridge, Alabie, Akkudyk and Kabylan ridges are located. They are made of pale igneous rock. Inder is located on the left bank of the Zhayik river. The height of the mountain is 52 meters, the length is 25-30 kilometers, and the width is about 10 kilometers.
Sandy dunes are widespread in the southern and southwestern parts of the Caspian basin. The left bank of the Volga River and the shores of the Caspian Sea are occupied by Naryn sand and Myntobe, Kosdaulet, Botai sands, between Oyil and Saqiz, Taisoigan and Byurek sands, Karakum near the Caspian region occupies the east of the region. The largest of these sands is Naryn sand.
Sors are one type of terrain that is widespread in Atyrau territory. Their depth reaches 5-10 meters.
The Volga River flows through the western part of the Russian border. Atyrau region occupies almost the entire area between the Volga and Zhayik rivers, which flow into the Caspian Sea. Geographically, the northwestern part of the region is in Europe, and the entire eastern part is in Asia, mainly in the desert region.
In addition, bald areas are found in Atyrau territory. The biggest bald head is called Namaz bald head. It is located in the north-east of the region.
### Geological structure
From a geological point of view, the Atyrau region occupies the southern coast of the Caspian basin, which has entered the ancient East European platform.
There is a 500-kilometer latitudinal, 90-140-kilometer-wide North Caspian-Biikzhal region within Atyrau region.
On the southern side, it is covered by the South Zem river, the surface of the foundation here is 12-13 kilometers deep.
There is a sediment box above the foundation, which is divided into subsalt, salt, and suprasalt complexes, formed in the Paleozoic and Mesocenezoic periods, the total depth of rocks exceeds 12-14 kilometers.
A single carbonate complex is formed in the Karaton-Tengiz region. According to geophysical studies, its total thickness varies from 1.5 to 3 kilometers in the North Caspian region of the region, and to 8-10 kilometers in the southeast of the Caspian basin.
The dome of the subsalt complex penetrates monoclinally from the South Zhem inversion high in the south to the center of the depression in the north. Within the monoclinal intrusion of the subsalt complex, from a depth of 3.5–3.8 km to 6.0–6.4 km, many local folds, different in size and area, are distinguished, forming a band of uplifted lands.
The length of the highlighted hills varies from 6 to 20 kilometers, width from 100 to 300 meters to 2 to 13 kilometers.
Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments are found in the form of coastal-marine and marine-terrigenous, terrigenous-carbonate sediments. The thickness of these deposits varies from 0.3-0.5 meters in the northern part of the region to 3 kilometers in the Prorva region.
In general, continuity is observed in the tectonic development of the region, as in the case of rainwater accumulation. The time of succession corresponds to geological periods. Upper Permian-Triassic, Jurassic-Paleogene, Neogene-Quaternary periods of development of the region are clearly visible.
### Minerals
The subsoil of the region is rich in various minerals associated with thick sedimentary layers. Among them, the reserves are very rich and the main one is oil.
Apart from oil and gas, we can name borate and borate salt ores, common salt, potassium and magnesium rocks as important for the economy of the region. The raw materials of the construction industry include chalk, chalk-marl rocks, gypsum, anhydrite, clayey, sandy limestones, as well as bituminous rocks (dirt) and fresh and mineral water sources.
Borat ore is found in only one place in the world, only in the depths of Atyrau region. There are also sulphur, sand-gravel aggregates, refractory expanded clay and brick clays, shellstone, healing clay, brown coal and clay deposits suitable for making mineral paints.
### Soil
In general, the structure of the soil cover of the Caspian basin, as well as the Atyrau region, is very complex due to the diversity of its formation factors and composition.
Basically, the latitudinal zonality of soil distribution prevails here, that is, the layer of one type of soil is spread along the latitudinal direction, and as it gets closer to the sea, it alternates with the next type often and several times.
Meadow alluvial arid soil (spread only in wide floodplains on both sides of the plain, fertile layer up to 70 centimeters, base - alluvial sediments).
Pale - sandy soil (Naryn, Taisoygan and Menteke regions). Swampy-saline clay soil (the part of the lowland extending to the sea coast is mixed with coarse humus and raw peat, and in very dry areas, steep hills are formed).
Automorphic brown or gray-brown soil (on both sides of the plain, especially on the left side, it includes the region up to Taisoygan, the estuary part of Oyil, it is quite fertile, formed on gypsum and salt layers, occupies more than 20% of the area of the region)
2 million within the soil composition of the barren and marshy sea coast hectare of bitter-sour soils. This area is used for autumn and winter grazing. Due to insufficient humidity, they become hard and do not allow plants to grow freely.
Vartang soil is very common in the territory of the region. Salt comes out on the surface layer of the soil. The amount of salt here is up to 8-10%.
### Plant world
In almost all regions of the region, sagebrush, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, and sedge grow in addition to them in spring in the lowlands, sedge, sedge, sarsazan, and azhyrik are mixed.
Reeds and reeds are often found in swamps by the sea. On the east side, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, and sedge grow.
In addition, there are medicinal and technical plants in the region. Their total number is more than 50. Medicinal herbs found in the region: adyraspan, goat's will, kyrykbuyn, kumarshik, etc. There are 945 types of plants in Atyrau region. In addition to these, jantak, kokpek, thistle, milkweed, ivy, etc. There are natural plants. From poisonous herbs, eczema, moleduana can be found.
Among the species of endangered plants included in the "Red Book" of Kazakhstan, there are cypress, robust milkweed, borax, borax, borax, borax aldrovanda, rosella, champignon, komarov alfalfa, dubious hawthorn, fold Gladolius, Meyer's sedge, water lily, tegeurungul, etc. occurs.
### Animal world
There are about 500 species of vertebrates and thousands of invertebrates in Atyrau region. Birds are diverse and widespread in the territory of the region. One of their main habitats is water and its shores. There are about 280 species of birds in total. Among them, there are a lot of sparrows, geese, ducks, gulls, cranes, doves, sparrows.
There are many types of fish in the rivers and lakes of the region. Among the commercially important fish species are sturgeon, sardines, sardines, etc. fish are found. In the waters of the region, there are pike, carp, bream, herring, carp, etc. widespread. In general, more than 122 species of valuable fish can be found in the Atyrau region of the Caspian Sea.
There are about 50 species of amphibians and reptiles, 27 species of rodents. There are 55 species of animals in Atyrau region, including 12 species of predatory animals. The most common of them are: wolf, fox, deer, wild boar, deer.
As a result of intensive development of mineral resources of the region, especially oil and gas deposits, the distribution space of the animal world is narrowing year by year, the number of species is decreasing, and the living area is decreasing day by day.
## Climate
In Atyrau region, the continental climate is very dominant. The region does not have enough natural moisture, it is often windy, dusty, hot and dry in summer, and cold (or thinly snowed) in winter.
The hottest month is July, the average air temperature is 24-25°С, the general temperature is 35-40°С, sometimes more.
The annual amount of precipitation is 220-230 mm, in drought years the amount of precipitation does not exceed 80 mm, and the amount of moisture evaporation from the ground and water surface into the air is 1000 mm, sometimes more. In the north of the region, southerly winds prevail throughout the year. In the southern regions, in dry desert areas, easterly winds often blow in winter (intensity 6–7 m/s), the strongest wind intensity is 15 m/s. enough and it blows about 50 days a year. The wind blows from different directions in the summer months. Winds blowing from the northwest, southwest, and south prevail. Southern winds are legendary, dry and hot.
The average temperature of winter air in January is -8°С, -12°С, in the far south -5°С, -6°С. In winter, the wind blows mainly in the direction of the east (south-east and north-east), with an intensity of 6-7 meters/second. More than half of the annual precipitation falls in winter.
## Hydrology
The surface waters of Atyrau region consist of the left branches of the Volga River, the lower reaches of the rivers Zhaiyk, Oyil, Zhem, Sakig and large and small lakes. The main river is the Zhayik River.
### Rivers
Only 10-20% of the water collected by rivers comes from the territory of their region, and the rest from other regions. The Zhaiyk river is used for various cargo and passenger transportation by ship, fishing. The rest of the rivers are used only for irrigation of fields, meadows and livestock. The major rivers are Zhayik, Zhem, Oyil, Kainar.
Similarly, Baksay, Bugilzek, Bagyrlysay, Aksay rivers are of local importance.
Branches of the Volga river in the territory of the region: Akhtuba, Bozan, Kigash, etc. there are rivers.
### Lakes
There are more than two thousand lakes in the region. Their total area is about 800 square kilometers. The lakes of the region are closed and have no flow.
The region has the largest lake in the world - the Caspian Sea. The length of the coastline on the territory of the republic is 2340 sq. About half of it belongs to Atyrau region. High-quality salt containing potassium bromine is produced from Lake Inder. Small rivers such as Bagyrlysay and Bugilzek flow into Zhaltyr Lake.
In addition, there are more than two thousand small lakes. They are: Kamyskol, Mesher, Daulet, Tolai-sor. 65-70% of them are temporary lakes that dry up during the summer.
Six water deposits of underground water reserves have been opened in the territory of the region. The water of four of them is being used. The largest and most abundant of them are located in the sands of Taisoygan, Bûrek and Koyandy. The depth of the layer is 50-120 meters, the thickness is 30-70 meters.
## Administrative division
In the region, there are 2 cities (of regional significance - Atyrau, of district significance - Kulsary), 4 settlements (Inderbor, Makat, Dossor, Zhana Karaton), 63 rural district, 149 villages are located. The region includes 7 districts.
### Cities
* Atyrau
* Kulsary
## Population
The population of the region lives in the city, production centers and the Zhayik River is closely located on both banks.
On January 1, 2014, the number of city residents was 276.8 thousand (48.7%) people, rural people were 291.1 thousand (51.3%).
The average population density in the region (per 1 square km) is 4.8 people.
On May 1, 2020, the population of the region was 649,225 people.
Population of Atyrau region
Population growth of the region has been observed in the last twenty years. In 2009, compared to the previous year in 1999, 66,000 people reached 509,000, and in 2019, 137,000 people reached 646,000 in 10 years.
Now representatives of 50 nationalities live in the region. The main population of the region are Kazakhs (92.5%). Then the most common are Russians (5.2%), Koreans (0.5%), Tatars (0.3%), Uzbeks (0.2%), Ukrainians (0.1%), Germans (0.07%). ) etc.
The distribution of nationalities in the territory of the region is not the same. Most of them live in cities, large workers' settlements, district centers, settlements along the Zhayik River.
And the districts are mainly inhabited by indigenous peoples, Kazakhs. 99.8% in Kyzylkoga district, 99.7% in Isatai district, 98.3% in Zhyloy district, 97.8% in Kurmangazy district, 97.6% in Makat district, 97.2% in Makhambet district, 96.4% in Inder district.
## History
According to archaeological data, the oldest monument near the city of Atyrau is a Neolithic (New Stone Age) settlement on the opposite side of the village of Kandaur on the left bank of the Zhayik River.
Livestock farming has been the main occupation of the people in the river territory from that time to the present day. The ancient herdsmen's settlements of that time were found in Konyr Kudyk, Kok Muryn, Kadyrgali sand near Kurmangazy district, and in Sazdy zistakh near new Ushtagan. Compared to the territory of the settlements, former herdsmen lived in small underground huts.
In 1999, the archeological expedition named after A. Margulan carried out excavations in the Araltobe mound, Zhylyoi district, Atyrau region, and found a man in gold clothes.
According to scientists, the period of life of this golden-clad man belongs to the Sarmatian era 2 thousand years ago.
The city of Sarayshik is one of the oldest historical places in the Kazakh steppe. It is a medieval city located on the territory of Makhambet district of Atyrau region. During the Horde era, Saraishik was an important religious, political and economic center located along the Great Silk Road. The first pantheon of the Golden Horde, Kazakh and Nogai khans, was the first capital of the Kazakh Khanate during the reign of Kasym Khan.
Since the 15th century, the Atyrau region has been a historical place of Kishi Yuz. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Kazakh people were a whole basic country that covered a vast sea-steppe from Altai to Zhaiyk.
In 1801, Bokei Khan received the king's permission to settle the steppe between Volga and Zhaiyk, which had been abandoned for thirty years, and resettled thousands of people there. Thus, this region was called "Bokei Horde". In the Bokei Horde, the nation-liberation uprising led by Isatai and Makhambet against feudal exploitation and the colonial policy of Russia covered the years 1836-1838.
Due to the decree of 1916, the Kazakh people, who could not stand national oppression and feudal exploitation, took up arms and started an uprising led by the grandson of I. Taimanov, Utepkali Isataev. Later, this uprising turned into the revolution of 1917.
After the uprising of the White Guards, oil wealth and fisheries began to be developed in the Atyrau region. Before the Great Patriotic War and in the years after the Great Patriotic War, many large enterprises were built for the purpose of oil and gas development.
After gaining independence, the economy and culture of the region began to develop rapidly. Atyrau region has become a major industrial center of Kazakhstan.
## Economy
The basis of the region's economy is oil production. Large enterprises of Atyrau region:
* "AMAZ" LLP;
* "Embimunaygaz" JSC;
* "Tengizchevroil" LLP;
* North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC)
Atyrau region is one of the rapidly developing regions of Kazakhstan and closely cooperates with more than 50 countries of the world.
More than 1,000 joint and foreign enterprises have been established and are successfully working here. Among them are large oil and gas enterprises: "Tengizchevroil" LLP, "North Caspian Operating Company" LLP, "Fluor Kazakhstan Inc." LLP and others.
The main directions of economic development of Atyrau region: petrochemical industry, oil and gas engineering, construction industry, agro-industrial complex and fishing. The region is rich in various natural resources. Among them: borates, boron, salt ores, table salt, potassium salts, building materials. Systematic works are being carried out in order to attract direct foreign investment to the region and improve the investment climate.
In order to develop bilateral international relations, delegations from far and near foreign countries come to the region with great investment potential every year. The oil and gas exhibition "Global Oil&Gas Atyrau" is held in Atyrau region every year, and more than 150 countries of the world participate in the exhibition.
Institutions such as "Kazakh Invest" NC" JSC, "Atyrau" Social Entrepreneurship Corporation" JSC and "Atyrau Innovations" LLP in order to provide quality and prompt assistance, informational-analytical and service support to domestic and foreign investors in the region In addition, a number of foreign visa centers operate in the region today.
## Agriculture
The agro-industrial complex of Atyrau region is considered one of the most important sectors of the economy in the region, 42.7% of the total population of the region lives in rural areas.
The volume of agricultural lands of the region is 9.8 million hectares. Agriculture of the region is specialized in livestock breeding, especially sheep and cattle, horses, camels.
In accordance with the national program on expropriation and privatization, a radical economic reform was implemented in agriculture.
Due to the climate and soil infertility, agriculture has not developed in the region. Farms of Makhambet, Kurmangazy, Inder districts in the lower reaches of the Zhaiyk River, in the tributaries of the Volga River, grow potatoes, vegetables and horticulture.
Animal husbandry is the main branch of agriculture in the region. Isatai, Kurmangazy, Inder and Kyzylkoga districts are engaged in cattle breeding in the region.
The total volume of agricultural production was 19528.1 million tenge, the real volume index was 99.7%.
Meat production was 47.0 thousand tons or 102.1%, milk production was 54.2 thousand tons (100.5%), egg production was 1.84 million units (100.2%).
In January-December 2010, there were 182.3 thousand heads of cattle or 102.8%, 619 thousand heads of sheep and goats (103.1%), 31.7 thousand heads of camels (102.5%), 46 thousand heads of horses ( was 103.9%).
On January 1, 2011, the total number of agricultural structures was 2008 units, including 79 production cooperatives, 1929 farms.
## Transport and communication
The development of the transport system of Atyrau region was greatly influenced by its proximity to economic regions along the Urals and Volga, and its convenient geographical position on the way of transit-economic relations with Central Asian republics. Currently, all types of transport are developed in Atyrau region. It includes: railways, roads, waterways, airways and pipelines.
### Railway transport
In Atyrau region, the first narrow-gauge railway with a length of 92 kilometers was built in 1925-1926 between Guryev and Dossor.
The 517-kilometer long Kandyagash-Guryev railway was started in 1938 and was put into operation during the Great Patriotic War.
In 1966, the 700-kilometer long Makat-Mangistau railway line was commissioned.
In 1970, the 333-kilometer long Atyrau-Astrakhan railway, and in 1989, the Makat-Inder railway were launched.
### Air transport
The air route of Atyrau region begins its development with the Baku-Astrakhan-Guriev-Embi route, which was opened in 1931. In 1935, Aktobe-Guriev and Oral-Guriev flights were opened.
In February 1940, the 244th aviation detachment of the Kazakh command was established in Guryev. The fleet of machines consisted mainly of PO-2 models.
Today, new modern liners have arrived in place of outdated air vehicles. The airport has been equipped with new equipment, new runways have been enlarged, and an airport complex has been built.
### Road transport
The length of roads in general use is 2,752 kilometers. Among them, 900 kilometers of republican roads, 1,762 kilometers of local roads in general use.
The length of the Atyrau-Aktau highway in the region is 270 kilometers. There is a 488 km long Atyrau-Ural highway.
Renovation of Atyrau-Astrakhan highways has begun.
### Water transport
Shipbuilding was organized on the Zhaiyk River in 1925. Since 1927, cargo transportation has been carried out between Atyrau and Ural across the Zhayik River.
In 1964, the Guryev river port was established, its equipment began with cargo-carrying equipment, and the fleet was supplemented with steamships and tugboats.
In 1982, the river port was renewed and mechanized. Three lifting cranes were landed here and a railway was built.
Since 1999, the cleaning and digging of the Zhaiyk-Caspian Sea canal began.
### Pipeline transport
In 1934, the Caspian-Orsk oil pipeline with a length of 830 kilometers was built.
Transit oil and gas pipelines of interstate importance pass through the territory of Atyrau region. They are: Central Asia-Central gas pipeline, Uzen-Atyrau-Samara oil pipeline built in 1968-1970 with a length of 1,500 km, Tengiz-Atyrau-Grozny oil pipeline with a length of 678 km built in 1989.
In 2001, the Tengiz-Novorossiysk oil pipeline with a length of 1,580 kilometers and a capacity of 67 million tons of oil per year was launched in order to introduce Kazakhstan's oil to the world market.
The length of the main gas pipeline of the region is 3,058 kilometers, the annual capacity is 40.8 billion. cubic meter.
The main water pipeline of the region is the Astrakhan-Mangistau pipeline.
### Communication enterprises
* Regional telecommunications directorate
* Regional radio and television broadcasting center
* Atyrau branch of JSC "Kazposhta"
* Altel mobile phone connection
* Kcell mobile phone connection
* Beeline mobile phone connection
* Tele2 mobile phone connection
## Tourism
One of the priority and most important areas of the regional economy development of tourism. The operation of more than 1,000 foreign and joint companies from more than 50 countries of the world contributes to the rapid development of business tourism. Atyrau region has a special place for tourism development. Atyrau, located near the Caspian Sea, has the opportunity to be fully considered as a suitable area for the development of tourism. In the future, there are opportunities for the development of therapeutic and recreational, cultural and educational, sports, ecological and extreme types. We can offer a unique model of fishing in the development of sports tourism.
The state list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance was approved in Atyrau region, including 313 monuments (525 objects).
* Specially valued natural heritage monuments. This facility includes the Imankara complex in Atyrau region. The Imankara complex is an Early Iron Age cave located at the foot of the western spurs of the Imankara mountain.
* Archaeological monuments and medieval urban centers. This group included Araltobe complex and Sarayshik town in Atyrau region. Araltobe mound group. A man in gold was found here. The town of Sarayshik is one of the oldest historical places in the Kazakh steppe
* Places that are religious and worship places. This object includes Ushkan ata, Akmeshit burial grounds, Kulshan ata underground mosque.
* Sacred places related to historical figures. The mausoleums of Makhambet Otemisuly and Isatai Taimanuly are included.
There are opportunities to introduce our region to foreign guests, creating conditions for the development of tourism through these measures.
## Public education
Before the October Revolution, there was a 1st gymnasium, a two-class Russian-Kazakh school, 2 parishes and 2 religious schools in the center of the region. A commission to eliminate illiteracy was established under the district public education department, 24 schools were opened and 600 people attended.
In 1924-1925, 40 primary schools were opened, 4 of which were boarding schools. On February 12, 1938, the regional executive committee was established, as well as the regional people's executive department. Baksai, Zhylyoi, Makat, Kyzylkoga, Tengiz, Inder, Mangistau districts were located in Guryev region. The education system in the region, general secondary education, extracurricular education and training, vocational and technical education, secondary special education, higher education, professional development and retraining of post-university education personnel have been developed.
In the years of independence, the education sector of Atyrau region developed rapidly. In 1991, 17 technical and professional educational organizations were operating, since 2000, 8 educational institutions were opened, and today 25 colleges provide technical and professional education. Since independence, in order to support talented children and create conditions for them, educational organizations of a new type have been opened in the region: 7 regional schools with specialized residential institutions, 11 gymnasium schools, 3 lyceum schools, 1 lyceum.
According to information on January 10, 2020, in the field of education of the region, there are 201 kindergartens, 129 small pre-school centers, 196 secondary schools, 5 private schools, 25 technical and professional educational organizations (including 8 non-state), 3 special correctional educational organization, 45 additional educational organizations, 1 family-style children's village, 1 children's health rehabilitation center, 1 juvenile adaptation center, 2 psychological-medical-pedagogical consultations, 7 correctional offices, 1 regional physical education and sports development center , 1 regional methodical center works.
## Healthcare
The first data on providing medical care to residents of Atyrau region date back to 1927. In that period, the first paramedic's place was opened. 1928 Training of medical personnel for the districts and villages of Atyrau region was undertaken. 1936 36 doctors and 279 mid-level medical specialists served the population of the region, 6 dispensaries and hospitals with 2,074 seats worked in the region. During the Great Patriotic War, 2 hospitals were placed in Atyrau.
In the years after the war, the system of medical institutions expanded rapidly. Between 1967 and 1987, new buildings of the regional hospital, regional children's hospital, regional maternity hospital, regional oncology and tuberculosis treatment dispensary were put into operation, and since 1975, branches of Kazakh tuberculosis and oncology research institutes were opened.
In October 1998, a new clinic equipped with complex engineering and technical equipment was opened near the regional hospital. Located in a new three-story building with an area of 4500 m2, this hospital has become a world-class treatment center with fire-resuscitation and burn treatment departments.
Currently, 136 health care organizations in the region provide medical care, including 21 hospitals, 115 outpatient clinics (8 clinics, 7 central district hospitals, 55 medical clinics, 12 paramedic-midwifery centers, 23 medical centers, and 10 other medical organizations). On July 29, 2018, a memorandum was signed with the Bundan Chang Clinic of South Korea, and 7 specialists were sent to South Korea to improve their education within the framework of the Memorandum.
## Literature and art
In 1957, the competition of regional theaters was held for the first time in the life of the republic. At the end of the competition, Guryev Theater won the first prize.
In 1958, the folk instrument orchestra named after Dina Nurpeyisova was invited to the decade of Kazakh literature and art in Moscow and performed in the column hall of the House of Unions.
The present Nurmukhan Zhantorin Philharmonic was organized in 1966. 3 pop ensembles and 2 puppet theaters worked as part of the Philharmonic. Among them, the pop ensemble "Atyrau-Zhayik" can be mentioned. In 1980, the ensemble "Naryn" was created. In 1992, the "Naryn" ensemble visited Mongolia.
People's artists of the Republic of Kazakhstan, movie actor Nurmukhan Zhantorin, dancer Gulzhan Talpakova, singers Bakhyt Karabalina, Karshiga Akhmediyarov, Azidolla Eskaliev, Aigul Bolshabayeva, singer Gafiz Yesimov are talents from the soil of Atyrau.
The main cultural complexes include the regional academic drama theater named after Makhambet Utemisuly, the Atyrau regional museum of local history and the Atyrau regional art museum.
## Press
* "Atyrau" newspaper
* Pre-Caspian commune
* Weekly "Ar-Chest" newspaper
* Weekly "Ak Zhayik" newspaper
* Weekly newspaper "Megapolis Atyrau"
* Weekly newspaper "Turan"
* "Ken Zhylyoi" (Zhylyoi district)
* "Makat Yasifsy" (Makat district)
* "Serper" (Kurmangazy district)
* "Zhaiyk ergyayas" (Mahambet district)
* "Dender" (Inder district)
* "Naryn tany" (Isatai district)
* "Kyzylkoga" (Kyzylkoga district)
## Sport
One of the first athletes from Atyrau to rise to the international level was Amin Tuyakov. Between 1963 and 1967, there was no one to match in the 200 meters. A. Tuyakov became the champion of the USSR 8 times in running 100 meters, 200 meters, and 100x4, 200x4 relay, and won 10 times silver and bronze medals.
In the national championship, Atyrau wrestlers also achieved good results. Zh. Yskakov, the first Atyrau champion of Kazakhstan in freestyle wrestling, worked successfully in the system of physical education and sports for many years.
Atyrau rowers D. Savin, A. Safaryan, S. Sergeyev are multiple champions of Kazakhstan.
Arman Shilmanov is the bronze medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games in taekwondo in the weight of 84 kg.
Miss Atyrau Saniya Makhambetova won several times in international and republican competitions in sambo and judo wrestling.
Sports such as boxing, rowing, football, togykumalak, basketball, chess, volleyball are widespread in the region.
Atyrau sports teams have been showing good results in the championship of the country in football, volleyball, hockey, basketball in Atyrau region.
"Atyrau" football team is a 2-time bronze medalist of the republican championship (2001 and 2002), winner of the Kazakhstan Cup in 2009. Winner of the Kazakhstan Cup.
"Beybarys" hockey club is the champion of Kazakhstan (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019).
Volleyball team "Atyrau" national champion in 2003 and 2006, 4-time winner of the Kazakhstan Cup: 2000, 2009, 2010, 2015
Basketball team "Atyrau Barystary" 2-time gold of the championship of Kazakhstan ( 2010/2011, 2015-2016), 7-time silver medalist (011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020).
The central "Munayshi" stadium of Atyrau can be mentioned among the sports facilities. There is a sports complex and a swimming pool nearby. Various sports sections work in the center of fitness and health (FOC).
At the Atyrau ice rink, there are opportunities to skate and relax, hockey championship games of the country will be held. The tennis center has 4 outdoor and 4 indoor tennis courts. According to experts, the tennis court meets the construction requirements of the international model.
## Famous people
* Arkady Yuryevich Volozh is the CEO of Yandex.
* Abu Sarsenbayev is a Kazakh poet and writer.
* Bolat Utemuratov is a Kazakh businessman, billionaire, politician.
* Gabdol Slanov is a Kazakh writer.
* Ghani Kasymov is the chairman of the Party of Patriots of Kazakhstan.
* Zhumeken Nazhimedenov is the author of the text of the national anthem of Kazakhstan, an outstanding poet.
* Zeynolla Kabdolov is the People's Writer of Kazakhstan, Honored Scientist of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
* Imangali Tasmagambetov is a Kazakh politician.
* Temir Bekmambetov is a film director, clip maker, producer.
* Fariza Ongarsynova is a Kazakh poet, writer, journalist, former deputy of Mazhilis.
* Hamit Yergaliev is a Kazakh poet.
* Khivaz Dospanova is the only Kazakh female pilot of the Second World War, fighter, hero, People's Hero of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Sources
## External links
* Official site of Atyrau Oblast Administration
* Atyrau Oblast Brief Research Group Archived June 17, 2007. (Russian)
* Physical map of Atyrau region Archived March 4, 2016. (Russian) (Rubricon)
* Atyrau region Archived March 9, 2017. (Open Listing Project (ODP)) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5316 | President of Kazakhstan | The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the highest position in the country.
## History
On April 24, 1990, Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected President of the Kazakh SSR by the law of the Kazakh SSR on establishing the position of the President of the Kazakh SSR and introducing changes and additions to the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR. At the time of his election, Nazarbayev led Kazakhstan from June 22, 1989 as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR.
On December 1, 1991, the first national presidential election was held in Kazakhstan. Nursultan Nazarbayev won the election with 98.78% of the 88.2% who came to vote.
On December 16, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR declared the state independence of Kazakhstan.
Through the new Constitution of 1993, the Supreme Council was empowered to give dynamics to the development of society in Kazakhstan, rejecting the one-party political rule, economic monopoly system and historical ideology.
According to this constitution, the president was elected by popular vote for a term of five years, one person was limited to two terms.
On April 29, 1995, a referendum was held to extend President Nazarbayev's mandate until December 1, 2000. It was supported by 91.26% of visitors and 95.46% of voters.
On August 30, 1995, a nationwide referendum was held in the republic, as a result of which the new Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted. According to this constitution, the president was elected for a 5-year term by popular vote. The president must be a citizen of Kazakhstan by birth, must not be younger than 40 years old, must be fluent in the state (Kazakh) language, must have lived in Kazakhstan for at least 15 years, and must have a higher education.
On October 7, 1998, changes were made to the Constitution of Kazakhstan, including the president — his term of office was increased to 7 years, the age limit for the president (65 years) was removed, and the need for mandatory participation was established. the requirement of 50% of the voters in the elections was abolished, such a restriction was removed for all civil servants of Kazakhstan. Simultaneously with the changes made to the constitution, extraordinary presidential elections were scheduled.
On January 10, 1999, in the first extraordinary presidential election, Nursultan Nazarbayev won 79.78%, Serikbolsyn Abduldin 11.7%, Ghani Kasymov 4.61%, Engels Gabbasov 0.76%.
On December 4, 2005, the third national presidential election was held in Kazakhstan. Nursultan Nazarbayev won 91.15% of the votes and remained in power for the next 7 years. The opposition candidate Zharmakhan Tuyakbai won 6.61% of votes. For the first time in the country's history, televised debates between candidates were held.
On May 21, 2007, changes were made to the Constitution, including the position of the president. During parliamentary changes, 30 amendments were made to the Constitution. The term of office of the President was changed to 5 years. However, in the clause "one person cannot be elected as president more than twice in a row" the statement "this restriction does not apply to the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was added. Thus, during the exercise of mutual authority, the president was asked to terminate his activity in a political party.
On April 3, 2011, extraordinary elections were scheduled in the country. As a result, Nazarbayev was re-elected with 95.5% of the total votes.
Another extraordinary presidential election was held in Kazakhstan on April 26, 2015. In the election, Nazarbayev received 97.75% of voters' votes and was re-elected.
On March 19, 2019, President Nursultan Nazarbayev resigned one year before the end of his mandate. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was Nazarbayev's successor, as the Chairman of the Senate was appointed as acting President according to the Constitution. Shortly after, on April 9, it was confirmed that extraordinary presidential elections will be held on June 9, by Tokayev's decree. As a result of the election, Tokayev won 70.96% of the total votes and became the second president of the country.
On September 17, 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed amendments to the constitution, according to which the term of office of the president was 7 years, and re-election was prohibited.
## List of presidents
Political party KKP Otan → Nur Otan Amanat No party
Status
Means acting president
\< > Note: Until December 16, 1991, the head of state was called the President of the Kazakh SSR.
## See more
* Vice-President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
* First Lady of Kazakhstan
* List of leaders of Kazakhstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3863 | A compound noun | Complex nouns include nouns formed from at least two or more root morphemes. There are four types of such nouns in the modern Kazakh language:
* Combined nouns,
* Doubled nouns,
* Compound (compound) nouns,
* Abbreviated nouns.
## Compound nouns
Compound nouns include nouns formed by combining at least two root morphemes.
For example: baiterek, baisheshek, belt, kuppar, kaynaga, kolbasi, olkanat, etc. b.
## Doubled nouns
Doubled nouns are nouns formed from two root morphemes.
For example: brother-in-law, cleverness, food-water, parents, child-child, strength, nation, man-acorn, rainfall, thought, thought- kyr, fuel-water, skin-elbow, quarrel, tea-water, etc. b. .
For example: agriculture, kindergarten, trade union, agenda, social work, butter, etc. b.
## Abbreviated nouns
Abbreviated nouns include shortened nouns consisting of several words.
For example: RK, UN, KazMUU, pedagogical institute, cm, mm, ha, Kb, Mb, etc. b.
## See again
* Noun
## Literature
* A. Iskakov, Modern Kazakh language, 1974. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6394 | Құң-зы | Confucius (lat. Confucius, Chinese 孔子, or Chinese 孔夫子, "Kong Saint"; 551-479 BC) is an ancient Chinese thinker, whose teachings and philosophy influenced ancient Chinese culture, as well as Korea, Vietnam and Great influence on Japanese culture.
The distinctive feature of Confucianism is that he prioritized moral issues. And the spirit did not pay any attention to the laws of movement of heavenly bodies. "If we don't know what life is, how can we know what death and soul are," he said. However, it is true that the sky is occupied by the pir, and he understood that offering sacrifices to the god of the sky is the respect shown to him by the people. Later, it seems that this concept had an effect on the fact that China was called the "heavenly empire".
As mentioned above, Confucius directed his teaching to man. He is the first philosopher who thought about the personality of a person. A role model man should have high morals (zhen), respect for elders (xiao), and respect for customs and traditions (li). A person is not born bad, it is his upbringing that makes him both bad and good. Confucius interpreted the state as a big family. His teaching, in general, protected the interests of the ruling class, did not condemn slavery, and therefore became the official ideology of the state for many years, influencing all spheres of social life in China.
After the death of Confucius, his teachings were divided into eight branches. The most important of them are the idealistic school of Meng-tzu and the materialistic school of Xun-tzu. Both these directions are named after Meng and Xun, disciples of Confucius. Meng-tzu was not only busy collecting and systematizing the teachings of Confucius, but also adding new ideas. For example, the principle that "human nature is created only from goodness" is the main core of Meng-tzu's philosophy.
Xun-tzu introduced a materialistic symbol to the teaching of Confucius. The basis of the universe is material force (qi) and its two forms (yin and yang). The world lives according to its natural laws, the heavenly god is only a component of the world, it can be studied and its secrets can be used for the purposes of similar people. Being happy, unhappy, healthy or sick, rich or beggar depends only on people. This conclusion is that God created the illness of Abai, but not God who made the actual person sick; It is God who created wealth and poverty: but it is not God who makes a certain person rich or poor, but it is consistent with the idea that it is up to a person to be happy or unhappy.
## Biography
Confucius, (born in 551 BC, in the kingdom of Lu - died there in 479) - an ancient Chinese thinker, philosopher, historian, statesman, local religious in China The school is the founder of Confucianism. Born in an impoverished aristocratic family. He spent most of his life in the Kingdom of Lu. BC This ancient state, which existed in the 11th - 3rd centuries, played a significant role in the development of Chinese history and culture in ancient times, but it began to decline from the 6th - 5th centuries. At that time, Confucius, who lived in his homeland, grew up reading and weaving pearls of philosophical thought that flourished before him. In his youth, he worked as a low-ranking official. Then he opened a private school and started teaching children at the age of 22. There are reports that Confucius had about ten thousand students and about twenty of them were with him sooner or later. He became the founder of the first private educational institution in China. He became famous as the most famous teacher. The people affectionately called him Kun Ustad. In the school of Confucius, four subjects were taught - intellect (morality), language, politics and literature. At the age of 50, Confucius was a high-ranking civil servant in the Lu kingdom. At that time, he started his political activity. However, he is forced to resign from his official job due to malicious intrigues. Then, for 13 years, he traveled to other states of Ancient China, except the Lu kingdom. But he could not implement his ideas anywhere, and finally in 484 will return to his country. From then until the end of his life, he was engaged in teaching and collecting, editing and distributing ancient wisdom books. Confucius was buried in a place specially reserved for him. His descendants, close disciples and followers are placed next to him. The residence was converted into a temple and became famous as a place of pilgrimage for those who worshiped the spirit of Confucius. The teaching of Confucius after his death in B.C. 136 when it became a state ideology, he was declared "the teacher of ten thousand generations". The state appointed Confucius in 1503. added to the ranks of saints. The name Confucius was introduced in China in 1911. was officially honored before the national-bourgeois revolution.
A group of children asked Confucius "why does the moon appear larger when it is just rising, and smaller when it is at the top." Confucius could not answer. Children mocked Confucius as a fool. The science of optics began to clarify the secrets of many natural phenomena only in the last century.
## Creativity
It is believed that Confucius did not create his own original teachings, he wrote five classical works of ancient China - "Shujin" (book of history), "Shijing" (songs and hymns book), "Lijing" (notes on rituals), "Yuejing" (book on music), "Yijing" (canonical book of changes) collected, recounted and gave explanations to them. The information about the main views and doctrine formulated at the same time are distributed and reported in the book "Stories and Opinions" ("Lun Yu"). This book is a record of Confucius's thoughts and conversations with his close disciples and followers. Researchers refer only to the annotations to the "Book of Spring and Autumn, History of the State of Lu" as belonging to Confucius. It is believed that the works "The Great Doctrine" and "The Doctrine of the Intermediate" are not of Confucius himself, but he only retold both of them. The distinctive character of Confucianism is determined by anthropocentrism, that is, the view that recognizes man as the navel and the highest goal of the global structure. The main content of Confucian thought is intended to understand the simple and great "5 virtues", which are the most important conditions for ensuring reasonable order and order in people's coexistence, which correspond to the laws of nature. There is an opinion that Confucius was not interested in the problems of the origin and evolution of the cosmos and the world, because he did not pay attention to the problems of spirits and the afterlife. This is what Confucius said: "Is it possible to know what death is before knowing what life is?", and also: "How can you serve spirits before you know how to serve people?" - is evident from his similar thoughts. He paid a lot of attention to the human problem, his mind, moral image. The political and ethical concept of Confucius is humanity, a person's being fair and kind-hearted (jen). The concept of "xiao" that determines the son's humility, respect for parents and elders in general is also in this line. These two concepts are ethics based on showing respect to older and higher-ranking people, loyalty to the country, etc. and represents a set of social relations. He decisively contrasted the "noble men" (jun zi) with the "small people" (xiao ren). The former should lead the latter and be an example to them.
## Ideas
On the basis of these ethical theories, Confucius developed his political concept, in this regard, he said: "The ruler is the ruler, and the subject is the subject, the father is the father, and the son is the son. should be", his famous words are widely known. Confucius's theory of "managing the state with morality" was based on the idea that existed before him - the idea of empowering the governing authority. Based on that, he developed and justified it. The main principle expressed by the catchphrase "Management is the word for correction" is reflected in the doctrine of "zhen min". Here, Confucius said that everything in society should be put in its place, everyone's duties should be determined strictly and precisely (according to Confucius, the state is a big family). He called on the rulers of the country to lead the people not on the basis of laws and punishments, but with the help of good people, to lead the people in a way that demonstrates high moral and ethical qualities. He liked to rule the people on the basis of customary law, without burdening them with taxes and levies. Most importantly, he knew that the true principle should always be strictly adhered to by the ruler, and at the same time, it is the ruler's duty to care for people and their welfare. A wise ruler should know well that people love wealth and status above all else and hate poverty and insecurity. For a ruler, it is very important to be able to gain people's trust. From this point of view: "How to get to power?" Confucius replied: "Win the love of the people, then you will gain power, if you lose the love of the people, then you will also lose the power."
## Moralist
Confucius is called a moralist because he based his political and social doctrine on moral maxims - standards of high morality, dignity, correct order, etiquette (li). He attached great importance to music (yue) as the best means of changing bad character and bad habits. Confucius created the concept of perfect, mature man (jun-tzu). The nobility of such a person, according to Confucius, depends not on his origin, but on his upbringing. A very positive, excellent person is formed as a result of self-improvement. As a thinker, Confucius believes that such a person should be humane (zhen), just, honest, kind-hearted. He should always strive to learn. It is necessary to treat parents and elderly people in general with special respect. "Is there a word that will guide you throughout your life?" to the question, Confucius answered: "Yes, that word is kindness." Confucius formulated the law of perfect relations between people (in family, society, state) with the following phrase: "Do not do to others what you do not wish to do to yourself." This concept of Confucianism, which the next generation glorifies as the golden rule of morality, is used as the foundation of human behavior and order in the opinion of advanced and later thinkers. Followers of Confucius were guided and developed his teachings. For example, Meng-tzu (372 - 289 BC) gave the people the main role in management in his concept. "The people are the most important thing in the state," he said, "followed by the spirits of soil and grains, and the head of the country is the last." In general, it is characteristic of the followers of Confucius to defend the idea of strict social classification, as well as the idea of advocating a [[hierarchy|hierarchical division] of the duties of members of society, such as the division of duties in the family. The state is a means of ensuring public welfare and establishing the necessary order. Even so, the state is all-encompassing and common to all, everyone is obliged to fulfill it, but one should not rely on the faceless law or the tyranny of the tyrant-ruler, on the contrary, the state should rely on the wisdom, goodness and kindness of the ruler and his assistants. The political doctrine of Confucius has always been carefully considered in every age. The ideas embodied in the teachings of Confucius and his followers are a very important component of Chinese political culture to this day.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5203 | Шәкәрім | Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly (July 11 (July 23) 1858 - October 2, 1931) is a poet, writer, philosopher, historian, composer. He is Abay's younger brother, a contemporary, and a follower of the realist literary traditions he founded. Kudaiberdiuly followed the direction of Abai in being able to see the socio-political and social characteristics of the environment in which he lived, in studying the shortcomings of society and human nature, and in showing the right path to his native people. Shakarim's father, Kudaiberdi, was born from Kunanbay's godmother, Künke, that is, Abai's brother. At the age of five, Shakarim was sent to study at the village mullah and studied there until the age of seven.
Orphaned by his father at the age of seven, he will be directly raised by Abay from now on. The rich traditions of his upbringing and the education of his brother Abay had a great influence not only on the growth of Shakarim, who was intelligent by nature, but also on his becoming a talented poet and a rational thinker. Shakarim himself later wrote: "Mr. Ibrahim, who was born from one of our father's mothers, is known as Abay in Kazakh, he was an expert in Muslim and Russian sciences and a wise man, gifted by God, unlike any Kazakh. I read and listened to his propaganda and felt the light of a little science. Kudaiberdiuly was one of the most educated people among the Kazakhs in his time, although he did not study in special educational institutions, but he independently searched and enriched his life under the leadership of his brother Abai. He was fluent in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Russian languages. He cites examples of scientists who have tried to improve people's lives. Some of them said that human life will be improved by recognizing its creator, others said that it will be improved if the government is abolished and everyone lives independently. And someone said that human life can be improved with education and public education. Some say that it can be corrected by equalizing the rich and the poor, while others say that it can be corrected by education. Life itself is a field of existence. That is why human life was created by nature itself, and there were those who wanted to live by eating each other, demanding and arguing. Shakarim himself was convinced that none of these ideas could change human nature.
## Biography
Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly was born on July 11, 1858, in the Chingistau foothills of the present East Kazakhstan region, Abai district. He came from the Tobykty clan of the Argyn tribe. Shakarim's father Kudaiberdy dies early. Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly was seven years old at that time. Although Shakarim, who was brought up by his great grandfather Kunanbai, did not suffer from the hardships of an orphan, it seems that the death of his father did not easily affect the child with a tender soul and a sensitive heart. At that moment, the first lamentation, song and poem are poured out from the trembling waxen heart with tears in the eyes. But who doesn't write two-part poems in Kazakh? The young boy's new demands would have been deceived by the hustle and bustle of life, and he would have returned, if Shakarim had not changed from the status of a manly tomboy in Kunanbai and moved to Abai's upbringing.
In his autobiographical poem "The Life of the Mutilated", Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly writes that he started taking lessons from the village mullah at the age of five. In any case, he must have known black in four or five years. Even though he did not go to any school after that, his life also shows the growth path of a young man who pursued art and education. Drumming, playing the accordion, tying a hawk, an eagle, building a hut, making, painting, writing poems, being passionate about science, going through the mechanism of his pocket watch, going to the ministry, which he can lead if he stops, and dressing himself in his own way - that's it. , everything can only be done by an eight-sided, mysterious person. One election period seems to be empty. Later, he lamented that "I fell victim to it involuntarily", "I betrayed myself and was disguised as a liar", he regrets that he saw greatness as an honor, and he regrets that he turned away from science.
But Shakarim says that when he rides himself, it should be a lesson for future generations. We must not forget this. Otherwise, getting involved in the work of the country helped him to understand the roots of his society and identify his illness. He did not give up his creativity at all. On the instructions of his teacher Abai, he is engaged in genealogy, at the age of twenty-five he creates a work called "Ancestor of Kazakhs", and continues to write poetry. Although he says that "I was ignorant of science", until the age of forty he learned Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and became a "philosopher-thinker". turns to criticizing what he wrote.
Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly is a self-educated person. Of course, the leader was Abai. Abai's influence also shaped his world view. It is known that the time when Abay completely devoted himself to poetry was around 1886-89. At that time, the great poet was over forty, and his student Shakarim was old enough to be his companion. He averaged twenty. Therefore, we know what "subjects" were studied in the program of the Abay school-university, where Shakarim attended, from the literature that his teacher followed. According to Mukhtar Auezov's research, Abay "read many famous Russian writers: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nekrasov: critical-thinking democrats: Belinsky, Herzen, Byron, philosophers: Spencer, Spinoza, Lewis, Darwin, Draper." . (Works, 12 volumes. — p. 286).
As for the scientific sources that Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly studied on his own, he writes about this in the book "Turk, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Khandar Chronicles" published in Orinbor in 1911: "The Muslim version of the books I read: Tabri - historical history, historical Gusmani, history antshar alaslam, Turkish history of Najip Gasymbek, Shajire Turk written by Abu Alghazy Bahadur Khan and words taken from various books; What I read in Russian books: Radlov's about the Uyghur, Aristov's about the Turkic race, words copied into Russian from the genealogies of various peoples of the world. Among them are the words of the books Kutadku bilik, Koshu chidam, the oldest Turkish genealogy books. And words of Arab-Persian-Roman-European writers" (p. 2).
When Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly reads books, he reads to learn the secrets of man and the world. What is the soul? What is religion? How was the universe created? Here are the answers to these questions. And he says that he "checked everything with an unbiased mind." He also says that he went to Mecca with this thought in mind. It sits in the Istanbul library for thirteen days. This is about 1905-1906.
We must say right now that Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly's star did not match with religion. True, he believed in God. But Shakarim says, "I checked many religions, none of them fit my brain." In fact, he is inclined to deism in terms of his world view. Because Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly is the one who creates materialistic thoughts without adding or subtracting, saying that "nothing is lost in the world, it changes, think, candle".
One of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly's greatest merits for his people is that he always adhered to the Abai tradition in the way of kinship and friendship with the great Russian people, assimilation of their great culture. He didn't hesitate to say, "Now we're going to kill Russian sheep, we're going to enjoy it." In 1908, he promoted Russian culture not only with words, but also with deeds, and in 1908 he translated A.S. Pushkin's works "Dubrovsky", "Boran" into poems. We should also mention that the transformation of a prose work into a poetic work is a rare phenomenon in world literature. In the meantime, Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly took into account the fact that the majority of his people did not know letters, and deliberately turned to the form of poetry suitable for memorization. In particular, the justice preached by Leo Tolstoy always touches the heart of the Kazakh poet. He translates the works of the great writer, writes to him and asks for advice.
In 1908, Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly showed a rare behavior in the Sahara and went to the desert, living alone and without a family in a house he called "sayat kora" or something. Even so, he did not separate himself spiritually from his people, when his grandfather Kunanbai returned from a pilgrimage, he made a curtain with vomit, did not leave the light world, wrote poems and spoke about world events.
Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly happily greeted the dawn of the 1917 revolution with bright hope. His poems dedicated to the revolution "The flag of freedom is shining" and "The dawn of freedom" are a witness to it. There are times when you get lost and can't distinguish between friend and enemy. At the beginning of 1918, he came to Semipalatinsk at the invitation of the Alashordans. Zholshibai hears that "Semey got red". It is February 1918. The people of Alashorda elected Shakarim as a judge from outside, a poet who has nothing in mind is a poet. But soon, in June of 1918, Semey was again occupied by the Whites. Disillusioned with the whites, the poet returns to his country, saying, "We became slaves to him again, we got money from the sold cattle." In the autumn of the same year, he once again treads the sand streets of Semipalatinsk. The "government" of Alashorda, who had fled Orynbor, moved here and invited the poet to the city as a way to increase his reputation. This time, Shakarimin "is completely convinced that Alashor is different, the community's mind is changing, and protesting against those who want to revive the old times, they withdraw to their country. He will witness the devastation caused by the whites while walking in the village. "The city is red, the road named justice has appeared, and the mentioned storm has passed quickly," he concludes happily.
Later, Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly lost his way even for a short time during this turmoil, which affected his future fate. He could not be a revolutionary. The enlightener, the democrat is stuck. Nevertheless, the old poet greeted the revolution with a bright poem. He quickly broke up with Alashorda. He saw the establishment of the Soviet government as a victory for justice. All this had to be evaluated objectively and fairly. But he was not motivated by the cult of personality.
Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly once again went to his remote abode called "sayat kora", but his enemies did not give him peace. The mullahs accused Shakarim of being a "religionist". The rich people spread the nickname "aljydy". It was rumored that the village leader was old-fashioned.
1931. Gray autumn day. Just before that Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, who was released and acquitted from the place where he was arrested on the charge of being associated with a gang, who was now seventy-three, is heading to the district center. At that time, the sound of the gun becomes loud. An innocent old man is shot in the shoulder and falls from his horse. When he opened his eyes, Karasartov, a member of the OGPU, had a militiaman named Khalitov standing next to him. Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly asks them to take him to the hospital in the district center. Instead of an answer, the gun goes off again. When the gun smoke cleared, Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly was no longer in this world.
## Official acquittal
In 1988, Shakarim was acquitted and his immortal legacy returned to his people. This year, the poet's poems were published by "Zhazuchy" and "Zalyn" publishing houses, and collections of songs were published by "Uner" publishing house. This year, the 130th anniversary of the pilgrimage was celebrated in the Abai district, and in 1998, the 140th anniversary was celebrated in the city of Semey. During these years, a higher educational institution in Semipalatinsk was named after Haji, a monument was erected, and a large avenue in the city center was named after the poet. In addition, an indigenous Kazakh school in the city was named after the poet.
Today, research centers of pedagogy work in two identical higher educational institutions - Semey Pedagogical Institute and Semey University named after Shakarim. With the help of those centers, two identical magazines called "Shakarim" and "Shakarim World" are being published.
Shakarim's personal encyclopedia is currently being prepared at the Research Center of Shakarim Studies at Semey Pedagogical Institute. In addition to this, five volumes of work on Shakarim's heritage are prepared in the mentioned center.
## Creativity
Colorfully painted in didactic poems such as "Life", "Fashionables", "Izakoors", "Passion", "Kaljinbas", "Insatiable Lust", criticizes artificial behavior and bad behavior. In 1905, Shakarim went on a pilgrimage, saying that the feeling of love comes from a pure and pure heart ("Anyk asyk auliye", "Chyn Syrim"), morality calls for the white path, art and education ("Jastarga"). Taking advantage of this visit to Mecca, the poet realized his original dream. He read books related to the history of his native people from the libraries of Istanbul and Paris. On the basis of the materials collected in this way, he wrote the book "Chronicles of Turks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Khans" (1911), with the purpose of explaining its logic in the interest of the people, he wrote the work "Muslim Treaty" (1911). At this point, the poet's religiosity is recognized. He strongly criticizes those who violate religion. In his work, Shakarim used the words of the Book of Allah, the Qur'an, and the hadiths of the Prophet (pbuh) in relation to his honest words: <> Saying that the beginning of the honesty of an honest person is honest work. Its usage in Shakarim's works means honest actions, pure hardworking person:
Shakarim uses words in the sense of honest, halal in the literal and figurative sense:
He is Russian, Excellent examples of Western literature were introduced to Kazakh readers. He highly appreciates the works of Leo Tolstoy and is determined to teach his people the best world culture. He considered himself a student of Tolstoy all his life. Corresponded with him. American writer Harriet Beecher-Stone's novel Uncle Tom's Curse, Tolstoy's Three Questions, etc. stories, A.S. He translated Pushkin's short stories "Boran", "Dubrovsky" into the Kazakh language. He sang Fizuli's epic "Layli - Majnun" in the style of Nazira. Shakarim was always democratic, popular, humanist and enlightened. In this regard, he was in harmony with the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early 20th century. The poet was a victim of the Soviet totalitarian system.
Trying to reconcile the revolted people and representatives of the local authorities, to prevent bloodshed, he was shot by the executioners and his body was thrown into a well in the desert. He was accused of being an "enemy of the people" and banned from reading his works. In 1988, the name of the poet was fully justified.
### Works
Kudaiberdiuly is a deep-thinking, mysterious lyricist. poems, story sagas such as "Kalkaman-Mamyr", "Enlik-Kebek", "Nartailak-Aisulu", the novel "Adil-Mariya" and other prose works, translations, works related to history, philosophy, and clay songs were born. 1911 "Chronology of Turks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Khans", 1912 "Kazakh mirror", "Kalkaman-Mamyr", "Jolsizz izor izke svet", "Enlik-Kebek", "Ushanyk", "Muslim Contract", "Layli-Majnun" etc. b. works were published. A number of Kudaiberdiuly's poems were published in Russian in the collection "Poets of Kazakhstan" published in Leningrad in 1978. Large collection of 1988. It was published by "Zalyn" publishing house.
### Songs
Dutchman Alvin Ernestovich Bimboes, who recorded Shakarim's songs for the first time. Between 1919 and 1922, he worked as an instructor in the political department of Akmola and recorded Kazakh songs. As a result, in 1926 N.F. In the collection "Musical Ethnography" edited by Findeisen, in addition to Bimboes' extensive article on Kazakh music, notes of twenty-five Kazakh songs are published. In this collection, two songs of Shakarim are published under the names "No. 1 Shakarim" and "No. 2 Shakarim". However, the verses of both songs are not written under the sheet music, only the contents are given in Russian. A.E. The second version of the song "No. 1 Shakarim" recorded by Bimboes was included in the collection "1000 songs of the Kazakh people" published by A.V. Zataevich in 1925 under the name "Tilek - bata". Shakarim's song "Let's change this song from the previous song" by A.V. It was published under the name "Shakarim Kudaiberdin's song" in the collection "500 songs and moods of the Kazakh people" published in 1931 by Zataevich. In reference No. 156 of this collection, A.V. Zataevich says: "Shakarim Kudaiberbin is an old poet of Semipalatinsk region, he is alive now, he is about seventy years old. "He probably wrote the song in the collection in imitation of Russian songs," he wrote.
Shakarim's songs were the basis for the works of Kazakh composers. To the first part of Ahmet Zhubanov's "Abai" suite, A. Zhubanov and L. The composer's works were used for Aidar's arioso from Hamidi's opera "Abai", and for the duet of Aidar and Azhar. It would not be superfluous to say that the plot of the poet's poems has taken a large place in the works of poets-writers and composers of the country. For example, it is obvious to everyone that the works of Shakarim are based on the ballet "Kalkaman - Mayr", the play "Enlik - Kebek", and the opera "Enlik - Kebek".
Performers
The artists who sang Shakarim songs in their own style, were Abdigali Aldazharov, Zikagil Abayuly, Rakymzhan Mamyrkazov, Esbay Bekhozhin, Zulgarish Azimbaev, Dzhebrayil Turagulov, and Almagambet.
Of those who learned Shakarim's songs from him, Kabysh Kerimkulov, the most popular singer, is probably the most popular. He tells musicologist Askan Serikbaeva about ten songs of the poet. And he writes down these songs. Shakarim's "Twenty-three years old", "My year is sheep, my star is July", "Korkyt's land", "Korkyt, Khoja Hafiz don't dream anymore", "When I was born from my mother", "Say hello to the person who asked", "I thought I would write a word" There is no doubt that these songs, which have been kept in the folklore laboratory of the Kurmangazy National Conservatory for many years, were written by Kabysh and recorded by Askan. And now the singer Keldenbai Ulmesekov is the only propagandist, sympathizer and performer of Shakarim's songs. He collected some songs of the poet who is being forgotten in the country, published them, recorded them in the Golden Fund of Kazakh radio.
## Shakarim and Abay
During the historical period when Kudaiberdiuly lived and worked, the realist tradition, which Abay laid the foundation for, was taking shape in Kazakh literature. Shakarim was one of the first to continue this moral trend. Abai and Shakarim have a very deep bond. Both poets showed special energy in addressing the issues of their time and social reality. Shakarim, like Abai, as a poet, has deep thoughts and reasonable conclusions, ranging from criticizing minor issues to raising serious social issues of his time. Shakarim was not only an external admirer of the events around him, he paid attention to everything that existed, was happy about the good things, and depressed about the bad things. He formed his poetic nature in this way. The poet's civil tone is heard from this side. His realism in the style of Abai first appeared in his civil lyrics. As an open-eyed and open-minded citizen of his time, he was able to see the real situation of his people. He fed all his thoughts in this direction into his lyrics. The main object of the poet's lyrics is a person. In such poems as "Eski zasho tyrip", "Sankoylar", "Kaljinshil kylzhakpas", "Erinishek", "Kumaryk", "Bir salmoyin sal kalder", the poet's contemporaries are criticized for their large-scale shortcomings. Shakarim sees the basis of ignorance in these. In any of these poems, there is honesty and criticism characteristic of his realism. The poet strives to typify, no matter how flawed it may be. That is why the heroes who are tested in some of his poems are perceived as people who are still with us today. The poet, who was interested in the interests of his people, was not only a publicist of his negative qualities, but also a judge of them. While exposing, he gives his verdict, talks about his surroundings. In a number of poems, such as "Anger and Insap", "Peasant and Wasting", "Anyk en Tanyk", "Er kempak ve word elomek", "Dünie en zhiyt", "Praise and reprimand", "Mindeu and dardeu" He creates a true picture of his time while looking critically. The fate of the people is a central theme in Kudaiberdiuly's song. At this point, he is in harmony with Abay. Shakarim, like Abai, through his propaganda poems and personal morals, tries to root out some negative qualities in the public's mind and awaken the people's honor. does not interrupt. What he exposes is the weakness of the people, and pride is the treasure of the people. "Rich and guest", "Party man", "Hey, many people, many people", "Unfortunate life", "Kazakh", "Promotion", "Sad Kazakh again", "Goodbye!", "Goodbye" were written in each period. , my people" depicts the state of the nation at the beginning with honesty. Mind examples are persuasive. They have characteristic features of the historical development of the left eye. In the poem "Goodbye, my people", the lyrical character who has entered old age - the poet himself looks at the past life of his people and looks at the present. Today, it seems that the king has fallen from the throne, and a special ray of light has begun to shine on the Kazakh steppe. A poet who has finished his work and made a new one happily stood up and said to himself: "What is your goal now?" asks a question and looks for an answer. There is optimism in the poem. The poet says that he saw a lot of good here, that the king fell from the throne. He hopes that his people will live independently in the future. However, the poet also has concerns. He insists that there is a need to destroy qualities such as selfishness and pride in the people. Unfortunately, these qualities are still in short supply. No matter what social disease it is, it is a flaw born of the passage of time, which must be corrected. In his poems of this direction, the poet is able to accurately convey the social psychology of that eye. He also weighs the weight of the poet's burden in the direction of stirring people's thoughts. The social inequality in the society is probably the first thing that the poet was affected by. The poem "Bai and Guest" tells a small story from Kazakh life. The dialogue between the guest and the owner of the rich house describes the psychology, ethics and aesthetics, household features, level of spiritual understanding of the Kazakh village of that era. Here, too, there are many characters sung by Abai. If the great Abai has masterfully described how "fullness of food and lack of work" reduces human beings, Shakarim's characters here are also disabled people who have nothing to do, are satisfied with their fill, and love to belittle each other. Shakarim was always alert to the phenomena and events happening around him. The poet's civil alert tone was especially clear during the revolutions of 1917. At the moment when the tsar was dethroned, he happily wrote poems "The dawn of freedom" and "The flag of freedom is shining". These poems, which at first glance look like slogans, contain not only pure joy and happy feelings, but also a deep philosophical thought characteristic of the poet's lyrics. Moreover, the poet thinks in his own way about the news that is happening. He gets up happily and thinks about the future life of his people. Today's times say that it should be a working man's.
## Enlightenment lyrics
Kudaiberdiuly's realism is clearly expressed in his lyrics on the topic of enlightenment. The poet's work in this direction was published in 1879. It started with the poem "Jastarga". The idea of enlightenment is the golden pillar of Shakarim's lyrics. This is one area where he shows harmony with Abay. In many of his poems, such as "Nasikhat", "Synatar syn ovandi", "There are three types of life", "You are in science...", "Ignorant man is a brute", "I knew the Turkish year well enough in my life", Kudaiberdiuly Abay continued his educational ideas. continues. He strives to awaken the masses, leads to science. They invite to work and learn from cultured countries. For Kudaiberdiuly, the greatest wealth is science. In his poem "There are three kinds of life", he applies the concept of "middle life" to human life. This is the active life of a person between youth and old age. According to Shakarim, if you don't waste your time these years and look into science, if you can find the treasure you need from it, you will have reached your life goal. The idea of the poem, which consists of three stanzas at the beginning and end, is not to leave a human being in transition, as Abai says, "after growing up, don't leave it alone."
## Shakarim and world literature
Kudaiberdiuly, who studied at Abay's literary school, continued his teacher's activities in the direction of introducing the Kazakh people to world culture models. Shakarim's work in this context can be divided into three areas. If we say that one of them is the poet's promotion of advanced representatives of world literature in his poems, the second is his N. Corresponding directly with a lawyer and a writer like Tolstoy. And the third field is Shakarim's translation of exemplary works of literature of other countries into Kazakh. Shakarim called the bright stars of the East such as Khoja Hafiz, Fizuli, Navai, A. S. Pushkin and L. N. He respected Tolstoy. Fizuli sang the Kazakh version of the famous "Layli-Majnun" saga. A number of poems by Hafiz, A.S. Pushkin's works "Dubrovsky", "Boran", L. N. Six stories of Tolstoy, American writer Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Boy" was translated.
## Lyrics
Kudaiberdiuly's lyrical character is similar to the characters of Abai. Joy and sorrow, hope and doubt pass through his head. In some moments, it is sad. But this is not dry pessimism. As in Abai's poems, the concepts of "heart", "language", and "word" are abundant in Shakarim. In order to depict the mood and situation of his lyrical hero, the poet uses "wounded heart", "poisonous heart", "warm heart", "meat heart", "full tongue", "bitter tongue", "sweet tongue", "poisonous word". uses concepts figuratively. In many cases, the poet's lyrical hero, on the way to search for a "pure heart", takes the "heart of flesh" in his hands and crosses with "bad hearts". It turns into a "diseased heart" in the eyes that regret not being able to exceed the level of time. Along the way of creativity, he puts the issue of morality, purity of honor, and faith in the first place. "Don't sell your skin, sell your skin, look for the honest one," says the poet. He looked at these issues from the point of view of a child of his country. Exciting, full of excitement. He turns to Abai. In one of his first works - "Zhastarga", the poet presented Abai to himself and others as a guide. The sensitivity and intelligence of the young poet was recognized. Appreciating the genius, wisdom, and intelligence of Abay, who was just over thirty at that time, proves these qualities of Shakarim. The poem "About Youth", written at the age of 21, has a lot of poetic expressions and emotional images characteristic of Abai. The rhyme and size of the poem are different. It is related to Abai's "Eight Legs". In the poem, along with the girl's beauty, the poet impressively explores the flaming heart of youth, hot words, moral issues.
## Poems
Kudaiberdiuly is a writer who worked fruitfully in the genre of poems. He made a significant contribution to the development of the tradition of realistic epics, which began with Abai in the second half of the 19th century. Poems "Kalkaman-Mamyr", "Enlyk-Kebek", "Nartailak-Aisulu" written from the early life of the Kazakh came from his pen. The first new decent Kazakh poems were "Eskendiri" and "Masguty" by Abay, and the later sagas of Akylbay and Magauiya, Aset and Kokbay, Shakarim were written under the poetic influence and creative education of Uly Abai. First of all, Abay mobilized young people around him, like Shakarim, to expand his poetic field in a new way. He even gave topics to some of them, discussed and criticized what they wrote. As a result, Shakarim's artistic skills and achievements in lyrical poetry are clearly visible in the nature of his poems. His epics are characterized by honesty, artistry, deep psychology, social allusions, and depth of philosophical thought. The poet's saga "Enlik-Kebek" was written directly at the request of Abai. The great teacher asks the poet Shakarim and Magauiya to sing the story between Enlik and Kebek. As a result, two sagas about love come to life. At one time, Abay compared the two sagas and gave a proper evaluation to each of them. Kudaiberdiuly also left a significant legacy in the field of artistic prose. He wrote the novel "Adil-Marya" (1925). It tells what happened in a Kazakh village at the beginning of the century. Adil and Mariya young people in love will have a difficult life. The realist literature started by Abai is filled with sincerity and artistry. The beauty of nature depicted in Abai's poems, the daily care of the village and the field are beautifully illustrated in the novel.
## Prose works
Kudaiberdiuly's prose works combine deep philosophy, folk wisdom, and historical knowledge along with vivid colors and vivid images. Kudaiberdiuly was recognized as a philosopher, historian, and thinker by the works "Three clear", "Muslim treaty", "Turk, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Khan genealogy", which were published separately. Shakarim's great teacher Abai had no small influence on their writing. Abai, who admired Shakarim's education when he was still a child, instructed him to collect the Kazakh genealogy. In order to fulfill this task of Abai, Shakarim, in addition to collecting various stories and legends from the country, gets acquainted with the works of famous scientists of the West and East, Abilgazy, Yusup Balasagun, Radlov, Berezin, Aristov, Levshin, and other Chinese, Arab, and Persian researchers. Analyzing the groupings and conclusions mentioned in them, a genealogical work is written. Kudaiberdiuly is also a composer who wrote songs for his poems. Twenty beautiful melodious songs were born from his words. Especially his songs "This song is different from the previous one", "About a pillow", "When I was born from my mother" are remembered for their delicate subtlety, richness of words, and compositional integrity. Shakarim, a student who was directly educated by Abay, during the birth of his large and artistic creative heritage, rose to the rank of an outstanding poet, a brilliant writer, a skilled translator, a thoughtful philosopher, an educated historian, a mysterious musician, who has his own place in the history of Kazakh literature and art, and even in the history of our entire national culture.
## Poems
* About youth
* What is a person?
* Humanity
* Immortal Army
* Dream
## Sources
## External Links
* Shakarim's dream of an ideal society A. Masalim (unavailable link)
* Shakarim's poetry - the expression of verse
* Shakarim Kudaiberdi - a collection of works
* Shakarim Kudaiberdi - list of works (unavailable link) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7078 | Kabysh Zhanuzakov | Zhanuzakov Kabysh (1917-1997) was a member of the legal service of Kazakhstan.
was born on November 7, 1917, in Bayanaul district of Pavlodar region. At the age of 13, he became an orphan and was brought up in an orphanage.
In 1938 he was drafted into the army. In 1940, he took part in the Soviet-Finnish war. He defended 164 days on the Hanko Peninsula in the Gulf of Finland.
Then the Great Patriotic War begins. From the beginning of the war until March 1943, senior sergeant Kabysh Zhanuzakov fought at the front and defended the great city of Leningrad from the Nazis. In 1943, during the next battle, he was seriously injured and lost his leg, and then he was demobilized. Awarded with many orders and medals
After returning from the war, Kabysh Zhanuzakov takes legal courses under the advice of Baranov, the prosecutor of the Kazakh SSR. Worked as a lawyer in the prosecutor's office of Pavlodar region. He worked as the head of the prosecutor of Esil district.
In 1957, when the city of Ekibastuz was built, he came to the city and worked as the head of the city prosecutor.
In 1979, Kabysh Zhanuzakov retired and devoted his life to children and grandchildren.
He died in 1997 at the age of 80. Kabysh Zhanuzakov lived a difficult and interesting life. His children and grandchildren will always remember him, set him as an example, and be proud of the Zhanuzakov surname.
## Awards
* Order of "Slava" (Glory) 3rd class
* Order of "Patriotic War"
* "For bravery " (For bravery) medal
* "Za oboronu Leningrada" (For the defense of Leningrad) medal
* "Krasnyi Gangut" (Red Gangut) medal
* "Za podnyati Tseliny" (For raising the Virgin) medal \ <> * Zhukov medal. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5073 | Mirzhakip Dulatuly | Mirzhakip Dulatuly (November 25, 1885, Torgai region, Russian Empire - October 5, 1935, Solovki camp, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) is a prominent Kazakh educator, public figure, poet, writer, ardent orator, one of the liberal-democratic intellectuals.
## Biography
From the Magyar clan of the Argyn tribe.
The place of birth is the first village of Sarykopa river, Torgai region ("Kyzbel" village, Zhankeldi district of the former Kostanay region). His father was a famous craftsman in the Dulat region, he made men's turbans, sewed boots and cloths. Mother: Damesh was a bazaar and a singer. The father sends his children to school from an early age. At first, the boy Mirjakyp learned from the village mullah and learned letters. After studying in Molda for two years, in 1897-1902, he took lessons from Mukan, a teacher who taught Russian in a village school. This school, in addition to supplementing Mirzhakip's education, greatly influenced his formation as a citizen. Mukan was a graduate of the educational institution founded by the great educator Ybyray Altynsarin, namely, the district Russian-Kazakh school in Torgai. In this spirit, he also gives deep knowledge to his students.
Mirjakyp lost his mother at the age of two and his father at the age of twelve, and was brought up by his brother Askar. Askar pays special attention to his younger brother's education, following the wishes of his father, Dulat, that Mirjakyp should study, become an educated citizen, and grow up. An intelligent young man who was born in the village, grew up in the village, studied in the village, worked in the village, became a "village teacher", and saw the hard life of the villagers, the pitiful situation without equality, and was shocked and excited.
This period was the time when the tsarist government sharply strengthened colonialism in the Kazakh steppes and was pressing its knees into the vast country. This situation moved the open-minded, educated and intelligent citizens of Kazakhstan at that time. There was a protest. Ways of struggle were being considered. As its main way, the desire to study and get education has increased. Gradually, the nation became a political phenomenon, and national liberation ideas against the colonial policy arose in the country. Czarist Russia was also on the verge of the first bourgeois-democratic upheaval.
He is determined to remember his oppressed country, to mourn its loss, to grieve. He devoted his whole being to the cause of the people and said, "The rest is half of me and yours. Use it if it suits your business, so be it!" he declares with all his voice.
Mirjakyp, who strived on his own, gained knowledge and mastered the Russian language, felt before others that stormy days were coming that would shake the world and shake the world thanks to his acquaintance with the works of advanced Russian citizens.
In such a difficult period, in 1904, Mirzhakip came to the city of Ombi. Here he meets Ahmet Baitursynuly, the teacher of national intellectuals. After that, he does not write pairs, one as a teacher and one as a follower. In 1905, Mirzhakip participated in political and mass work in Bipre Karkaraly together with Akhmet Baitursynuly. In 1905, he was among the writers of a petition on behalf of the Kazakh people to the royal government.
He wakes up his carefree people living carefree in the vast steppes and raising cattle with his song: "Open your eyes, wake up, Kazakh, lift up your head, don't cry in vain in the dark" and calls them to education and useful activities for the country. He knew that the main condition for the entire nation to achieve freedom is to wake up from the sleep of darkness, shake and get rid of ignorance: "Wake up, Kazakh!" did not stop chanting. That is why his voice was heard along with the voice of his spiritual brother Akhmet Baitursynuly, twelve years older than him, who had the ideal of waking up the sleeping Kazakh as a "mosquito" without bothering him. The twin voices of the two giants, who appeared side by side from the podium of history, continued to be heard side by side until the last breaths of the two giants were exhausted. Although they were born from two fathers, they were the same brothers, although they thought with two heads, they had the same thought, and even if they spoke with two mouths, they said the same thing. Because it was the interest of the people who related them, the concern of the people who made them think, and the sorrow of the people who spoke. That's why the people knew them as sympathetic relatives, they called them together as "Akhan, Jakhan" instead of writing the couple. Starting with the Kazakhs, who fought for the happiness of their people, they were declared enemies of their people, and yesterday the red-eyed men of Kyzyl separated them, shot them to death in two places, and even when they said that they would erase their names, the people did not forget their noble names, they kept them in their hearts and honored them.
In 1906, he went back and forth to Petersburg. He returned from this trip not only as a political fighter, but also as an inspired poet. In 1907, in the newspaper "Serke" published in St. Petersburg, he publishes his poem "To the Youth" and the article "Our Goal" under the pseudonym. In the article, Mirjakyp identifies the clear reasons for the difficult situation facing the Kazakh people and exposes the colonial policy. Although the royal authorities tried to arrest the author of the article, they found the owner of the pseudonym. In 1909, M. Dulatuly's collection of poems was published. He was not able to work in the city for a long time, thanks to his publications He was arrested for the poem "Mystery". In this work, he was sentenced to two years in prison for allegorically mocking the State Duma, but later the sentence was replaced by a fine of 2,000 rubles бипре published the newspaper "Kazakh" and took an active part in its subsequent work. In 1920, he came to Tashkent and worked there in the newspaper "Ak Zhol". In 1922 he was arrested innocently. After being released from prison, in 1922-1926 he became a teacher at the Institute of Education in Orinbor. At the end of 1928, he was arrested together with a group of Kazakh intellectuals, sentenced to ten years, and died in prison in 1935.
## Relation to the June decree
In 1916, Dulatov together with Baitursynov and Bukeikhanov, on the first page of Kazakh newspaper number 190, about the tsar's decree of June 25 on inviting Kazakhs to work in the rear: We have already written that it should be performed. That's what we still say. We can see that there will be no refusals if we calmly explain that it is our duty to serve our tsar sincerely... Kazakh people have never resisted the tsar's decree since surrendering to Russia. He won't do it after that either." And in number 192 of the Kazakh newspaper:
"We heard that since the news came out that this Kazakh would hire workers for the war front, some people in the country sold our name, Ahmet, Gali Khan, Mirjakyp Khat wrote, they say that they are spreading the message to the people that they don't want to give people to the war. It's useless. We have not written such a letter to anyone...” Writes
.
## Killing of Amankel by Imanov
In Dulatov's answer during the investigation, he admitted that he participated in the killing of Amangel Imanov and Pavel Taran.
"Of course, I cannot avoid the moral responsibility for the death of Imanov and Taran"
Once we received information that Imanov was going to arrest us, and that there was a spy in his apartment with some detachment from the Kostanay side . After receiving this information, we arrested Imanov and an unknown person who lived in his apartment that day, and together with a part of the detachment, we went to the detachment that was going to sparrow: the rumor was true, it turned out to be Taran's Tizan detachment, and the stranger who was in Imanova's house turned out to be Taran himself. We met the detachment 30 kilometers from Torgai without any conflict and found out that they were being pursued by the Cossack regiment. We from Alashorda discussed what to do with this detachment: if we let him go, we are afraid of Imanov, this detachment will trust him, not us, and Imanov will make up his mind, which is one thing, and on the other hand, if we pass him to Shalkar without injury and without a fight, then the Cossack regiment that chased him will destroy the local population and take revenge on us first of all. With all this in mind, we decided to disarm the detachment and let the people go free. We explained this forced action to the detachment at that time. Returning to Torgai the next evening, it turned out that the rest of the detachment in Torgai had killed Imanov and Taran during the panic.
However, to Dulatov's words, Asfendiyarov says in his book about the year 1916:
"In the summer of 1919, Amangel, who was the military commissar of Torgai district, was shot and killed by Alashordans (Dulatov, Toktabayev). Deceiving that the Dulatov detachment was ready to go to the side of the Soviets, they entered Torgai, staged a counter-revolutionary coup there, and captured Amangel"
Aisa Nurmanov, Sultan Aktamakov, Ospan Kasenov, Zafir Sadykov, Ahmet Omarov, Seydakhmet Bayseyitov, Amankeldi of the Imanov detachment and According to the memoirs of other Red fighters, Dulatov did not go anywhere during the shooting of Amangel, and further claimed that he fought with the Taran detachment and returned to Torgai.
During the interrogation, Temirov, the head of the Kyrgyz Congress, and in his testimony to Zhangeldin in 1919, indicated that Dulatov was in the city when Amankel was shot.
## Creative heritage
Mirzhakip Dulatuly is a writer who wrote in various genres of literature. The first book is "Wake up, Kazakh!" a collection of poems published in St. Petersburg under the name Then, in 1913, Orynbor published books of poems called "Azamat", and in 1915 "Terme". The main theme of the poet's poems was the fate of the country. The first book "Wake up, Kazakh!" word-of-mouth and hand-to-hand spread quickly among the public. Press again. The main content of the book consists of poems that call people to wake up and fight against injustice. That is why the book was arrested and the author was exiled.
Mirzhakyp, who started his creative career with poetry, also touches the prose genre. In 1910, his work in this genre, the novel "Unfortunate Jamal" was published in Kazan. According to some researchers, this was the first novel in the style of purely artistic prose in Kazakh literature. The second edition of the book was published in 1914.
During these years Mirjakyp writes a number of articles and feuilletons. In 1922, he published the two-part textbook "Esep Kuraly" in Tashkent. He writes the play "Balkia".
M. Dulatuly's works have been widely published since the independence of the Kazakh country. In 1991, a two-volume collection of his works was published in "Zhazuchy" publishing house, in 1996-1997 in "Gylim" publishing house, in 2002-2004 in "Mektep" publishing house (with a second new edition in 2020). M. Scientific research on Dulatuly's creativity was conducted and a number of books and articles were published.
## Poems
Poet Mirjakyp, who, starting from his first poems, looked into the secrets of difficulties and pains in the fate of his native people, and aimed to expose its social roots, wrote "Wake up, Kazakh!" begins the first collection of poems with the following verses:
The colonization policy of the Russian king, the condition of the Kazakh people, the lack of art and education, and other various aspects seem to fit into these four lines. Moreover, these lines can be said to be an iron stake drawn along the moral of Mirzhakip's work, a reflection of the main orientation of the idea. For a poet, there is no more honorable subject than singing the life of his people. In many of his poems, he describes the painful situation of the Kazakh country under colonial oppression and concludes that it is the duty of every citizen to serve the interests of the country. In particular, in poems such as "The state of the Kazakh people in the past and today", "A little prayer about our poverty", "About the elections", "To the youth", "To the heads of the Kazakh clan", "Atkaminer sumdar", the character of the Kazakh society, the psychology of people there, The sad state of the poet who saw them is clearly depicted in the poet's poem "Complaint". prevails. The poet feels sad when he sees the ills of ignorance, depression, laziness, indifference, and discord in the country. It will be like a dead end.
as Mirjakyp himself said, such negative shortcomings in the life of his people were stuck in his heart like a bullet. In such moments, he is looking for someone who will be his companion and support. Tappai is disappointed. However, the poet's sadness does not turn into deep sadness. At the end of his poem, he says: "There is no day left for justice", and he believes that justice will win in the end. On the same line, he expresses that he will spare no effort and life as follows:
This poem shows how clearly the citizen understands the goal that the poet has set for himself. The poet's goal is to intervene in the fate of his people, to work for his country. That is why the poet's poems expose the ignorance and injustice in the country, and look for a way to get rid of them. For example, the poem "A little prayer about our poverty" describes the abundance of a Kazakh village and reveals the face of the pleasant and comfortable life there. Noting the lack of unity, solidarity and unanimity within the country, the poet criticizes the injustice and injustice in the country's ruling system.
Mirjakyp's poems in this civil and social context are diverse in terms of theme, meaning, structure, and pronunciation features. Sometimes the poet reflects on the fate of the people, the present and the future, sometimes he exhorts young people to study and raises moral issues related to the phenomena of everyday life, and sometimes he criticizes the tyrannical policy of the royal government and the injustice of the country's rulers.
The poem "Alashka" is an artistic and complex work born from the pen of Mirjakyp. The poet speaks to his people, remembers their past life, compares good and bad, yesterday and today, reveals a number of social realities.
At first, the poet beautifully describes the beauty of the fennel fields, where the beds were full of cattle, and the prosperous villages that have moved there, he remembers the wise khans and princes who ruled the country.
, they are looking for orators from the country who speak the words of their people, men who protect their country and land, and wise old men who are like a mine of wisdom. Where there are them, the prosperity of the country will be more.
But life is not as Mirjakyp thought. Dancing is a bribe, old people are looking after. There is no unity, there is division. The poet regrets this.
- he calls his native people to think. He explains the situation of unjust times like a sheep fed to a wolf. The country's ruler says that it is necessary to live by one's own strength, not to trust oppressors.
Mirjakyp exposes the shortcomings in the country and shows the people a way to get rid of them. In a number of his poems, such as "Shakirt", "Nasikhat ghumumiya", he puts the benefit of art and knowledge in the second place. He even thinks that morality itself begins with education and study.
## "Unfortunate Jamal" novel \< M. Dulatuly's novel "Bakytsiz Zhamal" was published in 1910. This novel was not only a great success in the career of the writer, but also a significant work of art in Kazakh literature. According to some researchers, "Bakytsiz Jamal" was the first novel written in the style of artistic prose in Kazakh literature. Mirjakyp later wrote T. through this work. Jomartbayev's "Kyz korelik", S. Kobeev's "Kalyny Mal", S. Toraygyrov's "Kamar Sulu", etc. opened the way for his novels. All of them were devoted to the next most important social issue. It was written about the life of the Kazakh village. He told about the will of women and their position in society.
The story of the novel "Unfortunate Jamal" is based on this problem, the fate of a Kazakh girl who is under the pressure of old customs. The tragic path of a girl who dreams of living a happy life with her lover.
## Study of Abai's work
Dulatuly's first short article about Abay was published in the Tatar newspaper "Vakyt" in 1908. The poet's way of thinking, level of education, place of birth, origin, general assessment of his literary heritage were given, and his harmony with Russian literature, especially Mikhail Lermontov, was noted. The article "Abay" published in "Kazakh" newspaper in 1914 was dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the poet's death. Here, the place of literature and its prominent representatives in the history of the people is especially appreciated. Ignorance of Abai's value, neglecting it is called a great weakness of the nation, and literature is said to be the soul of the country. Abai's life path will be briefly described, the history of the origin of his first book, the participation of Ahmet Baitursynuly, Alikhan Bukeikhan and the poet's children and younger brothers, and the literary party held by Nazipa Kulzhanova in Semipalatinsk. The most fruitful idea:
makes a comparison. He insists that museums should be built in order to publish and promote Abay's works, to remember his name forever.
Dulatuly, who looked at Abay's honorable place in the history of the Kazakh people in continuity with the literature of other countries, correctly found and correctly assessed it, was able to see with special holiness that the fame and glory of the great poet would grow in the future and be blessed by the new generation. It is known that the researchers fell into a lot of leftism and many mistakes when they came to a crude sociological, class, atheistic view and worldview. And Kakitay Iskakov, Akhmet Baitursynuly, Alikhan Bukeikhan, Mirzhakip Dulatuly Abai were able to create valuable links that will never lose their essence with national, folk, aesthetic pure taste. The citizens of Alash deeply felt the melody, thoughts, and ideas of Abai's works and were able to promote them with great enthusiasm. Mirzhakip Dulatuly, a writer who drew his pen equally in all genres of literature, a figure involved in public and social affairs, the lofty goal of his life's goal, the indispensable iron stake - not one-day glory, transitory wealth, unspeakable rank, but the freedom of his native people, self-rule, freedom from colonial oppression, he Even during the painful days of persecution and suffering in prisons, he did not deviate from the path until his last breath. These are the noble qualities that make the present and future generations of the Kazakh people like Mirzhakip Dulatuly, who fought like a lion for the future, as a brother.
## Films about Mirzhakip Dulatuly
* 1993 — "The Return of Mirzhakip", director: K. Umarov
Genre: documentary film. Production: "Kazakhtelefilm"
* 1994 - "A word about Alash", director: K. Umarov
Genre: documentary film. Production: "Kazakhtelefilm"
* 2009 - "Alashorda", director: K. Umarov
Genre: documentary film. Production: "Kazakhfilm" named after Shaken Aymanov
* 2022 - "Mirzhakyp. Wake up, Kazakh!" TV series, director: Zhardem Daulbaev, producer-director: Murat Yeszhan. The film covers 1909-1935 years of Alash's life. The TV series consists of 6 parts.
* 2023 - "Mirjakyp. Wake up, Kazakh!" movie. The film covers 1909-1935 years of Alash's life.
## Sources
## External links
* Mirzhakip Dulatuly on the website "Literature Portal"
* The motto of the Alashorda army: "Let's go, loyal sons of the Motherland !"
* The idea of "Wake up, Kazakh" is a real Kazakh national idea!
* Eternity is MIRAJAKIP!
* Gulnar Mirzhakypovna: "I know for sure that I cried and cried"
* "I barely saved my name"
* Mirzhakip stamp |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6140 | Republic of Ireland | Ireland (Irish. Éire; English. Ireland), the official name is the Republic of Ireland (Irish. Poblacht na hÉireann; English. Republic of Ireland) is a Western European country that occupies most of the island of Ireland. The area is 70.2 thousand km². The name of the country is Irish. Derived from Éire. The capital is Dublin.
## Name
In 1937, according to the constitution, the name of the state was approved as "Éire, or, in English, Ireland". In 1949, Dublin changed the name of the country to "Republic of Ireland" with the intention of extending its power to the whole island.
## Geography
For geographical information, see the articles Island of Ireland and Geography of Ireland.
## Political structure
Ireland is a republic.
The current constitution was adopted in a plebiscite on July 1, 1937. It entered into force on December 29, 1937.
President of Ireland (irl. Uachtarán) is elected once every 7 years by popular referendum. The president has the power to summon and dissolve the lower house of parliament at the request of the government, promulgates laws, appoints judges and other high officials, and holds the office of commander-in-chief.
In fact, the head of government - the Prime Minister (Taoiseach) - is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the House of Representatives.
The supreme legislative body is the parliament (Irish. Tithe An Oireachtais). It consists of 2 chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The House of Representatives has 160 to 170 members. They are elected directly by the people by secret ballot.
The Senate consists of 60 members, 11 of them are appointed by the Prime Minister, 6 are elected by the National and Dublin Universities, 43 are indirectly elected by a special list (list candidates are included on the recommendation of various institutions and groups). The Electoral College of the Senate consists of 900 people, including members of the House of Representatives, and members of the Council of Municipalities and Counties. The working term of chambers is 7 years.
## Administrative structure
* Province of Leinster (Leinster/Cúige Laighean): Carlow (Carlow/Contae Cheatharlaigh) Dublin (Dublin/Contae átha Cliath) Kildare (Kildare/Contae Chill Kilkenny (Kilkenny/Contae Chill Chainnigh) Liish (Laois/Contae Laoise) Longford (Longford/An Longphort) Louth (Louth/Contae Lú) Meath (Meath/Contae na Mí) Offaly (Offaly/Contae Uíbh Fhailí) Westmeath (Westmeath) /Contae na hIarmhí) Wexford (Wexford/Contae Loch Garman) Wicklow (Wicklow/Contae Chill Mhantáin)
* Carlow (Carlow/Contae Cheatharlaigh)
* Dublin (Dublin/Contae átha Cliath)
* Kildare ( Kildare/Contae Chill Dara)
* Kilkenny (Kilkenny/Contae Chill Chainnigh)
* Liish (Laois/Contae Laoise)
* Longford (Longford/An Longphort)
* Louth (Louth/Contae Lú )
* Meath (Meath/Contae na Mí)
* Offaly (Contae Uíbh Fhailí)
* Westmeath (Contae na hIarmhí)
Уэксфорд (Wexford/County Wexford)
* Уиклоу (Wicklow/County Wicklow)
* Манстер провінциасы (Munster/Munster):Клейр (Clare/County Clare)Корк (Cork/County Cork)Кэрри (Kerry/County Kerry) Лимерик (Limerick/County Limerick) Типперэри (Tipperary/County Tipperary) Уотерфорд (Waterford/County Waterford).
* Клейр (Clare/County Clare)
* Корк (Cork/County Cork)
* Кэрри (Kerry/County Kerry)
* Лимерик (Limerick/County Limerick)
* Типперэри (Tipperary/County Tipperary)
* Уотерфорд (Waterford/County Waterford).
* Коннахт провеница (Connaught/Province of Connaught): Голуэй (Galway/County Galway) Литрим (Leitrim/County Leitrim) Майо (Mayo/County Mayo) Роскоммон (Roscommon/County Roscommon) Слайго (Sligo/County Sligo) ).
* Голуэй (Galway/County Galway)
* Литрим (Leitrim/County Leitrim)
* Майо (Mayo/County Mayo)
* Роскоммон (Roscommon/County Roscommon)
* Слайго (Sligo/County Sligo).
* Олстер провінциасы (Ulster/Ulster): Каван (Cavan/County Cavan) Донегол (Donegal/County Donegal) Монахан (Monaghan/County Monaghan).
* Каван (Cavan/County Cavan)
* Донегол (Donegal/County Donegal)
* Монахан (Monaghan/County Monaghan).
Типперэри графтыги 2 sub-subъект бедугералади боли: Типперэри Суртный Ридинг вах Типперэри Сутный Ридинг.
## Economy
## Дереккоздер |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7344 | Lame donkey | Lame kulan is a folk tune that originated in the 13th century.
## History
Once upon a time, there was a harsh Joshi Khan who ruled the country. As a child, he had an only son. One day, before his son went hunting, his father had a bad dream and wanted to stop his son. The son ignores his father's words and goes on a long journey with his servants. After some time, he sees a group of donkeys grazing in the plain. The boy chases the fall and does not notice that it has gone far. The arrow shot by the Khan's son hits the leg of the donkey. Kulan Khan goes against his son and kicks him to death. Some time passes. Khan's servants do not know how to inform the father of the death of the child. Khan says, "If anyone wants to hear bad news about my son, I will pour lead down that person's throat." In that country, a great musician would come to the palace and play music in front of the Khan. Khan imagines how his son died. Kuishi said everything in Kuy language. Then the khan ordered: "My son is dead, pour molten lead down this man's throat." "The Danish Lord!" - says the coachman. - "Perhaps it's my drum that brought bad news" The exhausted khan pours lead into the body of the drum that sounded the death of his son
In the legends, it is related to this event that a famous coachman Ketbuga, who lived in the 13th century, created the tune "Aksak Kulan". |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7166 | A yurt | The yurt is the main shelter of the peoples of Central and Central Asia. The nomadic dwelling of the peoples of Central and Central Asia.
It is a house of nomads that is convenient for moving quickly.
Yurt of nomads is the first architectural construction in our history. The interior of the yurt is warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, both shepherds and tourists use it. A yurt is also handy in an earthquake because it doesn't break easily. Kazakhstan was taking yurts instead of tents to the countries affected by the earthquake.
A yurt is a composite house suitable for moving from one settlement to another in spring, summer, and autumn.
One of them is called the wide-eyed mullet. It is easy to grow, but it is not fashionable, and because of its light bones, it is resistant to wind.
The second type of rafter with a narrow eye is called "torkoz", although it is heavier, it is very resistant to the wind. The rafter is made of separate wings that can be folded. It is taken out. The head of the bed is tied crosswise to the branch of a round spread beam, and the end (pen) is pricked into the eyes of the house.
The roof and window of the dome of the house. From the outside of the log, wool of various colors is wrapped, and a woven shimshi or a bare shi is held. The house felts are covered with the walls, the top and the roof.
These yurts are connected by straps. The door of the yurt is one and a half meters high and 0.8 meters wide. It is equipped with a split door called "skrillauik" made of wood. From the outside of the creaking door, a door made of rolled shea and covered with carved felt is lowered. There is a cooking stove in the middle of the house. On the right side of the house is a bed, and a curtain is drawn around the bed.
A thin sheet is placed around the house, and on top of it, blankets, blankets, pillows, etc., are collected. A Kazakh yurt, born from centuries-old experience of nomadic life, is convenient for protection from the heat of the day and the humidity of the night, rain and wind, storms, airy and bright, and suitable for migration, it can be folded in half an hour, and can be taken out of the car and sewn up within an hour.
## History
Yurts Late Bronze Age c. h. b. XII-IX appeared and, according to some historians, had a closer resemblance to Andronian parking houses. However, Andron houses were log cabins. Therefore, this version cannot be attributed to the truth. The yurt dates back to the later era. h. b. It may have appeared in the 8th-5th centuries. Yurts have been known since the Hun era. Some of the ancient nomads' mobile shelters have been preserved in rock paintings.
## Etymology and synonymy
The word "jurt" ("yurt" - in Russian) in the common Turkic language primarily means "people" and also means "pasture, pasture". In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages, the word "Ata-Zhurt" means "atameken" - a synonym for "Motherland", literally: "Father's house".
* Ger (transliteration: ger) - Mongolian simply means "house".
* Tirmä (transliteration: tirmä) is the Bashkir term for "yurt".
* Boz üy (transliteration: boz üy) – in the Kyrgyz term, it means "grey, gray house" depending on the color of the felt.
* Ak öý and gara öý - literally means "white house" and "black house" in Turkmen language according to the splendor of fashion.
* "Kherga"/"Jirga" - called by Africans.
* Kheymah (خيمه) (from Urdu (and Persian): خيمه) - for the people of Pakistan, it means "tent" or "yurt".
* Чадра (чадр) – in Persian
* Хона-я siyoh , khaima (yurt, хона хар, khaima). -In Tajik
## Types of yurts
yurts are divided into Kazakh and Kalmyk. Kazakh houses were round and full-domed. And the roofs of Kalmyk houses want to be covered.
* Horde is a house where solemn, high-ranking people gather to solve national problems or where highly respected khans, princes, and sultans sit. There are several types of this.
* The Golden Horde is a Hamajilis Horde consisting of 30 wings (beams).
* Altyn Uzik is a house consisting of 24 wings where the high-ranking Khan family lives.
* Ak Shankan is a house consisting of 18 wings.
* The White Horde is a house consisting of 12 wings.
* The spotted horde is a rich and wealthy house with 8 wings.
* The White House is a rich house with 6 wings.
* Gray house, brown house - 4-5 winged house of ootash.
* November house is a poor house.
* Otau is a house of newlyweds.
* Road house, abalysha, jappa - small or half-built houses for temporary accommodation.
* Kurek, koz - houses where villagers store food, herdsmen live in the fields, or houses of the poor.
* Aktakhir is a small yurt with 2 wings and 2 partitions.
* A black-and-white house is an old house with worn-out felt.
* Urynkai is a yurt made of sydam trees butted together.
## House structure
### Yurt skeleton
Yurt skeleton or yurt skeleton is a craft that is passed down from father to son. households prepare. Although the ancient name was the word "skeleton", we also used the name "yurt bone" due to the fact that the last name is more commonly used in modern oral and literary language.
The skeleton of a yurt is made of specially prepared wooden poles and branches. They must be made to withstand the wind, the weight of the covering felt, and especially the sudden field whirlwind.
The circular shape of the yurt, the connection of all its parts to each other in a rotating, movable (hinged) way makes the yurt resistant to wind gusts, earthquakes, and such properties of the yurt in case of accidental tornado or strong storm collapse. allows to rebuild houses with a small cost.
Life experience shows that the most damaged part of a fallen yurt is the yurts. The yurt house exposed to such a situation is limited to slightly extending and re-pinning the damaged yurts, and the house is restored.
* Togin is the round circle of the house.
* Shanyrak is the main part of the house.
* Laughter is a bent wooden part that holds up the night.
* Collateral (collateral tree) is a tree that holds the jokers together.
* Kalamdyk is a square hole in the house where the pen (head) of time enters.
* The pen is the tip of the pen in the pen of the house.
* Uyk is a curved tree that connects the center of the house and the rafters.
* The palm is the head that is attached to the head of the bed.
* Shoulder is the bent (bent) part of the shoulder.
* Raft – assembled rafter (house wall).
* The top of the rafter is the top of the rafter.
* The foot of the rafter is the side of the rafter resting on the ground.
* Eye - mesh eyes of the rafter (net eye, wind eye)
* Free eye - the non-blued areas of the rafter.
* Trees that make up the network.
* Erisi is the length of the trees.
* Saganak, balashik - the shortest of trees.
* Old man is the height of a man up to his shoulder.
* Iru is a carved line drawn on a log and a beam.
* Squirrel is a wooden door of a yurt.
* Mandaisha is a strong tree that supports two thresholds from above.
* Threshold is a piece of wood that connects the front and the threshold and is attached to the beam.
* Bakalak is a rotatable wooden stick that is attached to the front when the shutter is closed.
* Closed - the point where the edges are closed to each other.
* Huyu zazyk is a long tree with one end open, used to raise a house, to hold up a felt door.
### Shanyrak
Main article: Shanyrak The space in the cottage is the intersection of the Kazakh worldview. Here a person is born, gets married and goes on his last journey. That is, a person's life, except for his life on the plains, is spent here.
The yurt is a model of the universe. It connects the whole world and people. If we consider it as a spiritual culture, the yurt is not only a shelter, but also a holy place that connects with the other world and protects from malicious spirits. The clothes of a Kazakh house start from the house.
Shanaryak is sacred. Shanyrak is a symbol of the sun. No one speaks while the house is being raised. Because when a great work is being done, there should be silence. This is evidenced by the saying "Only a few will speak before the seven are pricked." The four pillars of the shanaryak represent the four directions. Think of sleep as the sun's rays.
In the early days, they used to tie the blown belly to the house. He believed that the meaning of it is that the pot will be poured.
There is a hearth under the shed. The hearth is the fire of man. God's fire is burning above the house, but man's fire is burning below.
Etymology
There is a word "shanbak" in the Kazakh language. That word is used only for things that are fixed at right angles to each other. Kauga's shanbag means a device made like a real house, which fastens the skin vessel that draws water from the well. If "shan" is the word root (additive sign), the conjunctions "rak" and "bak" turn one of them into a house and the other into a house. It seems that linguists can think about this problem.
### Door and door
Main article: Door (Kazakh house), door
The door of a yurt house usually faces east. This means that the sunlight should be the first to enter the house.
On the page opposite to the door - four. The other person is looking at the door. If he is having an affair, consider that he does not have a father. A person whose father is alive does not create a family. Sitting itself has such a symbolic meaning.
The other person will judge. White and black ribbons are laid on the bed. Meaning, color is the place of a person who can distinguish between black and white. Those who sit in circles and claim power have risen to state power.
This can be seen from the fact that the word "four" in the Orkhon-Yenisei inscription is used in the sense of the state.
In Kazakh, there is a saying: "Edil is the door, Zhayik is the doorman, Turkestan is our great country."
The so-called White Horde, Blue Horde, and Golden Horde in the Genghis era are like a copy of an expanded yurt.
Then a girl was sitting on the table. Because the girl is a guest. A saying left by the ancestors is "A girl is the owner of the house, a boy is the owner of the house."
Let your bed be wide, let your two thresholds be equal!
Main article: Kerege, Bosaga
Bosaga - two. Right threshold and left threshold.
To the left threshold, kebeje, saba, mes, kubi, etc. is placed. Scientists label the world that has arrived at the left threshold with the category of "good luck". Because kefir, irkit, kumyz, chubat, etc. are included in the above-mentioned dishes. is poured.
Therefore, the left threshold is a symbol of a woman. The same concept exists in many countries of the world. And the Kazakhs value the deep bowl as a symbol of a woman. "Ayak" in the proverb "See the feet and eat the food, see the mother and take the daughter" is included in the proverb because of this meaning.
The world that enters through that threshold does not come out, it goes into the bag. The Kazakh calls it "the one who got into the bag - it's the wife's".
And the right threshold is a symbol of a man. To the right, a saddle, harness, eagle, etc. is placed. During heavy rains, even young animals were brought into the right threshold. The right is an intermediate target. The bride is greeted on the right side. He lays the skin of an aksarbas on his feet saying "may he be beautiful". A girl who is born a virgin passes the intermediate stage and starts a family life. After marriage, he goes there with his bed.
The Kazakh lays the dead person on white felt and takes it out from the right side. Therefore, the right is like a bridge from one social level to another or from one world to another. So, "Let your bed be wide, let your two thresholds be equal!" In the last lines of the wish, there is a wish for your parents to be safe.
Cauldron-hearth
When raising the shanaryak, the hearth is placed in the place where the second end of the bakan touches, that is, right in the middle of the house.
After the hearth is located, the pot is hung. And after the pot is hung, something must be poured into it.
It is considered a bad superstition for the pot to remain empty. This is the beginning of the symbol that pours the meaning of Kut into the sarka - the pot. A wonderful example of it that has reached us is Taikazan in Turkestan. This is the reason why Kazakhs call October together with katyn-bala. No matter where he moves, the tradition of not leaving his pot continues to this day.
There are legends that denigrate Kazan as a symbol of peace. One of them begins with the words: "The tip of the spear of a thousand warring heroes was melted and cast into a cauldron." If so, the pot is recognized as a symbol of prosperity and unity.
Bakan, adalbakan
Main article: Bakan, adalbakan
Bakan is also a symbol of a man. Bakan is not held by a woman. Bakan is what keeps the world alive. And the role of honest people is even higher. A married couple who go to the left side of the bed, as they grow up, one foot is closer to the four, and two feet are closer to the adalbakan.
Adalbakan is a symbol of the world tree. The world tree, world sage is a wonderful tree mentioned in Ertostik fairy tale, where the samruk bird alights, and connects the next world with the next world. A person who approaches honesty is a person who approaches honesty. There are also people of this age who complain that "I'm too old to see" when their health deteriorates and their spirits are depressed.
Do not step on the threshold!
According to the ancient understanding, the world consists of three stages. Heaven is the abode of spirits. People there tie their belts on their heads, those on earth tie them on their waists, and those below tie them on their feet. Threshold has the meaning of connecting with the world below.
For example, in the past, prematurely born and dead calves were buried under the threshold. He also had a miscarriage. "Don't step on the threshold!" The reason for the ban is related to this.
An unfired gun and an unholstered trap were placed under the threshold for hunting, and a woman who kept herself clean used to pass it on to a man. The reason is that the evil spirits between the next world and the next world have tied guns and traps.
### Home felts
* Felts are parts made of felt.
* Night is a square felt that is covered over the roof.
* Tuyrlyk is a felt that covers the length of the floor in a horde, and the length of a house in a small house.
Dodege (broken house) - a decorative felt carved from felt on the top of the rafters outside the house.
* Kere bag - felt covered so that the cheesy carpet does not rub off, and water does not touch the blue.
* Felt door - closes the door of the house from the outside
* Uzik - closes over the windows
### Cords, baskur and ropes (strings) of the yurt house
Felt straps are used to connect the bones of the house.
* Bandage - thinly create a pattern that binds the ends (threads) of two beams together. Bandage is a string used to tie the beams together when building a house.
* Head rope is a rope that wraps the head of the beam from the outside.
* A turban is a rope that is used to tie a turban so that it does not fall out.
* Zelbau is a patterned, loosely fringed fabric, tied to the roof in three places and hung from the rafters, it gives the yurt a decorative furniture character. Its main task is to cover the roof with stuffing during a storm.
* Zhelbeu - fringed cords tied to the house for decoration. A weight is tied to the house so that it does not shake on a windy day.
* Bashkur is a patterned flat kur, which is used to decorate the interior of the yurt, and to cover the joint of the yurt and the rafters from the outside so that the rafters do not rub against each other. Bashkur is a flat carved tool that is driven (pulled) around the house to pierce the rafter head.
* Uzik strap is a flat string that is tied to the rafter by pulling it crosswise from two or three places on both sides of the uzik.
* A belt is a hair rope that is tied on the outside so that the rope lies tightly on the rafter and does not get blown away by the wind.
* A belt is a rope that is pulled from two places outside the house so that the roof does not rise in the wind.
* The yurt's shingles - the shingles that are wrapped around between the rafters and the yurt protect the yurt from the heat of the yurt and enhance the exterior shape of the yurt. Shim woven by dyeing sheep's wool and wrapping it with decorations is called shim shi. Shea is sometimes placed on the left threshold where food is placed. Shea is a plant that makes a part of a yurt, a household item.
* Door strap - felt door strap.
* Tastama is a strap that ties the felt door to the front through the roof from above.
* Wind rope is a rope that pulls the house on stormy days.
* Aqabau is a bunch of different threads tied to a yuka for decoration
* Balakbau - strings that tie the yuka loose on the street.
* A night strap is a strap that ties a night suit to a belt.
* Uyk bau is a thread that ties the uyk to the beam.
* Rope - cords or cords - cord, rope.
## The main rooms of the yurt
* Dormitory - this is where luggage is stored and guests are accommodated. It is considered to be the highest and most expensive place in the house. Young brides do not visit this place.
* The left side (the right side when entering) is where the owner of the house sits and lies. There are food and dishes on the threshold. It is covered with rubber.
Children are located on the right (left when entering). Saddles and clothes are hung on the threshold.
* The fireplace is considered a sacred place. A fire is lit here, a cauldron is hung.
## Works performed during the preparation of yurt felts:
* Sheep shearing
* Wool cleaning
* Wool beating
* Felt pressing
* Felt baking \ <> * Felting
* Felting
* Wool blowing
* Threading
* Making a cord
* Felting
* Pressing
* Sewing \ <>
## Rules for sitting in a yurt
* Do not lean and lean.
* Do not lean.
* Leaning on the side and resting the forehead is also prohibited.
* Do not sit with your hands on your head or your back.
* Do not hug your knees or cross your arms and pull your knees. "Do not hug your knees, do not tighten them."
* Don't be nervous looking at people.
* Young people should not lie down in the yurt.
* Do not drink lying down.
* You can't sit with your legs stretched out - lying down.
* It is not allowed to sit inside the yurt.
* It is forbidden to enter the yurt by chewing or eating something.
* It is considered inappropriate to enter the yurt with a whip in hand.
* In Kazakh, the correct sitting of a man is done by "creating a pair".
* A woman with a husband, a virgin, sits facing the hearth, pressing her right leg under her, and bending the knee of her left leg.
* A person named Salt should come to the yurt from the back.
## Yurt house furniture
* Abaja is a large type of chest (kebeje) made for storing food.
* Abdyra is a big chest in which clothes and various items are stored.
* A wooden bed is home furniture used for sleeping.
* Adalbakan - clothes, etc. furniture for hanging household goods.
* Asadal is home furniture for storing food and dishes.
* Baguri - a small hand chest (for tea equipment).
* Jaghilan is a chest made of leather.
* Jozy is a low table for eating while sitting on the floor.
* A leg is a four-legged product that is placed under a load.
* Kebeje is a large wooden chest for storing food.
* A chest is a piece of furniture made of wood or metal, intended for the construction of various products.
## Curses related to the yurt house
* "May your shack be broken, may it be stuck to your tent, may your smile be sharply broken... This was recorded by Radlov.
* "Don't let your blue grass be trampled, don't let your ashes be scattered." Although it seems like a simple word at first glance, the weight of this curse is very heavy. This means that your house will be surrounded by lush grass, no one will be left in your house to trample it, and your children and branches will be destroyed. (In the past, children were also called "Kulshashar"). This curse was recorded by Akedil Toyshanuly from Mongolian Kazakhs.
## Park of the Kazakh yurt and the Mongolian yurt
* The construction of nest trees is not the same.
Forming and closing of outer coverings (breaks, ridges) is not similar.
* The external shape is not similar.
* The noise, the patterns, the interior furnishings will not make you sleepy. Therefore, from the appearance of a yurt, it is possible to clearly distinguish between a Kazakh yurt and a Mongolian yurt.
## Sources
## External link
* Yurt wear Archived September 27, 2007.
* An iron house is not a yurt Archived from the original on March 13, 2016.
## See more
* Yurt spherical panorama Archived March 16, 2015.
* Yurt furniture and products
* Kazakh yurt Archived October 30, 2014.
* Wonderful work - Kiiz Uy (KZ)
* Traditions of the Kazakh people. A yurt.
* Yurt. Chinese Kazakhs.
* The tradition of building a yurt (Part 1). Asyl channel
* The tradition of building a yurt (part 2). Noble channel
* Yurt with a history of more than 2nd century
* Size of the yurt. "Microsoft Excel"
* Online yurt in 3D size |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5093 | Shokan Chingisuly Ualikhanov | Shokan Chingisuly Ualikhanov (real name Muhammed Kanafia; 1835, Kostanay region, Sarykol district, Kusmuryn region - April 10, 1865, Kushentogan, Zhetysu) is a great Kazakh scientist, one of the first representatives of the democratic, enlightened culture born in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century, orientalist, historian , folklorist, ethnographer, geographer, educator. He was called "Shokan" because his grandmother affectionately called him "Shokanym" in his childhood.
## Biography
Shokan was born in November 1835 at the Kusmuryn station in the Kusmuryn area of the Auliekol district of the present Kostanay region in the family of the famous senior Sultan Chingis Ualikhanov. His father, Chingiz Valikhanuly, was the senior sultan of Amankaragai duan (the center is Karaoba) at that time. After the district center was transferred to the Kusmuryn castle in 1844, the duan name was changed to Kusmuryn. Shokan's own grandfather, Wali, was the khan of Orta Yuz. His great-grandfather was Abylai, Great Khan of the Kazakh Horde, and Shokan was his great-grandson. Shokan's childhood was spent in the Kuntimes Horde near Obagan in the winter, and in the ancestral pasture in the Akanburlyk basin, the right tributary of the Esil, in the summer. Having spent his youth in the Khan Horde in Syrymbet, where his grandmother Ayganym lived, being of the khan family "who should know the languages of seven people", Shokan learned letters at the village school opened by his father in the Kuntimes Horde, learned the medieval Kypchak-Chagatai language, Persian and Arabic in that school. apparently, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. From a young age, he grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian, and Chagatai languages even while studying in a rural elementary school. According to the memories of Shokan's close relatives, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. He grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets with great interest. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages while studying in a rural elementary school.
Shokan's ancestors belong to the family of famous sultans. His great-grandfather Abylay Khan was one of the great Kazakh rulers of the 17th century. His grandfather Wali Khan was the last Kazakh khan officially approved by the royal government. Shokan's father - Chingiz Ualikhanov was an educated man. In 1834, he graduated from the Cossack military school of Siberia in Omsk, received the rank of colonel in the Russian army and held several responsible positions in the administrative apparatus of Kazakhstan: he was the senior sultan of the Kusmuryn district, the adviser of the regional administration of the Siberian Kyrgyz, the senior sultan of the Kokshetau district. For his meritorious service to Russia, he was awarded the title of nobleman as a lifetime legacy. Shokan's maternal uncles were the famous Shormanov family from Bayanaul region. Shormanov Musa was a colonel of the Russian army, a well-known Kazakh dancer, senior sultan of the Bayanaul outer district.
### Cadet Corps
In 1847, 12-year-old Shokan was placed by his father to study at the Siberian Cadet Corps, which was considered the most selective educational institution at that time. This educational institution was of special importance in opening Shokan's future and his talent in the field of science and art. Although it is a closed military educational institution, in addition to military lessons, Russian and Western literature, geography and history, philosophy, physics, the basics of mathematics, foreign languages are taught here, taught by representatives of advanced Russian intellectuals. The teachers included many educated and progressive people.
When Shokan first entered the cadet corps, although he did not know Russian, he quickly learned the language with his intelligence. G.N., who studied with Shokan in the corps. Potanin: "Overtaking his Russian comrades, Shokan matured quickly... Many people paid attention to him. "He was so capable and knew how to draw before entering the school." Kostyletsky, a teacher of Russian language and literature, orientalist, and Gonsevsky, a history teacher, had a strong influence on him. Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Herzen, Belinsky, etc. He was one of the most intelligent citizens of his time, who read Russian classics and works of Dickens, Thackeray, Rousseau from Western literature, and "Sovremennik" magazine without stopping.
Already in the last years of studying in the Siberian cadet corps, Shokan showed that he is intelligent, deep-thinking, comprehensively educated, has his own point of view, can judge and understand the needs of his native people, and is ready to serve them in the most useful way. Thanks to his high ability and talent, under the good influence of teachers such as Kosopletsky, Toneevsky (Russian literature and language, history), he was able to read and familiarize himself with the best examples of Russian and world literature, and make scientific judgments and conclusions. His research ability was gradually formed and developed while studying in this corps. It is interesting to write down folk songs and epics of the country and collect legends, especially during summer holidays. For example, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" was one of the first works written by Shokan. I.I. Berezin, an outstanding Oriental researcher, professor of St. Petersburg University, paid attention to these studies and wrote down the versions of the samples of Kazakh oral literature, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" collected by Shokan. The scientist, who noticed Shokan's research ability, engaged him in the study of old writing monuments. From his first scientific works, it was clear that he would be a great scientist and researcher. His teachers and peers were particularly interested in his acquaintance with the advanced ideas of that time. "Even though he was younger than us, compared to us, he was very shy, and we were like children compared to him, even if he didn't try to express that he knew more than us or that he was superior to us in terms of knowledge, even in a simple conversation, his knowledge was superior to ours. In general, to his comrades, including me, he inevitably "opened a window to Europe" - writes G. I. Potanin. This alone shows that Shokan's reputation among his comrades is very high.
Vigilant and attentive to Shokan, the art of drawing even at that time; is an excellent means of depicting people's life. He is engaged in drawing pictures of summer meadows and settlements of his native Syrymbet. Shokan calls the pictures he made in 1847-1852 "pictures he drew when he went on vacation from the corps to the country". G. N. Potanin: "When we were studying in the last courses of the cadet corps, Shokan filled my notebook with his stories. We wrote down the Kazakh tradition of building falcons and building huts. Shokan knew very well how to take care of a falcon. He would add his pictures to my post," he wrote. This alone proves that Shokan's art is versatile, that his fellow students were interested in him and treated him with special respect. Even when Shokan was studying in the cadet corps, he looked at and got acquainted with works written about the life and work of travelers with great interest. Influenced by these works, he dreamed of becoming a traveler and getting to know Central Asia. Therefore, the works written about the life of travelers became a starting point and showed the way for the future traveler.
## Service path
Shokan, who graduated from the cadet corps in 1853 at the age of seventeen, was left to work in the office of the Governor General of Western Siberia. A year later, he was appointed adjutant to General Governor Gasforth, who was in charge of Western Siberia and the north-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. While performing this activity, he is actively involved in the study of the history, ethnography and geography of the peoples of Central Asia. In 1854, at the request of Kostyletsky, his teacher in the cadet corps, he fulfilled the tasks of N.I. Berezin, an outstanding orientalist, professor of Kazan University. Berezin was familiar with the version of Kazakh oral literature collected by Shokan, the song "Kozy Korpesh Bayan sulu". The young scientist carefully analyzes the works on the decree of Tokhtamys Khan and other khan decrees, published by the famous professor Berezin. This was one of his first scientific studies. Despite his youth, his knowledge, especially the knowledge of Eastern literature and history, was high even among Russian scientists of that time. begins to appreciate and recognize. Just as the world of plants requires favorable conditions for its unhindered development, the scientist distinguishes between nature and society. If the development of nature is based on physical characteristics, in society they are different, that is, social characteristics In 1855, Orynbor, together with the governor-general of Western Siberia, came back to Almaty through Semey, Ayagoz, and back. collects samples of Kyrgyz oral literature, materials of history and ethnography. On the basis of these materials, he later writes the works "Tangiri (god)", "Remains of shamanism in Kazakhs". After that trip, his military position was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
In 1856, Colonel M.M. He participated in the Issykkol military-scientific expedition led by Khomentovsky and thoroughly explored the Kyrgyz country. He collects information about the history and ethnography of the Kyrgyz and Great Hundred Kazakhs, writes down versions of oral literature. For the first time among the scientists of the world, the poem "The Tale of Koketai Khan", the most important part of the "Manas" epic, is recorded. "Manas is a product of folk wisdom, an encyclopedic collection of all folk tales, stories and legends, geography, religion, customs and traditions - Iliad of the field." K. Ritter, A. Humboldt, orientalist Scientists criticize the works of Schott and Klaprot. After that, he visited the city of Kulja and wrote researches about the past and present of East Turkestan. about the types of poetry", "The Diary of the Issykkol", "The Western Region and the City of Kulja". Shokan describes the country's life with skill. This is why his Russian friends called him "a Russian writer on the subject of history". , whose fame in the field of geography has reached St. Petersburg scientists, elects Shokan, who is just over twenty years old, as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society.
A young scientist with excellent education actively participated in various scientific expeditions. He dreamed about this when he was studying in Omsk. Russian researchers were also very interested in Shokan, who knew well the Kazakh steppe and the territory of neighboring countries, the history and conditions of the peoples there, and needed his help. In 1855, Shokan was appointed by the Governor-General of Western Siberia G.H. Participates in Gasfort's trip to Central Kazakhstan, Tarbagatai and Zhetysu region. During this trip, he got acquainted with the life of ordinary people and wrote down historical legends and poems of the Kyrgyz people.
Sh. Ualikhanov in 1856, a prominent scientist, well-known geographer P.S. He got acquainted with Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. He sincerely admired the talent of the young Kazakh scientist. In 1857, P.S. With the recommendation of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Sh. Ualikhanov was accepted as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. His visit to East Kazakhstan and Zhetysu, Kyrgyzstan increased Shokan's fame as a scientist. In 1857, Shokan traveled to Alatau Kyrgyz and studied its history, ethnography and folk poetry. He recorded the encyclopedic epic of the Kyrgyz people "Manas".
In 1858-1859, Shokan went on the famous trip to Kashgaria. Before Shokan, not a single researcher had the chance to return to that region. German scientist R. Schlagingweit's journey to a region completely closed to Europeans ended tragically, and he was brutally executed. Shokan risked his life in a very difficult secret situation and collected very valuable data about the history, ethnography, culture and geology, geographical situation of the Kashgaria region, which was completely unknown before. Based on this, he wrote the famous work "On the condition of six eastern cities of Altyshar or Nan-JIy province (Little Bukhara) of China". The work was highly appreciated by orientalists both in Russia and abroad.
The royal government highly appreciated the scientific feat of the young scientist. In 1860, in St. Petersburg, he was awarded an order and was promoted to a military rank. It was accepted by the Russian Tsar Alexander II. During this meeting, Shokan boldly conveyed his request to the king that the Russian officials should treat the Kazakh people well.
During his stay in St. Petersburg (1859-1861), Shokan Ualikhanov worked in various military and scientific institutions. It has become a real god of worship for Russian orientalists and diplomats, writers and poets. Shokan worked tirelessly to create maps of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and East Turkestan. He also continued to carefully study the manuscripts of Eastern countries. He was invited by the Russian Geographical Society to give lectures on the history of the East.
However, the wet weather of Petersburg did not suit his health. Due to the deterioration of his health, he had to return to his homeland. He went to Ombi and took part in measures to reorganize local management in the field. His main thoughts are presented in "On Muslimism in Kyrgyzstan", "On Migration of Kyrgyz", "Notes on Judicial Reform". In 1864, Shokan took part in the military expedition of General Chernyaev to South Kazakhstan. But his military service did not last long, due to the general's excessive cruelty to the local population, he voluntarily left the army.
### The saga of Manas
### Visit to Kashgaria
Shokan's visit to Kashgaria in 1858-1859 was a way for his work in the field of science and education to rise to a new level. opened. At that time, Kashgaria was an unexplored territory of Russia. Shokan, who secretly visited Kashgaria as a merchant, studied the economic and political structure of the region and collected a lot of materials from its history and ethnography. From his trip to Kashkaria, the work entitled "Altyshahar, i.e., six cities in the east of the Nanlu region of China" was born. This was the first research work in the world, dedicated to the history and social structure of the peoples of East Turkestan, written at the high level of the science of that time.
After his visit to Kashgaria, he arrived in St. Petersburg at the special invitation of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and stayed there for about a year, engaged in scientific work. However, due to tuberculosis, he returned from Petersburg to the country, to Syrymbet. Seeing that his native people were oppressed in two-sided exploitation, he tried to become the senior sultan of Atbasar district in the elections of 1862. "I wanted to become an elder sultan to benefit my countrymen. I wanted to protect them from officials and rich Kazakhs. The first thing I wanted to do was to show my compatriots, through my own example, that the older Sultan I read was useful," he wrote about this to his friend Dostoevsky. But he cannot fulfill this goal. Although Shokan won with more votes than his opponent, the governor-general, fearing that his influence and reputation among the people would be great, did not confirm him to the senior sultanate under the false pretext that he "relinquished his position due to his campaign".
In March 1864, Shokan joins the Aulieta campaign at the invitation of Colonel Chernyaev. He took part in this campaign aimed at subjugating South Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the Russian Empire to Russia, a translator, he participated in making peace agreements with the local people, he was upset and later returned when he saw the cruelty of Colonel Chernyaev to the people of the city during the capture of Aulieta (now Taraz). Then he came to the city of Verny (now Almaty) and then settled in the village of Tezek (former Taldykorgan region, Kurenbel meadow in summer, Altynemel pass in winter). Then he marries Tezek's cousin Aysary. Meanwhile, the old lung disease flared up again, and Shokan died in April 1865. His remains are buried in Kushentogan, on the slopes of Altynemel Mountain.
### Field of local studies
He traveled to the Ulytau-Zhezkazgan region and described architectural monuments such as Alasha Khan's mausoleum, Zhuban Ana mausoleum, Aqaqamyr dome. Er Edige, Koylybai baksy, Baigozy, Zhaulybai and Orazymbet (Orazai) left valuable historical data about heroes.
### Shokan and Dostoevsky
### Shokan and Abai
In the worldview and creative direction of Shokan and Abai, great Kazakh intellectuals, history and understanding and analysis of contemporary issues, especially in the attempt to learn and develop cultural heritage, to create it for the spiritual needs of the country, there is a lot of harmony. This is the wealth of stories, sagas, legends, epics, and ghazals in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages, which spread from the Far East countries, from the rich examples of Abay and Shokan's oral literature from a young age, from receiving an indelible education, from listening to the witty words of some orators and poets. It can be seen from the fact that he studied independently and enriched his knowledge, as well as from his deep familiarity with Russian and European books, including their folklore versions. While Shokan considered folk literature to be the most valuable monuments of historical knowledge, Abai considered literary wealth to be a means of teaching and educating the people to perfect humane ways, showing virtues as morals, and exposing evil and ignorance. Aiming at this goal, Abai used in his works a number of proverbs, proverbs, regular expressions that were formed in oral literature. Abai's use of traditional yukas and syllabic measures in folk songs, folklore genres such as dedication, mourning, lamentation, and consolation shows this. Based on fables from Eastern folklore, he created great works such as "Iskender", "Masgut", "Azim's story" also proves that the poet has mastered the spiritual treasures of the peoples of the world.
Shokan and Abai's thoughts about Kazakh history were born from the need to digest the experience of the past and find a way for a reliable future of the people. Like Shokan, Abay was well acquainted with the historical chronicles of the East and the West, although one of them evaluated historical phenomena as a scientist and the other as an artist, he was interested in the ideals of spreading the lessons of the past, ridding the people of the fog of darkness that had been suffocating for centuries, and putting them on the path of civilization. thoughts are very consistent. If Shokan in his historical-ethnographic and folklore works showed that the way to beautify the Kazakh people is to improve the educational system, this animal became the actual fruit of Abai's works. When talking about the genetic, cultural unity and historical destiny of the Turkish people, great thinkers speak the same voice. All this can be considered as phenomena caused by the succession of historical and social needs and rewards of the era in which Shokan and Abai lived.
The heritage left by the figures who shined on the horizon of the society during the time when the Kazakh people lost their independence and became subordinate to Russia, is among the world's most advanced monuments of the 19th century in terms of the breadth of the topic, the depth of analysis, and the height of their thoughts
\< > ## Shokan Valikhanov's works
Russian scientists have done a great job in collecting and publishing Shokan's works. Academician Nikolay Ivanovich Veselovsky wrote in the preface to Shokan's works published by the Russian Geographical Society:
"When Shokan Valikhanov appeared like a comet in the world of Oriental studies, Russian Orientalists recognized him as a special phenomenon and had great significance for the fate of the Turkic people. He was expecting to discover great news. But Shokan's untimely death broke our hopes!" wrote.
But in his short life, he managed to prove the amazing possibilities of human ability, the height of humanism, the unwavering example of patriotism, the amazing character of scientific ability and bravery with all his being and concrete actions.
One of the legacies left by Shokan are works of fine art. They prove that Shokan was the first professional Kazakh artist in this field of art. The scientist was mainly engaged in depicting portraits, landscapes and people's lifestyle. About 150 pictures remain.
### The imprint he left in psychology
Shokan's works contain data of various nature related to psychological issues. Among these issues, the one that was discussed more than other issues was the issue of the national consciousness of our people, including its own psychological characteristics. It is known that in the works of chauvinist Russian scientists who studied the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan before the October revolution, the culture of our people with a history of tens of centuries was abused, and even our national psychology was smeared with soot, and it was called a second-class people. It is completely wrong to zealously defend the national honor of the native people and to consider the Kazakh people as "another people" in such a negative situation. This is a word uttered out of ignorance. , is a people with a rich spiritual world, striving for progress, and prone to innovation. It is not like an Eastern epic, but an Indo-Germanic epic," he concluded, and he compares the spiritual wealth of Kazakhs with the rich civilization of large countries. Shokan assessed the ability of Kazakh poets to sing well as one of their main features.
According to Shokan Ualikhanov, One of the signs of the people's psychology is the richness of the language, the art of speech, and he considered the art of speech to be a sign of the great talent and poetic power of the people, he wrote will also be more visible. Reverence for the past and abundance of legends is a special characteristic of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The Kazakh language does not have artificial coloring words like the Arabic language, it is a truly pure language. Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish intellectuals who visited our vast country also add to these opinions of the learned scientist. Another channel of Shokan's psychological opinions is interwoven with his concerns about religion.
The learned scientist says that the imagination and religious beliefs of the first man appeared as an image of his direct relationship with nature. When Shokan explained the origin of shamanic concepts in the Kazakh people and revealed their psychological aspects, Shokan firmly held a materialist position. Shokan chose various aspects of the customs of his native people, criticized some negative customs among the Kazakhs, looked into their psychological underpinnings, and considered these to be syphilitics that keep the Kazakh community from progressing. For example, he emphasized that one of the culprits is hostage-taking, which many people mistakenly believe is the easiest way to get rich and collect livestock. A person who is engaged in such a "profession" has no motivation to work, his soul and body are sterile and ugly. He rightly concluded that doing a certain profession requires time and great enthusiasm. In this way, he called on young people to stay away from dirty professions, saying that this disgusting quality pushes people to dishonesty and laziness, and emphasized that this bad habit will ultimately hinder the development of various professions in the Kazakh steppe.
## named after Shokan Ualikhanov
* Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Institute of History and Ethnography named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov
## Bibliography
\< > * Shokan Ualikhanov - orientalist, R.B. Suleymenov, V.A. Moiseev, "Gylym" publishing house, Almaty, 1985
* F.M. Dostoevsky and Chokan Valikhanov - Auezov M.O., Moscow, 1960
* Shokan (Muhammad-Khanafia) Life and work of Chingisuly Valikhanov
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3723 | January | January (lat. Januarius) is the Kazakh name for the 1st month of January in the current Gregorian calendar.
11th month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, January 14 - February 13.
## Comments
## See also
* Kazakh calendar
* Gregorian calendar |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2647 | Dmoz | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5240 | Momyshuly | The Momyshuly phrase can have the following meanings:
* Baurzhan Momyshuly is a military figure, writer, national hero;
* Bakytzhan Momyshuly is the son of Baurzhan Momyshuly, a writer. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7579 | Takeshi Kitano | Takeshi Kitano is a world famous Japanese director. He is considered the best director of the last ten years.
He is very popular with the audience through the films "Firework", "Sonatina".
Takeshi Kitano was born in Tokyo. There are also reports that he had connections with the Japanese mafia in his childhood. In 1971, together with his friend Keishi Kaneko, he formed the clown duo "Kos Kvaky", and for two years he entertained visitors in city clubs every Saturday. Only after that, he moved from clowning to television production and in 1976 won the title of "Best Duet".
In 1983, Nagisa participated in Oshima's film "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence" and made his first step into the big world of cinema. After that, for the first time in the film "Krutoy Kop" he criticizes his directorial skills. "No matter how much you love food, if you use it every day, you will lose your appetite." "Similarly identical films quickly tire the audience," says the famous filmmaker.
Kitano released "Fireworks" in 1997, which was recognized as the best film of the decade in Japan. Later, the mentioned film received high marks at the Cannes and Venice festivals. The main character of the film, Nishi, a former police officer, reveals all the secrets of the Japanese mafia and destroys it. The director brings all the virtues to his character, and as a result won the title of "Best Actor" at the Valladolid festival.
The movie "Kikujiro" shot after that is considered the last masterpiece of the 20th century. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4778 | Сана | Consciousness (English. mind) is a complex of various abilities that can be directed to anything related to itself, can re-image it, and manifests self-evident mental phenomena. These faculties include thinking, imagination, memory, will and feeling. They represent various spiritual phenomena such as perception, pain experience, belief, desire, intention and emotion.
Various interrelated classifications of mental phenomena at different levels have been proposed. Usually they are classified into different groups according to their emotional, predictable, intentional, honorific and accidental. Consciousness has been interpreted as a special substance in traditional cultures, although the modern perspective often sees consciousness as an intrinsic property and ability of humans and higher animals.
As an actual question in the problem of consciousness, "does any being other than man have consciousness?" and "how is the mind-body connection?" you can say the ranks. And the human definition given to them has a great influence on human choice.
Consciousness, or mind, is usually referred to in relation to the human body, matter, or physical object. The nature of this relativity, particularly the question of the connection between consciousness and the brain, is called the mind-body problem, which has been a famous point of debate throughout history. Traditional views are based more on dualism, or idealism, which views intelligence as non-physical. Modern views are often based on physicalism, or functionalism, according to which consciousness is something like a brain, or consciousness can be reduced to physical phenomena such as the activity of neurons. However, there are still many supporters of dualism and idealism.
A further question concerns what kind of being is capable of consciousness. For example, is consciousness unique to humans? Do some, or all animals, or all life forms have smooth consciousness? Is consciousness a strictly defined characteristic at all? Is consciousness a property of some man-made machines? etc.
Different cultural and religious traditions often use different concepts of intelligence and give different answers to different related questions. Some consider Consciousness to be a property unique to humans, while others see it as a property shared by inanimate objects, animals, and divine forces (eg, panpsychism and animism).
Some very ancient written predictions, such as those of Zoroaster, Buddha, Plato, Aristotle and other ancient Greek, Indian, and later Eastern and medieval European philosophers, often described consciousness as the same as the soul or spirit, and referred to life after death. , connects with theories related to cosmological and natural order.
Psychologists such as Freud and James and computer scientists such as Turing have developed influential theories about the nature of consciousness. The field of artificial intelligence has considered the possibility of baby biological intelligence. The field of artificial intelligence is closely related to cybernetics and information theory, which helps to understand the comparison and difference of information processing by biological machines with phenomena in the human mind. Consciousness is sometimes described as a stream of consciousness in which sensory impressions and mental phenomena suddenly change.
## Definition
Consciousness is often understood as a faculty known for spiritual phenomena such as feeling, perception, thinking, reasoning, memory, belief, desire, emotion, and motivation. Consciousness, or mind, is usually said relative to body, matter, or substance. The core of this relativity is intuition, and its feature is incompatible with the various features defined by the natural sciences when describing the material universe, or does not have such a feature. The traditional dominant substantialist view is associated with Rene Descartes, according to which consciousness is an independent thinking substance. But modern philosophy recognizes consciousness not as a substance, but as a characteristic of humans and higher animals.
Various competing definitions have been proposed about the exact nature of consciousness, or mentality.
* Cognitive-based definition, or Epistemological definition - focuses on the fact that the mind is cognitively perceiving not only the image of an external object in the brain, but also various internal states of mind characteristic of the subject;
Cognitive perception is described as "Direct", "Personal" and "Absolute". "Direct perception" refers to the unconscious awareness of consciousness. If someone is sick, he can feel his pain directly, and for this he does not infer from changes in the body part. However, a person can form false knowledge about external objects such as a tree or a cat by feeling, he sees a tree or a cat immediately, he never concludes that he sees it, so this criterion should be carefully considered. Another important difference between consciousness and various external social facts is that it is a "Private Perception". For example, if a fallen person crushes a person's leg, the pain of the victim is only a completely closed personal feeling for another person, the pain can only be felt by him, and the person next to him can understand it only by inferring it from the victim's screams and disfigurement. , but he can never directly feel how the family of the sufferer is suffering. According to traditional knowledge, we have "absolute knowledge" of our mental states, meaning that they are known exactly as they are, without error. For example, if someone's palm itches, it means that they cannot be mistaken about the fact that the sensation is actually happening. A person can usually only be mistaken about non-mental causes, such as whether the itch is due to an insect bite, an infection, or some other cause. However, various counter-examples to the Infallibility claims have also been proposed, so this criterion is not fully accepted in modern philosophy. An epistemological definition, or a cognitive definition, mainly focuses on conscious states but excludes unconscious states. For example, it is very difficult to identify a repressed desire cognitively.
* Consciousness-based definition - paying special attention to the conscious nature of intelligence, considers the unconscious phenomenon as a sign of intelligence;
* According to the intentional definition, objectivity and the power to represent things and phenomena is a sign of mentality.
* According to the definition of behaviorism, whether a subject has consciousness or not depends on what behavior he does in response to external stimuli;
And the definition of functionalism defines mental states in terms of their causal role and effect.
## Forms of Consciousness
### Mental Abilities
Broadly speaking, mental abilities are various functions of consciousness, that is, what consciousness can "do".
Thinking (English. Thought) is a critical mental activity of people to recognize, recognize and explain things in the world according to their importance, according to their needs, interests, goals, promises, plans, goals, dreams. Thinking can begin and continue largely involuntarily; it is natural, automatic, changeable, free; there will be a strong emotional feature. Thinking follows the symbolic or semiotic value and meaning of known ideas and data, thus we form concepts, automatically develop to solve various problems, make logical judgments and make decisions.
Thinking (eng. thinking) is described as a cognitive (cognitive) "higher" activity in a person, usually an important branch of cognitive psychology deals with the analysis of this thinking process. Compared to thinking, thinking is purposeful, specific, active, works with questions, the thinking process is mastered, controlled, directed, regulated, corrected and improved. Thinking is closely related to our ability to create and use tools, recognize cause and effect, recognize important signs, understand and define different contexts of experience and action, and respond meaningfully to world and life issues.
Memory (English. Memory) is the ability to store, construct, and later recall knowledge, information, or experience. Although memory is a constant topic in the philosophical tradition, the study of memory as a special discipline was re-emerged in the cognitive psychology paradigms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the last decade, it has become an important node of a new field of science called Cognitive Neuroscience, bridging cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
Imagination (eng. Imagination) is a new state awakened or excited in the mind, a flow of impressive images, different ideas and qualia. It is formed naturally not by direct passive experience, but by free subjective activity. This concept is specially used in psychology as a process of reproducing in the mind the initial sensations experienced by the object. Because this use of the term contradicts the meaning in everyday speech, some psychologists prefer to describe this process as "imaging", "imagery", or "reproductive" compared to "productive" imagination. Imaginations are said to be seen "with the mind's eye." Among the many practical functions of the imagination, the following abilities can be noted: projecting a possible future or history, "seeing" things from a different perspective, changing the way of feeling things, especially making a decision according to the fantasy (response), or clarifying and changing what is imagined, etc.
Zerde (eng. Consciousness) is an aspect of consciousness that usually includes qualities such as subjectivity, sensitivity, and the ability to feel the connection between oneself and the environment. It is an important topic of various studies in philosophy of mind, psychology, neuroscience and cognitive sciences. Some philosophers attribute intelligence to phenomenal intelligence, which is subjective experience itself, and refers to general access to the information processing system in the brain. Phenomenal consciousness has many experiential properties, called qualia. Phenomenal intelligence is usually intelligence "about the thing itself", or "about the specificity of something", which is called intentionality in the philosophy of consciousness.
### Classification of Consciousness
Mental phenomena produced by the faculties of consciousness are classified according to various features. The main classification is to define mental phenomena according to whether they are sensory, qualitative, predictive, intentional, conscious, conceptual, accidental, or mental. Some mental phenomena, such as feeling or bodily awareness, are usually sense-based. These phenomena are of particular interest to practicing empiricists, who believe that they are our only source of knowledge about the external world. They are contrasted with non-sensory phenomena like thoughts or beliefs, which do not involve sense impressions. It is compared to non-sensual phenomena such as thinking or believing, which do not involve sensory effects. Emotional states are also closely related to qualitative states, which have qualia, that is, subjectively imagined what it would be like to be in an emotional state.
Another important classification of mental states is whether they are manifested in conscious or unconscious forms. Often two different states of consciousness are clearly distinguished: phenomenal consciousness and perceptual consciousness. Phenomenal consciousness refers to actual experience. In general, some states of consciousness, such as sensation or pain, are necessarily associated with phenomenal consciousness, while others, such as belief and desire, exist with or without phenomenal consciousness. According to some views, conscious mental states are considered mental only if they are fundamental, and unconscious states are mental only if they arise in phenomenal consciousness. Perceptual consciousness, on the other hand, refers to the mental states that are achieved: they carry information available to guide judgment and action. This concept is closely related to random mental states, which are not only accessible, but also active sensations in the owner's mind. All phenomenally conscious mental states arise by chance, but the repressed desires that influence our actions may exist in the unconscious.
Mental phenomena are intelligent (rational) if they are structured sufficiently consistently and follow the norms of the mind. And irrational (irrational) mental phenomena violate these norms. However, not all mental phenomena are rational: some are irrational, while others are arational, that is, they exist outside the realm of reason. These include motivation, perpetuation, or hunger, while beliefs and intentions are paradigmatic examples of intelligent evaluation systems. Some believe that reason depends only on the structural rules that govern the interrelationship of different mental states, while others describe reason in terms of justifiable reasoning.
### Contents of Consciousness
Contents of Consciousness, that is, mental contents in the brain are elements that are considered "inside" of consciousness, formed and controlled by mental processes and abilities. For example, various thoughts, concepts, memories, concepts, emotions, feelings, intuitions and intentions are mental contents with the nature of being obvious to a person. Philosophical theories related to mental contents include internalism, externalism, representationism, and intentionalism.
Memetics is a theory of mental content based on certain similarities with Darwinian evolution and was proposed in the 1980s by Richard Dawkins and Douglas Hofstadter. It is an evolutionary model of cultural information transfer. A meme is an idea, belief, pattern of behavior, etc., similar to a video gene, "located" in the mind of one or many individuals. and it can repeat itself from one mind to another and create a new copy. Thus, what was originally recognized as the influence of one individual on the belief formation of another, is seen in memetics as a self-reproducing meme.
## Connection with the brain
In animals, the brain or encephalon (encephalon, meaning "inside the head" in Greek) is the control center of the central nervous system responsible for thinking. In most animals, the brain is located in the head and is protected by the skull, close to the organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. Although all vertebrates have a brain, most invertebrates have a centralized brain, or a collection of individual ganglia. Primitive animals, such as sponges, do not have brains at all. The brain can be very complex. For example, the human brain has about 86 billion neurons, each of which connects with about 10,000 others.
Understanding the relationship between brain and consciousness - the so-called "mind-body problem" - is considered one of the most difficult and urgent problems in the history of philosophy. Regarding the answer to this question, there are three main philosophical schools: dualism, materialism and idealism. Dualism glorifies that consciousness exists independently of the brain and is parallel to it, while materialism glorifies that mental phenomena are the same as neural phenomena, that is, consciousness is the activity of neurons; and idealism says that only mental phenomena are real, and physical realities are not only confirmed by consciousness, but also exist based on consciousness.
Throughout history, many philosophers have believed that cognition cannot be realized through a physical substance such as brain tissue (ie, neurons and synapses). Descartes, who thought critically about the mind-brain relationship, believed that reflexes and other simple behaviors could be explained mechanistically, but he did not believe that complex thought, especially language, could be explained by reference to the physical brain alone.
The most direct scientific evidence of the fundamental connection between physical brain matter and consciousness is the effect on consciousness of physical changes in the brain, such as traumatic brain injury or the use of psychoactive drugs such as drugs. According to philosopher Patricia Churchland, the drug-mind interaction highlights the close connection between the brain and consciousness.
In addition to philosophical questions, the relationship between the mind and the brain raises a number of scientific questions, among which are the understanding of the exact relationship between the activity of the mind and brain activity, the understanding of the exact mechanisms of the effect of drugs on cognition, as well as the brain-neuron correspondence (CNS, Neural correlates of consciousness) problem.
Connectionism, Computational theory of mind, and Bayesian brain theory can be mentioned as theoretical approaches to explain how consciousness arises from the brain.
## Evolution
The evolution of the human mind refers to several theories that describe how human intelligence developed in relation to the evolution of the human brain and the emergence of language.
The chronology of human evolution spanning approximately 7 million years has experienced the first period from the split of the Pan family 7 million years ago to the emergence of the Moderns of Action 50,000 years ago. In this timeline, the first 3 million years were Sahelanthropus, the next 2 million were Australopithecus; and the last 2 million years contain the history of the true Homo species (Paleolithic), which are said to be the ancestors of modern intelligent people.
Although less advanced than humans, many traits of human intelligence such as empathy, consciousness, burial, ritual, and the use of symbols and tools began to appear in hominids.
There is debate between proponents of the sudden appearance of intelligence, or the "Great Leap Forward," and proponents of the continuum hypothesis. Theories of the evolution of intelligence include:
* Robin Dunbar's Social Brain Hypothesis
* Geoffrey Miller's Sexual the selection hypothesis, related to sexual selection, selection, selection in human evolution
* Ecological dominance-social competition (EDSC), Mark W. Flynn, David C. Geary, and Carol W. Ward is mainly Richard D. Based on the work of Alexander.
* The idea of intelligence as a signal of good health and resistance to disease.
* The theory of group selection, which holds that organismic characteristics that benefit the group (clan, tribe, or core population) can evolve despite individual deficiencies.
* The idea that intelligence depends on nutrition, thereby status. A high IQ usually indicates that a person comes from and lives in a physical and social environment with a high level of nutrition, and vice versa.
## The problem of consciousness in philosophy
Philosophy of consciousness is a main branch of philosophy, which studies the nature of consciousness, mental phenomena, mental functions, mental properties, intelligence, and their connection with the physical body. The mind-body problem, that is, the connection of consciousness with the human body, is usually considered an issue of the philosophy of consciousness, although there are other issues of the nature of consciousness that are not related to the physical body. José Manuel Rodríguez Delgado writes: "In popular usage, soul and consciousness are not clearly separated, and some people still consciously or unconsciously experience soul and consciousness as independent entities that can enter and leave the body."
Dualism and monism are two main ideas that try to solve the mind-body problem. Dualism is the separation of mind and body in some way. It can be traced back to Plato, Aristotle and the Nyaya, Samkhya and Yoga schools of Indian philosophy. However, it was formulated systematically by René Descartes in the 17th century. Substantial dualists believe that consciousness is an independent subsisting substance, while accidental dualists (sometimes called essence dualists) believe that consciousness is a set of independent properties that arise from the brain but are not reducible to the brain itself, but are not a distinct/independent substance.
This is because the nature of subjective, qualitative experience is incoherent in terms of – or semantically incommensurable with the concept of – substances that bear properties. This is a fundamentally ontological argument. [96]
20th century philosopher Martin Heidegger's thesis that whether we consider consciousness (subjective experience and action) as independent, different or not, it still cannot be understood as a "substance" with known "properties" like René Descartes. offered. Because the nature of subjective, qualitative experience is incompatible with the meaning of a substance with known properties, and is not even comparable. This is an argument from fundamental ontology.
According to Daniel Dennett, who deals with the philosophy of cognition, there is no narrative center called "consciousness", instead there is a set of sensory input and output (input and output): different programs run in parallel.
According to the psychologist B.F. Skinner, consciousness is "the explanatory fiction created by the attention on the environment"; he considered the mind to be a "black box" and thought that mental processes could be better understood as "forms of hidden speech activity".
According to the philosopher David Chalmers, it is impossible to get inside the brain of others, to control their human condition, therefore, defining consciousness and intelligence in the third person (in the form of "He", "They") is not productive in recognizing consciousness, especially intelligence first person (in the "I" form) is required. but feels that a first-person perspective is necessary. The first-person perspective makes it clear that consciousness must be conceptualized as separate from the brain.
Consciousness is also described as appearing to shift from one moment to the next, that is, a known moment of thought consists of a continuous change and transition of sensory impressions and mental phenomena, like a stream.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6189 | Гватемала | Guatemala (Is. Guatemala) The Republic of Guatemala (Is. República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]) is a country located in Central America. Land area - 109 thousand km². The population is 10.6 million. (1995). The capital is Guatemala City.
The inhabitants are mainly Indians and mestizos belonging to the Quiche-Maya tribes. The official language is Spanish. The inhabitants are Catholics, and there are also Protestants. The country is headed by the president. The legislative body is the unicameral National Congress.
Most of the land is mountainous. It is rich in mineral resources (chrome, manganese, gold, silver, etc.). The climate is subequatorial, monsoonal. In the mountain ranges avg. temperature 15 — 20°С, in plains 23 — 27°С. Average amount of precipitation. 500 — 1000 mm, up to 3500 mm on mountain slopes. 50% of its land is covered by dense forests.
The territory of modern Guatemala was inhabited by Indian tribes in ancient times. In the Middle Ages, the Mayan tribe had a highly developed culture. The country was occupied by Spanish colonists in 1524-24. As a result of the national liberation movement in 1821 On September 15, Gauss was declared an independent state. From the beginning of the 19th century, the country was dominated by American capital. 1957 During the agrarian reforms, many enterprises were taken into state ownership. Between 1954 and 1985, there were frequent military coups in Guatemala and several governments changed. In 1996, the 30-year-long armed conflict between the National Revolutionary Unity Organization and the government troops. was suspended in December. Guatemala is a backward agrarian country. 65% of residents work in the US. The main products are coffee, sugar cane, cotton, bananas. Despite the abundance of mineral resources, its production is poorly developed. Consumer goods are imported from abroad. The country's economy is dominated by foreign capital. Unemployment is very high (40%). Guatemala — UN, Latin American countries econ. union, etc. many nations. member of organizations. Main trade partners: USA, Ort. American countries, Japan, Germany, Mexico.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2884 | Newhoo | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4006 | Faroe Islands | The Faroe Islands are an island country located in Europe. It is located in the east of Iceland, in the west of Norway. Autonomy subject to Denmark. The Faroe Islands are a group of islands located in the Norwegian Sea, in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. General aud. It consists of 34 islands with an area of 1.4 thousand km², 18 of which are inhabited. The islands were formed by volcanic activity and formed from tuff and basalt rocks. The terrain was formed by the influence of glaciers. The highest point is 882 m (Mount Slattaratindur). The Faroe Islands are separated from each other by deep and narrow straits and fjords. The warm North Atlantic Current has a strong influence on the maritime subarctic climate of the Faroe Islands. The water is rich in fish. There are many types of sea birds, and there is a bird market on the shores. Thick meadows and peat swamps are widespread on the land. The Faroe Islands have been part of the Kingdom of Denmark since 1380, and have been autonomous from Denmark since 1948. forms the region, administratively divided into 8 districts. The population is 46 thousand people. The administrative center is Tórshavn (on Streymoy Island). The main branches of economy are fish and sheep farming. belongs to. Oil is produced on the coast. In the Faroe Islands, monuments from the Viking era have been preserved.
## External links
* Official site Archived 4 April 2009.
* Official tourist site
* Flick photo set |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5273 | Nogai Horde | Nogai Horde (Mangyt Great) is a state association that emerged in the region adjacent to the territory of Western Kazakhstan after the collapse of the Golden Horde and the weakening of the White Horde.
## Territory
Although its main territory is between Volga and Zhaiyk, in the east it extends to the left bank of Zhaiyk, in the northeast to the West Siberian Basin, in the northwest to Kazan, in the southwest Aral, It covered the valley up to the Caspian Sea, sometimes up to Mangistau and Khorezm. The Nogai Horde was originally named "Mangit Horda" after the Mangyts who founded this association.
## Political history
### Prerequisites for the creation of the Nogai Horde
The name "Nogai" appeared later, first in Russian chronicles (1479), then (1500) appeared in the output data. Many researchers of the origin of this name date back to the 13th century. In the 2nd half of the Golden Horde, the commander of the army of the Golden Horde believes that the Ulus people, who were under Nogai's domain, were called "Nogai" and "Nogaily". According to historical records, Nogai Horde was founded by Edi. For 15 years (1396 - 1411), when he held all the power in the Golden Horde in his hands, the Nogai ulus in his possession began to be individualized. Ambassador of Castile R.G. In Claviho's writings, it is said that the Ediga Horde had more than 200,000 troops. He ruled the Golden Horde through the khans he appointed and earned the title of "beg beg" or "great amir". According to Ibn Arabshah, each of his twenty sons ruled over private estates and maintained an army. Individualization of the Nogai Horde in the 13th century. It started in the 2nd half and ended during the reign of Nur al-Din (1426-40). Avg. - Lower tributary of Zhaiyk river, Sarayshik city. was. Like other hordes that emerged after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde was dominated by a political rather than an ethnic structure. The chief power was held by the emir "Bekter Begi". The main mass was called "great people" (noyan, Mr., sakhtz, etc.), "black people". Although the Khan was only a part of the Genghis Khan family, the political dominance and economic life of the Nogai Horde was in the hands of the Mangit emirs, that is, the Edige generation, and the power was passed from father to son.
### 15th century
In the middle of the 15th century, the Nogays captured the cities in the middle reaches of the Syrdarya, and in the political life of Eastern Desh Kypchak, the descendants of Edige, Uqas bi, Musa Mr., Zhanbyrshi, etc. b. played the main role. There was a continuous struggle between nobles and clans for power and pasture land. The main occupation of the people was nomadic cattle breeding. The tribes included in the Nogai Horde (Konurat, Mangit, Alshin, Jalayir, Kanly, Kerey, Kypchak, Naiman, Argyn, Tama, etc.) subsequently played a major role in the formation of the ethnic composition of the Kazakh people. Sh. Ualikhanov called the relationship between the Nogai Horde and the people of the Kazakh Khanate a "fraternal horde" (Kazakh-Nogai relations). 15th century At the end of the period, the Nogai Horde established political and trade-economic relations with the Russian state, and the Nogai rulers sent thousands of horses and sheep to Moscow and Kazan markets every year.
### XVI-XVII centuries
16th century. In the 2nd half of the 2nd half, after Russia conquered the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan, the Nogai Horde weakened and was divided into several uluses and hordes. The Little Nogai Horde was formed in the North Caucasus, and the Alty Ulys Horde was formed on the coasts of Zhem and Oyil. The tribes under Mr. Ismail formed the Great Nogai Horde in 1557. Subjected to the Russian state. After the attack of the Volga Kalmyks in 1634. the Nogai moved to the right side of the Volga, united with the Little Nogai Horde and became dependent on the Crimean Khanate. After the collapse of the Nogai Horde, the country that remained on Kazakh land became part of the Kazakh Khanate. The Nogai Horde left a great mark in the history of the Turkic peoples. Kazakh, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Tatar, Bashkir, etc. The contribution of tribes belonging to the Nogai Horde in the formation of Turkic peoples as a nation is very large. They left a great cultural legacy; Literature of Nogaily era.
## Rulers of the Nogai Horde
* Edige bi (1392-1412)
* Nuraddin bi (1412-1419)
* Mansur bi (1419-1427)
* Qazi bi (1427-1428)
* Uqas bi (1428-1447)
* Khorezmi bi (1447-1473)
* Abbas bi (1473-1491)
* Musa bi (1491-1502)
* Zhanbyrshi bi (1502-1504)
* Hassan bi (1504-1508)
* Sheikh Muhammed bi (1508-1510, 1516-1519)
* Alshagyr bi ( 1508-1516)
* Agish bi (1521-1524)
* Said Ahmet bi (1524-1541)
* Mr. Qazi Muhammad (1537-1541)
* Sheikh Mamai bi (1541-1549) )
* Yusuf bi (1549-1554)
* Ismail bi (1557-1563)
## Sources
## Literature
* Safargaliev M. G. The Golden Horde of Decay. — Saransk: Mordov. kn. publishing house, 1960. — 279 p. — 1500 copies.
* Zholdasbaev S., Babaev D. History of Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages. — Almaty: "Atamura", 2003.
* Eastern Europe of the Middle Ages and early New times through the eyes of French researchers: Collection of articles / Otv. ed. I. A. Mustakimov, A. G. Sitdikov; science ed. I. V. Zaitsev, D. A. Mustafina; input Art. V. V. Trepavlov. — * Kazan: Institute of History of AN RT, 2009. — 428 p.
* Kereitov Ramazan, Chervonnaya Svetlana. Epigraphy of the Nogai Steppe // "Tatar archeology", 2002−2003. — No. 1−2(10−11).
* Hisamiyeva G. Zagovorili kamni vremen Nogai Horde // Newspaper "Mayak" Aznakaevsky District 14.04.06.
* Trepavlov V. V. "Samovolnaya Horde": the nomadic empire of the Nogaevs of the 15th-16th centuries. — M.: Quadriga, 2013. — 224 p. — (Historical studies). — 600 copies. — ISBN 978-5-91791-021-5.
* Gimbatova M. B. O military ethics of Nogaitsev. // Military historical magazine. — 2008. — No. 12. — P. 74-76.
## External links
* Malimetter.kz Nogai Horde abstract (Kazakh)
* Nogai Horde
* Nogai Horde strengthening and weakening |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4849 | November | November (lat. November) is the Kazakh name corresponding to the 11th month of November in the current Gregorian calendar.
9th month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, November 18 - December 17.
November 2019 holidays include 119 events, including not only official and national, but also international, professional holidays. In total, there will be 27 professional and 38 international holidays this month.
## Comments
## See more
* Kazakh calendar
* Gregorian calendar |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6643 | Queen | Queen - ("Queen" is translated as "queen") is a British rock group that was very popular in the 70s and 80s and has millions of fans to this day. Queen's best-known songs include classic rock hits such as "Bohemian Rhapsody," "We Will Rock You," "We Are the Champions," "A Kind of Magic," and "Show Must Go On." Music videos made by Queen musicians are very famous, even one of the videos was the first music video in the history of music ("Bohemian Rhapsody" song clip). In addition, Queen has the reputation of being one of the greatest live bands in all of rock history.
## Group composition
* Freddie Mercury (Freddie Mercury, 1946-1991) - piano and vocals. "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Somebody to Love", "We Are the Champions", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love".
* Brian May (1947) - guitars. Author of "We Will Rock You", "Tie Your Mother Down", "Who Wants to Live Forever", "Hammer To Fall", "I Want It All" and more.
* John Deacon (John Deacon, 1951) - bass guitar, rhythm guitar. Author of "You're My Best Friend", "Another One Bites the Dust", "I Want to Break Free" and other songs.
* Roger Taylor (Roger Taylor, 1949) - percussion instruments. Author of "Radio Ga Ga", "Heaven for Everyone", "A Kind of Magic" and other songs.
## Emergence
The band's history begins in 1968, when two students, Brian May and Tim Staffel, created the group "Smile". Brian hangs a notice on the wall of Imperial College, where he studies. It stated that the band needed someone to play drums like Mitch Mitchell and Ginger Baker. Roger Taylor, a dental student, contacted the ad. He seemed to be the perfect fit, impressing May and Staffel with his precision on the percussion. Smile's greatest achievement was warming up the crowd before the release of Pink Floyd. But due to the lack of serious training and management, the trio broke up in 1970: Tim Staffel left the group.
But May and Taylor did not want to give up their music, and later shared their creative ideas with their friend and classmate Freddie (Farukh) Bulsara. He often attended Smile's performances, but May and Staffel had no idea he could sing. Freddie had clear performance plans and band stage work in mind. He came up with a new name for the group "Queen" and took the nickname Freddie Mercury. Now the group consisted of a vocalist-keyboardist, a guitarist and a percussionist.
Mike Grose, an acquaintance of Roger Taylor's Cornish band The Reaction, was initially recruited to play bass for the first two gigs (Truro Town Hall on 27 June and Imperial College on 12 July). He was later replaced by Barry Mitchell. But Barry, tired of the music business, left the group in 1971. The band's next bassist, Doug Bogie, left after just two shows. But in February 1971, Brian May and Roger Taylor met John Deacon, an experienced bassist of those years, at a London disco. He came to London from his hometown of Leicester to study. After listening to it, he joined the group as a bassist, and thus began the history of the group, which has not changed for 21 years.
## Creative periods
### 1970s
From 1971 to 1979, the influence of other collectives can be felt. From year to year it is felt less and less, but in the seventies it is noticeable. As Freddie himself said, their band grew up listening to the likes of Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix.
1973 - "Doing All Right" by the trio "Smile" was included in the first album of the group "Queen". The basis of the disc was the first single of the group "Queen" "Keep Yourself Alive". The album did not become famous, but it was not a reason to panic. This album was recorded during two years of free time in the studio. Brian's hepatitis deepened the album's problems. However, this album shouldn't be seen as the band's downfall — it didn't top the charts, but it wasn't pushed aside either. "Queen" will start holding solo concerts in Great Britain, Germany and Luxembourg for the first time. Before that, they acted as a warm-up for the audience before other groups.
1974 - "Queen II" breaks the British charts and climbs to number 5, despite negative reviews from critics. The album was criticized for its rawness and sloppiness, but despite these flaws alone, Brian May calls it the band's best album. "Sheer Heart Attack" reached number two in the UK. The best songs of the album ("Killer Queen", "Flick Of The Wrist") are among the best songs of the group, and the song "Stone Cold Crazy" is considered a classic of heavy metal (it later entered the repertoire of Metallica). The group participates in the Sunbury Music Festival in Australia, and starts playing its first concerts in Sweden and Finland.
1975 - "A Night At The Opera" album is called the masterpiece of the "Queen" group. Many call it one of the best albums in the history of rock music. edeniem "Queen". Many consider it one of the best albums in the history of rock music in general. This album was even more unusual - open, melodic, with a lot of use of piano - it opened a new page of rock music that was not recognized. In our time, it represents the style of the seventies. Some of the songs were written for keyboards, but "Love Of My Life" was never performed in an album version, and was performed in concert with Brian May's 12-key semi-acoustic accompaniment. The live version of this song sounded better than the album, but this omission was not relevant at the time.
And the most famous song of the album was "Bohemian Rhapsody". It seemed impossible that this long, five-minute long, rock-pop opera, a composition with folklore in some places, would become known, and not only that, it would rise to the top of the charts. A three-minute song was the norm at the time, but Queen wasn't afraid to release a five-minute single that would become the Millennium Song in Britain a quarter of a century later. It should also be noted that the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" is the first music video. The video for the song has been released before, but this is an example of a special combination of visuals, effects and music. The clip uses optical special effects that seem simple nowadays: shooting through a hexagonal prism and dubbing the musicians' faces. But, it should be noted that even today all clips are shot with such taste. In connection with this album, there were also videos for the songs "You're My Best Friend" and "Love Of My Life", the latter in the form of a live version with guitar accompaniment. In support of the album, Queen will play concerts in the US, Canada, Japan and in her home country.
1976 - "A Day at the Races" again faced the wrath of critics. Queen have been accused of trying to replicate A Night At The Opera without success, and the influence of the previous album is clearly visible. According to Brian May, all the songs were written at the same time, only some were released in 1975 and some in 1976. In any case, the similarities between the two albums are unmistakable, with A Day At The Races reaching number one in the UK charts, while 'Somebody To Love' was Mercury's favourite. Since then, "Tie Your Mother Down" has been performed at most concerts. And video clips were shot for the songs "Somebody To Love" and "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy". All this is the "seventies" in the direction that will change in a year. In addition, the group has a very large (170,000 people) concert in Hyde Park, a free concert, tours to Scotland, USA, Japan, and even Australia.
1977 - "News of the World", apparently, a new beginning of the "eighties" style in the work of the Queen group, the new song is generally aggressive, close to hard rock. However, there are some disagreements - the album's third song clearly belongs on the album "Sheer Heart Attack", and "Sleeping On The Side Walk" can hardly be attributed to the band's debut. This album brought the group superhits "We Will Rock You" and "We Are The Champions", but otherwise the album was not a success: it reached number three in the UK and number four in the US. The group returns to Sweden with concerts, tours to North America and Europe.
1978 - "Jazz" - the group's most controversial album. If he was accused of "pop" in some way, the most serious criticism was directed at the "Bicycle Race" clip. The clip was banned in the US because it was considered pornographic. The band was declared defunct and lost some of its audience. "Fat Bottomed Girls" clip also "helped" this.
"Mustafa" who first stood in Kuytabak also remained unclear. Basically, the text is written in Arabic, and there is a back-vocal. This work is causing conflicting opinions: some consider it a pop, dance soundtrack, while others find a deep secret hidden in it. It is clear that each side has more to do with this dispute. The song "Let Me Entertain You" is close to heavy metal, but it fits very well into the album. "Dreamers Ball" seems out of place, but it is very beautiful. The best song of Kuitabak is "Don't Stop Me Now" by Freddie Mercury. The picture that inspired the album's stylish cover was seen by the musicians on a trip to the city from the Berlin Wall. Despite the criticism, "Jazz" also reached number two in the UK and number six in the US.
1979 - Live Killers, a concert collection of Queen's best-known songs, was released. A new album will not be released because the musicians are dedicated to concerts. At that time, Freddy performed the song "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" from the album "The Game" for the first time with a guitar. But a year later, listeners will see Queen, the most famous group in the world, which is still the face of rock music of the 80s.
### 1980s
From 1980, a new period begins in the creativity of "Queen". Over the next 6 years, the group began to develop its own style, which was even different from its previous decade. The group gradually retreated from glam rock, and Mercury parted with his previous stage image: he cut his hair, put on a mustache, stopped appearing in leotards, and returned to his popular image.
1980 — "The Game" album was released. It opened a new era not only in the group's creativity, but even in the entire rock music. Freddie considered it the band's best album. The band added a new synthesizer to the album and added new music. Synthesizers had previously been considered an instrument that disagreed with style and sound, replaced by Brian's "Red Special" guitar with unique polyphonic sounds. Songs from this album were played at all concerts, and some of them became the group's singles.
Kuytabak's first song "Play The Game" continued with a slightly unusual clip. In the background, there is a fire burning with musicians coming out of it—this is the graphic use it gets. A live version of "Play The Game" was played by Mercury on the grand piano. Deacon's "Another One Bites the Dust" received special mention. This unique piece belongs to a style that is not characteristic of the group. It can be called disco-funk. "Another One Bites the Dust" is definitely one of the band's best songs, and it's memorable for its unique bass playing and vocals. Freddie loved this song so much that the album was made based on it. The idea paid off - "The Game" was not just a collection of songs, but developed on a specific theme. At that time, the group was writing songs for the fictional film Flash Gordon.
1981 - "Greatest Hits" collection is published. "Under Pressure" was recorded with David Bowie, and although it was released as a single, it reached number one in England and several other countries.
1982 was a major concert tour for the group: Queen played more than 70 concerts in Great Britain, Western Europe, USA and Japan. The album "Hot Space" with the main hit "Under Pressure" was released. Queen On Fire: Live At The Bowl will be filmed by British Television in 2004.
1983 — the group stops its work for a short time, and the musicians start their own projects.
1984 - "The Works" album reached number two in the UK charts. The song "Radio Ga Ga" took first place in the charts of 19 (!) countries. At the time, the music video for the song "I Want To Break Free" was heavily criticized for dressing as a woman, but it did not prevent it from becoming the official anthem of the African National Congress. The group participates in the "Golden Rose" festival, which can be seen on the "Greatest Video Hits II" compilation.
1985 - "Queen" participates in the "Rock In Rio" festival. This performance will later be released on DVD as the May 11th concert in Tokyo. On May 11, 1985, the band performed a large-scale charity concert "Live Aid" with great pomp. 20 years later, this performance is recognized as the best performance of the performers. After this concert, Brian May said that he was very proud of his work at the time. "Queen is the best band in the world today!" - said the guitarist.
1986 - Taushi writes the soundtrack for the fantasy film "Queen" and the songs are the basis for the next, new album "A Kind Of Magic". The album will receive major awards, and Queen will become one of the most popular rock groups in the world. Musicians organized "Magic Tour" - a series of concerts in Europe. The three biggest concerts (London, Niebuhrt and Budapest) gathered 400,000 people, and the concert in Hungary was the first time in the history of Eastern Europe that a Western band performed. The tour itself attracted about a million people across Europe. No rock group or rock singer has received such an award since the Beatlemania era of the 60s. "Magic Tour" was the last tour of the group. From this year, rumors about Freddie's illness began to circulate. Freddie denies it, pointing to his healthy appearance.
1989 - it would be correct to put this year in the "nineties" work of the group. The album "The Miracle" looks very different from the previous works. Freddie's voice has changed a bit, he grows a mustache and starts to dress up. Along with the album, five singles will be released. The release of the clips fueled rumors about Fred's illness, but the band members denied all the rumours. The mysterious album cover of "The Miracle" debates Freddie's illness. The album's first song is the five-minute long "The Miracle", but "Scandal" is a thought-provoking song about the future of Queen.
### 1990s
The nineties began for the group in 1989 with the album "The Miracle". Even a non-musician can tell that Mercury's sound has changed over the last two albums. Perhaps it was the disease, but in the early 1990s Freddie quit smoking due to the onset of lung disease.
1990 — There is no information about the group. According to the members, "everything is fine", but the group's drastic change in lifestyle and fashion at the same time is causing surprise and concern among fans. "Queen" won the Brit Awards and this performance would be Freddie's last public appearance. He only said: "Thank you, goodnight" and said nothing else.
1991 is the last year of the "Queen" group. Before the death of Mercury, the album "Innuendo" was released. Many consider this album to be one of the band's greatest works. The album starts with the song "Innuendo". It has similarities to the song "Bohemian Rhapsody": a six-minute, unique fusion of different genres of music... The second song "I'm Going Slightly Mad" has a very dark black-and-white music video that shows the impending death of Freddie. But the most famous song on the album is "The Show Must Go On", in which the lyrical hero searches for the mystery of humanity and hopes for physical and spiritual freedom after death. The song says:
The show must go on. My heart is breaking, My makeup is falling, My smile remains.
Undoubtedly, "The Show Must Go On" is one of Queen's best songs. But without knowing the band's history, it's impossible to know what effort it took Freddie to write this song. Mercury's voice does not reveal his illness. It's hard to imagine singing such a song knowing that death is imminent. This song written by Brian May seems to be written especially for Freddie.
Before his death, Mercury bequeathed all proceeds from the reissue of "Bohemian Rhapsody" to the Terence Higgins AIDS Foundation. He died on November 24, 1991.
1992 — On April 20, a Freddie Mercury memorial concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium, organized by the rest of the band. Freddie's friends took to the stage that day: Joe Elliott, George Michael, Axel Rose, Elton John, Robert Plant, David Bowie, Syl Samuel, Roger Dartley, Annie Lennox, Liza Stansfield, and Liza Minnelli, the Mercury's favorite movie star. If it was a memorial concert for Freddie Mercury, it was actually a farewell to Queen.
1995 — the last studio album of the group called "Made in Heaven" ("Sdelano na nebesakh") was released. The album was composed in the spring of 1991 from sessions recorded at Mountain Studios, two updated songs from Freddie's solo album, one song from the Roger Taylor Band, and previously unreleased songs. It should be noted that "A Winter's Tale" was Freddie's last song, while "Mother Love" was his last recording.
### Today
About Today John Deacon: “There is no point in continuing. Freddie is irreplaceable." After 1995, he stopped his music career and appeared on stage only once in 1997. However, Brian and Roger continue to perform with other performers.
Mercury's death was followed by performances by George Michael, Robbie Williams and the Five in concerts and recordings. But the work with Paul Rogers, a representative of the British blues-rogue, was very fruitful. Project "Queen + Paul Rogers. "Return of the Champions" is called. Musicians go on tour, perform traditional songs of the "Queen" group, and gather large crowds to this day.
## Achievements
* In 2000, a poll of 190,000 people polled "Bohemian Rhapsody" as the best song of the millennium, beating even John Lennon's infamous "Imagine". Tenth place of this hit parade was taken by "Under Pressure".
* In 2005, 3,500 music listeners voted Freddie Mercury as the best vocalist of all time and peoples, Brian May was the seventh best guitarist, Roger Taylor was the eighth best drummer.
* In 2006, the "Greatest Hits" collection was recognized as the best-selling album in the UK. A total of 5.4 million copies were sold.
* In 2006, the "Greatest Hits" collection was recognized as the most downloaded album in the iTunes Store. In total, it was downloaded 2.27 million times.
* In 2007, more than 20,000 BBC listeners voted Queen as the best British rock group.
## Queen records
* The group who had four albums in the UK top 20 at the same time: "Queen", "Queen II", "Sheer Heart Attack", "A Night At The Opera " — this happened in 1975.
* The first band to have a song return to number one in the UK charts after re-release: Bohemian Rhapsody - in 1975 and 1991.
* The first band to write the UK national anthem and perform it at their concerts.
* The first group to invite members of the fan club to shoot a video clip ("We Are The Champions").
* The first band to give a concert in Brazil (March 1981).
* The first group to play three concerts in one stadium in a few days: Valez Sarfield (Buenos Aires) - February 28, March 1 and 8, 1981.
The group that released the first collection of video clips ("Greatest Flix").
* The group that first released a video of their performance at the "Rock In Rio" festival (1985). Queen was the next group to acquire the video rights.
* The first group to perform a concert without lighting. In Melbourne, the entire lighting system failed.
* The first band to have a concert on "Channel Four" and "Independent Radio Network" channels of Great Britain at the same time.
* The group that performed the first concert in the stadium of the Eastern European country (Hungary, Nepsstadion).
* The first band to release a video single.
* The first band to buy their own studio (Mountain Studios).
* The first group to record an album together with a world opera star (Montserrat Caballe, "Barcelona").
* The first group that created animation for the Walt Disney Company video clip ("These Are The Days Of Our Lives").
* Queen was the first group to collect real hits ("Greatest Hits"): the songs in the collection were always in the top ten of the British charts.
* All the band's albums were released on CD for the first time.
* The first British group to win an American Billboard award in three different genres: Disco, Rock/Pop and R&B for the song "Another One Bites The Dust".
* The single "Love Of My Life" stayed on the Argentine chart for more than a year.
* A group with ten albums in the top ten of the Argentine chart in one week.
* The group with the largest number of viewers in the "live" performance in the history of Germany (Manheim, 78 thousand people).
* 160,000 people came to his concert in Hyde Park (1976), 131,000 people in Sao Paulo (1981), 250,000 people in Rio de Janeiro (1985), 120,000 people gathered in Neiworth Park (1986).
* Queen is the only group to have two songs played together on two US radio stations ("We Will Rock You" and "We Are The Champions").
* Only The Beatles have had more singles in the UK Top 10.
* Queen is the only group whose singles have held the number one spot in the UK Singles Chart for four decades (60s, 70s, 80s, 90s, 2000s).
## Studio albums
## Concert albums and compilations
* "Merry Christmas"
* "Live In Cologne"
* " Live Killers"
* "Rock In Japan"
* "Live Magic"
* "Live At Wembley'86"
* "At The BBC"
* "Queen In Nuce" \ <> * "Queen Rocks"
* "Queen On Fire: Live At The Bowl"
* "Greatest Hits"
* "Stone Cold Classics"
## Queen on DVD
* "Greatest Video Hits 1"
* "Greatest Video Hits 2"
* "Live at Rainbow"
* "Live In Hammersmith Odeon"
* "Live In Rio »
* "Rock In Japan"
* "We Will Rock You"
* "Queen On Fire: Live At The Bowl"
* "Live In Budapest"
* "Live At Wembley Stadium" \ <> * "Jewels"
## Links
* Queen's official site
* Queen's site
* QueenRocks.Ru is a Russian site with a lot of important information about Queen ; Russian fan club
* www.queen.org.ua Archived March 15, 2022.
* Queen Web Guide
* Lyrics Archived February 27, 2007. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4926 | Shaken Niyazbekov | Shaken Onlasynuly Niyazbekov is an artist, author of the National Flag of Kazakhstan.
## Biography
He was born in the ancient land of Taraz, on his mother's side he is a relative of Baurzhan Momyshuly, a colonel and Hero of the Soviet Union. His grandfather is a wise Tole bi. When he was ten years old, his parents died within a year and he suddenly became an orphan.
After graduating from secondary school, Shaken Niyazbekov entered the famous "Mukhinka" (Leningrad Higher Art and Industrial School named after V.I. Mukhin). As a student, he participated in the restoration of the Hermitage, St. Isaac's Cathedral, and Petrodvorets. Shaken Niyazbekov names Abilkhan Kasteev as his main teacher.
Over the past thirty years, the artist has participated in many competitions and won many times. Some milestones in his life: 1961 — gold medal awarded in Czechoslovakia for the design of "Globus" television, 1964 — "We support peace!" held in Leningrad. 1st place in the poster competition, 1982 - the first place in the competition for artistic decoration of Republic Square in Almaty. He was also the first Kazakh citizen to invent the remote control. In the 1960s, he surprised the public with his invention while studying at the Leningrad Art Academy. In addition, Sh. Niyazbekov won the first prize at the international competition of inventors held in Czechoslovakia in 1964. Later, it was put on display in Leningrad, but unfortunately, it was stolen by thieves. That's why it seems that even the people of the State Security Committee were involved in the case. Soon, the theft is revealed and it is proved that the soul of Japan took it. So, the Japanese paid Shaken Niyazbekov 20,000 rubles to pay for the crime.
"Kurmangazy", "Kobik Shashkan", "Isatai Taimanov", "Abai", "Shokan Ualikhanov", "Mukhtar Auezov", "Syrym Datuly", "Zhambyl", "Soldier from Kazakhstan", " "Mother" works occupy a significant place in the catalogs of the artist's personal exhibitions. The tombstone placed at the cemetery of the patriot Baurzhan Momyshuly and the coat of arms of the city of Almaty can also be attributed to his achievements.
Shaken Niyazbekov is the author of the national flag of Kazakhstan. In 1992, he won the competition in which about 1200 artists from Kazakhstan, CIS, Turkey, Germany, Mongolia participated.
## Creative works
* Complex design of the cinema named after Sh. Valikhanov in Taraz (1979, together with A. Simonov, V. Kuzmin)
* "In the direction of Volokolam. Monument to Major-General I. Panfilov and commander B. Momyshuly" (1985),
* "Zhambyl",
* "Motherhood is happiness",
* "Shokan Ualikhanov", etc. artistic canvases.
* Author of the coat of arms of the city of Almaty.
* Author of the National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Awards
* Won the gold medal of the International Competition held in Czechoslovakia (1961) and
* the first prize of the poster competition held in Leningrad (1982).
* Honored figure of Kazakhstan in 1981
* Awarded "Order of Reason" and "Order of Honor".
* "Astana" medal in 1998;
* 2001 medal "10 years of independence of Kazakhstan";
* In 2005, he was awarded the medal "10 years to the Constitution of Kazakhstan" and other state awards.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7474 | Hetera | Hetera (Gr. hetaira - cheerful woman) was the name of unmarried, long-lived, egalitarian and spiritual women in ancient Greece.
Lucian Samosat, known as the ancient Voltaire, falsified the word Hetera, comparing them to prostitutes and Aphrodite to the goddess of revenge.
In fact, the direct meaning of the concept of hetero means "companion wife", "girlfriend". Only well-educated and talented people, who were able to incorporate the best examples of ancient culture, famous figures, intellectuals, and artists could reach this level.
Modern Japanese geishas, heterosexuals, without having to sell their bodies, were able to cheer up men with their intelligence, beauty, and artistry.
Ivan Efremov's historical novel "Athenian Thais" about the Greek hetera contains attractive images and cultural data. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3374 | Уикипедия | Wikipedia (English: Wikipedia, ФА: /ˌwiːkiːˈpiːdi.ə/, or /ˌwɪkiːˈpiːdi.ə/, or /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdi.ə/) is a free and open, multilingual, online encyclopedia for readers and authors based on Wiki technology. The encyclopedia is located in the domain of the Wikimedia Foundation www.wikipedia.org. The owner of the project and responsible for its development is the Wikimedia Foundation. The name of the project is derived from the words "wiki" or wiki (site creation technology) and encyclopedia. Currently, the encyclopedia has chapters in 285 languages. The total number of articles in all languages exceeds 35 million.
Any user accessing the Wikipedia site has the right to change the content and topics on it. Regular participants who add to Wikipedia and participate in writing articles are called "Wikipedians".
## History
First launched in January 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, "Wikipedia" is today the largest and most popular reference on the Internet. "Wikipedia" is considered the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of the world in terms of size and number of topics covered, and one of its biggest advantages is the presence of articles in different languages of the world. Wikipedia means (wiki-quick) in Hawaiian.
The content of Wikipedia articles is unreliable and not factual. Critics say that Wikipedia is prone to vandalism and that the content on it is based on unreliable sources and may contain false information. However, the results of scientific studies show that vandalism is generally not tolerated by Wikipedians.
In addition to serving as an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia has become a source of online information due to its frequent updates.
Wiki - (English Wiki) is a website that allows each user to change the structure of the site with special tools. The term "wiki" was first used to describe sites in 1995 by Ward Cunningham, the name of the earliest wiki system called Wikiwikiweb, meaning "quick" in Hawaiian.
Ward Cunningham and his assistant Bo Leuf in their book "The Wiki Way: Quick collaboration on the web" formulated the concept of "Wiki" as follows:
* A wiki allows any user to modify a site and create new pages and you can use a simple web browser for this.
* The wiki system provides communication between pages.
* The wiki site is not intended for casual users, but rather for mobilizing users who are continuously involved in the site creation process.
Features of the wiki system:
* Allows you to change the same text several times.
* Special language marks - so-called "wiki marks" - can be used to decorate the text structure with elements and hyperlinks, as well as various other tools.
* Change accounting - compares new changes with old changes, and also allows you to restore old information.
* Multi-authors - any user who is a guest of the site can make changes, add or shorten articles on it.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1724 | Молдова | Moldova (Romanian: Moldova), official name: Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova) is a country located in Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine and Romania. The territory is 33,846 km², although de facto about 12.3% of the territory (the unrecognized Transnistrian Republic of Moldova) is not under the control of the Moldovan authorities. According to the results of the 2014 census, the population is 2,913,281 people. The currency is the Moldovan lei.
The capital is Chisinau. Since December 24, 2020, Maya Sandu has been serving as president. Prime Minister - Natalya Gavrilitsa from August 6, 2021. Administratively, it is divided into 32 districts, 13 municipalities, the autonomous territorial unit of Gagauzia and the administrative-territorial units of the left bank of the Dniester (Transnistria).
The majority of believers (90.16% of the population according to the 2014 census) follow the Orthodox religion.
Member of UN, OSCE, Council of Europe, WTO, CIS, GUAM. An official candidate for joining the European Union.
## Population
The main population is Moldovans (70%). At the same time, Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauz, Jews, Bulgarians, etc. lives. The main religion is the Orthodox branch of Christianity.
## State structure
### President
The President is the head of the state of Moldova.
President of Moldova is elected by direct secret free vote of citizens. In the period from 2000 to 2016, the president was elected by secret ballot of parliament members. After many protests and a petition to the Constitutional Court by a group of deputies, on March 4, 2016, the law on amendments to the Constitution, giving the parliament the right to elect the president, was declared unconstitutional.
On November 15, 2020, the president and independent candidate Igor Dodon lost in the second round of the election to Maya Sandu, the leader of the "Action and Cooperation" party, who received 57.27% of the votes.
### Parliament
The highest legislative body of the country is the unicameral parliament (101 seats).
## Foreign Policy
### European Union
Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the European Union on June 27, 2014 in Brussels.
In 2014, the approval of the directive of the European Commission on "liberalization of the visa regime with EU member states and countries participating in the Schengen agreement" was an important stage in relations.
Moldova signed the EU accession application on March 3, 2022. On June 23, 2022, Moldova was officially granted candidate status by EU leaders.
## Geography
It is located between the Dniester and Prut rivers of the East European plain. The land is ridged and flat. The center is occupied by the Kodra plateau. The highest point is Mount Balaneshti (429 m). The right bank of the Dniester River is the Transnistrian plateau (height 250-345 m), the left bank is the far end of the Podol plateau, and in the north it extends to the North Moldavian plain. The South Moldavian Plain in the south of Moldova continues into the Black Sea Basin. The climate is temperate continental; winter is short, snow is thin, summer is long and hot. The average temperature in summer is 22°C (up to 40°C in July), the average temperature in winter is -3-5°C (up to -30°C in January). The amount of annual precipitation is 370-500 mm. The rivers belong to the Black Sea basin. Large rivers - Dniester (length in Moldova - 657 km), Prut (length in Moldova - 695). Large lakes - Beleu, Drachele, Rotunda and others. Shipping is well developed. 75% of its territory is black soil, 9% is forest. Limestone, gypsum, glass sand (glass), oil and gas, etc. have natural resources.
## Nature
The climate is temperate continental. Summer is long and hot. Winter is short and mild. Annual precipitation is low (up to 500 mm in the north and 400 mm in the south). Therefore, the fields need to be watered manually. Soil and climate resources are considered the main natural wealth of the republic. The temperature regime of the climate and the fertile black soil are ideal for growing gardens and vineyards. 80% of the territory is occupied by agriculture, 12% is occupied by flower plantations, orchards and vineyards. Denstr, Prut rivers and their tributaries are very important in Moldovan economy. They were not only the main source of water and energy, but were also used in shipping. The territory of the republic is very poor in minerals. There is only a stock of raw materials necessary for the production of construction materials. Since Moldova has few fuel resources, it is transported from the CIS republics.
## Population
Moldova is a republic with a very dense population. The average population density here is 119 people per 1 km of land. The majority of its inhabitants are Moldovans (64%). Russians (14%), Ukrainians (13%) dominate among other nationalities. They are mostly settled on the left bank of the Dniester. Gagauz (3.5%) live in the south of the country. A large part of the population is rural residents (54%). In the last decade, due to the development of industry, the number of city residents is also increasing. The population of cities such as Chisinau, Beltsy, Bendery has reached 100 thousand people.
## Economy
Moldova belongs to the category of agro-industrial countries.
Advantages: Low inflation (3.3%). Relatively high economic growth (above the European average) and low public debt (below the European average). Compared to European countries, the workforce is still relatively cheap and well-educated.
Weaknesses: poor resource base. High level of corruption. Slow progress of market reforms. Low investment in infrastructure and R&D. The biggest problem is the annual shortage of able-bodied labor and the increase in the number of retirees due to the low birth rate and large emigration of the population to other, richer countries of the world.
As of May 1, 2020, the minimum wage is 2,935 lei (146.21 euros). As of April 1, 2022, the minimum wage is 3,500 lei (€172.97).
### Tourism
Despite its favorable geographical location, Moldova is still the least traveled country in Europe, but it is among the top 10 recommended countries for tourists to visit. In the security rating, Moldova is 59th out of 133 countries.
### Wine industry
Wine industry is well developed in the country. It has 147,000 hectares of vineyards, of which 102,500 hectares are used for commercial production. Most of the wine production in the country is exported. Many families have their own recipes and grape varieties that have been passed down from generation to generation. There are 3 historic wine regions: Valul lui Traian (southwest), Ștefan Vodă (southeast) and Codru (center) for the production of protected geographical wines. Mileștii Mici is the largest wine cellar in the world. It stretches for 200 m and holds about 2 million bottles of wine.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
## Brief history
The land of Moldova was inhabited by mankind lived in the Lower Paleolithic era. From the 6th century, the first state associations began to be formed. Nomadic Pecheneg and Kypchak tribes came to this region in the 10th-12th centuries. In the middle of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, the territory of Moldova was subordinated to the Golden Horde. In the second half of the 14th century, an independent Moldavian principality was established. It was dependent on the Ottoman Empire in the 15th - 18th centuries. After the Russo-Turkish wars of the 18th century, Moldova came under the Russian Empire. 1917 - 18 Soviet power was established in Moldova. But the main part of the country — Bessarabia — remained under Romania. After the end of the civil war, in 1924 Moldavian SSR was established as a part of Ukrainian SSR. 1939 1940 according to the Soviet-German treaty. Red Army units took Bessarabia from Romania. 1940 On August 2, the entire Moldavian SSR was formed, including Bessarabia. 1941 - 44 Moldova was occupied by German-fascist troops. 1944 - 90 years It was part of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Moldova became an independent state.
## Geographical location
The country does not have a fuel-raw material base, it transports minerals from outside. The leading branch of the industry is food production (its share in the total industry is 50%). Wine, fruit, vegetable canning, essential oil production is in the forefront. Machine-building (trailers, assembly of agricultural machines, etc.), chemical and light industry industries work. Light industrial products such as sugar, tobacco, wine are produced and wheat, corn, sugar beet, fruits and vegetables are grown. The production of meat and dairy products is well established. Foreign trade is dominated by food products and wine production. The main imported goods include fuel, raw materials, machines, chemical products, etc. there is The main trading partners are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. The Embassy of Moldova in Russia also serves as the Embassy of Moldova in Kazakhstan.
Moldova is the smallest and most densely populated of the former Soviet republics. It is landlocked and ranks among the poorest countries in Europe.
Moldova is surrounded by Ukraine on both sides, and borders Romania on the west. The main territory of the country is occupied by hilly and low-lying plains, the average height of which does not exceed 140 m above sea level. In the west, between the rivers Reut and Prug, there is a forested plateau of Kodru, which reaches a height of up to 340 m. More than 35% of the territory of Moldova is covered by broad-leaved forests. The longest of the rivers, the Dniester, flows through Eastern Moldova and flows into the Black Sea in Ukraine.
## Farming
Agriculture, food industry, engineering and light industry take the leading place in the economic complexes of Moldova. At the same time, the industry of electric power and construction materials manufacturing is also developed. The food industry is closely related to the processing of various agricultural products. It has industries such as canning, sugar, winemaking, butter churning and tobacco. The horticultural canning industry creates difficulties for transportation. Most of the productions are concentrated in the south-east of the republic. The plant was built in such big cities as Chisinau, Cagul, Tiraspol, Bendery.
Sugar factories are located in the north of Moldova, where sugar beet is grown a lot. The largest of them are concentrated in cities such as Dondusheny, Beltsy, Rybnitsy.
Oil-pressing industries (essential oil, corn and sunflower vegetable oil) are evenly distributed throughout the country. Currently, the largest factories operate in the cities of Beltsy and Bendery.
Winemaking is an ancient branch of economy. Enterprises producing wine and cognac are located in areas with a lot of vineyards (central and southern Moldova). The largest wine-cognac factories are in Chisinau and Tiraspol.
The tobacco industry is mainly developed in the northern and central regions of the republic where tobacco is grown.
Mechanical engineering - despite the fact that it was formed in recent years, here tractors (Chisinau), tomato harvesters (Beltsi), plants for the production of tools for agriculture and food industry, and electronics (Chisinau) are developing rapidly. Machine building industry.
More than 70% of the territory of Moldova is covered with fertile black soil. The main agricultural crops are wheat, tobacco, corn, sunflower, and grapes are grown in the south of the country. Winemaking is one of the few branches of production that flourished after the country gained its independence in 1991. Agriculture is a very important sector in the economy of Moldova, which constitutes the main part of exports. About 40% of the working population of the country work here. More than half of Moldova's population lives in rural areas. Food industry produces 42% of industrial output. The economy of the country, which is poor in mineral resources and located far from major transport highways, is going through a period of decline.
Light industry uses imported raw materials. Textile industry enterprises produce cotton fabric (Tiraspol plant) and silk fabric (Bendery). A large factory weaving carpets (Ungeny) also works. There are also sewing, textile, leather shoe factories (Chisinau, Tiraspol). The construction materials industry produces construction products such as roofing tiles, various blocks made of clay, slate, reinforced concrete. Electric power plays a major role in the economy of the republic. The Dubossar HPP was built on the Dniester River, and the HPP on the Prut River in cooperation with Romania. The most powerful Moldovan GRES operates near the city of Dnestrovsk, while Chisinau, Tiraspol and Baltsy have CHPs using imported fuel.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1664 | Kostanay region | Kostanay region is an administrative-territorial unit in the north of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was established on July 29, 1936 on the basis of the former Kostanay and Torgai gubernias. The center of the region is the city of Kostanay. The land area is 196 thousand km².
## Geographical location
Kostanai region is bordered by Orynbor, Chelyabinsk, and Korgan regions of Russia in the northwest and north, and North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Karaganda, and Ulytau regions of Kazakhstan in the east and southeast. It borders Aktobe region in the southwest.
## Topography
The territory of the region is mainly a plain. Due to its extreme length from north to south (740 km), it consists of different physical and geographical zones:
* on the western side, the Ural plateau (250-400 m);
* in the north, the southern part of the West Siberian lowland (150-200 m);
* in the south, most of the Torgai plateau (250-300 m);
* includes the western part of Saryarka (450-500 m) in the far southeast.
Near-Ural plateau mainly slopes to the east, is bounded in the north by Zolotaya sopka (Altyn shoki), and in the south by the valley of the upper reaches of the Tobyl river. On the southern side of it there are separate peaks (Mount Zhetykara, 414 m, etc.). The south of the West Siberian basin is occupied by the Kostanai plain with lake potholes, the Obagan-Esil watershed and the Esil plain. The northern part of the Torgai plateau in the south of the region is covered by the Northern Torgai plain (the watershed from Kusmuryn lake to the Tobyl river), which is rich in lake potholes, and the middle part of the Torgai plateau is divided by the Sypsynagagash basin and the Ulkeyek, Ryb, Teke, and Sarysu rivers. At the watersheds here, there are four mountain peaks of Kargalytau (310 m), Teke (262 m), Kyzbeltau (219 m) and Saryadyr (360 m), and Konyrtau mountains are located in the far northwest. The Southern Torgai Plain, which is a continuation of the Torgai Plateau, covers the southern part of Lake Sarikopa. It is divided by the Torgai and Uly Zylanshik rivers. One of the features of the region is the 700 km long Torgai gorge, which includes the valleys of the Torgai, Saryozen and Obagan rivers from the far southwest to the north, and reaches the Tobyl river. The highest part of the region is the part of Saryarka with its peak. There are many peaks such as Karakus (Sharikty peak 397 m), Kokshetau (478 m!, Kayyndishoky (569 m), etc.). # Mineral resources
Kostanay region is very rich in mineral resources. There are magnetite and oolitic iron ores, bauxite, nickel, asbestos, lignite, construction materials (cement, flux limestone), dolomite, refractory clay, clay. and there is a lot of brick clay, granite, sandstone, etc. Climate of the region is very cold and cold in January the average temperature is -18-19°C in the north, -16-17°C in some severe years. Winter is long, snow cover is up to 5 months. 20°С. In some years, it reaches 35-40°C. The average amount of annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm to 170 mm from north to south, 70-75% of it falls in the warm season. There is a drought in the region. According to the data of the last 50 years, drought has been repeated 3-4 times every 10 years. There are few days without wind. The average annual wind speed reaches 4-4.5 m/s in the north and 5-6 m/s in the south. Southwest and south winds prevail in the north, and north and northeast winds prevail in the south.
## Soil
The territory of Kostanay region is located in three large soil belts:
* the northern side is occupied by black soil, and the southern part by gray soil belt;
* black and brown-pink soils are suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the northern and central regions of the region.
In the longitudinal direction of the soil cover in the region, the vegetation cover is distributed in a belt connection.
## Belts
The northern thin part of Kostanay region is occupied by a forest-steppe belt. Forest areas consist mainly of birch and poplar mixed with various shrubs. In some places, they form birch forest regions covering a considerable area. The steppe zone consists of various grasses, mainly sedges and sedges, and in the dry steppe zone, mainly fescue-sedge grasses mixed with various grasses grow. Nauryzymkaragay forests, dominated by birch and pine, grew in the sandy soils of steppe and dry steppe zones. In 1930, a state reserve (Nauryzym Reserve) was organized on the basis of the Nauryzymkaragay forest.
## Animal world
The animal world of the region is diverse. From predatory animals - wolves, foxes, skunks, and minks are often found. There are a lot of rodents such as white hare, hare, sand mouse, vole, vole, and two-legged rodent. Roe deer graze in the forest-steppe belt, and antelopes graze in the southern deserts. Many different species of birds live in the region.
## Water junction
Kostanay region is rich in rivers and lakes. The rivers belong to the basin of Tobyl and Torgai and Uly Zylanshik rivers. The rivers belonging to the basin of the Tobyl river (Uy, Togyzak, Yet, Zhelkuar, Shortandy) have their sources from the Ural plateau, and the Obagan river from the central part of the Torgai basin. The rivers in the Torgai basin, mainly the Torgai and its tributaries, have their sources from the Torgai plateau (Ulkeyek, Ryvbar, Teke). and from the western slope of Saryarka (Saryozen, Moyildi and Big Dam, Zaldama, Karynsaldi, Tasty, Ashtytas, Karatorgai, Sarytorgai, Bolshoi Sabasal, Sabasal, etc.). In the far south of the region, the Uly Zylanshik river, which originates from the Torgai river basin, flows into Zhaksy Akkol. . There are more than 7,000 lakes in Kostanay region. They usually come fresh. Salt lakes are concentrated in the North Torgai plain, in the central parts of Sipsynagash and Torgai mountains. The largest lakes are located in the Torgai region (Sarykopa, Kuyik, Aksuat, Sarymoyin, Kusmuryn, Alakol, Tengiz, etc.), in the northeast of the region (Koibagar, Alabota, Timtuir, Zhanshora, Biesoygan, Sarykol, Saryoba, Jasylbagar, Karakamys, Tokta , etc.), in the northwest (Shubarkol, Sasykkol, Bolshoi Borili, Toktas, Zholzhargan, etc. ), in the Northern Torgai plain (Shybindysor, Aykamys, Karasor and Tenteksor groups of lakes, etc.), in the Sypsynagagash basin (Kulykol, Kindikti, Orkash, Zhaksybay, Shogyrkol, Mamyrkol, etc.) and in the south (Zhaltyrsor, Baraksor, Tenteksor , Zhaman Akkol, Zhaksy Akkol, Ashchy Akkol, etc.) are located. Some salt lakes (Auliesor, Sabyndy, Karabasty, Karakalpak, Zhylysor, Balyky, Aksuatsor, etc.) have therapeutic and resort value. Many dams and irrigation systems have been built on the Tobyl and Torgai rivers and their tributaries. They are the Zhayilma, High Tobyl, Karatomar, Kostanay, Zhelkuar, Chortany dams on the Tobyl River and its tributaries, the Albarboget irrigation system on the Torgai River and the pond irrigation system on the Bolshoi Damdi River, etc. Groundwater exists in all parts of the region. They are concentrated in Meso-Cenozoic sandy-clay sediments and Paleozoic rocks.
## Population
The population is 886.2 thousand people, the average density is 4.5 people per 1 km² (2010). More than 100 nationalities live in the region. Among them, 34.9% are Kazakhs, 41.2% are Russians, 11.9% are Ukrainians, 3.8% are Germans, and the remaining 8.2% are other nationalities (2008).
Population of Kostanay region
## Settlements and districts
Kostanay region includes 5 cities (Arkalyk, Zhitikara, Lisakovsk, Rudny, Kostanay), 13 settlements , there are 16 districts, there are 808 rural settlements (2010).
* Districts:
* Altynsarin district — Obagan village.
* Amangeldi district — Amangeldi village.
* Auliekol district — Auliekol village.
* Denisov district — Denisovka village.
* Zhangeldy district — Torgai village.
* Zhitikara district — Zhitikara city.
* Kamysty district — Kamysty village.
* Karabalik district — Karabalik village.
* Karasu district — Karasu village.
* Kostanay district — Tobyl city.
* Borovskoy village, Mendikara district.
* Nauyrzym district — Karamendi village
* Sarykol district — Sarykol village.
* Beimbet Mylin district — Yet village.
* Uzynkol district — Uzynkol village.
* Fyodorov district — Fyodorovka village.
* Arkalyk city.
* Lisakovsk city.
* Rudny city.
* Kostanai city.
## Economic and investment potential
Kostanay region is a rapidly developing region of Kazakhstan.
The region has significant economic and industrial potential, a large market for goods and services, developed infrastructure, highly qualified personnel.
An important factor of a favorable business climate is the developing economy: the total regional product of the region has increased 5 times over the last 10 years.
The main regional products of Kostanay region are iron products, aluminum ore, asbestos, flour, agricultural products, confectionery and vehicles.
More than 90% of the republic's railway products, 100% of iron ore and asbestos are produced in the region.
Currently, the geography of foreign economic relations of regional enterprises includes 80 countries.
The foreign trade turnover of the region in 2019 is 2,276.2 million. amounted to US dollars, increased by 13.2% compared to the same period last year (US$ 2,011.0 million).
The product is mainly exported to China, Germany, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan and other countries of the world.
The largest suppliers of imported products are the Russian Federation, Japan, China, Germany and others.
Kostanay region-agrarian-industrial region.
The territory of Kostanay region is 19.2 million hectares.
The region is one of the largest grain farms in the region.
producing up to 30% of the national volume of grain in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Annually, an average of 1.5 million tons is exported to 33 countries of the world, including 21 distant and 12 near foreign countries.
There are 70 mill complexes in the region that process 2 million tons of grain per year.
Mechanical engineering is an important basis of the economy, the leading industry of the Kostanai region.
Major engineering enterprises: "SaryarkaAvtoProm" LLP, "AgromashHolding KZ" ak, "Composite Group Kazakhstan" LLP, "Olja Agrotehmash" LLP, "Dormash" LLP, "Don Mar" LLP, "Kostanaysky Traktorny" zavod" LLP.
### Operating large enterprises
The enterprises produce agricultural machinery, spare parts for it, combines, tractors, cars and trucks, buses. 5 cities in Kostanay region constituent enterprise works:
1. JSC "Sokolov-Sarybai mining and enrichment production association" (Rudny city).
2. "Kostanai minerals" JSC (Zhitikara city).
3. "Komarovskoye mining enterprise" LLP (Zhitikara city).
4. Torgay bauxite mine department (Arkalyk city), a branch of JSC "Kazakhstan Aluminum".
5. Krasnooktyabr bauxite mine management, a branch of "Kazakhstan aluminum" JSC (Lisakovsky city).
### Industrial zone and business development institutions
The main priority of the economic policy of Kostanay region is to attract investments and create favorable conditions for the development of the investment process in the region. [1] Archived 1 May 2020.
In the city of Kostanay, an industrial zone with an area of 400 ha is under development.
Currently, 2 projects have been launched in the field of agricultural machinery production in the territory of the industrial zone ("Belarus" and "Kirovets" tractor production). Projects in the field of agro-industrial complex and engineering are at the stage of implementation.
Two options for placement in the territory of the industrial zone are offered: a plot of land with the delivery of greenfield-site-engineering infrastructure and a plot of land with the delivery of brownfield-site-engineering infrastructure and ready-made industrial premises. The investor only needs to get the equipment and start working.
The following institutes of business development work in the region.
JSC "Tobyl" SEC" is a regional development institute that stimulates economic activity in growth points of Kostanay region by attracting investments and participating in the implementation of investment, including social projects. The purpose of the organization is to support business initiatives and economic activity in growth points of Kostanay region is an incentive. [2] Archived 1 April 2020.
Chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kostanay region - territorial branch, National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established for the purpose of formation, growth and further development of institutional foundations took place. The Chamber of Entrepreneurs aims to protect the rights and interests of entrepreneurs, to ensure broad coverage and involvement of all entrepreneurs in the process of forming legislative and other normative rules of business work. The activities of the Chamber are aimed at improving the business, investment climate and stability, and developing conditions for conducting entrepreneurship in the region. [3]
"Damu" KDK" JSC - branches of the "Damu" Foundation work in all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, have considerable experience of working with local entrepreneurs, public organizations and local executive authorities. The mission of the organization is small, small in the Republic of Kazakhstan and is an active role in sustainable development by implementing complex and effective means of supporting medium entrepreneurship.
"KAZAKH INVEST" NC" JSC RP - the goal of the organization is to attract foreign investments to the priority sectors of the economy and to promote the sustainable socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan by providing complex support to investment projects. [4]
## Agriculture
Kostanay region is the largest crop and livestock farming region in Kazakhstan. About 18% of arable land and 13% of cattle are concentrated here. The total area of agricultural land is 19.6 million. ha, of which 5659.3 thousand ha are arable land, 351.6 thousand ha are grassland, 120.7 thousand ha are pasture (2008).
## Tourism
Kostanay region has a rich potential of natural and cultural heritage. The region is rich in cultural heritage, many attractions, unique natural landscapes.
Health and wellness vacation is offered in the picturesque resort area of Altynsarin district, where the resort of our region "Sosnovy bor" spa is located. Here: "ZhailauKZ" health and entertainment complex, "Selena", "Derevenka v boru" recreation centers and 3 large children's health camps are located.
The main healing factor is mineral water. The mineral water of the "Sosnovy Bor" resort is close to the mineral springs of the "Pyatigorsky" resort, and is also an analogue of the waters of "Morshin", "Karlovy Vary" and "Essentuki 17".
If we talk about the development of cultural-educational tourism, then there are interesting objects for tourists in the districts and cities of the region, visiting sightseeing places, museums, historical and architectural monuments. There are 1141 historical and cultural monuments in the region, including 38 holy places.
For example, an archaeological complex is located within a radius of 30 km from the city of Lisakovsk. During the excavations, about one and a half hundred burial structures were found here (stone fences and barrows), as well as a large settlement of Bronze Age tribes.
in the territory of Denisov district b. h. d. 17-16 centuries. there is a unique archaeological complex, which is "Kaz.ARK" - Kazakhstan Arkayim, and popularly known as Arkayim-2, because both in time and in terms of culture, our monument coincides with the settlement of Chelyabinsk region.
In addition, 60 geoglyphs were identified in the territory of Kostanay region and all of them are located in one place - in "Torgai iirim" or "Torgai". The fields stretch further, but no such pictures are found in them. Geoglyphs are best seen only from a height. Such facilities have not yet been found in Kazakhstan or anywhere in the world. The age of some buildings is c. h. d. IX-VIII centuries. belongs to.
Ecological tourism One of the most interesting sights of Kostanay region is the Nauryzym State Nature Reserve, which is included in the UNESCO list of cultural heritage sites.
The diversity and wealth of wild nature allows for the development of ecological tourism in the region.
There are 6 excursion trails in the territory of the reserve, 2 excursion routes have been developed. There is a forest promotion house and 3 hotels for 11 beds for tourists. "Naurzym - Mysterious Land" Visitor center was opened, where museum expositions, a conference hall and a small cafe, as well as a comfortable hotel providing tourists with 6 rooms and 12 beds were built in Nauryzym district.
25 nature users who serve domestic and foreign tourists are engaged in the organization of hunting. The hunting tourism cluster includes hunting and fishing, represented by 106 hunting farms and 225 fishing water bodies.
## Communications
Kostanay-Tobyl-Zhitikara, Kostanay-Tobyl-Altynsarin-Khromtau (Aktobe region), Kostanay-Altyn shoki, Kostanay-Kokshetau, Gornyatskoe through the territory of Kostanay region -Kashar-Zharkol section passes. Main highways: Kostanai-Troitsk, Kostanai-Troebratsky, Kostanai-Auliekol-Sholaksay-Amangeldi, Kostanai-Auliekol-Kosagal-Aralkol-Torgai, Kostanai-Auliekol-Esil-Arkalyk, Kostanai-Sarykol-Kokshetau The region is crossed by the international highway "Ekaterinburg-Almaty". The length of the railway is 1452.3 km, the length of highways is 9514.3 km, the gas pipeline is 2491.4 km, the heat pipes are 778.8 km, and the water pipeline is 5937.1 km long.
## Social sphere
1 kantar In 2008, there were 644 schools, 91 kindergartens, 28 special educational institutions, 9 universities, 48 clinics, 8 clinics, 3 theaters, 10 museums in the region. 393 libraries, 278 cultural centers, 2 sports palaces, 39 sports venues and 29 stadiums were counted.
## See also
* Kostanay State University
* State Archive of Kostanay Region
* Kostanay State Pedagogical Institute
* Kostanay Region
* Kostanay Dawn
* Kostanai horse
* Kostanai
* Nowryuzim reserve
* Kostanai iron ore deposit
## Sources
## External link \< >
* Kostanay region portal Archived November 18, 2005. (Russian)
* Kostanay region Archived March 9, 2017. c Open Directory Project (ODP) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5290 | Karakhan state | Karakhan State (Persian: يلك خانيان — Ilak-Khānīyān) (942–1212) was a medieval state in Central Asia.
The Karakhan Khanate happily settled in East Turkestan, Zhetysu, Syrdarya, Talas, Shu region. It was founded in 940. The central capital of the Kaganate was Balasagun on the Shu River, and later the city of Ordakent (Taraz). Large speculator giants and artisans lived in the cities of Uzgen, Merke, Kulan of the Karakhan State.
The founder of the Karakhan dynasty is considered to be Satuk Bohrakhan (915-955). He is the grandson of Kadyr Khan, a slave of Bilge, one of the founders of the Karluk Khanate. Satuk turned the cities of Taraz and Kashgar against him, overthrew the ruler of Balasagun in 942, and declared himself the Supreme Khagan. Karluk, Shigil, and Yagma tribes made a great contribution to the strengthening of the state. After the death of Satuk, the power passed to his son Musa, who in 960 converted the people of the Karakhan state to Islam. Its capital was Kashgar. Suleiman-ilek, the second son of Satuk, took possession of Balasagun. Later, this region was inherited by his son Hasan Bogra Khan. After Musa's death, the title of supreme khagan in the Karakhan region passed to his son Ali Arslan Khan. In 990, one of the rulers of Karakhan, Hasan (Harun), Bogra Khan conquered Ispijab. And in 992, the Karakhanids captured Khotan in the east and Bukhara in the west. In 999, Nasir, the son of Ali Arslan, ruler of Karakhan, attacked the Samani state in Central Asia. In 1004-1005, after long wars, the Karakhan Khanate took over the entire territory of Mauerenahr. After that, the state of Karakhan was divided into Eastern and Western Khaganates in the 30s of the 11th century:
Zhetysu and East Turkestan, looking at the Eastern Khaganate, its center was first Orda (near Balasagun), and then the city of Kashgar.
Mauerenahr lands — looking at the Western Kaganate, its center was Uzkent, and later Samarkand.
In the state of Karakhan, the supreme authority was in the hands of the Khakan. He left for inheritance. The representatives of the ruling class of the Karakhan feudal society included the descendants of the khakan, the khans, the khans, the begs, the nobles, and the servants. One of the closest people to Khan was the vizier. The vizier was considered the closest assistant and adviser of the supreme ruler. The palace, its main residence, was considered the center of state and administrative management. The most important socio-political institution in the Karakhan state was the military-hereditary system. The state was divided into several parts. The main ones are: Taraz, Ispijab, Balasagun. Khan gave lands to feudal lords for government or military service and allowed them to collect taxes from the people there. Such lands are called ikta, and their owner is called muqta or iktadar (Persian term) in Arabic. Another common type of land ownership in Karakhandar is military - shared lands. It was given for military service. In the feudal society of Karakhan, a type of exploitation of the peasants took place - the leasing of shared land. In Arab-Persian sources, peasants who received a share of land were called muzhars or barzugars. The shareholder paid the amount of the product obtained from the land in the form of tax to the state and the landowners. Another form of exploitation of peasants is land ownership. Its meaning is that a weak person gives his land under the protection of a strong person, and a strong person must protect a weak person from others.
Karakhanians living in the south-eastern and southern regions of Kazakhstan engaged in nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock farming. Horse breeding took the leading place in animal husbandry. The Turkic tribes included in the Karakhan state kept flocks of sheep, as well as raised camels, goats, and cattle. Some of the sedentary and semi-sedentary Turkic tribes were engaged in agriculture. They grew millet and other grains, the settlers mixed with the culture of the city and added to the population of the city. Handicrafts, especially handicrafts, are widely developed in the cities. They were also engaged in hunting. Fishing from Syrdarya, Ile, Shu, and Talas rivers also played a significant role.
By the end of the 11th century, the Karakhan state fell due to wars and further fragmentation of feudal estates. In the 30s of the 12th century, the East Karakhan estate, Zhetysu and the south of Kazakhstan were conquered by the Kidans from the east. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3859 | Conjugation | By means of adverbial endings (Russian: Падежные зихный зихный), nouns are connected to verbs and adverbs in a sentence, and nouns are connected to each other in a variety of ways.
For example:
Work comes out of work, work is born, Work is justified by work, and work washes it. Men who are born strong to work, get up early for work. My work has not changed, there are places where I can enjoy my work (I. B.).
In this example, the word labor with 13 statuses is used in various forms with various suffixes added. If we remove additions other than "my work" at the beginning of the seventh line, the connection of the words in the sentence will be broken, or the meaning of the sentences will change.
These additions connect and connect the words in the sentence. Such additions are called adverbs. The system of changing words by taking endings is called declension of words or declension.
## See also:
* Adverbial phrases
* Adverbial
* Adverbial
* Register of adverbial endings
* Grammar
* Morphology
* Kazakh language
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6778 | Innovative lyceums of education | Kazakh-Turkish High Schools (Lyceums), typ. Kazak Türk Liseleri, since 2016 Lyceum "Education-Innovation (Bilim-Innovasya)", typ. "Eğitim -Yenilik (Bilim-Inovasyon)" Liseleri) is a network of selective schools for gifted children in the field of natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology, astronomy, computer science); The lyceum is managed by the international "KATEV" foundation, and education is provided according to the curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. About 4000 KTL (BIL) students will be winners of various international Olympiads. Education is conducted in four languages: Kazakh ("Kazakh language and literature", "Kazakhstan history", "Kazakhstan and world geography", "jurisprudence", "general history", "civil defense", music, art and physical education subjects), English (natural sciences, English language), Turkish ("Turkish language") and Russian ("Russian language and literature").
## History
The first lyceum "Education-Innovation" in Kazakhstan appeared in 1992 in the cities of Almaty, Kokshetau and Kentau. Enrollment of students (92-93 years) started from the 9th and 8th grades, but after 2 years, this educational institution began to enroll from the 7th grade. In 2016, Kazakh-Turkish lyceums were named "Education-Innovation Lyceum". This event was timed to the 25th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
One of the important features of the Kazakh-Turkish lyceums is their priority and special demands on the teaching of foreign languages. That is why various literature, tapes, diskettes, CDs, cards, visual aids and other educational materials are used in teaching along with methods recognized as advanced in the world.
A special methodological complex consisting of textbooks, audiotapes and books for teachers and students has been created for students who have graduated from Russian-language schools.
The contents of the textbooks and educational materials meet world standards. They have achieved success not only in Kazakhstan, but also in many countries. Students are provided with new tools, teaching-methodical tools, tapes, diskettes, CDs, models and others. Lyceums are served by libraries with a large stock of science and fiction books.
Kazakh-Turkish lyceums are based on laboratories that allow to learn new things by carrying out various researches and experiments.
In Kazakh-Turkish lyceums, educational and psychological counseling centers have been established, which organize various activities outside of school hours. The centers monitor the development of students, provide advice on education and comprehensive personality formation.
For the social and cultural development of students, conferences, seminars, tourist trips across the republic and abroad, discussions, exhibitions, trips to theaters, museums and cinemas are organized. Kazakh-Turkish lyceums determine the abilities and tendencies of adolescents and create real opportunities for their improvement. Under the auspices of lyceums, various sports sections and literary, musical, visual, scientific-practical and other circles provide services. With the help of such circles, pupils' inclinations and aspirations increase, and the process of preparation for social life is quickly formed. On the basis of these measures, lyceum students can become socially and culturally developed and self-confident individuals. With the aim of improving talented and capable young people, all Kazakh-Turkish lyceums prepare for Olympiads. Information about international Olympiads is thoroughly analyzed, students are provided with all necessary educational and scientific materials. Olympiads are held annually among lyceums in the main subjects. Every year, students become winners of regional, republican and international educational Olympiads.
The table below shows the achievements of students of Kazakh-Turkish lyceums in the international and republican educational Olympiads.
For our graduates to enter higher educational institutions, additional classes are held in preparation for entrance exams for the academic year. It helps students to choose professions according to their interests. For this, questionnaires, seminars are organized and brochures about higher educational institutions are presented.
Every year, 97 percent of graduates of Kazakh-Turkish lyceums receive state grants and loans, as well as scholarships from foreign higher educational institutions. Together with leading educational institutions of Kazakhstan, our graduates study in famous universities of Turkey, Europe and America, becoming the pride of their country and Kazakh-Turkish lyceums.
## Achievements in Olympiads
Students of Kazakh-Turkish lyceums have been winning prize-winning places in regional, republican and international discipline Olympiads for several years.
## KATEV
International public fund "KATEV" was established in 1997 on the basis of an agreement between Kazakhstan and Turkey in 1992 to coordinate the work of educational institutions on the Turkish side. 28 Kazakh-Turkish lyceums, Süleyman Demirel University and college-lyceum, Zhambyl Innovative Higher College in Taraz, international schools "SPECTRUM" and "GALAXY" under the leadership of "KATEV" International Public Fund.
After the fund was re-established, it was named the new "Knowledge-Innovation" international public fund. Currently, the head of the trust fund is the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All private schools are under the management of another Foundation - "BILIM-ORDA" international public foundation. Both funds are managed by citizens of Kazakhstan. Teachers from more than 10 countries work in the Foundation's schools, including Great Britain, India, Australia, South African Republic, and Chile. A total of 1,200 teachers work at the "Education-Innovation" institution, 90% of whom are citizens of Kazakhstan.
Fund schools are selected on a competitive basis: in 2017, there were 25 applicants for one place at the lyceum.
## List of lyceums
State lyceums financed by the "Education-Innovation" fund
* Specialized "Education-Innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Almaty) \ <> * "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school for gifted boys (Astana)
* "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school for gifted girls (Astana)
* "Education-innovation" Boarding Lyceum No. 1 for boys (Shymkent)
* "Education-Innovation" Lyceum-Boarding No. 2 for girls (Shymkent)
* "Education-Innovation" for regional gifted children in Semey lyceum (Abay region, Semey city)
* Boarding lyceum "Education-Innovation" (Akmola region, Kokshetau city)
"Education-Innovation" IT lyceum-boarding school of Shchuchinsk city (Akmola region, Shchuchinsk city)
* Aktobe regional specialized "Education-Innovation" lyceum-boarding school for gifted teenagers (Aktobe region, Aktobe city)
* A. Esik named after Malkeev "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school for specialized gifted children (Almaty region, Esik city)
* No. 1 "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Atyrau region, Atyrau city)
* № 2 "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Atyrau region, Kulsary city)
* No. 3 "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Atyrau region, Atyrau city)
* Specialized school for gifted children of West Kazakhstan region Boarding school-lyceum "Bilim-innovatsia" (BKO, Ural)
* Specialized boarding school "Bilim-innovation" for gifted boys (Zhambyl region, Taraz)
* Gifted named after Bibi Aisha "Education-innovation" specialized boarding school for girls (Zhambyl region, Taraz city)
* Taldykorgan specialized boarding school "Education-innovation" for gifted children (Zhetisu region, Taldykorgan city)
* № 1 "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Karagandy region, Karaganda city)
* No. 2 "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school (Karagandy region, Karaganda city)
* "Education-innovation" for gifted children " Boarding Lyceum (Kostanai Region, Kostanay City)
* Seyilbek Shaukhamanov Regional Boarding Lyceum No. 9 for gifted children (Kyzylorda Region, Kyzylorda City)
* No. 10 for gifted children regional Lyceum-boarding school "Kyzylorda region, Kyzylorda city"
* Lyceum-boarding school "Kyzylorda region, Aktau city"
* Zhanaozen "Kyzylorda region" lyceum boarding school (Mangistau region, Zhanaozen city)
* "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school for gifted boys (Pavlodar region, Pavlodar city)
* "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school for gifted girls (Pavlodar region, Pavlodar city)
* Multilingual boarding school for multi-disciplinary gifted children (Pavlodar region, Ekibastuz city)
* Specialized boarding school "Education-innovation" for regional gifted children (SKO, Petropavlovsk .)
* Boarding Lyceum "Education-Innovation" for boys named after Abay (Turkistan region, Arys city)
* "Education-Innovation" Lyceum-boarding school (Turkistan region, Turkestan city)
* "Education-innovation" lyceum-boarding school No. 3 (Ulytau region, Zhezkazgan city)
* Specialized "Education-innovation" lyceum for gifted children of the East Kazakhstan region in the city of Uskemen (SKO, Uskemen city)
"Education-innovation" Non-state educational organizations financed by the "Innovation" fund
* "Kemel Bilim" school-lyceum (Aktobe region, Aktobe city)
* Zhambyl innovative higher college (Zhambyl region, Taraz city)
Non-state educational organizations financed by the "Bilim-Orda" fund
* "Spectrum" international kindergarten (Astana)
* "Spectrum" international school (Astana)
"Nurorda" school-lyceum (Astana)
* "Nurorda" school-lyceum (Uskemen)
* "Nurorda" school-lyceum (Almaty)
* "Galaxy" International school (Almaty)
* Sh.K. Berkimbaeva Almaty girls boarding school-lyceum (Almaty city)
* Suleyman Demirel boarding school-college (Almaty city)
* SDU University (Almaty city)
## See also
* Suleyman Demirel University
## Sources
## External links
* bil.edu.kz Archived May 19 in 2022. — The official site of the "Knowledge-Innovation" public fund. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1035 | Қырғызстан | Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Republic), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia. The capital and largest city is Bishkek, with a population of 624,000. The population is 7,037,590 people. The majority of the population are Kyrgyz (72.6%), Russians (6.4%), Uzbeks (14.5%), Ukrainians, Tatars, Kazakhs, Uighurs, Germans, Tajiks, Dunges, etc., among other nationalities. there is The land area is equal to 199.5 thousand km2. According to the Constitution, it is a state in the form of Presidential administration. The legislative body is the unicameral Jogorku Kenesh parliament. Official languages: Kyrgyz and Russian. National holiday - August 31, Independence Day. Currency - som.
The area of the territory is 199,951 km². It ranks 85th in the world, 7th among the CIS countries, 140th in PPP and 111th in GDP.
In the administrative-territorial sense, it is divided into 7 regions and 2 cities of republican importance (Bishkek and Osh). Economically and geographically, it is divided into Central, Northern and Southern Kyrgyzstan.
## History
The first state structures on the land of modern Kyrgyzstan BC. It appeared in the II century. During the VI-XII centuries of our era, Turkic tribes migrated to this region from the Yenisei River. Later, they were persecuted by Mongol-Tatar attacks.
In the 14th century, the holders of the ancient Turkic ethnonym "Kyrgyz" lived in the northeastern borders of Mongolia. In the 15th-16th centuries, the Kyrgyz tribes, which strengthened in the Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alai, together with the Mongol tribes, formed a single Kyrgyz ethnos. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Kyrgyz allied with the Kazakhs and opposed the Yarkend Khanate, the Shaibani State, and the Oirat Khanate.
In the 18th century, the Kyrgyz, who were temporarily displaced from the northern regions as a result of the Dzungar invasion, together with the Kokan Khanate, were able to organize resistance to the further expansion of the Dzungar Khanate and the Qin Empire.
In the 19th century, it was first owned by the Kokan Khanate. As a result of the Kokan-Russian war, which took place during the years of Russia's expansion into Central Asia, the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire. Kyrgyz also took part in the 1916 uprising in Central Asia.
The land of Kyrgyzstan entered the Turkestan province of the Russian Empire. The natural conditions of Kyrgyzstan are very favorable, and the mass migration of peasants from the interior regions of Russia to the mountainous areas has taken place. This situation in Kyrgyz land, which used to be engaged only in nomadic livestock farming, new types of farming; was the driving force for its development.
After the October Revolution, the region was named the Kara Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast, and was later reorganized as the Kyrgyz ASSR. In 1936, the Kyrgyz AKSR was changed to the Kyrgyz SSR. On August 31, 1991, Kyrgyzstan changed its name to the Kyrgyz Republic and declared its independence. Kyrgyzstan gained full independence on December 25. Later, during the presidency of Askar Akayev, he became a member of the CIS, UN, OSCE and other organizations.
On May 5, 1993, the name of the country was officially changed to the Kyrgyz Republic. Kyzgaldak Revolution took place after the 2005 parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan. The revolutionaries accused Akayev, his family and supporters of corruption and authoritarianism. As a result, Akaev resigned on April 4, 2005. Members of the opposition formed a coalition and a new government was formed under the leadership of President Kurmanbek Bakiev and Prime Minister Felix Kulov.
However, political stability appeared elusive as various groups and factions linked to organized crime sought power. Three of the 75 MPs elected in March 2005 were killed, and another member was killed shortly after winning the seat of his murdered brother in a by-election on 10 May 2006. All four are known to be directly involved in large illegal business.
On April 6, 2010, civil unrest broke out in the city of Talas after a government rally against corruption and rising living costs. Protests spread to Bishkek the next day. Protesters attacked President Bakiyev's offices, as well as state radio and television channels. On April 7, 2010, President Bakiev imposed a state of emergency. Police and special services arrested many opposition leaders. According to the representatives of the Kyrgyz government, at least 75 people were killed and 458 people were hospitalized in bloody clashes with the police in the capital.
President Bakiev returned to his home in Jalalabat and announced the terms of his resignation at a press conference held on April 13, 2010. On April 15, 2010, Kurmanbek Bakiev left the country and flew to Kazakhstan with his wife and two children. The interim leaders of the country announced that Bakiev had signed an official letter of resignation before his departure.
Today, Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day every year on August 31, the day it declared its independence in 1991. Since independence, Kyrgyzstan has undergone changes such as the establishment of a truly free media and support for an active political opposition.
## Geography
### Geographical location
Kyrgyzstan is a country located in Central Asia, with Kazakhstan to the north, China to the east and southeast, South - borders Tajikistan in the west, and Uzbekistan in the west. It stretches 454 km from north to south, and 925 km from west to east. State borders mainly pass through mountains. Therefore, in the period after gaining independence, agreements were made with neighboring states in order to define their borders. From the geopolitical point of view, the territory of the country is a very important region. This feature of the country's geographical location is used by NATO member countries as an important support point in the fight against international terrorism.
### Specially Protected Natural Areas
There are 88 Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPAs) of different statuses in Kyrgyzstan: nature reserves, reserves, natural parks, temples, biosphere reserves. OOPT totals 1,476,121.6 hectares, or 14,761.21 km² (7.38% of the territory of the republic). For example, Today:
* 10 nature reserves (509,952.7 ha);
* 13 natural parks (724,670.2 ha);
* 64 reserves (including 8 forest, 23 botanical, 2 complex and 12 hunting (zoological), 19 geological (total area 241,498.7 ha));
* 1 biosphere territory (4,314.4 thousand hectares).
In 1998, the biosphere territory of "Issyk-Kul" (4,314.4 thousand ha (administrative territory) Issykkol), in accordance with the current legislation, was equalized to the status of nationally protected natural territories with a specially protected natural regime. Since 2001, by the decision of UNESCO, the Issyk-Kol biosphere reserve has been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.
Protected territories of the Republic, of international importance: since 1976, along with Lake Issykkol, it has been included in the international list of wetlands under the Ramsar Convention) for watering and recreation of waterfowl flight and wintering areas. This list also includes the lakes of Khartiya-Kul (2005) and Songkyol-ol (2011) Karatal-Zaphyryk reserve.
In 1979, Sary-Chelek was included in the international network of UNESCO "Man and Biosphere" biosphere reserve by the decision of the state natural biosphere reserve program. Here the whole natural complex and the complex are monitored. A weather monitoring station is equipped and working in the territory of the reserve
### Minerals
According to precious deposits, the country has a mineral and raw material base, non-ferrous and rare metals, non-metallic raw materials , fuel and energy resources. Kyrgyzstan has significant potential for many types of natural mineral raw materials. Several thousand ore and ore deposits of ore and non-metallic minerals were found on its territory. The main types of minerals: gold, mercury, antimony, rare earth, tin, tungsten, coal, non-metallic raw materials.
### Altyn
Currently, about 2,500 indigenous scenes have been found on the territory of the republic Altyndar. Most of them are very small and do not show industrial interests. The total balance reserve of gold in the republic exceeds 500 tons.
In 1992, the largest gold deposit was discovered in "KazMunayGas" NC JSC (district Kum-Tor; 7th place in the world in terms of gold reserves), development began in 1996. "Kumtor" deposit is located in Zhety-Oguz district, Issykkol region.
At the moment "Makmal", "Kumtor", "Salton-Sary", "Terek", "Terekkan", "Zamgyr", "Ishtamberdy".
### Antimony
Antimony potential of the republic is concentrated in 7 deposits (264 thousand tons).
Kadamzhai Surme factory, the largest in the country, was commissioned in 1936. Historically, the metallurgical plant of the USSR was the largest plant in production and was considered one of the largest plants in the world: until 1991, production reached 17 thousand tons per year (10% of world production). Production of the industrial complex offered metal antimony and 14 types of its compounds. With the opening of the Kadamzhai Surmeler Factory, the USSR completely switched from importing paintings. Antimony produced at this plant has long been the world standard for this metal.
### Mercury
Kyrgyzstan is one of the countries with significant mercury reserves and is also the second largest producer of mercury in the world, after China. There are two mercury deposits in the republic: Haydarkan and Zhana.
During the Great Patriotic War, when the Nikitov mercury factory was occupied by German troops in Donbass, the country was completely supplied with metal mercury to the mines of Haydarkan and Chauva. For more than 70 years, on the basis of the antimony-mercury deposits of the Khaidarkan and Novoye fields, the Mercury plant of Khaidarka.
### Glaciers
Glaciers of Kyrgyzstan form the fresh water reserves of the republic, and are also the main sources of food for the Central Asian region and rivers. There are about 8000 glaciers in the republic, 4% of the territory of Kyrgyzstan (about 8000 km2). but with permanent snow, they occupy 40.5% of the country's territory (about 81,000 km2). This is much more than the area of the Caucasus and Alpine glaciers put together. About 650 km 3 of ice is stored in glaciers.
### Rivers
There are about 30 thousand rivers in Kyrgyzstan. total length is about 150,000 km, and according to other data, 35,000 km. In all large rivers of the republic in the mountains, they often feed on glaciers and snowmelt. Depending on the different reliefs of the republic, distinguish between the river and plain mountainous part. Most of the river systems belong to the Aral basin, including the Syrdarya and Amudarya systems of the main rivers of Central Asia. Although they belong to the basin of the Aral Sea, the basins of the Shu and Talas rivers, however, their water does not reach the main waterways and the hydrographic system of the Issykkol (Kyrgyz-Issyk lake) watershed. The southeastern part of the territory of the republic is the water artery of Western China, forming the Tarim River, and a small area of the Karkyra River basin belongs to the Balkash Lake basin.
The biggest river of the republic is Naryn. It is the main component of the Syrdarya river and belongs to the Aral Sea basin. The length of the republic is 535 km, the basin area is 53.7 thousand km2, it is formed by the union of the Big and Small Naryn.
There are two hydrological zones in Kyrgyzstan: the zone of formation of the stream and the zone of distribution of the stream. The formation of the stream makes up 87% of the territory of the republic, the dispersal area of the stream makes up 13%. The distribution area of large rivers is outside the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Dispersion of the flow, Regional distribution of the flow of the flow, is characterized by a slight precipitation of atmospheric precipitation, rather than intense evaporation on the slopes. Thus, the formation of surface flow is limited, sometimes absent. In addition, drainage in the mountains, passing through these areas, for sediments on the slopes and plains, as well as for irrigation. Groundwater slopes are formed in the plains above the mountains, which provide additional nutrients to many rivers. The flow of groundwater, in a considerable amount of space, forms rivers, streams, which are called "black-water" because of the transparency of the water in them.
According to the flow regime, the rivers of Kyrgyzstan belong to the Tien-Shan and Altai types. The rivers of the first type are, first of all, in the melted waters of high mountains and glaciers. Water consumption in them increases during the period of rapid melting in summer, the maximum in July, in August. The rivers of the Altai type are mainly designed for medium-level seasonal snowmelt waters. The flow of water in them increases in the spring, the snow at different heights melts at different times, the high water is stretched. In the summer it's brutal and these rivers go down.
### Issykkol
Issykkol is the largest lake in Central Asia, located 1608 m above sea level. The total area is 6280 km², the length is 182 km. The depth of Issykkol, which is considered a tectonic lake in terms of the history of its formation, reaches 702 meters. Due to the large volume of water, Issykkol does not freeze in winter, and the name of the lake is related to it. The lake, along with its surroundings, is included in the territory of the Issykkol nature reserve, which is under special protection. There are more than 100 recreational facilities and health care facilities on the coast of Issykkol. Not only the healing salt water of the lake, but also healing mud from the coast is used for healing purposes. There are also many mineral springs in the Issykkol pothole. Cholpan-Ata, Issyk-Ata, Zhetyogiz, Altyn-Arashan healing water springs are popular.
Saryshelek lake, located on the southern slope of the Shatkal ridge, and the valley of fruit trees and rare nut forests around it are included in the Saryshelek nature reserve. Here are the beautiful recreation and health centers of Kyrgyzstan.
## Industry
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the previous traditional ties were broken, and the country's economy was significantly damaged. Today, Kyrgyzstan is making efforts and efforts to transition to a market economy system. According to 2008, the country's total gross domestic product is 12 billion US dollars. 47% of it belongs to agricultural products, 12% to industry, and 41% to non-manufacturing sector.
The main specialized branches of industry are electric power, food industry and light industry, metallurgy. Electricity production is based on the chain of thermal power plants located in the south of the Naryn River and its tributaries. The largest of them is the Toktagul HPP, which produces 4 billion kWh of electricity per year. Currently, a lot of foreign and Russian funds are being spent on this industry. The fuel industry is flourishing on the basis of lignite in Osh and Jalalabad regions and hard coal produced from the Issykkol boiler pit.
The volume of light industrial products is increasing day by day, industries such as wool spinning, felt pressing, carpet weaving, leather tanning are flourishing. Cotton processing and sericulture are developed in the south of the country. The food industry is focused on processing local raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy mainly specializes in export. Antimony produced by the Kadamzhai plant in Osh region is valued as a benchmark in the international market. The mercury mine near Khaidarkan settlement in this region is very important. Additional lead-zinc concentrate is taken here and sent to Kazakhstan for further processing. Newly launched gold ("Makmalalsin" in Jalalabat region), as well as tin (south-east of Istykkol region) factories are working only with the help of foreign funds.
## Agriculture
Kyrgyzstan is the only country in Central Asia where livestock farming is dominant. It is explained by the fact that the majority of Kyrgyzstan's land is mountainous, and the share of cultivated land is low. The vast majority of cultivated land is concentrated in the Shu region, 25% of which belongs to grasslands. The 200-km long Big Shu Canal runs along the Shu Valley, from which many branches supply water to fields and gardens. The share of pastures, especially winter pastures, dominates in Naryn region. Hay is made on the slopes of the Fergana ridge in the south of the country.
Kyrgyzstan ranks 3rd after Russia and Kazakhstan in the number of sheep and wool production among the CIS countries. In recent years, the number of sheep has decreased to 4.5 million. Mainly, fine-wool and semi-fine-wool sheep are raised. Beef and dairy cattle are raised in the taval belt and mid-mountain areas, and cattle are raised in the high mountains. The number of horses is relatively large (300,000 head), in Kazakhstan this figure has reached 985,000. Kumyz, the favorite drink of the Kyrgyz people, is prepared in farms in mountainous areas. On the banks of Issykkol there are farms breeding horses.
In the agricultural structure, 50% are grain crops, 41% are Malazic grasses, and the rest is technical and vegetable-garden crops. Cotton and tobacco are grown in the Fergana valley, and sugar beet fields are being restored in the Shu region. In the north and south of the country, vineyards and orchards cover considerable areas. In the Jalalabad region, relic forests of walnut grow, which are considered a unique monument of nature.
## Transport
An important system of railways and highways connecting the country with neighboring countries passes through the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The Pamir Highway (Osh-Murgab-Khorog) passes through the Kyrgyz territory and connects it with the inner regions of the Pamirs all year round. There are several border crossings connecting with China in the mountainous areas of the republic.
The main type of transport is a car, the total length of highways reaches 40 thousand km. Automobiles account for 90% of freight turnover. The railways are very short. There are several railway branches directed through the southern part of the republic to the coal-mining areas and regional centers of Uzbekistan. There is a dead-end railway line connecting the capital with Issykkol. Currently, international projects are being developed to build a railway line connecting Almaty with the coast of Issykkol. This project, along with the development of relations between the two countries, will allow the development of tourism.
Kyrgyzstan has established close relations with the CIS countries, including the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. Russia is the only major country that brings capital to the country's economy. The development of relations between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan is based on the contract signed in 1993 on the 8th of July. In 2008, the foreign trade turnover between the two countries amounted to 310 million US dollars. more than 70 joint enterprises with Kyrgyzstan work in our country. Every year, Kazakhstan provides employment to thousands of people coming from this country. Several branches of Kazakhstani banks operate in Kyrgyzstan.
## Administrative division
Kyrgyzstan includes 7 regions, 31 cities (2 cities of general republican significance (Bishkek, Osh), 12 cities of regional significance and 17 of regional significance cities), 44 districts (including 4 districts in Bishkek), 12 villages and 453 rural aimagas. It is the administrative center of the city of Tokmak.
## Foreign policy
Kyrgyzstan has established diplomatic relations with 155 countries of the world.
Important partners of Kyrgyzstan are Russia, Kazakhstan and China. Relations with Uzbekistan are ambiguous. The republic is interested in Turkey, which is close to Turkey, which provided military aid to Bishkek in the total amount of 12.5 million US dollars in 1999-2012, and canceled the debt of 50 million dollars of Kyrgyzstan in 2012.
Russia is an important economic and political partner of Kyrgyzstan, provides significant humanitarian and military-technical assistance, and a significant number of Kyrgyz citizens work in Russia. Until the early 2000s, China's involvement was minimal, but after the delimitation of the border and the opening of checkpoints, the PRC dramatically increased its penetration into Central Asia in general, and Kyrgyzstan in particular. Relations with Kazakhstan are the closest among all neighboring states. After the customs border was opened in 2015, trade increased.
## Administrative-territorial division
### Bishkek
The city of Bishkek is the political, economic, scientific, industrial and cultural center of the Kyrgyz Republic and the country's the largest city. Bishkek is a special administrative unit and does not belong to any oblast. It was founded in 1878. The area is 12.7 ha. Population — 874.4 thousand (2012).
### Shu region
* Alamudyn district (Lebedinovka village)
* Zhaiyl district (Karabalta city)
* Kemin district (Kemin city)
* Moscow district (Belovodskoe village)
* Panfilov district (Kayindy city)
* Sokylyk district (Sokylyk village)
* Shu district (Tokmak city)
* Issykata district (Kant city)
### Issykkol region
* Karakol city - center
* Aksu district (Karakol city)
* Tong district (Bokenbaev village)
* Zhetyogiz district (Kyzyl-Su village )
* Issykkol district (Sholpanata city)
* Main district
### Talas region
* Talas city - center
* Bakayata district
* Talas district
* Manas district
* Aitmatov district
### Naryn region
* Naryn city — center
* Koshkar district (Kochkor village)
* Naryn district (Naryn city)
* Atbasy district (At-Bashi village)
* Zhumgal district (Chaek village)
* Akdala district (Baetov village)
### Jalalabat region \< >
* Jalalabat city — center
* Aksy district (Kerben city)
* Alabuka district (Alabuka village)
* Bazarkorgan district (Bazar-Korgan village)
* Nauken district (Masy village )
* Sozak district (Sozak village)
* Shatkal district (Shatkal village)
* Toghiztarau district (Kazarman village)
* Toktagul district
### Osh region \< >
* Osh (city) — center
* Alai district (Gulshho village)
* Aravan district (Aravan village)
* Karasu district (Kara-Su city)
* Karakulja district ( Kara-Kulzha village)
* Nauqat district (Nookat city)
* Ozgen district (Uzgen city)
* Chon Alai district (Daroot-Korgan village)
### Batken region \ <>
* Batken city — center
* Kyzylkiya city
* Batken district (Batken city)
* Isfana city of Leilek district
* Kadamzhai district (Pulgon village)
## Kyrgyzstan in international indices
## Population
See also: Population of Kyrgyzstan
Permanent population of Kyrgyzstan equals 6,140,200 people, monetary population - 5,885,000 people (as of January 1, 2017). It is much more, lived in the country in 1959 (2,065,000), 1970 (2,935,000), 1979 (3,523,000), 1989 (4,258,000), 1999 (4,823,000). Until the 1960s, the population of the republic grew rapidly due to migration and natural growth, the latter rural Kyrgyz being especially important, with Uzbeks and other Central Asian peoples. On November 26, 2015, the population of Kyrgyzstan reached 6 million.
Most of the population lives in the southern regions of the republic, Osh, Jalalabat, Batken (3,241,600 or 52.8% of the permanent population of the republic), the population lives mainly in the Ferghana Valley. Also, the majority of the population is concentrated in Shu Valley (1,885,600 inhabitants or 30.7% of the permanent population of the republic) and Talas Valley (255,200 inhabitants or 4.2% of the permanent population of the republic). 757,800 or 12.3% of the permanent population of the republic live in Issykkol and Naryn regions. The densest settlements are Osh and Shu.
### Ethnodemography
The main population is 4,393,057 people, 73.2% of whom are Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz live throughout the country and dominate many rural areas. Uzbeks have the second largest number: 898,363 people, which is 14.6% of the population, concentrated in the border regions of Uzbekistan in the southwest of the country. Russians - 356,637 people, 5.8%. mainly concentrated in cities and villages in the north of the republic. Representatives of other nationalities: 69 093, Uyghurs 53,848, Tajiks 53,848, Tajiks 42,829, 35,887, 27.341, Azerbaiidan 17.015, Ukrainians 11 915, Germans 8340. \ <> \ <> Kazakhs \ <> \ <> 13,000 Kazakhs live in Shu region. In Issykkol — 7,000, in Bishkek — 10,000; in any other region of the country, the number of Kazakhs is not more than 700 (2016). In 1926, the number of Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan reached 1.7 thousand. Compared to the Kyrgyz population of 661,000 people. During the period of famine in Kazakhstan in 1933, forced collectivization was severe in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, many Kazakhs moved to the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and in this regard, according to the census data of 1939, the number of Kazakhs increased to 24 thousand people. Even in 2007, some of these Kazakhs still live in Bishkek. According to the 1989 census, there were 37,000 people, according to the number of Kazakhs. During this period, after the formation of independent Kyrgyzstan, there was a return of the Kazakh community to Kazakhstan (in total, the negative remnants of more than 12 thousand people), which led to a decrease in the number of Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan to the level of 34,615 people. (as of January 1, 2016).
In Issykkol region, there are also a number of home Kazakhs. A small number of Kazakhs live in the city of Kara-Suu, Osh region ("Kazak-mahallya").
Ukrainians
In the territory of Kyrgyzstan, Ukrainians, along with Russians, first immigrated from the Poltava region of Ukraine and from Russia.
Germans
A part of Germans lived in the region in the 19th century, when the first German Mannons began to settle in this region, they left their homes due to religious persecution. It was only a few thousand people, living in the north, in the Talas district, they created the resettlement villages of Nikolayopol, Vladimir, Andreevka, Romanovka, later connected with Nikolayopol.
In 1944, about 4,000 Germans lived in the Kyrgyz SSR. 1941–1945 About 500,000 Germans were resettled in the Central Asian republics. In 1989, there were 101,000 Germans living in the Kyrgyz SSR, which was 2.4% of the total population of the republic.
Dagestanis
Dagestanis, like many other peoples of the Caucasus, were in the process of deportation for various payments, were deported and persecuted, for religious and religious activities. In 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution (May 21, No. 911-150 cc) "On the relocation of 1,000 farms from Dagestan and the Chechen-Ingush region, on the basis of which several thousand people were relocated to the Kyrgyz SSR."
Tatars
Tatars live in Kyrgyzstan in the amount of 27,341 people. The term "Tatars" refers to many original groups of the Volga region, southern Urals, Siberia, as well as migrants from Central Asia. Their common feature is the use of various dialects of the Tatar language of the Kipchak subgroup of Turkic languages. The Volga Tatars also include the Mishar group (Mozhari, Mechera), Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Simbirsk and "Kazakh" provinces, living in the Lower Volga and the Southern Urals.
Dungens
At the end of the 19th century, thousands of Dungens (Muslim Chinese) overthrew the Dungen Rebellion of the Chinese central government in northwestern China. Traditionally, Dungans were good farmers and gardeners, and their irrigated gardens set an example for their neighbors. (The ethnonym "Dungans" is used mainly in Russia and other CIS countries: in China, the proper name is "Hui" in Russian (for the sake of euphony). In addition to agriculture, gardening and horticulture, traditional Dungan occupations in Central Asia: trade and small business (for example, restaurant).This is the Shu valley (Tokmok, Aleksandrovka village, Ken-Bulun), Tashyrov village (Kara-Su district, Osh region) and Dunganskaya street in Bishkek A part of the Kyrgyz Dungans moved to Russia in the 2000s, mainly in the Rivne district of Saratov region, where the Dungans are densely settled, primarily in the villages of Privolnoe, Skatkovka, and Kochetnoe part came to China from Xinjiang province to Kyrgyzstan in the 1820s, the second wave of emigrants has continued since 1950, among several thousand people (especially during the Chinese "cultural revolution").
Unlike Dungen, the Uyghur ethnic group belongs to the Turkic language group, thus, not only from the majority of people in China, not only by religion, but also by cultural and linguistic traditions (the Uyghur language belongs to the eastern group of the Turkic branch of the Altai language family). However, in the territory of the CIS, as Dungans, Uighurs are characterized by some cultural similarities. Today, 54,810 Uighurs live in Kyrgyzstan, mostly in and around Bishkek, as well as in the cities of Osh and Jalalabat. In Bishkek, Uyghurs live densely in the settlements of Tokoldosh, Lebedinovka, Novopokrovka, in the south of Kyrgyzstan there is a large Uyghur village of Kashkar-Kishtak. In the south of the country, the Uyghurs (as well as Dungy and Kazakhs) were mostly assimilated with Uzbeks. In the city of
, Uyghur communities are mainly engaged in small and medium-sized businesses, catering and trade, including large wholesale sales with China, in the village of Kashkar-Kishtaq, mainly in agriculture.
Turks
Turks constitute one of the most important national minorities.
Also, the number of Karachays and Malkars living here after the deportation in 1943 is small.
There is an opinion, the population according to official data published on formal grounds, because data from official sources cannot be confirmed. The last census of the population of Kyrgyzstan (2009) was subject to violations of this nature, which cannot be considered as objective information.
## Languages
Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan are the only republics in Central Asia that have kept Russian as their official language. In September 1989, the Kyrgyz language became the state language.
Russian is the most widely spoken second language in Kyrgyzstan.
## Religion
See also: Religion in Kyrgyzstan, Islam in Kyrgyzstan and Christianity in Kyrgyzstan
The vast majority of believers in Kyrgyzstan are Sunni Muslims. There are Christians: Orthodox, Catholics and various Protestant denominations. At the same time, Kyrgyzstan is a secular state. The authorities of the country contradict the legislation of the republic to allow priests to perform religious ceremonies. For example, in 2016, a law was passed, in criminal proceedings (imprisonment from 3 to 6 years) for representatives of the clergy, who are not married to the age of majority.
## Crime
In 2011, 9199 people were convicted in the country, including 79.1% of able-bodied people without specific professions. In 2011, the vast majority were convicted of theft (1,713 people), drug trafficking (1,248 people) and vandalism (766 people). In the CIS as a whole, the vast majority of convicts are men (89.5% in 2011).
## Education
The basis for modern education in Kyrgyzstan is the Soviet system. After independence, reforms were carried out in the field of education. School education is calculated for 11 years, 9 of them are compulsory. Primary school - 1st to 4th grade, children from 6-7 to 11 years old receive education. In primary school, children are given basic education, such as writing, reading, learning languages, arithmetic, Homeland lessons, work, ethics and physical education. Middle grades 5th to 9th grade, 12 to 16 year olds. In the middle classes, they begin to study scientific topics, mathematics, information technologies, in-depth study of foreign languages, etc. Higher classes are grades 10-11. Regardless, choosing 10-11th grade is optional, 80% of school students study in high school. Here, students study the same subject, as in middle school, begin military affairs, as well as preparation for entering the university. At the end of the 11th grade, schoolchildren take final exams and the All-Republican Test (ORT), based on the results of which university admissions are made.
In the early 90s, schools taught individual subjects and specialties at a high level. In 2000, the number of secondary public schools was - 1975 schools. Now there are more than 2000 of them. Private elite schools were opened in big cities. In addition, the number of children aged 7-17 years is not large - in 2013, there were 2901 people in the republic, of which 1021 people worked.
### HEIs
In 1990, there were only 9 HEIs in the republic, where 58,800 students studied, the number of higher education institutions increased significantly during the years of Independence and at the beginning of 2010 there were 52 reached, 36 of them are state. The number of students also increased, and at the beginning of 2010 it was 220 thousand. The republic has international "joint" universities: Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavic) University, Kyrgyz-Turkish University "Manas" and Kyrgyz-Turkish University "Ala-Too", American University in Central Asia.
* Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic
* Eastern University. Mahmud Kashgari-Barsakan
* Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic
* International Ataturk-Alatoo University (MOAA)
* Model: Untranslated 4 (AUCA)
* Bishkek Financial and Economic Academy (BFEA)
* Bishkek Humanitarian University (BGU)
* Kyrgyz Economic University (KEU)
* University of Economics and Business (UEP)
* Kyrgyz State Law Academy (KSKA) under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
* Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (KMMA)
* Kyrgyz State Academy of Physical Education and Sports (KGAFKI)
* Kyrgyz National Agrarian University. K.I. Skryabin (KUAU)
* Issykkol State University. Kasym Tynystanov (ISU)
* Kyrgyz State Pedagogical University. Arabaeva
* Naryn State University. S. Naamatova (NGU)
* Osh State University (Osh State University)
* Osh Technological University. Academician M. Adyshev (Oshtu)
* Osh Humanitarian and Pedagogical Institute (OGPI)
* Osh State Social University (OKSU)
* Osh branch of MS
* Osh University of Central Asia
* Kyrgyz State Academy of Law. Adil Murat Olu
* Kyrgyz State Construction, Transport and Architecture University (KMKTAU)
* Kyrgyz National University named after Yusup Balasaguni
* Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin (KRSU)
* Kyrgyz State Technical University of I. Razzakova (KarMTU)
* International University of Central Asia (MUCA)
* International University of Kyrgyzstan (IUC)
* Kyrgyz-Turkish University "Manas" (KTMU)
* Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic Military Institute Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant General K. Named after Usenbekov
* Jalalabat State University (JAGU)
* Batken State University (BatGU)
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5005 | Kerey Khan | Kerey Khan (Kiray, Giray; 1424 - 1473) is one of the two great historical figures who founded the Kazakh Khanate, the first Kazakh Khan. Khan of the White Horde is a descendant of Urs. From Urs Khan descended Toktakiya, from Bolat, from Kerey Khan.
## Management
According to "Tawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusratname", Kerei Khan is the only child of Bolat. Information about Kerei Khan is not found in historical events before the middle of the 15th century. In the work "Tarikh-i Rashidi" by Muhammed Haidar Dulati, Kerey Khan is first mentioned together with his relative Janibek Khan in the events related to the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate at the end of the 15th century. It tells about the separation of Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan from the Abilkhair Khanate and settled between the Shu Bay and Kozybasy region in the west of Mongolia. This region was between the estates of Esenbuga Khan, the ruler of Mongolia in those years, and his half-brother Yunis Khan.
## In written sources
Muhammad Haidar Dulati says in his work "Tarikh-i Rashidi":
At that time Desh was ruled by Abulkhair Khan of Kypchak. He did not respect the sultans from the Joshi family. As a result, Zhanibek Khan and Kerey moved to Mongolia. Esenbuga Khan welcomed them with open arms and gave them Shu and Kozybasy regions on the western edge of Mongolia. After they went and settled, Abulkhair Khan died, and the family of the Uzbek prince was shaken. Big tensions started. A large part of it moved to Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan. So the number of people gathered near them reached 200 thousand. Kazakh sultans began to rule in the 870s (1465-1466)...
## Years of rule
According to the legend that has been introduced into scientific circulation in recent years, with the tribes under Kerey Khan and Zhanibek Khan In the fall of 1457, he moved to the Shu region. And in the spring of 1458, Kerei was made Khan. With the separation of Kerei Khan and Zhanibek Khan, the process of disintegration begins in the Nomadic Uzbek state. Sultans, emirs, chiefs of tribes who are dissatisfied with Abulkhair Khan join Kerey Khan and Zhanibek. In a short time, the population of the Kazakh Khanate will exceed 200 thousand. Thanks to Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan, Esenbuga Khan finds a reliable and strong ally in the fight against his brother Yunis. Yunus could not take any action against the Mongol throne until the death of Esenbuga Khan in 1461-1462. In the years 1461/62–1469, Kerei Khan began to support Yunis due to the senseless policy of Dosmuhammed, Khan of Mogulstan. Finally, after the death of Dosmuhammed Khan in 1469, Yunis Khan came to power in Mongolia without any problems. Kazakh-Mongol relations, founded during the reign of Kerei Khan, were friendly and peaceful until the 30s of the 16th century. Abulkhair Khan was afraid of the growing influence of Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan, and organized a campaign in 1468-1469 with the aim of defeating them in time. During the campaign, Abulkhair Khan fell ill and died, and his army returned later. Soon, a struggle for power begins in the Nomadic Uzbek state. Yesterday's opponents of Abilkhair Khan - khans Ahmet and Mahmut, Nogai lords Musa and Zhanbyrly, Khan Ibak of Siberia, Sultan Berke of Puckaban and Kazakh khans, Shaykh Haidar Khan, the successor of Abilkhair Khan, will oppose him. If the names of Kerey Khan and Zhanibek are mentioned as Kazakh khans in "Tawarikh-i guzida-yi nusratname", in "Fathnama" and "Shaibaniname" only the name of Zhanibek Khan is found. However, the name of Kerei Khan is mentioned in historical records for the last time in 1472-1473, due to the attack of the Sultan Burysh Oglan on the Horde of Yunis Khan. Compared to that, Kerey Khan died in the beginning of 1470. According to legend, Kerey Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate for about 10 years and was buried at the foot of Khan Mountain.
## Death
There is no exact information about the circumstances and year of Kerei Khan's death. Kerey Khan had three children. They are: Meludyuk Khan, Khoja-Mohammed and Sultan Ali. Among them, after Mebulukduk Khan, who ruled the Kazakh Khanate for more than 30 years, the power of the throne finally passed to the descendants of Zhanibek Khan. There is no information about the other two sons of Kerey Khan.
## Occurrence in the records
The last time the name Kerei Khan is mentioned in historical records was in 1472-73 when Burysh Sultan attacked the army of Mongol Khan Yunis for the cities on the banks of the Syrdarya.
In the historical materials, there are no specific details about the transfer of the khanate power by Kerei Khan to his son Mebulik, the period when Kerei Khan ruled over the Uzbek prince, when and under what circumstances he died. It is believed that Kerey Khan died after the events in 1472-73.
## Changes
After the death of Abulkhair Khan, the quarrels for the throne of the Khan escalated in Deshti-Kipchak, and Zhanibek Khan and Kerei Khan, who wanted to return to their homeland, got involved. They got into a fierce battle with Sheikh-Khaidar Khan, the successor of Abulkhair. Sheikh Haidar, who could not get any help from his rulers, was defeated in the struggle for power. After that, power in Deshti-Kipchak passed into the hands of descendants of Orys Khan - Zhanibek Khan and Kerey Khan, who fought hand to foot with the Puckanis for another thirty years.
The transfer of power into the hands of Russian khans did not change the political situation in the "Nomadic Uzbek State". However, this event contributed to the change of the name of the "State of Nomadic Uzbeks" to Deshti-Kipchak. At one time, people who migrated to Mongolia began to be called "Kazakhs" in the Uzbek dynasty, and this name began to spread throughout the Khanate. Struggling for power, Zhanibek Khan and his followers contributed to the unification of the Kazakhs and the creation of the Kazakh Khanate. In the middle of the 15th century, the Turkic tribes that have inhabited the Zhetisu region since ancient times united into one ethnic group and formed the Kazakh people. Zhanibek Khan and Kerei Khan contributed a lot to the reunification of the Kazakhs living along the Zhetisu region, along the Shu and Talas rivers. With this goal, they suppressed mutual quarrels and gathered large feudal lords in their neighborhood. There is no information about Zhanibek Khan's strengthening of power after returning to Deshti-Kipchak, his last years of life and his death. His name appears in historical records for the last time in 1473. In subsequent years only Kerey Khan was mentioned. It can be assumed that Janibek Khan was killed in one of the frequent battles. In the preserved folk legends and poems, Khan Zhanibek was called Az Zhanibek.
## Sources
## Literature
* Materials on the history of Kazakh khanates XV - XVIII centuries. (''Excerpt from Persian and Turkic works''). Composers: S.K. Ibrahimov, N.N. Mingulov, K.A. Pishchulina, V.P. Yudin, Alma-Ata, 1969;
* Mirza Muhammed Haidar, "Tarikh-i Rashidi", Vved., trans. with Persian A. Urunbaeva, R.P. Jalilova, L.M. Epifanova. Tashkent, 1996;
* Sultanov T.I., Podnyatye na beloy koshme. Descendant Genghis Khan. A., 2001;
* Yeleuuly M., Shu region: legend and history, KazMU reporter. History series.
## External links
* About Kerey Khan on e-history.kz portal |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7541 | Ideal | Ideal (lat. idealis << Greek ίδέα — idea, concept, knowledge, French. ideal, Greek. idea — thought, understanding) — a concept that represents a noble dream, goal in a person; the highest goal of the claim, action, the best example of a certain style.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5315 | Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Armed Forces of Kazakhstan — the military structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes military management bodies, types of Armed Forces, special forces, rear, military educational institutions and scientific institutions.
In wartime, in addition to the types of troops under the Ministry of Defense, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, border services of the National Security Committee and other troops, republican "Ulan", civil and territorial defense management and creation bodies are included.
## Obligations
According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Defense and Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan", Chapter 5, Clause 18: Armed Forces to repel aggression, territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is devoted to armed defense of sovereignty, guarding and protecting state and military objects, airspace security, as well as performing tasks in accordance with international agreements approved by the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Defense and Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan": The Armed Forces, other troops and military units perform tasks in the field of defense in accordance with the Military Doctrine and the plan for the use of the Armed Forces.
### In peacetime
The Armed Forces of the Republic are assigned the following main tasks in peacetime: to suppress and repel conflicts within the country, any illegal display of armed force within the state border or territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
* guarding the airspace, as well as closing the strategically important regions of the state border;
* guarding important military facilities;
* readiness for bold action to stabilize the situation in any region of the country;
* participation in negotiations and other operations in accordance with international obligations.
The Armed Forces carry out these duties in close cooperation with other armies and military structures of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, the border service of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan is responsible for guarding and protecting the state border on land, sea, lakes and other water bodies, as well as participating in the fight against terrorism (terror), arms and drug trafficking.
## Military doctrine
The geopolitical situation of Kazakhstan is undergoing major changes (extremism, escalation of military conflicts near the border, emergence of new nuclear states, etc.).
* On March 21, 2007, by Decree No. 299 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the new Military Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan represents the system of basic views on ensuring the military security of the state, preventing wars and armed conflicts, developing and using the Armed Forces, other troops and military equipment. doctrine was established.
The military doctrine specifies the main provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the requirements of the decrees of the Head of State, the development strategy of Kazakhstan until 2030, the National Security Strategy, legislative and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as international treaties to which Kazakhstan is a party.
The military doctrine is of a defensive nature, it defines the commitment of the Republic of Kazakhstan to peace, taking into account the fight against asymmetric threats: terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, illegal distribution of weapons, illegal migration , specifies conditions and new directions for the development of other troops and military equipment.
* The implementation of the rules of the military doctrine will be ensured due to the further improvement of the military management system, the implementation of a complex of interconnected political, diplomatic, economic, social, informational, legal, military and other measures aimed at ensuring the military security of Kazakhstan .
## Regional Commands
Regional Commands of the Ground Forces were established in 2003.
### "Astana" regional command
"Astana" regional command is located on the administrative border of Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay and North Kazakhstan regions. The command headquarters is located in Karaganda.
The composition of the regional command includes the central subordinate units and the military units located within the territorial division, except for the troops of the Air Defense Forces.
"Astana" regional command is a reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
"Astana" SC includes:
* 7th separate mechanized brigade (7th zhmekhbr or 31775 a/b) — Karaganda
* reconnaissance regiment with a special purpose (22750 a /b) — Aktas e.m.
* 401st gun artillery brigade (401st zabr or 06708 b/b) — Priozersk (Almaty region, Unghirtas etc. placed in a new location)
* 402nd rocket artillery brigade (402nd reabr) — Priozersk
* 403rd tank destroyer artillery brigade (403rd tbabr or 70417 b/b) — Priozersk
* Training center for military training and military application of junior reserve specialists (b/b 36352) — Spassk
* Training Center for Missile Troops and Artillery (14805 b/b) — Priozersk
### "Eastern" Regional Command
"Eastern" Regional Command Administration of East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions located on the borders. The command headquarters is located in Semey.
The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control.
"Eastern" SC includes:
* 3rd Private Guards Mechanized Brigade (3rd zhgmekhbr or 40398 b/b) — Usharal;
* 4th mechanized brigade (4-zhmekhbr or 27943 b/b) — Ust-Kamenogorsk;
* 8th private mechanized brigade (30217 b/b) — Semipalatinsk;
* 11th tank brigade (11th tbr or 10810 b/b) — Ayagoz;
* 34th Artillery Brigade (34th April or 10181 b/b) — Usharal;
* 101-missile brigade (101-rbr or 36803 b/b) — Semipalatinsk;
* 102nd rocket artillery brigade (402nd reabr or 16752 b/b) — Semipalatinsk;
* 103rd gun artillery brigade (103-zabr or 28738 b/b) — Semipalatinsk;
private reconnaissance regiment (44736 b/b) — Semipalatinsk;
* personal communication brigade (44793 b/b) — Semipalatinsk.
### "Batys" regional command
"Batys" regional command is located on the administrative borders of West Kazakhstan, Aktobe, Atyrau and Mangistau regions. The command headquarters is located in Atyrau.
The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control.
The main task of the regional command is to ensure that the state border, territorial integrity, sovereignty and economic interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan are not encroached on in the Kazakhstani sector of the Caspian Sea.
"Batys" SC includes:
* 100th artillery brigade (100th abr or 30238 b/b) — Aktobe;
* separate motorized rifle battalion (66597 b/b) — Aktobe;
* 390th separate guard marine infantry brigade (390th zhtjabr or 25744 b/b) — Aktau (in 2009 it was relocated from Atyrau);
* private intelligence regiment (41433 b/b) — Atyrau;
* separate motorized rifle battalion (99116 b/b) — Beyneu e.m., Mangystau region.
### "Southern" regional command
"Southern" regional command is located on the administrative borders of Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan and Kyzylorda regions. The command headquarters is located in Taraz.
The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control.
The main task of the "Southern" regional command is to ensure security in the south-eastern borders of the country.
"Ontustik" SC includes:
* 5th mountain infantry brigade (5th tabr or 85395 a/b) — Taraz; separate motorized rifle battalion (42062 a/b) — Lugovoi a. private tank battalion — Lugovoi a. private reconnaissance battalion (03811 b/b) — Lugovoi a. private motorized rifle battalion (11971 b/b) — Merki a.
* separate motorized rifle battalion (42062 b/b) — Lugovoi a.
* separate tank battalion — Lugovoi a.
* separate intelligence battalion (03811 b/b) — Lugovoi a.
* separate motorized rifle battalion (11971 b/b) — Merki a.
* 6th separate mechanized brigade (7th zhmehbr or 35748 a/b) — Shymkent;
* private horse mountain-saddle regiment (91678 b/b) — Baurzhan Momyshuly a.
* 40th military base Gvardeisky village; 12th mechanized brigade (12th mechbr or 21450 a/b) 54th Guards Artillery Brigade (54th gv.abr or 82796 a/b) 23rd engineering and sapper brigade (23rd isbr or 75263 a/b) Karasai Batyr Ground Forces training center (KA OO or 30212 a/b)
* 12th mechanized brigade (12th mechbr or 21450 a/b )
* 54th Guards Artillery Brigade (54th gv.abr or 82796 b/b)
23rd engineering and sapper brigade (23rd isbr or 75263 a/b)
* Karasai Batyr Ground Forces training center (KA OO or 30212 a/b)
* 221st personal communications brigade ( 221st zhbr or 28903 b/b) — Taraz;
* 232nd engineering and sapper brigade (232nd isbr or 58012 b/b) — Kapchagai.
## Current Weapons
### Ground Forces
Increase the number of combat support units and purchase modern weapons and military equipment. 10 logistics bases and 9 intelligence polices were created, including 99 specialized companies.
The following modern weapons were purchased for 3 billion tenge:
* New tools for detecting biological substances
* KPO-1M sampling kits
* A set of portable spectrometers, etc. \< >
## Artillery
Towed artillery
*
*
Mobile guns
*
*
Mounted artillery
Tactical missile complexes
### Air defense forces
Air defense forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan were established on June 1, 1998.
Objectives:
* Provide air defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan
* Protect state, military and administrative facilities from air attack
* Provide aviation assistance to other structures of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan \< >
## Leadership
* Alibek Khamituly Kasymov (1992 — 1995) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Nikolai Dmitrievich Tolmachev (1995 — 1996) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Alikhan Birimzhanuly Zharbolov (1996 — 1997) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Bakytzhan Ertayuly Ertaev (1997 — 2000) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Malik Mukhamedjanuly Saparov (2001 — 2003) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Bolat Kerimzhanuly Darbekov (2003 — 2007) — Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Ministry of Defense;
* Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbaev (2007 — 2010) — Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Ministry of Defense;
* Saken Adilkhanuly Zhasuzakov (2010 — 2016) — Chairman of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff of the Ministry of Defense, since 2013 — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Murat Zhalelovich Maykeev (2016 — 2019) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Murat Karibayuly Bektanov (2019 — 2021) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Marat Rakhimuly Kusayinov (2021 — 2024) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces;
* Sultan Burkitbayuly Kamaletdinov (since 2024) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.
## See more
* Military titles in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
## Sources
## External links
\< > * Armed Forces Archived 27 May 2008.
* Photogallery of Kazakh army
* Kazakh armored forces parade (video) Archived August 11, 2023.
* Military drill in Kazakhstan (video)
* Biz Türküz (Turkish union)
* Kazakhstan army (video)
* Kazakh - Turkish Brothers Storm
* Kazakh army (!NO PASARAN! )
* Kazakhstan Special Forces & Republic Guard (video)
* Kazakhstan Special Forces (video) Archived June 3, 2010.
* Kazakh army, navy & air forces (video) Archived June 1, 2010.
* Kazakh Airborne (video) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6281 | USA | The United States of America (English: United States of America [ði juˌnaɪtɪd ˌsteɪts əv əˈmerɪkə]), commonly used form USA (English. USA) or United States (English. United States, US, US, colloquially - America) is a country in North America . The area is 9.5 million km² (4th place in the world).
Population — 329 million people (2019 census, 3rd place in the world). The capital is Washington. Largest cities by population: New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, Houston, Washington, Dallas, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Seattle. 66% of the population are Protestants, about 26% are Catholics. The head of government and state is the president. The legislative body is a bicameral parliament (congress) consisting of representatives of the House and the Senate.
## Geography
A large country in the Western Hemisphere. Almost all of its territory is in North America. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and the Pacific Ocean in the west. It is bordered by Canada in the north and Mexico in the south.
The vast majority of the US territory is located in the temperate and subtropical zone, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The state of Alaska is subarctic and arctic, and the state of Hawaii is in the tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean. 1/2 of the terrain (in the west of the country) is occupied by high mountain ranges and mountainous plateaus. The country's interior plains (Central Great Plains) lie between the Cordillera and the Appalachian Mountains. Along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean lie the Atlantic and Mexican lowlands. The highest mountain in the USA is McKinley (6193 m) on the Alaska Peninsula. The subsoil is very rich in minerals and mineral resources. It ranks first in the world in terms of iron, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver, and uranium reserves. Coal (Appalachian Mountains), oil and gas (Mexican Plains, Great Plains) have been found. And the Cordillera mountains are rich in raw materials of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.
The average temperature in January in Alaska is -18°С, in the north of the Central Plains -24.8°С. In the south-west of the country, the average temperature in January reaches 12°С, on the Florida peninsula it reaches 20°С. The average temperature in July ranges from 14 to 22°С on the west coast, from 16 to 22°С in the east, and rises to 32°С in the central plains. The highest temperature in the Western Hemisphere was observed in Azhal Valley (56.7°С). The amount of precipitation is 3000-4000 mm on the windward slopes of Alaska and the Pacific coast; 1000 - 2000 mm in the eastern and coastal zone; 600-900 mm in the Central Plains, 400-600 mm in the Great Plains, and less than 100 mm in the Mojave Desert (Death Valley). The largest amount of precipitation is in the Hawaiian Islands (10,000 mm). The largest rivers: Mississippi (6420 km along with the Missouri tributary), Ohio, Colorado, Columbia, Rio Grande, Yukon. Most belong to the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The Great Lakes in the northeast of the country (Lake Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) make up the world-famous lake system. All of them are interconnected and occupy an area of 245 thousand km². Niagara Falls, which connects Lakes Erie and Ontario, is located here. There are about 270 natural areas under state protection (national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves) in the USA. The largest of them: Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia, Grand Canyon, etc.
The climate of the United States is uniformly temperate and subtropical. And in the northern state of Alaska, arctic cold is noticeable in winter.
## History
Indians have lived on the land of the present USA since ancient times. After Christopher Columbus discovered America (1492-1503), in the 16th century, England, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and Sweden began to colonize North America. By the 1860s, England had conquered almost all of North America. At the beginning of the 17th century, slaves from Africa were brought to America for hard labor. The intensification of colonial exploitation caused the war for independence (1775-83).
1776 On July 4, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, which announced the creation of the United States. 13 English colonies united and became an independent state, England was defeated in the war of independence called the 1st American-bourgeois revolution. 1783 according to the peace treaty, England recognized the independence of the USA. 1787 The US Constitution was adopted and George Washington was elected as the country's first president. 1776 Thomas Jefferson, the author of the draft of the Declaration of Independence adopted by the Intercontinental Congress, who made a great contribution to the democratization of society in 1800, 1804. He was elected president of the United States. He pursued a policy of compromise between different social groups. He abolished some reactionary laws, reduced the army, navy, and state apparatus. Established diplomatic relations with Russia. In the first half of the 19th century, the territory of the USA increased considerably. 1803 US West Louisiana, 1819. Florida, 1867 Alaska was added. 1823 The Monroe Doctrine was announced, where America and Europe should not interfere in each other's internal affairs. 1809 it was forbidden to bring slaves into the country. However, this case continued in secret. 1790 If there are 760 thousand black slaves in the USA, in 1860 they reached 4 million. Slaves who couldn't bear the severe oppression and humiliation rebelled and fled to the north. In the North, slavery was abolished in a number of states.
In World War I, the US was on the side of the Entente. The reforms of the Franklin Roosevelt administration between the two world wars have a special place in the history of the United States. These reforms, called "New Direction", brought the country out of a severe economic crisis and created a democratic model of society. Roosevelt also made changes in foreign policy. He pursued a policy of "friendly neighborhood" in Latin America, "isolation" in Europe, and "open doors" in Asia.
During World War II, the United States took an active part in creating the Union of States Against Fascism and conducted military operations in the Pacific Ocean, Europe, and Africa. To the war in 1941. Started on December 7, 1945. Finished on September 2. After the war, the USA and the USSR created separate military and political alliances, dividing the world into two camps. This "Cold War" lasted until the mid-80s.
### Brief Chronological Table
16th century — Europeans began to migrate to North America after Christopher Columbus discovered America. They mercilessly massacred the main population of this continent - Indians. The surviving Indians were pushed to barren places - reservations.
The 17th century - mainly immigrants from Great Britain settled on the Atlantic coast - was called the colony. 18th century in the end, 13 colonies were freed from British rule and an independent state - the United States of America - was formed. The 50 white stars in the blue square in the upper left corner of the American flag correspond to the number of states in the United States today.
1776 - The US declaration of independence is published
1812-1815 - Anglo-American war
1819 - The US annexes the state of Florida for 5 million people. buys for dollars.
1846-1849 — US-Mexican War
1861-1865 — American Civil War
1867 — buys the state of Alaska from Russia
1917 — USA First enters the World War and joins the Entente Union
1941 — Pearl Harbor incident. USA enters the Second World War
1945 - Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic attack
1950-1953 - Korean War
1962 - Caribbean crisis.
1964-1973 — Vietnam War
1969 — Astronaut Neil Alden Armstrong lands on the moon
1991 — First Iraq War
2001 — September 11 tragedy \< >
2003 — The Second Iraq War
Diplomatic relations with the USA were established after Kazakhstan gained independence.
## State structure
According to the US constitution adopted in 1787, certain powers of state power are given to the US federal government. State powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution are exercised by the states of the United States.
The US constitution has the principle of separation of powers, whereby the federal government consists of legislative, executive, and judicial branches that act independently of each other.
* The highest legislative body is the US bicameral Congress: the lower house is the House of Representatives; the upper house is the Senate.
* lower house — House of Representatives;
* upper chamber — Senate.
* The highest executive authority is the President of the United States. The president is the head of state, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces (see the list of US presidents). There is also a position of vice president.
* The supreme body of judicial power is the US Supreme Court.
There are two main parties in the USA: Republican and Democratic. There are many other smaller parties.
## Foreign Policy
US foreign policy is aimed at achieving two main goals — ensuring the security of the state and its citizens and ensuring the well-being of the country's citizens.
## Administrative structure
Administratively, it is made up of 50 states (the state of Hawaii formed from the 48 contiguous states and Alaska in the northwest of the continent, the Hawaiian Islands in the center of the Pacific Ocean) and the federal state of Colombia consists of the region. States are divided into 3133 regions (or corresponding administrative divisions).
## Economy
According to the International Monetary Fund, the US $22.7 trillion GDP is 24% of GDP at market exchange rates and 24% of GDP at purchasing power parity was more than 16%. In October 2021, the US national debt was $28.2 trillion.
The United States is the largest importer of goods and the second largest exporter, but has a low per capita export rate. The largest import-export partners of the USA are Canada, China, Mexico, Japan and the European Union.
The subsoil of the states contains fuel and energy raw materials, iron, non-ferrous minerals, natural sulfur, uranium raw materials, phosphorites, potassium salts, etc. rich in useful minerals.
US industry is the leading sector of the entire economy. Oil and gas play an important role in its energy balance, heavy and light industry is flourishing. The machine-building industry produces various equipment for the automotive, aviation and electrical engineering industries. Nuclear industry, textile and sewing industry are particularly developed.
Mechanized farms play a leading role in US agriculture. The main crops grown there are wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beets, and cotton. Cattle, pigs, and sheep are raised in animal husbandry, and chicken and turkey breeding is widely developed.
## Population
USA is the 4th most populous country in the world (after China, India, Russia). The main nationality of Americans is the result of a mixture of people who migrated to America from various European countries (from the 1st half of the 17th century, mainly Englishmen, Irishmen, Frenchmen, Dutchmen, etc.). From the middle of the 19th century, the vast majority of immigrants came from Ireland, Germany, Scandinavian countries, and from the 80s of the 19th century, from Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and other countries of Southern and Eastern Europe. In total, 64 million immigrants from Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa moved to the USA in 1790-1994. That is why the USA is sometimes called the nation of immigrants.
August 1 According to the first census conducted on August 1, 1790, 3.9 million people live in the United States.
In 1915, this indicator was equal to 100 million.
In 1967, the population exceeded 200 million.
On October 17, 2006, the 300 millionth person was born in the USA at 7:46 a.m. according to the census.
According to the last population census conducted in April 2010, 308 million 745 thousand 538 people live in the USA. This indicator has increased by 9.7% compared to the previous census of 2000.
Americans speak English, but there are differences in speech and vocabulary.
## Medical and sanitary conditions
Medical care is mainly provided by private doctors. Although the number of medicines and hospital beds is considerable, medical care is expensive for the working masses. In the 1950s, the average annual out-of-pocket cost of medical care was $10.2 billion. And local and federal authorities spent 1.8 billion dollars. Municipalities and philanthropic organizations that provide medical care free of charge are found in small numbers. There is no state social security at all. Voluntary bereavement society works only at the expense of contributions from people who bereaved themselves. In 1957, 10 million people were provided with all types of medical care.
## Music
US music was born and formed on the basis of the fusion of cultures of different nations in the second half of the 18th century. The first settlers to America brought the centuries-old tradition of European music. The actions of the new land owners took place in the midst of the struggle with the African-Americans and the musical folklore of the Indians. Especially African-American works, church hymns and lyrical songs of the Mississippi coast were widespread. However, the broad lords and judges of the Church of England demanded that the psalms be performed instead. But it did not last long. In the 18th century, the number of Europeans increased here, world music and European musical instruments became popular. During the war of independence in 1775-1783, the musical genre developed rapidly. The creative work of the first American composers, F. Hopkinson and W. Billings, begins in this period. The "theater of minstrelsy" played a big role in the formation of the American style. USA is home to many famous people. Among them, prominent political figures include Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Robert Fulton, Thomas Edison, Mark Twain, and others. there is
## Holidays
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5200 | Seifullin | * Seifullin is a village in Zerendi district of Akmola region.
* Seifullin is a village in Syrdarya district of Kyzylorda region.
* Seifullin is a village in the Magzhan Zhumabayev district of the North Kazakhstan region.
* Seifullin is a village belonging to Zholdasbai Yeraliev rural district, Zhetysai district, Turkestan region.
* Seifullin is a village belonging to Zhylysu rural district, Zhetysai district, Turkestan region. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7071 | Akmola | Akmola is a beautiful monument made of white stone. One such monument (tomb) was in Karaotkel (where the city of Astana now stands) along the Yesil River, where the old caravan route passed. The word "mola" in the Hun language means a high mound, a castle. Akmola is an architectural dome built in the 13th and 14th centuries. There are many such domes built of stone and burnt bricks along the Esil and Nura rivers (Botagay, Koktam, Sulutam, Syrlytam, etc.). Akmola, Dombaul mausoleum along the Karakengir river is one of the old ones. Its wall was built in the form of a four-cornered cube, and a dome shaped like a hemisphere or the roof of a yurt was placed on top. The dome shines in the passenger's eyes from afar. Later, Akmola became the official name of Akmola city and region.
## Additional information
* [1] Archived July 13, 2011. — Akmola region
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5072 | Shokai Mustafa | Mustafa Shokai (December 25, 1890(18901225), Auli-Tarangil, Turkestan Governorate General, Russian Empire - December 27, 1941, Berlin, Germany) was a Kazakh statesman, political and public figure, ideologist of an independent and united Turkestan. The second minister-chairman of Turkestan autonomy (1917-1918), a member of the People's Council of the government of Alashorda (1917-1920). Since 1921, he lived in exile in Paris.
## Biography
The Kipchak tribe came from the Boshai branch of the Tory clan.
Persons. Lions of Alash. About such people, the President N. Nazarbayev said: "Unless you know the great personalities, it is impossible to properly recognize any era. Through the mirror of human history, we not only understand the course of history, but also feel its spirit and breath. Therefore, people who clearly and clearly understood their filial duty to their people and country, and who did not shy away from fulfilling it faithfully in any difficult situation, will remain citizens of the people of the country, no matter what era they live in. At any time of history, they have been the pride of their nation," he says. One of such persons is Mustafa Shokai. He is the son of the Alash movement, a figure who took wing in the framework of Alash ideas and ideals, defined the strategy and tactics of the struggle for the national freedom of the Kazakh, Uzbek and other Turkic peoples. From the day he entered St. Petersburg University in 1910, the formation of M. Shokai's worldview took place under the influence of the Turkic-Muslim movement (S. Zhantorin) on the one hand, and the democratic-liberal movement of "Westerners" A. Bokeikhanov, on the other hand.
In the spring of 1914, Mustafa took part in the appeal of Turkish youth studying in St. Petersburg, published in the press, about the policy of the tsarist government on Islam. It was signed by 31 Uzbek, Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh students in the capital of the empire. This shows that Mustafa is permanently involved in the political movement and has a strong place among the fighters for the national interest. His understanding of the dangers of the tsarist government's provocative policy aimed at destroying the national liberation movement from the inside by organizing covert religious structures and publications that spoke on behalf of the Turkic people, and openly expressing his opinion about it, was a testimony to the formation and strengthening of M. Shokai's political organization.
### Childhood
After receiving a letter from the village mullah, in 1902 he was admitted to the men's gymnasium in Tashkent. In 1912, he graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg Imperial University. He knew English, French, Turkish, Uzbek, and Russian languages. During his student years, he participated in democratic movements in the capital of the empire.
### Working in the State Duma
Before the February revolution, together with the Alash leader A. Bokeikhan, he worked as a secretary in the Muslim faction of the Russian State Duma. During the upheaval of 1916, he exposed the atrocities in Turkestan and Kazakh lands in general, and presented a special document to the State Duma. Thus, in this regard, it will be the reason to create a commission. In 1917, during the revolutions, he adheres to the idea of creating a strong state of Turkestan. He opens the newspaper Birlik Tuy in Tashkent. He maintains close contact with Alash figures in Orinbor. The Alash Party actively participates in the organization and implementation of the first all-Kazakh sieze, which will be established, and the second all-Kazakh sieze, where the Alash autonomy will be declared. He is elected as one of the 8 Kazakh representatives participating in the work of "Shora-i-Islam" in the first election. In the second district, the government of Alashorda enters the National Council on behalf of Syrdarya. In 1917, at the regional council of Muslims held in Zhana Margulan, the figure took the initiative to invite the All-Turkistan Muslim Congress to the city of Kokan. In November, Kokanda took part in the declaration of Turkestan autonomy from the beginning.
## Participation in the 4th Extraordinary Congress of Muslims
This unique gathering for the Turkestan region was the 4th Extraordinary Congress of Muslims of the region, which was called to Kokan on November 26, 1917. This conference was held on November 26-27 (December 9-10 according to the new Russian calendar). More than 200 delegates from Syrdarya, Transcaspian, Samarkand, Fergana, Zhetysu regions took part in it. Their national composition is also special: Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, Tajik, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, etc. This shows that he viewed the concept of the nation in connection with the historical fate of Turkestan. The delegates of this meeting voted in favor of "Territorial Autonomy of Turkestan" on November 27. In its own name - Turkestan Mukhtariat. The IV Congress elected the "People's Council" of Turkestan Autonomy or Turkestan Mukhtariyat (it can be compared to today's parliament). It included 36 Turkestans (originating from the local population of Turkestan) and 18 representatives of other nationalities. Serali Lapin will be the chairman of the People's Council, Mustafa Shokai, Ubaydulla Khojaev, Mahmutkoja Behbudi will be elected to the leadership of the council.
## Members of the government of Turkestan
The People's Council of Turkestan Autonomy started forming the government. They called it the "provisional government". The members of the government of Turkestan are the following persons: Mukhametzhan Tynyshbayuly - Chairman of the Government and Minister of Internal Affairs; Mustafa Shokai - Chairman of the National Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Shakhislam Shahiakhmetov, Deputy Chairman of the Government and Minister of Finance; Abdirakhman Orazayuly - later Minister of Internal Affairs; Ubaidulla Khojaev - Minister of Military Affairs; Nasyrkhan Toru - Minister of Public Education; Miradil Myrzakhmetov - Minister of Social Affairs; Hidayatbek Yurguli Agaev - Minister of Agriculture; Abitzhan Mahmut - Minister of Food; Salomon Herdfeld is the minister of minorities. At that time, the intellectuals led by M. Shokai asked the leaders of minorities to look at the fate of Turkestan, which has been tormented for centuries, and their own fate, which has become a mess. In this regard, in one of his later works, Mustafa remembered a debate that took place in St. Petersburg in 1917. The problem is that the Provisional Government is looking into the matter of bringing labor to Turkestan. Then the Turkestans asked to bring workers to the region in the next 25 years in order not to aggravate the situation. If M. Shokai needs such a force, he will put the issue of "sending Tatars and Bashkirs instead of Russians" on the agenda... And now it is unreasonable to say that M. Shokai saw only good things from the Turkestans. In the famous letter sent secretly from the mountain to Birlik Tuy newspaper published on March 18, 1918, it is written how he was almost killed by the sarts of Gaukhana, Maymubarak, and Kumbasta. There was little difference between the Bolshevik black force that destroyed the autonomy of Turkestan and the local unoriented opsadar force.
## Election of the head of government of Turkestan autonomy
In January 1918, when M. Tynyshbayev, the first head of the government of Turkestan autonomy, resigned voluntarily, M. Shokai was elected to this position. The Bolsheviks dissolved this autonomy in a bloody massacre in February. In September 1918, the figure took part in the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) of Russian freedom fighters, which met in Samara. In February 1919, he came to Ashgabat to negotiate with the leadership of the Bukhara Emirate and the British Corps in Transcaspia in order to further develop the direction of the Turkestan state. In the same year, he stopped for a while in Baku and Tiflis, and left for Istanbul (in Georgia, he published the newspapers "Yani Duniya", "Shafak" and participated in the edition of "Volny Gorets").
## A citizen of Alash who fought for the country's independence - M. Shokai
A world-famous public figure, politician, devoted himself to the path of truth, endured the pain and mockery of fate for freedom, Mustafa Shokai, who has no other friends and has no choice but to be loyal, was a secret under lock and key during the past Soviet government. The self-sacrificing service of M. Shokai in the context of maintaining the unity of the Turkic nation and establishing the autonomy of Turkestan was shown by the Soviet ideologues as a hostile act. Mustafa's younger brother Nurtaza and relative Myrzeke Kalymbetuly were shot for their khanate involvement with the "enemy of the people". The rest were persecuted. And on the request of the state, the employee of the National Security Service, Zh. Shakibaev, wrote a book entitled "The Collapse of Great Turkestan" and tried to deny M. Shokai's work in front of the public. And Mustafa's fault was his endless love for his nation. His fault is his loyalty to his motherland and mother's milk. M. Shokai did not change his direction until his death. Is there a genius who is older than time? The country's sovereignty, for which Kazakh intellectuals gave their lives and gave their lives, came to its end on the day of its historical deadline. M. The meaning and meaning of Shokai's whole life, his dream will be successful again with this country of sovereign, immortal spirit. Time passes, there is nothing that does not wear out from life. Things, the earth and the sky, and the name of a person become old. But the name of Mustafa, like a candle lit in the depths of darkness, is getting brighter every year.
It is surprising for many of us that Mustafa was born on January 7, 1886 in a brick Kazakh house in a village like Sulutobe on the Syr River, and rose to the top of politics. The kiiz receives Kazakh education from childhood. In this way, the fourteen-year-old boy wipes the tears from the poor man's eyes and is able to guide the village of justice. He begins to recognize social inequalities within the country. The people of Turkestan care about one quality and benefit of life. The second lesson he learned from life at this time was Russian tyranny.
He saw with his own eyes the social inequality and discord between the Russian nation and the local population in Tashkent. First of all, Russian chauvinism contributed to the awakening of the feeling of nationalism. At first, the Russian giants and the tsar consciously opposed Russia's colonial policy, and defended themselves in the form of intelligence. Writing complaints and interfering in the dispute of the village Kazakh caused a lot of disruption to his studies at the gymnasium. The village boy went to General Samsonov several times with social problems. He wants to expose Russian tyranny to Samsonov more and more. However, Samsonov's soul was far from the village of loyalty.
As scholars A. Takenov and M. Koigeldiev wrote, "The general is going to hire a diligent, Russian-speaking Kazakh guy as an interpreter for his council." This is one side of the problem. The second is even deeper. Russian representatives are very experienced in colonization and politics, they know the subtle ways of spotting talent from local people. Tilmashtik was not a service given to Mustafa, but it cut off the future of a talented young man. This is because, at that time, life itself showed that interpreters between countries were not intervening in social inequality, but were being corrupted by money and losing their human qualities. Therefore, Samsonov wanted to bury the source of the gushing spring. The Russian officials, who were fighting among themselves, were unanimous in this matter. General Samsonov was a sensitive person, he sensed the harm that Mustafa's future would bring to the Russian colonists. Mustafa Shokayuly said that he wanted to go to St. Petersburg and continue his studies, and said, "I want to study at the Faculty of Law." The law university in St. Petersburg is an education that is beyond the reach of a Russian, let alone a Kazakh child. The Russian colonizers put an open stick to the intelligent, talented Kazakh man, eager to appear fair to the illiterate people. "Will you be an interpreter?" - the caring Samsonov finally gave M.Shokai the gold medal from the gymnasium to a Russian boy named Zoprometov, and was going to give him a silver medal. Justice will win, M. Shokai, who won the gold medal with the support of loyal citizens, will face the obstacle set by the Russian general. Therefore, the interest of General Samsonov, who holds the handle of Tashkent, towards the people of Turkestan is not pure. And the general is a representative of the Russian kingdom. From this, it was possible to understand the sun and shadow of Russia's policy towards Turkestan.
Admission of M. Shokai to the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University was a great honor for that time. This will be helped by the recommendation letter of Orynbor General - Governor Perovsky. The governor, who was all reactionary, took into account the differences in domestic politics. To be fair, the ruling class of the Russian state pursued a Turkestan-style colonial policy, but the scientific community of St. Petersburg appreciated talents.
M. Shokai graduated from the university in 1917 before the February revolution. Through his curiosity, he learned 7 languages from the walls of the university. It included Kazakh, Russian, Turkish, English, French, German and Polish languages. It is known that such success expanded M. Shokai's cultural horizons. And, from his life experience, he learned the weight of international politics in 1914 when he became the secretary of the Muslim faction in the Duma. The faction came at the suggestion of Duma deputy Alikhan Bukeikhan and got to know such Kazakh intellectuals as Ahmet Baitursynuly and Sh. Kari. Their duty here will also be to protect their countrymen from the violence of the colonists. Protecting the innocent from slander, protecting the weak becomes Mustafa's goal.
One of the obvious atrocities of the Russian kingdom is that it forcibly took away the pastures and wintering grounds of the nomadic Kazakhs from the displaced Russians. Mustafa took the issue to the senate. As Bismarck said, "If the interests of the boss are not right, there is no law." At this time, the people lost hope in the Russian king. Later, in a letter to Maria, he remembered his childhood and said: "The railway was a little far from our village. We used to fight telegraph poles at the beginning of the road. The elders used to tell us that through these wires we could communicate with the city where the Russian Tsar Nicholas lived. All we could do was to beat the pillars with our whips and scold the king," he says, marveling at how his childhood intuition turned out to be true later. After graduating from the university in 1917, some historians believed that he supported the February Revolution and brought freedom to his country. As he wrote, Mustafa Shokai was at the turning point of the national political life. Whether he was a member of the Eser Party or not is yet to be revealed through archival data. But M. Shokai strongly opposed the policy of Tsarist Russia towards minorities.
Historian-scientists M. Koygeldiev and A. In Nusiphan's article "M. Shokai and Turkestan": "In 1916, when the national liberation movement in Turkestan was brutally crushed, democratic groups formed an opposition against the government and discussed. To prepare an official report on this issue, deputy Eser A.F., who came to Turkestan on a special visit. Kerensky and faction leader K.M. M. Shokai, secretary of the Muslim faction, will be with Tevkelov," he writes.
This is the only way for M. Shokai to intercede with his nation - he will have to come to an understanding with various parties, the provisional government, and the council of workers' soldiers.
Although the founders called Turkestan autonomy, and Syrdarya, Fergana, Samarkand provinces participated in it, the Russian Bolsheviks insulted it and called it "Kokan autonomy", which was the ultimate goal of Mustafa Shokai's idea.
Mustafa Shokai set the goal of Turkestan society becoming an independent state that will determine its own destiny in the future. For this purpose, he wanted to take advantage of the power of the provisional government. But not a single Russian democrat believed that "we will give the nation the opportunity to rule itself". He explained his opinion that "they will definitely get sick after coming to the head of the government". That's why it was necessary to conduct a well-thought-out policy without falling into fever, superficiality, and haste in order to gain independence from Russia. In order for the "democratic" rulers of Russia not to go belly up, M. Shokai proves that he does not deny "self-rule of nations", unity with Russia in border, financial and foreign policy.
Whether M. Shokai believed in the future of "Kokan autonomy" without a doubt or had doubts, he hopes for historical extraordinary events that cannot be created by human hands. A person is driven by hope, and hope leads to disaster. Nationalist citizens, led by Mustafa, were adamant about all that.
M. Shokai knew very well the level of social activity, literacy, organization and clan classification among the people of Turkestan. In the new autonomy, when it was proposed to implement the judicial system by the jury or Sharia law, he immediately opposed it, saying that it would "take away tribalism by the roots."
Mustafa was well aware of the traditional psychological features of the Turkic people. That is why he proposed to create a general state court.
There are many reasons for the fall of Kokan autonomy in January 1918. It did not receive widespread support from the local population. There is no reliable connection with the interim government. variety of separatist social movements have emerged from within the country. Most importantly, the government of worker-soldier deputies, which started in St. Petersburg and expanded in Tashkent, considered the Kokan autonomy as one of the most dangerous regions in the Turkestan region, and began to look at it. Finally, the Kokan autonomy suffered a bloody massacre. As a result, the leadership movement took off in the country. M. In one of his articles about those days, Shokai wrote: "...during the struggle of the Kokan national government against the Bolsheviks, that is, in February 1918, I regretted that I had died at the hands of Russian worker soldiers in Akmeshit a year ago in May 1917."
M. to the volume of the article. It is impossible to list all of Shokai's activities, which left a mark on the history page. The life path of a public figure who lived in Georgia in 1918, then in Turkey, then in Paris and Berlin, is a moral path for today's generation.
M. The violence inflicted on Shokai by the ideologues of the communist society on all of Turkestan, the end given to Shokai in a simple square became the sorrow and sadness of his life. Hopes for Russian democrats also stopped abruptly. Even when he received the news from the reliable Sultanbek Kozhanov that the Soviet government would pardon the members of the "Kokan Autonomy", he learned about the hypocrisy of the leaders of the Communist Party and did not return to the country. He devoted his whole life to the struggle for freedom through the newspapers-magazines "Volny Gorets", "Borba", "Na rubezhe" in Georgia, "New Turkestan" and later "Young Turkestan" in Istanbul. And in 1920, national intellectuals who were persecuted by the Soviet Union against Stalin's regime created the "Prometheus" organization. In 1929, the Institute of Oriental Studies in Warsaw organized a scientific and theoretical conference "On the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union". In his 1937 article "Stalin's socialism is a political system that ensures robbery", he analyzes the Soviet government's policy of robbery against its people from an economic point of view. Thus, M. Shokai becomes the main enemy of the Soviet government abroad. A highly educated, intelligent Kazakh child wrote dozens of articles on the unity of the Turkish society and the influence of the communist society on the people. The article consisted of data analysis and weighing. In 1936, he accurately explained the logical contradictions in the USSR constitution. Literally systematizing the article of the constitution, "Only active, conscientious and enthusiastic citizens can join communist organizations", it means that "people who have not joined the Communist Party are not considered active, enthusiastic and conscientious. And in the USSR, non-communists make up 98% of the population. He also emphasizes the ideas of Marxism, which deny the role of the individual in history, and Stalin's cult of personality.
M. Shokai's life path was full of morals. M. Shokai, who became a historical figure of the entire Turkic world, was a remarkable child of the human race in the 20th century. There are many spiritual treasures in it that we have not learned about and are not familiar with its history. He tried to protect the people of Turkestan from the Russian dictatorship, but he had special respect for the representatives of the advanced and honest Slavic people, Ya. Gazovsky, I. Pilsudsky, V. Chaikin, V. Nalivkin. His lifelong friend, Maria Yakovovna, was also of Russian nationality.
M. Shokai was like a sycamore tree at the top of the peak, in its pure natural state. A sycamore with its roots on a stone grows alone, its face is kissed by the sun and its leaves are blown by the wind. Religion will be strong. Like a sycamore on the top, M. Shokai passed through the 20th century and came to the 21st century with noble thoughts and civility.
## Life in emigration
First he went to Germany and then settled in France via Turkey. While in emigration, he published the magazines "New Turkestan", "Young Turkestan" and wrote researches about the tyrannical policy of the Soviet Union.
He spent most of his time in emigration in the city of Nogent-sur-Marne, near Paris, the capital of France. In 2001, at the initiative of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Imangali Tasmagambetov, a bust of Mustafa Shokai was erected at 7 Square de la Fontaine street in Nozhan-sur-Marne, where Mustafa Shokai lived. Addresses where Mustafa Shokai lived in Nogent-sur-Marne:
1) in 1923-1930: house 16, Rue Bauyn de Perreuse;
2) 1930-1933: 48 Rue Parmentier (48 Rue Parmentier)
3) 1933-1941: Apartment 42 on the 4th floor of 7 Square de la Fontaine. Maria Shokai, the wife of Mustafa Shokai, lived in this house until her death in 1969.
## Personal life
Mustafa Shokai's wife's name is Maria Gorina. He died in 1969 and was buried in the Shel cemetery. On the lock is written "Marie Gorina-Tchokaiff 22-2-1888 – 1969" (coordinates: 48.8827708, 2.6023871).
## Shokai and the Third Reich
Such a popular figure in European political circles with anti-Soviet views attracts the attention of fascists with big plans in the east. Adolf Hitler, who came to power, planned to greatly expand the "German living space" at the expense of the territory of the Soviet Union and understood the importance of anti-Soviet national cadres. Back in 1933, Shokai was invited to Berlin, where he met with Dr. Georg Leibbrandt, head of the political department of the Imperial Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Subsequently, Shokai "speech in favor of keeping in close contact with the Department of the Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg".
Even before the war, not all representatives of the Central Asian emigration had a positive attitude towards Shokai. Thus, Nikolay Khan Yomudskyi (participant in the creation of the Turkestan Legion) showed Shokai as "the only representative of Turkestan" and called him "the enemy of Germany".
By 1939, the Nazis had prepared several concentration camps to hold millions of future Soviet prisoners of war.
On the day of the attack on June 22, 1941, the Fascists arrested many prominent Russian emigrants in Paris and imprisoned them in Compiegne. Shokai was also there. Three weeks later, he was taken to Berlin, processed for a month and a half, and offered to lead the Turkestan Legion, which was planned to be taken from the captured Soviet Turks who were in concentration camps. The Germans believed in Shokai's authority. The Legion was supposed to partially replace German units in the battles on the Eastern Front against the Soviets. Shokai demanded to be introduced to the detention conditions of his compatriots in these camps and was shocked by the inhuman conditions of Asians behind barbed wire. After visiting the concentration camps of Suwalki, Wustrau and Czestochowa in the fall of 1941, Mustafa wrote: "Stalin and Hitler are evil people." In order to somehow alleviate the fate of his compatriots and save their lives, Shokai proposed a compromise to the German authorities. He set his conditions:
* training personnel for the future state of Turkestan in German educational institutions;
* The creation of military formations from among the captive compatriots, which should be used only when they approach the border of Turkestan.
In this way he tried to get Turkestan at least some benefit from possible cooperation with Nazism, but refused, because Hitler was only interested in the Turkestan Legion as "cannon fodder". Then he wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Third Reich Gruppenführer SS. Joachim von Ribbentrop, where are these lines:
"... seeing how the representatives of the nation, which raised such geniuses as Goethe, Feuerbach, Bach, Beethoven, Schopenhauer, treated prisoners of war ... led the Turkestan legion and further rejected the proposal I can't accept. cooperation. I am aware of all the consequences of my decision."
Consequences came quickly. Realizing that Shokai cannot be used, the German leadership decides to withdraw it. On December 22, 1941, Hitler signed a decree on the creation of the Turkestan and other national legions. So Shokai has nothing to do with making them. At that time, he was in the "Victoria" hospital in Berlin. On December 27, 1941, he disappeared. The official report states that he "died of blood poisoning from the development of typhoid fever," which he may have contracted during his visit to the concentration camps. But the same symptoms can occur during poisoning. In addition, Maria Gorina-Shokai said in her memoirs that Mustafa was ill with typhus in Turkestan, and he should have been immune. Shokai was suspected of poisoning his Uzbek companion Veli Kayum, who led the Turkestan Legion established in March 1942 and, according to Gorina, led a luxurious lifestyle.
Mustafa Shokai was buried in the Turkish Muslim (Ottoman) cemetery in Berlin. According to the will of Maria Yakovlevna, the wife of M. Shokai, there are three Latin letters and four numbers on the tombstone under the date of death: JOH.15.13. They refer to the thirteenth verse of the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of John, where:
"Greater love has no one than to lay down one's life for one's friends."
## Aphorisms
* If you want a person useful to the nation, first of all, try to study carefully the land policy of the Russian government in our homeland. This policy will tell you what to do.
* Of course, we aim to permanently separate our homeland, Turkestan, from both Soviet Russia and other Russia. This is our national ideal, our national dream. We serve only for this idea. We will try our best to gather all our national forces inside and outside our motherland around this idea.
* Is it possible for a nation to be independent without a national spirit? History has neither seen nor knows that. The freedom of the nation is the result of the national spirit. And the national spirit itself grows and bears fruit within the framework of national freedom and independence.
* The basis of the national spirit is the national language.
* We cannot remain slaves. We will get our national freedom.
* Even if every grown-up person remembers his childhood, he does not want to return to that childhood.
* First of all, let's strengthen our ranks, our Turkestan unity. Let's organize a powerful force against Russian imperialism, closely coordinating the national unity of Turkestan with the national fronts of other nations fighting for separation from Russia. Let's not investigate the nationality, religion, race, party of those on the front lines of the struggle against Russian imperialism. Only such a path can lead us to national liberation... All other paths are deceptive and dead ends... Only peoples who have strengthened their internal unity can achieve their independence. And he can protect it.
* Brothers, there is no nation called Kypchak, there is a nation called Kazakh. If each of us separates and becomes the leader of the kipchak, the leader of the argy, the leader of the house, our population will decrease.
* Passport does not give "nation", it cannot change its "nation". A passport only certifies that the holder of that passport is dependent on the issuing government.
* I am always in the game of returning to my homeland and I am trying to achieve it. Therefore, I will fight to save my homeland.
* Soviet nationality policy crushed us with a "hammer" and cut us with a "sickle".
* You Germans consider yourselves "the most cultured people in Europe". If your cultures are what I see, then I wish you to see the suffering of the prisoners. Living in the 20th century, you survived the atrocities committed by Genghis Khan in the 13th century. You have no right to say that you are a cultured people. If you, in connection with this, give me the punishment of "shooting" or "hanging", I have no objection. I would rather die than live in such a cultured society.
* We, supporters of the independence of Turkestan, fight for the will of our country and for the liberation of Turkestan from slavery. Turkestans had no other way. Not now and never will be... Our goal is to achieve a state structure in Turkestan that will be national in form and content. Only then can our people become real masters of their land.
* Where does the custom of being proud of being Kazakh and of speaking the Kazakh language as a shame come from? Why don't you see that most of the children are not brought up as Kazakhs or Russians, but grow up as a single entity?
* Only peoples who have strengthened their internal unity can achieve their independence and protect it.
* ... striving for national freedom and liberation is something like an inevitable law of nature.
* We rely on national ideals that are higher than individuals.
* From a general moral and philosophical point of view, there is no such thing as a good nation or a bad nation.
* History is merciless. He does not spare scholars, scholars, artists, khans and kings. He continues to crush all those who oppose his law. The laws of history do not know the return and do not create it.
* To love the motherland is to serve its overall interests, to always be ready to serve and sacrifice if necessary.
* ...national interest does not consist of a set of interests of individual groups.
The only thing we sincerely and eagerly await is the liberation of our homeland from the dictatorship of the Russian proletariat. We invite all our compatriots to unite in the path of this national ideal.
* Only people who can sacrifice their independence in the way of the structure that is compatible with the general situation of the nation in accordance with the state of the national interest can become a real national patriot and a useful servant of the nation.
* Arm yourself with wheat in the fight against cotton. The first step to get rid of foreign domination is to get rid of grain dependence on foreign countries.
* No one has the right to accuse us of chauvinism on the day that our struggle for the national rights of our motherland even crosses the "borders of democracy" D
## References
* See Abdiwakap Kara. Answer to Mustafa Shokai detractors (continued)
* Abdiwakap Kara. Answer to the detractors of Mustafa Shokai (beginning)
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6139 | Ирландия | Ireland (Irish. Éire; English. Ireland), the official name is the Republic of Ireland (Irish. Poblacht na hÉireann; English. Republic of Ireland) is a Western European country that occupies most of the island of Ireland. The area is 70.2 thousand km². The name of the country is Irish. Derived from Éire. The capital is Dublin.
## Name
In 1937, according to the constitution, the name of the state was approved as "Éire, or, in English, Ireland". In 1949, Dublin changed the name of the country to "Republic of Ireland" with the intention of extending its power to the whole island.
## Geography
For geographical information, see the articles Island of Ireland and Geography of Ireland.
## Political structure
Ireland is a republic.
The current constitution was adopted in a plebiscite on July 1, 1937. It entered into force on December 29, 1937.
President of Ireland (irl. Uachtarán) is elected once every 7 years by popular referendum. The president has the power to summon and dissolve the lower house of parliament at the request of the government, promulgates laws, appoints judges and other high officials, and holds the office of commander-in-chief.
In fact, the head of government - the Prime Minister (Taoiseach) - is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the House of Representatives.
The supreme legislative body is the parliament (Irish. Tithe An Oireachtais). It consists of 2 chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The House of Representatives has 160 to 170 members. They are elected directly by the people by secret ballot.
The Senate consists of 60 members, 11 of them are appointed by the Prime Minister, 6 are elected by the National and Dublin Universities, 43 are indirectly elected by a special list (list candidates are included on the recommendation of various institutions and groups). The Electoral College of the Senate consists of 900 people, including members of the House of Representatives, and members of the Council of Municipalities and Counties. The working term of chambers is 7 years.
## Administrative structure
* Province of Leinster (Leinster/Cúige Laighean): Carlow (Carlow/Contae Cheatharlaigh) Dublin (Dublin/Contae átha Cliath) Kildare (Kildare/Contae Chill Kilkenny (Kilkenny/Contae Chill Chainnigh) Liish (Laois/Contae Laoise) Longford (Longford/An Longphort) Louth (Louth/Contae Lú) Meath (Meath/Contae na Mí) Offaly (Offaly/Contae Uíbh Fhailí) Westmeath (Westmeath) /Contae na hIarmhí) Wexford (Wexford/Contae Loch Garman) Wicklow (Wicklow/Contae Chill Mhantáin)
* Carlow (Carlow/Contae Cheatharlaigh)
* Dublin (Dublin/Contae átha Cliath)
* Kildare ( Kildare/Contae Chill Dara)
* Kilkenny (Kilkenny/Contae Chill Chainnigh)
* Liish (Laois/Contae Laoise)
* Longford (Longford/An Longphort)
* Louth (Louth/Contae Lú )
* Meath (Meath/Contae na Mí)
* Offaly (Contae Uíbh Fhailí)
* Westmeath (Contae na hIarmhí)
Уэксфорд (Wexford/County Wexford)
* Уиклоу (Wicklow/County Wicklow)
* Манстер провінциасы (Munster/Munster):Клейр (Clare/County Clare)Корк (Cork/County Cork)Кэрри (Kerry/County Kerry) Лимерик (Limerick/County Limerick) Типперэри (Tipperary/County Tipperary) Уотерфорд (Waterford/County Waterford).
* Клейр (Clare/County Clare)
* Корк (Cork/County Cork)
* Кэрри (Kerry/County Kerry)
* Лимерик (Limerick/County Limerick)
* Типперэри (Tipperary/County Tipperary)
* Уотерфорд (Waterford/County Waterford).
* Коннахт провеница (Connaught/Province of Connaught): Голуэй (Galway/County Galway) Литрим (Leitrim/County Leitrim) Майо (Mayo/County Mayo) Роскоммон (Roscommon/County Roscommon) Слайго (Sligo/County Sligo) ).
* Голуэй (Galway/County Galway)
* Литрим (Leitrim/County Leitrim)
* Майо (Mayo/County Mayo)
* Роскоммон (Roscommon/County Roscommon)
* Слайго (Sligo/County Sligo).
* Олстер провінциасы (Ulster/Ulster): Каван (Cavan/County Cavan) Донегол (Donegal/County Donegal) Монахан (Monaghan/County Monaghan).
* Каван (Cavan/County Cavan)
* Донегол (Donegal/County Donegal)
* Монахан (Monaghan/County Monaghan).
Типперэри графтыги 2 sub-subъект бедугералади боли: Типперэри Суртный Ридинг вах Типперэри Сутный Ридинг.
## Economy
## Дереккоздер |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7343 | I'm angry | Kairan Chesham — This poem by Kurmangazy is dedicated to his mother Alka.
Once Kurmangazy, who was being driven to prison, burst into tears when he saw his mother. Seeing this, Alka's mother said, "If I thought I had found a son, then what is wrong with my birth?" Who are you crying in front of?" he slapped him away. Later, when he was in prison, he showed this state.
## Kui legend
Kurmangazy is in the Ural prison. Seeing that this prison was stronger than the Horde prison, Kurmangazy was a little angry. For several days, without consulting anyone, he is by himself and drowns in a sea of deep worries. One day, during a short walk, he met a Russian prisoner named Lavochkin. He turns out to be a Russian worker who was imprisoned "for speaking to the White Tsar". He will spend a lot of time among Kazakh people and will know Kazakh like water. He comforts Kurmangazy, tells a lot of advice and tells some history of his life. They will become inseparable friends, they will talk and talk. Kurmangazy tells Lavochkin about his experience on this journey: - "I saw my mother Alka coming when Akbayev's messengers caught him, attached him to a blue cart, and was about to drive it. I have not been able to serve my mother, whom I brought up with care, and I have always kept her in danger and in poverty. Now, after many years, when I came back again, I remembered that I was leaving him with regret, and I couldn't bear it, and a drop of tears fell from my eyes. Then, my mother came to me and said: "If I say that I have found a son, it's a bad thing, what a shame, my birth." Who are you crying in front of? !" - he slapped me. Only then did I feel that I had made a song. I said goodbye to my mother with a smile," he says. This story of Kurmangazy has a great impact on Lavochkin. He remembers his mother's many kind deeds and talks a little. As for Kurmangazy, his mother forgave him no matter how judgmental he was when he was young, interceded with Sagyrbay, no matter what mischief he had, and tried to raise Kurmangazy as a single person, without hiding it, and how such upbringing played a big role in Kurmangazy's life, the musician remembered again and again, imagining some pranks in his mind. the viewer opens the morning with his eyes. Lavochkin, who is lying in the row, is also talking to himself, and he too can't sleep. The next day, Kurmangazy thinks and takes his dombra in his hand. He decided to leave it. When he handed it over to Lavochkin, both of them shed a few tears, before the bravery of both of them came to a standstill for a moment. But when they hear that life's impenetrable passes, brave young men who have passed through extremes, quickly gather themselves, perform and listen to the tune over and over again, it contains not only notes of nostalgia, but also strength, and even the sound of a galloping horse's hooves. , understood each other without language, he knew that the voice of a dream. After thinking about it, the name of the song was "Khairan Checham". |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7161 | Grandfather Korkyt | Grandfather Korkyt is a common thinker, zhirau, kobyzchi of the Turkic peoples. The word Korkyt comes from the word "Horkut". "Hor" is the ancient Turkic word "Or", also pronounced "Hor". And "kut" is the usual word "kut", "blessing", "goodness". Therefore, the word Korkut means "blessing from above". However, in the Kazakh language, it became Korkyt, and later many legends arose from this name.
Grandfather Korkyt is known as a historical person who left a mark in life, a literary and musical heritage. Various assumptions have been made in science about the period of Korkyt Ata's life. However, most of the studies conclude that Korkyt Ata was born at the beginning of the 10th century in the Oghuz-Kipchak tribal community that lived along the Syrdarya River.
Rashid al-Din in his historical chronicle "Jamig At-Tawarikh" says that Korkyt Atany came from the Kayi tribe, while in Abilgazy's "Turk Chronicle" it is said that his surname was Bayat, he was the leader of the Oghuzs, and he died at the age of 95.
In the researches of A. Konyratbaev, it is said that Grandfather Korkyt died at the beginning of the 11th century, while in the works of Alkei Margulan, it is said that he lived between the 7th and 8th centuries. In the history of Kazakh philosophy, Korkyt is seen as a brilliant figure who strengthened the unity of the fatherland, a thinker who created the basis of the Turkic worldview, a philosopher-humanist who has his own place in the world intellectual culture.
From the legends of Korkyt Ata, three types of art are especially defined in him. First of all, he is a famous shaman and priest from the Oghuz-Kipchak dynasty. Second, he is a musician, an artist who first created Kobyz ula. The third is the famous Zhyrau, whose poems depict the life of Oghz-Kipchak and are a literary and historical heritage. One of the legends about Grandfather Korkyt in the folklore of the Turkic peoples is related to his birth.
Korkyt is a great soothsayer, shaman, ancestor of the art of singing and singing, who came from the Oghuz tribe of the Turks.
## Legend of Grandfather Korkyt
According to legend, mother carried Korkyt in her womb for three years. She has contractions once a year. Before Korkyt is born, the world will be covered with darkness for three days and three nights. A terrible black storm blew, and the people were in a state of fear. Because of this, the child was named "Korkyt".
If A. Konyratbayev shows the etymology of the word "Korkyt" as "a blessed person, a person who brings good luck", Seyit Kaskabasov believes that it means "life is exhausted, a person is dead". Based on the folklore of the Turkic peoples, Ermek Tursynov explains the words "dada, dede" as "propaganda-telling sheep". V. Zhirmunskyi considers Grandfather Korkyt as the owner of a magical instrument - kobyz, a shaman, priest.
The written monument that confirms that Grandfather Korkyt is a historical person is the "Book of Korkyt Ata" ("Kitabi dadam Korkud"). In it, Grandfather Korkyt appears as a jovial, intelligent, wise man, leader, shaman, and coachman. At the beginning of the book, Korkyt Ata's proverbs are quoted. He says that "where there is life, there is death, there is change, there is no immortal life, there is no unbreakable iron, everything dies, changes, is forgotten, only what is immortal and unforgettable is the result of a good deed done in a person's life."
The views of the Turkic people on the issue of life and death are reflected in the legends about Grandfather Korkyt. According to the legend, Grandfather Korkyt fell asleep and heard a vision that "if you don't remember death, you will live forever." After some time, he chased a stepfather and could not catch up. "Even if I die, I will catch up!" says. It was sad to say that, Azirael came and said, "You remembered death, now you will die!" says.
In the legend, Korkyt Ata is described as a person who rides his fast horse and searches for the land where people live happily, fighting against death throughout his life. Korkyt Ata, who captivated the nation with his songs and music, and at the end of his life, saddened by the disunity of his people, who began to disintegrate, wanders the four corners of the world in search of the secret of eternal life. But wherever he goes, he meets people digging graves in front of him. "Whose grave?" "Korkyt's grave" is answered. This is where the saying "Korkyt's grave is everywhere you go." In the end, he hears a vision that if you find the navel of the earth, you will stay alive, and he returns to his native place - Syr region. Then he came to the idea that eternal life is only in art and invented the kobyz instrument.
According to another legend, if you spread a carpet in the middle of the river and draw kobyz while sitting on it, you will not drown under the power of the moon. Korkyt Ata says that there was no death in the years when Kobyz was drawn, only happy life. But it is said that when Grandfather Korkyt was tired and fell asleep, a small snake came out of the water and bit him to death. In the legend, death does not come openly, but comes in the form of a snake. From this we can see the people's attitude towards death, the basis of the philosophical conclusion that "death does not speak". A big philosophical problem in the legends about Grandfather Korkyt is the problem of time and space.
In these legends, Grandfather Korkyt escapes from death and travels throughout the cosmos. Frightened by his dream, he moves to the other side of the world the next day to escape death. Here he sees the same color again. At dawn, he sets off again. Not knowing what to do, he tries to go to the middle of the earth. The middle of the earth is the bank of the Syr River, the place where the Korkyt grave is now. M. Auezov: "Grandfather Korkyt, who did not want to admit that death cannot be stopped, gets tired of people and goes to the desert, to nature, but the mountains, plains, and forests tell him that death is waiting for him. Then he was afraid and made the first kobyz from the fir tree and was the first on earth to draw a tune. So he finds a way to not die in art," he writes.
The figure of Grandfather Korkyt in the Kazakh legend is no longer a shaman who escaped death, but on the contrary, he is a giant spiritual figure who fought for life, sought escape from death not through some powerful force, but through art, and crossed with death. Researchers compare the philosophy of Grandfather Korkyt, who escaped death, with the actions of Gilgamesh in the famous Sumerian epic "The Song of Gilgamesh". M. Auezov equates the legend of Korkyt with the Greek legend about Prometheus, who stole fire and gave it to humanity. Summarizing historical data and scientific considerations, Korkyt Ata can be considered a cultural symbol of Turkic tribes that have not yet fully embraced Islam.
## Korkyt Ata encyclopedic collection
Korkyt Ata is an encyclopedic collection. Published in 1999 by the General Editor of the Kazakh encyclopedia. This complex work, which consists of 5 parts, includes the legends and stories about Korkyt Ata, legends, the study of the ancestor's heritage, the articles of domestic and foreign scholars on the problems of the image of the saint in literature and art. In these materials, comprehensive information is given and analyzed about Korkyt Ata's place in world history and philosophy, artistic features and content of his great heritage, linguistic and cultural features, historical signs and historical data. A photocopy of the complete version of the "Korkyt Ata book" kept in the Dresden library (Germany), selected examples of translations into Russian and Kazakh languages are presented. At the end of the book, the stories, poems, epics of Kazakh poets led by Sh. Kudaiberdiuly, M. Zhumabayev, and S. Seifullin are collected. The chronicle of events related to the life of Ata Korkyt and the list of literature are given.
## Korkyt grandfather tunes
Korkyt is a great legacy to his generation - Kobyz tunes - "Korkyt", "Zhelmaya", "Targil tana", "Elimai", "Ushar's snail" .
### "Ushar's Snail" state
"Ushar's Snail" - Grandfather Korkyt's state. Based on the old legends, once upon a time there lived an only boy and his parents under one house. The boy will have a dog called Ushar, which he loves very much. One day the child dies and the parents bury the child. Then Ushar disappears. When the mother went to look for him, she saw him crying near the boy's grave. Seeing this event, Korkyt Ata sings a tune called "Ushar's snail".
### "Bashpai" state
"Bashpai" - Grandfather Korkyt's state. According to old legends, Korkyt was Grandfather's sister. Once, when his sister brought him food, he was touched by his sister. Then he says, "When you bury me, bury my head outside." The reason for saying this is that in the past, the Kazakh people pampered a girl and respected her, and if any member of a man touched her, it was considered indecent, and that person would live in shame for the rest of his life.
## Book of Grandfather Korkyt
Book of Grandfather Korkyt ("Kitab-i dadem Korkut gali lisan taifa oguzan") is an example of a heroic epic, a written heritage of the Oghuz-Kypchak era.
Twelve versions of it are known to science: preserved in Dresden (12 versions) and Vatican (6 versions).
in the 19th century academician V.V. studied and translated this written monument. Barthold was engaged and published his own articles. Later, this translation was published as "Dede Gorgud" (Baku, 1950), "Kniga moego deda Korkuta" (M.-L., 1962).
It was published for the first time in 1986 in the Kazakh language with the translation of A. Konyratbaev. As a literary and historical ethnic heritage, "Korkyt Ata's Book" contains a lot of data that add to Kazakh history and culture, along with artistic tableaux typical of the Kazakh epos. Also, the ethnic origin, ethnography, place of residence, social status, etc. of Oguz tribes are mentioned in the record. a lot of information is stored. From these data, it can be seen that the Oghuz were once at war with the Kipchaks along the Syr, and at one time with the Ghauris of the Caucasus. The feats in the song are very important. Kara Boduk was once the owner of black power who vomited blood on Kypchak Khan (song 3), and now the hero who destroyed the fortresses of Hamid and Mardin. Kazan is the leader of Oghuz country. The characters of the book include Bamsi-Beyrek, Kara Kone, Kara Baduk, Kan Torali, Kazan-Salor, Kulbash, Okshi, Oraz, as well as Aruz, Amen, Amran Bekiuly, Bisat, Dulek Boran, Dondaz, Kiyan Seljuk, Kanly, Kanyk Khan, There are customs. "Book of Korkyt Ata" related to the settlements of the Oghuz tribes, names such as Tana (Tanais - Syrdarya), Banu Sheshek (Barshin-salor-Gulbarshin, Barshindaria, Barshinkent), Kambura (Baybori) have also been preserved. They have a significant place in the Kazakh epos.
The protagonist of the song is Korkyt. He is a wise man, a wise man, a great man of Oguz country. His name is common to many Turkic tribes, and his historical and ethnic name is also clear. At one time, Korkyt was understood as a collected folklore image, but gradually he began to be recognized as a historical figure (now Korkyt ata).
"Korkyt Father's Book" in Kazakhstan M. Auezov, A. Margulan, A. Konyratbaev, R. Berdybaev, H. Suyinshaliev, N. Kelimbetov, M. Zoldasbekov, Sh. Ybyraev, T. Konyratbay, etc. .p. studied in his works.
The 1300th anniversary of the book was declared by UNESCO in 1999. level, the "Korkyt ata" encyclopedia collection was published (1999).
## Korkyt Ata Monument
Korkyt Ata Monument is a unique example of architecture. 18 km from Khosaly village, Karmakshi district, Kyzylorda region, at the foot of the Korkyt station (1980). Authors - B.А. Ibiraev, S.I. Isataev.
Korkyt Ata monument consists of 8 meters high, 4 vertical steles made of reinforced concrete. Each stela looks like tombstones facing in different directions. The stelae, which widen at the top and meet in the shape of a ladle, allude to the image of a kobyz. There are 40 metal tubes in the central hole at the bottom of the connector. When the wind blows, they make a sound similar to that of a kobyz. According to the legends, a kobyz is placed in the grave of Grandfather Korkyt, which gives voice to the blowing wind.
The inside of the Korkyt Ata monument is decorated with the "Camel's foot" pattern, symbolizing the trail of the holy spirit of Korkyt Ata, who was searching for the secret of eternal life. The roof of each stela is made into a dome, and a unique architectural composition has been created. In 1997, the monument was restored and repaired. Amphitheater, hotel, etc. whole architectural ensemble consisting of objects was created and turned into a memorial complex.
In 2000, a museum was opened near the complex. About 700 exhibits are kept in its fund. The museum exposition includes materials that provide information about the history and culture of the era in which Korkyt lived. This monument complex is considered one of the sacred places of pilgrimage common to all Turkic peoples.
## Korkyt Ata Tomb
Korkyt Ata Tomb is a monument of historical architecture. Around the 9th - 10th centuries, Korkyt was built for Saint Korkyt, 3 km from Korkyt station, Karmakshi district, Kyzylorda region. It began to collapse in 1925 and was washed away by the Syrdarya river in 1952.
Now the location is unknown. Mazar at the end of the 19th century A. Divaev, I.A. Castagne, P.I. It was the basis for Lerch's research. It came to us through photographs published in the "Turkistan Album" collection. According to the inscriptions of Divaev and Castanie, the structure is a round-shaped 6-8 sided dome building made of raw bricks. The interior is high, the walls are carved with a lattice pattern. It was built in the style of pre-Islamic Turkish architecture.
A modern memorial monument has been installed in the former place of Mazar; the present Korkyt ata monument.
## See more
* Grandfather Korkyt (encyclopedia)
* Book of Grandfather Korkyt
* Monument of Grandfather Korkyt
* Tomb of Grandfather Korkyt
* Street named after Korkyt Ata (Almaty)
* Kyzylorda University named after Korkyt Ata
## Sources
* |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5092 | Ikhlas Dukenuly | Ikylas Dukenuly (1843, Karaganda Region, Zhanaarka District - 1916, Zhambyl Region, Sarysu District, along the Shu River, in Kuaral, 30 km to the west of the former "Sarysu" district) is a famous Kazakh kushi kobyz player, composer, master of kylkobyz. master.
## Biography
Ikhlas was born and grew up in a family of Kobyzchirs. His grandfather Altynbek, his father Duken Arty discovered the musical talent of the boy Ikhilas early. He was born and raised in the Zhanaarka district of the Karaganda region, at the foot of the Munly-Kuly mountains. The place where the soil was ordered is Kuaral, a place along the Shu River, belonging to the Sarysu district of the Zhambyl region.
In the midst of growing enthusiasm, the art of singing became a highly respected tradition, and a large group of competing musicians was formed. If Ikhilas grew up listening to the fame of one of the poets like Tattimbet, Sary Toka, Dairabay, Mighilbek, Itayak, Abdi, and saw the eyes of the next one, he was a precious gift. In this medium, the negative spin states that have reached the peak are sharpened and their fields are extended. Ikhilas is a fighting musician who continues that great tradition in the Kobyz language. After Grandfather Korkyt, he is a unique composer who used the language of man to the divine instrument, mourned his death, and made his sorrow melt away.
Ikhilas's father Duken and his father Altyn were kobyzchi. As a young boy, he was fond of golden kobyz, and he dreamed that an elder priest said in his dream: "This kobyz will be a cure for your seven generations, and you will not eat jelly!" There is a genealogy saying that it gives revelation. Ikhlas' three children, Duysebay, Tusipbek, and Akynbay, were also street kobyz players. Their children and grandchildren now live in Sarysu district of Zhambyl region. The black kobyz of Ikhlas was kept in the hands of Daulet, the son of Akinbay, in 2008, the Zhambyl Regional Department of Culture bought the kobyz and presented it to the state museum. Since that day, Ikhilas Dukenuly's kara kobyz has been owned by the state.
## Works
Ikhlas's quoted works are called "Kaskar", "Ikhlas". His works such as "Kertolgau", "Erden", "Zhalgyzayak", "Zarym tsa", "Jezkiik" depict the social scenes of the environment in which he lived, and his works such as "Kambar - Nazim", "Airauky", "Kazan" are widely used throughout the country. There were legends, stories and fantastic stories. Any of these states clearly shows Ikhlas's civil personality towards people, society, and nature, and his moral voice.
Ikhilas' original students who continued the tradition of kuchysh were Bekmagambetuly Ashai, Toktamysuly Abikei, Sugir Aliuly and his own son Tusipbek. Well-known kobyz drum players, Myktibaev Daulet and Kalambaev Zhappas, received direct training from them. And Daulet and Zhappas' original students were Abdimanap Zhumabekov, Smatay Umbetbaev, Bazarkhan Kosbasarov.
Kobyz art, which has almost fallen from the path of the nomadic country, has reached the present from ancient times through the cooperation of many artists, is now expanding its channel, extending its field, raising its height, lulling its people to the sound of the konyz..
# # Sources
## External links
* Malimetter.kz Ikhilas Dukenuly abstract (Kazakh) |