amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

claim_id int64 0 3.13k	claim stringlengths 26 406	evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k	evidence_label stringclasses 3 values	label stringclasses 3 values	category stringlengths 2 71
1,799	Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.	Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.	REFUTES	contradiction	Digital radio
38	Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.	According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
1,120	The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.	Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic sea ice decline
1,430	Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.	As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the United States
1,255	the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.	The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2,570	The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.	The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
590	Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.	As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C".	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate sensitivity
2,244	So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.	Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,083	Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy	"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".	REFUTES	contradiction	Phil Jones (climatologist)
1,652	The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.	The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,952	Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.	Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.	REFUTES	contradiction	Arctic sea ice decline
454	Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
430	“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.	A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level rise
3,111	Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.	A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick graph
435	NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.	20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2015 in science
765	The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”	This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,407	“In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].	Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Storm
1,815	Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and	This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Paleolithic
104	Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.	Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
736	But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.	The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Radiocarbon dating
2,564	This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.	This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea
1,296	precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener	The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sahara
717	Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates	An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenland ice sheet
38	Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.	An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
1,487	NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]	During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	International Space Station
1,028	A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”	However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Anti-submarine warfare
2,117	Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.	Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
246	at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.	The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
1,968	The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.	Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Daylight saving time
313	Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.	The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,441	195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.	The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
1,938	Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.	In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Clean Power Plan
2,284	Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.	Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,090	Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle	The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic
2,614	"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.	Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Keeling Curve
1,893	Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .	The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming on human health
957	ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C	Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic
141	Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did	Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenpeace
978	The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.	Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
1,945	President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.	He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Presidency of Donald Trump
2,983	Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.	Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
1,655	Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.	There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Earth
2,161	CO2 limits won't cool the planet	Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,704	Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.	It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.	REFUTES	contradiction	Agriculture
785	In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.	Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,867	Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."	"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Chevron Corporation
1,011	The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”	Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenland ice sheet
2,248	Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.	Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate sensitivity
591	But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.	African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change adaptation
2,209	Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.	This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Tropical cyclone
701	“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.	Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	John Christy
1,480	I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.	187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).	REFUTES	contradiction	Paris Agreement
250	CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.	This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Orbital ring
311	there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,	These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate of Argentina
194	The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]	"AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
267	Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.	Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenland
1,508	global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
377	If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.	The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Atmosphere of Venus
38	Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.	Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,316	In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.	They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,144	97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven	It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,028	A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”	"Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Alf Ramsey
2,817	The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".	7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,782	"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.	Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
305	There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods	Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
3,000	The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.	The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Under the Volcano
591	But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.	The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,489	"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.	As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Attribution of recent climate change
983	‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.	In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Kalahari Desert
98	Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.	About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
279	In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.	He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Phil Jones (climatologist)
2,476	The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.	The trend reversed in the early 1990s.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global dimming
2,168	IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading	More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,077	Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.	There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
1,531	Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.	The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
93	unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed	"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Australia
1,963	Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.	For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Katrina
362	North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.	The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
1,908	In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.	The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coal
2,004	They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).	Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Al Gore
2,557	Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.	To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,682	The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.	Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
699	While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend	The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Volcanism
1,127	This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.	However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño
2,773	Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.	The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.	REFUTES	contradiction	Divergence problem
1,407	“In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].	The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Temperature
1,910	It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.	Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar panel
2,509	In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.	During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pacific decadal oscillation
863	The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.	According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Philadelphia
1,476	The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.	Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,155	But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)	The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Kyoto Protocol
2,750	There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions from doubling by 2100"	Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
503	“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.	On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2013–14 North American winter
3,038	Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."	If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
343	They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.	While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,530	Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
740	“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.	The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Paleothermometer
3,039	Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.	These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate
2,876	Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).	The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
275	until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming

1,799

Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.

REFUTES

contradiction

Digital radio

38

Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.

According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

1,120

The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic sea ice decline

1,430

Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change in the United States

1,255

the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2,570

The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.

The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

590

Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.

As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C".

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate sensitivity

2,244

So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.

Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,083

Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy

"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".

REFUTES

contradiction

Phil Jones (climatologist)

1,652

The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.

The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,952

Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.

REFUTES

contradiction

Arctic sea ice decline

454

Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

430

“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level rise

3,111

Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick graph

435

NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2015 in science

765

The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”

This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,407

“In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].

Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Storm

1,815

Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Paleolithic

104

Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.

Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

736

But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Radiocarbon dating

2,564

This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.

This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea

1,296

precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener

The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sahara

717

Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenland ice sheet

38

Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

1,487

NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

International Space Station

1,028

A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”

However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Anti-submarine warfare

2,117

Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

246

at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

1,968

The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Daylight saving time

313

Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,441

195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.

The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

1,938

Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Clean Power Plan

2,284

Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,090

Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic

2,614

"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Keeling Curve

1,893

Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .

The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming on human health

957

ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic

141

Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did

Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenpeace

978

The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

1,945

President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Presidency of Donald Trump

2,983

Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

1,655

Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Earth

2,161

CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,704

Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.

It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.

REFUTES

contradiction

Agriculture

785

In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.

Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,867

Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Chevron Corporation

1,011

The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenland ice sheet

2,248

Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate sensitivity

591

But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.

African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change adaptation

2,209

Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.

This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Tropical cyclone

701

“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.

Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

John Christy

1,480

I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).

REFUTES

contradiction

Paris Agreement

250

CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.

This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Orbital ring

311

there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate of Argentina

194

The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]

"AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

267

Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.

Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenland

1,508

global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

377

If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Atmosphere of Venus

38

Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.

Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,316

In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.

They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,144

97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,028

A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”

"Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Alf Ramsey

2,817

The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,782

"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.

Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

305

There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

3,000

The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Under the Volcano

591

But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.

The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,489

"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Attribution of recent climate change

983

‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Kalahari Desert

98

Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

279

In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Phil Jones (climatologist)

2,476

The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.

The trend reversed in the early 1990s.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global dimming

2,168

IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,077

Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.

There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

1,531

Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

93

unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed

"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Australia

1,963

Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Katrina

362

North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

1,908

In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coal

2,004

They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Al Gore

2,557

Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,682

The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

699

While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Volcanism

1,127

This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño

2,773

Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.

The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.

REFUTES

contradiction

Divergence problem

1,407

“In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].

The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Temperature

1,910

It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.

Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar panel

2,509

In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.

During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pacific decadal oscillation

863

The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Philadelphia

1,476

The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,155

But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Kyoto Protocol

2,750

There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions from doubling by 2100"

Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

503

“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.

On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2013–14 North American winter

3,038

Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."

If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

343

They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,530

Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

740

“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Paleothermometer

3,039

Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate

2,876

Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).

The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

275

until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming