ai4co/rrnco
Reinforcement Learning
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RRNCO Dataset
These is the dataset accompanying our work "Neural Combinatorial Optimization for Real-World Routing"
Main code on Github: https://github.com/ai4co/real-routing-nco
Overview
This dataset contains information about 100 carefully selected cities worldwide, chosen to represent diverse urban environments across multiple dimensions including geography, population, infrastructure, and cultural significance.
Dataset Statistics
- Total number of cities: 100
- Geographic coverage: 6 continents
- Population range: <100K to >10M
- Time period: Contemporary
Selection Criteria
1. Geographic Distribution
Distribution of cities across continents:
- Asia: 25 cities
- Europe: 20 cities
- Africa: 15 cities
- North America: 15 cities
- South America: 15 cities
- Oceania: 10 cities
2. Population Size Categories
Cities are distributed across three population categories:
- Large cities (>1M): 50 cities
- Medium cities (100K-1M): 30 cities
- Small cities (<100K): 20 cities
3. Urban Layout Types
Cities represent various urban planning approaches:
- Grid-based layouts (e.g., Manhattan)
- Radial patterns (e.g., Paris)
- Organic development (e.g., Fez)
- Mixed configurations (e.g., Tokyo)
4. Economic & Cultural Significance
Selected based on:
- Major financial centers
- Historic cities
- Capital cities
- Regional economic hubs
5. Climate Zones
Representative cities from each climate type:
- Tropical regions
- Arid areas
- Temperate zones
- Continental regions
- Polar locations
6. Infrastructure Development
Cities at different development stages:
- High-tech urban centers
- Developing metropolitan areas
- Rapidly urbanizing regions
7. Transportation Systems
Various transportation infrastructures:
- Metro-based systems
- Bus/tram networks
- Car-centric designs
8. Geographic Features
Cities with distinct geographical characteristics:
- Coastal locations
- River cities
- Mountain cities
- Desert environments
9. Historical Architecture
Diverse architectural heritage:
- Medieval urban cores
- Colonial-era cities
- Modern urban centers
10. Practical Considerations
Selection factors include:
- Data availability and quality
- Balance of famous and lesser-known cities
- Research value and applicability
Detailed information about 100 Cities
Africa (14 cities)
Lagos, Nigeria
- Population: Large (15.4M)
- Layout: Organic
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Nairobi, Kenya
- Population: Large (4.4M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Tropical highland
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Casablanca, Morocco
- Population: Large (3.4M)
- Layout: Mixed colonial
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Medium
- Transport: Tram system
Cape Town, South Africa
- Population: Large (4.6M)
- Layout: Mixed colonial
- Features: Coastal, Mountain
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Population: Large (3.7M)
- Layout: Organic
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Highland
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Light rail
Dakar, Senegal
- Population: Medium (3.1M)
- Layout: Peninsula grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Semi-arid
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Kinshasa, DR Congo
- Population: Large (14.3M)
- Layout: Organic
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Informal
Luanda, Angola
- Population: Large (8.3M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Kigali, Rwanda
- Population: Medium (1.2M)
- Layout: Hilly organic
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Tropical highland
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Marrakech, Morocco
- Population: Medium (928K)
- Layout: Medieval medina
- Features: Desert proximity
- Climate: Semi-arid
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Traditional
Windhoek, Namibia
- Population: Small (431K)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Semi-arid
- Infrastructure: Medium
- Transport: Car-centric
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Population: Large (6.7M)
- Layout: Coastal grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus rapid transit
Fez, Morocco
- Population: Medium (1.2M)
- Layout: Medieval organic
- Features: Historical
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Traditional
- Transport: Pedestrian
Alexandria, Egypt
- Population: Large (5.2M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Coastal, Historical
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Tram system
Asia (25 cities)
- Daejeon, South Korea
- Population: Large (1.5M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + bus
Tokyo, Japan
- Population: Large (37.4M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Bay city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Shanghai, China
- Population: Large (27.8M)
- Layout: Mixed modern
- Features: River city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Seoul, South Korea
- Population: Large (25.6M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Singapore
- Population: Large (5.7M)
- Layout: Planned
- Features: Island city-state
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Hong Kong, China SAR
- Population: Large (7.5M)
- Layout: Dense vertical
- Features: Harbor city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Mumbai, India
- Population: Large (20.4M)
- Layout: Linear coastal
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Suburban rail
Bangkok, Thailand
- Population: Large (10.7M)
- Layout: River-centric
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Metro + boats
Dubai, UAE
- Population: Large (3.4M)
- Layout: Linear modern
- Features: Coastal, Desert
- Climate: Arid
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Kyoto, Japan
- Population: Large (1.5M)
- Layout: Grid historical
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Beijing, China
- Population: Large (20.9M)
- Layout: Ring roads
- Features: Plain city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Hanoi, Vietnam
- Population: Large (8.1M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Motorbike-centric
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Population: Large (1.6M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
- Population: Small (247K)
- Layout: Medieval
- Features: Historical
- Climate: Arid
- Infrastructure: Traditional
- Transport: Pedestrian
Taipei, Taiwan
- Population: Large (2.6M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Basin city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Population: Medium (422K)
- Layout: Traditional
- Features: Cultural center
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Mixed
Mandalay, Myanmar
- Population: Large (1.2M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Motorbike-centric
Thimphu, Bhutan
- Population: Small (115K)
- Layout: Valley organic
- Features: Mountain city
- Climate: Highland
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Vientiane, Laos
- Population: Medium (820K)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Informal
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Population: Large (7.7M)
- Layout: Mixed modern
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Population: Large (1.9M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Mountain city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Metro
Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Population: Large (5.6M)
- Layout: Colonial grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Mixed
Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Population: Large (21.7M)
- Layout: Organic
- Features: River city
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Rickshaw + bus
Baku, Azerbaijan
- Population: Large (2.3M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Semi-arid
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Metro
Chengdu, China
- Population: Large (16.3M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Basin city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Osaka, Japan
- Population: Large (19.1M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Bay city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Europe (21 cities)
London, UK
- Population: Large (9.4M)
- Layout: Organic radial
- Features: River city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Paris, France
- Population: Large (11.1M)
- Layout: Radial
- Features: River city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Rome, Italy
- Population: Large (4.3M)
- Layout: Historical organic
- Features: Seven hills
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + bus
Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Population: Large (1.1M)
- Layout: Canal rings
- Features: Below sea level
- Climate: Temperate maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bicycle + tram
Prague, Czech Republic
- Population: Large (1.3M)
- Layout: Medieval radial
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Stockholm, Sweden
- Population: Large (1.6M)
- Layout: Archipelago
- Features: Island city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + ferry
Salzburg, Austria
- Population: Small (155K)
- Layout: Medieval core + modern areas
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal`
Istanbul, Turkey
- Population: Large (15.6M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Strait city
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Barcelona, Spain
- Population: Large (5.6M)
- Layout: Grid + medieval
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + walking
Moscow, Russia
- Population: Large (12.5M)
- Layout: Ring roads
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Reykjavik, Iceland
- Population: Small (122K)
- Layout: Modern grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Subarctic
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Car-centric
Athens, Greece
- Population: Large (3.2M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Historical
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Vienna, Austria
- Population: Large (1.9M)
- Layout: Ring road
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Dublin, Ireland
- Population: Large (1.2M)
- Layout: Georgian grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Population: Large (1.3M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bicycle + metro
Porto, Portugal
- Population: Medium (237K)
- Layout: Medieval organic
- Features: River mouth
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + historic tram
Bergen, Norway
- Population: Small (283K)
- Layout: Fjord setting
- Features: Coastal mountain
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Light rail + bus
Dubrovnik, Croatia
- Population: Small (42K)
- Layout: Medieval walled
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Traditional
- Transport: Pedestrian
Edinburgh, UK
- Population: Medium (524K)
- Layout: Medieval + Georgian
- Features: Hills
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Helsinki, Finland
- Population: Large (1.3M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Peninsula
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
North America (15 cities)
New York City, USA
- Population: Large (18.8M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Complex metro
Mexico City, Mexico
- Population: Large (21.8M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Highland tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Metro
Toronto, Canada
- Population: Large (6.2M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Lake city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
San Francisco, USA
- Population: Large (3.3M)
- Layout: Grid on hills
- Features: Peninsula
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Vancouver, Canada
- Population: Large (2.5M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Peninsula
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Chicago, USA
- Population: Large (8.9M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Lake city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + elevated
Montreal, Canada
- Population: Large (4.2M)
- Layout: Mixed
- Features: Island city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Los Angeles, USA
- Population: Large (13.2M)
- Layout: Sprawl grid
- Features: Coastal basin
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Car-centric
Havana, Cuba
- Population: Large (2.1M)
- Layout: Spanish colonial
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Traditional
- Transport: Mixed
Quebec City, Canada
- Population: Medium (531K)
- Layout: Historic walled
- Features: River city
- Climate: Continental
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus-centric
New Orleans, USA
- Population: Medium (391K)
- Layout: French colonial
- Features: River delta
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Streetcar + bus
Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Population: Large (2.9M)
- Layout: Grid valley
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Tropical highland
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus rapid transit
Panama City, Panama
- Population: Large (1.5M)
- Layout: Coastal modern
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Denver, USA
- Population: Large (2.9M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Mountain proximity
- Climate: Semi-arid
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Light rail
San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Population: Medium (395K)
- Layout: Colonial + modern
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Car + bus
South America (15 cities)
São Paulo, Brazil
- Population: Large (22.4M)
- Layout: Sprawling
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Metro + bus
Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Population: Large (15.1M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: River city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Lima, Peru
- Population: Large (10.7M)
- Layout: Grid + organic
- Features: Coastal desert
- Climate: Desert
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Bus rapid transit
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Population: Large (13.5M)
- Layout: Coastal organic
- Features: Mountain + coast
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Metro + bus
Santiago, Chile
- Population: Large (6.8M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Valley city
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro
Cusco, Peru
- Population: Medium (428K)
- Layout: Inca + colonial
- Features: Mountain city
- Climate: Highland
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Bus-centric
Cartagena, Colombia
- Population: Medium (914K)
- Layout: Colonial walled
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Bus + walking
Quito, Ecuador
- Population: Large (2.0M)
- Layout: Linear valley
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Highland
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Bus rapid transit
Montevideo, Uruguay
- Population: Large (1.4M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus-centric
La Paz, Bolivia
- Population: Large (1.9M)
- Layout: Valley organic
- Features: Mountain city
- Climate: Highland
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Cable car + bus
Asunción, Paraguay
- Population: Large (2.3M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: River city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus-centric
Salvador, Brazil
- Population: Large (2.9M)
- Layout: Colonial + modern
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Metro + bus
Medellín, Colombia
- Population: Large (2.5M)
- Layout: Valley linear
- Features: Mountain valley
- Climate: Tropical highland
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Metro + cable car
Valparaíso, Chile
- Population: Medium (285K)
- Layout: Hills organic
- Features: Coastal hills
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Funicular + bus
Curitiba, Brazil
- Population: Large (1.9M)
- Layout: Planned radial
- Features: Highland
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus rapid transit
Oceania (10 cities)
Sydney, Australia
- Population: Large (5.3M)
- Layout: Harbor organic
- Features: Harbor city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Multi-modal
Melbourne, Australia
- Population: Large (5.1M)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: River city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Tram + train
Auckland, New Zealand
- Population: Large (1.7M)
- Layout: Harbor sprawl
- Features: Isthmus city
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Car + bus
Wellington, New Zealand
- Population: Medium (212K)
- Layout: Harbor basin
- Features: Coastal hills
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus + train
Brisbane, Australia
- Population: Large (2.5M)
- Layout: River grid
- Features: River city
- Climate: Subtropical
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus + train
Perth, Australia
- Population: Large (2.1M)
- Layout: Coastal sprawl
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Mediterranean
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Train + bus
Hobart, Australia
- Population: Small (248K)
- Layout: Mountain harbor
- Features: Harbor city
- Climate: Temperate
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus-centric
Christchurch, New Zealand
- Population: Medium (404K)
- Layout: Grid
- Features: Coastal plain
- Climate: Maritime
- Infrastructure: Advanced
- Transport: Bus-centric
Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Population: Small (94K)
- Layout: Peninsula
- Features: Coastal
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Mixed
- Transport: Bus-centric
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
- Population: Medium (364K)
- Layout: Harbor sprawl
- Features: Coastal hills
- Climate: Tropical
- Infrastructure: Developing
- Transport: Bus + informal
Dataset Summary
Total Cities: 100
Population Distribution:
- Large cities (>1M): 50
- Medium cities (100K-1M): 30
- Small cities (<100K): 20
Geographic Distribution:
- Africa: 15
- Asia: 25
- Europe: 20
- North America: 15
- South America: 15
- Oceania: 10
Climate Zones:
- Tropical/Subtropical: 35
- Temperate/Mediterranean: 30
- Continental: 20
- Arid/Semi-arid: 10
- Maritime/Subarctic: 5
Infrastructure Levels:
- Advanced: 45
- Mixed: 25
- Developing: 25
- Traditional: 5
Primary Transport Types:
- Complex metro systems: 15
- Multi-modal: 30
- Bus-centric: 25
- Car-centric: 10
- Traditional/Informal: 20
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