Datasets:
metadata
dataset_info:
- config_name: A-OKVQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1168340
dataset_size: 14048199
- config_name: CIFAR-100
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1519890
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 20544
dataset_size: 1519890
- config_name: CIRR
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1565489
dataset_size: 70162098
- config_name: ChartQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 14354641
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1434448
dataset_size: 14354641
- config_name: Country211
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 3678000
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 31556
dataset_size: 3678000
- config_name: DocVQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 23044459
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1734476
dataset_size: 23044459
- config_name: EDIS
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
download_size: 3350382
dataset_size: 184208708
- config_name: FashionIQ
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 71169665
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1729457
dataset_size: 71169665
- config_name: GQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 40809641
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1764457
dataset_size: 40809641
- config_name: HatefulMemes
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 184890
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 9972
dataset_size: 184890
- config_name: ImageNet-1K
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 28773890
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 185019
dataset_size: 28773890
- config_name: ImageNet-A
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 28772890
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 147780
dataset_size: 28772890
- config_name: ImageNet-R
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 3456890
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 23656
dataset_size: 3456890
- config_name: InfographicsVQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 19114439
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1439837
dataset_size: 19114439
- config_name: MSCOCO
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 97759085
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1681753
dataset_size: 97759085
- config_name: MSCOCO_i2t
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 60201740
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1785583
dataset_size: 60201740
- config_name: MSCOCO_t2i
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 87127008
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1296167
dataset_size: 87127008
- config_name: N24News
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 630658
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 110698
dataset_size: 630658
- config_name: NIGHTS
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 75116000
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1528646
dataset_size: 75116000
- config_name: OK-VQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 15332578
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1564823
dataset_size: 15332578
- config_name: OVEN
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 717934263
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 406792141
dataset_size: 717934263
- config_name: ObjectNet
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 2036000
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 27132
dataset_size: 2036000
- config_name: Place365
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 7045000
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 89866
dataset_size: 7045000
- config_name: RefCOCO
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 96493941
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1858145
dataset_size: 96493941
- config_name: RefCOCO-Matching
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 145712476
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 2879385
dataset_size: 145712476
- config_name: SUN397
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
download_size: 118447
dataset_size: 7990000
- config_name: ScienceQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: TextVQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
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- config_name: VOC2007
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 368000
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 13813
dataset_size: 368000
- config_name: VisDial
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 67989850
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download_size: 1730820
dataset_size: 67989850
- config_name: Visual7W
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Visual7W-Pointing
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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dataset_size: 94906832
- config_name: VisualNews_i2t
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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num_examples: 1000
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- config_name: VisualNews_t2i
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 97176206
num_examples: 1000
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dataset_size: 97176206
- config_name: VizWiz
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
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dataset_size: 20550246
- config_name: WebQA
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 197701404
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 3257136
dataset_size: 197701404
- config_name: Wiki-SS-NQ
features:
- name: qry_text
dtype: string
- name: qry_img_path
dtype: string
- name: tgt_text
sequence: string
- name: tgt_img_path
sequence: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 74583207
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 1900579
dataset_size: 74583207
configs:
- config_name: A-OKVQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: A-OKVQA/test-*
- config_name: CIFAR-100
data_files:
- split: test
path: CIFAR-100/test-*
- config_name: CIRR
data_files:
- split: test
path: CIRR/test-*
- config_name: ChartQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: ChartQA/test-*
- config_name: Country211
data_files:
- split: test
path: Country211/test-*
- config_name: DocVQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: DocVQA/test-*
- config_name: EDIS
data_files:
- split: test
path: EDIS/test-*
- config_name: FashionIQ
data_files:
- split: test
path: FashionIQ/test-*
- config_name: GQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: GQA/test-*
- config_name: HatefulMemes
data_files:
- split: test
path: HatefulMemes/test-*
- config_name: ImageNet-1K
data_files:
- split: test
path: ImageNet-1K/test-*
- config_name: ImageNet-A
data_files:
- split: test
path: ImageNet-A/test-*
- config_name: ImageNet-R
data_files:
- split: test
path: ImageNet-R/test-*
- config_name: InfographicsVQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: InfographicsVQA/test-*
- config_name: MSCOCO
data_files:
- split: test
path: MSCOCO/test-*
- config_name: MSCOCO_i2t
data_files:
- split: test
path: MSCOCO_i2t/test-*
- config_name: MSCOCO_t2i
data_files:
- split: test
path: MSCOCO_t2i/test-*
- config_name: N24News
data_files:
- split: test
path: N24News/test-*
- config_name: NIGHTS
data_files:
- split: test
path: NIGHTS/test-*
- config_name: OK-VQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: OK-VQA/test-*
- config_name: OVEN
data_files:
- split: test
path: OVEN/test-*
- config_name: ObjectNet
data_files:
- split: test
path: ObjectNet/test-*
- config_name: Place365
data_files:
- split: test
path: Place365/test-*
- config_name: RefCOCO
data_files:
- split: test
path: RefCOCO/test-*
- config_name: RefCOCO-Matching
data_files:
- split: test
path: RefCOCO-Matching/test-*
- config_name: SUN397
data_files:
- split: test
path: SUN397/test-*
- config_name: ScienceQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: ScienceQA/test-*
- config_name: TextVQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: TextVQA/test-*
- config_name: VOC2007
data_files:
- split: test
path: VOC2007/test-*
- config_name: VisDial
data_files:
- split: test
path: VisDial/test-*
- config_name: Visual7W
data_files:
- split: test
path: Visual7W/test-*
- config_name: Visual7W-Pointing
data_files:
- split: test
path: Visual7W-Pointing/test-*
- config_name: VisualNews_i2t
data_files:
- split: test
path: VisualNews_i2t/test-*
- config_name: VisualNews_t2i
data_files:
- split: test
path: VisualNews_t2i/test-*
- config_name: VizWiz
data_files:
- split: test
path: VizWiz/test-*
- config_name: WebQA
data_files:
- split: test
path: WebQA/test-*
- config_name: Wiki-SS-NQ
data_files:
- split: test
path: Wiki-SS-NQ/test-*
Embedding models have been crucial in enabling various downstream tasks such as semantic similarity, information retrieval, and clustering. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in developing universal text embedding models that can generalize across tasks (e.g., MTEB). However, progress in learning universal multimodal embedding models has been relatively slow despite their importance. In this work, we aim to explore the potential for building universal embeddings capable of handling a wide range of downstream tasks. Our contributions are twofold: (1) MMEB (Massive Multimodal Embedding Benchmark), which covers 4 meta-tasks including classification, question answering, retrieval, and visual grounding and 36 datasets, including 20 training and 16 evaluation datasets, and (2) VLM2Vec (Vision-Language Model => Vector), a contrastive training framework that converts any state-of-the-art vision-language model into an embedding model via training on MMEB. Unlike previous models such as CLIP and BLIP, VLM2Vec can process any combination of images and text to generate a fixed-dimensional vector based on task instructions. We build a series of VLM2Vec models on Phi-3.5-V and evaluate them on MMEB's evaluation split. Our results show that VLM2Vec achieves an absolute average improvement of 10% to 20% over existing multimodal embedding models on both in-distribution and out-of-distribution datasets in MMEB.