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Shin Splints (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome) is a condition characterised by damage and inflammation of the connective tissue joining muscles to the inner shin bone (tibia).
There are several muscles which lie at the back of your lower leg and are collectively known as the calf muscles. Several of these muscles lie deep within the calf (tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus and soleus) and attach to the inner border of the shin bone (tibia). The connective tissue responsible for attaching these muscles to the tibia is known as the tenoperiosteum. Every time the calf contracts, it pulls on the tenoperiosteum. When this tension is too forceful or repetitive, damage to the tenoperiosteum occurs. This results in inflammation and pain and is known as medial tibial stress syndrome– commonly referred to as shin splints.
Medial tibial stress syndrome can sometimes occur in combination with other pathologies that cause shin pain such as compartment syndrome and tibial stress fractures.
N.B. Medial tibial stress syndrome has only recently fallen into the catergory of shin splints, the main conditions that fall into this catergory are; stress fracture, myositis, periositis, tendinotis, compartment syndrome, fasciitis and ischaemic disorders.
Causes of shin splints
Shin splints most commonly occur due to repetitive or prolonged activities placing strain on the tenoperiosteum. This typically occurs due to excessive walking, running or jumping activities (such as an increase in physical exercise) and is often seen in runners and footballers. It frequently occurs in combination with calf muscle tightness or other biomechanical abnormalities, such as excessive pronation or supination (high arch), or in those who consistently wear inappropriate footwear. Athletes more commonly develop this condition early in the season following a period of reduced activity (deconditioning) and when training surfaces are generally harder.
Signs and symptoms of shin splints
Patients with shin splints typically experience pain along the inner border of the shin. In less severe cases, patients may only experience an ache or stiffness along the inner aspect of the shin that increases with rest (typically at night or first thing in the morning) following activities which place stress on the tenoperiosteum. These activities typically include excessive walking, running (especially up hills, on uneven surfaces or in poor footwear), jumping and general weight bearing activity.
The pain associated with this condition may also warm up with activity in the initial stages of injury. As the condition progresses, patients may experience symptoms that increase during sport or activity, affecting performance. In severe cases, patients may walk with a limp, although this may also reduce to some extent as the patient warms up.
Patients with this condition typically experience pain on firmly touching the inner border of the shin bone, particularly along the lower third of the bone. Areas of muscle tightness, thickening or lumps may also be felt in the area of pain. In severe cases, swelling, redness and warmth may also be present.
Prognosis of shin splints
Most patients with this condition heal well with appropriate treatment. Recovery time may range from a few weeks to many months depending on the severity of injury, quality of treatment and length of time the injury has been present for. Patients with shin splints that have been present for months may require a considerable period of treatment associated with reduced activity before full recovery occurs.
Contributing factors to the development of shin splints
There are several factors which can predispose patients to developing this condition. These need to be assessed and corrected. Some of these factors include:
- Excessive training or activity
- Poor foot posture
- Inappropriate footwear
- Inadequate warm-up
- Training on hard or inappropriate surfaces
- Muscle weakness (especially the calf muscles)
- Tightness in specific joints (such as the ankle)
- Tightness in specific muscles (especially the calfs)
- Poor lower limb biomechanics
Shin Splints Treatment
It is important to highlight that the best treatment for shin splints is treating the cause, rather than the symptoms, as previously discussed there has been a lot of research conducted which shows a rolled in foot/ over pronated foot or high arch foot will cause shin splints. By changing and optimizing foot and leg biomehcanics, we can treat the condition of shin splints. There are ways of dealing with the pain in-between time which include;
- Deep tissue massage (particularly to the calf muscles)
- Joint mobilization
- Biomechanical correction
- Progressive exercises to improve flexibility (especially of the calf muscles)
- Activity modification advice
- Footwear advice
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Is é Shin Splints (Sindrome Strain Tibial Meán) coinníoll a bhfuil damáiste agus athlasadh ar an fíochán nasctha ag nascadh matáin leis an gcnámh shin istigh (tibia).
Tá roinnt matáin ann atá suite ar chúl do chos íseal agus ar a dtugtar matáin na féile go comhpháirteach. Tá roinnt de na matáin seo suite go domhain sa mhadra (tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus agus soleus) agus ceangailte le imeall istigh an chnámh shin (tibia). Tugtar an tenoperiosteum ar an fíochán nasctha atá freagrach as na matáin seo a cheangal leis an tibia. Gach uair a bhíonn an t-eachtraí, tarraingíonn sé ar an tenoperiosteum. Nuair a bhíonn an strus seo ró-neart nó athdhéanta, bíonn damáiste don tenoperiosteum. Tá athlasadh agus pian mar thoradh air seo agus is é sin a dtugtar siondróm strus tibial meánach a dtugtar splints shin go coitianta.
Uaireanta is féidir siondróm strus tibial meán a bheith ann i gcomhar le paiteolaíochtaí eile a chuireann pian shin mar siondróm roinnte agus briseadh strus tibial.
N.B. Níor tháinig siondróm strus tibial meánúil isteach i gcatagóir na ndroch-scéithe shin ach le déanaí, is iad na príomhchoinníollacha a thagann isteach sa chatagóir seo; briseadh strus, myositis, periositis, tendinotis, siondróm comparáide, fasciitis agus neamhoird iscaimiceacha.
Cúiseanna le splints shin
Is minic a tharlaíonn sclábhaí Shin mar gheall ar ghníomhaíochtaí athdhéanta nó fada a chuireann brú ar an tenoperiosteum. Tarlaíonn sé seo de ghnáth mar gheall ar ghníomhaíochtaí iomarcacha siúlóide, reáchtála nó léim (mar shampla méadú ar fheidhmiú fisiciúil) agus feictear go minic é i rithéirí agus i gcluiche peile. Is minic a tharlaíonn sé i dteannta le teannas matáin na n-eallaigh nó neamhghnáchtaí bithmheicniúla eile, mar shampla pronation nó supination iomarcach (arch ard), nó i measc na ndaoine a chaitheann bróga míchuí go seasta. Is minic a fhorbraíonn lúthchleasaithe an coinníoll seo go luath sa séasúr tar éis tréimhse gníomhaíochta laghdaithe (deconditioning) agus nuair a bhíonn dromchlaí oiliúna níos deacra de ghnáth.
comharthaí agus comharthaí de shin splints
Is gnách go mbíonn pian ar chóta istigh an shin ag othair a bhfuil splints shin orthu. I gcásanna níos lú tromchúiseacha, d'fhéadfadh othair ach pian nó stiffness a bhraitheann ar feadh an taobh istigh den shin a mhéadaíonn le sos (de ghnáth san oíche nó an chéad rud ar maidin) tar éis gníomhaíochtaí a chuireann strus ar an tenoperiosteum. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí sin is gnách siúl iomarcach, rith (go háirithe suas cnoic, ar dhromchlaí neamhchothrom nó i mbróga droch-chlaoch), léim agus gníomhaíocht iompair meáchain i gcoitinne.
D'fhéadfadh an pian a bhaineann leis an riocht seo a bheith te le gníomhaíocht sna céimeanna tosaigh an chonair. De réir mar a théann an staid chun cinn, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comharthaí ag othair a mhéadaíonn le linn spóirt nó gníomhaíochta, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar fheidhmíocht. I gcásanna tromchúiseacha, d'fhéadfadh othair siúl le clúdach, cé go bhféadfadh sé seo a laghdú go pointe áirithe de réir mar a théann an t-othar suas.
Is gnách go mbíonn pian ag othair leis an riocht seo nuair a bhíonn siad ag teagmháil go daingean le imeall istigh an chnámh shin, go háirithe feadh an tríú cuid níos ísle den chnámh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh limistéir de shrian muscle, tiús nó cnapáin le feiceáil sa limistéar pian freisin. I gcásanna tromchúiseacha, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé seo chomh maith le tuirse, deargú agus teas.
Fógraíocht na slints shin
Fuarthas go maith le formhór na n-othair a bhfuil an galar seo acu le cóireáil chuí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tréimhse téarnaimh idir cúpla seachtain agus go leor míonna ag brath ar thromchúis an chonair, ar cháilíocht an chóireála agus ar fhad na tréimhse a bhí an chonair ann. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tréimhse chóireála shuntasach ag teastáil ó othair le splints shin a bhí i láthair ar feadh míonna a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht laghdaithe sula dtarlóidh leigheas iomlán.
Fachtóirí a chuireann le forbairt splints shin
Tá roinnt fachtóirí ann a d'fhéadfadh othair a chur i gcontúirt chun an riocht seo a fhorbairt. Caithfear iad seo a mheas agus a cheartú. I measc na ngnéithe sin tá:
- Trom oiliúint nó gníomhaíocht
- Poist chos bocht
- Bróg gan oiriúnú
- Teasadh neamhleor
- Oiliúint ar dromchlaí crua nó neamh-oiriúnach
- Laghdú matáin (go háirithe matáin na mball)
- Tigh i gcomhpháirteanna sonracha (mar an ankle)
- Tigh i matáin shonracha (go háirithe na caora)
- Beo-imicneachas na mbéal íseal
Cóireáil Splint Shin
Tá sé tábhachtach a chur i bhfios go bhfuil an chóireáil is fearr le haghaidh shin splints ag cóireáil an chúis, seachas na hairíonna, mar a pléadh roimhe seo tá go leor taighde déanta a léiríonn go mbeidh cos rolled in / cos ró-pronate nó cos arch ard ag cúis le splints shin. Trí bith-mheicnic chos agus cos a athrú agus a bharrfheabhsú, is féidir linn cóireáil a dhéanamh ar staid na gcinn. Tá bealaí ann chun déileáil leis an pian idir an am a chuimsíonn;
- Massage fíochán domhain (go háirithe na matáin féile)
- Comh-chomhghníomhachtú
- Ceartú bithmhéicniúil
- Cleachtaí forleathan chun solúbthacht a fheabhsú (go háirithe na matáin chailfe)
- Comhairle maidir le hathrú gníomhaíochta
- Comhairle faoi bhróga
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After the first reports in 1986 about the catastrophic situation with the Spix’s Macaw aroused concern worldwide and brought about considerable discussion, it became clear to all interested conservation organisations, zoos and a small number of bird-keepers that the first steps for conserving this parrot species in the wild as well as in captivity needed to be urgently undertaken.
Encouraged by the Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten-und Populationsschutz (Ed: Zoological Society for Species and Population Conservation) the ICBP and New York Zoological Society began in July making the first preparations for a Spix’s Macaw meeting on Tenerife. The meeting then had to be postponed to 17th and 18th August to match the diary dates of those involved.
The director of Loro Parque, Wolfgang Kiessling, agreed to accommodate the meeting and - what is especially worthy of mention, because it was not expected of him - cover the costs of some of the participants.
Unfortunately shortly before the meeting was to begin it looked as if its success would be in question as some of the keepers of Spix’s Macaws known at the time would not for various reasons be attending. Finally present at the meeting were Wolfgang Kiessling (Loro Parque, Tenerife), Rosemary Low (Loro Parque, Tenerife), Nigel Collar (ICBP, UK), Ulysses Seal (IUCN, USA), Thomas Arndt (Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz, Germany), Luis Pedreira Gonzaga (Brazil), Pedro Scherer Neto (Brazil), Carlos Keller (Brazil) and Paolo Mambelli (Italy).
After a short tour of Loro Parque the meeting began finally on Monday morning with a welcome address to the participants from Wolfgang Kiessling and Nigel Collar, the deputy director of the ICBP. The proceedings that followed set out the objectives of the meeting as well as including a presentation of a paper on the latest situation of the species in the wild prepared by Carlos Keller. It was accepted by all that despite the fears in the previous year there was at least another population in the wild, but this would be small and obviously already under threat from local poachers as young birds had been offered on the illegal market in Brazil and Europe in recent months.
A list of the confirmed known Spix’s Macaws in captivity produced a depressing result. Altogether there were outside Brazil just 10 birds. In Brazil there were possibly 14, of which 7 were illegally held and their inclusion in a breeding programme seemed for the time being questionable. According to the Brazilian representatives present legalising the latter birds could be possible, but this would bring disadvantages for the owners, which they would be unlikely to accept.
In the afternoon and on the morning of the second day a Spix’s Macaw document was set down and discussed under the guidance of Ulysses Seal, the Chairman of the Captive Breeding Specialist Group IUCN/SSC. Its most important points are summarised below.
The participants at the meeting are in agreement with other experts that the wild population of Spix’s Macaws Cyanopsitta spixii known at present consists of just three birds. Although further populations could exist, they are convinced that a captive breeding programme for the conservation of this seriously endangered species should be set up at once.
The objective of the programme is to preserve 90% of the genetic variety of the remaining birds over a period of 200 years. A minimum of 10 birds is required to enable a stable captive population of 80 to 100 breeding pairs to be achieved. Every effort must be made to reach this target in as few generations as possible.
The aim of the agreement is to take the necessary measures to conserve the species in order to guarantee in the long term the basis for the size and protection of the species in Brazil.
- all captive bids should be endoscoped within the next 6 months
- a report on the condition, sex etc. should be submitted to the studbook keeper
- all birds should be rung if possible with the studbook number inscribed on the ring
- a consortium consisting of the keepers as well as one representative each of the ICBP, CBSG SSC/IUCN and the Brazilian Government should be set up, which will administer the captive population
- the members of the consortium should sign a contract in which they agree to the goals and measures of the captive breeding programme. These would include a willingness not to sell resulting captive bred birds at a later date, to place these under the control of the consortium, to meet once annually, to comply with the necessary scientific measures to conserve the captive population or place young birds at the disposal of the consortium for releasing into the wild if the number of birds in captivity and the situation in the wild allow this
- studies on the status of the species in the wild should be continued
- as a result of these activities reserves should be established which can ensure that a population of at least 500 birds in the wild can be achieved
3. The ICBP and IUCN are requested to strive for the conservation of the Spix’s Macaw, gain the support of the Brazilian Government and the entry of keepers in the consortium.
All those present signed this document. The most important signature at that moment was that of Wolfgang Kiessling as the owner of a pair of Spix’s Macaws. At the concluding press conference the meeting and its results were made public for the first time. Finally there was a meal with D. Pedro Duque, the Brazilian consul on Tenerife, who agreed to get the support of the Brazilian ambassador for the breeding project.
It should be noted that W. Kiessling agreed to cover the costs of sending his veterinarian at Loro Parque to Brazil to endoscope the captive Spix’s macaws there and that the curator at Loro Parque, Rosemary Low, offered to keep the international studbook.
Even if the meeting suffered from the absence of most of the keepers of Spix’s Macaws it was still a considerable success. The first important steps towards the conservation of this seriously endangered species were taken in a relatively short period of time. Some of the known keepers as well as institutions have signaled their agreement and up to now unknown keepers will now have to consider whether their birds should not be part of the project or face the risk in the future that they will own birds, which cannot be legalised any more.
At the same time the project can be trend-setting - after all here for the first time the large international conservation organisations are actively co-operating with private keepers in a captive breeding programme – a step which will become even more important in the future.
Saturday 17th April 2021
A Spix’s macaw hatches in Brazil’s caatinga
Great news from Brazil. Cromwell Purchase and his team have successfully hatched a Spix’s macaw at the Release Center in Brazil. 52 Spix’s macaws were moved from Germany to the Spix’s Macaw Release Center in Brazil about a year a ... Read More »
" Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret "
( If you drive out nature with a pitchfork, she will soon find a way back)
Horace (65-8 BC)
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Tar éis na chéad thuairiscí i 1986 faoin staid tubaisteach a bhí ag an Spix's Macaw a spreag imní ar fud an domhain agus a d'eascair plé suntasach, bhí sé soiléir do gach eagraíocht chaomhnaithe, do na sáitheanna ainmhithe agus do líon beag coimeádtóirí éan a raibh suim acu go raibh gá leis na chéad chéimeanna a dhéanamh go práinneach chun an speiceas parrot seo a chaomhnú sa fhiadhúlra chomh maith le gabháil.
Ar spreagadh ag an Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten-und Populationsschutz (Ed: Zoological Society for Species and Population Conservation), thosaigh an ICBP agus Cumann Zólachtach Nua Eabhrac i mí Iúil ag déanamh na chéad ullmhúcháin do chruinniú Spixs Macaw ar Tenerife. Bhí ar an gcruinniú a chur siar go dtí an 17ú agus an 18ú Lúnasa chun teacht le dátaí laethúla na ndaoine a raibh baint acu leis.
D'aontaigh stiúrthóir Loro Parque, Wolfgang Kiessling, freastal ar an gcruinniú agus - rud atá fiú a lua go háirithe, toisc nach raibh súil leis - costais roinnt de na rannpháirtithe a chlúdach.
Ar an drochuair, bhí an chuma go raibh an bua ag an gcruinniú go gairid sula raibh sé le tosú toisc nach mbeadh cuid de na sealbhóirí Spixs Macaws a bhí ar eolas ag an am i láthair ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Ar deireadh, bhí Wolfgang Kiessling (Loro Parque, Tenerife), Rosemary Low (Loro Parque, Tenerife), Nigel Collar (ICBP, UK), Ulysses Seal (IUCN, USA), Thomas Arndt (Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz, Germany), Luis Pedreira Gonzaga (Bhrasaíl), Pedro Scherer Neto (Bhrasaíl), Carlos Keller (Bhrasaíl) agus Paolo Mambelli (An Iodáil) i láthair ag an gcruinniú.
Tar éis cuairt ghearr ar Loro Parque, thosaigh an cruinniú ar deireadh maidin Dé Luain le haisdearbhú ó Wolfgang Kiessling agus Nigel Collar, leas-stiúrthóir ICBP, do na rannpháirtithe. Leagadh amach sna himeachtaí a bhí ann ina dhiaidh sin cuspóirí na cruinnithe chomh maith le cur i láthair páipéar faoi staid is déanaí na speiceas san fhiáine a d'ullmhaigh Carlos Keller. Ghlac gach duine leis go raibh, in ainneoin na eagla sa bhliain roimhe sin, coinníoll eile ar a laghad sa tsaoirse, ach bheadh sé seo beag agus go soiléir faoi bhagairt cheana féin ó thréadairí áitiúla mar a bhí éanlaith óga ar fáil ar an margadh mídhleathach sa Bhrasaíl agus san Eoraip le míonna beaga anuas.
Tá liosta de na Spixs Macaws a bhfuil aithne orthu i ngábháil a chruthaigh toradh dúshlánach. Ní raibh ach 10 éan ar fad lasmuigh de na Breataine. Sa Bhrasaíl, b'fhéidir go raibh 14, agus bhí 7 acu i seilbh go neamhdhleathach agus is cosúil go raibh amhras faoi láthair maidir lena n-áirítear i gclár pórúcháin. De réir na n-ionadaithe Bhrasaíleacha a bhí i láthair d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé indéanta na héin dheireanacha a dhlíthiú, ach d'fhéadfadh sé seo míbhuntáistí a thabhairt do na húinéirí, rud nach dócha go nglacfadh siad leis.
I ndiaidh an lae agus ar maidin an dara lá, cuireadh doiciméad faoi Spixs Macaw síos agus pléadh é faoi threoir Ulysses Seal, Cathaoirleach an Ghrúpa Speisialaithe Breithlíochta i gCabhlach IUCN/SSC. Tá achoimre ar na pointí is tábhachtaí a bhaineann leis thíos.
Tá na rannpháirtithe sa chruinniú ag comhaontú le saineolaithe eile nach bhfuil ach trí éan ar an daonra fiáine de Spix's Macaws Cyanopsitta spixii ar a dtugtar faoi láthair. Cé go bhféadfadh pobail bhreise a bheith ann, tá siad cinnte gur cheart clár póraithe i ngéibheann a chur ar bun láithreach chun an speiceas seo atá i mbaol go mór a chaomhnú.
Is é cuspóir an chláir 90% de shainmhíreacht ghéiniteach na n-éan atá fágtha a chaomhnú thar thréimhse 200 bliain. Ní mór 10 éan ar a laghad a bheith ann chun go bhféadfar pobal cúnta seasmhach de 80 go 100 péire atáirgthe a bhaint amach. Ní mór gach iarracht a dhéanamh chun an sprioc seo a bhaint amach i mbeagán glúin a mhéid is féidir.
Is é is aidhm don chomhaontú na bearta is gá a ghlacadh chun an speiceas a chaomhnú d'fhonn bonn a áirithiú go fadtéarmach do mhéid agus do chosaint na speiceas sa Bhrasaíl.
- ba cheart gach tairiscint captive a endoscoped laistigh de na 6 mhí amach romhainn
- tuarascáil ar an riocht, ar an inscne, etc. Ba cheart an t-eispéireas a chur faoi bhráid an choimeádtóra leabhar sliochta
- ba cheart gach éan a bheith ag cnagadh más féidir leis an uimhir leabhar pósta atá scríofa ar an fáinne
- ba cheart comhchoiste a bhunú ina mbeidh na coimeádtóirí chomh maith le ionadaí amháin ó gach ceann de ICBP, CBSG SSC/IUCN agus Rialtas na Brasaíle, a bhainistiú an daonra gaoithe
- ba cheart do chomhaltaí an chomhthionscnaimh conradh a shíniú ina nglacann siad leis na cuspóirí agus na bearta a bhaineann leis an gclár pórúcháin i ngábh. Áirítear leis sin toilteanas gan na héin a d'ardaíodh i ngábháil a dhíol níos déanaí, iad a chur faoi rialú an chomhthionscnaimh, teacht le chéile uair amháin sa bhliain, cloí leis na bearta eolaíocha is gá chun an daonra i ngábháil a chaomhnú nó éin óga a chur ar fáil don chomhthionscnamh chun iad a scaoileadh ar an bhfásach más rud é go gceadaíonn líon na n-éan i ngábháil agus an staid i bhfásach é seo.
- ba cheart leanúint de staidéir ar stádas na speiceas san fhiáine
- mar thoradh ar na gníomhaíochtaí sin ba cheart cúlchistí a bhunú a chinnteoidh go bhféadfar pobal de 500 éan ar a laghad a bhaint amach i dtimpeallacht na n-éan
3. Tá an t-am ann. Iarrtar ar ICBP agus ar IUCN iarracht a dhéanamh an Spixs Macaw a chaomhnú, tacaíocht ó Rialtas na Brasaíle a fháil agus iontráil choimeádóirí sa chonsórsaíocht.
Shínigh na daoine uile a bhí i láthair an doiciméad seo. Ba é an síntiús is tábhachtaí ag an nóiméad sin sin é Wolfgang Kiessling mar úinéir péire Spixs Macaws. Ag an gcomhdháil phreas deiridh, rinneadh an cruinniú agus a thorthaí a phoibliú don chéad uair. Ar deireadh, bhí béile le D. Pedro Duque, consalacht na Brasaíle ar Tenerife, a d'aontaigh le tacaíocht a fháil ó ambasadóir na Brasaíle don tionscadal breithe.
Ba cheart a thabhairt faoi deara gur aontaigh W. Kiessling costais a chur ar a dhealtóir tréidliachta ag Loro Parque go dtí an Bhrasaíl chun an t-aicme Spixs a bhí i ngáipín a scrúdú agus gur thairg an cúirteoir ag Loro Parque, Rosemary Low, an leabhar sliochta idirnáisiúnta a choinneáil.
Fiú má bhí an cruinniú ag fulaingt ó easpa formhór na gcoimeádtóirí Spixs Macaws bhí rath mór ar an gcruinniú. Glacadh na chéad chéimeanna tábhachtacha i dtreo an speiceas seo atá i mbaol go mór a chaomhnú i dtréimhse réasúnta gearr ama. Tá roinnt de na sealbhóirí ar a dtugtar chomh maith le hinstitiúidí tar éis a n-aontacht a chur in iúl agus ní mór do sealbhóirí nach raibh ar eolas go dtí seo smaoineamh anois ar an gcaoi ar chóir dóibh a gcuid éan a bheith mar chuid den tionscadal nó an riosca a bheith acu go mbeidh ean acu sa todhchaí, nach féidir a bheith dlíthiúil a thuilleadh.
Ag an am céanna, is féidir leis an tionscadal treocht a shocrú - tar éis an tsaoil, anseo den chéad uair, tá na heagraíochtaí mórchosaint idirnáisiúnta ag comhoibriú go gníomhach le sealbhóirí príobháideacha i gclár pórúcháin i ngéibheann - céim a bheidh níos tábhachtaí fós sa todhchaí.
Dé Sathairn an 17 Aibreán 2021
Tá an Spix's macaw ag luí i caatinga na Brasaíle
Tá nuacht iontach ón bPráis. Tá Cromwell Purchase agus a fhoireann tar éis macaw Spixs a hatcháil go rathúil ag an Ionad Scaoileadh sa Bhrasaíl. Cuireadh 52 ara Spixs ó Ghearmáin go dtí Ionad Scaoileadh Ara Spixs sa Bhrasaíl thart ar bhliain ó shin ... Read More
"Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret" "Nuair a bhíonn an t-eagla ar an gcúl, is é an t-eagla ar an gcúl"
(Má tá tú a thiomáint amach nádúr le pitchfork, beidh sí a fháil go luath ar bhealach ar ais)
Horace (65-8 RC)
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For Immediate Release: April 8, 2011
Media Contact: Sandy Louey - 916-654-4989
Energy Commission Awards $500,000 for New Lighting Research
SACRAMENTO - The California Energy Commission awarded $500,000 for a research project to develop a more cost-effective way to manufacture light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Funding comes from the Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program.
On Wednesday, the Commission approved $500,000 to Applied Materials, Inc. of Santa Clara to develop an improved and more cost-effective way to manufacture LEDs.
The project's total cost is $8,718, 911. Applied Materials is providing $4,225,000. The company received a $3,993,911 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act award from the U.S. Department of Energy.
The project is working to reduce the costs of LEDs through improvements in manufacturing equipment and processes. The key manufacturing step is the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process, which is the chemical process used to produce high-performance semiconductor products such as LEDs.
Improving the manufacturing process will decrease operating costs, increase LED efficiency, and reduce manufacturing waste since more LEDs will meet target specifications. Improving manufacturing efficiency means higher quality LEDs would be fabricated at lower cost, helping to broaden the adoption of LEDs in the marketplace.
Applied Materials, an innovative Silicon Valley company since 1967, provides equipment, services and software to enable the manufacture of advanced semiconductor, flat panel display and solar photovoltaic products. The project is scheduled to be completed by July 2012. The company expects the project to create 1,600 jobs in California by 2015.
The Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program supports public interest research and development that helps improve the quality of life in California by bringing environmentally safe, reliable, and affordable energy services and products to the marketplace. For more information, visit www.energy.ca.gov/research.
Created by the California Legislature in 1974, the California Energy Commission is the state's primary energy policy and planning agency. The Energy Commission has five major responsibilities: forecasting future energy needs and keeping historical energy data; licensing thermal power plants 50 megawatts or larger; promoting energy efficiency through appliance and building standards; developing energy technologies and supporting renewable energy; and planning for and directing state response to energy emergency.
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Chun a scaoileadh saor láithreach: 8 Aibreán, 2011
Teachtaireacht ó na meáin: Sandy Louey - 916-654-4989
Gradaim $500,000 ó Choimisiún Fuinnimh do Thaighde Solas Nua
SACRAMENTO - Thug an Coimisiún Fuinnimh i California $500,000 do thionscadal taighde chun bealach níos costéifeachtúla a fhorbairt chun díodanna a astaíonn solas (LEDanna) a mhonarú. Tagann maoiniú ó chlár Taighde Fuinnimh an Chontae (PIER) an Choimisiúin.
Ar an gCéadaoin, cheadaigh an Coimisiún $500,000 do Applied Materials, Inc. de Santa Clara chun bealach feabhsaithe agus níos costéifeachtacha a fhorbairt chun LEDanna a mhonarú.
Is é costas iomlán an tionscadail $ 8,718, 911. Tá Applied Materials ag soláthar $4,225,000. Fuair an chuideachta duais $ 3,993,911 de réir Acht Athshlánúcháin agus Athinfheistíochta Mheiriceá ó Roinn Fuinnimh na Stát Aontaithe.
Tá an tionscadal ag obair chun costais LEDanna a laghdú trí fheabhsuithe ar threalamh agus ar phróisis déantúsaíochta. Is é an príomhchéim déantúsaíochta an próiseas dí-ionsú ceimiceach orgánach miotail (MOCVD), is é sin an próiseas ceimiceach a úsáidtear chun táirgí leathsheoltóra ardfheidhmíochta mar LEDanna a tháirgeadh.
Le feabhas a chur ar an bpróiseas déantúsaíochta laghdófar costais oibriúcháin, méadófar éifeachtúlacht LED, agus laghdófar dramhaíl déantúsaíochta ós rud é go gcomhlíonfaidh níos mó LEDanna sonraíochtaí sprioc. Ciallaíonn feabhas a chur ar éifeachtúlacht déantúsaíochta go ndéantar LEDanna ardchaighdeáin a mhonarú ar chostas níos ísle, rud a chabhróidh le glacadh níos leithne le LEDanna sa mhargadh.
Soláthraíonn Applied Materials, cuideachta nuálaíoch i Silicon Valley ó 1967, trealamh, seirbhísí agus bogearraí chun go bhféadfar leathsheoltóirí, taispeántais phláin phláin agus táirgí fothaoltacha gréine a mhonarú. Tá sé beartaithe an tionscadal a chur i gcrích faoi Iúil 2012. Tá súil ag an gcuideachta go gcruthóidh an tionscadal 1,600 post i California faoi 2015.
Tacaíonn an clár um Thaighde Fuinnimh ar Chuspóir an Phobail (PIER) le taighde agus forbairt ar chuspóir an phobail a chabhraíonn le cáilíocht na beatha a fheabhsú i California trí sheirbhísí agus táirgí fuinnimh atá sábháilte ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de, iontaofa agus inacmhainne a thabhairt chuig an margadh. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, tabhair cuairt ar www.energy.ca.gov/research.
Cruthaithe ag an mBille reachtaíochta i 1974, is é an Coimisiún Fuinnimh California príomh-ghníomhaireacht beartais agus pleanála fuinnimh an stáit. Tá cúig phríomhfhreagracht ag an gCoimisiún Fuinnimh: riachtanais fuinnimh amach anseo a thuar agus sonraí fuinnimh stairiúla a choinneáil; gléasraí cumhachta teirmeacha 50 meigiavata nó níos mó a cheadúnú; éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a chur chun cinn trí chaighdeáin fhearainn agus tógála; teicneolaíochtaí fuinnimh a fhorbairt agus tacú le fuinneamh in-athnuaite; agus pleanáil agus freagairt stáit a threorú do éigeandáil fuinnimh.
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If world governments meet their greenhouse gas emission reduction targets as they have agreed upon in various international agreements, including those brokered by the United Nations, this just might signal the end of the oil era.
Investors, financiers, and industry players should take note of this report that was made and recently released by three groups: the investment fund AP7, the pension fund PKA which is based in Denmark, and the research firm Carbon Tracker.
The environmentally-friendly production of renewable energy, as well as the finite supply of fuel, have long been recognized as realities by the business world. It was only a matter of time before gas and oil ran out, and companies and factories all over the globe would have to invest in and run “green” tech that use solar, wind, and other forces of nature to provide sustainable power.
However, according to Clean Technica, this recent report actually gives rock-solid numbers that should give investors maneuvering room and time to shift their monies. It also advises the green-tech pioneers the exact date when their alternative sources of energy should be read for the masses. Finally, it gives the estimated time when old and gas companies will actually shut down since the so-called black gold will no longer be in demand.
Oil and Gas D-day is estimated to be 18 years from now. By 2035, almost all of the world’s governments had complied with requirements to reduce carbon emission on their side of the pond. They would also have encouraged their industries and individuals alike to tap energy from safer, ecologically sound sources. The smaller oil companies and their refineries would find it hard to stay in business and will shut down. Meantime, the reigning oil conglomerates like Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, Sinopec, Total, and others will suffer a loss of profits by 70 percent or more.
As of two years ago, the entire global oil and gas industry was worth $147 billion. The oil companies would certainly want to keep it that way but pressure has been mounting on world leaders to ensure the planet’s survival and the wise use of its resources. As reported by
Eco Business, the ongoing United Nations Summit this November is a serious call to action and will not be an empty parade of promises. An earlier UN report had pointed out that carbon emission levels were rising to a significant degree. Fulfillment of previous goals aiming for reduction is far from complete – and even in compliance, it is still about 80 percent short of what it needs to remove in order to protect the planet and its people from the more debilitating consequences of climate change.
In that sense, the oil companies fearing the loss of their hegemony can still breathe. But time is running out – for the governments and the entire human populace. The current slow movement can soon give way to a faster response once everyone grasps the full extent of what is at risk. Right now, the oil and gas companies have 18 years to prepare before making what they might as well make a graceful exit.
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Má chomhlíonann rialtais an domhain a spriocanna maidir le astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú mar a d'aontaigh siad i gcomhaontuithe idirnáisiúnta éagsúla, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhí idirghabháil ag na Náisiúin Aontaithe, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chomhartha ar dheireadh ré na ola.
Ba cheart d'infheisteoirí, d'airgeadóirí agus d'imreoirí tionscail aird a thabhairt ar an tuarascáil seo a rinne agus a scaoileadh le déanaí ag trí ghrúpa: an ciste infheistíochta AP7, an ciste pinsin PKA atá lonnaithe sa Danmhairg, agus an chuideachta taighde Carbon Tracker.
Tá an táirgeadh fuinnimh in-athnuaite atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol, chomh maith leis an soláthar teoranta breosla, aitheanta ag an saol gnó le fada mar réaltachtaí. Ní raibh sé ach ceist ama sula raibh gáis agus ola ag críochnú, agus go mbeadh ar chuideachtaí agus ar mhonarcha ar fud an domhain infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dteicneolaíocht "ghluaiste" a úsáid a úsáideann gréine, gaoth, agus fórsaí eile an nádúr chun fuinneamh inbhuanaithe a sholáthar.
Mar sin féin, de réir Clean Technica, tugann an tuarascáil le déanaí seo uimhreacha daingean carraig a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina spás maoineoireachta agus am d'infheisteoirí a gcuid airgid a aistriú. Tugann sé comhairle freisin do na ceannródaithe teicneolaíochta glasa ar an dáta cruinn ar cheart a bhfoinsí fuinnimh malartacha a léamh do na mais. Ar deireadh, tugann sé an t-am measta nuair a dhúnfaidh sean-ghnólachtaí agus cuideachtaí gáis i ndáiríre ós rud é nach mbeidh éileamh ar an n-ór dubh mar a thugtar air.
Meastar go mbeidh lá D-Oil agus Gáis 18 bliain ó seo. Faoi 2035, bhí beagnach gach rialtas ar domhan tar éis na ceanglais a chomhlíonadh chun astaíochtaí carbóin a laghdú ar a gcuid taobh den loch. Ba cheart dóibh a gcuid tionscail agus daoine aonair araon a spreagadh freisin chun fuinneamh a bhaint as foinsí níos sábháilte, níos sláintiúla ó thaobh an éiceolaíochta de. Ba mhaith leis na cuideachtaí ola níos lú agus a gcuid scagthíolacháin a bheith deacair a bheith i mbun gnó agus beidh siad dúnta. Idir an dá linn, beidh caillteanas brabúis ag na comhchomhchruinnithe ola atá i réim cosúil le Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, Sinopec, Total, agus daoine eile de 70 faoin gcéad nó níos mó.
Faoi dhá bhliain ó shin, bhí luach $ 147 billiún ar thionscal na ola agus na gáis domhanda ar fad. Is cinnte go mbeadh na cuideachtaí ola ag iarraidh go mbeadh sé mar sin ach tá brú ag méadú ar cheannairí an domhain chun slándáil na pláinéad agus úsáid chiallmhar a acmhainní a chinntiú. Mar a thuairiscigh
Is é an Cruinniú Mullaigh na Náisiún Aontaithe atá ar siúl i mí na Samhna seo, Eco Business, glao tromchúiseach ar ghníomhaíocht agus ní bheidh sé ina pháráid bhfolach de ghealltanais. Bhí tuairisc roimhe seo ó na Náisiúin Aontaithe tar éis a chur in iúl go raibh leibhéil astaíochtaí carbóin ag ardú go suntasach. Tá sé i bhfad ó chomhlíonadh spriocanna roimhe seo a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu laghdú a dhéanamh agus fiú má chomhlíontar iad, tá sé fós thart ar 80 faoin gcéad níos lú ná an méid a chaithfidh sé a bhaint chun an phláinéid agus a ndaoine a chosaint ó iarmhairtí níos debilitating athraithe aeráide.
Sa chiall sin, is féidir leis na cuideachtaí ola a bhfuil eagla orthu a gcuid hegemony a chailleadh a bheith ag anailís fós. Ach tá an t-am ag imeacht amach do na rialtais agus don daonra daonna ar fad. Is féidir leis an ngníomhaíocht mall atá ann faoi láthair dul i bhfeidhm go tapa nuair a thuigeann gach duine an méid atá i mbaol. Faoi láthair, tá 18 bliain ag na cuideachtaí ola agus gáis chun ullmhú sula ndéanann siad an rud a d'fhéadfadh siad a dhéanamh mar imeacht grinn.
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Ph and its meaning
The divinatory meaning of black tourmaline: egyptian legend speaks of how tourmaline made its journey from the center of the earth and passed over a rainbow,. That's a great example of the difference between the word love as possession and the word love in its truest meaning helen the meaning in words for our. Appendix:ancient greek words with english in its citation form and in its root ancient_greek_words_with_english_derivatives&oldid.
Water science glossary of terms infiltration of precipitation and its movement to the water table is one form of ph--a measure of the relative acidity or. Definition of ph, poh, and pkw: the concentrations of hydrogen ions and indirectly hydroxide ions are given by a ph number ph is defined as the negative. What is acidic water a solution with a ph of 80 is ten times more alkaline than a solution its great for your scalp and leaves your hair feeling soft and. The ph scale it is possible to tell if a solution is acidic or alkaline by using an indicator an indicator is a substance which has different colours when it is in.
Ph testing - ph pool problems home site map pool overview pool wizard the swimming pool water starts to become cloudy or murky and it loses its sparkle. If a substance when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (lowers the ph) its called an acid a ph of 7 is neutral a ph less than 7 is acidic. Php (recursive acronym for php: hypertext preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. Word definition, a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning words.Sakayph is launching its redesigned mobile application to include the latest transportation developments and new features designed to make it. It is often useful to characterize an environment, such as a body of water, by measuring its ph and electrical conductivity (ec) ph is a measure of the acidity of. Explains the significance of the ionic product for water, kw, and looks at how its variation with temperatur affects the ph of pure water. The colours & chemistry of ph indicators click to meaning that the equivalence point isn’t actually the same for every number you go down on the ph scale,. Structural biochemistry/ph to less dissociation of the acid into h + and its conjugate base similar to ph, ph=pk a meaning that the ph of the solution is. A numerical measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, usually measured on a scale of 0 to 14 neutral solutions (such as pure water) have a ph of 7, acidic. Your stomach produces hydrochloric acid, but do you know just how low your stomach ph gets or whether the acidity is constant here's the answer. Psychology definition is though its focus is engineering and business, (meaning “breath, principle of life, life,.
How do we write equilibrium expressions to show the dissociation-ionisation of how do we calculate the ph of a solution b–l acid and the ethanoate ion its. The pka allows you to determine the charge on a molecule at any given ph the partition coefficient is a more meaning to at a particular ph from its. Looking for online definition of ph level in the medical dictionary ph level explanation free what is ph level meaning of ph level want to thank tfd for its. The acidity and alkalinity of water make a big difference in terms of the water's health, taste and household capabilities learn about the ph values of water and how.
An introduction to acids, bases, and the ph scale. Valerie monroe, o magazine's beauty director, offers advice on ph balanced beauty products.
2 pka and dissociation equilibrium the ability of a substance to maintain the ph of such solutions is referred to as its buffer capacity,. Soil ph is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity in soils ph levels range from 0 to 14, its neutralizing value depends on its purity and fineness of grinding. When you test how alkaline or acid you are with these ph test strips you get the result in seconds your ph indicates your level of health how to measure your ph. In general, water with a ph 65 could be acidic, soft, and corrosive acidic water could contain metal ions such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, and zinc.
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Ph agus a bhrí
Ciall divinatory an turmalín dubh: labhraíonn finscéal na hÉigipte faoi conas a rinne turmalín a thuras ó lár na talún agus a chuaigh thar rainbow,. Is sampla iontach é sin den difríocht idir an focal grá mar shealbhú agus an focal grá ina chiall is fíor Helen an bhrí i bhfocail dár gcuid. Iarscríbhinn:fhocail ón Sean-Gréig le Béarla ina fhoirm luaite agus ina bhunfhocal ancient_greek_words_with_english_derivatives&oldid.
Is foirm amháin de ph - tomhas den aigéadacht coibhneasta nó an aigéadacht coibhneasta é infiltration of precipitation and its movement to the water table. Sainmhíniú ar ph, poh, agus pkw: tugtar an ph-uimhir do thiúchan iain hidrigine agus ionaí hiodróicseach go hindíreach. Sainmhínítear ph mar an diúltach. Cad é uisce aigéadach réiteach le ph de 80 Tá deich n-uaire níos alcálacha ná réiteach a iontach do scalp agus fágann do chuid gruaige ag mothú bog agus. Is féidir an scála ph a insint má tá tuaslagán aigéadach nó alcaileach trí tháscaire a úsáid is é an táscaire substaint a bhfuil dathanna éagsúla aige nuair a bhíonn sé ann.
Tástáil pH - fadhbanna le linn snámha home site map pool overview pool wizard tosaíonn uisce an linn snámha ag éirí cloudy nó dorcha agus cailleann sé a sparkle. Má mhéadaíonn substaint nuair a chuirtear le huisce íonshlándáil na hidrigine (ag ísliú an ph) is aigéad é a dtugtar ph de 7 neodrach agus tá ph níos lú ná 7 aigéadach. Is teanga scripteála foriomlán foinse oscailte a úsáidtear go forleathan é Php (acrainm athfhillteach do php: réamhphróiseálaí hipeirtheacsa) atá oiriúnach go háirithe le haghaidh forbartha gréasáin. Sainmhíniú focal, aonad teanga, ina bhfuil fuaim labhartha amháin nó níos mó nó a léiriú i scríbhinn, a fheidhmíonn mar phríomh-iompróir focail bhrí. Tá Sakayph ag seoladh a fheidhmchlár soghluaiste athdhearbhaithe chun na forbairtí iompair is déanaí agus gnéithe nua atá deartha chun é a dhéanamh. Is minic a bhíonn sé úsáideach comhshaol a charachtarú, mar shampla comhlacht uisce, trína ph agus a thráthanacht leictreach (ec) a thomhas. Is tomhas é ph d'aigéad na n-uisce. Míníonn sé tábhacht an táirge iainigh don uisce, kw, agus féachann sé ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar ag a athrú le teocht ar ph uisce íon. Tá na dathanna agus ceimic na n-altáracha pH ag cliceáil ar a bhfuil a chiallaíonn nach bhfuil an pointe coibhéise i ndáiríre mar an gcéanna le haghaidh gach uimhir a théann tú síos ar an scála ph, Bithcheimic struchtúrach/ph chun an aigéad a dhíscaoileadh go h + agus a bhunús comhcheangailte cosúil le ph, ph = pk a chiallaíonn go bhfuil ph an tuaslagáin. Tomhas uimhriúil d'aigéad nó alcálnachtacht tuaslagáin, a thomhas de ghnáth ar scála 0 go 14 tá pH 7, aigéadach ag tuaslagáin neodracha (mar uisce íon). Tá do stamag a tháirgeann aigéad hidreaclórach, ach tá a fhios agat díreach cé chomh íseal do ph stamag a fhaigheann nó má tá an aigéadacht seasmhach anseo an freagra. Is é an sainmhíniú síceolaíocht cé go bhfuil a fócas ar innealtóireacht agus gnó, (a chiallaíonn anam, prionsabal na beatha, saol,.
Conas a scríobhfaimid focail cothromaíochta chun an dí-ionú a thaispeáint conas a ríomhfaimid ph d'fhíor-aigéad bl agus an ion ethanoate a. Ligeann an pka duit an muirear ar mhóilín a chinneadh ag aon ph áirithe is é an comhéifeacht deighilte níos tábhachtaí ag ph áirithe ná a. Ag lorg sainmhíniú ar líne ar leibhéal ph sa foclóir leighis mínithe leibhéal ph saor in aisce cad é an leibhéal ph brí le leibhéal ph Ba mhaith liom buíochas a ghabháil le tfd as a chuid. Tá difríocht mhór ag aigéadacht agus alcál na huisce ó thaobh sláinte, blas agus cumais tí de. Foghlaim faoi luachanna ph uisce agus conas.
Tús a thabhairt do aigéid, bunchatha, agus an scála ph. Tugann Valerie Monroe, stiúrthóir áilleachta iris O, comhairle ar tháirgí áilleachta pH cothrom.
2 pka agus cothromaíocht dí-aontaithe, tugtar a chumas buiféireachta ar chumas substainte pH na tuaslagán sin a choimeád. Is tomhas é pH ithreach na aigéideachta agus na alcálsachta i ithreachí. Tá leibhéil pH idir 0 agus 14, braitheann a luach neodrúcháin ar a íonacht agus ar a mhainníocht. Nuair a dhéanann tú tástáil ar cé chomh alcaileach nó aigéadach atá tú leis na stiallacha tástála ph seo faigheann tú an toradh i soicind léiríonn do ph do leibhéal sláinte conas do ph a thomhas. Go ginearálta, d'fhéadfadh uisce le ph 65 a bheith aigéadach, bog, agus d'fhéadfadh uisce aigéadach creimthe a bheith ionsaí miotail mar iarann, mangainéis, copar, luaidhe, agus sinc.
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LOS ANGELES – At this point, it seems like almost a given that California will see another historic fire season.
A meager rainy season is in the rearview mirror. Snowpack is depleted. Vegetation and soils are parched.
“All the indications are that we are heading into another really bad fire year,” said Safeeq Khan, assistant cooperative extension specialist of water and watershed sciences at the University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
But there are still some key variables that haven’t yet taken shape. Weather events, human behavior and even luck will dictate whether 2021 goes down in the record books like 2020, when California wildfires burned an area larger than the state of Connecticut.
“We like to cite the Swiss cheese model,” said Nick Nauslar, fire meteorologist at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho. “You have to have enough holes in the cheese line up for us to get a season like we did last year.”
Dryness typically predicts a very active summer fire season in Western U.S. forests, said Park Williams, bioclimatologist and professor at UCLA.
“But in order to have fire you need more than just drought. You also need fuel to burn,” he said. “And so in grassland areas, the fire season might not actually be so bad because there’s not a lot of whole new grass to burn.”
Counterintuitively, an extremely dry year can actually mean Southern California will see fewer fires, as flames often spread from a human source into nearby shrublands or forests, said James Randerson, professor of earth system science at UC Irvine.
“If you think of a road and a car with a muffler that’s dragging, if it’s a year with a lot of moisture, then the fine fuels and all the grasses along the roads will be connected more to that chaparral area nearby,” he said.
“It’s my sense – and it’s supported by our analysis of some of the data from Cal Fire – that there’s a lower risk for having a large number of fires when you have a drought like this, because it’s cutting into the connectivity of the fine fuels and the herbaceous fuels, all the grasses.”
But Randerson’s research with Yufang Jin of UC Davis has also indicated that once fires do start under these conditions, they tend to grow larger and escape human control more quickly.
“When there’s drought there may be fewer fires, but when they do ignite they tend to move faster, can get bigger and be more destructive,” Randerson said. “The fuel is drier so they move more rapidly out of containment.”
The number of hot days is also key, he said.
“If we have a few really intense heat waves into August and early September, that’s an important threat,” Randerson said. “Those factors are equally important, if not more important, for structuring the fire year as the drought conditions in the preceding winter.”
Weather models suggest the West will be dry through June, and temperatures are likely to be above normal, said Heath Hockenberry, fire weather program manager for the National Weather Service.
“The fact that it is drier is overall the worst case scenario,” Hockenberry said. “I don’t want to characterize this season as the worst case scenario but the worst case scenario is when you have long-term drying, no rain and you throw lightning on top of that.”
Those variables aligned last summer during the state’s hottest August on record and turned what was expected to be a pretty bad fire year into an unprecedented one.
“Last year, the forests were pretty dry during this point in the year,” Williams said. “I would have told you fire season might be kind of bad. But as it turned out the fire season ended up being extraordinary.”
First came the record-breaking temperatures, with parts of Los Angeles County soaring well above 100 degrees. Then a tropical storm sent a huge amount of moisture up the coast from Mexico, running headlong into the heat wave.
“Hot air tends to rise, and when that hot air is humid, you get intense lightning storms,” Williams said.
The dry lightning strikes sparked hundreds of fires that tore through sun-baked brush and merged into giant infernos. That was followed weeks later by another historic heat wave and fierce downslope winds.
Of the six largest wildfires ever recorded in California, four were ignited by these lightning storms, including the largest – the August Complex fire spanning across five counties – as well as the third-, fifth- and sixth-largest. By the end of the 2020 season, nearly 4.4 million acres had burned across the state, exceeding the previous record of nearly 2 million acres set in 2018.
The lightning storms and heat waves were impossible to forecast at this time last year, Williams said.
“They were truly extraordinary events,” he said. “And of course global warming promotes the odds of those heat waves occurring but nonetheless, an event of that magnitude would have been unthinkable if you had asked me in April whether or not one was going to occur that summer.”
Although the scope of last year’s storms was unusual, lightning itself is not uncommon during California summers. Lightning can result from the North American monsoon, which develops in late June as moist air from Mexico moves toward Arizona and New Mexico in July, or from tropical storms that travel up the coast in late summer to early fall, Hockenberry said.
“So we are expecting lightning events,” he said. “But what we can’t predict is exactly where they’re going to be and how widespread.”
Climate change could make the phenomenon an even more routine occurrence, Randerson said.
“There’s evidence the atmosphere will become hotter at the surface and less stable and that will generate more thunderstorms, which will generate more lightning,” he said.
Shifts in climate and human activity are priming California’s landscape for more severe fire seasons in other ways.
When drought-stressed trees die or are left vulnerable to fatal insect infestations, the dead fuel accumulates in forests and becomes combustible, resulting in fires that burn hotter and spread more quickly.
That could be seen during last year’s Creek fire, which ignited in the Sierra National Forest, where bark beetle attacks have killed nearly 150 million trees during the last decade. The wildfire rapidly grew into the state’s fourth-largest on record.
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LOS ANGELES Ag an bpointe seo, is cosúil go bhfuil sé beagnach mar a thugtar go mbeidh séasúr tine stairiúil eile i California.
Tá séasúr báistí beag sa scáthán tuairisc. Tá Snowpack imithe. Tá plandaíocht agus ithir ag triomaithe.
"Tá gach comhartha go bhfuil muid ag dul isteach i mbliain tine eile i ndáiríre dona", a dúirt Safeeq Khan, speisialtóir forleathnú comhoibritheach cúnta eolaíochtaí uisce agus uisceacháin ag Roinn Talmhaíochta agus Acmhainní Nádúrtha Ollscoil California.
Ach tá roinnt príomh-athróga ann nach bhfuil cruth déanta acu go fóill. Beidh imeachtaí aimsire, iompar daonna agus fiú luck a dheictiú cibé an 2021 téann síos sna leabhair taifead mar 2020, nuair California wildfires dóite limistéar níos mó ná an stát de Connecticut.
"Is maith linn an tsamhail cáis na hEilvéise a lua", a dúirt Nick Nauslar, meitéareolaí tine ag an Ionad Náisiúnta Idir-Agentheach Dóiteáin i Boise, Idaho. Caithfidh go leor poill a bheith agat sa líne cáise chun go bhfaighidh muid séasúr mar a rinneamar an bhliain seo caite.
De ghnáth, léiríonn an triomach go mbeidh séasúr tine an-ghníomhach i rith an tsamhraidh i bhforaoisí an Iarthar na Stát Aontaithe, a dúirt Park Williams, bith-chlimaiteolaí agus ollamh in UCLA.
Ach chun tine a bheith agat ní gá duit ach triomach. "Tá gá le breosla chun dóiteán a dhéanamh freisin", a dúirt sé. Agus mar sin i limistéir féirín, b'fhéidir nach mbeadh séasúr an tine chomh dona sin i ndáiríre toisc nach bhfuil go leor féirín nua ann le dó.
Ar an drochuair, d'fhéadfadh bliain an-triomach a bheith i gceist go mbeidh níos lú dóiteáin i ndeisceart California, toisc go scaiptear lasracha go minic ó fhoinse daonna go dtí crúbacha nó foraoisí in aice láimhe, a dúirt James Randerson, ollamh eolaíochta córas talún ag UC Irvine.
"Má cheapann tú ar bhóthar agus ar charr le muffler atá ag tarraingt, má tá sé i mbliana le go leor taise, ansin beidh na breoslaí fíneáil agus na féar go léir ar feadh na mbóithre nasctha níos mó leis an gceantar chaparral sin in aice láimhe", a dúirt sé.
Is é mo bhraith agus tá sé tacaíocht ag ár anailís ar roinnt de na sonraí ó Cal Fire go bhfuil is níos ísle le haghaidh a bheith ar líon mór na tineanna nuair a bhíonn tú triomaíocht mar seo, toisc go bhfuil sé a ghearradh isteach i nascacht na breoslaí fíneáil agus na breoslaí luibheach, gach na féitheacha.
Ach tá sé léirithe freisin ag taighde Randerson le Yufang Jin de UC Davis nuair a thosaíonn tinte faoi na coinníollacha seo, go mbíonn claonadh acu fás níos mó agus éalú ó smacht an duine níos gasta.
'Nuair a bhíonn triomaíocht ann, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos lú dóiteáin ann, ach nuair a thosaíonn siad ag gluaiseacht bíonn claonadh acu bogadh níos tapúla, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith níos mó agus níos díothaí,' a dúirt Randerson. Tá an breosla níos tirim agus mar sin bogann siad níos tapúla as an gcontainment.
Tá líon na laethanta te ríthábhachtach freisin, a dúirt sé.
Má bhíonn cúpla tonn teasa an-mhór againn i mí Lúnasa agus go luath i mí Mheán Fómhair, is bagairt thábhachtach í sin,a dúirt Randerson. Tá na tosca sin chomh tábhachtach, más rud é nach bhfuil siad níos tábhachtaí, chun an bhliain dóiteáin a struchtúrú mar na dálaí triomachta sa gheimhreadh roimhe sin.
Tugann samhlacha aimsire le fios go mbeidh an Iarthar tirim go dtí an Mheithimh, agus is dócha go mbeidh teochtaí os cionn an gnáth, a dúirt Heath Hockenberry, bainisteoir clár aimsire tine don tSeirbhís Náisiúnta aimsire.
Is é an fíric go bhfuil sé níos tiubh an cás is measa ar fad,a dúirt Hockenberry. Níor mhaith liom an séasúr seo a charachtarú mar an cás is measa, ach is é an cás is measa nuair a bhíonn triomaithe fadtéarmach agat, gan báisteach agus go gcuirfidh tú léim ar bharr sin.
Bhí na caighdeáin sin ag teacht le chéile an samhradh seo caite le linn mhí Lúnasa is teo a taifeadadh sa stát agus d'athraigh sé an rud a bhí ag súil le bheith ina bhliain tine an-olc go ceann gan fasach.
"An bhliain seo caite, bhí na coillte go leor tirim le linn na tréimhse seo den bhliain", a dúirt Williams. D'fhéadfainn a rá leat go bhféadfadh séasúr tine a bheith droch-bhéasach. Ach mar a tharla sé tháinig séasúr an tine a bheith neamhghnách.
Ar dtús tháinig na teochtaí taifeadta, le codanna de Chontae Los Angeles ag ardú go maith os cionn 100 céim. Ansin chuir stoirm thrópaiceach méid ollmhór taise suas an chósta ó Mheicsiceo, ag rith go ceann i ngéarghéar teasa.
"Tá claonadh ag aer te ardú, agus nuair a bhíonn an t-aer te sin taise, faigheann tú stoirmeacha glasa dian", a dúirt Williams.
Chuir na buaicphointí droma lascaine ar na céadta dóiteáin a rinne scrios trí bhruscar a bhí ar an ghrian agus a chuaigh le chéile i n-infernos ollmhór. Ina dhiaidh sin, seachtainí ina dhiaidh sin, tháinig tonn teasa stairiúil eile agus gaotha fiáin ó threo síos.
As na sé tine fiáine is mó a taifeadadh riamh i California, bhí ceithre ionsaithe ag na stoirmeacha soladach seo, lena n-áirítear an tine is mó - an tine August Complex a shíneann ar fud cúig chontae - chomh maith leis an tríú, an cúigiú agus an séú ceann is mó. Faoi dheireadh shéasúr 2020, bhí beagnach 4.4 milliún acra dóite ar fud an stáit, ag dul thar an taifead roimhe seo de beagnach 2 mhilliún acra a socraíodh in 2018.
Bhí na stoirmeacha soladach agus tonnta teasa dodhéanta a thuar ag an am seo anuraidh, a dúirt Williams.
"Bhí siad fíor-eachtraí", a dúirt sé. Agus ar ndóigh, cuireann téamh domhanda na seansanna go dtarlóidh na tonnta teasa sin ach, áfach, ní bheadh imeacht den mhéid sin in am smaoineamh dá d'fhiafraigh tú dom i mí Aibreáin an raibh nó nach raibh ceann ag teacht chun cinn an samhradh sin.
Cé go raibh an raon feidhme stoirmeacha an bhliain seo caite neamhghnách, níl an chraobh féin neamhchoitianta le linn samhraidh California. Is féidir le léim a bheith mar thoradh ar an mhonsain Mheiriceá Thuaidh, a fhorbraíonn ag deireadh mhí an Mheithimh de réir mar a ghluaiseann aer taise ó Mheicsiceo i dtreo Arizona agus Nua-Mheicsiceo i mí Iúil, nó ó stoirmeacha trópaiceacha a théann suas an chósta ag deireadh an tsamhraidh go luath san earrach, a dúirt Hockenberry.
"Mar sin tá súil againn go dtarlóidh imeachtaí léim", a dúirt sé. Ach ní féidir linn a thuar go díreach cá háit a bheidh siad agus cé chomh forleathan is atá siad.
D'fhéadfadh athrú aeráide an feiniméan a dhéanamh níos gnáthamh, a dúirt Randerson.
"Tá fianaise ann go mbeidh an t-atmaisféar níos te sa dromchla agus níos lú cobhsaí agus go ndéanfaidh sé sin níos mó stoirmeacha torann a ghiniúint, rud a ghinifidh níos mó léim", a dúirt sé.
Tá athruithe i gcluaiseacht aeráide agus gníomhaíocht an duine ag cur tírdhreach California i láthair do shéasúir tine níos déine ar bhealaí eile.
Nuair a bháistear crainn atá faoi strus triomaigh nó nuair a fhágtar iad leochaileach do ionsaí marfach inseicte, cuirtear an breosla marbh le chéile sna foraoisí agus bíonn sé in-athlasta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil tinte níos te agus níos mó ag scaipeadh níos gasta.
D'fhéadfaí é sin a fheiceáil le linn tine Creek na bliana seo caite, a d'fhág i gCúige Náisiúnta Sierra, áit a ndearna ionsaithe na beithle craiceann beagnach 150 milliún crann a mharú le deich mbliana anuas. D'fhás an tine foraoise go tapa go dtí an ceathrú tine is mó a taifeadadh sa stát.
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Students' Digital Media Use in College Writing Classes: An Empirical Study of Preferences, Practices, and Possibilities
Foy, William A.
MetadataShow full item record
This empirical study is an attempt to gauge the extent to which college students are adding visual and other computer-generated elements-such as photos, video, and hyperlinks-to classwork as well as for their personal online interactions. The study is based on recommendations by scholars such as the members of the New London Group, who have called for educators to broaden students' literacy skills by incorporating the multimedia elements that are part of communication in the 21st century. The research, which included a survey of students and interviews with students and college instructors, found that students and instructors, to varying degrees, are embracing multiliteracy skills despite challenges and the inevitable learning curve that accompanies new technologies and related processes.
Digital media--Social aspects
Educational technology--Social aspects
Internet in education--Social aspects
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Úsáid Meáin Dhigiteacha na Mac Léinn i ranganna scríbhneoireachta na Coláiste: Staidéar Eimpiriúil ar Rogha, Cleachtais agus Féidearthachtaí
Foy, William A.
Meta-sonraíShow full item record
Is iarracht é an staidéar empiriúil seo a thomhas an méid a bhfuil mic léinn coláiste ag cur eilimintí amhairc agus eile a ghineann ríomhaire - mar shampla grianghraif, físeáin, agus hipearnascanna - le obair chlasach chomh maith lena n-idirghníomhaíochtaí pearsanta ar líne. Tá an staidéar bunaithe ar mholtaí ó scoláirí amhail baill Ghrúpa Nua Londain, a d'iarr ar oideachasóirí scileanna litearthachta na mac léinn a leathnú trí na heilimintí il-imeicníochta a ionchorprú atá mar chuid den chumarsáid sa 21ú haois. Fuair an taighde, a chuimsigh suirbhé ar mhic léinn agus agallaimh le mic léinn agus le hoideoirí coláiste, go bhfuil mic léinn agus hoideoirí, i gcéimeanna éagsúla, ag glacadh le scileanna il-léitheitheoireachta in ainneoin na ndúshláin agus an choirb foghlama dosheachanta a ghabhann le teicneolaíochtaí nua agus próisis ghaolmhara.
Meán Digiteach--Treochtaí Sóisialta
Teicneolaíocht Oideachais--Treochtaí Sóisialta
Idirlíon san oideachas - gnéithe sóisialta
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IRELAND-L ArchivesArchiver > IRELAND > 2003-06 > 1055100542
From: "Jean Rice" <>
Subject: [IRELAND] Irish Migration to New Zealand (1870-1914)
Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2003 12:32:12 -0700
SNIPPET: The Irish presence in NZ began with the earliest white settlement. Levels of migration of 2,000 persons or more annually characterized most of the period 1870 to 1914. Thereafter, Irish migration dropped sharply. In 1881, the Irish as a multigenerational ethnic group comprised about 18.9% of the pakeha (non-Maori) population. That was their high point and the proportion slid slowly downward thereafter, but as late as 1951 it was 16.7%. Roughly 3 out of 4 persons of Irish ethnicity were Catholic. In the period of heaviest Irish migration to NZ, 1870-1914, the provinces of Munster and Ulster was the largest sources of migrants. Roughly equal numbers came from each. Taken together, they supplied over 80% of Irish migrants. The level of ethnic consciousness of the Irish in NZ has never been very high. The most important Irish influence has been the century-long pressure of Irish-descended Catholics to have the government fully fund a religiously segregated s!
chool system. This battle, begun in the 1870s, was finally won in 1975.
-- Excerpt, "The Oxford Companion to Irish History," ed. S. J. Connolly, Prof. Irish History, Queen's University, Belfast.
|[IRELAND] Irish Migration to New Zealand (1870-1914) by "Jean Rice" <>|
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IRÍLÁIN-L ArchivesArchiver > IRÍLÁIN > 2003-06 > 1055100542
Ó: "Jean Rice"
Téama: [ÉIRLÁIN] Imirce na hÉireann go Nua-Shéalainn (1870-1914)
Dáta: Dé Luain, 8 Meitheamh 2003 12:32:12 -0700
Thosaigh láithreacht na hÉireann san NZ leis an socrúchán bán is luaithe. Bhí leibhéil imirce de 2,000 duine nó níos mó in aghaidh na bliana mar thréimhse den chuid is mó den tréimhse ó 1870 go 1914. Ina dhiaidh sin, thit imeacht na hÉireann go géar. Sa bhliain 1881, bhí an t-Éireannach mar ghrúpa eitneach ilghinearálach ar thart ar 18.9% de dhaonra pakeha (neo-Maori). Ba é sin an pointe is airde a bhí acu agus thit an cion síos go mall ina dhiaidh sin, ach go dtí 1951 bhí sé 16.7%. Bhí 3 as 4 duine de chultúr Éireannach Caitliceach. Sa tréimhse is mó a chuaigh Éireannaigh ar imirce go dtí an Nua-Shéalainn, 1870-1914, ba iad cúigeanna Mhunstéar agus Uladh na foinsí is mó de imirceoirí. Tháinig uimhreacha thart ar chomhionann ó gach ceann acu. Le chéile, soláthraigh siad níos mó ná 80% d'imircigh Éireannacha. Ní raibh leibhéal an fhéasacht eitneach ag na hÉireannaigh in NZ riamh an-ard. Is é an tionchar is tábhachtaí a bhí ag Éireannaigh ná an brú céad bliain ó Chaitlicigh de shliocht Éireannach go mbeadh an rialtas ag maoiniú go hiomlán ar chóras a leithligh ó thaobh reiligiúna!
córas scoile. Bhí an cath seo, a thosaigh sna 1870idí, buaite sa deireadh i 1975.
-- Sliocht as "The Oxford Companion to Irish History", ed. S. J. Connolly, Ollamh Stair na hÉireann, Ollscoil na Banríona, Béal Feirste.
[ÍRLÁIN] Imirce na hÉireann go Nua-Shéalainn (1870-1914) le "Jean Rice" <>
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Today in the AT&T Classroom the Streetsboro second graders finished their work on their endangered animal science projects. After creating a digital image of their endangered animal yesterday, today the students learned to use ChatterPix Kids to add voice narration and animation. ChatterPix Kids is a free iOS app that can be used to animate an object within a photo so that it can “talk”. Students are able to draw a mouth on an object in a photo and then record themselves talking. The object’s mouth animates and moves with the voice recording. This afternoon the second graders assumed the role of their animal and used ChatterPix Kids to record themselves sharing facts about their endangered animal. The first graders were so proud of their work and so excited to present their projects to their classmates.
Later this afternoon the second graders were introduced to Sock Puppets is a free iOS app that allows students to explore creative storytelling by creating lip-synced puppet shows that can be shared on the iPad or via Facebook or YouTube. Children are able to select from a variety of hand puppet characters as well as themed backgrounds to create their own unique show.
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Sa lá atá inniu ann sa AT & T seomra ranga na Streetsboro dara grád a chríochnaigh a gcuid oibre ar a gcuid tionscadal eolaíochta ainmhithe i mbaol. Tar éis íomhá digiteach a chruthú ar a n-ainmhí atá i mbaol a bheith acu inné, d'fhoghlaim na mic léinn inniu ChatterPix Kids a úsáid chun scéal gutha agus beochan a chur leis. Is aip saor in aisce é ChatterPix Kids le haghaidh iOS ar féidir é a úsáid chun réad a bheochan laistigh de ghrianghraf ionas gur féidir leis labhairt. Is féidir le mic léinn béal a tharraingt ar rud i ngrianghraf agus iad féin a thaifeadadh ag labhairt. Tá béal an ábhair beo agus bogann sé leis an taifeadadh guth. An tráthnóna seo ghlac na dara grádóirí ról a n-ainmhí agus d'úsáid siad ChatterPix Kids chun iad féin a thaifeadadh ag roinnt fíricí faoina n-ainmhí atá i mbaol. Bhí na chéad scoláirí chomh bródúil as a gcuid oibre agus chomh sásta a dtionscadail a chur i láthair a gcuid comhghleacaithe.
Níos déanaí an tráthnóna seo tugadh isteach ar na dara grádóirí Sock Puppets is app iOS saor in aisce a ligeann do dhaltaí scéalaíocht chruthaitheach a iniúchadh trí thaispeántais puppets liopaí a chruthú is féidir a roinnt ar an iPad nó trí Facebook nó YouTube. Is féidir le páistí a roghnú ó chineálacha éagsúla carachtair púpéide láimhe chomh maith le cúlchláir théamacha chun a gcuid seó uathúil féin a chruthú.
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It is well established that good nutrition promotes health, while nutritional deficiencies can lead to many chronic diseases, yet many people underestimate the importance of achieving proper levels of micronutrients each day. For the human body to complete all the tasks it has in a normal day, it must be given a wide and complex variety of vital micronutrients. Micronutrients play a role in strengthening immune function; converting food into energy; detoxifying chemicals and medications, manufacturing neurotransmitters, hormones, and other key signaling molecules in the body; and maintaining tissue repair and cell regeneration. Becoming deficient in any one of these essential vitamins or minerals can create a breakdown metabolic processes that safeguard health.
Comprehensive studies conducted by the USDA have revealed the American diet lacks micronutrients. Nutritional deficiencies may be caused by poor nutrient levels in the soil, food transport and storage methods, and nutrient-depleting food processing techniques. In addition, deficiencies can also be caused by highly processed and refined foods, food additives, medications, alcohol consumption, smoking, heavy metal exposure and high stress levels. Whatever the reason, nutrient deficiencies exist in a substantial portion of the U.S. population and for select nutrients, more than 80% of Americans consume less than the recommended daily allowance (RDA). [1,2] Although recommended nutrient intakes (e.g., %DV, DRIs, EARs, RDAs) have been established as minimum guidelines for healthy individuals, these guidelines were not designed to address the micronutrient needs of all individuals, especially those with chronic health concerns. While these guidelines can help prevent a severe nutrient deficiency, standards such as the RDA are not a reflection of optimal daily intake. For these reasons, a daily multivitamin is a prudent choice for most individuals. Alpha Base is a superior multivitamin designed to support the ideal daily intake of vitamins and minerals by providing a high quality source of nutrients in their most bioavailable forms.
Alpha Base is a comprehensive, hypo-allergenic, multivitamin and mineral blend. As a complete multivitamin, Alpha Base provides high-quality nutrients to build a healthy micronutrient reserve including USP* B vitamins to support energy production; Albion® TRAACS® chelated mineral complexes for enhanced bioavailability; an optimal mineral ratio of 2:1 magnesium to calcium to ensure proper mineral balance; and key antioxidants vitamins C, natural vitamin E mixed tocopherols and carotenoids to protect cells from free radical damage.
3-6 tablets per day with food or as recommended by your health care professional
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Tá sé bunaithe go maith go gcuireann cothú maith le sláinte, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor galair ainsealacha mar thoradh ar easpa cothú, ach tá mórán daoine ag mí-mheas ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le leibhéil cheart de mhicrea-chothaithigh a bhaint amach gach lá. Chun go gcomhlíonfaidh an corp daonna na tascanna go léir atá aige i rith an lae, ní mór go dtabharfaí réimse leathan agus casta de mhicre-chothaithigh ríthábhachtacha dó. Tá ról ag miocra-chothaithigh i bhfeidhmiú imdhíonachta a neartú; bia a thiontú ina fhuinneamh; ceimiceáin agus cógais a dhetocsaineáil, néar-aistritheoirí, hormóin, agus móilíní comharthaíochta tábhachtacha eile a mhonarú sa chorp; agus deisiú fíocháin agus athghiniúint chealla a chothabháil. Má bhíonn aon cheann de na vitimíní nó de na mianraí riachtanacha seo ag teip ar dhuine, d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfí deireadh le próisis meitibileach a chaomhnaíonn an tsláinte.
Léirigh staidéir chuimsitheacha arna ndéanamh ag USDA go bhfuil easpa micreamháileoga ar aiste bia na Meiriceánach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easnamh cothaitheach mar thoradh ar leibhéil íseal cothaithigh sa ithir, modhanna iompair agus stórála bia, agus teicnící próiseála bia a chailleann cothaithigh. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easnaimh mar thoradh ar bhia atá próiseáilte agus scagtha go mór, breiseáin bia, cógais, tomhaltas alcóil, caitheamh tobac, nochtadh miotail throm agus leibhéil ard strus. Cibé an chúis atá leis, tá easnamh cothaithigh i gcuid suntasach de dhaonra na Stát Aontaithe agus le haghaidh cothaithigh roghnaithe, itheann níos mó ná 80% de Mheiriceánaigh níos lú ná an liúntas laethúil molta (RDA). [1,2] Cé gur bunaíodh na hionchais inbhuanaitheacha inbhuanaitheacha (e.g., %DV, DRIs, EARs, RDAs) mar threoirlínte íosta do dhaoine folláine, ní raibh na treoirlínte seo deartha chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar riachtanais mhicreachrann gach duine, go háirithe iad siúd a bhfuil imní ainsealacha sláinte orthu. Cé gur féidir leis na treoirlínte seo cabhrú le easnamh tromchúiseach cothaithigh a chosc, ní léiríonn caighdeáin mar an RDA an t-iontógáil laethúil is fearr. Ar na cúiseanna seo, is rogha ciallmhar é multivitamin laethúil don chuid is mó daoine. Is é Alpha Base an multivitamin is fearr a ceapadh chun tacú leis an iontógáil laethúil idéalach vitimíní agus mianraí trí fhoinse cothaithigh ardchaighdeáin a sholáthar ina bhfoirmeacha is bith-infhaighte.
Is é Alpha Base meascán cuimsitheach, hypo-allergenic, multivitamin agus mianraí. Mar il-vitimín iomlán, soláthraíonn Alpha Base cothaithigh ardchaighdeáin chun cúlchiste micronutrient sláintiúil a thógáil lena n-áirítear vitimíní USP * B chun tacú le táirgeadh fuinnimh; Albion® TRAACS® coimpléisc mianraí chelated le haghaidh bith-infhaighteacht feabhsaithe; cóimheas mianraí is fearr 2: 1 magnáis le cailciam chun cothromaíocht mianraí cuí a chinntiú; agus príomh-ionsaídeoirí vitimíní C, vitimín E nádúrtha tocaiféarail agus carotenoids measctha chun cealla a chosaint ar damáiste radacach saor in aisce.
3-6 táibléad in aghaidh an lae le bia nó de réir mar a mhol do ghairmí cúraim sláinte
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The Carnegie Report
As football profits continued to skyrocket in the early twentieth century, the University of Michigan, along with other schools with major football programs, faced growing criticisms and controversy. In 1929, the Carnegie Foundation — a private organization that researches and recommends education policy — published American College Athletics, a report that accused many schools with prominent athletic programs of recruiting athletes, giving them cushy jobs, and paying them. To the Carnegie Foundation, college athletics in its current form posed a threat to education because it was “profoundly deleterious” to high school students, and “Its influence upon the nature and quality of American higher education has been no less noxious.” The University countered that the growth of financial profits in college athletics as an opportunity to improve athletics for all students, rather than a threat to the principles of education.
Howard J. Savage, American College Athletics, (New York: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929, Bulletin No. 23). p. 240
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Tuarascáil Carnegie
De réir mar a lean brabús peile ag ardú go hiontach go luath sa ficheú haois, bhí an Ollscoil Michigan, mar aon le scoileanna eile a raibh cláir peile móra acu, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar cháineadh agus conspóide a bhí ag méadú. I 1929, d'fhoilsigh Fondúireacht Carnegie - eagraíocht phríobháideach a dhéanann taighde agus a mholann beartas oideachais - American College Athletics, tuarascáil a chuir cúis le go leor scoileanna a raibh cláir spóirt suntasacha acu ag earcú lúthchleasaithe, ag tabhairt post cushy dóibh, agus ag íoc leo. Maidir le Fondúireacht Carnegie, bhí bagairt ar oideachas ag lúthchleasaíocht na coláiste ina fhoirm reatha toisc go raibh sé "doimhneach" do mhic léinn ardscoile, agus "ní raibh a thionchar ar nádúr agus ar cháilíocht ardoideachais Mheiriceá níos lú díobhálach. " D'fhreagair an Ollscoil go raibh fás na mbrabúis airgeadais i lúthchleasaíocht na coláiste mar dheis chun lúthchleasaíocht a fheabhsú do gach mac léinn, seachas bagairt ar phrionsabail an oideachais.
Howard J. Savage, American College Athletics, (New York: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929, Builleachán Uimh. 23) a chur i bhfeidhm. p. 240
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Patellar Luxation in Dogs
Patellar luxation occurs when the dog's kneecap (patella) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone (femur). When the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hind legs of the animal relax and lengthen. It is for this reason that most dogs with the condition will hold up their hind legs for a few minutes.
A dislocated kneecap is one of the most prevalent knee joint abnormalities in dogs. The condition is most common in toy and miniature dog breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Pekingese, Chihuahua, and Boston Terrier. Female dogs are 1 1/2 times more likely to acquire the condition.
Patellar luxation is thought to be rare in cats. Nevertheless, if you would like to learn more about how it affects, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
The specific symptoms of a dislocated kneecap will depend on the severity and persistence of the condition, as well as the amount of degenerative arthritis that is involved. Typically, a dog with a dislocated kneecap will exhibit prolonged abnormal hindlimb movement, occasional skipping or hindlimb lameness, and sudden lameness.
The dog will rarely feel pain or discomfort once the kneecap is out of position, only feeling pain at the moment the kneecap slides out of the thigh bone's ridges.
A dislocated kneecap is usually caused by a genetic malformation or trauma. The clinical signs of the condition will normally start showing approximately four months after birth.
A dislocated kneecap is diagnosed through a variety of means. Top view (craniocaudal) and side view (mediolateral) X-rays of the stifle joint, hip, and hock may be used to detect bending and twisting of the thigh bone and larger bone of the lower leg. Skyline X-rays may reveal a shallow, flattened, or curved groove of the thigh bone. A fluid sample taken from the joint and an analysis of the lubricating fluid in the joint (synovial fluid) will show a small increase in mononuclear cells. It is also necessary for the veterinarian to perform an examination by touch to feel for kneecap freedom.
The term for the knee cap
The term for the joint between the femur and tibia (knee cap)
Any growth or organ on an animal that is not normal
Any type of pain or tenderness or lack of soundness in the feet or legs of animals
A medical condition in which the joints become inflamed and causes a great deal of pain.
Term used to refer to an animal in its regular standing position.
The dislocation of a bone from the joint
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Luchtaíocht Patellar i mBain
Tarlaíonn luxation patellar nuair a bhíonn cnámh rotha an madra (patella) as a shuíomh anaitimiciúil gnáth i sliocht chnámh an thigh (femur). Nuair a bhíonn an cnámh glúine as a áit ó ghruaig an chnámh thigh, ní féidir é a chur ar ais ina riocht gnáth ach amháin nuair a bhíonn na matáin quadriceps i gcosa chúl na n-ainmhí ag scíth a ligean agus ag síneadh. Is ar an gcúis seo a sheolfaidh an chuid is mó de na madraí a bhfuil an riocht orthu a cosa cúl ar feadh cúpla nóiméad.
Tá cnámh glúine aistrithe ar cheann de na neamhghnáchtaí is coitianta i gcomhpháirteanna glúine i mbabhla. Tá an riocht is coitianta i gcineálacha madraí bréagán agus mionchrutha mar Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Pekingese, Chihuahua, agus Boston Terrier. Tá seans 1 1/2 níos mó ag madraí baineann an riocht a fháil.
Meastar go bhfuil luxation patellar annamh i gcait. Mar sin féin, más mian leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi conas a théann sé i bhfeidhm, tabhair cuairt ar an leathanach seo sa leabharlann sláinte PetMD.
Siombailí agus Cineálacha
Braitheann na hairíonna sonracha a bhaineann le cnapán glúine a bheith as a áit ar thromchúis agus ar mhaireachtáil an choinníoll, chomh maith leis an méid arthritis díghiniúnach atá i gceist. De ghnáth, taispeánfaidh madra a bhfuil cnapán glúine as a áit ghluaiseacht neamhghnácha fada fada, scipeáil thráthúil nó cnámh cnámh, agus cnámh tobann.
Ní bhíonn pian nó míchompord ag an madra nuair a bhíonn an cnámh glúine as a seasamh, ní bhraitheann sé pian ach sa nóiméad a shlisíonn an cnámh glúine amach ó shreabháin chnámh an thigh.
De ghnáth is míchruthú géiniteach nó trauma a bhíonn i gceist le cnámh glúine a bheith as a áit. De ghnáth, tosaíonn comharthaí cliniciúla an choinníoll ag teacht le chéile thart ar cheithre mhí tar éis an bhreith.
Déantar diagnóis ar chnapán glúine a dhíscaoileadh trí mhodhanna éagsúla. Is féidir radhairc X den chomhpháirt stifle, an chnoic agus an hock a úsáid chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar chnámh an fhiacla agus cnámh níos mó an chos íseal a bhrú agus a thiontú. D'fhéadfadh scáthán X-ghathanna na spéire a nochtadh greim shallamh, phlátaithe, nó cuartha ar chnámh an fhiacla. Léiríonn sampla sreabhach a tógadh ón gcomhpháirt agus anailís ar an sreabhach lubricating sa chomhpháirt (sreabhach synovial) méadú beag ar chealla mononuclear. Tá sé riachtanach freisin go ndéanfaidh an tréidliachta scrúdú ar an ngéibheann le teagmháil chun a bhraitheann go bhfuil an cnámh glúine saor.
An téarma don chaipín glúine
An téarma don chomhpháirt idir an femur agus an tibia (cap ghlúine)
Aon fhás nó orgán ar ainmhí nach gnáth é
Aon chineál pian nó íogair nó easpa folláine i gcosa nó i gcosa ainmhithe
Riocht leighis ina mbíonn an t-ailt ag dul i ngleic le tinneas agus a mbíonn pian mór ann.
Téarma a úsáidtear chun tagairt a dhéanamh do ainmhí ina seasamh rialta.
Dífhostú cnámh ón gcomhpháirt
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San Pedro Creek is where the Spanish first settled in our community and where the Payaya people lived for thousands of years prior to the Spanish settlements. Over the course of the last 300 years, many groups lived, worked and worshipped along San Pedro Creek. This historic creek became the location where the convergence of civilizations in our community took root and evolved.
- 1,800 Linear Feet of Historic Wall Preserved
- 11 Interpretive Signs
- 16 Tile Benches
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San Pedro Creek is é an áit a socraíodh na Spáinnigh ar dtús inár bpobal agus áit a raibh na daoine Payaya ina gcónaí ar feadh na mílte bliain roimh na lonnaíochtaí Spáinneacha. Le 300 bliain anuas, bhí go leor grúpaí ina gcónaí, ag obair agus ag adhradh ar feadh San Pedro Creek. Tháinig an creek stairiúil seo ar an suíomh ina raibh comhtháthú na sibhialtachtaí inár bpobal fréamhaithe agus éabhlóite.
- 1,800 Feet Linear de Balla Stairiúil Coinnithe
- 11 Sochair léirmhínitheacha
- 16 Bánc Tíle
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Use this chart to help evaluate your baby’s hearing development.
If you have any questions or concerns, ask an audiologist immediately.
Birth – 3 months
- Startles or jumps when there is a sudden sound.
- Stirs, wakes or cries when someone talks or makes a noise.
- Recognizes your voice and quiets when you speak.
3 – 6 months
- Turns eyes towards interesting sounds.
- Appears to listen.
- Turns head to search for source of a voice.
- Awakes easily to sounds.
- Anticipates feeding by hearing familiar sounds (rattling of bottles, pots and pans, etc.).
- Enjoys rattles and noise-making toys.
6 – 12 months
- Reacts to music by cooing.
- Responds to own name.
- Turns head towards soft sounds.
- Looks to correct person when words “mommy” or “daddy” are said.
- Understands “no” and “bye-bye.”
- Begins to imitate speech sounds (babbles).
- Says first words, such as “Da-Da, “Ma-Ma” or “bye-bye.”
- Knows names of favorite toys and can point to them when asked.
- Likes rhymes and jingles.
- Can follow simple directions (“put the block in the box”).
- Recognizes body parts when named (hair, mouth, nose, etc.).
- Asks for wants by naming “milk,” “cookie,” etc.
- Speaks 10-20 words.
- Begins combining words such as “go bye bye car” and “juice all gone.”
- Refers to self by name.
- Enjoys being read to.
- Shows interest in the sounds of radio and television.
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Úsáid an chairt seo chun cabhrú le forbairt éisteachta do pháiste a mheas.
Má tá aon cheist nó imní agat, déan teagmháil le heolagóir láithreach.
Rugadh 3 mhí
- Tar éis a bheith ag déanamh scartha nó ag léim nuair a bhíonn fuaim tobann ann.
- Ag bogadh, ag éirí nó ag caoineadh nuair a bhíonn duine ag caint nó ag déanamh torann.
- Aithníonn sé do ghuth agus ciúin nuair a labhraíonn tú.
3 6 mhí
- Díríonn sé ar fhuaimeanna suimiúla.
- Dealraíonn sé a éisteacht.
- Tiontaíonn sé a cheann chun foinse guth a chuardach.
- Awakens go héasca le fuaimeanna.
- Tá sé ag súil le beathaithe trí fhuaimeanna a chloisteáil (guthadh buidéil, potaí agus páistí, srl.) )
- Is maith leis rattles agus bréagáin a dhéanamh fuaime.
6 12 mhí
- Freagraíonn sé le ceol ag cooing.
- Freagraíonn sé ar a ainm féin.
- Tiontaíonn sé a cheann i dtreo fuaimeanna bog.
- Breathnaíonn sé chun duine a cheartú nuair a labhraítear na focail "mammy" nó "daddy".
- Tuigeann sé "níl" agus "go deo".
- Tosaíonn sé ag déanamh cosúil le fuaimeanna cainte (babbles).
- Deir sé a chéad fhocail, mar shampla Da-Da, Ma-Ma nó bye-bye.
- Tá a fhios ag ainmneacha na bréagáin is fearr leat agus is féidir a chur in iúl dóibh nuair a iarrtar.
- Is maith le rím agus jingles.
- Is féidir le treoracha simplí a leanúint ( cuir an bloc sa bhosca).
- Aithníonn sé codanna comhlacht nuair a ainmnítear iad (caol, béal, srón, srl. )
- Iarrann sé ar miananna trí ainmniú bainne, brioscaí, etc.
- Labhraíonn 10-20 focail.
- Tosaíonn sé ag cur focail le chéile mar "go bye bye car" agus "juice all gone".
- Tagraíonn sé féin ag ainm.
- Is maith leis a bheith á léamh dó.
- Léiríonn sé suim i fuaimeanna raidió agus teilifíse.
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Human sleep undergoes continuous change from the pre-born baby through to adulthood; with the most rapid change in the first 6 months of life.
Just as you are gaining an understanding of your baby or child’s sleep and responding to their needs they go through yet another developmental leap. Some of these changes could interfere with the process of their sleep , sometimes known as ‘sleep regression’, giving you yet another challenge.
Anticipating these changes and their impact can make it easier for you to adapt to them and be ready to meet the challenges they may bring….
Six months to one year
- The majority of your baby’s sleep is taken at night and it is still quite normal for your baby to wake at night.
- Your baby now enter deep non-REM sleep at the start of the night and the amount of lighter REM sleep reduces to 30%.
- Your baby’s sleep cycle length increases to around 90 minutes at night and about 45 minutes in the day.
- By 6 months your baby will now have 3 distinct naps as they can stay awake happily for longer periods in the day.
- Your baby will start eating solids at 6 months, which could initially cause abdominal discomfort.
- Separation anxiety can start to develop around 7 months of age – this can cause sleep issues, but shows that your baby has a secure attachment to you.
- By 9 months most babies drop their later afternoon nap.
Tip– Ensure naps are spaced evenly to avoid over tiredness late afternoon and at bedtime.
- Your baby will start to advance with physical development such as sitting, crawling, cruising. Often these skills are practised in the cot at sleep time. Research has shown that the onset of new motor skills can lead to night-time disruption.
- Your baby is beginning to understand simple instructions and say their first words. This can lead to sleep disturbance as your baby tries out new skills or simply has a busy brain.
Tip– Winding down bedtime routines are really important now
- Teething – although babies vary in the amount of pain they experience it can often cause discomfort at night and result in night-time waking
- Your baby may start to show signs of temper or resistance when not wanting to co-operate – its best to be as consistent as you can now with boundary setting
One year to 2 years
Around 12-15 months most children will drop to one daytime nap, consolidating all their day sleep into one longer period, generally taken after lunch.
Tip– Bring bedtime earlier to avoid your baby being over tired and harder to settle at bedtime.
- Your toddler may develop minor fears, for example of animals and loud noises- which can cause settlings problems at bedtime.
- Your toddler may become strongly attached to one parent in particular.
- They may have tantrums when frustrated.
- Your toddler may experience separation anxiety and become upset when you leave the room – this can become more heightened at 18 months.
- During this time your toddler is beginning to understand simple commands and language development is increasing.
- Learning to walk, then climbing- can bring independence which can cause challenges at bedtime.
- Your toddler enjoys listening to stories and may start to push boundaries for more.
Two years to 5 years
- Your child may have dreams that become scary nightmares.
- They may be afraid of the dark and don’t want you to leave at bedtime. They may suddenly ask you to leave a bedroom light on and the door open at bedtimes.
- Your child may become “scared” to be in any room without you- which could lead to settling problems at bedtime.
- Moving from their cot to a bed gives your child sudden freedom and could cause resistance at bedtime and night waking.
- From around 3 years all your child’s sleep is now consolidated into the night sleep, as their nap reduces and then stops.
Tip-A nap at this age could affect your child’s sleep drive
at bedtime and delay sleep on-set.
- From 3 years old children many children begin to be dry at night and some will be out of nappies. Becoming aware of the need to go to the toilet; could disturb your child’s sleep.
- During this age your child will become more independent and could resist your requests, e.g. to get dressed, clean teeth or put get into bed.
- During this age your child will start nursery and then school – any big change like this could unsettle them and affect their sleep
- From 3 years old your child will be able to wait for short periods-aiding bedtime.
- They will begin to understand the concept of rewards- positive rewards can help to encourage behaviour changes.
- By 5 years your child be will able to express fears, worries and anger with words
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Bíonn athrú leanúnach ar chodladh an duine ó leanbh réamhbhreithe go dtí an fásta; agus is é an t-athrú is gasta sna chéad 6 mhí den saol.
Díreach mar a thuilleann tú tuiscint ar chodladh do pháiste nó do pháiste agus ag freagairt dá riachtanais, téann siad trí léim forbartha eile. D'fhéadfadh cuid de na hathruithe seo cur isteach ar phróiseas a codlata, ar a dtugtar "athchóirithe codlata" uaireanta, rud a thugann dúshlán eile duit.
Má fheiceann tú na hathruithe seo agus a dtionchar, is féidir leat iad a chur in oiriúint agus a bheith réidh chun na dúshláin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu a bhaint amach....
Sé mhí go bliain amháin
- Tógtar an chuid is mó de chodladh do pháiste san oíche agus tá sé fós gnáth go mbreathnaíonn do leanbh san oíche.
- Téann do leanbh isteach i gcodladh non- REM domhain ag tús na hoíche agus laghdaítear méid codlata REM níos éadroime go 30%.
- Méadaíonn fad timthriall codlata do pháiste go dtí thart ar 90 nóiméad san oíche agus thart ar 45 nóiméad sa lá.
- Faoi 6 mhí beidh 3 choícheán ar leith ag do leanbh anois mar is féidir leo fanacht ar an gcodladh go sona sásta ar feadh tréimhsí níos faide sa lá.
- Thosaíonn do leanbh ag ithe soladach ag 6 mhí, rud a d'fhéadfadh míchompord boilg a chur air ar dtús.
- Is féidir le imní scaradh tosú ag forbairt timpeall 7 mhí d'aois d'fhéadfadh sé seo fadhbanna codlata a chur faoi deara, ach léiríonn sé go bhfuil ceangal daingean ag do leanbh leat.
- Faoi 9 mhí, cailleann an chuid is mó leanaí a gcuid siúlóide déanach tráthnóna.
Treoir Déan cinnte go bhfuil na siúlóidí ar siúl go cothrom chun ró-fhostaíocht a sheachaint tráthnóna déanach agus tráthnóna.
- Tosaíonn do leanbh ag dul chun cinn le forbairt fhisiciúil mar shuí, crawling, cruising. Is minic a chleachttar na scileanna seo sa chliabhán ag am codlata. Léirigh taighde gur féidir le scileanna mótair nua a bheith ag teacht chun cinn go gcuirfí isteach ar oíche.
- Tá do leanbh ag tosú ag tuiscint na dtreoracha simplí agus ag rá a chéad fhocail. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le cur isteach ar chodladh de réir mar a bhíonn do leanbh ag triail as scileanna nua nó go bhfuil sé ach ag obair ar a inchinn.
Tip Tá sé tábhachtach anois go gcuirfí deireadh le gnáthamh tráth codlata
- Tá fiacla ag teacht cé go bhfuil difríocht ag na páistí i méid na pian a bhíonn orthu is minic a bhíonn míchompord ann san oíche agus go mbíonn sé ina chúis le dúiseacht san oíche
- D'fhéadfadh do leanbh a bheith ag cur comharthaí temper nó friotaíocht nuair nach bhfuil sé ag iarraidh comhoibriú is fearr a bheith chomh comhsheasmhach agus is féidir leat anois le socrú teorainneacha
1 bhliain go 2 bhliain
Timpeall 12-15 mhí, titfidh an chuid is mó leanaí go dtí siúlóid amháin i rith an lae, ag daingniú a gcodladh lae ar fad i tréimhse níos faide amháin, a thógtar de ghnáth tar éis an lóin.
Treoir Déan an tráth codlata níos luaithe chun go mbeidh do leanbh ró-chothaithe agus níos deacra é a shuí ag an am codlata.
- D'fhéadfadh eagla beag a bheith ag do leanbh, mar shampla, ar ainmhithe agus ar fhuaime ard - rud a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna socraithe a chur i gceist ag am codlata.
- D'fhéadfadh do pháiste a bheith ceangailte go láidir le tuismitheoir amháin go háirithe.
- D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith tantrums nuair frustrach.
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh imní scaradh ag do pháiste agus go mbeadh imní air nuair a fhágann tú an seomra d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith níos mó ag 18 mí.
- Le linn na tréimhse seo tá do pháiste ag tosú ag tuiscint a fháil ar mhír bheaga agus tá forbairt teanga ag méadú.
- Foghlaim siúl, ansin ag dreapadh- is féidir neamhspleáchas a thabhairt a d'fhéadfadh dúshláin a chur faoi deara ag am codlata.
- Is maith le do pháiste cloisteáil scéalta agus d'fhéadfadh sé tosú ag brú teorainneacha le haghaidh níos mó.
Dhá bhliain go 5 bliana
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh aislingí ag do leanbh a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina uaigneas uafásach.
- B'fhéidir go bhfuil eagla orthu as an dorchadas agus nach dteastaíonn uathu go dtéann tú amach roimh am codlata. B'fhéidir go n-iarrfaidh siad ort go tobann solas seomra leapa a fhágáil ar lasadh agus an doras oscailte ag am codlata.
- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ' eagla' ar do leanbh a bheith in aon seomra gan tú - rud a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna a réiteach ag am codlata.
- Tugann bogadh óna gcodladh go leaba do leanbh saoirse tobann agus d'fhéadfadh sé friotaíocht a chur i bhfeidhm ag am codlata agus ag éirí ar maidin.
- Ó thart ar 3 bliana d'aois, tá codladh do pháiste go léir comhdhlúite anois i gcodladh na hoíche, de réir mar a laghdaíonn a gcuid siúlóide agus ansin scoir siad.
Leideanna - D'fhéadfadh siopa a bheith ina chúis le mothú codlata do pháiste ag an aois seo
ag am codlata agus codladh a mhoilliú ar an tacar.
- Ó leanaí 3 bliana d'aois go leor leanaí a thosaíonn a bheith tirim san oíche agus beidh cuid acu as diapers. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé isteach ar chodladh do pháiste.
- Le linn na bliana seo beidh do leanbh níos neamhspleácha agus d'fhéadfadh sé seasamh in aghaidh do chuid iarratais, e. g. a fháil i gclós, fiacla glan nó a chur a fháil i leaba.
- Le linn an aois seo tosóidh do leanbh le páirceanna agus ansin le scoileanna d'fhéadfadh aon athrú mór mar seo iad a chur ar buille agus tionchar a bheith aige ar a gcodladh
- Ó 3 bliana d'aois beidh do leanbh in ann fanacht ar feadh tréimhsí ghearr - ag cabhrú leis an am codlata.
- Beidh siad ag tosú ag tuiscint an choincheapa luach saothair - is féidir le luach saothair dhearfacha cabhrú le hathruithe iompraíochta a spreagadh.
- Faoi 5 bliana beidh do leanbh in ann a chuid eagla, imní agus fearg a chur in iúl le focail
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OPV AIDS hypothesis
||This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (October 2011)|
The oral polio vaccine (OPV) AIDS hypothesis suggests that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in rhesus macaque tissue cultures and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.
Data analyses in molecular biology and phylogenetic studies contradict the OPV AIDS hypothesis; consequently, scientific consensus regards the hypothesis as disproven. The journal Nature has described the hypothesis as "refuted".
Background: polio vaccines
Two vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis. The first polio vaccine, developed by Jonas Salk, is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), consisting of a mixture of three wild, virulent strains of poliovirus, grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture (Vero cell line), and made noninfectious by formalin treatment. The second vaccine, an oral polio vaccine (OPV), is a live-attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at a sub-physiological temperature. The passage of virus produces mutations within the viral genome, and hinders the virus's ability to infect nervous tissue.
Both vaccines have been used for decades to induce immunity to polio, and to stop the spread of the infection. However, OPV has several advantages; because the vaccine is introduced in the gastrointestinal tract, the primary site of poliovirus infection and replication, it closely mimics a natural infection. OPV also provides long lasting immunity, and stimulates the production of polio neutralizing antibodies in the pharynx and gut. Hence, OPV not only prevents paralytic poliomyelitis, but also, when given in sufficient doses, can stop a threatening epidemic. Other benefits of OPV include ease of administration, low cost and suitability for mass vaccination campaigns.
Oral polio vaccine
Oral polio vaccines were developed in the late 1950s by several groups, including those led by Albert Sabin, Hilary Koprowski and H. R. Cox. A poliovirus type 1 strain called SM was reported in 1954. A less virulent version of the SM strain was reported by Koprowski in 1957. The name of the vaccine strain was "CHAT" after "Charlton", the name of the child who was the donor of the precursor virus. The Sabin, Koprowski and Cox vaccines "were clinically tested in millions of individuals and found to be safe and effective". Because monkey trials found fewer side effects with the Sabin vaccine, in the early 1960s, the Sabin vaccine was licensed in the USA and its use supported by the World Health Organization.
Between 1957 and 1960, Koprowski's vaccine was administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. In 1960, Koprowski wrote in the British Medical Journal, "The Belgian Congo trials have enlarged considerably and ... more vaccination campaigns organized in several provinces of the Belgian Congo are raising the number of vaccinated individuals into the millions."(p. 90) Koprowski and his group also published a series of detailed reports on the vaccination of 76,000 children under the age of 5 (and European adults) in the area of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) in Belgian Congo from 1958–1960; these reports begin with an overview, next a review of safety and efficacy, then a 21-month follow-up and final report.
In the 1950s, before dangers inherent to the process were well controlled, seed stocks of vaccines were occasionally transported to distant regions, then standard tissue culture methods were used to amplify the virus at local production facilities. Biologic products, chiefly kidney cells for cultures and blood serum for media, were sometimes harvested from local primates and used in the production process if wild or captive populations of appropriate species were available. In South Africa, African green monkey tissue was used to amplify the Sabin vaccine. In French West Africa and Equatorial Africa, baboons were used to amplify a vaccine from the Pasteur Institute. In Poland, the CHAT vaccine was amplified using Asian macaques.
Development of hypothesis
In 1987, Blaine Elswood contacted journalist Tom Curtis about a "bombshell story" on OPV and AIDS. Curtis published an article on the OPV AIDS hypothesis in Rolling Stone in 1992. In response, Hilary Koprowski sued Rolling Stone and Tom Curtis for defamation. The magazine published a clarification which praised Koprowski and stated:
The editors of Rolling Stone wish to clarify that they never intended to suggest in the article that there is any scientific proof, nor do they know of any scientific proof, that Dr. Koprowski, an illustrious scientist, was in fact responsible for introducing AIDS to the human population or that he is the father of AIDS.
A few scientists, notably the biologist W.D. Hamilton, thought the hypothesis required serious investigation, but they received little support from the scientific community.
Journalist Edward Hooper detailed the hypothesis in his 1999 book, The River. Hooper further expanded on his allegations in a 2000 meeting in London, at the Royal Society, although these claims were later rebutted by some of the scientists who were present at the meeting. In 2001, Hilary Koprowski responded by making a detailed rebuttal of the points made in the book, also in a talk to the Royal Society. In 2004, the Origin of Aids, a French TV documentary strongly supportive of the OPV hypothesis, appeared on several television stations around the world.
In 2003, Edward Hooper published additional statements that he believed supported his hypothesis in an article in the London Review of Books. These included accounts of an interview with Jacques Kanyama, a virology technician at the lab in Stanleyville (the Laboratoire Médical de Stanleyville (LMS)) responsible for testing the CHAT vaccine and performing the initial set of vaccinations, who was reported to have said that batches of CHAT had been produced on site by Paul Osterrieth. In addition, Philip Elebe, a microbiology technician, was claimed to have said that tissue cultures were being produced from Lindi chimpanzees. Osterrieth has denied these claims and stated that this work would not have been possible in this laboratory, stating that:
at no time did I ever attempt to make cell cultures from chimpanzee tissues. In addition, I wish to state categorically that no poliovaccine was ever produced or could have been produced in Stanleyville, since the facilities were totally inadequate for the production or control of poliovaccine.
In his book, Hooper also stated that Gaston Ninane was involved in using chimpanzee cells to produce vaccine in Congo. Ninane responded to this allegation by stating that he could "categorically deny" ever having tried to make tissue cultures from chimpanzee cells. The people involved in vaccine production and distribution from America state that no vaccine was prepared locally in Congo and that only the CHAT vaccine from America was used. Barbara Cohen, the technician who was responsible for running the American laboratory that produced this vaccine stated:
At no time did I ever receive or work on chimpanzee kidneys, nor to my knowledge cells derived from chimpanzees. I never made, nor do I know of anyone in the lab who made polio vaccine in chimpanzee cells.
The OPV AIDS hypothesis has been examined and subsequently criticized by members of the scientific and medical communities as being unsupported or directly contradicted by available data, and inconsistent with HIV epidemiology.
In an August 1992 letter published in Science, Koprowski repudiated the OPV AIDS hypothesis, pointing to multiple errors of fact in its assertions. In October 1992, Science ran a story titled "Panel Nixes Congo Vaccine as AIDS source," describing the findings of an independent panel which found each proposed step in the OPV-AIDS hypothesis "problematic". The story concluded:
...it can be stated with almost complete certainty that the large polio vaccine trial... was not the origin of AIDS.
The oldest confirmed sample of human tissue that shows the presence of HIV-1 is an archival sample of plasma collected from an anonymous donor in the city of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1959. Initial phylogenetic analyses, published in 1999, led the researchers to hypothesise that HIV-1 entered "into the African population not long before 1959."
In 2000, the Royal Society held a meeting to discuss data on the origin of AIDS; the OPV AIDS hypothesis was a central topic of discussion. At this meeting, three independent labs released the results of tests on the remaining stocks of Koprowski's vaccine, which Edward Hooper had demanded in The River. The tests confirmed Koprowski's contention that his vaccine was made from monkey, rather than chimpanzee, kidney, and found no evidence of SIV or HIV contamination. Additional epidemiologic and phylogenetic data was presented at the conference which undermined other aspects of the OPV AIDS hypothesis. According to a report in Science, Hooper "did not challenge the results; he simply dismissed them." Brian Martin, a proponent of the OPV AIDS hypothesis, argued at the conclusion of the conference that if other AIDS-origin hypotheses were scrutinized in such detail, they would prove equally unsatisfying.
In 2001, three articles published in Nature examined various aspects of the OPV-AIDS hypothesis, as did an article published in Science. In every case, the studies' findings argued strongly against any link between the polio vaccine and AIDS. The evidence cited included multiple independent studies that dated the introduction of HIV-1 to humans as occurring between 1915 and 1941, probably in the 1930s. These results were confirmed by a later study using samples from the 1960s that also found that the epidemic began between 1908 and 1930, and a study that showed that although recombination amongst viruses makes dating less precise, it does not significantly bias estimates in either direction (it does not introduce a systematic error).
The author of one of the studies, evolutionary biologist Edward Holmes of Oxford University, commented in light of the new evidence: "Hooper's evidence was always flimsy, and now it's untenable. It's time to move on." An accompanying editorial in Nature concluded:
The new data may not convince the hardened conspiracy theorist who thinks that contamination of OPV by chimpanzee virus was subsequently and deliberately covered up. But those of us who were formerly willing to give some credence to the OPV hypothesis will now consider that the matter has been laid to rest.
The possibility that chimpanzees found near Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Stanleyville) were, indirectly, the true source of HIV-1 was directly addressed in a 2004 study published in Nature. Here, the authors found that while SIV was present in chimpanzees in the area, the strain of SIV infecting these chimpanzees was phylogenetically distinct from all strains of HIV, providing direct evidence that these particular chimps were not the source of HIV in humans.
Edward Hooper responded to these studies by either denying their relevance to the OPV hypothesis, disputing their accuracy, or asserting the existence of a "large organised cover-up".
Current oral polio-vaccine campaign in Africa
Rumours that polio vaccines are unsafe disrupted the longstanding effort of the WHO and UN to achieve poliomyelitis eradication worldwide through use of the oral polio vaccine of Albert Sabin, which is thought to be safe and effective by virtually all medical authorities. If this long-term public-health goal could be achieved, poliomyelitis would follow smallpox as the second eradicated infectious human disease. The OPV AIDS hypothesis relates only to the historical origin of AIDS, and its proponents have accepted the safety of the modern polio vaccines, but rumors based on a misunderstanding of the hypothesis exist, and those rumors are blamed in part for the recent failure to eliminate polio in Nigeria.
By 2003, cases of poliomyelitis had been reduced to just a small number in isolated regions of West Africa, with sporadic cases elsewhere. However, the disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other nations of Africa, which epidemiologists trace to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to be administered the Sabin oral vaccine. The expressed concerns of local populations often relate to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility, and it seems that debate over the OPV-AIDS hypothesis has fueled additional fears. Since 2003, these fears have spread among some in the Muslim community, with Datti Ahmed, of the Supreme Council for Sharia in Nigeria stating that:
“We believe that modern-day Hitlers have deliberately adulterated the oral polio vaccines with anti-fertility drugs and viruses which are known to cause HIV and AIDS.”
- AIDS origins opposed to scientific consensus
- AIDS origin
- SV40 A scientifically accepted case of a monkey virus contaminating polio vaccine – Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) only.
- Courtois G, Flack A, Jervis GA, Koprowski H, Ninane G (July 1958). "Preliminary report on mass vaccination of man with live attenuated poliomyelitis virus in the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi". Br Med J 2 (5090): 187–190. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5090.187. PMC 2026116. PMID 13560820.
- LeBrun A, Cerf J, Gelfand HM, Courtois G, Plotkin SA, Koprowski H (1960). "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelities virus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo 1. Description of the city, its history of poliomyelitis, and the plan of the vaccination campaign" (PDF). Bull World Health Organ. 22 (3–4): 203–13.
- Hillis DM (2000). "AIDS. Origins of HIV". Science 288 (5472): 1757–1759. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1757. PMID 10877695.
- Birmingham K (2000). "Results make a monkey of OPV-AIDS theory". Nat Med 6 (10): 1067–1067. doi:10.1038/80356. PMID 11017114.
- Cohen J (2001). "AIDS origins. Disputed AIDS theory dies its final death". Science 292 (5517): 615a–615. doi:10.1126/science.292.5517.615a. PMID 11330303.
- Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website , Accessed 30 January 2007
- Worobey M, Santiago M, Keele B, Ndjango J, Joy J, Labama B, Dhed'A B, Rambaut A, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B (2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature 428 (6985): 820–820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.
- Kew O, Sutter R, de Gourville E, Dowdle W, Pallansch M (2005). "Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication". Annu Rev Microbiol 59 (1): 587–635. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625. PMID 16153180.
- Pearce J (2004). "Salk and Sabin: poliomyelitis immunisation". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (11): 1552–1552. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.028530. PMC 1738787. PMID 15489385.
- Furesz J (2006). "Developments in the production and quality control of poliovirus vaccines – Historical perspectives". Biologicals 34 (2): 87–90. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.02.008. PMID 16621594.
- Plotkin SA; Modlin, J. F.; Plotkin, S. A. (2001). "CHAT oral polio vaccine was not the source of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M for humans". Clin. Infect. Dis. 32 (7): 1068–1084. doi:10.1086/319612. PMID 11264036.
- Koprowski H (July 1960). "Historical aspects of the development of live virus vaccine in poliomyelitis". Br Med J 2 (5192): 85–91. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5192.85. PMC 2096806. PMID 14410975.
- Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Koprowski H (1960). "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in Leopoldville. Belgian Congo 2. Studies of the safety and efficacy of vaccination" (PDF). Bull World Health Organ 22 (3–4): 215–34.
- Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Courtois G, Koprowski H (1961). "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in Leopoldville, Congo 3. Safety and efficacy during the first 21 months of study" (PDF). Bull World Health Organ 24 (6): 785–92. PMC 2555526. PMID 13736381.
- Enders, John (1955). "The present status of tissue-culture techniques in the study of poliomyelitis viruses". In Debré, R. Poliomyelitis (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 269–94.
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Hipitéis OIB SEIF
D'fhéadfadh an t-alt seo a bheith mearbhall nó neamhréir do léitheoirí. (Deireadh Fómhair 2011)
Tugann an hipitéis SEIF maidir le vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal (OPV) le tuiscint go raibh an paindéim SEIF bunaithe ar vacsaíní póilíneo beo a ullmhaíodh i gcultúir fíochán macaque rhesus agus a tugadh ansin do suas le milliún Afracach idir 1957 agus 1960 i bhfeachtais vacsaínithe mais thrialacha.
Tá anailís ar na sonraí i mbithfhiosrúcháin mhóilíneacha agus i staidéir phiológineiticiúla i gcoinne hipitéis OOPV SEIF; dá bhrí sin, is é an comhaontú eolaíoch go bhfuil an hipitéis diúltaithe. Tá an t-eagarthóir Nature tar éis cur síos a dhéanamh ar an hipitéis mar "réitithe".
Cúlra: vacsaíní póilíneachta
Úsáidtear dhá vacsaín ar fud an domhain chun poliomyelitis a chomhrac. Is vacsaín inactivated poliovirus (IPV) é an chéad vacsaín póilíneo, a d'fhorbair Jonas Salk, agus is meascán é de thrí shliocht fiáin, víreasach de phóilíneo, a d'fhás i gcultúr fíochán fíochán na mhangóide (líne cealla Vero), agus a rinneadh neamh-ionfhabhtach trí chóireáil foirmlíne. Is vacsaín beo-dhéan é an dara vacsaín, vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal (OPV), a tháirgtear trí dhul an víris trí chealla neamhdhaonna ag teocht fo-fhisiceolaíoch. Tá sé mar thoradh ar an víreas a bheith ag dul tríd go dtáirgeann sé mutaíochtaí laistigh den ghéinóm víreasach, agus cuireann sé bac ar chumas an víris fíochán néarógach a ionfhabhtaithe.
Úsáidtear an dá vacsaín le blianta fada chun díolúine a spreagadh i gcoinne póilíneo, agus chun scaipeadh an ionfhabhtaithe a stopadh. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt buntáistí ag OPV; toisc go gcuirtear an vacsaín isteach sa chonair gastrointestinal, an príomh-shuíomh ionfhabhtaithe agus athdhéanamh víreas póilíneachta, déanann sé ionfhabhtaithe nádúrtha a mhalairt go dlúth. Soláthraíonn OPV díolúine fadtéarmach freisin, agus spreagann sé táirgeadh frith-fhillte neodrú polio sa pharynx agus sa gut. Dá bhrí sin, ní hamháin go gcuireann OPV cosc ar póiliomheiliteas parailitic, ach freisin, nuair a thugtar dóthain leordhóthanacha, is féidir leis eipidéim atá ag bagairt a stopadh. I measc na buntáistí eile a bhaineann le OPV tá éascaíocht riaracháin, costas íseal agus oiriúnacht le haghaidh feachtais vacsaínithe mais.
Vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal
Forbraíodh vacsaíní póilíneo ó bhéal ag deireadh na 1950idí ag roinnt grúpaí, lena n-áirítear iad siúd faoi stiúir Albert Sabin, Hilary Koprowski agus H. R. Cox. Tuairiscíodh cine poliovirus cineál 1 ar a dtugtar SM i 1954. Tuairiscíodh leagan níos lú virulent den strain SM ag Koprowski i 1957. Ba é ainm an bhróga vacsaín "CHAT" tar éis "Charlton", ainm an linbh a bhí mar dheontóir an víris réamhtheachtaí. Rinne na vacsaíní Sabin, Koprowski agus Cox "trialach cliniciúil ar na milliúin duine agus fuarthas go raibh siad sábháilte agus éifeachtach". Toisc gur aimsíodh níos lú fo-iarsmaí le vacsaín Sabin i dtrialacha ar mhún, go luath sna 1960idí, cheadaíodh vacsaín Sabin sna Stáit Aontaithe agus thacaigh an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte leis a úsáid.
Idir 1957 agus 1960, tugadh vacsaín Koprowski do thart ar milliún duine i gcríocha na Beilge, Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó, Ruanda agus Burundi anois. Sa bhliain 1960, scríobh Koprowski sa British Medical Journal, "Tá trialacha an Chongó Beilgeach tar éis méadú go mór agus ... tá níos mó feachtais vacsaínithe eagraithe i roinnt chúigeanna den Chongó Beilgeach ag ardú líon na ndaoine vacsaínithe go na milliúin". 90) D'fhoilsigh Koprowski agus a ghrúpa sraith tuarascálacha mionsonraithe freisin ar vacsaínú 76,000 páiste faoi 5 bliana d'aois (agus daoine fásta Eorpacha) i limistéar Leopoldville (Kinshasa anois) i gCongo na Beilge ó 1958-1960; tosaíonn na tuarascálacha seo le forbhreathnú, ansin athbhreithniú ar shábháilteacht agus ar éifeachtacht, ansin 21 mhí de leantach agus tuarascáil deiridh.
Sna 1950idí, sular rialaíodh go maith na contúirtí a bhí i gceist leis an bpróiseas, d'iompaíodh stoic síolta vacsaíní go réigiúin iargúlta ó am go ham, ansin baineadh úsáid as modhanna caighdeánacha cothartha fíocháin chun an víreas a mhéadú ag saoráidí táirgeachta áitiúla. Bhí táirgí bitheolaíocha, cealla duáin go príomha le haghaidh cultúir agus sream fola le haghaidh meán, a bhailiú uaireanta ó primates áitiúla agus a úsáid sa phróiseas táirgthe má bhí daonra fiáine nó gaoithe de speicis oiriúnacha ar fáil. Sa Afraic Theas, baineadh úsáid as fíochán gorm glas na hAfraice chun an vacsaín Sabin a mhúscailt. I Fraincis Iarthar na hAfraice agus san Afraic Equatorial, baineadh úsáid as babúin chun vacsaín ó Institiúid Pasteur a mhúscailt. Sa Pholainn, mhéadaíodh an vacsaín CHAT ag baint úsáide as macacaí na hÁise.
Forbairt hipitéise
Sa bhliain 1987, chuir Blaine Elswood i dteagmháil leis an iriseoir Tom Curtis maidir le "scéal buam" ar OPV agus SEIF. D'fhoilsigh Curtis alt ar an hipitéis SEIF OPV i Rolling Stone i 1992. Mar fhreagra, d'éiligh Hilary Koprowski Rolling Stone agus Tom Curtis as díomá. D'fhoilsigh an iris soiléiriú a thug moladh do Koprowski agus a dúirt:
Ba mhaith le heagarthóirí Rolling Stone a shoiléiriú nach raibh sé mar aidhm acu a mholadh san alt go bhfuil aon fhianaise eolaíoch ann, ná nach bhfuil a fhios acu ar aon fhianaise eolaíoch, go raibh an Dr. Koprowski, eolaí cáiliúil, freagrach i ndáiríre as SEIF a thabhairt isteach ar an daonra daonna nó gur é athair SEIF é.
Roinnt eolaithe, go háirithe an bithéiste W.D. Shíl Hamilton go raibh gá le fiosrúchán tromchúiseach ar an bhfís, ach níor fuair siad mórán tacaíochta ón bpobal eolaíoch.
Chuir an t-iriseoir Edward Hooper an hipitéis i mionsonraí ina leabhar The River, 1999. Mhair Hooper ar a líomhaintí i gcruinniú i Londain i 2000, ag an gCumann Ríoga, cé gur chuir roinnt de na heolaithe a bhí i láthair ag an gcruinniú na héilimh seo i gcontúirt ina dhiaidh sin. Sa bhliain 2001, d'fhreagair Hilary Koprowski trí dhiúltú mionsonraithe a dhéanamh ar na pointí a rinneadh sa leabhar, freisin i gcainte don Royal Society. I 2004, bhí an Origin of Aids, clár faisnéise teilifíse na Fraince a thacaigh go láidir le hipoteis OPV, le feiceáil ar roinnt stáisiúin teilifíse ar fud an domhain.
I 2003, d'fhoilsigh Edward Hooper ráitis bhreise a chreid sé a thacaigh lena hipitéis in alt i London Review of Books. I measc na gcuntas sin bhí agallamh le Jacques Kanyama, teicneoir víreasaíochta sa saotharlann i Stanleyville (an Laboratoire Médical de Stanleyville (LMS)) atá freagrach as tástáil a dhéanamh ar an vacsaín CHAT agus an chéad tacar vacsaínithe a dhéanamh, a dúradh a dúirt go raibh baisc de CHAT déanta ag Paul Osterrieth ar an láthair. Ina theannta sin, tá sé i gceist go ndearna Philip Elebe, teicneoir micreabhiolaíochta, a rá go raibh cultúir fíocháin á dtáirgeadh ó shiompáinse Lindi. Dhiúltaigh Osterrieth na héilimh seo agus dúirt sé nach mbeadh an obair seo indéanta sa saotharlann seo, ag rá go:
ag aon am a rinne mé riamh iarracht a dhéanamh cille cultúir ó fíocháin chimpanzee. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith liom a dhearbhú go categorically nach raibh aon vacsaín polio a tháirgtear riamh nó d'fhéadfadh a bheith déanta i Stanleyville, ós rud é go raibh na saoráidí go hiomlán neamhiomchuí le haghaidh táirgeadh nó rialú polio vacsaín.
Ina leabhar, dúirt Hooper freisin go raibh baint ag Gaston Ninane le cealla chimpanzee a úsáid chun vacsaín a tháirgeadh sa Chongó. D'fhreagair Ninane an líomhain seo trí rá gur féidir leis "diúltú go catagórach" riamh iarracht a dhéanamh cultúr fíocháin a dhéanamh ó chealla chimpanzee. Deir na daoine a bhí páirteach i dtáirgeadh agus i ndáileadh vacsaín ó Mheiriceá nach ndearnadh vacsaín a ullmhú go háitiúil sa Chongó agus nach raibh ach an vacsaín CHAT ó Mheiriceá in úsáid. Dúirt Barbara Cohen, an teicneoir a bhí freagrach as an saotharlann Mheiriceá a d'eagraigh an vacsaín seo a reáchtáil:
Ag aon am a fuair mé riamh nó obair ar chimpán cnámha, ná le mo chuid eolais cealla a fuarthas ó chimpán. Níor rinne mé riamh, ná níl a fhios agam ar dhuine ar bith sa saotharlann a rinne vacsaín póilíneo i gcealla siompánacha.
Scrúdaíodh hipitéis OVV SEIF agus rinne baill de na pobail eolaíochta agus leighis cáineadh ina dhiaidh sin mar nach bhfuil tacaíocht á fháil aige nó go bhfuil sé contrártha go díreach leis na sonraí atá ar fáil, agus nach bhfuil sé ag teacht le haepidimeolaíocht VEID.
I litir a foilsíodh i mí Lúnasa 1992 in Eolaíocht, dhiúltaigh Koprowski d'fhéile OPV AIDS, ag tabhairt le mícheart fíricí i a ráitis. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1992, d'eisigh an eolaíocht scéal dar teideal "Panel Nixes Congo Vaccine as AIDS source", ag cur síos ar thorthaí painéal neamhspleách a fuair gach céim a mholtar sa hipitéis OPV-AIDS "problematic". Tháinig an scéal chun críche:
... is féidir a rá le cinnteacht beagnach iomlán nach raibh an triail mhór vacsaín póilíneo... an bunús de SEIF.
Is é an sampla is sine de fhíochán daonna a deimhníodh a léiríonn go bhfuil VEID-1 i láthair sampla cartlann plasma a bailíodh ó dheontóir gan ainm i gcathair Leopoldville, Congo na Beilge (Kinshasa anois, Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó) i 1959. Mar thoradh ar anailísí phylogenetic tosaigh, a foilsíodh i 1999, rinne na taighdeoirí tuairimíocht go ndeachaigh VEID-1 isteach "sa daonra na hAfraice ní fada roimh 1959".
I 2000, rinne an Royal Society cruinniú chun sonraí a phlé maidir le bunús SEIF; ba ábhar lárnach na díospóireachta an hipitéis SEIF OPV. Ag an gcruinniú seo, scaoil trí saotharlann neamhspleách torthaí tástálacha ar na stoic atá fágtha de vacsaín Koprowski, a d'iarr Edward Hooper sa The River. Dheimhnigh na tástálacha éileamh Koprowski go ndearnadh a vacsaín ó mhoncaí, seachas ó chimpanzee, duáin, agus níor aimsíodh aon fhianaise ar thruailliú SIV nó VEID. Taispeánadh sonraí eile eitleolaíocha agus fílóigineitic ag an gcomhdháil a chuir faoi dhroch-bhuntáiste gnéithe eile den hipitéis SEIF OPV. De réir tuairisceáin in Science, "ní chuir Hooper na torthaí i gceist; níor ghlac sé ach leo". Brian Martin, a thacaíonn le hipoteis OPA VEID, ag deireadh na comhdhála, dúirt sé go mbeadh hipoteis eile maidir le bunús VEID chomh mionsonraithe sin, agus go mbeadh siad chomh neamhshásúil sin.
I 2001, scrúdaigh trí alt a foilsíodh i dTeach nádúr gnéithe éagsúla den hipitéis OPV-AIDS, mar a rinne alt a foilsíodh i Eolaíocht. I ngach cás, bhí na torthaí na staidéir ag argóint go láidir i gcoinne aon nasc idir an vacsaín póilíneo agus SEIF. I measc na fianaise a luaitear bhí staidéir neamhspleácha iomadúla a dhátaigh an t-aistriú VEID-1 chuig daoine a tharla idir 1915 agus 1941, is dócha sna 1930idí. Deimhníodh na torthaí seo le staidéar níos déanaí ag baint úsáide as samplaí ó na 1960idí a fuair amach freisin gur thosaigh an eipidéim idir 1908 agus 1930, agus staidéar a léirigh cé go ndéanann athcheangal i measc víris dátaithe níos lú beacht, ní dhéanann sé meastóireachtaí claonta go suntasach in aon treo (ní chuireann sé earráid chórasúil isteach).
Dúirt údar ceann de na staidéir, an bitheolaí éabhlóideach Edward Holmes ó Ollscoil Oxford, i bhfianaise na fianaise nua: "Bhí fianaise Hooper go brách go neamhchinnte, agus anois níl sé inbhuanaithe. Tá sé in am dul ar aghaidh". Tháinig eagarthóir a bhí ag gabháil leis sa Nature i gcrích:
Ní fhéadfaidh na sonraí nua a chur ina luí ar an teoiricí comhcheilg cruach a cheapann gur cuireadh an truailliú OPV ag víreas chimpanzee ina dhiaidh sin agus go ciallmhar. Ach beidh na daoine againn a bhí sásta a thabhairt go dtí seo creidiúint éigin a thabhairt don hipitéis OPV anois a mheas go bhfuil an t-ábhar curtha chun sos.
Díríodh go díreach ar an bhféidearthacht go raibh chimpanzees a fuarthas in aice le Kisangani i bPoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó (Stanleyville roimhe seo), go hindíreach, an fíorfhoinse VEID-1 i staidéar 2004 a foilsíodh i dTeach nádúr . Anseo, fuair na húdair go cé go raibh SIV i measc na seampánsa sa cheantar, bhí an strain SIV a ionfhabhtaigh na seampánsa seo difriúil ó thaobh phylogenetically de ó gach strain de HIV, ag soláthar fianaise dhíreach nach iad na seampáin áirithe seo foinse VEID i ndaoine.
D'fhreagair Edward Hooper na staidéir seo trí dhiúltú a n-ábharthacht don hipitéis OPV, ag díospóireacht a n-eagrú, nó ag deimhniú go raibh "sáile mór eagraithe" ann.
Feachtas reatha vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal san Afraic
Chuir ráflaí nach bhfuil vacsaíní póilíneo sábháilte isteach ar iarrachtaí fada ó shin ag an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte agus na Náisiún Aontaithe chun deireadh a chur le póilíneo ar fud an domhain trí úsáid a bhaint as vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal Albert Sabin, a mheastar a bheith sábháilte agus éifeachtach ag beagnach gach údarás leighis. Dá bhféadfaí an sprioc fadtéarmach sláinte poiblí seo a bhaint amach, bheadh póilíneo mar an dara galar gabhálach daonna a scriosadh tar éis an poillín. Ní bhaineann hipoteas OPV SEIF ach le bunús stairiúil SEIF, agus ghlac a lucht tacaíochta le sábháilteacht na vacsaíní póilíneachta nua-aimseartha, ach tá ráflaí bunaithe ar mhí-thuiscint ar an hipitéis ann, agus tá an milleán ar na ráflaí sin go páirteach as an teip le déanaí ar phósadh póilíneachta a dhíchur sa Nigéir.
Faoi 2003, bhí cásanna póilíneo laghdaithe go líon beag i réigiúin iargúlta san Afraic Thiar, agus cásanna sporadach in áiteanna eile. Mar sin féin, tá an galar tar éis teacht ar ais sa Nigéir agus i roinnt náisiún eile san Afraic, a bhfuil eipidéimeolaithe ag teacht ar dhiúltú ag daonra áirithe áitiúla ligean dá leanaí an vacsaín ó bhéal Sabin a riaradh. Is minic a bhaineann imní phobail áitiúla a léirítear le eagla go bhféadfadh an vacsaín sterility a spreagadh, agus is cosúil go bhfuil díospóireacht ar an hipitéis OPV-AIDS ag spreagadh eagla breise. Ó 2003, tá na eagla seo scaipthe i measc cuid den phobal Moslamach, le Datti Ahmed, ón gComhairle Uachtarach do Sharia sa Nigéir ag rá go:
Creidimid gur chuir Hitlers an lae inniu na vacsaíní póilíneo ó bhéal go stuama le drugaí frith-fhorthaí agus víris a bhfuil a fhios acu go gcuireann VEID agus SEIF i gcúis.
- Bunaithe SEIF i gcoinne comhthoil eolaíoch
- Bunús SEIF
- SV40 Cás a bhfuil glacadh leis go heolaíoch de víreas mhoncaí a thruailleann vacsaín póilíneo Vacsaín póilíneo- víreas neamhghníomhaithe (IPV) amháin.
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- Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) Suíomh Gréasáin na nIonad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair , Rochtain ar 30 Eanáir 2007
- Worobey M, Santiago M, Keele B, Ndjango J, Joy J, Labama B, Dhed'A B, Rambaut A, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B (2004). "Tús SEIF: téacs vacsaín póilíneo truaillithe a chúlghairm". An Dúlra 428 (6985): 820820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.
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- Furesz J (2006). "Forbairtí i dtáirgeadh agus rialú cáilíochta vacsaíní poliovirus Tuairimí stairiúla". Bitheolaíocha 34 (2): 8790. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.02.008. PMID 16621594.
- Plotkin SA; Modlin, J. F.; Plotkin, S. A. (2001) agus "Ní raibh vacsaín póilíneachta ó bhéal CHAT mar fhoinse víreas imdhíonachta daonna cineál 1 grúpa M do dhaoine". Clin. Infecta. Dis. 32 (7): 10681084. doi:10.1086/319612. PMID 11264036.
- Koprowski H (Iúil 1960). "Treochtaí stairiúla maidir le vacsaín víris bheo a fhorbairt i bpóiliamíleatais". Br Med J 2 (5192): 8591. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5192.85. PMC 2096806. PMID 14410975.
- Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Koprowski H (1960). "Fógradh le cine CHAT de víreas póilíneoma athshlánaithe cineál 1 i Leopoldville. Cóngó na Beilge 2. Staidéar ar shábháilteacht agus ar éifeachtacht an vacsaínithe" (PDF). Búl Ógán Sláinte Domhanda 22 (34): 21534.
- Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Courtois G, Koprowski H (1961). "Fógradh le strain CHAT de víreas póilíneo athshlánaithe cineál 1 i Leopoldville, an Chongó 3. Sábháilteacht agus éifeachtúlacht le linn na chéad 21 mhí den staidéar" (PDF). Bille Ógánach Sláinte Domhanda 24 (6): 785 92. PMC 2555526. PMID 13736381.
- Enders, John (1955). "An staid reatha a bhaineann le teicnící cothartha fíocháin i staidéar a dhéanamh ar vírisí póiliomheilite". I Debré, R. Polioiméilite (PDF). Ghinéiv: Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte. pp. 26994.
- Rappaport, Catherine (1956). "Trypsinization of Monkey-Kidney Tissue: Automatic Method for the Preparation of Cell Suspensions" (PDF) (Tripsinitheacht Fíocháin Aongh-Clé: Mhodh Uathoibríoch chun Suspends Cealla a Ullmhú). Bull Ógán Sláinte Domhanda 14 (1): 14766. PMC 2538109. PMID 13329843.
- Melnick, JL (1956) "Mhodhanna cultúir fíocháin chun poliomyelitis agus víris eile a chothú", in American Public Health Association, Diagnostic Procedures for Virus and Rickettsial Diseases 2nd ed., New York, pp. 97151
- Rhodes AJ, Wood W, Duncan D (1955). "An áit atá ag tástálacha saotharlainne víris i ndiagnosis póiliomheilíteas, le tagairt speisialta do theicnící cothartha fíocháin". I Debré, R. Polioiméilite (PDF). Ghinéiv: Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte.23767
- Plotkin SA (2001). "Ná fíor agus iarmhairtí: an hipitéis bhréagach a nascann vacsaínú polio CHAT cineál 1 le bunús víreas imdhíonachta an duine". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 356 (1410): 815823. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0861. PMC 1088471. PMID 11405925.
- Curtis, Tom (19 Márta 1992). "The Origin of AIDS: A startling new theory attempts to answer the question, 'An gníomh Dé nó gníomh an duine a bhí ann?' (626). Rolling Stone. - Tá sé. pp. 549, 61, 106, 108.
- Martin B (Lúnasa 2003). "Féach ar thionscnamh SEIF: roinnt gnéithe eiticiúla". J Med Eitic 29 (4): 253256. doi:10.1136/jme.29.4.253. PMC 1733782. PMID 12930866.
- Plotkin SA, Teuwen DE, Prinzie A, Desmyter J (2001). "Póstaiscripte a bhaineann le líomhaintí nua a rinne Edward Hooper ag Cruinniú Plé na hEagraíochta Ríoga ar 11 Meán Fómhair 2000". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 356 (1410): 825829. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0875. PMC 1088472. PMID 11405926.
- Koprowski H (2001). "Fiachtanna agus fíricí". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 356 (1410): 831833. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0869. PMC 1088473. PMID 11405927.
- AIDS and the Polio Vaccine Edward Hooper London athbhreithniú ar Leabhair 3 Aibreán 2003
- Osterrieth PM (Meitheamh 2001). "Ní fhéadfadh vacsaín a bheith ullmhaithe i Stanleyville". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 356 (1410): 839 839. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0872. PMC 1088475. PMID 11405929.
- Osterrieth P (Mháire 2004). "Dhéanfar vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal: fírinne i gcoinne ficsean". Vacsaín 22 (1516): 18311835. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.028. PMID 15121291.
- Koprowski (1992) "SIDA agus an vacsaín Polio". Eolaíocht 257 (5073): 1024 1027 doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1024. PMID 1509249.
- "Painéal nicks Congo triail mar fhoinse SEIF". Eolaíocht 258 (5083): 7389. 1992. doi:10.1126/science.258.5083.738-d. PMID 1439779.
- Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (1999). "Réim Aifreic HIV-1 ó 1959 agus impleachtaí maidir le bunús na heipidéime". Nádúr 391 (6667): 594597. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138.
- Cohen J (2000). "Eipidéimeolaíocht Fhorenseach. Teoiric an vacsaín maidir le bunús SEIF a bhí díospóideach ag an gCumann Ríoga". Eolaíocht 289 (5486): 18501851. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1850. PMID 11012346.
- Blancou P, Vartanian J, Christopherson C, Chenciner N, Basilico C, Kwok S, Wain-Hobson S (2001). "Tá samplaí de vacsaín póiló gan nasc le SEIF". An Dúlra 410 (6832): 10451046. doi:10.1038/35074171. PMID 11323657.
- Berry N, Davis C, Jenkins A, Wood D, Minor P, Schild G, Bottiger M, Holmes H, Almond N (2001). "Sábháilteacht vacsaín. Anailís ar stoic CHAT vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal". An Dúlra 410 (6832): 10461047. doi:10.1038/35074176. PMID 11323658.
- Rambaut A, Robertson DL, Pybus OG, Peeters M, Holmes EC (2001). "Víreas Imdhíonachta Daonna. Fhilogéin agus bunús VEID-1". An Dúlra 410 (6832): 10471048. doi:10.1038/35074179. PMID 11323659.
- Poinar H, Kuch M, Pääbo S (2001). "Anailís mhóilíneach ar shamplaí vacsaín póilíneo ó bhéal". Eolaíocht 292 (5517): 743744. doi:10.1126/science.1058463. PMID 11326104.
- Korber B, Muldoon M, Theiler J et al. (2000) a chur i bhfeidhm. "An t-am a chur ar shinsear na seantanna paindéime HIV-1". Eolaíocht 288 (5472): 178996. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1789. PMID 10846155.
- Salemi M, Strimmer K, Hall WW et al. (2001) agus "An sinsear coiteann SIVcpz agus HIV-1 grúpa M a dhátú agus bunús fo-chineálacha HIV-1 ag baint úsáide as modh nua chun éabhlóid mhóilíneach a nochtadh cosúil le clog". FASEB J. 15 (2): 2768. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0449fje PMID 11156935.
- Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, Rodenburg CM, Santiago MO, Hahn BH (2001). "Foras na víris a bhaineann le siondróm easnamh imdhíonachta faighte: cá háit agus cathain?". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 356 (1410): 867876. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0863. PMC 1088480. PMID 11405934.
- Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE et al. (Deireadh Fómhair 2008). "Deimhniú díreach ar éagsúlacht mhór VEID-1 i Kinshasa faoi 1960". An Dúlra 455 (7213): 6614. doi:10.1038/nature07390. PMC 3682493. PMID 18833279.
- "Nuacht na hAfraice". Reuters.com. Arna óstáil 2008-10-05.
- Lemey P, Pybus OG, Rambaut A et al. (Iúil 2004). "Gineolaíocht daonra móilíneach HIV-1 grúpa O". Gineolaíocht 167 (3): 105968. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.026666. PMC 1470933. PMID 15280223.
- Weiss RA (2001) "Tá vacsaíní póilíneo díolmhaithe". An Dúlra 410 (6832): 10351036. doi:10.1038/35074222. PMID 11323649.
- "HIV-1 i 1908?" AidsOrigins
- Nigéir Moslamaigh ag cur in aghaidh vacsaínithe póiló BBC News 27 Meitheamh 2002
- Rumor, Fear and Fatigue Hinder Final Push to End Polio Celia W. Dugger agus Donald G. McNeil Jr. New York Times 20 Márta 2006
- Jegede AS (2007). "Cad a thug ar an mbóicéad Nigéir an feachtas vacsaínithe póilíneo?". PLoS Med. 4 (3): e73. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040073. PMC 1831725. PMID 17388657.
- BBC News (2005) "Máilians vacsaín frith-poiliam i bpríosún" ar líne
- Cohen, Jon (2000) Atlantic Monthly (Oct), lch. 104.
- Global Polio Eradication Initiative (2007) Mapa de na cásanna póilíneo ar fud an domhain le sé mhí anuas Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update tionscnamh de chuid WHO, CDC, UNICEF, Rotary International ar líne
- BBC News (2007) "Tosaíonn Bhanglaidéis le feachtas nua póilíneo" ar líne
- AIDSorigins.com: Suíomh Gréasáin Edward Hooper ar fhéidearthacht OOP AIDS
- Cá as a tháinig VEID? Ceisteanna agus Freagraí, ó Lárionaid Rialú Galar na Stát Aontaithe
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Basic Microscope Ergonomics
Although conventional microscope design has not necessarily been a problem for short-term use, long-term sessions have historically created problems for scientists and technicians who used the instruments, making them, quite literally, a pain in the neck. Microscopists were expected to suffer for the greater good of science and many have paid the price over the years with physical discomfort and sometimes even permanent injuries. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), in the United States Department of Labor, finds that "Microscope work is straining both to the visual system and the musculoskeletal system. Operators are forced into an unusual exacting position, with little possibility to move the head or the body. They are often forced to assume an awkward work posture such as the head bent over the eye tubes, the upper part of the body bent forward, the hand reaching high up for a focusing control, or with the wrists bent in an unnatural position."
Introduction to Microscope Ergonomics - Once an exotic and esoteric piece of scientific equipment, during the twentieth century microscopes became commonplace in geological, biological, and medical laboratories and in factories manufacturing electronic components and integrated circuits for computers and the consumer electronics industry. As microscope use grew, so did concerns about usability. During the 1980s and 1990s, microscope manufacturers began introducing ergonomic features into their instruments to make them safer and more comfortable to use for extended periods of time (up to six or eight hours a day).
Interactive Java Tutorials
Proper Microscope Observation Posture - In order to view specimens and record data, microscope operators must assume an unusual but exacting position, with little possibility to move the head or the body. They are often forced to assume an awkward work posture such as the head bent over the eye tubes, the upper part of the body bent forward, the hand reaching high up for a focusing control, or with the wrists bent in an unnatural position. This tutorial explores proper posture for microscope observations and demonstrates how new ergonomic microscope designs can lead to a reduction of associated musculoskeletal disorders.
Ergonomic Eyepiece Observation Tubes - Eyepiece observation tube height is an important factor that must be seriously considered in the ergonomic design of microscope components and accessories. This tutorial explores the range of currently available ergonomic observation tubes and their extended range of motion, which enables operators of all sizes and heights to comfortably view specimens for lengthy periods of time.
Automatic Objective Changeover - The ergonomic design of stress free microscopes that are easy to operate is a primary goal for all of the manufacturers. This interactive tutorial examines the automatic objective changeover design in clinical microscopes, a feature that is quickly performed with a foot or hand switch to reduce the frequency of repetitive hand motion and ease operator discomfort.
Selected Literature References
Microscope Ergonomics References - A number of excellent books, review articles, and original research reports on microscope ergonomics have been published by leading researchers in the field, and were utilized as references to prepare the ergonomics discussions included in the microscopy primer. In particular, articles focused on repetitive stress injury and cumulative trauma disorder have carefully reviewed ergonomic aspects of microscope and workstation design.
Matthew J. Parry-Hill, Robert T. Sutter, Kathleen E. Carr, Thomas J. Fellers, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
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Eirgineolaíocht Bunúsach na Micreascóip
Cé nach gá go raibh dearadh mioscóp traidisiúnta ina fhadhb le haghaidh úsáide gearrthéarmach, chruthaigh seisiúin fhadtéarmacha fadhbanna go stairiúil do eolaithe agus do theicneoirí a d'úsáid na hionstraimí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad, go liteartha, ina pian sa muineál. Bhíthar ag súil go dtabharfaí do mhicreascóipithe an t-íoc is mó don eolaíocht agus d'íoc go leor acu an praghas thar na blianta le míchompord fisiciúil agus uaireanta fiú le himreoirí buan. Faigheann an Riarachán um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte Oibre (OSHA), i Roinn Oibre na Stát Aontaithe, amach go bhfuil "obair ar mhicreascóip ag cur strus ar an gcóras amhairc agus ar an gcóras muscle-chnámh. Cuirtear oibreoirí i seasamh éigeantach neamhghnách, gan mórán deiseanna a bheith acu an ceann nó an corp a bhogadh. Is minic a bhíonn siad iallach orthu seasamh míshásta a ghlacadh mar shampla an ceann a bheith crochta thar na feadáin súl, an chuid uachtarach den chorp crochta ar aghaidh, an lámh ag dul suas go hard chun rialú fócas a dhéanamh, nó leis na glúine crochta i riocht neamhnádúrtha".
Tús le Microscóip Ergonomics - Cé gur píosa exotic agus esoteric trealamh eolaíoch a bhí ann, le linn an fhicheadú haois tháinig micreascóipí go coitianta i saotharlanna geolaíochta, bitheolaíocha agus leighis agus i monarchana a mhonaraíonn comhpháirteanna leictreonacha agus ciorcad comhtháite do ríomhairí agus don tionscal leictreonaice tomhaltóra. De réir mar a d'fhás úsáid na mioscóp, d'fhás imní faoi inúsáidteacht. Le linn na 1980idí agus na 1990idí, thosaigh déantúsóirí micreascóip ag tabhairt isteach gnéithe ergonomic ina n-ionstraimí chun iad a dhéanamh níos sábháilte agus níos compordaí le húsáid ar feadh tréimhsí fada ama (suas le sé nó ocht n-uaire sa lá).
Teagascóirí Java Idirghníomhacha
Postúr Breathnóireachta Microscóip Oiriúnach - Chun speiceanna a fheiceáil agus sonraí a thaifeadadh, ní mór d'oibreoirí micreascóip seasamh neamhghnách ach éigeantach a ghlacadh, gan mórán deiseanna a bheith acu an ceann nó an corp a bhogadh. Is minic a bhíonn siad iallach orthu seasamh oibre a bheith acu, mar shampla an ceann a bheith cnuasa thar na feadáin súl, an chuid uachtarach den chorp a bheith cnuasa chun tosaigh, an lámh a bheith ag teacht go hard chun rialú fócas a dhéanamh, nó na lámha a bheith cnuasa i riocht neamhnádúrtha. Sa teagasc seo, léirítear an postúr ceart le haghaidh breathnóireachtaí microscóip agus léirítear conas is féidir le dearadh nua microscóip ergonomic laghdú a dhéanamh ar neamhoird mhúiscléatúla a bhaineann leis.
Tiúbanna Breathnóireachta Oicleach Ergonómach - Is fachtóir tábhachtach é airde tiúba breathnóireachta ocleach a chaithfear a mheas go mór i ndearadh ergonomic comhpháirteanna agus gabhálais mhicreascóip. Sa teagasc seo, déantar iniúchadh ar raon na mbrúdaithe breathnóireachta ergonomic atá ar fáil faoi láthair agus ar a raon gluaiseachta leathnaithe, a chuireann ar chumas oibreoirí de gach méid agus airde speiceas a fheiceáil go compordach ar feadh tréimhsí fada ama.
Athrú Uimhir Uathoibríoch - Is é príomhchuspóir na monaróirí go léir dearadh ergonomic mhicreascóipí saor ó strus atá éasca a oibriú. Déantar an teagasc idirghníomhach seo a scrúdú ar an dearadh athshlánú oibiachtúil i mioscóp chliniciúil, gné a dhéantar go tapa le casadh coise nó láimhe chun minicíocht na ngluaiseachta láimhe athdhéanta a laghdú agus míchompord oibreoir a mhaolú.
Tagraíochtaí Saothair Roghnaithe
Tagraíochtaí Eirgineolaíochta Microscóip - Foilsíodh roinnt leabhair den scoth, ailt athbhreithnithe, agus tuarascálacha taighde bunaidh ar ergineolaíocht microscóip ag taighdeoirí tosaigh sa réimse, agus úsáideadh iad mar thagairtí chun na pléanna ergineolaíochta a chuimsítear sa phríomh-imreoir microscóip a ullmhú. Go háirithe, tá athbhreithniú cúramach déanta ar ghnéithe ergonomic de dhearadh micreascóip agus stáisiúin oibre ag ailt a dhírigh ar ghortú strus athfhillteach agus ar neamhoird trauma carntha.
Matthew J. Parry-Hill, Robert T. Sutter, Kathleen E. Carr, Thomas J. Fellers, agus Michael W. Davidson - Saotharlann Náisiúnta na Réimse Ard-Maighnéadaigh, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Ollscoil Stáit Florida, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
Ceisteanna nó tuairimí? Seol ríomhphost chugainn.
© 1998-2018 ag Michael W. Davidson agus Ollscoil Stáit Florida. Gach Ceart Coimeádta. Ní fhéadfar aon íomhánna, grafaicí, scripteanna, nó applets a atáirgeadh nó a úsáid ar bhealach ar bith gan cead ó shealbhóirí na cóipchirt. Má úsáideann tú an suíomh gréasáin seo, glacann tú leis na Téarmaí agus Coinníollacha Dlíthiúla go léir a leagtar amach ag na húinéirí.
Tá an suíomh gréasáin seo á chothabháil ag ár
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Outdoor Plants for Indirect Sunlight
Gardeners with shady yards face a challenge in selecting appropriate plants. Cheery flowers that brighten the landscape are often found on sun-loving plants, which just can't thrive in the shade. For the best results in the darker nooks and crannies of your garden, only consider plants labeled for dappled sun, partial shade or full shade. These plants are best suited for indirect light and could even suffer damage such as burned leaves if exposed to a full day of sunlight. Even with the lighting limitation, you can find plenty of plant sizes, shapes and colors perfect for your growing conditions.
Short flowers grow well under shrubs and in areas with limited vertical growing space. California sweet violet (Viola adunca) is native to the coastal areas in Sunset’s Climate Zones 1 through 9 and 14 through 24. The heart-shaped, dark green leaves grow up to 6 inches tall. Purple petals with white bases loom over the leaves, filling the garden with fragrance. This plant needs some winter sunlight but requires sun protection in the summer. Florists’ cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) grows outside in zones 15 through 24. This variety of cyclamen is commonly sold in containers as gift plants. Fragrant flowers 6 inches tall loom over variegated heart-shaped leaves. The blooms are available in red, pink, purple and white.
Use tall flowers behind shorter plants and to disguise foundations. Check the mature size of the flowers and space them according to that size. Fairy primrose (Primula malacoides) reaches 8 to 15 inches tall with pale green oval leaves. Tiers of white, pink, red and purple flowers bloom from the middle of winter through late spring. The fairy primrose is a perennial that likes protection from direct sunlight during hot summers. If the summers are cool and foggy, then fairy primrose needs to be planted in full sun. Western columbine (Aquilegia formosa) is a native plant reaching 35 inches tall. The red and yellow flowers hang downward and the seeds attract small songbirds to the garden. The lacy leaves accent woodland gardens in Sunset zones A1 through A3, 1 through 11 and 14 through 24.
Evergreen shrubs provide color and foliage coverage throughout the winter. Bright berries attract hungry birds to the landscape while providing a place to hide. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) grows up to 10 feet tall as a small tree with glossy, leathery leaves. Each leaf tip has a spine, so do not plant near walkways and play areas. This variety of holly grows in zones 3 through 24 and is self-fertilizing, which means a single planting will still bear fruit.
Variegated Evergreen Shrubs
Variegated evergreen bushes offer more color choices for planting in the shade. The different colored leaves break up the monotone of a simple green-tone garden. Coral bells (Heuchera spp.) forms a compact, mounding plant with round variegated leaves. White, green, red and pink colors tint the leaves and the delicate flowers blossom from early spring until late summer. This plant needs rich soil and good drainage. Plant in areas with afternoon shade in Sunset zones 1 through 11 and 14 through 24. In cool areas, coral bells should be in full sun. Mirror plant (Coprosma repens) grows quickly in zones 14 through 24, reaching up to 10 feet tall and spreading 6 feet wide. In seaside locations, the mirror plant grows more compact. The 3-inch-long oval leaves are flecked with white, green, yellow and pink.
Perennial Ground Covers
Plant perennial ground covers when the area needs protection from soil erosion or coverage from low-growing plants. Gold Standard plantain lily (Hosta fortunei “Gold Standard”) reaches 2 feet tall and 3 feet wide with lavender flowers in the late spring. This herbaceous perennial produces variegated leaves and grows in Sunset zones A1 through A3, 1 through 10 and 14 through 21. Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla mollis) grows in zones A2, A3, 1 through 9 and 14 through 24. This ground cover reaches 24 inches tall, forming clumps with scalloped leaves and bright summer flowers. Deadhead the blossoms to prevent the plant from self-seeding.
Karen Carter spent three years as a technology specialist in the public school system and her writing has appeared in the "Willapa Harbor Herald" and the "Rogue College Byline." She has an Associate of Arts from Rogue Community College with a certificate in computer information systems.
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Plandaí lasmuigh le haghaidh solas indíreach na gréine
Tá dúshlán ag gairdíní a bhfuil a gcúlra scáthaithe acu chun plandaí oiriúnacha a roghnú. Is minic a fhaightear bláthanna cheerful a léiríonn an tírdhreach ar phlandaí a bhfuil grá acu don ghrian, nach féidir leo fás go rathúil san scáth. Chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil sna cnoic agus sna crannaí níos dorcha de do ghairdín, ní mheasfaidh tú ach plandaí atá lipéadaithe le haghaidh ghrian spotted, scáth páirteach nó scáth iomlán. Tá na plandaí seo oiriúnach go mór le haghaidh solas indíreach agus d'fhéadfadh siad damáiste a fháil fiú mar duilleoga dóite má bhíonn siad nochtaithe do sholas na gréine ar feadh lá ar fad. Fiú amháin leis an teorainn solais, is féidir leat go leor méideanna plandaí, cruthanna agus dathanna a fháil atá foirfe do do choinníollacha fáis.
Fásann bláthanna gearr go maith faoi shrubs agus i gceantair a bhfuil spás fáis ingearach teoranta acu. Tá Viola adunca (Viola adunca) dúchasach do na ceantair chósta i Sunset's Climate Zones 1 go 9 agus 14 go 24. Fásann na duilleoga dorcha glas i gcruth croí suas le 6 orlach ar airde. Tá péitil phearsacha le bun bán ag dul thar na duilleoga, ag líonadh an ghairdín le boladh. Ba chóir go mbeadh solas na gréine ag an bplanda seo sa gheimhreadh ach ní mór di a chosaint sa samhradh. Fásann cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) lasmuigh i gceantair 15 go 24. Déantar an éagsúlacht seo de cyclamen a dhíol go coitianta i gcoimeádáin mar phlandaí bronntanais. Tá bláthanna cumhra 6 orlach ar airde ag dul thar duilleoga croí-chruthach ilchineálach. Tá na bláthanna ar fáil i dearg, bándearg, purpúr agus bán.
Úsáid bláthanna arda taobh thiar de phlandaí níos giorra agus chun bunús a cheilt. Seiceáil méid aibí na bláthanna agus cuir iad ar an spás de réir an mhéid sin. Fairy primrose (Primula malacoides) a shroicheann 8 go 15 orlach ar airde le duilleoga oval greannmhar. Tá clóis bán, bándearg, dearg agus liath ag bloomáil ó lár an gheimhridh go dtí deireadh an earraigh. Is plandaí é an primrose fairy a bhfuil grá aige cosaint ó sholas díreach na gréine le linn samhraidh te. Má tá an samhradh fuar agus clúdach, ansin ní mór primrose fairy a phlandáil i n-am iomlán na gréine. Is planda dúchasach é an columbine an Iarthair (Aquilegia formosa) a shroicheann 35 orlach ar airde. Tá na bláthanna dearga agus buí ag crochadh síos agus tarraingíonn na síolta éan-amhránacha beaga chuig an gcarr. Tá na duilleoga lacy ag cur béime ar ghairdín foraoise i limistéir Sunset A1 go A3, 1 go 11 agus 14 go 24.
Cuireann cnoic síoraí dath agus clúdach duilleoige ar fáil ar feadh an gheimhridh. Tarraingíonn na bairillí gormacha éanlaithe ar an tírdhreach agus soláthraíonn siad áit le dul i bhfolach. Fásann holly na Síne (Ilex cornuta) suas le 10 troigh ar airde mar chrann beag le duilleoga gleansacha, leathracha. Tá cnámh ar gach ceann de na duilleoga, mar sin ná bí ag plandáil in aice le cosáin agus le limistéir súgartha. Fásann an éagsúlacht seo de holly i gceantair 3 go 24 agus tá sé féin-bhéite, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh torthaí fós ag plandáil amháin.
Gruaigeanna Éagsúla
Tá níos mó roghanna dathanna ag na cnoic síorghlas éagsúla le haghaidh plandáil san scáth. Cuireann na duilleoga éagsúla datha isteach ar an monotone de ghairdín simplí glas-toned. Clóis (Heuchera spp.) Forbraíonn sé plandaí dlúth, mounding le duilleoga babhta éagsúla. Tá dathanna bán, glas, dearg agus pinc ag an duilleoga agus na bláthanna íogaire ag bláthú ó thús an earraigh go dtí deireadh an tsamhraidh. Tá ithir shaibhir agus dránaíocht mhaith ag teastáil ón ngléasra seo. Plantar i limistéir le scáth tráthnóna i gcriosanna Sunset 1 go 11 agus 14 go 24. I limistéir fionnuar, ba chóir go mbeadh cloganna corail i ngrian iomlán. Fásann plandaí samhlacha (Coprosma repens) go tapa i gceantair 14 go 24, ag teacht suas le 10 troigh ar airde agus ag scaipeadh 6 troigh ar leithead. I suíomhanna muir, fásann an planda scáthán níos dlúithe. Tá na duilleoga oval 3 orlach ar fhad le speic le bán, glas, buí agus bándearg.
Clúdaigh Talún Daoine
Clúdaíonn talamh ilbhliantúil plandaí nuair is gá cosaint ón éadóis ithreach nó clúdach ó phlandaí ísealfhásta don limistéar. Fásann lily plantain Gold Standard (Hosta fortunei Gold Standard) 2 troigh ar airde agus 3 troigh ar leithead le bláthanna lavender i ndeireadh an earraigh. Tá duilleoga éagsúlaithe ag an gcineál féirbhich seo agus fásann sé i gcriosanna Sunset A1 go A3, 1 go 10 agus 14 go 21. Fásann Mantle Lady's (Alchemilla mollis) i gcriosanna A2, A3, 1 go 9 agus 14 go 24. Fágann an clúdach talún seo 24 orlach ar airde, ag cruthú clúba le duilleoga scalloped agus bláthanna geal samhraidh. Tá an t-amhrán seo ag cur na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-earraí a chur ar fáil ar an margadh.
Chaith Karen Carter trí bliana mar shaineolaí teicneolaíochta sa chóras scoile poiblí agus tá a scríbhneoireacht le feiceáil sa "Willapa Harbor Herald" agus sa "Rogue College Byline". Tá Associate of Arts aici ó Rogue Community College le deimhniú i gcórais faisnéise ríomhaireachta.
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Amazing critters are thriving in the Lafayette River, an urban waterway entirely within Norfolk city limits. The great variety of life found on a recent biological survey of the Lafayette River is one more sign that this once-polluted river is getting better.
In mid-September scientists from the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and Elizabeth River Project (ERP) observed both common species such blue crabs, oysters, speckled trout, and spot, as well as a host of more unusual creatures including squid, sea robins, mantis shrimp, brown shrimp, and a southern stingray. These were all caught in an otter trawl net used to survey life at 10 different sites along the Lafayette River and Wayne's Creek.
Long on Virginia's impaired waters list, a watershed-wide restoration effort is helping bring back the Lafayette. In the past, the river supported fewer species in less numbers, but it is now on course to becoming a healthy river that is home to more abundant wildlife in both species and numbers.
The revitalization of this waterway has included restoring dozens of acres oyster reefs that provide important habitat for a variety of species, construction of rain gardens and living shorelines throughout the watershed, and public education efforts aimed at spurring citizen actions that improve habitat in and around the river.
The biological surveys have been ongoing twice a year for about eight years as part of an effort to gauge river's response to these actions. Information collected by scientists include the location, size, and number of each species collected along with information on water quality.
The improvements on the Lafayette are thanks to generous grant funding and a collaborative effort among CBF and ERP, the City of Norfolk, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Restore America's Estuaries, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the Army Corps of Engineers.
Check out our Facebook Photo Album of our Lafayette River survey below!
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Tá critters iontach ag fás go rathúil i Abhainn Lafayette, uiscebhealach uirbeach go hiomlán laistigh de theorainneacha chathair Norfolk. Is é an éagsúlacht mhór beatha a fuarthas ar suirbhé bitheolaíoch le déanaí ar Abhainn Lafayette comhartha eile go bhfuil an abhainn seo a bhí truaillithe uair amháin ag éirí níos fearr.
I lár mhí Mheán Fómhair, rinne eolaithe ó Chesapeake Bay Foundation agus Elizabeth River Project (ERP) breathnú ar speicis choitianta mar crabs gorma, oisrí, trout speckled, agus spot, chomh maith le slua de na créatúir níos neamhghnácha lena n-áirítear squid, robins farraige, creimíní mantis, creimíní donn, agus stingray theas. Bhí siad seo go léir a ghabháil i líonra trail otter a úsáidtear chun suirbhé a dhéanamh ar an saol ag 10 suíomhanna éagsúla ar feadh na Abhainn Lafayette agus Wayne Creek.
Tá iarracht athchóirithe ar fud an dtuairisc ag cabhrú leis an Lafayette a thabhairt ar ais. San am atá caite, bhí níos lú speiceas i líon níos lú ag an abhainn, ach tá sé anois ar an mbealach chun a bheith ina abhainn shláintiúil ina bhfuil saol fiáine níos iomarcaí i speiceas agus i líon araon.
I measc na n-athbheochan ar an uiscebhealach seo tá athchóiriú na ndúshlán oisrí de dhúisín acra a sholáthraíonn gnáthóg tábhachtach d'éagsúlacht speiceas, tógáil gairdíní báistí agus cóstaí maireachtála ar fud an uiscebhealaigh, agus iarrachtaí oideachais phoiblí a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu gníomhartha saoránach a spreagadh lena bhfeabhsófar gnáthóg sa abhainn agus timpeall air.
Tá na suirbhéanna bitheolaíocha ar siúl dhá uair sa bhliain ar feadh thart ar ocht mbliana mar chuid d'iarracht freagairt na habhann ar na gníomhartha seo a thomhas. I measc na faisnéise a bhailíonn eolaithe tá suíomh, méid agus líon gach speiceas a bhailítear mar aon le faisnéis faoi cháilíocht an uisce.
Tá na feabhsuithe ar an Lafayette a bhuíochas le maoiniú deontais folláin agus iarracht chomhoibritheach idir CBF agus ERP, Cathair Norfolk, Riarachán Náisiúnta Aigéin agus Atmaisféar (NOAA), Athchóiriú Éistirí Mheiriceá, an Fondúireacht Náisiúnta Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra, agus an Corps Army of Engineers.
Féach ar ár n-Albam Grianghraf Facebook ar ár suirbhé ar Abhainn Lafayette thíos!
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Evidence of ancient WORLD SMASHER planet Theia - FOUND ON MOON
Apollo rock samples confirm even the name, claim boffins
Traces of mysterious planet Theia have been found on the surface of Earth's Moon.
Boffins have analysed samples of rock brought back by Apollo astronauts, and claimed they contain bits of another world. The discovery appears to back up the theory that the Moon was formed when Theia slammed into Earth some 4.5 billion years ago.
Lead researcher Dr Daniel Herwartz, from the University of Goettingen, said that people were beginning to doubt the prevailing theory.
"It was getting to the stage where some people were suggesting that the collision had not taken place," he told the BBC.
"But we have now discovered small differences between the Earth and the Moon. This confirms the giant impact hypothesis."
To confirm the theory, Dr Herwartz analysed the isotopes of the oxygen in the moon rocks, which serves as a sort of fingerprint. A meteorite, for instance, shows a markedly different ratio of oxygen isotopes than rock from the earth.
The doc and his colleagues have published their research in hefty boffnry mag Science.
The Moon was probably formed by a catastrophic collision of the proto-Earth with a planetesimal named Theia.
However, the rocks from Theia look to be fairly similar to that of the earth, which has baffled other scientists.
Dr Mahesh Anand from The Open University said the research was "exciting" but urged caution.
"We have to be cautious about representativeness of these rocks of the entire Moon, and so further analysis of a variety of lunar rocks is required for further confirmation," he said. ®
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Fianaise ar an domhan a bhuail an domhain Theia - FOINN ar an ghealach
Tá samplaí de charraig Apollo a dheimhniú fiú an t-ainm, éileamh Boffins
Fuarthas rianta den phláinéid mistéireach Theia ar dhromchla na gealaí.
Rinne Boffins anailís ar shamplaí carraige a thug astrónóirí Apollo ar ais, agus éileamh go bhfuil píosaí de shaol eile iontu. Is cosúil go dtacaíonn an fionnachtanas leis an teoiric gur cruthaíodh an Ghealach nuair a bhuail Theia leis an Domhan thart ar 4.5 billiún bliain ó shin.
Dúirt an t-eolaí ceannaire taighde, an Dr Daniel Herwartz, ó Ollscoil Goettingen, go raibh daoine ag tosú ag amhras faoin teoiric atá i réim.
"Bhí sé ag teacht go dtí an chéim inar mhol daoine áirithe nár tharla an timpiste", a dúirt sé leis an BBC.
"Ach tá muid anois fuair difríochtaí beaga idir an Domhan agus an Ghealach. Deimhníonn sé seo an hipitéis tionchair ollmhór".
Chun an teoiric a dhearbhú, rinne an Dr Herwartz anailís ar na hísotóp den ocsaigin i gcarraigí na míosa, a fheidhmíonn mar chineál an mhéara. Taispeánann meteorite, mar shampla, cóimheas an-difriúil de íosatóipí ocsaigine ná carraige ón talamh.
Tá an dochtúir agus a chomhghleacaithe a gcuid taighde foilsithe i bogearraí boffnry trom Science.
Is dócha gur cruthaíodh an Ghealach trí bhualadh tubaisteach an phróta-Tír le plandaí beag ar a dtugtar Theia.
Mar sin féin, tá an chuma ar na carraigeacha ó Theia go bhfuil siad an-chosúil le carraigeacha na talún, rud a chuir eolaithe eile i bhfolach.
Dúirt an Dr Mahesh Anand ó Ollscoil Oscailte go raibh an taighde "spreagúil" ach d'iarr sé cúramach.
"Caithfimid a bheith cúramach faoi ionadaíocht na gcloch seo ar an Lúnas iomlán, agus mar sin tá gá le tuilleadh anailíse ar éagsúlacht de chloch Lúnasa chun tuilleadh deimhniú a fháil", a dúirt sé. ®
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These are the species of flowering plant and shrub that we found in the forest.
Snowberry or Waxberry (Symphoricarpos albus)
0.5-2 m tall
Oval leaves and many small twigs.
Flowers are pinkish-white, bell-shaped and grow in clusters (in the summer)
Fruits are small round white berries that stay on through much of winter.
Taxonomy: Common Snowberry/Waxberry
Q and A: Who eats this? the common snowberry is resistant to deer but it can attract birds that will consume the waxy white berries. History- the common snowberry is considered poisonous by aboriginal peoples and is often referred to as the "corpse berry" or "snake's berry" because one or two of the berries were eaten by an aboriginal man and he died, supposedly from eating too much fatty food, and not the berries.
Oregon Grape(Mahonia aquifolium)
up to 60 cm long.
pairs of spiny leaves growing from stem.
leaves turn purple and red in the winter.
has bright yellow flowers in the summer.
round blue berries most of the year.
Q and A: Who eats this? Humans eat this and today it is used to make jellies and wine History- A Saanich woman discovered that eating the berry in large quantities was the only antidote known for shellfish poisoning.
Up to 2 m tall.
5 petal flowers that are large and white and produce sweet red berries.
Q and A: Who eats this? Thimbleberries were eaten by all Northwest Coast people. History- Aboriginal peoples often mixed the Thimbleberries with raspberries and black caps, drying the, and putting them into cakes.
This is what the Thimbleberry looks like when it's summer time.
*Himalayan Blackberry(Rubus armeniacus)
3-4 ft tall and wide
dark green coloured leaves with small bristles on the outside
berries grow almost year round and range from dark blue to bright red
Q and A:
Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
large green leaves (if you fold over the top leaf the two parallel to each other look like butterfly wings)
similar appearance to blackberries but only bright red coloured berries
Q and A: Who eat this? Eaten by indigenous peoples. The berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. History: Salmonberry are native to the west coast of North America from west central Alaska to California, inland as far as Idaho. J.S.
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
soft leaves that grow from the stem in pairs of two
very painful to the touch !
green leaves that gradually get smaller going to the head of the stem
Create your own unique website with customizable templates.
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Seo iad na speicis de phlandaí bláthanna agus de chrainn a fuair muid sa choille.
Cásca agus cócaireacht
0.5-2 m ar airde
duilleoga Oval agus go leor brainse beaga.
Tá bláthanna bán-pincéadacha, ar chruth gloine agus fásann siad i ngrúpaí (sa samhradh)
Is torthaí beaga babhta bán iad a fhanann ar feadh cuid mhaith den gheimhreadh.
Cód: Cód na n-earraí
Ceist agus A: Cé a itheann é seo? Tá an snowberry coitianta resistant do deer ach is féidir leis a mhealladh éan a itheann na berries bán waxy. Stair - meastar go bhfuil an cithfholcadh coitianta nimhiúil ag pobail aborigine agus is minic a thugtar air mar "cithfholcadh an choirp" nó "cithfholcadh na nathair" toisc go ndearna fear aborigineach ceann amháin nó beirt de na cithfholcadh a ithe agus fuair sé bás, is dócha ó ithe an iomarca bia sailleach, agus ní na cithfholcadh.
Gráinne Oregon ((Mahonia aquifolium)
suas le 60 cm ar fhad.
péirí de dhuilleoga spineacha ag fás as an gcodán.
déantar na duilleoga a bheith purpúrtha agus dearg sa gheimhreadh.
Tá bláthanna buí geal geal aige sa samhradh.
bainne gorm cruinn an chuid is mó den bhliain.
Ceist agus A: Cé a itheann é seo? Tá daoine ag ithe é seo agus inniu úsáidtear é chun jellies agus fíon a dhéanamh Stair- D'aimsigh bean Saanich go raibh an berry a ithe i gcainníochtaí móra an t-aon antaídhocsaí ar eolas le haghaidh póinníocht muiceolaí.
suas le 2 m ar airde.
5 bláthanna péiteal atá mór agus bán agus a tháirgeann berries dearga milis.
Ceist agus A: Cé a itheann é seo? D'ith daoine uile an Chósta Thiarthar Thuaidh na Timbhall. Stair- Is minic a mheasann daoine Aboriginal na Thimbleberries le frasbair agus caipíní dubha, ag triomú na, agus iad a chur i gciseáin.
Seo mar a fhéachann an Thimbleberry nuair a bhíonn sé in am an tsamhraidh.
* Blackberry Himalayan ((Rubus armeniacus)
3-4 ft ar airde agus ar leithead
duilleoga dorcha glas le bristles beaga ar an taobh amuigh
fásann na bairille beagnach ar feadh na bliana agus tá siad ó gorm dorcha go dearg geal
Ceisteanna agus A:
Cásca (Castor spp.)
duilleoga móra glas (má fhógrann tú an duilleog barr beidh an dá cheann cothrom le chéile cosúil le sciatháin liomach)
cuma cosúil le blackberries ach amháin berries dearg geal
Ceist agus A: Cé a itheann é seo? D'ith pobal dúchasacha é. D'ith na berries le salmón nó le saill oolichan nó le roe salmón. Stair: Is é an Salmonberry dúchasach ar chósta thiar Mheiriceá Thuaidh ó Alasca lárnach siar go California, go dtí Idaho. J.S.
Cúntóir (Chuntóir)
duilleoga bog a fhásann as an stéim i péirí de dhá
an-dochar chun teagmháil !
duilleoga glas a fháil níos lú de réir a chéile ag dul go dtí an ceann an stéim
Cruthaigh do shuíomh Gréasáin uathúil féin le teimpléid in-oiriúnaithe.
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The 10 Most Groundbreaking Cars in Automotive History
These 10 Cars Helped Change Everything
Updated September 18, 2018
The cars of today owe much to the vehicles that came before them. While it’s easy to look at a modern car and complain about something as simple as it not having power windows or locks, there’s a long history of discovery and innovation that led to you being able to complain about such a simple feature.
What if we still had to crank our engines by hand? What if seatbelts were still optional? Automotive history is rich and deep; there is a long line of famous vehicles that paved the way to the engineering marvels we enjoy today. Here are the stories of ten of the most innovative and influential cars ever produced. Click Next to view our list of groundbreaking cars.
1. Ford Model T (1908)
The Model T is generally regarded as the first affordable car in the world, and the vehicle that not only opened up a world of automobile travel to the middle classes, but put the famer on wheels as well. For example, the Pullford Company of Quincy, IL sold a $135 kit to convert a Model T into a tractor. Ford’s refinement of Ransom E. Olds assembly line methods along with a $5 day salary to retain workers made it all possible. Produced between 1908 and 1927, more than 15 million Model T Fords were manufactured at 25 plants across the globe, which brought mobility to the masses. For that reason, it has earned its place on this this of influential developments in the history of automotive design and production.
2. Austin Seven (1922)
The Austin Seven was a reliable, well-designed and properly manufactured small car, in some ways the replacement to the Model T in many parts of the world. It was small, weighing less than half of a Model T, and powered by a tiny 747 cc inline four cylinder engine. The Seven appears on this list not so much for what the car represented at the time, but the impact that it made in the automotive industry. The little Seven (or cars built on a Seven chassis) had a critical roles in establishing each of these incredibly important and successful automotive firms: BMW (which built a copy under license as the Dixi), Nissan (which built an unlicensed copy), Lotus (whose first car was based on a Seven), McLaren (who started racing in a Seven), Jaguar, Jeep (which was first developed by the US arm of Austin), and the GM division in Australia, Holden.
3. Chrysler Airflow (1934)
Sometimes you can be right and still be wrong. Chrysler engineers sought to reinvent the automobile by making it body more aerodynamic, safer by incorporating a unibody chassis structure and interior padding for passengers, and better handling by shifting weight distribution to achieve a better balance. The car was rejected by the public and considered at the time to be a failure. In retrospect, launching a completely new design during the Great Depression was chancy at best, not only because there were fewer buyers in the market, but because the public is more conservative in its choices during an economic downturn. It didn’t help that GM was actively trying to discredit the car in public. In exoneration of the Chrysler engineers, virtually every feature they devised is now part of today’s passenger cars.
4. Volkswagen Type 1 (1938)
Despite its roots in Nazi Germany, very few VWs were produced until after WWII. The brainchild of Ferdinand Porsche, it was designed to meet very specific requirements laid out for capacity, speed, economy and other criteria. Professor Porsche actually drew upon design lesson from the pre-War Auto Union GP cars in its development and its production lasted for 65 years between 1938 and 2006 – the longest ever run for a single design concept. It was also the first car to truly become a cultural icon, particularly through the 1960s, showing that cars had a place in wider society.
5. Chevrolet (1955)
It’s difficult to separate the all-new 1955 V8 Chevrolet engine from the all-new 1955 Chevrolet sedans in any discussions of the brand, as each had a critical role on setting Chevrolet on its course to become a preeminent brand. In the early 1950s Chevrolet was slow to update its designs from their immediate post-War designs and seemed to always trail Ford in the styling department. However in 1955 Chevy caught up with Ford in the body design category by leaping to a true shoebox look. It had smooth straight panels on the sides and hood, wrap-around glass on the windshield, and triangular tail lights that jutted outward. And this new look helped make the ’55 an instant hit and a critical success. And under the hood was the new Chevrolet 265 V8, eventually to become known as the small block, developed by Ed Cole and his team which would go on to create its own history.
6. BMC Mini (1959)
If there were ever a car that sold itself, it would be the BMC Mini. When it was introduced it would stop traffic by drawing interested onlookers, and even today people will cross a lot to glimpse an original Mini parked there. Designed by Sir Alex Issigonis to meet the needs of the British public during a period of fuel rationing (Suez Crisis) it was to fit within a box 10’ x 4’ x 4’ and seat four 6’ adults. Cleverly Issigonis pushed the small wheels out to each corner and mounted the engine, up front and transversely, driving the front wheels, to maximize passenger space, creating the recipe for every small FWD car since. In doing so, he also credited a car with an instant cache. A fashion designer named her new short skirt after the car (miniskirt) and they became a fashionable car to drive around London during the 1960s (John Lennon drove one). Minis were even effective rally and racing cars (competing at times against 7.0 L Fords).
7. Ford Mustang (1964.5)
Originally envisioned as a small mid-engine two-seat sports car powered by a V4 engine, the original concept was dropped as sales for the two-seat Thunderbird were continually below expectations. Instead the engineers took the Falcon chassis, which was very much a stripped-down economy car at the time, and used it as the basis for the new front-engine 2+2 Mustang that would hit the market like a hydrogen bomb in early 1964. Even though the Mustang resembled nothing else in Ford’s line, it carried many components from other cars, making assembly cost-effective as workers didn’t need to be retrained, and dealers didn’t need to stock a great deal of additional inventory. And not only did the Ford Mustang change how cars were manufactured; they made an enormous impact on the market as well. By creating the “Pony Car” category, Ford drew in Chevrolet (Camaro), Pontiac (Firebird), AMC (Javelin), Dodge (Challenger), and Plymouth (Barracuda/’Cuda). It also influenced cars design as exemplified by the 1976 Toyota Celica and the 1970 Mercury Capri.
8. Lamborghini Miura (1966)
You’ll find little argument from automotive historians that the Lamborghini Miura was the world’s first super car. It deserves the title not just because of its performance; but that it pushed the boundaries of what people thought was possible in automobile design. It ushered in the era of the high-performance, two-seater sports car and it was easily the fastest road car in production when it was introduced. The design shared much more in common with the race cars of the day, rather than the touring car designs that had been favored by Ferruccio Lamborghini, who objected the original concept for the Miura, thinking it was too Ferrari-like. Instead the company’s far-thinking engineers designed it in their spare time. Signore Lamborghini relented and gave the engineers a free hand in developing the car. The car was introduced at the 1966 Geneva Motor Show to universal acclaim and the rest, as they say, is history.
9. Chrysler Minivan (1983)
Chrysler invented the Minivan out desperation. It had narrowly missed going into bankruptcy but had only one platform and one basic powertrain option. Engineers were struggling to create as many models from the platform as possible. So with the Minivan not only did they create a new model, they forever changed the way cars were conceptualized. It looked boxy, but had a sliding side door that made loading the kids in the car easy, yet it was small enough to fit in a standard parking spot. While the craze for Minivans has faded in the US, with many manufacturers who made built them exiting the market, it remains a 100,000 unit market in the United States alone.
10. Toyota Prius (1997)
The Toyota Prius was the first mass-produced hybrid, electric vehicle in the world (two years before Honda), and its influence is probably yet to be fully realized. Just as the Model T and Austin 7 brought automobiles to the masses, the Prius broke new ground as an alternative to cars powered exclusively by gasoline (or diesel). It triggered competitors to build hybrids in virtually every category, as well as explore other green alternatives to fossil fuels. The Prius remains one of the most environmentally friendly cars ever made, which earns its place on this list of the most innovative car designs of all time.
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Na 10 Carranna is Tréimhsí i Stair na gCarr
Chabhraigh na 10 Carr seo le Gach Rud a Athrú
Nuashonraithe 18 Meán Fómhair, 2018
Tá an-chuid de na gluaisteáin atá ann inniu de bhuíochas leis na feithiclí a tháinig roimh iad. Cé go bhfuil sé éasca breathnú ar charr nua-aimseartha agus gearán a dhéanamh faoi rud chomh simplí sin gan fuinneoga nó glasanna leictreacha, tá stair fhada ann maidir le haiscíocht agus nuálaíocht a thug go bhféadfá gearán a dhéanamh faoi ghné chomh simplí sin.
Cad a tharlaíonn má bhí againn fós a crank ár inneall de láimh? Cad a tharlaíonn má tá criosanna sábháilteachta fós roghnach? Tá stair an ghluaisteáin saibhir agus domhain; tá sraith fada feithiclí cáiliúla ann a d'fhág an bealach chun na míorúiltí innealtóireachta a bhfuil áthas orainn inniu. Seo iad na scéalta de deich de na carr is nuálaíocha agus tionchar riamh a tháirgtear. Cliceáil ar Next chun ár liosta de na gluaisteáin ceannródaíocha a fheiceáil.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ford Múnla T (1908)
Is é an t-Model T a mheastar go ginearálta mar an chéad charr inacmhainne ar domhan, agus an fheithicil a d'oscail ní amháin domhan taistil gluaisteán do na meánaicmeacha, ach chuir an famer ar rothaí freisin. Mar shampla, dhíol Cuideachta Pullford de Quincy, IL trealamh $ 135 chun Múnla T a thiontú ina thráchtóir. Rinne feabhsú Ford ar mhodhanna líne tionóil Ransom E. Olds mar aon le tuarastal $ 5 in aghaidh an lae chun oibrithe a choinneáil go léir a dhéanamh indéanta. Táirgeadh idir 1908 agus 1927, rinneadh níos mó ná 15 milliún Ford Samhail T ag 25 gléasra ar fud an domhain, rud a thug soghluaisteacht do na mais. Ar an gcúis sin, tá a áit tuillte aige ar an liosta seo de fhorbairtí tionchair i stair dearaidh agus táirgeachta gluaisteán.
2. Seachadadh. Austin Seacht (1922)
Ba carr beag iontaofa, dea-dheartha agus déantúsaithe é an Austin Seacht, ar bhealaí áirithe an t-athsholáthar don Mhúnla T i go leor áiteanna ar domhan. Bhí sé beag, ag meáchan níos lú ná leath de Mhúnla T, agus bhí innill cheithre-siolandair 747 cc inlíne beag ag gabháil leis. Tá an Seacht ar an liosta seo ní i bhfad mar gheall ar an méid a léiríodh ag an gcarr ag an am, ach an tionchar a bhí aige ar thionscal na ngluaisteán. Bhí ról ríthábhachtach ag an Seacht beag (nó ag gluaisteáin a tógadh ar chassis Seacht) i mbunú gach ceann de na gnólachtaí gluaisteán thar a bheith tábhachtach agus rathúil seo: BMW (a thóg cóip faoi cheadúnas mar an Dixi), Nissan (a thóg cóip gan cheadúnas), Lotus (a raibh a chéad charr bunaithe ar Seacht), McLaren (a thosaigh ag rásaíocht i Seacht), Jaguar, Jeep (a d'fhorbair brainse na SA de Austin den chéad uair), agus an rannán GM san Astráil, Holden.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Chrysler Airflow (1934)
Uaireanta is féidir leat a bheith ceart agus fós a bheith mícheart. D'iarr innealtóirí Chrysler an gluaisteán a athfhionnadh trína chorp a dhéanamh níos aerodinamic, níos sábháilte trí struchtúr chassis unibody agus padding istigh a ionchorprú do phaisinéirí, agus láimhseáil níos fearr trí dháileadh meáchain a aistriú chun cothromaíocht níos fearr a bhaint amach. Dhiúltaigh an pobal don charr agus measadh go raibh sé ag teip air ag an am. Ag breathnú siar, bhí sé ina dhea-chontúirt dearadh iomlán a sheoladh le linn an Mhór-Dúbailte, ní hamháin toisc go raibh níos lú ceannaitheoirí sa mhargadh, ach toisc go bhfuil an pobal níos coimeádach ina roghanna le linn géarchéime eacnamaíoch. Níor chabhraigh sé go raibh GM ag iarraidh go gníomhach an carr a dhíchreidiú go poiblí. I exoneration na hinnealtóirí Chrysler, beagnach gach gné a cheap siad anois cuid de na lá atá inniu carr paisinéirí.
4. Tá an t-am Volkswagen Cineál 1 (1938)
In ainneoin a fréamhacha sa Ghearmáin Naitsíoch, táirgeadh an-bheagán VW go dtí tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Cruthaíodh é de bhun intinne Ferdinand Porsche, chun riachtanais an-shonracha a chomhlíonadh a leagtar amach le haghaidh acmhainneacht, luas, geilleagar agus critéir eile. D'éirigh le hOllamh Porsche a fhorbairt ar an gcúrsa dearaidh ó na gluaisteáin Auto Union GP roimh an gCogadh agus mhair a tháirgeadh ar feadh 65 bliain idir 1938 agus 2006 - an rith is faide riamh le haghaidh coincheap dearadh aonair. Ba é an chéad charr é freisin a tháinig chun bheith ina íocán cultúrtha, go háirithe sna 1960idí, ag taispeáint go raibh áit ag gluaisteáin sa tsochaí níos leithne.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Chevrolet (1955)
Tá sé deacair an t-inneall nua V8 Chevrolet 1955 a scaradh ó na sedáin Chevrolet nua 1955 in aon phlé ar an mbranda, mar bhí ról ríthábhachtach ag gach ceann acu chun Chevrolet a shocrú ar a chúrsa chun bheith ina bhranda preeminent. Go luath sna 1950idí, bhí Chevrolet mall a dhearadh a nuashonrú óna dearaí iar-Chogaidh láithreach agus ba chosúil go raibh Ford i gcónaí ag imeacht sa roinn stíle. Mar sin féin i 1955 Chevy gabhadh suas le Ford sa chatagóir dearadh comhlacht ag léim go fíor-bhosca bróga breathnú. Bhí painéil shoiléir réidh ar na taobhanna agus ar an gcúba, gloine imlíne ar an bhraon tosaigh, agus soilse iarthriománacha triantúla a bhí ag dul amach. Agus chabhraigh an cuma nua seo le 55 a dhéanamh bua láithreach agus rath criticiúil. Agus faoin huap, bhí an Chevrolet 265 V8 nua, a d'fhás ar a dtugtar an bloc beag, a d'fhorbair Ed Cole agus a fhoireann a d'fhanfadh chun a stair féin a chruthú.
6. Ceacht. BMC Mini (1959)
Má bhí riamh carr a dhíol féin, bheadh sé a bheith ar an BMC Mini. Nuair a tugadh isteach é stopfadh sé tráchta trí lucht féachana a tharraingt, agus fiú inniu déanfaidh daoine a lán a thrasnú chun Mini bunaidh a fheiceáil páirceáilte ann. Dearadh é ag Sir Alex Issigonis chun freastal ar riachtanais phobail na Breataine le linn tréimhse racionála breosla (Géarchéim Suez) bhí sé le cur isteach i mbosca 10 x 4 x 4 agus suíochán a bheith aige do cheithre dhuine fásta 6. Go cliste chuir Issigonis na rothaí beaga amach go gach cúinne agus chuir sé an t-inneall, os comhair agus trasna, ag tiomáint na rothaí tosaigh, chun spás paisinéirí a uasmhéadú, ag cruthú an t-oideas do gach carr FWD beag ó shin. Agus é sin á dhéanamh aige, thug sé creidmheas freisin do charr le coimeádán clúdaithe láithreach. D'ainmnigh dearthóir faisin a sciorta ghearr nua tar éis an charr (mini-sciorta) agus tháinig siad ina gcarr faiseanta chun tiomáint timpeall Londain le linn na 1960idí (d'fhógair John Lennon ceann). Bhí Minianna éifeachtacha fiú i rally agus i gcarranna rásaíochta (ag dul san iomaíocht uaireanta i gcoinne Ford 7.0 L).
7. Ceacht. Ford Mustang (1964.5)
Ar dtús, bhí sé beartaithe mar charr spóirt dhá suíochán beag lár-inneall a bhí cumhachtithe ag inneall V4, thit an coincheap bunaidh mar a bhí díolacháin an Thunderbird dhá suíochán faoi bhun na n-ionchais i gcónaí. Ina áit sin, ghlac na hinnealtóirí an chassis Falcon, a bhí an-tóir air mar charr eacnamaíochta a bhí scaipthe ag an am, agus d'úsáid siad é mar bhunús don Mustang nua 2 + 2 innill tosaigh a bhuail an margadh mar bhomba hidrigine go luath i 1964. Cé nach raibh aon rud eile cosúil leis an Mustang i líne Ford, bhí go leor comhpháirteanna aige ó ghluaisteáin eile, rud a rinne tionól costéifeachtach mar nach raibh gá le hoibrithe a athchóiriú, agus ní raibh gá le déileálaithe stoc a dhéanamh ar mhórchuid stoc breise. Agus ní hamháin gur athraigh an Ford Mustang an chaoi a ndearnadh gluaisteáin a mhonarú; rinne siad tionchar ollmhór ar an margadh freisin. Trí chatagóir Pony Car a chruthú, tharraing Ford isteach Chevrolet (Camaro), Pontiac (Firebird), AMC (Javelin), Dodge (Challenger), agus Plymouth (Barracuda / Cuda). Bhí tionchar aige freisin ar dhearadh gluaisteán mar a léirítear leis an Toyota Celica 1976 agus an Mercury Capri 1970.
8. Ceacht. Lamborghini Miura (1966)
Gheobhaidh tú argóint beag ó stairiúnaithe gluaisteán go raibh an Lamborghini Miura an chéad supercar ar domhan. Is fiú an teideal é, ní hamháin mar gheall ar a fheidhmíocht; ach gur bhrúigh sé teorainneacha na ndaoine a cheapadh a bhí indéanta i ndearadh gluaisteán. Chuir sé tús le ré na carr spóirt ardfheidhmíochta, dhá suíochán agus bhí sé go héasca ar an gcarr bóthair is tapúla a tháirgtear nuair a tugadh isteach é. Bhí an dearadh i bhfad níos coitianta le gluaisteáin rásaíochta an lae, seachas na dearaí carr turais a bhí fabhrach ag Ferruccio Lamborghini, a chuir agóid i gcoinne an choincheapa bunaidh don Miura, ag smaoineamh go raibh sé ró-chosúil le Ferrari. Ina áit sin, rinne innealtóirí fada-smaoineamh na cuideachta é a dhearadh ina gcuid ama saor in aisce. D'éirigh Signore Lamborghini agus thug sé lámh shaoradh do na hinnealtóirí chun an carr a fhorbairt. Tugadh an carr isteach ag Seó Mótar na Ginéive 1966 chun moladh uilíoch agus an chuid eile, mar a deir siad, is stair é.
9. Naoi. Chrysler Minivan (1983)
Chruthaigh Chrysler an Minivan as díomá. Bhí sé ag teastáil go géar ó bheith ag dul i mbun féimheachta ach ní raibh ach ardán amháin aige agus rogha amháin de phríomh-chumhachtú. Bhí innillithe ag streachailt chun an oiread samhlacha a chruthú ón ardán agus is féidir. Mar sin, leis an Minivan ní hamháin gur chruthaigh siad samhail nua, d'athraigh siad go deo an bealach a raibh gluaisteáin ceaptha. D'fhéach sé boxy, ach bhí doras taobh sleamhnáin a rinne lasta na páistí sa charr éasca, ach bhí sé beag go leor chun freastal ar áit páirceála caighdeánach. Cé go bhfuil an craic le haghaidh Minivans imithe sna Stáit Aontaithe, le go leor déantúsóirí a rinne iad a thógáil ag dul amach as an margadh, tá margadh 100,000 aonad ann sna Stáit Aontaithe amháin.
10. Tá sé seo fíor? Toyota Prius (1997)
Ba é an Toyota Prius an chéad fheithicil hibrideach, leictreach a tháirgtear i mórchóir ar domhan (dhá bhliain roimh Honda), agus is dócha nach bhfuil a thionchar tugtha chun críche go hiomlán fós. Díreach mar a thug an Múnla T agus Austin 7 gluaisteáin chuig na mais, bhris an Prius talamh nua mar rogha eile do charranna a thiomáint go heisiach ag gásailín (nó díosail). Chuir sé iomaitheoirí chun hibridí a thógáil i mbeagnach gach catagóir, chomh maith le roghanna eile glasa a iniúchadh in ionad breoslaí iontaise. Tá an Prius ar cheann de na gluaisteáin is cairdiúla don chomhshaol a rinneadh riamh, rud a thuilleann a áit ar an liosta seo de na dearaí gluaisteán is nuálacha riamh.
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The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade
The Albigensian Crusade was called by Pope Innocent III in 1208 against the Count of Toulouse in response to the murder of the papal legate Pierre des Castelnau. The Pope’s aim was to force the Count and other nobles in Languedoc to take action against the Cathar heretics in their lands, but in the end, the defeat of Catharism in the south of France was achieved through the establishment of the Inquisition and the extension of French royal authority to the area. While some Occitan noble families survived the crusade, others were destroyed and the behaviour of the crusaders towards the local nobility has often been regarded as rather arbitrary, unconnected to how these families related to each other before 1209. This study takes the case of the Trencavel Viscounts of Béziers and Carcassonne, who were the only members of the higher nobility to lose their lands to the crusade, and argues that an understanding of how the Occitan nobility fared in the crusade years must be based in the context of the politics of the noble society of Languedoc, not only in the thirteenth century but also in the twelfth. ELAINE GRAHAM-LEIGH gained her Ph.D. from the University of London.
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An Ard-Chóir Theas na Fraince agus an Croisead Albigensian
D'iarr an Pápa Innocentius III an Cruiséad Albighinseach i 1208 i gcoinne Chontae Toulouse mar fhreagra ar mharú an legata pápa Pierre des Castelnau. Ba é aidhm an Phápa an Grá agus uaisle eile i Languedoc a chur i bhfeidhm i gcoinne na haeretaigh Cathar ina dtír féin, ach sa deireadh, baineadh an defeat Catharism i ndeisceart na Fraince amach trí bhunú an Inquisition agus leathnú údarás ríoga na Fraince ar an limistéar. Cé gur mhair roinnt teaghlaigh uasal Occitan an crosáid, scriosadh daoine eile agus is minic a mheastar go raibh iompar na gcrosadóirí i leith na uasal áitiúil go leor tofa, gan nasc leis an gcaoi a raibh na teaghlaigh seo bainteach lena chéile roimh 1209. Tógann an staidéar seo cás na Trencavel Viscounts de Béziers agus Carcassonne, a bhí ar na baill amháin den uasal ard a chaill a gcuid talún don chrosáid, agus déanann sé argóint gur chóir tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a ndearna an uasal Occitan i mblianta na crosáide a bheith bunaithe i gcomhthéacs pholaitíocht shochaí uasal Languedoc, ní hamháin sa tríú haois déag ach sa dhéagú haois. Fuair ELAINE GRAHAM-LEIGH a Ph.D. ó Ollscoil Londain.
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|Acquisition:||Drawings 1-35 from Arthur C. Parker
Drawings 36-46 from New York State Museum
|Access:||Photostats and Iroquois Indian Games and Dances available for unrestricted use. Originals are kept in the vault. Two business days notice are required for retrieval.|
|Processed by:||Billie Aul, Senior Librarian, Manuscripts and Special Collections. Revised August 1996.|
These drawings depict Seneca Indians participating many everyday and ceremonial activities. There are also drawings depicting events related to the Longhouse religion. Except for drawing number 35, they were done by Jesse Cornplanter between about 1900 and 1909. Arthur C. Parker has provided annotations for many of the drawings.
Drawing number 35 is by Roger Lay and was done around the same period. It has an annotation by Arthur C. Parker as well.
This collection was originally two collections, SC12845 (items 1-35) and SC13801 (items 36-46). The collections were merged in 1992.
Jesse Cornplanter, whose Seneca name was Hayonhwonhish, was born September 16, 1889 on the Cattaraugus Reservation. His father was Edward Cornplanter (Seneca name Sosondowah), a Faithkeeper of the Longhouse religion.
At an early age Jesse took an interest in drawing. Arthur C. Parker, an ethnologist, met him and asked him to make drawings of Seneca life for Parker to use as part of his ethnological studies of the Seneca. It is these drawings which make up the bulk of this collection.
In 1917, Jesse enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to Europe during World War I. He was part of Company G, 147th Infantry, 37th Division. He was wounded during the war and received the Purple Heart among other military honors. He was honorably discharged in 1919.
Jesse was well known as an informant for researchers working with the Iroquois, including Arthur C. Parker, William Fenton and Charles E. Bartlett. When he became a Faithkeeper himself, he worked with Fenton and Parker to record the rituals and songs connected with his duties to insure their preservation for subsequent generations.
Two of his own books documenting Iroquois life were published. Iroquois Indian Games and Dances is a collection of his drawings. Legends of the Longhouse records many Iroquois traditional stories. In addition, he illustrated The Code of Handsome Lake, a book produced by his father and Arthur C. Parker.
In addition to his other creative activities, Jesse was noted as a fine craftsman. He died March 3, 1957. He gave his personal papers to Charles E. Bartlett who in turn, gave them to the anthropology department at the State University of New York at Geneseo. There is a published guide to this collection entitled Handbook for Archival Research in the Dr. Charles E. Bartlett Iroquois Collection. Memorials for Jesse Cornplanter appear in the New York State Archeological Association's Bulletin, #10, July, 1957, pp 1-3, 18.
Bailey, Nick. "Jesse Cornplanter -- A Tribute," New York State Archeological Association. The Bulletin, #10, July 1957, p18.
Bartlett, Charles E. "Jesse J. Cornplanter," New York State Archeological Association. The Bulletin, #10, July 1957, pp1-3.
Cornplanter, Edward. The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet. Introduction by Arthur C. Parker. Translation by William Bluesky. New York State Museum, Museum Bulletin, #163. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York, 1913.
Cornplanter, Jesse J. Iroquois Indian Games and Dances. N.p., n.d. (Copy included with collection)
Cornplanter, Jesse J. Legends of the Longhouse. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1938.
Judkins, Russell A., ed. Handbook for Archival Research in the Dr. Charles E. Bartlett Iroquois Collection. Geneseo, NY: State University of New York College, Geneseo, Dept. of Anthropology, 1989.
List of Drawings
- Oswinedoh and Hat-toh, the Winter Spirit, n.d.
- The Snow Snake Game, 1905.
- The Dance of the Bear Society, ca. 1904.
- Dark Dance of Pygmy Society, n.d.
- Buffalo Society Dance, n.d.
- Death Chant and Dance, n.d.
- Purification Ceremony of the Society of Otters, 1906.
- March of the Towisas . . ., 1905?
- Ganiodaiu Wandering in the Cornfield, 1905.
- The Murderer Discovered, n.d.
- The Sick Man, n.d.
- Drunken Men at Cornplanter Village, n.d.
- Chiefs Whipping the Women who Used the Witch Poison, n.d.
- Scenes about a Seneca Bark Lodge, 1905.
- The Mythical Messenger of Death to the Seneca is a Vaporous Panther . . ., n.d.
- The Door-Keepers Dance, Reproduction by F. Starr, 1903.
- Heno, the Spirit of Thunder, n.d.
- No title, view of eagle flying, n.d.
- Wizards and Witches "Shoot from Trees," ca. 1905.
- Carving the False Face, n.d.
- Horned Serpent, 1908.
- Raising the Slain Hero.
- Indians Playing Snow Snake, 1905.
- The False Face March, 1903.
- Lodge Dance of Eagle Society, 1905.
- Cattaraugus Indians False Face Dance, 1902.
- Indian New Year's on the First Day, 1900 or 1901.
- Women's Dance, n.d.
- Handsome Lake Preaching, 1905.
- The Flying Head of the Tornado, 1906.
- The Great Serpent of Bare Hill, 1909.
- The Pacification of Atotaroh, ca. 1906.
- The Door-Keepers "Doctor Mask," 1903.
- No title. View of a winter spirit? battering tree (bringing winter to forest?), 1906.
- Lay, Roger. Society of the Mystic Animals, 1905.
- Indian False Face, n.d.
- Seneca Gagonsa Society Doctors at Work, n.d.
- Indian Squaws Pounding Corn, n.d.
- Cooking for Long House Feast, n.d.
- Indian New Year, 1901?
- Feather Dance in Seneca Long House, 1903.
- Seneca War Dance, n.d.
- Gagonsa Society Ceremony in Seneca Long House, n.d.
- Seneca Indian War Dance, n.d.
- Bowl Game in Seneca Long House, 1903.
- Seneca Indian Ready to Play Ball, 1908.
- Copy of Iroquois Indian Games and Dances (this was not microfilmed with the rest of the collection).
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Faighte: RannógDraghcháin 1-35 ó Arthur C. Parker
Léarscáileanna 36-46 ó Músaem Stáit Nua Eabhrac
Rochtain: RuairidhPhotostats agus Iroquois Indiach Cluichí agus Damhsa ar fáil le haghaidh úsáid gan srian. Coinnítear na bunaidh sa seifte. Teastaíonn dhá lá gnó roimh ré chun iad a fháil.
☐ Tá an t-alt seo á chur ar fáil ag an mBord Oideachais agus Teagasc na Gaeilge. Athbhreithnithe Lúnasa 1996.
Léiríonn na líníochtaí seo Indians Seneca ag glacadh páirt i go leor gníomhaíochtaí laethúla agus searmanacha. Tá líníochtaí ann freisin a léiríonn imeachtaí a bhaineann le reiligiún Longhouse. Seachas an líníocht uimhir 35, rinne Jesse Cornplanter iad idir 1900 agus 1909. Thug Arthur C. Parker tuairiscí do go leor de na líníochtaí.
Is é Roger Lay an t-amhrán uimhir 35 agus rinneadh é timpeall an tréimhse chéanna. Tá annotation ag Arthur C. Parker chomh maith.
Bhí an bailiúchán seo ina dhá bhailiúchán ar dtús, SC12845 (pointí 1-35) agus SC13801 (pointí 36-46). Comhcheangail na bailiúcháin i 1992.
Rugadh Jesse Cornplanter, a raibh ainm Seneca Hayonhwonhish aige, an 16 Meán Fómhair, 1889 ar Chúlchiste Cattaraugus. Ba é Edward Cornplanter (ainm Seneca Sosondowah) a athair, Faithkeeper de reiligiún Longhouse.
Ag aois óg, bhí suim ag Jesse i dtógáil. Bhuail Arthur C. Parker, eitneolaí, leis agus d'iarr sé air líníochtaí de shaol Seneca a dhéanamh do Parker le húsáid mar chuid dá chuid staidéir eitneolaíocha ar na Seneca. Is iad na líníochtaí seo a dhéanann suas an chuid is mó den bhailiúchán seo.
Sa bhliain 1917, chuaigh Jesse isteach i Arm na Stát Aontaithe agus cuireadh chuig an Eoraip é le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. Bhí sé mar chuid de Chuideachta G, 147ú Sléibhte, an 37ú Rannóg. Bhí sé gortaithe le linn na cogaidh agus fuair sé an Purple Heart i measc onóracha míleata eile. Scaoileadh go hórmhar é i 1919.
Bhí aithne mhaith ar Jesse mar fhiosóir do thaighdeoirí a bhí ag obair leis na Iroquois, lena n-áirítear Arthur C. Parker, William Fenton agus Charles E. Bartlett. Nuair a tháinig sé ina Faithkeeper féin, d'oibrigh sé le Fenton agus Parker chun na deasghnátha agus na hamhráin a bhaineann lena dhualgais a thaifeadadh chun a n-áiritheoireacht do ghlúin ina dhiaidh sin a chinntiú.
Foilsíodh dhá leabhar dá chuid féin a thaifeadann saol na Iroquois. Is é Iroquois Indian Games and Dances bailiúchán dá líníochtaí. Taifeadann Legends of the Longhouse go leor scéalta traidisiúnta Iroquois. Ina theannta sin, léirigh sé The Code of Handsome Lake, leabhar a d'eisigh a athair agus Arthur C. Parker.
Chomh maith le a chuid gníomhaíochtaí cruthaitheacha eile, bhí aithne ar Jesse mar mhic léinn ceardaíochta. Fuair sé bás ar an 3 Márta, 1957. Thug sé a chuid páipéir phearsanta do Charles E. Bartlett a thug iad ar a seal, do roinn an t-anthrópaile ag Ollscoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac ag Geneseo. Tá treoir foilsithe don bhailiúchán seo dar teideal Handbook for Archival Research in the Dr. Charles E. Bartlett Iroquois Collection. Tá cuimhneacháin ar Jesse Cornplanter le feiceáil i mBilleán Chumann Archéolaíoch Stáit Nua Eabhrac, # 10, Iúil, 1957, pp 1-3, 18.
Bailey, Nick. "Jesse Cornplanter -- A Tribute", Cumann Seandálaíochta Stáit Nua Eabhrac. An Bhulletín, # 10, Iúil 1957, lch 18.
Bartlett, Charles E. "Jesse J. Cornplanter", Cumann Seandálaíochta Stáit Nua Eabhrac. An Bhulletín, # 10, Iúil 1957, pp1-3.
Plandaí Corn, Edward. An Cód na Loch Handsome, an Prophet Seneca. Tuairim ó Arthur C. Parker. Aistrithe ag William Bluesky. Músaem Stáit Nua Eabhrac, Builleachán an Músaem, # 163. Albany, NY: Ollscoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac, 1913.
Cornplanter, Jesse J. Iroquois Indiach Cluichí agus Dhannaí. N.p., n.d. (Copy included with collection)
Plandaí Corn, Jesse J. Na finscéalta ar an Longhouse. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1938.
Judkins, Russell A., ed. Leabhrán um Thaighde Archival i gCnuasach Iroquois an Dr. Charles E. Bartlett. Geneseo, NY: State University of New York College, Geneseo, Dept. Antropoloigí, 1989.
Liosta na dTarraingthe
- Oswinedoh agus Hat-toh, an Spiorad Geimhridh, n.d.
- An Cluichí Snake Snow, 1905.
- Damhsa Chumann na Bear, ca. 1904. Tá sé seo go maith.
- Damhsa Dorcha de Chomhlachas Pygmy, n.d.
- Damhsa Cumann Buffalo, n.d.
- Death Chant and Dance, n.d.
- Searmanas Glanadh de Chumann na Otters, 1906.
- Márta na Towisas . . . go deo . ., 1905?
- Ganiodaiu ag siúl sa chornchrío, 1905.
- An Murtálaí Fuarthas amach, n.d.
- An Fear Breoite, n.d.
- Fir Drunken ag Cornplanter Village, n.d.
- Chiefs Whipping na mná a d'úsáid an Poison Witch, n.d.
- Scéimeanna faoi Seneca Bark Lodge, 1905.
- Is Panther Vaporous an Messenger Mithiciúil an Bháis do na Seneca . . . go deo . ., n.d.
- The Door-Keepers Dance, Athdhéanamh le F. Starr, 1903.
- Heno, an Spiorad Thunder, n.d.
- Gan teideal, radharc ar eitilt na héadaí, gan ainm.
- Wizards and Witches "Shoot from Trees", ca. 1905. Tá sé seo go maith.
- An Gné Fhalsaigh a Chéiliúradh, n.d.
- Serpent Horned, 1908. - Tá sé i ndáiríre.
- Ag ardú an Laoch Slain.
- Indians ag imirt Snow Snake, 1905.
- An Márta False Face, 1903.
- Damhsa Loige de Chumann na nEagla, 1905.
- Damhsa False Face na hIndiaigh Cattaraugus, 1902.
- Tá Bliain Nua Indiach ar an gcéad lá, 1900 nó 1901.
- Damhsa na mBan, n.d.
- Preaching Loch Handsome, 1905.
- An Ceann eitilte an Tornado, 1906.
- An t-easnamh mór de Bare Hill, 1909.
- The Pacification of Atotaroh, ca. 1906. - Tá sé ann.
- An Domhnall-Cuardaithe "Doctor Mask", 1903.
- Níl teideal. Féach ar spiorad gheimhridh? crann battering (a thabhairt an gheimhreadh chun foraoise? ), 1906.
- Leag, Roger. Cumann na nAinmhithe Mystic, 1905.
- Indian False Face, n.d.
- Seneca Gagonsa Society Dochtúirí ag Obair, n.d.
- Squaws Indiach Pounding Corn, n.d.
- Cócaireacht do Long House Feast, n.d.
- Bliain Nua Indiach, 1901?
- Damhsa Feather i Seneca Long House, 1903.
- Seneca War Dance, n.d.
- Searmanas Comhlachais Gagonsa i Seneca Long House, n.d.
- Seneca Indiach War Dance, n.d.
- Cluiche Bowl i Seneca Long House, 1903.
- Seneca Indiach réidh le Ball a imirt, 1908.
- Cóip de Iogam agus Damhsa Indiach Iroquois (ní raibh micreafilmithe leis an gcuid eile den bhailiúchán).
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Homework, by definition, is an assignment that a teacher gives students to do outside of class, but just how important is it? If you ask that question to most teachers, very likely their answers will include:
- It increases the amount of time the students will be studying the language (especially important if, like me, you only meet your students for two hours and thirty minutes a week)
- It can help consolidate what is being studied and/or give the student a chance of recognizing doubts and difficulties they may have on a topic. Many times, in class with the teacher guiding them, students don’t notice their weaker areas but these become more evident once they are on their own.
- It promotes student autonomy, and hopefully establishes a study habit.
We all have heard, read, said and discussed these things, but the key issue is to make students see those benefits as well. How can we do that? By doing things like talking to them about it and doing learner-trainer activities to raise student awareness… Yes, that may help. However what I have found to be more important and effective is to make homework meaningful to the students. They have to see the point in doing it. It helps if we are able to come up with assignments that they find interesting, relevant and… (Dare I say it?) fun. That last bit seems to work especially well with teen students. I know we are talking – or are we? – utopia here. It’s not always possible to do so, but I try my best to do it as often as possible. Have the students choose the topic of the homework and give them the guidelines, language, and functions to work with. Find situations your students will actually face in which the language will be useful or that are part of their everyday lives — such as transcribing the dialogue between two characters in a game they play or their favorite TV show, or having them create such a dialogue. That’s fun. The important thing is that they do the homework with attention, that they do it without finding it a waste of time, and that it actually becomes a bridge, a continuum between classes.
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Is tasc baile é, de réir sainmhíniú, a thugann múinteoir do mhic léinn a dhéanamh lasmuigh den rang, ach cé chomh tábhachtach is atá sé? Má chuireann tú an cheist sin ar an gcuid is mó múinteoirí, is dócha go mbeidh a gcuid freagraí ina measc:
- Méadaíonn sé an méid ama a bheidh ag na mic léinn ag staidéar an teanga (tá sé tábhachtach go háirithe má bhíonn tú, cosúil liomsa, ag bualadh le do mhic léinn ar feadh dhá uair an chloig agus tríocha nóiméad sa tseachtain)
- Is féidir leis cabhrú leis an méid atá á staidéar a dhaingniú agus/nó deis a thabhairt don mhic léinn amhras agus deacrachtaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu ar ábhar a aithint. Go minic, sa rang le múinteoir ag treorú, ní thugann mic léinn faoi deara a gcuid áiteanna lag ach bíonn siad níos soiléire nuair a bhíonn siad ar a gcuid féin.
- Cuireann sé neamhspleáchas na mac léinn chun cinn, agus tá súil againn go mbunóidh sé nósanna staidéir.
Tá na rudaí seo cloiste againn go léir, léite, ráite agus pléite, ach is é an príomhcheist ná na buntáistí sin a chur in iúl do na mic léinn freisin. Conas is féidir linn é sin a dhéanamh? Trí rudaí a dhéanamh mar labhairt leo faoi agus gníomhaíochtaí foghlaimeora-oiliúna a dhéanamh chun feasacht na mac léinn a ardú... Sea, d'fhéadfadh sé sin cabhrú. Mar sin féin, is é an rud a fuair mé a bheith níos tábhachtaí agus níos éifeachtaí ná obair bhaile a dhéanamh bríomhar do na mic léinn. Ní mór dóibh a fheiceáil an pointe i é a dhéanamh. Cabhraíonn sé má tá muid in ann teacht suas le tascanna a bhfuil siad a fháil suimiúil, ábhartha agus... (D'fhéadfadh mé a rá é?) spraoi. Is cosúil go n-oibríonn an chuid deireanach go háirithe go maith le mic léinn déagóirí. Tá a fhios agam go bhfuil muid ag caint nó tá muid? utopia anseo. Ní féidir é sin a dhéanamh i gcónaí, ach déanaim mo dhícheall é a dhéanamh chomh minic agus is féidir. Lig do na mic léinn ábhar an obair bhaile a roghnú agus tabhair na treoirlínte, an teanga agus na feidhmeanna a bheidh le déanamh acu. Faigh cásanna a mbeidh do dhaltaí i láthair i ndáiríre ina mbeidh an teanga úsáideach nó ina bhfuil cuid dá saol laethúil mar shampla idirphlé idir dhá charachtar i gcluiche a imríonn siad nó a gcuid seó teilifíse is fearr leat, nó a bheith acu a chruthú idirphlé den sórt sin. Tá sé seo spraoi. Is é an rud tábhachtach ná go ndéanann siad an obair bhaile go díritheach, go ndéanann siad é gan é a bheith ina dramhaíl ama, agus go n-éireoidh sé ina bhrú, ina leanúnachas idir ranganna.
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When ITM talks about ethnicity, we often use the terms identity or culture instead- ethnicity is often used in more academic discussions. So when we discuss ethnicity or identity, we are really looking at the collective set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms and language that Travellers share that make them Travellers.
What is an ethnic group?
Everyone is part of an ethnic group which shapes their identity. It isn’t the same as nationality (the country where you are born) but is about your culture. Defining someone’s ethnicity is difficult, as every culture changes over time. But even though ethnicity changes, there are some things that define what ethnicity is:
- To be part of a specific ethnic group, you must be born into the group. For instance, some Travellers may hide their identity and chose not to recognised as Travellers, but no one can ever become a Traveller unless they are born into it.
- Travellers have a shared history, culture and language.
- Travellers acknowledge themselves s as being of a group different to settled people and settled people acknowledge us as being a separate group.
As Traveller Activist Brigid Quilligan said at a conference on ethnicity “We may not be able to describe easily and for all Travellers what makes us Traveller but we know in our hearts we are. We feel it. It really is in our soul.
Why is ethnicity and culture so important?
Culture is a series of values and norms that is acquired by learning (mostly non-consciously) at an early age and is adapted differently by each individual within the group over their lifetime, which is then passed on in a changing process from generation to generation. Culture has a profound influence on how people think, feel, act and process information. Culture is more than traditions, music, language and religious beliefs. It also provides us with a series of frameworks for how we view the world and shapes our values, how we interpret information and define boundaries.
Where does Culture come from?
Cultural is transmitted from members of the same cultural group, usually by young children from parents, their peers and their social group, with the basic components of culture acquired at early ages (with children internalising key cultural values and norms). Culture is learned by hearing, seeing and unconsciously adopting or copying actions of those children grow up with. Culture is actively generated and created, in attempts to modify or protect or expand existing norms in face of internal and external challenges- culture is not static and solely based in the past, but an interplay between tradition and emerging new ideas.
Traveller culture and identity is constantly changing and adapting. Some aspects of change happen as society changes globally. Other changes are forced upon the community- for example, legislative changes that have had huge negative impacts on Traveller culture: nomadism effectively criminalised through the Trespass legislation, changes laws governing market trading and laws covering horse ownership. These laws have meant that traditional aspects of Traveller culture are almost impossible to express. Despite these policies, which have had serious impacts on the community, Travellers continue to see themselves as Travellers and show pride in their identity and heritage (link to Traveller Pride)
Why is ethnicity Recognition so important?
The Irish Traveller Movement was founded in 1990 on the principle that Travellers are an Ethnic Group and recognition of Traveller Ethnicity has been at the core of our Movement. Central to our analysis of the issues that Travellers face is that denial of Traveller identity and policies of assimilation have created vast inequalities for Travellers in health, accommodation, employment, education and participation in Irish society. ITM’ vision has always been that in order for real change for Travellers, ethnicity needs to be recognised.
Traveller ethnicity recognition is at the heart of the question of how Travellers might become less unequal in Irish Society. The report of the Task Force on the Traveller community highlighted the importance of recognition of Traveller culture:
“The recognition of Travellers’ culture and identity has an importance for Travellers and their status in Irish society. Identity and belonging is vital to everybody and is equal to physical wants and needs. Identity and sense of community cannot be ignored because identity is fiercely cherished by everyone and community is vital for everyone’s sense of belonging.”
In addition, the publication of the Equality Authority report Traveller Ethnicity in 2006 also highlights the contradictions in the Irish Government’s position. The report establishes a clear case for the acknowledgment of Traveller ethnicity:
“An understanding and recognition of Traveller ethnicity is central to the effective promotion of equality of opportunity for the Traveller community.”
Why is ethnic recognition important?
The recognition of Traveller ethnicity is a matter of huge significance for Travellers. Recognition of Traveller ethnicity would finally create an opportunity for a sustainable relationship between Travellers and non-Travellers and the institutions of the State. It would mean that Travellers could build on the pride and esteem they have in their identity with the realisation that the State will no longer try to undermine, deny or destroy centuries of culture.
As our former Director Brigid Quilligan said in 2012 at a conference on Traveller ethnicity:
“While we talk of the recognition of us for the people we are would result in increased self esteem and pride amongst our people. We all know of Travellers who are struggling with their identity. We see the effects this has on people. Some people look as if they are thriving, they are principals, doctors, lawyers, teachers, guards, but how must it be for them to live and work in a society where Travellers are openly spoken about in degrading terms? How must it be for them if they feel someone they teach or a client of theirs recognises they are Travellers? Could their whole world fall apart if their identity is revealed? The unfortunate answer is yes. So while we have some really positive role models who are open about their identity, we have many more that conceal it”
At our AGM in 2009, former CEO of the Equality Authority gave the keynote address called “Ethnicity – the Key to Equality” concluded that “equality encompasses a range of different objectives. These include:
- Equality in the distribution of resources in society, resources such as incomes, jobs, health, education and accommodation. Travellers experience serious inequalities in this regard with high levels of unemployment, a low presence in third level education, low life expectancy and many families still living on the side of the road with basic facilities.
- Equality in relation to who holds power or has influence in Irish society. There are no Travellers in the Dail, Seanad, or judiciary for example. Traveller organizations are represented in social partnership but express increasing frustration at their lack of influence within social partnership.
- Equality in access to relationships of care, respect and solidarity with the wider society. Travellers’ experience is one of relationships characterized by tension, disrespect, abuse and conflict with the wider settled society.
- Equality in the status and standing afforded to different groups in society. The denial of Traveller ethnicity undermines any status and standing for Travellers in Irish society.
It is important to understand that these different equality objectives are interlinked. Where a group does not have status or standing it will not enjoy relationships of respect with the wider society, it will find it hard to exercise any influence over decisions and it will experience barriers in seeking to access resources. In this way the recognition of Traveller ethnicity can be seen as a key to unlocking the struggle for equality for Travellers. The recognition of Traveller ethnicity will secure a new status and standing for Travellers that will shape new terms on which resources are made available to Travellers, that will shape new relationships of mutual respect with the settled community and that will underpin a new influence for Travellers in their dealings with the state. The recognition of Traveller ethnicity won’t secure equality for Travellers. However it provides a new and solid foundation from which to pursue equality for Travellers.”
ITM’s ethnicity Campaign
The ITM formed to campaign for Traveller ethnicity recognition- it was one of the central aims and reasons for our formation. Analysis of what ethnicity meant, what recognition would mean, lobbying nationally and internationally for that recognition has been part of all our work. However, after a motion at our AGM in 2008 by Blanchardstown Traveller Development Group, a specific petition and campaign began. Launched on the 10th December 2008 (as part of ITM Celebration of UN International Human Rights Day) Traveller organisations began conversations among the community on ethnicity, identity and getting Travellers to sign petitions calling for their ethnicity to be recognised.
Based on this, we began a specific lobbying campaign, and in conjunction with other Traveller groups, have built political allies to the point where in 2014 a joint party Oireachtas Committee agreed that Traveller ethnicity should be recognised and set out steps for how this should happen. ITM and other national Traveller groups continued to work with Government Departments to strengthen this call, including ensuring a second Joint Oireachtas Committee report at the end of 2016 would generate further momentum. ITM and others ensured that the Council of Europe and European Commission were lobbied to add their voices for ethnicity recognition.
The work of thousands of Travellers, locally, regionally, nationally and internationally was finally successful on Wednesday 1st March 2017 as Traveller ethnicity was formally recognised by the Irish State. The campaign for Traveller ethnicity recognition was successful- the challenge for ITM and others is to build on that success and lobby for real equality and participation of Travellers in Irish Society.
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Nuair a labhraíonn ITM faoi eitneachas, is minic a úsáideann muid na téarmaí céannacht nó cultúr ina ionad - is minic a úsáidtear eitneachas i ndíospóireachtaí níos acadúla. Mar sin nuair a phléimid eitneachas nó féiniúlacht, táimid ag féachaint i ndáiríre ar an tsraith choiteann de chreideamh, dearcadh, luachanna, nósanna agus teanga a roinneann Siúilithe a dhéanann Siúilithe iad.
Cad é grúpa eitneach?
Tá gach duine mar chuid de ghrúpa eitneach a mhúnlaíonn a féiniúlacht. Ní hionann é agus náisiúntacht (an tír ina rugadh tú) ach baineann sé le do chultúr. Tá sé deacair ciníochas duine a shainiú, de bhrí go n-athraíonn gach cultúr le himeacht ama. Ach cé go n-athraíonn eitneachas, tá roinnt rudaí ann a shainmhíníonn cad é eitneachas:
- Chun a bheith mar chuid de ghrúpa eitneach ar leith, ní mór duit a bheith rugadh isteach sa ghrúpa. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh roinnt Taistealaithe a n-aitheantas a cheilt agus a roghnú gan a bheith aitheanta mar Taistealaithe, ach ní féidir le duine ar bith a bheith ina Taistealaí mura rugadh isteach ann.
- Tá stair, cultúr agus teanga comhroinnte ag taistealaithe.
- Aithníonn taistealaithe iad féin mar chuid de ghrúpa difriúil ó dhaoine socraithe agus aithníonn daoine socraithe muid mar ghrúpa ar leithligh.
Mar a dúirt an gníomhaí Taisteolaí Brigid Quilligan ag comhdháil ar eitneachas B'fhéidir nach mbeidh muid in ann cur síos a dhéanamh go héasca agus do gach Taisteolaí ar an méid a dhéanann muid Taisteolaí ach tá a fhios againn inár gcroí go bhfuil muid. Táimid ag mothú é. Tá sé i ndáiríre inár anam.
Cén fáth go bhfuil eitneachas agus cultúr chomh tábhachtach?
Is sraith luachanna agus noirm é cultúr a fhaightear trí fhoghlaim (go príomha gan a bheith ar an eolas) ag aois luath agus a oiriúnaíonn gach duine sa ghrúpa ar bhealach difriúil le linn a saoil, a chuirtear ar aghaidh ansin i bpróiseas athraitheach ó ghlúin go glúin. Tá tionchar mór ag cultúr ar an gcaoi a smaoiníonn daoine, a mbraitheann, a ngníomhaíonn agus a phróiseálann siad faisnéis. Is mó an cultúr ná traidisiúin, ceol, teanga agus creideamh reiligiúnach. Soláthraíonn sé sraith frámaí dúinn freisin maidir le conas a fheicimid an domhan agus a mhúnlaíonn ár luachanna, conas a léirmhínímid faisnéis agus teorainneacha a shainiú.
Cá as a dtagann an Cultúr?
Tá an cultúr a tharchur ó bhaill den ghrúpa cultúrtha céanna, de ghnáth ag leanaí óga ó thuismitheoirí, a gcomhghleacaithe agus a ngrúpa sóisialta, agus na comhpháirteanna bunúsacha cultúir a fhaightear ag aois luath (le leanaí ag intíoráil luachanna agus nósanna cultúrtha tábhachtacha). Foghlaimtear cultúr trí éisteacht, féachaint agus gníomhartha na leanaí sin a ghlacadh nó a chóipeáil gan a bheith ar an eolas. Tá an cultúr a ghintear agus a chruthú go gníomhach, i iarracht a mhodhnú nó a chosaint nó a leathnú nósanna reatha i bhfianaise dúshláin inmheánacha agus seachtracha- cultúr nach bhfuil statach agus bunaithe go heisiach sa am atá caite, ach idirghníomhú idir traidisiún agus smaointe nua ag teacht chun cinn.
Tá cultúr agus féiniúlacht na dtuismitheoirí ag athrú agus ag oiriúnú i gcónaí. Tarlaíonn gnéithe áirithe den athrú de réir mar a athraíonn an tsochaí go domhanda. Cuirtear athruithe eile ar an bpobal - mar shampla, athruithe reachtacha a raibh tionchar diúltach ollmhór acu ar chultúr na dTráthóirí: nomadism a choiriúnaíodh go héifeachtach trí reachtaíocht Trespass, athruithe ar dhlíthe a rialaíonn trádáil margaidh agus dlíthe a chlúdaíonn úinéireacht chapaill. Mar thoradh ar na dlíthe seo, tá sé beagnach dodhéanta gnéithe traidisiúnta chultúr na dTráthóirí a chur in iúl. In ainneoin na mbeartais seo, a bhfuil tionchar tromchúiseach acu ar an bpobal, leanann na hIarratasóirí ag féachaint orthu féin mar Iarratasóirí agus ag léiriú bród as a n-aitheantas agus a n-oidhreacht (nasc chuig Bród na hIarratasóirí)
Cén fáth go bhfuil aitheantas eitneachta chomh tábhachtach?
Bunaíodh Gluaiseacht na dTráthóirí Éireannacha i 1990 ar an bprionsabal gur Grúpa eitneach iad na dTráthóirí agus tá aitheantas a thabhairt do Ghlúineacht na dTráthóirí mar chroílár ár Gluaiseachta. Tá sé lárnach inár anailís ar na saincheisteanna a bhíonn ag na Siúilithe ná gur chruthaigh diúltú d'aitheantas na Siúilithe agus beartais chomhghuaillithe neamhionannais mhóra do na Siúilithe i sláinte, cóiríocht, fostaíocht, oideachas agus rannpháirtíocht sa tsochaí Éireannach. Is é fís ITM i gcónaí gur gá aitheantas a thabhairt don eitneachas chun go mbeidh fíor-athrú ar siúl i gcás na dTráthóirí.
Tá aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí i gcroílár na ceiste maidir le conas a d'fhéadfadh na dTráthóirí a bheith níos lú neamhionann sa tsochaí Éireannach. Chuir tuarascáil an Tascfhórsa ar an bpobal Siúilithe béim ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le aitheantas a thabhairt do chultúr Siúilithe:
Tá tábhacht ag aitheantas cultúr agus féiniúlacht na dTráthóirí do na dTráthóirí agus dá stádas sa tsochaí Éireannach. Tá féiniúlacht agus a bheith páirteach ríthábhachtach do gach duine agus tá sé comhionann le mianta agus riachtanais fhisiciúla. Ní féidir neamhaird a dhéanamh ar féiniúlacht agus ar mhothú na pobail toisc go bhfuil gach duine ag cur go mór le féiniúlacht agus tá pobail ríthábhachtach do mhothú na hoibritheachta ag gach duine.
Ina theannta sin, léiríonn foilsiú tuarascála an Údaráis um Chomhionannas Traveller Ethnicity in 2006 na frithsheasmhachtaí i seasamh Rialtas na hÉireann. Leagann an tuarascáil cás soiléir ar bun chun eitneachas na dTráthóirí a aithint:
Tá tuiscint agus aitheantas ar eitneachas na dTráthóirí lárnach chun comhionannas deiseanna a chur chun cinn go héifeachtach do phobal na dTráthóirí.
Cén fáth go bhfuil aitheantas eitneach tábhachtach?
Tá aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí ina ábhar a bhfuil tábhacht mhór aige do na dTráthóirí. D'fhéadfadh aitheantas a thabhairt do chultúr na dTráthóirí deis a chruthú sa deireadh le haghaidh caidreamh buan idir na dTráthóirí agus na daoine nach dTráthóirí iad agus institiúidí an Stáit. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhféadfaí na Trathadóirí a bheith ag tógáil ar an bpríomh-bhród agus ar an meas atá acu ar a n-aitheantas agus iad ag tabhairt faoi deara nach ndéanfaidh an Stát iarracht níos mó dul i ngleic le cultúr na gcéadta bliain, a dhiúltú nó a scriosadh.
Mar a dúirt ár n-iar-Stiúrthóir Brigid Quilligan in 2012 ag comhdháil ar eitneachas na dTráthnóirí:
Más rud é go labhraímid faoi aitheantas dúinn mar dhaoine is ea muid, d'fhágfadh sé go méadódh féinmheas agus bród inár ndaoine. Tá a fhios againn go léir ar Travellers atá ag streachailt lena n-aitheantas. Feicimid na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag an méid seo ar dhaoine. Tá daoine áirithe cosúil go bhfuil siad ag rathú, is príomhoidí, dochtúirí, dlíodóirí, múinteoirí, gardaí iad, ach conas a bheidh sé dóibh maireachtáil agus obair i sochaí ina labhraítear go hoscailte faoi na Bóithre i dtéarmaí íoslaghdaitheacha? Conas a bheidh sé dóibh má bhraitheann siad go n-aithníonn duine a mhúineann siad nó cliant acu gur Siúilithe iad? D'fhéadfadh a saol ar fad a thitim amach má nochtadh a n-aintiteas? Is é an freagra míshásta go bhfuil. Mar sin cé go bhfuil roinnt samhlacha róil fíor-dearfacha againn atá oscailte faoina n-aitheantas, tá go leor eile againn a cheilt é.
Ag ár AGM in 2009, thug an t-iar-Chinnsitheoir Feidhmiúcháin ar an Údarás Comhionannais an phríomh-aistriúchán dar teideal Eitneachas an eochair chun comhionannais agus tháinig sé chun na críche go gcuimsíonn comhionannais raon cuspóirí éagsúla. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:
- Comhionannas i dtráchtáil acmhainní sa tsochaí, acmhainní amhail ioncam, poist, sláinte, oideachas agus cóiríocht. Tá neamhionannas tromchúiseach ag taistealaithe maidir leis seo le leibhéil arda dífhostaíochta, líon íseal daoine a bhfuil oideachas tríú leibhéal acu, ionchas saoil íseal agus go leor teaghlaigh a bhfuil saoráidí bunúsacha acu fós ag maireachtáil ar thaobh na bóthair.
- Comhionannas i ndáil leis an té a bhfuil cumhacht nó tionchar aige sa tsochaí Éireannach. Níl aon Siar sa Dáil, sa Seanad, nó sa bhreithiúnacht mar shampla. Tá eagraíochtaí taistil ionadaithe i gcomhpháirtíocht shóisialta ach cuireann siad in iúl frustrachas méadaitheach as a n-easpa tionchair laistigh den chomhpháirtíocht shóisialta.
- Comhionannas i rochtain ar chaidrimh cúraim, meas agus dlúthpháirtíochta leis an tsochaí níos leithne. Tá taithí na dtuismitheoirí ar chaidreamh a bhfuil teannas, mí-urram, mí-úsáid agus coinbhleacht leis an tsochaí níos forleithne.
- Comhionannas i stádas agus i seasamh a thugtar do ghrúpaí éagsúla sa tsochaí. Cuireann diúltú na ciníochas Siúil faoi dhroch-bhuntáiste aon stádas agus seasamh do Siúilithe i sochaí na hÉireann.
Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint go bhfuil na cuspóirí éagsúla um chomhionannas seo nasctha lena chéile. Nuair nach bhfuil stádas nó seasamh ag grúpa ní bheidh caidreamh measartha aige leis an tsochaí níos leithne, beidh sé deacair air aon tionchar a imirt ar chinntí a fheidhmiú agus beidh bacanna air ag iarraidh rochtain a fháil ar acmhainní. Ar an mbealach seo, is féidir aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí a fheiceáil mar eochair chun an streachailt ar son comhionannas do Thráthóirí a scaoileadh amach. Cuirfidh aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí stádas agus seasamh nua ar fáil do na dTráthóirí a shaothóidh téarmaí nua ar a ndéantar acmhainní a chur ar fáil do na dTráthóirí, a shaothóidh caidreamh nua meas frithpháirteach leis an bpobal socraithe agus a chuirfidh bonn le tionchar nua do na dTráthóirí ina gcaidreamh leis an stát. Ní chinnfidh aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí comhionannas do na dTráthóirí. Mar sin féin, soláthraíonn sé bunús nua agus láidir chun comhionannas a shaothrú do na hIománaithe.
Feachtas eitneachais ITM
Bunaíodh an ITM chun feachtas a dhéanamh ar aitheantas eitneachas na dTráthóirí - bhí sé ar cheann de na príomhchuspóirí agus de na cúiseanna a bhí leis an mbunú. Bhí anailís ar an méid a chiallaigh eitneachas, an méid a chiallaigh aitheantas, ag brústocaireacht go náisiúnta agus go hidirnáisiúnta ar son an aitheantais sin mar chuid dár gcuid oibre go léir. Mar sin féin, tar éis tairiscint ag ár AGM i 2008 ag Grúpa Forbartha Taistealaithe Blanchardstown, thosaigh achainí agus feachtas ar leith. Seoladh é ar an 10 Nollaig 2008 (mar chuid de Cheiliúradh ITM Lá Idirnáisiúnta Chearta an Duine na Náisiún Aontaithe) agus thosaigh eagraíochtaí na dTurais ag plé le chéile sa phobal maidir le ciníochas, féiniúlacht agus ag iarraidh ar na dTurais achainí a shíniú ag iarraidh go n-aithnítear a ciníochas.
Bunaithe ar seo, thosaigh muid ar fheachtas brústocaireachta sonrach, agus i gcomhar le grúpaí Taistealaithe eile, tá comhghuaillithe polaitiúla tógtha go dtí an pointe inar aontaigh Coiste Oireachtas comhpháirtíochta i 2014 gur cheart aitheantas a thabhairt do eitneachas na Taistealaithe agus céimeanna a leagan amach maidir le conas ba cheart é seo a dhéanamh. Lean ITM agus grúpaí náisiúnta eile Taistealaithe ag obair le Ranna Rialtais chun an glao seo a neartú, lena n-áirítear a chinntiú go dtabharfaí borradh breise don dara tuarascáil de Choiste Comhpháirteach Oireachtas ag deireadh 2016. Rinne ITM agus daoine eile cinnte go raibh brú ar Chomhairle na hEorpa agus ar Choimisiún na hEorpa a gcuid guthanna a chur le chéile chun aitheantas eitneachais a fháil.
Bhí rath ar obair na mílte Taistealaí, go háitiúil, go réigiúnach, go náisiúnta agus go hidirnáisiúnta ar deireadh Dé Céadaoin an 1 Márta 2017 nuair a d'aithin Stát na hÉireann eitneachas na Taistealaí go foirmiúil. Bhí rath ar an bhfeachtas chun aitheantas a thabhairt do theangacht na dTráthóirí - is é an dúshlán atá ag ITM agus daoine eile ná an rath sin a thógáil agus brústocaireacht a dhéanamh ar cheartas agus rannpháirtíocht fíor na dTráthóirí i Sochaí na hÉireann.
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Homeopathic physicians are well trained as well as well experienced to prescribe natural medicines which can be as effective as traditional medications. Much of these treatments are made use of in conjunction with various other practices such as acupuncture, reflexology, and also herbalism. These solutions are usually identified as being “all natural”. Homeopathy is a branch of different clinical method used by many other sorts of practitioners as well. Treatments recommended by holistic medical professionals can consist of essential oils, natural herbs, crystals and also various other compounds, in addition to tinctures or oral consumption.
A selection of research studies have actually shown that doctors making use of holistic medicine are as effective as physicians dealing with individuals with standard medicine when it comes to the treatment of severe and also persistent ailments. A big majority of those patients who have actually been dealt with utilizing this kind of natural medicine have remained without any damaging adverse effects to the treatments. Research studies have actually shown that individuals who utilize this kind of medicine have a tendency to recoup more quickly from major health problems and also the signs and symptoms that they experience are milder than those that happen in standard medication.
Because there are no negative effects connected with homeopathy, there are no worries about dependency. As long as a person taking holistic medicines routinely continues to take them, they will certainly not deal with troubles connecting to dependency. As a matter of fact, many homeopathic clinical doctors suggest their clients to proceed with their therapies until the really last stage prior to allowing them to terminate them. This is not the instance with standard medicines.
There are numerous colleges in the united states which are recognized to instruct homeopathy. Pupils thinking about learning more about this kind of medicine need to register at one of these colleges. Furthermore, they can get the relevant training by joining a distance finding out program. A large number of experts in the United States are now providing programs online in the field of homeopathy.
With the expanding appeal of homeopathic professionals, there has actually been a raised demand for medical professional assistants, or PAs. These experts function under the guidance of a doctor and assist in supplying individuals with correct medical care. They can execute research laboratory examinations, recommend medicines and even provide diagnosis and appointment solutions.
There is a great demand for these experts as more people are struggling with ailments caused by typical way of living diseases. These consist of cancer cells, diabetes mellitus as well as heart disease. Many specialists suggest individuals use different kinds of medication like holistic solutions, diet regimen and workouts to preserve a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Therefore, holistic practitioners remain in high need in the United states.
Homeopathy doctors are those who practice the art and scientific research of dealing with illness of the mind, body and also spirit. Using plants and also minerals for treating illness is one method that is distinct to homeopathy. Other kinds of alternative medical method use all natural approaches. However, homeopathy doctors make use of one of the most very focused compounds available for these techniques. They take an entire plant or mineral essence and also use it in dealing with a person’s illness.
Homeopathy was developed over a century ago. During that time, many diseases as well as signs had no effective ways of being cured. Nonetheless, natural physicians found that various combinations of substances would certainly react to each other in order to create a specific type of recovery impact. Today, holistic medical professionals can be discovered throughout the world.
The method of homeopathic medicine entails making use of really diluted prep work that are highly weakened in order to deal with every one of the symptoms and also troubles an individual might have. The reality that the treatment being administered is incredibly weaken makes holistic medicine entirely safe. Lots of people do not understand that prescription as well as over the counter medicines are really poisonous substances that can create several side effects in the body. Nevertheless, natural medicine has no such adverse effects, so homeopathic medical professionals can help their clients improve faster than those in the medical system.
Lots of people believe that homeopathic medications work equally as well as standard medication due to the fact that they do not have negative effects. While this might be true to some degree, there are a lot of other things that homeopathic physicians can do to see to it that a patient is getting the very best feasible therapy. As an example, homeopathic doctors can usually use much less watered down solutions than medical professionals and nurses at the medical system can utilize. As a result, a large portion of individuals with allergies to suggested medicines have the ability to take natural medications rather. In addition, these medications function fantastic for relaxing signs and symptoms and healing more serious problems as well as conditions, including some types of cancer cells.
Natural doctors additionally concentrate on treating particular symptoms as well as illness. As an example, there are natural medications available that are very effective at stopping the development of heart disease. This is necessary since lots of people die due to heart disease yearly. Given that this is such a common ailment, it suggests that there are plenty of individuals that require to take homeopathic medications each day in order to keep their bodies healthy and balanced. Actually, many people with persistent illness do not also understand that they could be taking holistic medicines in order to maintain their bodies healthy and balanced. homeopathic doctors
Many people do not recognize that the practice of homeopathy does greater than quit the progression of cardiovascular disease. These professionals also use holistic treatments in order to recover other medical issues, consisting of typical types of migraines, migraines, clinical depression, sinus infections, digestive system conditions, joint inflammation, hypertension, digestive problems, and extra. These professionals of alternative medicine are identified as expert healthcare experts since they are trained to detect as well as deal with using just all-natural, plant-based components. When it concerns finding a great natural medical professional or homeopath, look for one that integrates homeopathic treatments right into his/her method.
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Tá dochtúirí homeopathic dea-oilte chomh maith le dea-taithí chun cógais nádúrtha a fhorordú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith chomh héifeachtach le cógais thraidisiúnta. Úsáidtear cuid mhaith de na cóireálacha seo i gcomhar le cleachtais éagsúla eile mar acupuncture, reflexology, agus luibheolaíocht freisin. De ghnáth sainaithnítear na réitigh seo mar " uile-nádúrtha". Is brainse de mhodh chliniciúil dhifriúil é an t-imeopóid a úsáideann go leor cineálacha eile cleachtóirí freisin. Is féidir le cóireálacha a mholtar ag gairmithe sláinte iomlánacha olaí riachtanacha, luibheanna nádúrtha, criostail agus comhdhúile éagsúla eile a bheith iontu, chomh maith le tinctúir nó tomhaltas ó bhéal.
Tá roinnt staidéir taighde i ndáiríre tar éis a thaispeáint go bhfuil dochtúirí a úsáideann leigheas iomlánach chomh héifeachtach le dochtúirí a bhíonn ag déileáil le daoine aonair le leigheas caighdeánach maidir le cóireáil ailments tromchúiseacha agus leanúnacha freisin. Tá tromlach mór de na othair a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu i ndáiríre ag baint úsáide as an gcineál seo leigheas nádúrtha tar éis fanacht gan aon éifeachtaí díobhálacha díobhálacha ar na cóireálacha. Tá sé léirithe ag staidéir taighde go bhfuil claonadh ag daoine aonair a úsáideann an cineál cógais seo teacht ar ais níos gasta ó fhadhbanna sláinte móra agus freisin go bhfuil na comharthaí agus na hairíonna a bhíonn acu níos éadroime ná iad siúd a tharlaíonn i gcógas caighdeánach.
Toisc nach bhfuil aon éifeachtaí diúltacha a bhaineann le homeopathy, níl aon imní faoi spleáchas. Chomh fada agus a leanann duine a ghlacann cógais iomlánacha orthu go rialta, is cinnte nach mbeidh sé ag déileáil le trioblóidí a bhaineann le spleáchas. Go deimhin, molann go leor dochtúirí cliniciúla homeopathic a gcliaint leanúint ar aghaidh lena gcuid teiripeanna go dtí an chéim dheireanach sula gceadaítear dóibh iad a chríochnú. Ní mar sin atá le cógais chaighdeánacha.
Tá go leor coláistí sna Stáit Aontaithe a bhfuil aitheantas acu chun homeopathy a theagasc. Ba cheart do dhaltaí atá ag smaoineamh ar níos mó a fhoghlaim faoin gcineál seo míochaine clárú in aon cheann de na coláistí seo. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leo an oiliúint ábhartha a fháil trí bheith páirteach i gclár foghlama ar fad. Tá líon mór saineolaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe ag soláthar cláir ar líne anois i réimse na haoméapáite.
De réir mar a bhíonn an-tóir ar ghairmithe homeopathic, tá éileamh méadaithe ar chúntóirí gairmiúla leighis, nó PAs. Oibríonn na saineolaithe seo faoi threoir dochtúir agus cuireann siad cúnamh ar fáil do dhaoine le cúram leighis cheart. Is féidir leo scrúduithe saotharlainne taighde a dhéanamh, cógais a mholadh agus fiú diagnóis agus réitigh ceapacháin a sholáthar.
Tá éileamh mór ar na saineolaithe seo de bharr go bhfuil níos mó daoine ag streachailt le tinneas a tharlaíonn de bharr na gnáthbhealaí maireachtála. Is iad seo cealla ailse, diaibéiteas mellitus chomh maith le galar croí. Molann go leor speisialtóirí go n-úsáideann daoine aonair cineálacha éagsúla cógais cosúil le réitigh iomlánacha, réimeas aiste bia agus workouts chun stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil agus chothrom a chaomhnú. Dá bhrí sin, tá gá mhór le cleachtóirí iomlánacha sna Stáit Aontaithe.
Is iad dochtúirí homeopathy iad siúd a chleachtann an ealaín agus an taighde eolaíoch chun déileáil le galair na meabhair, na gcomhlachta agus an spiorad freisin. Is modh amháin atá ar leith ó homeopathy é plandaí agus mianraí a úsáid chun galar a chóireáil. Úsáidtear modhanna eile leigheas malartach go léir i gcur chuige nádúrtha. Mar sin féin, úsáideann dochtúirí homeopathy ceann de na comhdhúile is dírithe atá ar fáil do na teicnící seo. Glacann siad essence plandaí nó mianraí iomlán agus úsáideann siad é freisin chun déileáil le galar duine.
Forbraíodh an t-imeopóid níos mó ná céad bliain ó shin. Le linn na tréimhse sin, ní raibh aon mhodhanna éifeachtacha le leigheas ar go leor galair chomh maith le comharthaí. Mar sin féin, fuair lianna nádúrtha amach go n-oibreoidh teaglaim éagsúla substaintí lena chéile chun cineál sonrach tionchair aisghabhála a chruthú. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir gairmithe leighis iomlánacha a fháil ar fud an domhain.
Baineann modh na míochaine homeopathic úsáid a bhaint as obair ullmhúcháin réadúil a bhfuil an-lagtha chun déileáil le gach ceann de na hairíonna agus freisin trioblóidí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag duine aonair. Tá an fhírinne go bhfuil an chóireáil a dhéantar a bheith ag cur go hiontach lagann leigheas iomlánach go hiomlán sábháilte. Ní thuigeann go leor daoine gur substaintí nimhiúla iad cógais a fhaightear ar oideas chomh maith le cógais a fhaightear gan chóip a d'fhéadfadh fo-iarsmaí éagsúla a chruthú sa chorp. Mar sin féin, níl aon éifeachtaí díobhálacha den sórt sin ag leigheas nádúrtha, mar sin is féidir le gairmithe leighis homeopathic cabhrú lena gcliaint feabhas a chur orthu níos gasta ná iad siúd sa chóras leighis.
Creideann go leor daoine go n-oibríonn cógais homeopathic chomh maith le cógais chaighdeánacha toisc nach bhfuil aon éifeachtaí diúltacha acu. Cé go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith fíor go pointe áirithe, tá go leor rudaí eile ann is féidir le lianna homeopathic a dhéanamh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an leigheas is fearr is féidir ag an othar. Mar shampla, is féidir le dochtúirí homeopathic a úsáid de ghnáth réitigh i bhfad níos lú uisce ná mar is féidir le gairmithe leighis agus altraí sa chóras leighis a úsáid. Mar thoradh air sin, tá sé de chumas ag cuid mhór daoine aonair a bhfuil ailléirgí orthu le cógais mholta cógais nádúrtha a ghlacadh ina ionad sin. Ina theannta sin, oibríonn na cógais seo go hiontach chun comharthaí agus comharthaí a mhaolú agus chun fadhbanna agus coinníollacha níos tromchúisí a leigheas, lena n-áirítear roinnt cineálacha cealla ailse.
Chomh maith leis sin, déanann na dochtúirí nádúrtha díriú ar chóireáil comharthaí áirithe chomh maith le galar. Mar shampla, tá cógais nádúrtha ar fáil atá an-éifeachtach chun forbairt galar croí a stopadh. Tá sé seo riachtanach ós rud é go bhfaigheann go leor daoine bás mar gheall ar ghalair croí gach bliain. Ós rud é go bhfuil sé seo ina ailment chomh coitianta, léiríonn sé go bhfuil go leor daoine aonair a bhfuil gá le cógais homeopathic a ghlacadh gach lá d'fhonn a gcorp a choinneáil sláintiúil agus cothrom. Go deimhin, ní thuigeann go leor daoine a bhfuil galar leanúnach orthu go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag glacadh cógais iomlánacha chun a gcorp a choinneáil sláintiúil agus cothrom. dochtúirí homeopathic
Ní aithníonn go leor daoine go ndéanann cleachtas na homeopathy níos mó ná stop a chur le dul chun cinn galar croí-aigéalach. Úsáideann na gairmithe seo cóireálacha iomlánacha freisin chun fadhbanna leighis eile a ghnóthú, lena n-áirítear cineálacha tipiciúla de migraines, migraines, dúlagar cliniciúil, ionfhabhtuithe sinus, coinníollacha córais díleá, athlasadh comhpháirteacha, ardteannas, fadhbanna díleá, agus go leor eile. Aithnítear na gairmithe seo i leigheas malartach mar shaineolaithe cúram sláinte saineolaithe ós rud é go bhfuil siad oilte chun comhpháirteanna uile-nádúrtha, plandaí a úsáid. Nuair a bhaineann sé le gairmithe nó homeopath mór nádúrtha a aimsiú, féach ar cheann a chomhtháthaíonn cóireálacha homeopathic díreach ina mhodh.
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NASA Sounding Rocket Launched New Technologies
NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility launched new rocket technologies with a NASA suborbital sounding rocket mission on September 21.
The mission, Suborbital Technology Experiment Carrier (SubTEC) III, was designed to demonstrate multiple technologies, improve sounding rocket capabilities, and support range development initiatives. The SubTEC missions are intended to be low-cost missions using the two-stage Terrier-Orion launch vehicle.
The rocket’s primary payload, the NASA Autonomous Flight Safety System (AFSS), is an autonomous onboard system that can enhance the function of the human ground command flight termination system. In the event of a deviance off the nominal flight path, the AFSS is designed to generate a flight termination system destruct command, causing the rocket to break apart and keeping the public safe.
During this mission, the AFSS software evaluated the actual flight and also incorporated an imaginary “island” which the AFSS is designed to acknowledge with a destruct signal, although no actual destruct ordinance was flown on the test flight. Another Wallops technology development, the Low Cost Telemetry Transceiver, was used to return data and send commands through a tracking satellite.
Before the AFSS can be used as a real-time flight system, it must be proven to be worthy and ready for flight. This is the third successful flight of the AFSS. The first test flight dates back to 2006. The system will go through additional flights and testing on the path to become flight certified.
The Terrier-Orion rocket carried two additional payloads. The first was a NASA package of seven sensors to observe the rocket’s performance. The third payload was a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) payload designed to inform aircraft and air traffic control systems of the in-flight location and velocity of launch vehicles that could pose a collision hazard to aircraft.
The rocket was launched on September 21, 2010.
For more information about Wallops Flight Facility and its missions, visit http://www.nasa.gov/wallops
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Seolann Roicéad Fuaime NASA Teicneolaíochtaí Nua
Seoladh Teicneolaíochtaí nua roicéad ag Áras Seolta Wallops NASA le misean roicéad fuaime suborbital NASA ar 21 Meán Fómhair.
Dearadh an misean, Suborbital Technology Experiment Carrier (SubTEC) III, chun teicneolaíochtaí éagsúla a thaispeáint, cumais roicéad fuaime a fheabhsú, agus tionscnaimh forbartha raon tacaíochta a thacú. Tá sé beartaithe go mbeidh misean SubTEC ina misean ar chostas íseal ag baint úsáide as an fheithicil seolta Terrier-Orion dhá chéim.
Is córas uathrialach ar bord é príomh-ualach úsáideach an roicéad, an Córas Sábháilteachta eitilte uathrialach NASA (AFSS), a fhéadann feidhmiú an chórais foirceanta eitilte ceannaireachta talún daonna a fheabhsú. I gcás dí-athruithe ar an mbóthar eitilte ainmniúil, tá an AFSS deartha chun ordú díothú córas críochnaithe eitilte a ghiniúint, rud a fhágann go dtitfidh an roicéad agus go gcoimeádfar an pobal sábháilte.
Le linn na misean seo, rinne bogearraí AFSS meastóireacht ar an eitilt iarbhír agus chuir sé "oileán" samhlacha isteach freisin a ceapadh an AFSS chun a aithint le comhartha díothraithe, cé nach ndearnadh aon ordú díothraithe iarbhír a eitilt ar an eitilt tástála. Baineadh úsáid as forbairt teicneolaíochta eile Wallops, an Transceiver Telemetry Ísealchostas, chun sonraí a thabhairt ar ais agus orduithe a sheoladh trí satailíte rianaithe.
Sula bhféadfar an AFSS a úsáid mar chóras eitilte fíor-ama, ní mór a chruthú go bhfuil sé oiriúnach agus réidh le haghaidh eitilte. Is é seo an tríú eitilt rathúil den AFSS. Tá an chéad eitilt tástála déanta i 2006. Beidh an córas ag dul trí eitiltí agus tástáil bhreise ar an mbealach chun a bheith deimhnithe eitilte.
Bhí dhá ualach úsáideach breise ar an roicéad Terrier-Orion. Ba é an chéad phacáiste de sheacht braiteoir de chuid NASA chun feidhmíocht an roicéad a bhreathnú. Ba é an tríú lasta úsáideach lasta úsáideach na Riaracháin Aeraíochta Cónaidhme (FAA) a ceapadh chun aerárthaí agus córais rialaithe tráchta aer a chur ar an eolas faoi shuíomh agus luas na bhfeithiclí seolta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina mbaol imbhualadh ar aerárthaí.
Seoladh an roicéad ar 21 Meán Fómhair, 2010.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi Wallops Flight Facility agus a misean, tabhair cuairt ar http://www.nasa.gov/wallops
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Greenwing Macaws can live 80-100 years, and often outlive
their owners in captivity. People sharing their lives with
these large and beautiful birds must consider preparing ahead
for the welfare of their long-lived feathered family.
Being that these large parrots are considered "exotic pets",
they must be seen by Avian Veterinarians, which is costly.
Some people get Veterinary Pet Insurance to help defray the costs.
It is essential for anyone with parrots as pets to practice
measures when they bring home a pet bird of any kind.
Often, there are not overt visual signs of illness in birds
because they mask illness as a form of protection in the wild.
Some illnesses, like PDD, are not even detectable with testing.
Do your homework and do your best to learn as much as you can
BEFORE you make the decision to have birds live with you in your home.
There is A LOT to know about sharing your life with birds.
All materials on this website are
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Is féidir le Macaws Greenwing cónaí 80-100 bliain, agus is minic a mhaireann siad
a n-úinéirí i ngéibheann. Daoine a roinnt a saol le
ní mór na héin mhóra agus álainn seo smaoineamh ar ullmhú roimh ré
le haghaidh leas a dteaghlaigh feathered fada-bheatha.
Ag féachaint go bhfuil na parrots mór a mheastar "peataí coimhthíocha",
Ní mór iad a fheiceáil ag Veterináriúnaithe Éanlaithe, rud atá costasach.
Glacann daoine áirithe Árachas Peataí Eitiltí chun cuidiú leis na costais a chlúdach.
Tá sé riachtanach do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil parrots mar peataí a chleachtadh
bearta a ghlacadh nuair a thugann siad éan peataí de chineál ar bith abhaile.
Go minic, ní bhíonn comharthaí soiléire amhairc ann go bhfuil galar ag éin
toisc go mascann siad galar mar chineál cosanta san fhiadhúlra.
Ní féidir roinnt galair, cosúil le PDD, a bhrath fiú le tástáil.
Déan do chuid obair bhaile agus déan do dhícheall an oiread is féidir a fhoghlaim
AN SÉ ANTÓIR tú a dhéanamh ar an gcinneadh chun éan a bheith ina gcónaí leat i do theach.
Tá ACHT le fios faoi do shaol a roinnt le héin.
Tá gach ábhar ar an suíomh gréasáin seo
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GOLDEN VALLEY, Minn. — February is Heart Health Month, and statistics show heart disease is far and away the number one cause of death in the United States. It outpaces cancer and COVID-19. We're talking somewhere in the neighborhood of 655,000 Americans die of heart disease each year.
While heart disease can impact anyone, statistics show a disproportionate number of heart disease deaths occur among people of color. Black people, for example, are 21% more likely than white people to die of heart disease. That fact poses a number of questions, among them: Why is the death rate higher among Black people, and what is being done to improve the heart health of Black Americans?
UCare Chief Medical Officer Dr. Julia Joseph Di-Caprio stopped by KARE 11 News at 4 to talk about this concerning issue.
A growing body of research shows that social drivers of health, the conditions in which we are born, grow, live, work and age play a significant role in whether heart disease takes hold.
In one study, researchers followed more than 22,000 people over 10 years and found that people dealing with social drivers like social isolation, poverty, poor access to health care, and lower education were at increased risk of dying from heart disease than others, even when the more traditional causes of heart disease like having high blood pressure were taken into account.
UCare CEO Mark Traynor has joined with 30 other Minnesota health care organization CEOs in a commitment to knocking down those systemic barriers, and to:
- understand different experiences to improve culturally responsive care
- eliminate decisions that negatively impact underrepresented and underserved individuals
- improve access to health care services
- work with policymakers, employers and community advocates to remove economic barriers to health equity, among many other actions.
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GOLDEN VALLEY, Minn. Is Mí Sláinte an Chroí í Feabhra, agus léiríonn staitisticí go bhfuil galar croí ar an gcéad chúis báis sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá sé níos tapúla ná ailse agus COVID-19. Tá muid ag caint faoi áit éigin sa cheantar 655,000 Meiriceánach a bháis ó ghalair croí gach bliain.
Cé gur féidir le galar croí tionchar a imirt ar dhuine ar bith, léiríonn staitisticí go dtarlaíonn líon neamhréireach báis ó ghalair croí i measc daoine d'ainneoin a gcraiceann. Tá daoine dubha, mar shampla, 21% níos dóchúla ná daoine bána a bheith ag fáil bháis ó ghalair croí. Cuireann an fhírinne sin roinnt ceisteanna i láthair, ina measc iad: Cén fáth go bhfuil an ráta báis níos airde i measc daoine Dubha, agus cad atá á dhéanamh chun sláinte croí Mheiriceá Dubh a fheabhsú?
D'fhág an Príomh-Oifigeach Leighis UCARE an Dr. Julia Joseph Di-Caprio ag KARE 11 News ag 4 chun labhairt faoin gceist seo.
Léiríonn comhlacht taighde atá ag fás go bhfuil ról suntasach ag tiománaithe sóisialta sláinte, na coinníollacha ina rugadh, ina bhfásann, ina mairimid, ina n-oibríonn agus ina n-aois, i gcumas galar croí a fháil.
I staidéar amháin, lean taighdeoirí níos mó ná 22,000 duine thar 10 mbliana agus fuair siad go raibh daoine a raibh tiománaithe sóisialta acu cosúil le scoiteachas sóisialta, bochtaineacht, rochtain dhiúltach ar chúram sláinte, agus oideachas íseal i mbaol níos mó bás a fháil ó ghalair croí ná daoine eile, fiú nuair a bhí cúiseanna níos traidisiúnta galair croí mar ardteannas san áireamh.
Tá an t-Aire Feidhmiúcháin UCare Mark Traynor tar éis teacht le 30 Feidhmeannach eile eagraíochta cúraim sláinte Minnesota i dtiomantas na bacainní córais sin a bhualadh síos, agus:
- taithí dhifriúil a thuiscint chun cúram atá freagartha go cultúrtha a fheabhsú
- cinntí a dhíothú a mbíonn tionchar diúltach acu ar dhaoine nach bhfuil ionadaíocht agus seirbhísí acu go leor
- rochtain ar sheirbhísí cúraim sláinte a fheabhsú
- oibriú le lucht déanta beartas, fostóirí agus lucht tacaíochta pobail chun bacainní eacnamaíocha a bhaint as cothromaíocht sláinte, i measc go leor gníomhaíochtaí eile.
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A rogue gene has been discovered that could be a direct cause of severe asthma in young children.
The gene, CDHR3, is especially active in epithelial cells lining the inner surfaces of the airways.
Scientists suspect mutant versions of CDHR3 may cause abnormalities in the airway cell lining leading to an allergic response to environmental triggers.
The novel gene was one of four identified as being associated with asthma, three of which were already known.
Scientists made the discovery by comparing the genomes - the complete genetic codes - of 3,695 Danish children and adults. The group included a number of children aged two to six with asthma.
The findings were then replicated using data from other children of both European and non-European ancestry.
Lead researcher Dr Hakon Hakonarson, from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (Chop) in the US, said: “Because asthma is a complex disease, with multiple interacting causes, we concentrated on a specific phenotype - severe, recurrent asthma occurring between ages two and six.
“Identifying a risk-susceptibility gene linked to this phenotype may lead to more effective, targeted treatments for this type of childhood asthma.”
The findings, published in the journal Nature Genetics, are consistent with previous research by Chop’s Centre for Applied Genomics suggesting that other genes linked to childhood asthma play a role in over-sensitive immune reactions.
Dr Hakonarson said: “Asthma researchers have been increasingly interested in the role of the airway epithelium in the development of asthma.
“Abnormalities in the epithelial cells may increase a patient’s risk to environmental triggers by exaggerating immune responses and making the airway overreact. Because the CDHR3 gene is related to a family of proteins involved in cell adhesion and cell-to-cell interaction, it is plausible that variations in this gene may disrupt normal functioning in these airway cells, and make a child vulnerable to asthma.”
Further studies are needed to improve understanding of how the CDHR3 gene functions in asthma and develop new treatments for children most severely affected by the disease, he added.
Are you able to Speak Out Safely? Sign our petition to put pressure on your trust to support an open and transparent NHS.
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Fuarthas amach géin rogue a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis dhíreach le haisteam tromchúiseach i leanaí óga.
Tá an géin, CDHR3, gníomhach go háirithe i gcealla epithelial a líneann dromchlaí inmheánacha na n-airíonna aeir.
Creideann eolaithe go bhféadfadh cineálacha mutant de CDHR3 neamhghnácha a chur ar bun i gcló cealla na n-airíonna aeracha a fhágann go bhfuil freagairt ailléirgeach ag spreagadh timpeallachta.
Bhí an géin nua ar cheann de cheithre a aithníodh a bheith bainteach le haiste, trí cinn acu a bhí ar eolas cheana féin.
Rinne eolaithe an fionnachtanas seo trí na géinmí - na cóid géiniteach iomlána - a chur i gcomparáid le 3,695 leanbh agus duine fásta sa Danmhairg. Bhí roinnt páistí idir dhá bhliain agus sé bliana d'aois a raibh asthma acu san áireamh sa ghrúpa.
Ansin rinneadh na torthaí a athdhéanamh ag baint úsáide as sonraí ó leanaí eile de shliocht Eorpach agus neamh-Eorpach araon.
Dúirt an t-eolaí príomhthaighdeoir, an Dr Hakon Hakonarson, ó Ospidéal na Leanaí i Philadelphia (Chop) sna Stáit Aontaithe: Toisc gur galar casta é an t-asma, le cúiseanna iomadúla idirghníomhacha, d'airdíomar ar fhéinitíp shonrach - an t-asma tromchúiseach, athfhillteach a tharlaíonn idir dhá bhliain agus sé bliana d'aois.
Is féidir le hiníon riosca-inoibritheachta atá nasctha leis an bhfeinóip seo a aithint go dtiocfaidh cóireálacha níos éifeachtaí, spriocdhírithe ar an gcineál seo asthma óige.
Tá na torthaí, a foilsíodh sa iris Nature Genetics, ag teacht le taighde roimhe seo ag Ionad Chops le haghaidh Ghnóimic Feidhmeach a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil ról ag géiní eile a bhaineann le haisteam óige i bhfreagraí imdhíonachta ró-íogair.
Dúirt an Dr Hakonarson: Tá suim ag taighdeoirí asthma i ról an epithelium aerach i bhforbairt asthma.
D'fhéadfadh neamhghnáchtaí sna cealla epithelial riosca an othair a mhéadú do thriggers comhshaoil trí fhreagraí imdhíonachta a chur i bhfad níos mó ná mar is ceart agus trí na bealaí aeir a chur i bhfad níos mó ná mar is ceart. Toisc go bhfuil an géin CDHR3 bainteach le teaghlach próitéiní a bhfuil baint acu le greamaíocht chealla agus idirghníomhaíocht chealla-le-chealla, is dócha go bhféadfadh athruithe sa géin seo cur isteach ar fheidhmiú gnáth na gcealla aeracha seo, agus leanbh a dhéanamh leochaileach do asthma.
Tá gá le tuilleadh staidéir chun tuiscint a fheabhsú ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn géine CDHR3 i asma agus cóireálacha nua a fhorbairt do leanaí a bhfuil an galar is measa orthu, a dúirt sé.
An bhfuil tú in ann labhairt go sábháilte? Sínigh ár dtionscnamh chun brú a chur ar do chreideamh chun tacú le NHS oscailte agus trédhearcach.
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The national laboratories—Livermore, Berkeley, Los Alamos, Argonne, Oak Ridge, and Brookhaven—have occupied a central place in the landscape of American science for more than fifty years. Responsible for the development of nuclear weapons, reactors, and other technologies that shaped American policy and culture in the Cold War, scientists from these labs also pursued physical and biomedical research that fundamentally changed our understanding of nature. But all of this has come at great cost, in terms of finance, facilities, and manpower, and has forced major adjustments in the framework of American science.
Deeply researched and lucidly written, The National Labs is the first book to trace the confluence of diverse interests that created and sustained this extensive enterprise. Peter J. Westwick takes us from the origins of the labs in the Manhattan Project to their role in building the hydrogen bomb, nuclear power reactors, and high-energy accelerators, to their subsequent entry into such fields as computers, meteorology, space science, molecular biology, environmental science, and alternative energy sources. By showing us that the national laboratory system developed as a reflection of American ideals of competition and decentralization in the Cold War, Westwick also demonstrates how scientific institutions reflect the values of their surrounding political system and culture.
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Tá ionad lárnach ag na saotharlanna náisiúnta - Livermore, Berkeley, Los Alamos, Argonne, Oak Ridge, agus Brookhaven - i dtalamh eolaíochta Mheiriceá le breis agus caoga bliain. Freagrach as forbairt arm núicléach, imoibritheoirí, agus teicneolaíochtaí eile a mhúnlaigh beartas agus cultúr Mheiriceá sa Chogadh Fuar, rinne eolaithe ó na saotharlanna seo taighde fisiceach agus bithleighis a d'athraigh go bunúsach ár dtuiscint ar an dúlra. Ach tá an costas mór tagtha ar na rudaí seo go léir, i dtéarmaí airgeadais, áiseanna, agus lucht saothair, agus tá athruithe móra déanta ag an gcreat eolaíochta Mheiriceá.
Dlúth-rannscrúdú agus lucidly scríofa, Na Labs Náisiúnta Is é an chéad leabhar a rianú an confluence leasanna éagsúla a chruthaigh agus a choimeád ar bun an fiontar fairsing. Tógann Peter J. Westwick linn ó bhunús na saotharlanna i dTionscadal Manhattan go dtí a ról i mbunú an bhuama hidrigine, imoibrithe cumhachta núicléacha, agus luasairí ardfhuinnimh, go dtí a n-iontráil ina dhiaidh sin i réimsí mar ríomhairí, meitéareolaíocht, eolaíocht spáis, bitheolaíocht mhóilíneach, eolaíocht chomhshaoil, agus foinsí fuinnimh malartacha. Trí a thaispeáint dúinn gur forbairt an chórais saotharlainne náisiúnta mar léiriú ar idéalach Mheiriceá na hiomaíochta agus díláraithe sa Chogadh Fuar, léiríonn Westwick freisin conas a léiríonn institiúidí eolaíocha luachanna an chórais pholaitiúil agus an chultúir a bhfuil timpeall orthu.
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Bejany Develops Miami Pouch
In 1986, UM/Jackson urologist Dr. Darwich Bejany developed an alternative solution for patients whose bladders were removed because of cancer.
The medical breakthrough, known as the Miami Pouch operation, allows women who have lost their bladder to recurring cancer to enjoy a better quality of life.
Surgeons construct an internal urinary pouch out of a section of the colon, making external urinary bags unnecessary in every patient.
The technique is simple and effective for women who are high-risk, including those with a history of radiation therapy. The Miami pouch is associated with a high rate of functional success.
Jun. 2017 Miracle Stories
Five-Year-Old Saved After Drunk Driver Strikes Car. Link opens story page.
After a drunk driver stuck the car she was riding in, five-year-old Avril Ochoa suffered a severe head injury and went into cardiac arrest.Explore in story page.
Jul. 2008 Medical Firsts
Child Lives Without Heart For 118 Days. Link opens story page.
After her first heart transplant failed within a day, 14-year-old D’Zhana Simmons lived 118 days with a custom-built artificial heart.Explore in story page.
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Forbraíonn Bejany Miami Pouch
Sa bhliain 1986, d'fhorbair an Dr. Darwich Bejany, urólóige UM/Jackson, réiteach malartach do othair a ndearnadh a gcuid bolgáin a bhaint mar gheall ar ailse.
Ligeann an t-athrú leighis, ar a dtugtar oibríocht Miami Pouch, do mhná a chaill a mblasar le hailse athfhillteach cáilíocht níos fearr beatha a fháil.
Déanann máinlianna málaí miotal inmheánacha a thógáil as cuid den chollain, rud a fhágann nach bhfuil gá le málaí miotal seachtracha i ngach othar.
Tá an teicníc simplí agus éifeachtach do mhná atá i mbaol ard, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhfuil stair teiripe radaíochta acu. Tá baint ag an mála Miami le ráta ard rath feidhmiúil.
Jun. 2017 Sgealaí Miracle
Cúigear Bliain d'aois Sábhálta Tar éis do Thiománaí Drunken Car Crush. Osclaíonn nasc leathanach na scéalta.
Tar éis do thiománaí deoch a chur ar an gcarr a bhí sí ag marcaíocht ann, d'fhulaing Avril Ochoa cúig bliana d'aois gorta tromchúiseach ar a cheann agus d'éirigh sé le cardiac.
Iúil. 2008 Príomh-Achtanna Leighis
Tá an leanbh beo gan croí ar feadh 118 lá. Osclaíonn nasc leathanach na scéalta.
Tar éis di a chéad trasphlandú croí a bheith ag teip laistigh de lá, d'fhan DZhana Simmons, 14 bliana d'aois, 118 lá le croí saorga a tógadh ar nós.
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One of the most incredible things about peafowl is how well these birds thrive in the suburbs. There were hundreds in Arcadia, CA, where I studied them, and every once in a while I hear about some other town where they’ve taken over – Orange County, Palos Verdes, Miami – they even disperse and occasionally pop up somewhere new (like here, or here). I’ve been told that in India (where the species is originally from), flocks also tend to settle down in villages. (And the name for a group of peafowl? A muster!) And peacocks are now on the cover of a book on urban birds1.
So what makes peafowl so much better at urban living than other, similar species?
It could be that they’re catholic about their diets, or that they’re tolerant of a broad range of environmental conditions2. Other research has suggested that, in mammals at least, successful invaders tend to have relatively large brains3 – possibly because a large brain confers the ability to respond flexibly to new situations. American crows fit this theory, as an urban success story with relatively large brains. But peafowl are some of the smallest brained birds out there, when you consider brain size relative to body size – and pigeons, starling and house sparrows aren’t particularly well-endowed, either. So what if it has more to do with how they use their brains to adapt?
A new study points to an intriguing benefit of city life for some birds, and it has me wondering about learning as a mode of urban adaptation. Apparently, some urban birds use cigarette butts to build their nests – and researchers have now shown that the cigarette butts actually improve the living conditions for young birds.
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Ceann de na rudaí is iontach faoi peafowl is é an chaoi a n-éireoidh na héin seo go maith sna bruachbhailte. Bhí na céadta i Arcadia, CA, áit a ndearna mé staidéar orthu, agus gach uair amháin agus i rith an ama chuala mé faoi roinnt baile eile ina bhfuil siad ghlac over Orange County, Palos Verdes, Miami siad fiú scaipeadh agus uaireanta pop suas áit éigin nua (mar anseo, nó anseo). Tá sé ráite dom go bhfuil sé de ghnáth ag na sluaite sa India (an áit a bhfuil an speiceas as), go mbíonn siad ag socrú síos i sráidbhailte. (Agus an t-ainm a thugtar ar ghrúpa peafowl? A muster!) Agus tá peacocks anois ar chlúdach leabhar ar éin uirbeacha1.
Mar sin, cad a dhéanann an peacock a bheith chomh maith sa saol uirbeach ná speicis eile den chineál céanna?
D'fhéadfadh sé go bhfuil siad cathoiliciúla maidir lena n-aiste bia, nó go bhfuil siad inbhuanaithe i leith raon leathan coinníollacha comhshaoil2. Tá taighde eile ag moladh, i mamaigh ar a laghad, go mbíonn inchinn réasúnta mór ag ionsaitheoirí rathúla3 b'fhéidir toisc go dtugann inchinn mór an cumas freagairt solúbtha do chásanna nua. Tá crows Mheiriceá oiriúnach don teoiric seo, mar scéal rathóireachta uirbeach le brains réasúnta mór. Ach tá peafowl cuid de na éin is mó brainsed amach ann, nuair a mheasann tú méid inchinn i gcomparáid le méid an chomhlachta agus colúin, starling agus sparrows teach nach bhfuil go háirithe dea-cháilithe, nó. Mar sin cad a tharlaíonn má tá sé níos mó a dhéanamh leis an gcaoi a n-úsáid siad a gcuid brains a chur in oiriúint?
Léiríonn staidéar nua tairbhe suimiúil a bhaineann le saol na cathrach do roinnt éan, agus tá mé ag smaoineamh ar fhoghlaim mar mhodh oiriúnaithe uirbeach. Is cosúil go n-úsáideann roinnt éanlaith uirbeacha cnapáin tobac chun a n-áiteanna a thógáil agus tá taighdeoirí tar éis a thaispeáint anois go bhfeabhsaíonn na cnapáin tobac dáiríre dálaí maireachtála do éanlaith óga.
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Monday night is round two of extreme cold in the past few weeks, and as temperatures head into the single digits overnight with wind chill values heading much lower, people need to think about how they can protect themselves from these extreme temperatures.
When the thermometer drops sending the actual air temperatures and wind chills below zero, the more our skin is exposed to the elements of the cold temperatures, and the quicker we can develop frost bite and hypothermia.
According to doctors at Meritus Medical Center, they have already seen some cases of hypothermia this year. And it does not take long for it to set in during these extreme winter conditions.
"When it's raining or freezing or snow, when you're wt at all, that makes it even quicker. People that fall in the arctic go into hypothermia within minutes and die quickly. It depends on how much you're bundled up. It could be within 20 to 30 minutes, maybe even longer," said Alton Temple, M.D., Meritus Emergency Department Physician.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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Oíche Dé Luain tá sé ar an dara babhta de fuar mhór le cúpla seachtain anuas, agus mar go dtéann teochtaí isteach i n-aon dhigit thar oíche le luachanna fuar gaoithe ag dul i bhfad níos ísle, ní mór do dhaoine smaoineamh ar conas is féidir leo iad féin a chosaint ó na teochtaí iomarcacha seo.
Nuair a thiteann an teirmiméadar ag seoladh teochtaí aer iarbhír agus gaoth chills faoi bhun nialas, is é an níos mó a nochtann ár gcraiceann do na heilimintí na teochtaí fuar, agus is é an níos tapúla is féidir linn a fhorbairt frost bit agus hypothermia.
De réir dochtúirí i Meicníocht Mheicniúil Meritus, tá roinnt cásanna hypothermia feicthe acu cheana féin i mbliana. Agus ní thógann sé fada go gcuirfeadh sé isteach i rith na gcoinníollacha géar gheimhridh seo.
"Nuair a bhíonn sé ag báisteach nó reo nó sneachta, nuair a bhíonn tú wt ar chor ar bith, go ndéanann sé fiú níos tapúla. Téann daoine a thiteann san Arctach isteach i hypothermia laistigh de nóiméad agus bás go tapa. Braitheann sé ar cé mhéad atá tú bundled suas. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith laistigh de 20 go 30 nóiméad, b'fhéidir níos faide fós", a dúirt Alton Temple, M.D., Dochtúir Rannóg Éigeandála Meritus.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. Tá na cearta go léir á gcur in áirithe. Ní fhéadfar an t-ábhar seo a fhoilsiú, a chraoladh, a athscríobh, nó a athdháileadh.
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From time to time we hear about “good Samaritans,” individuals performing unusual acts of kindness – assisting a motorist with a problem on the highway, rescuing someone from a burning building, donating an anonymous gift to someone in need.
But in our increasingly secularized society, fewer people know where the good Samaritan concept began. Spoiler alert: It’s from the Bible.
Luke 10:25-37 tells about Jesus’ encounter with religious leaders that challenged Him. One leader, “an expert in the law,” cited the commandment to “love your neighbor as yourself” and then asked Jesus, “Who is my neighbor?” Jesus responded with the story of the good Samaritan.
In the account, robbers had beaten a man on the highway between Jerusalem and Jericho. Two Jewish leaders of high standing – a priest and a Levite – saw the injured man, but instead of stopping to help, moved to the other side of the road and continued on their way.
It was a Samaritan – a man from Samaria – who not only stopped to assist the injured person and tend to his wounds, but also found a place where he could stay and recover. Hence, the good Samaritan.
But there’s an element to this story many people don’t grasp: At least in one respect, it’s about racism. In those days there was intense animosity between Jews and Samaritans on ethnic, cultural and religious grounds. The Samaritans, whose origins traced to the same Jewish lineage, had intermarried with Gentiles to create a mixed race, greatly despised by the Jews.
So when Jesus noted two of the Jewish elite had taken “the high road” rather than get involved in a victim’s plight, and instead it was a hated Samaritan who performed the act of compassion, it must have stung His confronters.
Had Jesus told this parable in modern terms, it might have been a black man that stopped to assist a wounded Ku Klux Klan member. Talk about turning prejudice upside-down.
Some years ago I was meeting with a young African-American man in a Bible study and he asked, “Bob, if Jesus were to appear and stand in front of me, would He see a black man?” What a great question!
Thankfully, I had recently been doing some reading related to this subject, so we looked at Galatians 3:28, which states, “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.” As the apostle Paul pointed out, God does not distinguish according to race, ethnicity, gender or social standing.
I also related to my friend what the Old Testament says about how God does see people: “The Lord does not look at the things man looks at. Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart” (1 Samuel 16:7).
In the gospel of John, Jesus demonstrated His opposition to the racism of His day in another way. He and the disciples were passing through Samaria, and Jesus defied cultural norms by talking to a Samaritan woman – the “woman at the well” – and asking her for a cup of water. In fact, the woman expressed her own astonishment. “You are a Jew and I am a Samaritan woman. How can you ask me for a drink?” (John 4:9).
This encounter might not seem like a big deal today, but in Jesus’ day – both in terms of race and gender – it was unprecedented.
We find ourselves in an environment more racially charged than it’s been in years, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Prejudice means to pre-judge, usually according to external factors: skin color, race, gender, tall or short, slender or stocky. But that’s not how God sees people. He looks at the heart – the persons we are on the inside.
As followers of Christ – female or male, white, black, Asian, Hispanic or whatever – we need to ask the Lord for His discernment so that we no longer “look at the outward appearance” but as He did, “look at the heart.”
Racism can cut both ways: Prejudice isn’t just white toward black, Latino, Asian, or Middle Eastern. Anyone can pre-judge another, ascribing motivations and making assumptions based solely on the other person’s complexion or external “look.” We must seek to understand not only the hearts of the people we encounter, but our own hearts as well. Who are we pre-judging – and why?
Robert J. Tamasy is a veteran journalist, a former newspaper editor and magazine editor. He is presently vice president of communications for Leaders Legacy, Inc., a non-profit focused on mentoring and coaching business and professional leaders. Bob has written hundreds of magazine articles, and has authored, co-authored and edited more than 15 books. These include “Tufting Legacies,” “The Heart of Mentoring,” “Business at Its Best,” and “Pursuing Life With a Shepherd’s Heart.” He edits a weekly business meditation, “Monday Manna,” which is translated into more than 20 languages and distributed via email around the world by CBMC International. He also posts regularly on two blogs, www.bobtamasy.blogspot.com, and www.bobtamasy.wordpress.com. He can be emailed at [email protected].
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Ó am go ham cloisimí faoi Samaritigh mhaith, daoine aonair a dhéanann gníomhartha neamhghnácha maitheasa ag cabhrú le tiománaí a raibh fadhb aige ar an mbóthar mór, ag tarrtháil duine ó fhoirgneamh atá ag lasadh, ag tabhairt bronntanas gan ainm do dhuine atá i ngátar.
Ach inár sochaí atá ag éirí níos seicliúlaithe, níl a fhios ag níos lú daoine cá as a tháinig an coincheap ar an Samáránach maith. Spoiler rabhadh: Tá sé ó na Bíobla.
Insíonn Luc 10:25-37 faoi bhualadh Íosa le ceannairí reiligiúnacha a chuir dúshlán air. Chuir ceann amháin de na ceannairí, 'a raibh saineolas sa dlí aige,' an t-ordú 'a ghrá do chomharsa mar a ghráann tú féin' i láthair agus ansin d'fhiafraigh sé de Íosa, 'Cé hé mo chomharsa?' D'fhreagair Íosa leis an scéal faoin Samáránach maith.
Sa scéal, bhí fear a bhuail robálaithe ar an mbóthar mór idir Iarúsailéim agus Iaricé. D'fhéach beirt cheannairí Giúdach ard-cháilíochta sagart agus Léiví ar an bhfear gortaithe, ach in ionad stad a dhéanamh chun cabhrú, chuaigh siad ar an taobh eile den bhóthar agus lean siad ar aghaidh ar a mbealach.
Bhí sé ina Samaritán - fear ó Samária - a stopadh chun cabhrú leis an duine gortaithe agus a ghortú, ach a fuair áit ina bhféadfadh sé fanacht agus a fháil ar ais. Dá bhrí sin, an Samaritán maith.
Ach tá gné den scéal seo nach dtuigeann go leor daoine: i leith amháin ar a laghad, baineann sé le ciníochas. Sna laethanta sin bhí naimhdeas dian idir Giúdaigh agus Samáraigh ar chúiseanna eitneacha, cultúrtha agus reiligiúnacha. Bhí póstaí comhcheangailte ag na Samaritans, a raibh a n-eascraíocht le sliocht na nGiúdach céanna, le Gentiles chun ciníochas mheasctha a chruthú, a bhí na Giúdaigh ag cur i gcontúirt go mór.
Mar sin nuair a thug Íosa faoi deara go raibh beirt de na daoine is fearr le daoine Giúdach tar éis an 'dlí ard' a ghlacadh seachas dul i dteagmháil le trioblóid íospartach, agus ina ionad sin bhí sé ina Samaritán fuathúil a rinne an gníomh trócaire, ní mór go raibh sé ag piocadh a chuid confronters.
Dá dúradh Íosa an parabal seo i dtéarmaí nua-aimseartha, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina fear dubh a stopadh chun cabhrú le ball gortaithe Ku Klux Klan. Labhair faoi chur ar aghaidh claontachta suas aníos.
Roinnt blianta ó shin bhí mé ag bualadh le fear óg Afracach-Mheiriceánach i staidéar ar an mBíobla agus d'fhiafraigh sé, Bob, dá mbeadh Íosa le feiceáil agus seasamh os mo chomhair, an bhfeicfeadh sé fear dubh? Cén cheist iontach!
Go raibh maith agat, bhí mé ag déanamh roinnt léitheoireachta le déanaí a bhaineann leis an ábhar seo, mar sin d'fhéachamar ar Gálaithe 3:28, a deir, "Ní bhíonn Giúdaigh ná heanlaigh ann, ná sclábhaí ná saor, ná fear agus bean ann, mar tá sibhse go léir ina n-aon duine i gCríost Íosa.
D'inis mé freisin do mo chara cad a deir an Sean-Tiomna faoi conas a fheiceann Dia daoine: Ní fhéachann an Tiarna ar na rudaí a fhéachann an duine orthu. Breathnaíonn an duine ar an gcuma seachtrach, ach féachann an Tiarna ar an gcroí (1 Samúéil 16:7).
Sa soiscéal de réir Eoin, léirigh Íosa a fhreasúra i gcoinne na ciníochas a bhí ann a lá ar bhealach eile. Bhí sé féin agus na deisceabail ag dul trí Samáire, agus rinne Íosa díospóireacht ar nósanna cultúrtha trí labhairt le bean Samárach an bean ag an tobar agus ag iarraidh cupán uisce uirthi. Go deimhin, léirigh an bhean a iontas féin. Is Giúdach tú agus is bean Samárach mé. Conas is féidir leat a iarraidh orm a ól? (Eoin 4:9).
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an troid seo cosúil le rud mór inniu, ach in laethanta Íosa ó thaobh ciníochas agus inscne bhí sé gan fasach.
Tá timpeallacht níos mó ná mar a bhí ann le blianta anuas, ach ní gá go mbeadh sé mar sin. Ciallaíonn forchoimhdeas réamhchúirt a dhéanamh, de ghnáth de réir fachtóirí seachtracha: dath craicinn, cine, inscne, ard nó gearr, caol nó stoc. Ach ní mar sin a fheiceann Dia daoine. Breathnaíonn sé ar an gcroí - ar na daoine atá againn taobh istigh.
Mar leanúna Chríost bean nó fear, bán, dubh, Áisianach, Hispanic nó cibé ní mór dúinn a iarraidh ar an Tiarna a chuid deimhniú ionas go mbeidh muid a thuilleadh breathnú ar an chuma seachtrach ach mar a rinne sé, breathnú ar an croí
Is féidir leis an ciníochas an dá bhealach a ghearradh: Ní bhíonn an t-easnamh díreach i gcoinne an bhflaitheas, an Laidin, na hÁise, nó an Mheánoirtheisceart. Is féidir le duine ar bith breithniú réamh-dhéanta a dhéanamh ar dhuine eile, spreagadh a chur air agus tuairimí a dhéanamh bunaithe ar chraiceann an duine eile nó ar cuma seachtrach. Ní mór dúinn iarracht a dhéanamh tuiscint a fháil ní amháin ar chroí na ndaoine a bhíonn againn, ach ar ár gcroí féin freisin. Cé atá á mheas againn roimh ré agus cén fáth?
Is iriseoir sean-aisteoir, iar-eagarthóir nuachtáin agus eagarthóir iris é Robert J. Tamasy. Tá sé faoi láthair mar leas-uachtarán cumarsáide do Leaders Legacy, Inc., neamhbhrabúis atá dírithe ar mheantóireacht agus ar cheannairí gnó agus gairmiúla a chóitseáil. Tá na céadta alt iris scríofa ag Bob, agus tá sé ina údar, ina chomh-údar agus ina eagarthóir ar níos mó ná 15 leabhar. I measc na n-ealaíontóirí seo tá Tufting Legacies, Heart of Mentoring, Business at Its Best, agus Pursuing Life With a Shepherd's Heart. Eagarann sé meabhrúchán gnó seachtainiúil, Monday Manna, a aistrítear go níos mó ná 20 teanga agus a dháileadh trí ríomhphost ar fud an domhain ag CBMC International. Scríobhann sé go rialta ar dhá bhlag freisin, www.bobtamasy.blogspot.com, agus www.bobtamasy.wordpress.com. Is féidir ríomhphost a chur air ag [email protected].
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(of a statement or course of action) Chosen in accordance with wisdom or prudence; likely to be of benefit,
(of a statement or course of action) Chosen in accordance with wisdom or prudence; likely to be of benefit
I cannot believe that it is sensible to spend so much
a sensible diet
(of a person) Possessing or displaying prudence
he was a sensible and capable boy
(of an object) Practical and functional rather than decorative
Mom always made me have sensible shoes
Readily perceived; appreciable
it will effect a sensible reduction in these figures
Able to notice or appreciate; not unaware of
we are sensible of the difficulties he faces
reasonable: showing reason or sound judgment; "a sensible choice"; "a sensible person"
able to feel or perceive; "even amoeba are sensible creatures"; "the more sensible parts of the skin"
aware intuitively or intellectually of something sensed; "made sensible of his mistakes"; "I am sensible that the mention of such a circumstance may appear trifling"- Henry Hallam; "sensible that a good deal more is still to be done"- Edmund Burke
(sensibleness) the quality of showing good sense or practical judgment
(sensibly) sanely: with good sense or in a reasonable or intelligent manner; "he acted sensibly in the crisis"; "speak more sanely about these affairs"; "acted quite reasonably"
(Sensibly) Sensibility refers to an acute perception of or responsiveness toward something, such as the emotions of another. This concept emerged in eighteenth-century Britain, and was closely associated with studies of sense perception as the means through which knowledge is gathered. ...
Perceptible by the senses; Easily perceived; appreciable; Able to feel or perceive; Of or pertaining to the senses; sensory; Cognizant; having the perception of something; aware of something; Acting with or showing good sense; able to make good judgements based on reason; Characterized more by ...
presented to the subject by means of sensibility. (Cf. intelligible.)
A. practical, reasonable, something that makes sense
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(de ráiteas nó cúrsa gníomhaíochta) Roghnaithe de réir eagna nó réamhtheachtachta; d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina leas,
(de ráiteas nó cúrsa gníomhaíochta) Roghnaithe de réir eagna nó réamhachta; is dócha go mbeidh tairbhe ann
Ní féidir liom a chreidiúint go bhfuil sé ciallmhar a chaitheamh go leor
aiste bia ciallmhar
(de dhuine) a bhfuil nó a léiríonn cúramach
bhí sé ina buachaill ciallmhar agus cumasach
(d'aonad) Príomhfheidhmeach agus feidhmchláir seachas maisiúil
Mam a rinne mé i gcónaí a bheith bróga ciallmhar
Tuigtear go héasca; is féidir a thuiscint
beidh laghdú ciallmhar ar na figiúirí sin
Is féidir leis an méid sin a thabhairt faoi deara nó a mheas; ní neamhfhiosach é
tá muid ar an eolas faoi na deacrachtaí a bhíonn aige
réasúnta: a léiríonn réasún nó breithniú fónta; "rogha réasúnach"; "duine réasúnach"
in ann mothú nó tuiscint a fháil; "tá créatúir mhothúchánach fiú ag amoeba"; "na codanna níos mothúchánach den chraiceann"
"Táim ar an eolas go bhfuil an iomradh ar imthosca den sórt sin cosúil go bhfuil sé beag" - Henry Hallam; "Táim ar an eolas go bhfuil go leor le déanamh fós" - Edmund Burke
(sansaíocht) an cháilíocht a bhaineann le dea-chomharthaí nó breithniú praiticiúil a thaispeáint
(sanely) sanely: le ciall maith nó ar bhealach réasúnta nó cliste; "he acted sensibly in the crisis"; "speak more sanely about these affairs"; "acted quite reasonably"
(Sensitively) Tagraíonn íogaireacht do bhreithniú géar nó do fhreagairt i leith rud éigin, mar shampla mothúcháin duine eile. Tháinig an coincheap seo chun cinn sa Bhreatain an ochtú haois déag, agus bhí baint dlúth aige le staidéir ar fheasacht chiall mar an bealach trína mbaintear eolas le chéile. ... a bheith
Tuigthe ag na ciall; Tuigthe go héasca; in ann a thuiscint; In ann mothú nó a thuiscint; De na ciall nó a bhaineann leis na ciall; ciallmhar; Cognitive; a bhfuil an tuiscint ar rud éigin; ar an eolas faoi rud éigin; Ag gníomhú le nó ag léiriú ciall maith; in ann breithiúnas maith a dhéanamh bunaithe ar réasún; Léirítear níos mó ag ...
a chur i láthair don ábhar trí mheán na íogaireachta. (Cf. tuisceanach.)
A. praiticiúil, réasúnach, rud a bhfuil ciall aige
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Reading Academic Articles
A primer on how to read academic articles by guiding the class through a series of questions. Give students 5-15 minutes per slide to answer the questions (individually or in groups) before talking about their answers to questions with the whole class.
- Students will learn how to quickly categorize academic articles based on content.
- Students will learn about three levels of engaging with an academic article — reading, analyzing, and contextualizing — and what to do during each step.
- Students will better understand how academic articles are written.
- Students will better understand how to read academic articles.
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Ailt Acadúla a Léamh
Tús ar conas a léamh alt acadúil trí threoir an rang trí shraith ceisteanna. Tabhair 5-15 nóiméad do mhic léinn in aghaidh an sleamhnán chun na ceisteanna a fhreagairt (ar bhonn aonair nó i ngrúpaí) sula ndéanfaidh siad labhairt faoi na freagraí a thug siad ar cheisteanna leis an rang ar fad.
- Foghlaimfidh mic léinn conas ailt acadúla a chatagóiríocht go tapa bunaithe ar ábhar.
- Foghlaimfidh mic léinn faoi thrí leibhéal de bheith páirteach le hairteagal acadúil - léamh, anailís agus comhthéacsú - agus cad atá le déanamh le linn gach céim.
- Tuigfidh mic léinn níos fearr conas a scríobhtar ailt acadúla.
- Beidh tuiscint níos fearr ag mic léinn ar conas ailt acadúla a léamh.
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We have already learned that aside from the laws of ritual purity related to a nidda and a zava, there is a separate category connected to childbirth. According to the Torah when a woman gives birth she is rendered ritually unclean with tum’at leida – the impurity of childbirth (see 12:1-5). The Torah teaches that there are different rules for a woman who gives birth to a boy and one who gives birth to a girl.
- When a boy is born the mother is ritually unclean for seven days, and then has 33 days during which time any vaginal bleeding does not render her impure;
- When a girl is born the mother is ritually unclean for 14 days, and then has 66 days during which time any vaginal bleeding does not render her impure.
One of the unique elements related to tum’at leida is that it is not related to bleeding; even if there is no vaginal bleeding at all during childbirth, the woman is, nevertheless, ritually impure.
What if the birth did not take place in the usual manner? Is the woman still rendered ritually unclean?
The fifth perek of Massekhet Nidda, which begins on today’s daf discusses this question. According to the Tanna Kamma of the Mishna, if the child that is born is a yotze dofen (literally “it emerges from the side of the body”) the laws of tum’at leida do not apply to the mother. Rabbi Shimon disagrees, arguing that with regard to these laws, it is treated like any ordinary birth.
A yotze dofen refers to a birth that does not progress in an ordinary manner, rather by means of surgical intervention. Already in ancient times birth by means of Caesarean section was known, although such surgery was invariably performed on a mother that was already dead. Only with the advent of modern medicine do we find records of successful Caesarean sections performed on women who were alive. From the discussion in the Gemara, however, it does appear that Jewish physicians successfully performed such operations on women who survived the ordeal and were able to conceive and give birth to more children.
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D'fhoghlaim muid cheana féin go bhfuil catagóir ar leithligh ann a bhaineann le breith leanaí, seachas dlíthe íonachta deasghnátha a bhaineann le nidda agus zava. De réir an Torah nuair a thugann bean breith, déantar í a dhéanamh neamhghlan go deasghnáthach le tumat leida neamhghlanas an bhreith (féach 12:1-5). Múineann an Torah go bhfuil rialacha éagsúla ann do bhean a thugann breith ar bhuachaill agus ceann a thugann breith ar chailín.
- Nuair a rugadh buachaill tá an mháthair neamhghlan go deasghnáthach ar feadh seacht lá, agus ansin tá 33 lá ann le linn na tréimhse nach ndéanann aon fhuilíocht fhágánach í neamhghlan;
- Nuair a rugadh cailín tá an mháthair neamhghlan go deasghnáthach ar feadh 14 lá, agus ansin tá 66 lá ann le linn na tréimhse sin nach ndéanann aon fhuilíocht fhágánach í neamhghlan.
Ceann de na heilimintí uathúla a bhaineann le tumat leia ná nach bhfuil baint aige le fuil; fiú mura bhfuil fuil bhoilg ar chor ar bith le linn an bhreith, tá an bhean neamhghlan go deasghnách.
Cad a tharlaíonn mura bhfuil an bhreith déanta ar an ngnáthmhodh? An bhfuil an bhean neamhghlan go deasghnáthach fós?
Déileálann an cúigiú peric de Massekhet Nidda, a thosaíonn ar lá inniu an cheist seo. De réir Tanna Kamma an Mishna, má tá an leanbh a rugadh ina yotze dofen (go litriúil é a thagann amach ó thaobh an chomhlachta ) ní bhaineann dlíthe tumat leida leis an máthair. Ní aontaíonn Rabbi Shimon, ag argóint go gcaithfear leis an mbreith mar aon bhreith gnáth i dtaca leis na dlíthe seo.
Tagraíonn yotze dofen do bhreith nach gcur chun cinn ar bhealach gnáth, ach trí idirghabháil máinliachta. Bhí a fhios ag daoine cheana féin in amanna ársa go raibh breith trí mhír cheisárthach, cé go ndearnadh an oibríocht sin go hiondúil ar mháthair a bhí marbh cheana féin. Ní raibh ach le teacht na míochaine nua-aimseartha a fhaighimid taifid de mhná a rinneadh ar mhná a bhí beo agus a rinneadh cisearáin rathúla orthu. Ón plé sa Ghemara, áfach, is cosúil go ndearna dochtúirí Giúdacha oibríochtaí den sórt sin go rathúil ar mhná a d'éirigh leis an trioblóid agus a bhí in ann a bheith torrach agus leanaí eile a thabhairt ar an saol.
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Title: A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora
Author: Laughlin, Daniel C.; Leppert, Jessica J.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull;
Source: Functional Ecology. 24: 493-501.
Publication Series: Scientific Journal (JRNL)
Description: Plants are multifaceted organisms that have evolved ecological strategies for sustaining populations in resource-limited environments (Grime 1979; Craine 2009). Plant strategies can be quantified by measuring functional traits (Grime et al. 1997; Reich et al. 2003), which are the properties of plants that impact plant fitness (Violle et al. 2008) and ecosystem processes (Lavorel & Garnier 2002). Comparisons of functional traits across taxa have provided insight into the primary functional gradients among plants (e.g. Grime et al. 1997; Reich et al. 1999; Craine et al. 2001; Diaz et al. 2004). One important gradient describes differences in resource acquisition (Reich, Walters & Ellsworth 1997), known as the 'leaf economics spectrum' (sensu Wright et al. 2004a), which runs from plants with quick returns on investment in nutrients and dry matter [i.e. plants with leaves that have high photosynthetic rates, short life spans, high SLA, and high leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations] to plants with slower returns on their investments. This multi-trait spectrum (or strategy axis) is only one out of potentially many spectra important to plant growth, reproduction, and survival (Reich et al. 2003; Craine 2009).
Keywords: comparative ecology, functional traits, leaf economics spectrum, litter decomposition, nitrogen, seed mass, specific leaf area, specific root length
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- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
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Laughlin, Daniel C.; Leppert, Jessica J.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2010. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Functional Ecology. 24: 493-501.
Get the latest version of the Adobe Acrobat reader or Acrobat Reader for Windows with Search and Accessibility
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Teideal: Tástáil il-thréithe ar an scéim straitéiseach plandaí síolta le 133 speiceas ó fhlóra foraoise pháin
Údair: Laughlin, Daniel C.; Leppert, Jessica J.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull;
Foinse: Éiceolaíocht Feidhmiúil. 24: 493-501. Tá sé seo fíor.
Sraith Foilseachán: Iris Eolaíoch (JRNL)
Cur síos: Is orgánaigh ilghnéitheacha iad plandaí a d'fhorbair straitéisí éiceolaíocha chun daonra a chothabháil i dtimpeallachtaí a bhfuil acmhainní teoranta acu (Grime 1979; Craine 2009). Is féidir straitéisí plandaí a chainníochtú trí thréithe feidhmiúla a thomhas (Grime et al. 1997; Reich et al. 2003), is iad sin airíonna plandaí a mbíonn tionchar acu ar folláine plandaí (Violle et al. 2008) agus próisis éiceachórais (Lavorel & Garnier 2002). Tá léargas tugtha ag comparáidí de thréithe feidhmiúla ar fud na tacsain ar na príomh-ghrádaí feidhmiúla i measc plandaí (m.sh. Grime et al. 1997; Reich et al. 1999; Craine et al. 2001; Diaz et al. 2004). Déanann gradient tábhachtach cur síos ar na difríochtaí i bhfáiltí acmhainní (Reich, Walters & Ellsworth 1997), ar a dtugtar 'spéictrim eacnamaíochta duille' (sensu Wright et al. 2004a), a théann ó phlandaí a bhfuil toradh tapa acu ar infheistíocht i gcothaithigh agus i substaint thirim [i.e. plandaí a bhfuil rátaí ard fóta-sintéiseacha, saolré gearr, SLA ard, agus tiúchan ard nítrigine (N) i mblaí acu] le plandaí a bhfuil toradh níos moille ar a n-infheistíochtaí. Ní speictream il-thréithe (nó eicheam straitéise) é seo ach ceann amháin as speictream a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tábhachtach do fhás, atáirgeadh agus maireachtáil plandaí (Reich et al. 2003; Craine 2009).
Príomhfhocail: éiceolaíocht choibhéiseach, tréithe feidhmiúla, speictream eacnamaíochta duille, dí-athrú litreach, nítrigin, mais síolta, limistéar sonrach duille, fad bunúsach sonrach
- Moltar duit an leathanach seo a phriontáil freisin agus é a cheangal le priontáil an ailt, chun an fhaisnéis iomlána luaite a choinneáil.
- Scríobh agus d'ullmhaigh fostaithe Rialtais na Stát Aontaithe an t-alt seo ar am oifigiúil, agus dá bhrí sin tá sé i réim phoiblí.
XML: Léamh XML
Laughlin, Daniel C.; Leppert, Jessica J.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2010. an bhliain. Tástáil il-thréithe ar an scéim straitéise plandaí síolta-leabha le 133 speiceas ó flóra foraoise phine. Éiceolaíocht Feidhmiúil. 24: 493-501. Tá sé seo fíor.
Faigh an leagan is déanaí den léitheoir Adobe Acrobat nó Acrobat Reader do Windows le Cuardach agus Inrochtaineacht
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A hydroelectric dam threatens the Selous Game Reserve
Madagascar Pond Heron
Inside Tanzania lies a nearly undisturbed tract of land roughly the size of Switzerland. The Selous Game Reserve is one of the last areas of wilderness left on Earth. Due to its importance as a largely untouched habitat, this vast expanse was named a World Heritage Site in 1982. It is also an Important Bird & Biodiversity Area (IBA) and Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), hosting a long list of species typical to the savanna regions of Africa.
That may be about to change. In late April, the Tanzanian government opened up a tender to clear a large swathe of vegetation inside Selous. The government most likely wants to build a hydropower dam called the Stiegler’s Gorge Dam. This decision is in breach of Tanzanian environmental legislation and goes against the World Heritage Committee position against dams with large reservoirs being built in World Heritage sites.
Read the complete story here.
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Tá dam hidrealaíoch ag bagairt ar Chúlchiste Gheimhridh Selous
An t-eachtra a bhaineann le hionad
Taobh istigh den Tansáin tá píosa talún beagnach neamhghnách atá thart ar mhéid na hEilvéise. Tá an Cúlchiste Gnéas Selous ar cheann de na háiteanna fiáine deireanach ar domhan. Mar gheall ar a thábhacht mar ghnáthóg nach ndearnadh teagmháil leis den chuid is mó, ainmníodh an leathnú mór seo mar Limistéar Oidhreachta Domhanda i 1982. Tá sé ina Limistéar Éigeandála agus Bithéagsúlachta (IBA) agus Limistéar Bithéagsúlachta (KBA) tábhachtach freisin, ag óstáil liosta fada speiceas atá tipiciúil do réigiúin savanna na hAfraice.
B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé sin ar tí athrú. Ag deireadh mhí Aibreáin, d'oscail rialtas na Tansaine tairisceana chun snáitheanna móra plandaíochta a ghlanadh taobh istigh de Selous. Is dócha go bhfuil an rialtas ag iarraidh dam hidrealaíoch a thógáil ar a dtugtar Dam Stiegler's Gorge. Tá an cinneadh seo i gcoinne reachtaíocht chomhshaoil na Tansaine agus tá sé contrártha do sheasamh Choiste Oidhreachta Domhanda i gcoinne damha le stóranna móra a thógáil i láithreáin Oidhreachta Domhanda.
Léigh an scéal iomlán anseo.
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Foundations of cultural studies an introduction to cultural studies central problems in cultural studies part two. From a strictly theoretical point of view this is not, in fact, where we might choose to begin. The enterprise is fraught with difficulties, not the least of which is the absence of a commonly accepted and sufficiently ecumenical definition of complexity that would ease the transfer from the natural sciences to intellectual history. Sociocultural theory applied to second language learning. Using complexity theory to understand the teaching and. Yet many social scientists find complexity to be a confusing and irrelevant theory. An exploration of how approaches that draw on evolutionary theory and complexity science can advance our understanding of economics. He states that as a child develops, the interaction within these environments becomes more complex.
Transport networks, management infrastructure and supply chain. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. Moreover, a collectivists association with his or her ingroups may last a lifetime. One of the first books covering the subject of complexity. We disagree with the implication of the treadmill model, based on dual inheritance theory, that population size is the driver of cultural complexity. A metatheory for understanding the complexity of culture. A \complex system is a group or organization which is made up of many interacting parts.
In popular dialogues, describing a system as complex is often the point of resignation, inferring that the system cannot be sufficiently described, predicted nor managed. Hofstede carried out a crosscultural study in 50 countries and 3 regions. Conventional approaches to organisational culture and change have been inadequate, partly because they have been based on outmoded models of organisational dynamics. The following remarks are an attempt to apply selected features associated with complex phenomena to a recent development in german kulturwissenschaften. The initial sections provide an overview, descriptive characteristics, background and socialinstitutional outlines for the complex adaptive systems knowledge domain. Culture plays a central role in informing research with two key themes being. Sociocultural activity theory seems a useful framework to study cultural complexity, because it matches current views on culture as a dynamic process situated in a social context, and has been valued in diverse fields. Why is everyone so excited about complexity theory in applied linguistics.
Complexity theory suggests that when there is enough connectivity between the agents emergence is likely to occur spontaneously. Developments in chaos and complexity theories are proposed as a theoretical base for study on the complexity of culture at the individual level. Cultural care in nursing 8 power is currently, in the hands of the nurse, not the patient. Pdf in popular dialogues, describing a system as complex is often the point of resignation, inferring that the system cannot be sufficiently.
Complexity theory and organizations, also called complexity strategy or complex adaptive organizations, is the use of the study of complexity systems in the field of strategic management and organizational studies complexity theory is an interdisciplinary theory that grew out of systems theory in the 1960s 350 it draws from research in the natural sciences that examines uncertainty and non. A complexity approach can offer a new perspective which leads to a radically different kind of practice for change agents. Complexity theory and project management wiley online books. Theory, brains, and crosscultural diversity neil cohn tilburg university department of communication and cognition. We disagree with the implication of the treadmill model, based on dualinheritance theory, that population size is the driver of cultural complexity.
Pdf cultural complexity and complexity evolution dwight read. Additional developments in network theory serve as a theoretical base for cultural research at the group level. A study of the book itself, or even of franklin, may be interdisciplinary or it may not. In the target paper, kashima 2014 harvests insights from communication research, shared reality theory in social psychology, diffusionism in cognitive anthropology and connectionism in cognitive psychology to propose a neodiffusionist account of culture. Systems theory has been challenged in the recent literature due to its perceived disconnection from todays research and practice demands. This is the question answered by bronfenbrenners theory. Project muse discourse, media, cultural techniques. Implications for pluralistic societies and public policy. Models created by archaeologists to explain the development of cultural complexity on the north pacific coast frequently pose resource intensification. The next four sections provide descriptive material on applications of cas thinking in the disciplines of physics.
This article examines the issue of cultural complexity from an archaeological perspective. This book offers an innovative model of culture based on complexity theory and prototype semantics. Cultural context, cultural meaning, design method, planning process, rhetorical theory, rhetorical theme robert venturis complexity and contradiction in architecture, published in 1966, made the first big splash in architectural theory that disturbed the waters of modernism. A collection of scholarly essays, complexity theory and the philosophy of education provides an accessible theoretical introduction to the topic of complexity theory while considering its broader implications for educational change.
Indeed my own working definition of culture contains this as a key word. Applying hofstedes theory to compare norway and the united states. Theory suggests 2 that if a toosmall group attempts to make a toocomplex tool. In brief, many models of cultural evolution focus primarily on the transmission of cultural traits and not on their interactions with genes or fitness. Civil wars, sectarian bloodshed, resistance movements, and similar forms of social conflict occur more often than not within states along distinctly cultural fault lines, with bosnia and rwanda being the. The study of the emergence of civilizations examines the development of complex societies from previous simpler ones. Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory focuses on the quality and context of the childs environment. It traces its origins to the founders of the culturalhistorical school of russian psychology l. Claes andersson is an associate in physical resource theory in the department of energy and environment at chalmers university of technology. In addition, the authors illustrate in an agentbased modeling study how complexity theory can shed new light on how opinions spread through interpersonal communication in a complex cultural system. It has often been used as a measure of cultural evolution and has been shown to correlate with numerous other variables. The final part discusses the implications of the complexity approach for governance theory. A critical analysis lesley p seaton a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of. While nation is of great importance, unless personally inspiring, it tends to be an external force which is in conflict with a wide variety of layered cultural realities which collect.
In order to gauge the impact of differences in national culture on management, g. Social identity complexity and acceptance of diversity. It explains that cultural complexity is one of angloamerican anthropological archaeologys core concepts and it provides the framework for much empirical work in archaeology, and states that archaeologists have reexported it to the other social sciences. Two widely heralded yet contested approaches to economics have emerged in recent years. Moving away from the reductionist frameworks and the complicated domain predominated by known unknowns and order, a call is being made to the social sciences to begin adopting complexity theory and newer connectionist methods that better address. Among the drivers and constraints on the evolution of complex hominin culture that have. Cultural complexity and resource intensification on kodiak island, alaska. Cultural complexity also occurs in cultures where people are. Complexity theory has emerged in recent years and has the potential to provide new understandings for practice in a complex world. Explains the contributions of complexity theory to philosophy of education, curriculum, and educational research brings together new research by an international. Implementation, context and complexity implementation.
Cultural complexity is one of the most commonly used variables in crosscultural research. Culturalhistorical activity theory chat is a theoretical framework which helps to understand and analyse the relationship between the human mind what people think and feel and activity what people do. The world is a complex place and social work takes place in an increasingly complex arena. Cultural complexity and resource intensification on kodiak. Complexity theory and the philosophy of education wiley. Pdf cultural complexity is one of the most commonly used variables in. Social identity complexity and intergroup relations. This paper begins by calling attention to a puzzling feature of our deep past. Complex systems theory and evolution melanie mitchell and mark newman santa fe institute, 99 hyde park road, santa fe, nm 87501 in encyclopedia of evolution m. This is because many intervention and evaluation designs seek to eliminate contextual confounders, when these represent the normal conditions into which interventions must be integrated if they are to be workable in practice. A model of culture, developed by jerry johnson figure 1, may help to explain the difference between the two approaches. Bruner claims that any theory or explanation about human activity should consider its complexity because human people are not isolated, but actually associated with a complex living context.
Organization and leadership, 2 may 2016, dubai, uae management and organizational complexity shahram mirzaei daryania, amir aminib adepartment of. Abstract despite their diverse national backgrounds, 28 interviewees speak similarly about the complexity of the cultural realities with which they live, and refuse to be pinned down to specific cultural types. This thesis is driven by a recognition that this type of crosscultural theory urgently needs to be updated and re developed to make sure that it meets the needs of contemporary society and contemporary nurses. Management and organizational complexity sciencedirect. This complexity can arise as the childs physical and cognitive structures grow and mature.
At least eight measures of cultural complexity have been constructed since the. With this focus, we could not do adequate justice to many important domains of cultural evolutionary theory. Context is a problem in research on health behaviour change, knowledge translation, practice implementation and health improvement. But the question of how to define complexity is a tricky one that has affected archaeology from its beginning.
Understanding the multiple, crosscutting cultural contexts in which people operate helps us better understand the complexity of higher education organizations and improve administrative action. This book explores how people manage to live relatively simple lives while seemingly unaware of the cultural complexity they produce while doing so. The term complexity theory refers to a metatheory which has drawn on a number of disciplines. Complex adaptive systems cas and complexity theory. Understanding complexity theory complexity theory has become a broad platform for the investigation of complex interdisciplinary situations and can be defined as the study of how order and patterns arise from apparently chaotic systems and conversely how complex behaviour and structures emerge from simple underlying rules. Raymond, 389391 20 a decade ago, henrich1 proposed group size as a driver of cultural complexity. We propose that the link between cultural complexity and demography could be domain dependent. For instance, one branch of culture theory places a primary importance on the cultural institutions that are involved in the production, dissemination, and consumption of culture. Explanation of any human condition is so bound to context. Article information, pdf download for cultural complexity.
In an organisation the agents are peoplethemselves complex systems. These models include, but are not limited to, models of social learning e. Questions of culture questions of culture and ideology culture, meaning, knowledge the linguistic turn in cultural studies biology, evolution and culture questions of reductionism and complexity part three. There is a growing need for research on culture, cultural differences and cultural effects of globalization in medical education, but these are complex phenomena to investigate. Lgbt identity development models 27 when considering developmental issues of adolescents and sexual orientation, it is also important to note that these years may be characterized. Complexity theory and project management provides remedies through the use of teaching notes, power point slides, a solutions manual, and a toolbox of answers to common project management problems to illustrate how the deployment of complexity theory can make a project more successful.250 1237 1562 1476 1292 1300 1409 579 1278 637 1449 1248 1245 173 1133 1546 843 1128 52 495 451 52 993 1028 59 1285 415 404 1264 1452 124 366
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Bunaíochtaí na staidéir chultúrtha an cur isteach ar na staidéir chultúrtha fadhbanna lárnacha sna staidéir chultúrtha an dara cuid. Ó thaobh teiriciúil de ní hé seo, i ndáiríre, an áit a bhféadfaimis tosú. Tá an fiontar lán de deacrachtaí, agus is é an ceann is lú ná easpa sainmhíniú coitianta a nglactar leis agus a bhfuil an-eacnamaíocht aige ar chastacht a d'éascaigh an t-aistriú ó na heolaíochtaí nádúrtha go stair intleachtúil. Teoiric sochealaíoch-chultúrtha a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar fhoghlaim dara teanga. Ag baint úsáide as teoiric chastachta chun an teagasc a thuiscint agus Ach is teoiric mearbhall agus neamhábhartha í an chastacht do go leor eolaithe sóisialta. Tá iniúchadh ar conas is féidir le cur chuige a tharraingíonn ar teoiric éabhlóideach agus ar eolaíocht chastachta ár dtuiscint ar gheilleagar a chur chun cinn. Deir sé go bhfuil an t-idirghníomhaíocht laistigh de na timpeallachtaí seo níos casta de réir mar a fhorbraíonn leanbh.
Líonraí iompair, bonneagar bainistíochta agus slabhra soláthair. Mura bhfuil an pdf inline á léiriú i gceart, is féidir leat an comhad pdf a íoslódáil anseo. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mairfeadh comhlachas coilctheivista le a chuid nó a cuid ingrúpaí ar feadh an tsaoil. Ceann de na chéad leabhair a chlúdaíonn ábhar an chastachta. Ní aontaímid le himpleacht an mhúnla treadmill, bunaithe ar theoiric an oidhreachta dhúbailte, go bhfuil méid an daonra mar thiománaí ar chastacht chultúrtha. Meta-theory chun tuiscint a fháil ar chastacht an chultúir. Is éard atá i gcóras casta ná grúpa nó eagraíocht atá comhdhéanta de go leor codanna atá ag idirghníomhú.
I dtimpeallachtaí tóir, is minic gurb é an pointe éagórachta córas a thuairisciú mar chóras casta, ag cur in iúl nach féidir an córas a thuairisciú, a thuar ná a bhainistiú go leordhóthanach. Rinne Hofstede staidéar traschultúrtha i 50 tír agus 3 réigiún. Tá cur chuige traidisiúnta maidir le cultúr eagraíochta agus athrú neamhfhreagrach, go páirteach toisc go raibh siad bunaithe ar mhúnlaí sean-aimseartha de dinimic eagraíochta. Is iarracht iad na ráitis seo a leanas gnéithe roghnaithe a bhaineann le feiniméin chasta a chur i bhfeidhm ar fhorbairt le déanaí i kulturwissenschaften na Gearmáine. Soláthraíonn na rannáin tosaigh forbhreathnú, tréithe tuairisciúla, cúlra agus línte sochealacha institiúideacha don réimse eolais casta de chórais oiriúnaitheacha. Tá ról lárnach ag an gcultúr i dtaca le taighde a chur ar an eolas agus tá dhá phríomhthéama ann. Is cosúil gur creat úsáideach é teoiric na gníomhaíochta sochealaíoch-chultúrtha chun castacht chultúrtha a staidéar, toisc go gcomhoireann sé le tuairimí reatha ar chultúr mar phróiseas dinimiciúil atá suite i gcomhthéacs sóisialta, agus gur luacháil i réimsí éagsúla é. Cén fáth go bhfuil gach duine chomh sásta leis an teoiric chastachta i dteangachas fheidhmiúil?
Tugann teoiric chastachta le fios go bhfuil sé dóchúil go dtarlóidh an t-éirí amach go spontáineach nuair a bhíonn go leor nascachta idir na gníomhaithe. Tá forbairtí i teoiricí caos agus castachta molta mar bhunús teoiriciúil chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar chastacht an chultúir ar an leibhéal aonair. Tá cúram cultúrtha san altraíocht 8 i lámha an altra faoi láthair, ní i lámha an othair. Pdf i dtimpeallachtaí tóir, is minic gurb é an pointe éagórachta córas a thuairisciú mar shlí casta, ag cur i gcrích nach féidir an córas a bheith go leor.
Is éard atá i dthéoriúlacht chastachta agus eagraíochtaí, ar a dtugtar straitéis chastachta nó eagraíochtaí oiriúnaithe casta, úsáid na gcóras castachta a staidéar i réimse na bainistíochta straitéiseacha agus staidéir eagraíochta. Is teoiric idirdhisciplíneach é teoiric chastachta a d'fhás amach as teoiric chórais sna 1960idí. Is féidir le cur chuige castachta dearcadh nua a thairiscint a thugann cineál cleachtais atá go bunúsach difriúil d'aigneoirí athraithe. Teoiric chastachta agus bainistíocht tionscadail Wiley leabhair ar líne. Teoiric, brains, agus éagsúlacht traschultúrtha Neil Cohn Tilburg Ollscoil Roinn Cumarsáide agus Cogníochta. Ní aontaímid le himpleacht an mhúnla treadmill, bunaithe ar theoiric an dá oidhreachta, go bhfuil méid an daonra mar thiománaí castachta cultúrtha.
Pdf castacht cultúrtha agus éabhlóid castachta Tá forbairtí breise i dteoiric na líonra mar bhonn teoiriciúil le haghaidh taighde cultúrtha ar leibhéal an ghrúpa. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh staidéar ar an leabhar féin, nó ar Franklin, idirdhisciplíneach nó b'fhéidir nach mbeadh. Sa pháipéar sprioc, kashima 2014 cuireann sé léargas ó thaighde cumarsáide, teoiric réaltachta roinnte i síceolaíocht shóisialta, díleá i n-anthrópaolaíocht chognaíoch agus nasc i síceolaíocht chognaíoch chun cuntas neodiffusionist ar chultúr a mholadh. Tá dúshlán curtha ar teoiric na gcóras sa litríocht le déanaí mar gheall ar a dhíscheangal a bhrath ó éilimh taighde agus cleachtais an lae inniu. Is é seo an cheist a fhreagraíonn teoiric bronfenbrenners. Tograí a bhaineann le cainte, meáin, teicnící cultúrtha. Impleachtaí do sochaithe ilghnéitheacha agus do bheartas poiblí. Is minic a chuireann samhlacha a chruthaigh seandálaithe chun forbairt an chastachta chultúrtha ar chósta an Aigéin Chiúin Thuaidh a mhíniú dianú acmhainní. Soláthraíonn na ceithre rannán eile ábhar tuairisciúil ar fheidhmeanna smaointeoireachta cás sna disciplíní fisice.
Déantar an cheist seo a scrúdú ó thaobh an chastachta cultúrtha de ó thaobh na seandálaíochta de. Cuireann an leabhar seo samhail nuálach cultúir ar fáil bunaithe ar theoiric chastachta agus ar shéimintíocht fréamhshamhla. Comhthéacs cultúrtha, brí cultúrtha, modh dearadh, próiseas pleanála, teoiric réiteoracha, téama réiteoracha robert venturis, a foilsíodh i 1966, rinne sé an chéad splash mór i teoiric ailtireachta a chuir isteach ar uisce na nua-aimsearthachta. Soláthraíonn bailiúchán de aisteanna scoláireacha, teoiric chastachta agus fealsúnacht na hoideachais réamhrá teoiriciúil inrochtana ar ábhar na teoiric chastachta agus a impleachtaí níos leithne maidir le hathrú oideachais á gcur san áireamh.
Go deimhin, is é seo an focal is tábhachtaí i m'fhormhíniú oibre féin ar chultúr. Teoiric Hofstede a chur i bhfeidhm chun an Iorua agus na Stáit Aontaithe a chur i gcomparáid. Tugann teoiric le fios 2 go ndéanann grúpa beag iarracht uirlis chomh casta a dhéanamh. Go hachomair, díreofar go leor samhlacha d'eabhlóid chultúrtha go príomha ar tharchur tréithe chultúrtha agus ní ar a n-idirghníomhaíochtaí le géiní nó le folláine. Tarlaíonn cogadh sibhialta, fuil sectarian, gluaiseachtaí friotaíochta, agus cineálacha den choimhlint shóisialta den chineál céanna níos minice ná mar nach bhfuil laistigh de stáit ar feadh línte locht cultúrtha ar leith, agus is é Bosnia agus Ruanda an ceann is mó. Déanann staidéar ar éirí amach na sibhialtachtaí scrúdú ar fhorbairt shochaithe casta ó shochaithe níos simplí roimhe seo. Díríonn teoiric chórais éiceolaíocha Bronfenbrenner ar cháilíocht agus ar chomhthéacs timpeallacht an linbh. Tá a thionscnamh ag bunaitheoirí na scoile cultúrtha stairiúla de shíceolaíocht na Rúise L. Claes Andersson ina chomhalta i teoiric acmhainní fisiciúla i roinn fuinnimh agus comhshaoil in Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Chalmers. Ina theannta sin, léiríonn na húdair i staidéar samhlaíochta atá bunaithe ar ghníomhaire conas is féidir le teoiric an chastachta solas nua a chaitheamh ar an gcaoi a scaipeann tuairimí trí chumarsáid idirphearsanta i gcóras cultúrtha casta. Is minic a úsáidtear é mar thomhas ar éabhlóid chultúrtha agus léiríodh go bhfuil comhghaol aige le go leor athróg eile. Déantar plé sa chuid dheireanach ar na himpleachtaí a bhaineann le cur chuige an chastachta don teoiric rialachais. An t-aistriúchán ar an teideal "An t-Aistriúchán ar an Teanga" Cé go bhfuil tábhacht mhór ag náisiún, mura bhfuil sé spreagtha go pearsanta, bíonn sé ina fhórsa sheachtrach atá i gcath le réimse leathan réaltachtaí cultúrtha sraitheacha a bhailíonn.
Chun tionchar na difríochtaí i gcultúr náisiúnta ar bhainistíocht a thomhas, g. Míníonn sé go bhfuil castacht chultúrtha ar cheann de bhunchoincheapa na hailtireacht antrópolaíochta Angla-Mheiriceánach agus soláthraíonn sé an creat do go leor oibre empiriciúil in ailtireacht, agus deir sé go bhfuil ailtireacht na n-ailtireacht ath-onnmhairithe chuig na heolaíochtaí sóisialta eile. Tá dhá chur chuige eacnamaíochta a bhfuil an-tóir orthu agus a bhfuil díospóireacht orthu tagtha chun cinn le blianta beaga anuas. Ag bogadh ar shiúl ó na creataí laghdaithe agus an réimse casta a bhfuil an-tóir air ag anaithnid agus ord aitheanta, tá glao á dhéanamh ar na heolaíochtaí sóisialta chun tús a chur le teoiric chastachta agus modhanna nasctha níos nuaí a fhreastalaíonn níos fearr. I measc na tiománaithe agus srianta ar an éabhlóid ar chultúr hominin casta a bhfuil. Iompracht chultúrtha agus dian-úsáid acmhainní ar oileán Kodiak, Alasca. Tarlaíonn castacht chultúrtha freisin i gcultúir ina bhfuil daoine. Tá teoiric chastachta tagtha chun cinn le blianta beaga anuas agus tá sé de chumas aige tuiscint nua a sholáthar le haghaidh cleachtais i saol casta. Míníonn sé ranníocaíochtaí teoiric chastachta le fealsúnacht an oideachais, le cúrsa teagaisc, agus le taighde oideachais a thugann taighde nua le chéile ag idirnáisiúnta. Cur chun feidhme, comhthéacs agus castacht cur chun feidhme.
Tá castacht chultúrtha ar cheann de na hathróga is coitianta a úsáidtear i dtaighde traschultúrtha. Is creat teoiriciúil é teoiric na gníomhaíochta cultúrtha-stairiúla a chabhraíonn le tuiscint agus anailís a dhéanamh ar an gcaidreamh idir an intinn daonna, cad a cheapann agus a mhothaíonn daoine agus an ghníomhaíocht, cad a dhéanann daoine. Is áit chasta í an domhan agus bíonn obair shóisialta ar siúl i réimse atá ag éirí níos casta i gcónaí. Comhtháthúlacht chultúrtha agus dian-úsáid acmhainní ar Kodiak. Teoiric chastachta agus fealsúnacht an oideachais Wiley. Is é an castacht cultúrtha ceann de na hathróga is coitianta a úsáidtear i gcultúr na Gaeilge. Comhtháthú an aitheantais shóisialta agus caidreamh idirghrúpa. Tosaíonn an páipéar seo ag tabhairt aird ar ghné intinn dár n-am atá caite. Teoiric córais chasta agus éabhlóid Melanie Mitchell agus Mark Newman Santa Fe Institute, 99 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, nm 87501 in encyclopedia of evolution m. Tá sé seo toisc go bhfuil go leor de na dearaí idirghabhála agus meastóireachta ag iarraidh confuctors comhthéacsúla a dhíchur, nuair a léiríonn siad na coinníollacha gnáth ina gcaithfear idirghabhálacha a chomhtháthú más mian leo a bheith inúsáidte i gcleachtas. D'fhéadfadh samhail cultúir, arna fhorbairt ag Jerry Johnson (Figiúr 1) cabhrú leis an difríocht idir an dá chur chuige a mhíniú. Éilíonn Bruner gur chóir go gcuirfeadh aon teoiric nó míniú ar ghníomhaíocht an duine a chastacht san áireamh toisc nach bhfuil daoine daonna ar leithligh, ach go bhfuil siad bainteach le comhthéacs maireachtála casta.
Eagraíocht agus ceannaireacht, 2 Bealtaine 2016, Dubai, Bainistíocht UAE agus castacht eagraíochta Shahram Mirzaei Daryania, amir aminib adepartment of. Cé go bhfuil a gcúlra náisiúnta éagsúil, labhraíonn 28 duine a ndearnadh agallamh go han-iomarcach faoi chastacht na réaltachtaí cultúrtha lena maireann siad, agus diúltaíonn siad a bheith ceangailte le cineálacha cultúrtha ar leith. Tá an téis seo tiomanta ag aitheantas go bhfuil gá práinneach le teoiric traschultúrtha den chineál seo a nuashonrú agus a athfhorbairt chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíonann sí riachtanais an tsochaí choimhthíocha agus na n-iníonáin choimhthíocha. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-eolas seo chomh casta agus is féidir. Is féidir an castacht seo a bheith ann de réir mar a fhásann agus a aibíonn struchtúir choirp agus chognaíocha na leanaí.
Tá ocht gcinn ar a laghad de chomhchruinníocht chultúrtha tógtha ó na blianta 1960 i leith. Leis an díriú seo, ní fhéadfaimis ceartas leordhóthanach a dhéanamh do go leor réimsí tábhachtacha den teoiric éabhlóideach cultúrtha. Is fadhb é comhthéacs i dtaighde ar athrú iompraíochta sláinte, aistriú eolais, cur i bhfeidhm cleachtais agus feabhsú sláinte. Ach is ceist é an cheist maidir le conas an castacht a shainiú, ceann tricky a raibh tionchar aige ar ársaíocht ó thús.
Cuidíonn tuiscint a fháil ar na comhthéacsanna ilchineálacha, tras-réasanta cultúrtha ina n-oibríonn daoine linn tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar chastacht eagraíochtaí ardoideachais agus gníomh riaracháin a fheabhsú. Déanann an leabhar seo iniúchadh ar an gcaoi a n-éireoidh le daoine saol réasúnta simplí a chaitheamh agus iad ag dul i ngleic leis an gcineál casta cultúrtha a tháirgeann siad agus iad ag déanamh amhlaidh. Tagraíonn an téarma teoiric chastachta do mhéata-theoiric a tharraing ar roinnt disciplíní. Córais choigeartaithe casta cas agus teoiric chastachta. Tuiscint ar théorie an chastachta Tá teoiric an chastachta ina ardán leathan chun staidí idirdhisciplíneacha casta a imscrúdú agus is féidir é a shainmhíniú mar staidéar ar an gcaoi a n-eascraíonn ord agus patrúin ó chórais chaoticiúla is cosúil agus a mhalairt ar an gcaoi a n-eascraíonn iompar agus struchtúir chasta ó rialacha bunúsacha simplí. Raymond, 389391 20 deich mbliana ó shin, mhol Henry1 méid grúpa mar thiománaí castachta cultúrtha. Molann muid go bhféadfadh an nasc idir castacht chultúrtha agus déimeagrafaíocht a bheith ag brath ar réimse. Mar shampla, cuireann brainse amháin den teoiric chultúir tábhacht phríomhúil ar na hinstitiúidí cultúrtha a bhfuil baint acu le táirgeadh, scaipeadh agus tomhaltas cultúir. Tá míniú ar aon choinníoll daonna chomh ceangailte leis an gcomhthéacs. Faisnéis ar an alt, íoslódáil pdf le haghaidh castacht chultúrtha.
I dtionscnamh, is daoine iad na gníomhaithe agus iad féin ina gcórais casta. Áirítear ar na samhlacha seo, ach ní theorannú orthu sin, samhlacha foghlama sóisialta e. Ceisteanna cultúir ceisteanna cultúir agus idé-eolaíochta cultúr, brí, eolas an cas teanga i staidéir chultúrtha bithéolaíocht, éabhlóid agus cultúr ceisteanna laghdaithe agus castachta an tríú cuid. Tá gá ag fás le taighde ar chultúr, ar dhifríochtaí cultúrtha agus ar éifeachtaí cultúrtha domhandaithe i oideachas leighis, ach is feiniméin chasta iad seo le fiosrú. Is féidir leis an bpróiseas a bhaineann le forbairt a bheith ag teastáil ó thús na mblianta agus ó thús na mblianta ó thús na mblianta. Tugann teoiric chastachta agus bainistíocht tionscadail leigheasanna trí nótaí teagaisc, sleamhnáin PowerPoint, lámhleabhar réitigh, agus bosca uirlisí le freagraí ar fhadhbanna bainistíochta tionscadail choitianta a léiriú conas is féidir le húsáid teoiric chastachta tionscadal a dhéanamh níos rathúla.250 1237 1562 1476 1292 1300 1409 579 1278 637 1449 1248 1245 173 1133 1546 843 1128 52 495 451 52 993 1028 59 1285 415 404 1264 1452 124 366
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Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a camera that captures 1 trillion frames per second.
The device can track the movement of individual packets of light, or photons, so fast that you can visualize the propagation of light.
“We have built a virtual slow motion camera where we can see photons, or light particles through space,” says Associate Professor Ramesh Raskar in an interview.
“Photons travel about a million times photons travel a million times faster than bullets. So our camera can see photons, or bullets of light traveling through space.”
In order to perform the experiment, the scientists used a streak camera, which is normally used to measure the intensity and duration of light.
By modifying the equipment, the researchers managed to create slow-motion movies.
The technique used cameras and mirrors to build these slow motion clips that track the lights movement across a scene. A laser pulse was shut as a flash and the light was recorded at about 1 trillion FPS.
The experiment thus had to be replicated hundreds of times.
The technology can be applied in medical imaging, materials science, as well as chemical analysis.
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Tá taighdeoirí in Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Massachusetts tar éis ceamara a chruthú a ghlacann 1 trilliún fráma in aghaidh an tsoicind.
Is féidir leis an gléas gluaiseacht pacáistí solais aonair, nó fóitíní, a rianú chomh tapa sin gur féidir leat scaipeadh an tsolais a shamhlú.
'Tá ceamara fíorúil luatha-ghníomhaithe tógtha againn inar féidir linn fóitíní, nó coirpíní solais a fheiceáil tríd an spás,' a deir an tOllamh Comhlánaithe Ramesh Raskar in agallamh.
Téann fotóin thart ar milliún uair téann fotóin milliún uair níos tapúla ná bullet. Mar sin is féidir lenár gcámara fotóin, nó liathróidí solais a fheiceáil ag taisteal tríd an spás.
Chun an turgnamh a dhéanamh, d'úsáid na heolaithe ceamara streak, a úsáidtear de ghnáth chun déine agus fad an tsolais a thomhas.
Trí na trealamh a mhodhnú, d'éirigh leis na taighdeoirí scannáin luatha a chruthú.
Baineadh úsáid as ceamaraí agus scátháin chun na gearrthóga seo a thógáil a rianálann gluaiseacht na soilse ar fud an radharc. Dúnadh léasair-puls mar flash agus taifeadadh an solas ag thart ar 1 trilliún FPS.
Dá bhrí sin, bhí ar an turgnamh a dhéanamh arís agus arís eile na céadta uair.
Is féidir an teicneolaíocht a chur i bhfeidhm i léargas íomhá, eolaíocht ábhair, chomh maith le hanailís cheimiceach.
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This book includes personal stories narrated by seventeen people from different parts of the United Kingdom, the USA, Ireland, Canada and Australia. It will teach you how to present a personal story in a concise and interesting form. You can listen to the samples of all the 17 accents free on Audible.Our intention in recording this range of voices was neither to collect as many accents as possible, nor to find the most typical or strongest accents. Rather, our aim was to illustrate a range of regional pronunciation in English. By listening to the stories the reader will hear the differences in the way native speakers communicate in English, and get an idea of how the language is spoken in such diverse places as London, New York, Manchester and many other parts of the English speaking world.Based on the Speech Plasma Method Accents, Personal Stories is part of the Fluency Practice series designed to expose students to English as spoken by native speakers in a range of situations.This book, however, differs from the others in the series, in that while the stories the speakers tell were also recorded and transcribed, they were not edited in order to rid them of unnecessary repetition or other grammatical errors. This gives the stories the authentic flavour of English as it is spoken.The book’s aim is to expose the student to an actual informal, conversational style. Educationalists are currently debating the factors which influence the way in which English is spoken, such as the speaker’s thought processes as they mingle with the demands of grammar and syntax, and sometimes it is unclear which usage of the language is “correct” or not.What is evident, however, about conversational style is that in the process of speaking, while expressing thoughts and ideas, it is impossible to avoid afterthoughts, interrupted thoughts, repetition and retracing of ideas. So the way we have commented on the text is by detecting grammatical mistakes in the words and sentences that did not occur under the influence of these extra-linguistic factors. Mistakes of the type belong to non-standard English (NSE). The other uses of technically “incorrect” English should be considered as current conversational style (CS).Accents, Personal Stories can be used for listening and reading practice, for identifying regional accents and analysing various informal types of speech. The book can also be used for teaching and learning how to present a personal story in a concise and interesting form.
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Cuimsíonn an leabhar seo scéalta pearsanta a d'inis seacht mbliana déag daoine ó áiteanna éagsúla sa Ríocht Aontaithe, sna Stáit Aontaithe, in Éirinn, i gCeanada agus san Astráil. Foghlaimfidh sé duit conas scéal pearsanta a chur i láthair i bhfoirm chuimsitheach agus suimiúil. Is féidir leat éisteacht le samplaí de na 17 ghuthán go léir saor in aisce ar Audible. Ní raibh sé mar aidhm againn an raon guthanna seo a thaifeadadh a bhailiú an oiread agus is féidir, ná an t-aigéad is tipiciúla nó is láidre a fháil. Ní raibh sé mar aidhm againn ach roinnt fuaimníocht réigiúnach sa Bhéarla a léiriú. Trí éisteacht leis na scéalta, beidh an léitheoir ag éisteacht leis na difríochtaí sa tslí a gcaitheann cainteoirí dúchais cumarsáid i mBéarla, agus beidh smaoineamh aige ar an gcaoi a labhraítear an teanga in áiteanna chomh éagsúil sin mar Londain, Nua Eabhrac, Mhanchain agus i go leor áiteanna eile den domhan Béarla-labhraithe. Bunaithe ar an modh Accents Plazma Labhair, tá Scéalta Pearsanta mar chuid den tsraith Cleachtais Sláintiúla atá deartha chun mic léinn a nochtadh don Bhéarla mar a labhraíonn cainteoirí dúchais i raon cásanna. Tugann sé seo blas barántúil na Béarla mar a labhraítear í do na scéalta. Is é aidhm an leabhair an mac léinn a nochtadh do stíl fíor neamhfhoirmiúil, comhráite. Tá oideachasóirí ag díospóireacht faoi láthair ar na tosca a mbíonn tionchar acu ar an mbealach a labhraítear Béarla, mar shampla próisis smaointe an chainteora agus iad ag meascadh le riachtanais na gramadaí agus na sintéise, agus uaireanta níl sé soiléir cén úsáid a bhaineann leis an teanga atá "ceart" nó nach bhfuil.An rud atá soiléir, áfach, maidir le stíl chainte, is é sin i bpróiseas labhairt, agus smaointe agus smaointe á léiriú, ní féidir smaoineamh i ndiaidh a chéile, smaointe a bhriseadh, athdhéanamh agus athsheiceáil smaointe a sheachaint. Mar sin, an bealach a ndearna muid trácht ar an téacs ná trí earráidí gramadaí a bhrath sna focail agus sna habairtí nach ndearnadh faoi thionchar na ngnéithe seach-theangacha seo. Baineann earráidí den chineál seo le Béarla neamhchaighdeánach (NSE). Ba cheart na húsáidí eile de theicniúil mícheart Béarla a mheas mar stíl chomhrá reatha (CS). Is féidir Accents, Personal Stories a úsáid chun cleachtadh éisteachta agus léitheoireachta a dhéanamh, chun béimí réigiúnacha a aithint agus chun cineálacha éagsúla cainte neamhfhoirmiúla a anailísiú. Is féidir an leabhar a úsáid freisin chun foghlaim agus chun foghlaim conas scéal pearsanta a chur i láthair i bhfoirm chuimsitheach agus suimiúil.
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Spirituality: Meaning and Concept
Unlike any other religions such as Christianity that perceive spirituality something exists in an Avery-tower as a utopian concept. Islam links between spirituality and real life, which we term it, practical spirituality. Do not get confused by Buddhism which claims spirituality as a “way of life’ despite not recognising the existence of God. Which is absolute nonsense.
Spirituality in its general meaning is the quality or state of being spiritual or being attached to questions and values concerned with religion. It is also frequently used in a non-religious sense to designate a capacity to understand fundamental moral and existential questions regarding the nature of soul.
Spirituality (Ruhhaniyyat) in Islam is defined as the presence of a relationship with Allah that affects the individual’s self-worth, sense of meaning, and connectedness with others. In Islam, the relational quality of spirituality is understood to be a core theme that comprises beliefs (belief in Allah and His prophets, judgment day, etc.), rituals, daily living behaviours and knowledge. Similarly, in following the set of rituals and codes of Islamic religion, an individual is striving to become closer to Allah and to find personal worth and actualization.
The essence of spirituality in Islam is the degree of spiritual attainment achieved by any human being by the realization of Tawhid (unity of Allah) as expressed in the Quran, on the basis of the prophetic model and with the aid of the Prophet peace be upon him. Its study is nothing other than tracing the impact in depth of Tawhid upon the life, actions, art, and thought of that segment of the human race, which makes up the Islamic people or Ummah.
In general, the goal of Islamic spirituality is to become adorned by the Divine Qualities through attainment of those virtues which were possessed in their perfection by the Prophet peace be upon him.
and with the aid of methods and the grace which issue from him and the Quranic Revelation. Spiritual life is attained by having reverential fear of God and obedience to His Will, love of God to which the Quran refers in the verse:
“He loves them, and they love Him” (05:54), and knowledge of God which is the ultimate goal of creation.
Islamic spirituality is a quality of love, which is always colored and conditioned by knowledge and based on an obedience already practiced and contained in living according to the Shari’ah law.
It is difficult to illustrate the inner reality of spirituality in a chronological order; though, its realization and methods of attainment can be described to a certain extent. Some of the ways are as follows:
· Have a confusion free mind, because it is difficult for a confused mind to undergo spiritual experiences and to differentiate between the real and the superficial, the relevant and the irrelevant, rational thinking and superstition, logical and illogical statements.
· Select a guide because on the path of spirituality one cannot be one’s own guide. This guide is the Quran, the authentic and carefully preserved book of God. That is why the Quran can be trusted as a guide by the spiritual traveler. After making the Quran one’s guide, one can set one’s spiritual journey on the right track.
· Change in lifestyle. This lifestyle for a spiritual traveler may be put briefly in these words: ‘Simple living and high thinking.’
Limiting one’s worldly requirements to the minimum by avoiding comfort and luxury is referred as Simple living and engaging one’s mind in higher realities, one becomes a recipient of divine inspiration is referred as High thinking. By doing this the inspiration of divine light comes to believers’ mind uninterruptedly and illuminates his whole existence.
Criterion of Spiritual Development:
In his capacity as the vicegerent (Khalifah) of God, man is answerable to Him for all his activities. It is his duty to use all the powers, which he has been given in accordance with the Divine will. He should utilize to the fullest extent all the faculties and potentialities bestowed upon him for seeking God’s approval. In his dealings with other people, he should behave in such a way as to try to please God.
In brief, all his energies should be directed towards regulating the affairs of this world in the way in which God wants them to be regulated. In Islam, spiritual development is synonymous with nearness to God. Similarly, he will not be able to get near to God if he is lazy and disobedient. And distance from God signifies in Islam, the spiritual fall and decay of man.
Concepts in Islamic Spirituality:
There are so many concepts in Islamic spirituality, but the most important concepts are Love, thankfulness and humbleness. These three concepts are chosen not only because they are theoretically important, but also because they are practically rewarding. If a believer wants to grow spiritually, he can easily do this by developing these qualities in his/her life. These three basic qualities are as under:
Love for the truth is the main distinction between a believer and a non-believer. Love requires knowledge and readiness to declare. One might wonder why Islam focuses both on love for the sake of Allah and dislike for the sake of Allah. We must ask: what is the difference between one who is a believer and one who is not?
It is not enough to know certain truths: Satan knows all those truths, but he is still considered to be disobedient.
Allah says in the Qur’an:
“There are people who know everything and yet disbelieve: They impugned them—though they were convinced in their hearts—wrongfully and defiantly.” (27:14)
Similarly, to declare the truth is not sufficient to be a believer, as hypocrites declare the truth frequently. Describing such people, the Qur’an says:
“And there are some people who say: “We believe in Allah and the last day; and they are not at all believers”.” (02:08)
According to Hadith, once the Prophet peace be upon him. asked his companions:
“What is the strongest handhold in Islam?” The companions gave different answers: some said prayers, others said fasting and others hajj. After they gave their answers, they said: “The Prophet and Allah know best”. So, the Prophet peace be upon him answered:
“To love for the sake of Allah and to dislike for the sake of Allah.” (Abu Dawud: 4599/4681, Musnad Ahmad: 18524, al-Jami al-Sagir 1/69)
There is no need for great reasons to love people: just a little caring and affection is enough. So how can a believer not love?
Allah when everything he has is from Him and nothing bad is from Him? Believers know these things, but they just need to reflect on them. If their love for Allah increases and intensifies, then they cannot disobey Him. How can they disobey the one that they love and make Him unhappy?
Love for Allah is therefore a very important concept, which can help them practically to develop spiritually, and become closer to Him.
The virtue of thankfulness is very much related to love for Allah. If the believers are thankful, they will certainly love Allah because of all His favours and if they love Allah, they will believe in Him and obey Him. Thus, thankfulness is the core of Iman (faith).
It may not be accidental that in Arabic the terms used to signify ungratefulness and disbelief are identical, that is, Kufr. Here are some verses of the Qur’an where a contrast is made between thankfulness and unthankfulness:
“If you are ungrateful (Takfur-u), indeed Allah has no need of you, though He does not approve ingratitude (al-Kufr) for His servants; and if you give thanks, He approves that for you. No bearer shall bear another’s burden; then to your Lord will be your return, whereas He will inform you concerning what you used to do. Indeed, He knows best what is in the breasts.” (39:07)
“So, when he saw it set near him, he said, ‘This is by the grace of my Lord, to test me if I will give thanks or be ungrateful
(Akfur). And whoever gives thanks, gives thanks only for his own sake. And whoever is ungrateful (Kafar) [should know that] my Lord is indeed all-sufficient, all generous.” (27:40)
“Certainly We gave Luqman wisdom, saying, ‘Give thanks to Allah; and whoever gives thanks, gives thanks only for his own sake. And whoever is ungrateful (Kafar), [let him know that] Allah is indeed all-sufficient, all-laudable.” (31:12)
Therefore, Thankfulness is a very significant concept. It is a primary issue related to the core of Iman. It is also practical and uncomplicated. The concept of thankfulness has been explored by many Muslim scholars who have made various useful distinctions between the various types of thankfulness.
According to scholars, there are three main types of thankfulness:
• Thankfulness from the heart: knowing that something is a gift from Allah.
• Thankfulness with words: declaring that you are thankful for divine bounties.
• Thankfulness in practice: doing something with your hands, feet, eyes, etc., as acts of worship.
Love and thankfulness are two intertwined concepts, which can help us practically on our journey to self-improvement.
Another key concept in Islamic spirituality is ultimate humbleness or spiritual poverty. This means to strengthen our understanding of the need for Allah and achieve a sense of complete reliance on Him. Who are we without Allah’s favour and grace?
We are nothing! It is not that Allah has been generous to something independent of Himself. We are nothing else than what He has created. All good things come from Him; in the best scenario, we are just recipients, contingent creations of Allah, not independent from Him in any way.
Reflection on our limits and absolute need for and reliance on Allah leaves no place for any kind of arrogance or self-admiration. Whatever we have, or is at our disposal, belongs to Allah. We are given things as trust for a short period of time and will be questioned on the Day of Judgment about the way we have dealt with them. Indeed, we ourselves belong to Allah in our very existence.
According to the Qur’an, we are all needy. The Qur’an says:
“O mankind! You are the ones who stand in need of Allah and Allah—He is the All-sufficient, the All-laudable.” (35:15)
We are all needy and it is only Allah who is rich and free of need. But man often overlooks this basic reality.
“And Moses said, If you should disbelieve, you and whoever is on the earth entirely- indeed, Allah is free of need and Praiseworthy.” (14:08)
AULIA ALLAH IN THE LIGHT OF PRIMARY ISLAMIC TEXTS
As the plural of Walli, Awliya comes from the root word of al-Walayah. Linguistically, a Walli is someone who is close, nearby or a rain following a rain. It also means someone who loves truth and is helpful to others. Auliyyah are the chosen friends of Allah.
They are the one who have drunk from the fountain of eternal life during their lifetime on earth. They are those devotee and sincere bondsmen on the earth who remember Allah ceaselessly and spend their life seeing inner purification through endeavor, toil, abstinence, and prayer.
They are the one who cease to depend on the “creation” and give themselves unto the Creator, seeking sustenance from sources unimaginable, attain nearness to the divine light through constant worship and service to humanity. They are a shoreless sea without any bottom and craving for Allah without any limits. Each part of their body is completely devoid of material influences.
Their hearts become like a clean mirror reflecting back the reality of things. Their judgment does not err. Being given the divine light, they see the things in their right perspective. In the Holy Quran Allah describes their quality in these words:
“Behold! Verily on friends of Allah, there is no fear, nor shall they grieve.” (10: 62)
The Awliya of Allah are those who are obedient and perform the good deeds, which bring them closer to Allah.
Prophet peace be upon him has said in a Hadith Qudsi quoted below: –
“Allah the Almighty has said, I will declare war against who shows hostility to a pious worshipper (Walli) of Mine. My servant does not draw near to Me with anything more beloved to Me than the religious duties that I have imposed upon him; and My servant continues to draw near to Me with supererogatory work such that I love him.
And when I love him, I am his hearing with which he hears, his seeing with which he sees, his hand with which he strikes, and his leg with which he walks. Were he to ask of Me, I would surely give him; and were he to ask Me for refuge, I would surely grant him it?”
No one can be a Walli of Allah unless he has the characteristics of faith and piety, since Allah has made faith and piety a precondition for His al-Wallayah.
“(Allah’s Awliya’ are) those who believe, and they are always in fear of Allah.” (10:63)
According to Ibn Kathir, “through this verse, Allah has given a clear definition that Awliya are those who believe and fear Allah (Taqwa)”. Hence, all Muslim who fear Allah are Awliya. Hence, we could well comprehend that the Awliya’s characteristics started out from faith and piety, and this is the only path to attain the high status of Walli.
The word Awliya and its derivations occurred in the Quran at least 90 times. Allah has explained in His Book and in the Sunnah of His Messenger peace be upon him that He has Awliya’ among the people and that Satan also has their Awliya (02:257).
In realizing that there are people associated as allies of Allah the Merciful, as well as people known as allies of Satan, it is essential for us to differentiate between these groups by understanding well the criterion described by Allah in His and also from the tradition of His Prophet Conditions for being a Wali:
There are conditions needed to be fulfilled in achieving the status of Willayyah. The first and foremost condition is that one has to be pious and strong in belief. Awliya’ of Allah are those who firmly believe in the six pillars of faith, i.e., belief in Allah, angels, divine books, messengers, Judgment Day and predestination.
They also followed and adhered strictly to the Quran and traditions of Muhammad peace be upon him as this is the only means of knowing what is true and what is not. Awliya must also be sane persons who had reached their puberty.
Due to the conditions above-mentioned, verily the signs of the Awliya of Allah and the Awliya of Satan have been made clear by Allah. Both parties may be known by their actions. Nevertheless, it is not possible for anyone to be extremely certain that a particular individual is one of the Awliya of Allah as achieving true faith and piety are matters of the heart that are hidden. Without any denial, it is impossible for any human being to find out what lies in it.
Hence, it is permissible to think that someone is likely to be among the Awliya of Allah due to his piety and faith, but it is impossible to be certain.
The Awliya of Allah have different priorities in accordance with their level of faith. The Willayyah of a Messenger [Rasool] is higher than a Prophet [Nabi]. Among the Messengers, Ulul Azmi were those who attained the highest status, and among the ‘Ulul Azmi, Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him was the highest in status.
As within the nation of Muhammad peace be upon him, the highest of sainthood is attained by Abu Bakr (RA), followed by Umar (RA), Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA), and the rest are organized accordingly to the levels of the companion and other believers.
There are three levels of nearness according to the Quran (35:32). The first level is called al-Sabiqun bi al-Khayrat or al-Muqarrabin, (56:10-11) and they are the people who compete against each other in practicing deeds that are loved by Allah.
They stay well out of zones that are prohibited by Allah, the forbidden and the Makruh (Dislikes). The mid-level is called Al-Muqtasid (31:32, 35:32), and they are the people who obey the obligatory and avoid the forbidden.
This group did not perform the recommended, and they are still involved in the dislikes as well. The lowest level is al-Zhalimu li Nafsih (04:111) (despotic upon themselves). They are monotheists but are still doing wrong against Allah.
However, the wrong deeds they are performing did not make them counted as non-believers nor do they stay permanently in Hell.
From the stages above mentioned, it clearly indicates that Awliya are not infallible as the prophets. It is not a condition for them to be protected from mistakes and errors. Thus, we can conclude that it is quite possible that some knowledge of the Islamic law may be hidden from any of them, just as it is possible for any of them to be confused about some matters in Islam.
Since it is possible for any Awliya to make mistake, it can never be obligatory upon every Muslim to believe in everything any one of them says except when it is in agreement with the Prophet’s peace be upon him message.
CONCEPT OF AL-RIQAQ IN ISLAM
LITERAL MEANING: The word Riqaq (softening of the hearts) is from the word Raqiq or Raqqa which means, became thin, fine, delicate, or thin skin upon which one writes, [Fi Raqqin Manshur (52:03)]. It is a Verb-Noun (Ism-i Masdar) combination from the word Raqqa meaning ‘to become tender’.
It also means ‘the process of becoming tender/soft/delicate’. Riqqaq is also associated with such a type of land where rainwater remains stored or a fertile flood plain or plural of a female camel that has soft and delicate meat.
In Islam it is of utmost importance to have a sound and enlightened heart, because every human being is unaware about what is going to happen with them him in his future life and when, where and how he is going to die.
So, man can’t go around with a hardened and eager heart when he is totally unaware about the future life. There are number of verses in the Quran and Prophetic traditions, which deal with the softening of heart or sound heart, as Almighty Allah says about the Day of Resurrection:
“The Day when there will not benefit [anyone] wealth or children, but only one who comes to Allah with a sound heart.” (26:88-89)
The Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him also said:
“Beware, in the body there is a piece of flesh; if it is sound, the whole body is sound and if it is corrupt the whole body is corrupt, and hearken it is the heart”. (Muslim#4094)
There are a number of ways according to the primary texts according to which a hard heart can be rendered soft and receptive by the will of Allah. Some of the known and common ways are as under:
1. REMEMBRANCE OF DEATH:
Remembrance of death deters one from committing sins, helps soften the rigid hearts, alleviates one’s indulgence in this worldly life and decreases the impact of catastrophes. It helps a believer to know the purpose and objectives of his life.
“I did not create the Jinn and mankind except to worship Me.” (51:56)
“Every soul will taste death, and you will only be given your (full) compensation on the Day of Resurrection. So, he who is drawn away from the Fire and admitted to paradise has attained (his desire). And what is the life of this world except the enjoyment of delusion.” (03:185)
As narrated by Abu Hurairah (RA) the Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said:
“Frequently remember the destroyer of pleasures, meaning death.” (Ibn Majah#4258)
2. VISITING GRAVES:
The Quran describe the conclusion of human life as:
“Every soul will taste death. And We test you with evil and with good as trial; and to Us you will be returned.” (21:35)
The Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said:
“I forbade you to visit graves, but you may now visit them, for in visiting them there is a reminder (of death).” (Abu Dawud#3235)
Allama Qurtubi (RA) quoted that, scholars of the past said:
‘The best thing for the hearts, particularly if they are hardened, is to visit cemeteries.’
3. VISITING THE SICK:
In Islam, visiting the sick has been encouraged by both the Quran and the Prophet peace be upon him in such a way that it realizes a believer to know the reality of his life and helps him follow the right track to seek the mercy and forgiveness of Allah the Almighty. The Sunnah of visiting the sick applies to not only people we know, but also to those people we do not know.
When we share the suffering of others, even if the suffering is mild, and we take the time out to offer comfort and support in times of weakness and sickness, whether physical or emotional, we can truly begin to grasp some of the meanings behind the words of the Prophet peace be upon him when he said:
“The similitude of believers in regard to mutual love, affection, and camaraderie is that of one body; when any limb of it aches, the whole-body aches, because of sleeplessness and fever.” (Muslim#6588)
“When the Muslim visits his [sick] Muslim brother, he is harvesting the fruits of Paradise until he returns.” (Muslim#6551)
The recommendations to visit the sick not only apply to believers but extend towards non-Muslims. The Prophet peace be upon him would visit non-Muslims as well. Moreover, in visiting the sick, there is something in it for the one visiting-reminder and reward.
Sit alone, think about your sins, and ask for forgiveness. Take a few minutes every day to sit and say, “AstaghfirulAllah (I seek forgiveness from Allah).” Every time you make this request to Allah, remember something you have done that may have displeased Him.
Sit and ask Allah forgiveness for every single thing you’ve done, great or small, intentionally or unintentionally, asking Him to replace the hardness of your heart with softness and replace your sins with forgiveness and good deeds. Allah says in Surah al-Furqan:
“Except for those who repent, believe and do righteous work; For them Allah will replace their evil deeds with good. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful.” (25:70)
The Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said:
“When the believer commits sin, a black spot appears on his heart. If he repents and gives up that sin and seeks forgiveness, his heart will be polished.” (Ibn Majah#4244)
Allah is always ready for us to turn back to Him and can easily turn our bad deeds into good deeds on our scales! But how many of us are begging Him for this? To soften our hearts, be forgiven, and increase in our good deeds, let us sit and make repentance (Istighfar), begging for Allah’s forgiveness and for Him to turn our bad into good.
5. REFLECTING ON THE QUR’AN:
The Qur’an was revealed in the blessed month of Ramadan. Muslims are encouraged to develop a deeper connection with it by focusing on the recited text and maximizing their effort to understand its meaning. A true believer should always approach the Qur’an as a poor man who approaches a powerful king in his palace, hoping to walk away with treasure, no matter how small, with the certainty that his life will be better off with it.
And he should humble himself towards the prospect of immediate betterment giving himself entirely to the Qur’an and, perhaps, it will return even a little to him. Allah says: “Indeed, we have sent it down as an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand.” (11:02)
“If We had sent down this Qur’an upon a mountain, you would have seen it humbled and coming apart from fear of Allah. And these examples We present to the people that perhaps they will give thought.” (59:21)
Surely, our hearts are not harder than a mountain? Reciting the word of Allah, memorizing it, learning its language, and reflecting deeply on it are all acts which are worship, and which lead to softening of the heart, Allah willing. Allah poses this powerful question in the Qur’an:
“Then do they not reflect upon the Qur’an, or are there locks upon [their] hearts?” (47:24)
How can we be of those whose hearts are not locked?
We can make a massive Du’a that Allah opens our hearts, and we can contemplate on the Qur’an. Listen to the Qur’an with a recitation which penetrates your ears and overwhelms your heart.
While listening, go through the translation and work to understand the Qur’an.
Think about the meaning of the Qur’an and allow yourself to be captivated, head-over-heels in love with the powerful words of the Creator of the Universe- the One Who created you- the One Who revealed these words for your personal guidance. So, ‘go back to the Qur’an, be grateful for His favour upon you and sincerely seek to understand His Words’!
6. REFLECTING ON CREATION:
At many places in the Qur’an, Allah has told man to reflect on His creations. He has been asked to Sit and think of every blessing Allah has given him and to continually move his lips in gratitude to Allah, saying, “Alhamdulillah (praise be to God),” asking Him to write amongst those who are grateful to Him, asking Him to soften their hearts and allow mankind to be moved by gratitude for His Favours. Allah says in the Quran:
“Then do they not look at the camels – how they are created? And at the sky – how it is raised? And at the mountains – how they are erected. And at the earth – how it is spread out?” (88:17-20)
“We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth.” (41:53)
“And [remember] when your Lord proclaimed, ‘If you are grateful, I will surely increase you [in favor]; but if you deny, indeed, my punishment is severe’.” (14:07)
7. DU’A AND DHIKR:
The most important part of the process of softening of the heart is direct communication with Allah. It may be through Du’a and Dhikh, you have to experience that vivid direct connection, feel it physically in your heart.
As Allah says in the Quran:
“So, remember Me; I will remember you. And be grateful to Me and do not deny Me.” (02:152)
“Call upon Me; I will respond to you.” (40:60)
The Messenger of Allah peace be upon him has said: The Supplication is the essence of worship. (Al-Tirmidhi#3371)
Ask Allah in all of the blessed times to make Du’a to break the hardness of your heart and allow sincerity and gratitude to surge through. Ask Him to soften your heart, to fill it with an impressive realization of Him, to exchange your bad deeds for
good deeds and let your heart tremble in awe of Him as your actions show love for Him.
8. GIVE CHARITY:
The sins we commit continually build up and rust our hearts. Without polishing, this rust will take over, covering the beautiful jewel beneath it. This jewel, when polished, gleams internally and externally, becoming a means of benefit for the person whose body it houses, and spreading light to all those around.
Giving charity correctly is crucial to both the well-being of the needy as well as the ultimate happiness of the wealthy. Giving charity helps believers to cleanse and polish their hearts and to purify their hearts and souls.
Allah says in the Quran:
“Those who spend of their goods (in charity) by night and by day in secret and in public shall have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear nor shall they grieve.” (02:274)
The Prophet peace be upon him has told that, “Sadaqah extinguishes sins like water extinguishes fire.” (Al-Tirmidhi#614)
The Prophet of Allah peace be upon him has also said:
“A man giving a dirham as Sadqah (charity) during his life is better than giving one hundred dirhams as charity at the moment of his death.” (Abu-Dawud#2860)
If a person performs a deed that continues to benefit others in a good way, the performer of the deed will continue to collect the rewards for her single act for as long as it benefits others (even after the person passes away). This is referred to as Sadqah-i Jariyah, or perpetual charity. The Prophet said: “When a person dies his works end, except for three: ongoing charity, knowledge that is benefited from, and a righteous child who prays for him.” (Al-Nasai#3681)
9. INCREASE OUR GOOD DEEDS:
Allah has made the religion of Islam so adaptable that we can worship Him through anything good we do, when done sincerely and correctly. Let us constantly renew our intentions; when we take out the trash, let it be an act of worship to keep our hearts soft and pure to please those whom we live with.
When we smile at a passerby, let it be to spread the joy of the character of the Prophet peace be upon him. All the while, let us seek the mercy of Allah, begging Him to soften our hearts, while we do good for His pleasure.
Allah says in the Quran:
“Indeed, the mercy of Allah is near to those who do good.” (7:56)
God has also told us.
“Indeed, good deeds remove the evil deeds. That is a reminder for those who remember.” (11:114)
The Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said:
“Is anyone of you incapable of earning one thousand rewards a day? Someone from the gathering asked, how can anyone of us earn a thousand rewards? The Prophet of Allah peace be upon him said:
Glorify Allah a hundred times by just saying Subhanallah=Praise to Almighty Allah and a
good deed will be written for you or a thousand sins will be wiped away.” (Muslim#2073)
10. LIVE IN PARADISE, SPRINT AWAY FROM HELL:
When you read the Qur’an or standing in prayer and you come across words indicating Paradise, such as Jannah (Paradise); imagine it. You will never die, and you will never fear all the things which brought so much worry and difficulty to you in the Dunya (world).
At that moment, you will understand what Allah says when He describes the believers in Paradise saying:
“And they will say, ‘Praise to Allah, who has removed from us [all] sorrow. Indeed, our Lord is Forgiving and Appreciative, He who has settled us in the home of duration out of His bounty. There touches us not in it any fatigue, and there touches us not in it weariness [of mind].” (35:34-35)
And then, when you hear a word describing Hellfire, such as Naar (Hellfire); imagine it. Imagine the intensity of the Hellfire; imagine the pains of being burned to the point where you have no skin and it is recreated for you, only to continue the agony; where you want to die, but will never die, where you yearn to have just a cold drink of relief but are given a drink which boils your insides and experiencing boiling water poured upon your head. Beg Him from the depths of your heart and allow your tears to pour to Him.
11. HAVE AN OBJECTIVE:
In every prayer, have an objective. Whether obligatory or extra, make the objective to come out of that prayer purer than you did when you were born. Ask Allah for `Afiyah which means health, safety, and protection from all harmful objects. Focus like someone who aims to be forgiven. In every unit of prayer have a unique purpose and beg of Allah to make those desires realities.
Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him said that:
“The most beloved Du’a in the sight of Allah is the one for ‘Afiyah.” (Al-Tirmidhi#3548)
Life is a test, and Allah has decreed different situations for all people to see who is best indeed. So, in a nutshell, our main goal is to worship Allah in the manner he deserves to be worshipped in, and by doing this we gain tranquillity in our hearts because we believe as Muslims, the want or yearning to worship something is intrinsic part of the human make up.
Allah loves when we go back to Him with sincerity and humility, carrying the burden of our sins to Him, with hopes of having them obliterated and being completely forgiven.
(“Our Lord, give us in this world [that which is] good and in the Hereafter [that which is] good and protect us from the punishment of the Fire”)
Credit Khalid Hussain
Allah knows Best.
Almighty Allah is the highest and most knowledgeable, and the attribution of knowledge to him is the safest.
Right from Almighty Allah and wrong from me and Satan
Prepared by Mohamad Mostafa Nassar- Australia.
Make sure to copy and email this post for your reference, you might need it later.
Arrogance is not only a sign of insecurity, but also a sign of immaturity. Mature and fully realised persons can get their points across, even emphatically without demeaning or intimidating others.
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Spioradúlacht: Ciall agus Coinníoll
Murab ionann agus aon reiligiúin eile mar an Chríostaíocht a fheiceann spioradáltacht tá rud éigin i Avery-Túr mar choincheap utopic. Is é an Ioslam nasc idir spioradáltacht agus an saol fíor, a ghlaoimid air, spioradáltacht phraiticiúil. Ná bíodh mearbhall ort ag an mBúdachas a éilíonn spioradáltacht mar "slí saoil" cé nach n-aithníonn sé go bhfuil Dia ann. Is é sin nonsense iomlán.
Is é spioradáltacht ina bhrí ghinearálta an cháilíocht nó an staid a bhaineann le bheith spioradálta nó a bheith ceangailte le ceisteanna agus luachanna a bhaineann leis an reiligiún. Úsáidtear é go minic i bhfocail neamhreiligiúnacha freisin chun cumas a ainmniú chun ceisteanna bunúsacha morálta agus réalaíocha a thuiscint maidir le nádúr an anam.
Sainmhínítear spioradáltacht (Ruhhaniyyat) san Ioslam mar láithreacht caidrimh le Allah a théann i bhfeidhm ar féin-luach an duine aonair, tuiscint ar bhrí, agus nascadh le daoine eile. Sa Ioslam, tuigtear gur téama lárnach é cáilíocht chaidrimh na spioradáltachta a chuimsíonn creideamh (creideamh in Allah agus ina fáithe, lá breithiúnais, srl. ), deasghnátha, iompar agus eolas sa saol laethúil. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, trí shraith na deasghnátha agus na gcód reiligiúin Ioslamach a leanúint, tá duine ag iarraidh a bheith níos gaire d'Allah agus luach agus fíorú pearsanta a fháil.
Is é croílár na spioradáltachta san Ioslam an leibhéal a bhaint amach spioradálta ag aon duine trí réadú Tawhid (aonacht Allah) mar a léirítear sa Chúran, ar bhonn an mhúnla prophetic agus le cabhair an Prophet (salla Allahu alihi wa sallam). Níl a staidéar ach tionchar domhain Tawhid a rianú ar shaol, gníomhartha, ealaín, agus smaoineamh an chuid sin den chine daonna, a dhéanann an pobal Ioslamach nó an Ummah.
Go ginearálta, is é sprioc spioradáltacht Ioslamach a bheith adorned ag na Cáilíochtaí Diaga trí bhaint amach na virtues a bhí i seilbh i a n-iomláine ag an Prophet síocháin a bheith air.
agus le cabhair ó mhodhanna agus an grásta a thagann uaidh agus an Revelation Coranic. Baintear amach an saol spioradálta trí eagla urraim a bheith ar Dhia agus cloí le a Uacht, grá do Dhia a thagraíonn an Corán dó sa ráiteas:
Is breá leis iad, agus is breá leo é (05:54), agus eolas ar Dhia is é an sprioc deiridh den chruthaitheacht.
Is cáilíocht grá í spioradáltacht Ioslamach, atá datha agus coinníollaithe i gcónaí ag eolas agus bunaithe ar éagóir a chleachtadh cheana féin agus atá i gcónaí de réir dlí an Shariah.
Tá sé deacair an fhírinne inmheánach a bhaineann le spioradáltacht a léiriú in ord amreolaíoch; áfach, is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh go pointe áirithe ar a réadú agus ar mhodhanna a bhaint amach. Seo a leanas cuid de na bealaí:
· Bíodh intinn saor ó chaomhtha, toisc go bhfuil sé deacair ar intinn chaomhtha taithí spioradálta a fháil agus idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir an fhíor agus an dromchla, an ábhartha agus an neamhábhartha, smaointeoireacht réasúnach agus creideamh, ráitis loighciúla agus neamhlogúla.
· Roghnaigh treoir mar ní féidir le duine a bheith ina treoir féin ar shlí na spioradáltachta. Is é seo an Coran, an leabhar fíor, a bhí coimeádta go cúramach. Sin é an fáth gur féidir le Quran a bheith iontaofa mar threoir ag an taistealaí spioradálta. Tar éis don Chúran a bheith ina threoir, is féidir le duine a thuras spioradálta a chur ar an mbóthar ceart.
· Athrú ar stíl mhaireachtála. Is féidir an stíl mhaireachtála seo do thaistealaí spioradálta a chur ar bun go hachomair sna focail seo: Beatha simplí agus smaointe ard.
Tagraítear do shaoráil riachtanais an tsaoil ar a laghad trí chompord agus só a sheachaint mar shaol simplí agus ag gabháil do intinn i réaltachtaí níos airde, tugtar smaoineamh ard ar dhuine a thagann chun bheith ina fhaighteoir inspioráide diaga. Trí seo a dhéanamh tagann inspioráid an tsolais dhibhtiúil go intinn an chreidmheach gan stad agus léiríonn sé a shaol iomlán.
Critéar don Fhorbairt Spioradúil:
Ina cháil mar viceship (Khalifah) Dé, tá an duine freagrach dó as a chuid gníomhaíochtaí go léir. Is é a dhualgas a úsáid na cumhachtaí go léir, a tugadh dó i gcomhréir leis an toil Dé. Ba cheart dó úsáid a bhaint as na hacmhainní agus na féidearthachtaí go léir a thugtar dó chun toil Dé a lorg. I gcaidreamh leis na daoine eile, ba cheart dó iompar a bheith aige ar bhealach a dhéanfaidh sé iarracht Dia a mhealladh.
Go hachomair, ba cheart a chuid fuinnimh go léir a dhíriú ar chúrsaí an domhain seo a rialáil ar an mbealach a theastaíonn ó Dhia iad a rialáil. Sa Ioslam, tá forbairt spioradálta comhchiallach le dlúthchaidreamh le Dia. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní bheidh sé in ann teacht in aice le Dia má tá sé leisciúil agus neamhfhreagrach. Agus ciallaíonn an t-iarracht ó Dhia san Ioslam, titim spioradálta agus dí-díscaoileadh an duine.
Coinníoll i Spioradúlacht Ioslamach:
Tá an oiread sin coincheapa i spioradáltacht Ioslamach, ach is iad na coincheapa is tábhachtaí Grá, buíochas agus humbleness. Roghnaítear na trí choincheap seo ní amháin toisc go bhfuil siad tábhachtach ó thaobh teoiric de, ach freisin toisc go bhfuil siad brabúsach ó thaobh praiticiúil de. Más mian le creidmheach fás go spioradálta, is féidir leis é seo a dhéanamh go héasca trí na tréithe seo a fhorbairt ina shaol. Tá na trí cháilíocht bhunúsacha seo a leanas:
Is é grá don fhírinne an príomh-idirdhealú idir creidmheach agus neamhchreidmheach. Éilíonn grá eolas agus ullamh chun a dhearbhú. D'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag smaoineamh cén fáth go ndíríonn Ioslam ar ghrá ar mhaithe le Allah agus ar neamhghná ar mhaithe le Allah. Ní mór dúinn a iarraidh: cad é an difríocht idir duine a bhfuil creideamh agus duine nach bhfuil?
Ní leor eolas a bheith agat ar fhírinne áirithe: Tá a fhios ag Sátan na fírinneanna sin go léir, ach meastar go bhfuil sé fós neamhghnách.
Deir Allah sa Qur'an:
Tá daoine a bhfuil a fhios acu gach rud ach fós nach bhfuil siad: Ní raibh siad ag rá go bhfuil siad cé go bhfuil a n-cinntí i n-anamacha mícheart agus rebelliously. (27:14)
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní leor an fhírinne a dhearbhú chun a bheith ina chreideamh, mar a dhearbhaíonn hypocrites an fhírinne go minic. Ag cur síos ar dhaoine den sórt sin, deir an Qur'an:
Agus tá daoine ann a deir: "Creideann muid in Allah agus sa lá dheireanach", ach ní chreidfeá iad.
De réir Hadith, uair amháin an Prophet Síocháin a bheith air. d'iarr sé ar a chuid comhghleacaithe:
Cad é an greim is láidre san Ioslam? Thug na comhghleacaithe freagraí éagsúla: dúirt cuid acu guí, dúirt cuid eile go raibh siad ag guí agus dúirt cuid eile go raibh siad ag dul go dtí an Hajj. Nuair a thug siad dóibh a n-fhreagra, dúirt siad: "Tá a fhios ag an mBéarla agus ag an mBéarla". Mar sin, an Prophet Slándáil a bheith air a fhreagair:
Grá a dhéanamh ar mhaithe le Allah agus diúltú ar mhaithe le Allah. (Abu Dawud: 4599/4681, Musnad Ahmad: 18524, al-Jami al-Sagir 1/69)
Níl gá le cúiseanna móra daoine a ghrá: tá cúram agus cairdeas beag go leor. Mar sin conas is féidir le creidmheach nach bhfuil grá?
Allah nuair go bhfuil gach rud atá aige óna chuid féin agus níl aon olc óna chuid féin? Tá na rudaí seo ar eolas ag na creidimh, ach ní mór dóibh ach machnamh a dhéanamh orthu. Má mhéadaíonn a ngrá le Dia agus má mhéadaíonn a ngrá le Dia, ní féidir leo é a dhiúltú. Conas is féidir leo a bheith neamhfhreagrach an ceann a bhfuil grá acu agus a dhéanamh dó míshásta?
Is é an grá do Allah, dá bhrí sin, coincheap an-tábhachtach, a chabhróidh leo go praiticiúil forbairt spioradálta a dhéanamh, agus a bheith níos gaire dó.
Tá dea-ghnóthacht na buíochais go mór bainteach le grá do Allah. Má tá siad buíoch de, is breá leo Dia mar gheall ar a chuid fabhraí. Agus má tá siad grá dó, creidfidh siad ann agus beidh siad buíoch de. Dá bhrí sin, is é buíochas croílár an Iomain (creideamh).
Ní fhéadfaidh sé a bheith i dtubaiste go bhfuil i Araibis na téarmaí a úsáidtear chun a léiriú ungratefulness agus unbelief atá comhionann, is é sin, Kufr. Seo roinnt de na véarsaí de na Qur'an ina ndéantar difríocht idir buíochas agus míshástacht:
Má tá sibh mí-bhuíoch, ní gá do Dhia sibh, agus ní thaitníonn sé le mí-bhuíochas dá sheirbhísigh; ach má tá sibh buíoch, is maith leis sibh. Ní bheidh aon duine ag iompar ualaigh duine eile. Ansin, is chuig do Thiarna a bheidh bhur n-ais, agus inseoidh sé daoibh cad a bhí á dhéanamh agaibh. Is é Dia an t-Aire is fearr a fhios do na rudaí atá sa chraiceann.
Nuair a chonaic sé é leagtha síos dó, dúirt sé: "Is de bhuíochas le mo Thiarna é seo, chun mé a thriail an rabh mé buíoch nó míshásta.
(Akfur). Agus an té a thugann buíochas, ní thugann sé buíochas ach ar a son féin. Agus an té a dhéanann diúltaíocht, is é mo Thiarna an t-airgead is mó, an t-airgead is mó.
Agus thugamar eagna do Luqman, "Buíochas a ghabháil le Dia". Agus an té a dhéanann diúltaíocht, is é Allah go bhfuil an t-airgead, an moladh.
Dá bhrí sin, tá buíochas ina choincheap an-tábhachtach. Is ceist phríomhúil í a bhaineann le croílár Iman. Tá sé praiticiúil agus simplí freisin. Rinne go leor scoláirí Moslamacha iniúchadh ar choincheap buíochas a rinne idirdhealú úsáideach éagsúla idir na cineálacha éagsúla buíochas.
De réir scoláirí, tá trí phríomhchineál buíochais ann:
• Buíochas ó chroí: a fhios go bhfuil rud éigin de bhronntanas ó Allah.
• Go raibh maith agat le focail: ag rá go bhfuil tú buíoch as bounty Dé.
• Buíochas i ngníomh: rud éigin a dhéanamh le do lámha, do chosa, do shúile, etc., mar ghníomhartha adhartha.
Is é an grá agus an buíochas dhá choincheap idirnasctha, a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú linn go praiticiúil ar ár gcúrsa féinfheabhsúcháin.
Is é an príomhcheapcheap eile i spioradáltacht Ioslamach an t-úmhlacht deiridh nó an bochtaineacht spioradálta. Ciallaíonn sé seo ár dtuiscint ar an ngá atá le Allah a neartú agus mothú muiníne iomlán a bhaint amach air. Cé muid gan grásta agus grásta Allah?
Níl aon rud againn! Ní hé go bhfuil Allah generously do rud ar bith seachas é féin. Ní raibh muid ach rud éigin a chruthaigh sé. Tá gach dea-rud óna chuid féin, agus nílimid ach ag tabhairt an rud is fearr, cruthaitheacht Dé, gan aon rud a bheith ag teastáil uaidh.
Léiríonn machnamh ar ár dteorainneacha agus an gá iomlán le Allah agus ag brath air aon áit le haghaidh aon chineál arrogance nó féin-admiration. Cibé rud atá againn nó atá againn, is de chuid Dé é. Tá sé de chúram orainn go bhfuil sé ar fáil ar feadh tréimhse ghearr agus beidh muid ag iarraidh ar an lá an Chéad-Ríomhaireachta. Go deimhin, is le Dia atá muid féin inár n-eiscíocht féin.
De réir an Qur'an, táimid go léir ag teastáil. Deir an Qur'an:
A dhaoine! Is sibhse na daoine atá sa tsábháilte ar Dhia, agus is é Dia an t-aon-saor, an t-aon-bhuíochas.
Is é Dia an t-airgead is mó a chaitheann muid. Ach is minic a dhéanann an duine dearmad ar an bhfírinne bhunúsach seo.
Agus dúirt Maois: "Má dhéanann sibh dífháil, sibh féin agus gach duine ar domhan, is é Dia an t-aigneach, an moladh".
AULIA Allah I SOILIS TÍTÍ ISLÁIMÍ PRIMAR
Mar il-fhocal Walli, tagann Awliya ón bhfocal fréamhacha al-Walayah. Go teanga, is é Walli duine atá gar, in aice láimhe nó báisteach tar éis báistí. Ciallaíonn sé freisin go bhfuil grá ag duine don fhírinne agus go bhfuil sé cabhrach do dhaoine eile. Auliyyah is iad na cairde roghnaithe Allah.
Is iad siúd a d'ól ó fhoinse na beatha síoraí le linn a saoil ar an talamh. Is iad na daoine a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh agus a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh, agus iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid féin ar an talamh.
Is iad siúd a scoir as a bheith ag brath ar an "cruthú" agus a thugann iad féin don Chruthaitheoir, ag lorg cothaithe ó fhoinsí nach féidir a shamhlú, a bhaint amach gar don solas diaga trí adhradh leanúnach agus seirbhís don chine daonna. Tá siad farraige gan shortráid gan bhun agus ag súil le Allah gan teorainn. Tá gach cuid dá gcorp go hiomlán saor ó thionchar ábhartha.
Tá a gcroí cosúil le scáthán glan a léiríonn ar ais an fhírinne. Ní dhéanann a gcuid breithiúnais botún. Ós rud é go bhfuil an solas diaga tugtha dóibh, feiceann siad na rudaí ina bhfís cheart. Sa Koran Naofa Allah cur síos ar a gcáilíocht sna focail seo:
Féach! Is fíor nach bhfuil eagla ar chairde Dé, ná nach mbeidh siad ag déanamh brón.
Is iad leannáin Dé na daoine a bhfuil dílseacht acu agus a dhéanann dea-oibreacha. Is iad sin na daoine is gaire do Dhia.
Dúirt an Prophet Slándáil air i Hadith Qudsi a luaitear thíos:
Allah an t-Altamighthe dúirt, beidh mé ag tabhairt faoi chogadh i gcoinne an duine a dhéanann naimhdeas do mo sheirbhíseach feargach. Ní thagann mo sheirbhíseach in aice liom le rud ar bith is fearr liom ná na dualgais reiligiúnacha a chuir mé air; agus leanann mo sheirbhíseach ag teacht in aice liom le hobair bhreise mar sin is breá liom é.
Agus nuair a ghrá liom é, tá mé a éisteacht leis a chloiseann sé, a fheiceáil leis a fheiceann sé, a lámh leis a bhuaileann sé, agus a chos leis a shiúlann sé. Dá n-iarrfadh sé orm, go dtabharfainn dó, agus dá n-iarrfadh sé dídean orm, go dtabharfainn dó.
Ní bheidh aon duine ina chairde Dé mura bhfuil sé ina chreideamh agus ina eagla Dé. Agus tá creideamh agus eagla Dé mar bhunús do chairdeas Dé.
Is iad na daoine a chreid agus a bhí ag eagla Allah.
Dar le Ibn Kathir, trí an véarsa seo, thug Allah sainmhíniú soiléir go bhfuil Awliya iad siúd a chreideann agus a bhíonn eagla Allah (Taqwa) . Dá bhrí sin, gach Moslamach a eagla Allah Awliya. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfaimis tuiscint a fháil go maith go ndeachaigh tréithe an Awliyas as creideamh agus dílseacht, agus is é seo an t-aon bhealach chun stádas ard Walli a bhaint amach.
Tharla an focal Awliya agus a dhíorthaigh sa Chúran ar a laghad 90 uair. Tá Allah léirithe ina Leabhar agus i Sunnah a chuid Messenger, síl air, go bhfuil Dia le daoine, agus go bhfuil Satan a gcuid leannán.
Ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil daoine a bhaineann le chéile mar chairde de Allah an Trócaire, chomh maith le daoine ar a dtugtar mar chairde de Satan, tá sé riachtanach dúinn idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir na grúpaí seo trí thuiscint go maith ar an critéar a thuairiscítear ag Allah ina chuid féin agus freisin ó thraidisiún a Prophet Coinníollacha le bheith ina Wali:
Tá coinníollacha ann a chaithfear a chomhlíonadh chun stádas Willayyah a bhaint amach. Is é an chéad choinníoll is tábhachtaí ná go gcaithfidh duine a bheith pious agus láidir i gcreideamh. Is iad a bhfuil an creideamh i sé philéar an chreidimh, i.e., creideamh in Allah, na haingil, na leabhair diaga, na teachtairí, an Lá an Chúirt agus an réamhshocraithe.
Lean siad agus lean siad go docht freisin ar an gCúran agus ar thraidisiúin Muhammad (salla Allahu alihi wa sallam) mar is é seo an t-aon bhealach chun a fháil amach cad atá fíor agus cad nach bhfuil. Caithfidh Awliya a bheith ina ndaoine ciallmhar a bhí tar éis a n-óige a bhaint amach.
Is amhlaidh a dhéanann Dia comharthaí na n-aigne Dé agus na n-aigne na n-aingeal a shoiléiriú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh aithne ar an dá pháirtí de réir a ngníomhartha. Mar sin féin, ní féidir le duine ar bith a bheith an-chinnte go bhfuil duine áirithe ar cheann de Awliya Allah mar go bhfuil fíor-chreidimh agus eagla a bhaint amach ar ábhair an chroí atá i bhfolach. Gan aon dhiúltú, tá sé dodhéanta d'aon duine a fháil amach cad atá i gceist.
Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ceadaithe a cheapann go bhfuil duine is dócha a bheith i measc na Awliya Allah mar gheall ar a piety agus creideamh, ach tá sé dodhéanta a bheith cinnte.
Tá tosaíochtaí éagsúla ag Awliya Allah de réir a leibhéal creidimh. Tá Willayyah an Messenger [Rasool] níos airde ná Prophet [Nabi]. I measc na n-Apostal, bhí Ulul Azmi siúd a bhain an stádas is airde amach, agus i measc na Ulul Azmi, bhí an Prophet Muhammad síocháin air an stádas is airde.
Mar atá laistigh de náisiún Muhammad (salla Allahu alihi wa sallam), ba é Abu Bakr (RA) an duine is airde a shroich na sainthood, agus Umar (RA), Uthman (RA) agus Ali (RA) ina dhiaidh sin, agus tá an chuid eile eagraithe de réir leibhéil na compánach agus na creidmheach eile.
Tá trí leibhéal dlúthchairdeas de réir an Chúraimín (35:32). Tugtar an chéad leibhéal al-Sabiqun bi al-Khayrat nó al-Muqarrabin, (56:10-11) agus is daoine iad a bhíonn ag dul i ngleic lena chéile i ngníomhartha a bhfuil grá ag Allah dóibh.
Tá siad ag fanacht amach ó na háiteanna a bhfuil Allah toirmiscthe, an forbidden agus an makruh. Tugtar Al-Muqtasid (31:32, 35:32) ar an leibhéal lárnach, agus is iad seo na daoine a chomhlíonann an fhorálta agus a sheachnaíonn an toirmiscthe.
Níor rinne an grúpa seo an méid a mholtar, agus tá siad fós páirteach sna neamhghnáchtaí freisin. Is é an leibhéal is ísle al-Zhalimu li Nafsih (04:111) (dhuineach orthu féin). Tá siad ina monotheists ach tá siad ag déanamh mícheart i gcoinne Allah.
Ní dhéanfaidh na rudaí a rinne siad a bheith ina gcúis dóibh, agus ní mairfidh siad go deo sa gheimhreadh.
Ó na céimeanna thuasluaite, léiríonn sé go soiléir nach bhfuil Awliya infallible mar na fáithe. Ní é an coinníoll go mbeidh siad cosanta ó mheall agus ó earráidí. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir linn a thabhairt i gcrích go bhfuil sé go leor is féidir go bhfuil roinnt eolais ar an dlí Ioslamach d'fhéadfadh a bheith i bhfolach ó aon cheann acu, díreach mar is féidir do aon cheann acu a bheith mearbhall faoi roinnt nithe san Ioslam.
Ós rud é go bhfuil sé indéanta do aon Awliya a dhéanamh botún, ní féidir é a bheith oibleagáid ar gach Muslim a chreidiúint i ngach rud a deir aon cheann acu ach amháin nuair a bhíonn sé i gcomhaontú le Prophet's síocháin a bheith air teachtaireacht.
CONCEPT AL-RIQAQ IN ISLAM
TÁITLÍ BIRIRLÍ: Is é an focal Riqaq (softening na gcroí) ó na focail Raqiq nó Raqqa a chiallaíonn, a bheith tanaí, fíneáil, íogair, nó craiceann tanaí ar a bhfuil scríobhtar, [Fi Raqqin Manshur (52:03) ]. Is meascán Briathar-Ainm (Ism-i Masdar) é ó fhocal Raqqa a chiallaíonn a bheith tairisceana .
Ciallaíonn sé freisin "an próiseas chun a bheith tairisceana/leathan/delicate". Tá baint ag Riqqaq freisin le cineál talún den sórt sin ina bhfuil uisce báistí stóráilte nó le pláin tuile úllmhaire nó iolra camel baineann a bhfuil feoil bhog agus íogair aige.
I Ioslam tá sé an-tábhachtach a bheith ar chroí fónta agus soilsithe, toisc go bhfuil gach duine gan fhios faoi cad atá le tarlú leis ina shaol amach anseo agus cathain, cá háit agus conas a bheidh sé ag fáil bháis.
Mar sin, ní féidir le fear dul timpeall le croí crua agus fonnmhar nuair nach bhfuil sé ar an eolas go hiomlán faoin saol amach anseo. Tá líon de na hairíonna sa Koran agus traidisiúin Prophetic, a déileáil leis an softening croí nó croí sláintiúil, mar a deir Allah Almighty faoi Lá na Réamhrá:
An lá nach mbeidh airgead ná clann ag baint tairbhe ach an té a thiocfaidh le croí glan chun Allah.
Dúirt an Prophet Muhammad síocháin air freisin:
Bí cúramach, sa chorp tá píosa feola ann; má tá sé sláintiúil, tá an corp ar fad sláintiúil agus má tá sé truaillithe tá an corp ar fad truaillithe, agus éist leis an gcroí . (Muslim#4094)
Tá roinnt bealaí de réir na téacsanna príomhúla de réir a bhféadfar croí crua a dhéanamh bog agus glactha le toil Allah. Seo thíos cuid de na bealaí is coitianta agus is coitianta:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cuimhneachán ar bhás:
Cuidíonn cuimhneamh ar an mbás le duine a choinneáil ó pheacaí a dhéanamh, cuireann sé leis na croí crua a mhaolú, a mhaolú ar an gcómhnán sa saol seo agus tionchar na tubaistí a laghdú. Cabhraíonn sé le creidmheach a bheith ar an eolas faoi chuspóir agus cuspóirí a shaol.
Ní chruthaigh mé na giúnna agus na daoine ach amháin chun go n-éireoidh leo liom.
Is é an duine uile a bhraitheann an bás. Ní chuirtear bhur n-íocaíocht go hiomlán ach ar Lá an Uachtaráin. Agus an té a tharraingtear ón tine agus a tugadh isteach sa Páirc, tá rath air. Agus ní bhíonn an saol seo ach saolta meallta.
Mar a thuairiscigh Abu Hurairah (RA) dúirt an Messenger of Allah síocháin air:
Cuimhnigh go minic ar an scriosadóir pléisiúir, rud a chiallaíonn bás. (Ibn Majah # 4258)
2. Seachadadh. CÁRAIBHÍN CÚISTE:
Déanann an Corán cur síos ar dheireadh shaol an duine mar:
Beidh gach anam ag blasadh an bháis. Agus déanaimid triail de sibh le olc agus le dea-scéal, agus chugainnse a thiocfaidh sibh ar ais.
Dúirt an Messenger of Allah síocháin air:
'D'éirigh mé leat cuairt a thabhairt ar na tuamaí, ach is féidir leat cuairt a thabhairt orthu anois, mar tá cuimhneachán ann. '
D'éiligh Allama Qurtubi (RA) gur dúirt scoláirí an ama atá caite:
Is é an rud is fearr do na croí, go háirithe má tá siad crua, chun cuairt a thabhairt ar an cimitirí.
3. Tá an t-am ann. AG CUR AN SLAIN:
Sa Ioslam, spreag an Chúran agus an Prophet síocháin air an cuairte ar na daoine tinn ar bhealach a thugann a fhios do chreidiúnaí go bhfuil a réaltacht ina shaol agus cuireann sé ar chumas dó an bealach ceart a leanúint chun trócaire agus maithiúnas Allah an Uilechumhachtach a lorg. An Sunnah cuairt a thabhairt ar na daoine tinn baineann ní hamháin do dhaoine a bhfuil a fhios againn, ach freisin do na daoine nach bhfuil a fhios againn.
Nuair a roinnimid fhulaingt daoine eile, fiú má tá an fhulaingt éadrom, agus a thógann muid an t-am amach chun troid agus tacaíocht a thairiscint i amanna laige agus tinneas, cibé acu fisiciúil nó mothúchánach, is féidir linn a thosú i ndáiríre a thuiscint cuid de na bríonna taobh thiar de na focail an Prophet Slándáil a bheith air nuair a dúirt sé:
Is cosúil le creidimh maidir le grá, cairdeas agus cairdeas frithpháirteach an corp amháin; nuair a bhíonn aon ghné den chorp ag pian, bíonn an corp ar fad ag pian, mar gheall ar neamhchlaon agus teas. (Muslim # 6588)
Nuair a thugann an Moslamach cuairt ar a dheartháir Moslamach [cathrach], tá sé ag barr torthaí na Paradais go dtí go dtiocfaidh sé ar ais. (Muslim#6551)
Ní bhaineann na moltaí chun cuairt a thabhairt ar na daoine tinn le creidimh amháin ach cuimsíonn siad go dtí neamh-Mhuslamaigh. D'fhéach an Prophet síocháin air neamh-Muslims chomh maith. Ina theannta sin, i gcuairte ar an breoite, tá rud éigin ann don duine a thugann cuairt air - cuimhneachán agus luach saothair.
Suigh ina n-aonar, smaoineamh ar do pheacaí, agus a iarraidh ar mhaithe le. Tóg cúpla nóiméad gach lá chun suí agus a rá, "AstaghfirulAllah (iarraim maitheanas ó Allah)." Gach uair a dhéanann tú an t-iarratas seo chuig Allah, cuimhnigh ar rud éigin a rinne tú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mí-ádh leis.
Suigh síos agus iarr maithiúnas ó Dhia as gach rud a rinne tú, mór nó beag, go ciallmhar nó gan ciall, ag iarraidh air an cruacht i do chroí a athsholáthar le bogadh agus do pheacaí a athsholáthar le maithiúnas agus dea-ghníomhartha. Deir Allah i Surah al-Furqan:
Ach amháin an té a aithreodh agus a chreideann agus a dhéanann oibreacha maithe, is iad sin a d'athróidh Allah a gcuid drochghníomhartha in áilleacht. Agus is é Allah Forgiver, Trócaire.
Dúirt an Messenger of Allah síocháin air:
Nuair a dhéanann an creidmheach peaca, tagann spota dubh ar a chroí. Má aithníonn sé agus má fhágann sé an pheaca sin agus má iarrann sé maithiúnas, beidh a chroí póraithe. (Ibn Majah # 4244)
Tá Allah réidh i gcónaí le haghaidh ár n-aisghabháil dó agus is féidir go héasca ár gcuid drochghníomhartha a athrú ina gcuid dea-ghníomhartha ar ár scála! Ach cé mhéad againn ag impí air seo? Chun ár gcroí a mhaolú, a bheith maithe, agus a mhéadú inár ngníomhartha maithe, lig dúinn suí agus aithreachas a dhéanamh, ag iarraidh maithiúnas Allah agus go n-athróidh sé ár n-olc go maith.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Ag machnamh ar an Qur'an:
Tugadh an Qur'an síos i mí na Ramadan beannaithe. Spreagtar Moslamaigh chun nasc níos doimhne a fhorbairt leis trí dhíriú ar an téacs a léitear agus a n-iarracht a uasmhéadú chun a bhrí a thuiscint. Ba chóir go mbeadh fíor-chreidmheach i gcónaí dul i ngleic leis an Qur'an mar fear bocht a théann i ngleic le rí cumhachtach ina phálás, ag súil le dul ar shiúl le hais, is cuma cé chomh beag, leis an cinnteacht go mbeidh a shaol níos fearr leis.
Agus ba chóir dó íseal féin i dtreo an t-ionchas go bhfeabhsófar láithreach ag tabhairt é féin go hiomlán don Qur'an agus, b'fhéidir, go dtiocfaidh sé ar ais fiú beagán dó. Is é an Koran Arabach a chuir muid síos air, ionas go dtuigeann sibh.
Dá mbeadh an Corán seo tugtha síos againn ar sliabh, bheadh tú ag féachaint air ag tuirseach agus ag titim as eagla Dé. Agus is iad sin na samplaí a thugann muid do dhaoine, ionas go smaoiníonn siad.
Is cinnte nach bhfuil ár gcroí níos crua ná sléibhte? Is iad na gníomhartha uile a bhaineann le reáchtáil, agus a fhágann go bhfuil an croí, más mian le Dia, bog, ná gur féidir le focail Allah a léamh, a mheabhrú, a theanga a fhoghlaim agus machnamh a dhéanamh air go domhain. Cuireann Allah an cheist chumhachtach seo sa Qur'an:
Nach ndéanann siad machnamh ar an gCúran? Nó an bhfuil clóis ar a gcroí?
Conas is féidir linn a bheith ar na daoine nach bhfuil a gcroí faoi ghlas?
Is féidir linn Dua ollmhór a dhéanamh go n-osclaíonn Allah ár gcroí, agus is féidir linn machnamh a dhéanamh ar an Quran. Éist leis an gCuraclaim nuair a thagann sé isteach i do chluasa agus nuair a thagann sé chun do chroí.
Agus tú ag éisteacht, téigh tríd an aistriúchán agus déan iarracht an Qur'an a thuiscint.
Smaoinigh ar bhrí an Qur'an agus lig duit féin a bheith captivated, ceann-over-heels i ngrá leis na focail chumhachtach an Cruthaitheoir na Cruinne-an Ceann a chruthaigh tú-an Ceann a nocht na focail seo le haghaidh treoir phearsanta. Mar sin, téigh ar ais chuig an Qur'an, bí buíoch as a chuid grásta ort agus déan iarracht a chuid focal a thuiscint go fírinneach .
6. Ceacht. TÁIRIS CUN ACHTÚ:
I go leor áiteanna sa Churan, dúirt Allah leis an duine smaoineamh ar a chuid cruthanna. Iarrtar air Suí síos agus smaoineamh ar gach beannacht a thug Allah dó agus a liopaí a bhogadh go leanúnach i mbuíochas le Allah, ag rá, Alhamdulillah (mór go Dia), ag iarraidh air a scríobh i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil buíoch dó, ag iarraidh air a gcroí a mhaolú agus ligean don chine daonna a bheith ag bogadh le buíochas as a Favors. Deir Allah sa Chúran:
Nach nglaonn siad ar an gcamall, conas a cruthaíodh é? Agus an spéir, conas a thógtar é? Agus na sléibhte, conas a bhí siad suite. Agus ar an talamh, conas a leathadh é?
Taispeánfaimid dóibh ár n-airíonna sna réimsí agus iontu féin go dtí go mbeidh sé soiléir dóibh gurb é sin an fhírinne.
Agus nuair a d'fhógair bhur dTiarna: "Má thugann sibh buíochas, déanfaidh mé buíochas a chur libh; ach má dhéanann sibh diúltacht, is mór an pionós atá agamsa".
7. Ceacht. DUA AGUS DHIKR:
Is é an chuid is tábhachtaí den phróiseas a mhaolú an croí cumarsáid dhíreach le Allah. B'fhéidir gur trí Dua agus Dhikh, caithfidh tú an nasc díreach beo sin a fháil amach, é a bhraitheann go fisiciúil i do chroí.
Mar a deir Allah sa Chúran:
Mar sin cuimhnigh orm, cuimhnighfidh mé oraibh. Agus bígí buíoch dom agus ná bígí diúltacha dom.
Iarraigh orm; tabharfaidh mé freagra duit. (40:60)
Dúirt an Messenger de Allah síocháin air: Is é an supplication an croílár na n-íocaíocht. (Al-Tirmidhi # 3371)
Iarr ar Allah i ngach am beannaithe Dua a dhéanamh chun do chroí a bhriseadh agus ligean do dhílseacht agus buíochas dul tríd. Iarr air a mhaolú do chroí, a líonadh leis le réaltacht iontach de dó, a mhalartú do chuid droch-ghníomhartha le
na hoibreacha maithe agus lig do chroí titim ina eagla air mar a léiríonn do chuid oibreacha grá dó.
8. Ceacht. TÓCADÁIL:
Na peacaí a dhéanaimid a thógáil go leanúnach agus a rósta ár gcroí. Gan sliocht, beidh an ruadh seo a ghlacadh thar, clúdach an jewel álainn faoi. Nuair a bhíonn an giolla seo póraithe, gleamhrann sé go hinmheánach agus go seachtrach, ag éirí ina mhodh tairbhe don duine a bhfuil an corp ina bhfuil sé, agus ag scaipeadh solais ar gach duine timpeall.
Tá sé ríthábhachtach carthanas a thabhairt i gceart do leas na ndaoine atá i ngátar chomh maith le sonas deiridh na ndaoine saibhre. Cabhraíonn an charthanas le creidimh a gcroí a ghlanadh agus a shíneadh agus a gcroí agus a n-anam a ghlanadh.
Deir Allah sa Chúran:
Is iad siúd a thugann a gcuid airgid san oíche agus san lae, go rúnda agus go follasach, a bhfuil a n-íocaíocht acu le n-Athar, agus ní bheidh eagla orthu ná ní bheidh siad ag déanamh brón.
Dúirt an Prophet síocháin air go bhfuil, Sadaqah extinguishes peacaí mar uisce extinguishes tine. (Al-Tirmidhi # 614)
Dúirt an Prophet de Allah síocháin air freisin:
Is fearr fear a thugann dirham mar Sadqah (charthanas) le linn a shaol ná céad dirham mar charthanas ag nóiméad a bháis. (Abu-Dawud # 2860)
Má dhéanann duine gníomh a leanann ag sochar do dhaoine eile ar bhealach maith, leanfaidh an duine a rinne an gníomh ag bailiú na luach saothair as a gníomh aonair chomh fada agus a bhaineann sé leas as daoine eile (fiú tar éis an duine a bheith imithe). Tugtar Sadqah-i Jariyah, nó carthanas buan, air seo. Dúirt an Prophet: Nuair a fhaigheann duine bás, scoirfidh a chuid oibreacha, ach amháin trí: carthanas leanúnach, eolas a bhfuil leas as, agus leanbh folláin a dhéanfaidh guí air. (Al-Nasai#3681)
9. Naoi. MÁIRÍONN AN GHEARG Gníomhartha:
Rinne Allah reiligiún an Ioslam chomh oiriúnaithe gur féidir linn Dia a adhradh trí aon mhaith a dhéanaimid, nuair a dhéantar é go fírinneach agus go ceart. Déanaimis ár n-intinn a athnuachan i gcónaí; nuair a thógann muid an dramhaíola amach, lig dúinn é a bheith ina ghníomh adhartha chun ár gcroí a choinneáil bog agus íon chun taitneamh a bhaint as na daoine a bhfuil cónaí orainn leo.
Nuair a smiles muid ag pasant, lig sé a bheith chun scaipeadh an áthas ar an carachtar an Prophet síocháin a bheith air. Agus ag an am céanna, lig dúinn trócaire Allah a lorg, ag iarraidh air a mhaolú ár gcroí, agus muid ag déanamh maith ar a thoil.
Deir Allah sa Chúran:
Is cinnte go bhfuil trócaire Dé gar do na dea-oibrithe.
Dúirt Dia dúinn freisin.
Dearghníomhartha maith a bhaint as na drochghníomhartha. Is é sin an cuimhneachán do dhaoine a thugann cuimhne.
Dúirt an Messenger of Allah síocháin air:
Is duine ar bith de tú in ann a thuilleamh míle luach saothair in aghaidh an lae? D'fhiafraigh duine éigin ón mbailiúchán, conas is féidir le duine ar bith againn míle luach saothair a thuilleamh? Dúirt an Prophet Allah síocháin air:
Glorify Allah céad uair ag rá Subhanallah = moladh do Allah Almighty agus
scríobhtar dea-ghníomh duit nó scriosfar míle peaca. (Muslim#2073)
10. Tá sé seo fíor? BÁISÍOCH IN PARADIS, SPRINT AWAY ó INFERNO:
Nuair a léann tú an Qur'an nó ag seasamh i n-urnaí agus tú ag teacht ar fhocail a léiríonn an Páirc, mar shampla Jannah (Paradise); samhlaigh é. Ní bheidh tú ag bás riamh, agus ní bheidh eagla ort riamh ar na rudaí go léir a thug an oiread sin imní agus deacrachtaí duit sa Dunya (sa domhan).
An uair sin, beidh tú a thuiscint cad a deir Allah nuair a chuireann sé síos ar na creidimh sa Pharasáin ag rá:
Agus beidh siad ag rá: "Go raibh maith agat, a Dhia, a thóg an brón uainn. Is iondúil go bhfuil ár dTiarna, a thug dúinn óna bhuíochas, áit mhaireachtála síoraí. Ní bhuaileann muid ann ná ní bhuaileann muid ann ná ní bhuaileann muid ann.
Agus ansin nuair a chloiseann tú focal a thuairiscítear an Ghealach, mar shampla Gehenna, déan smaoineamh air. Samhlaigh an déine atá ag an Ifrinn; samhlaigh na pian a bhíonn ag éirí go dtí an pointe nach bhfuil craiceann agat agus go ndéantar é a athchruthú duit, ach amháin chun leanúint leis an agóine; áit a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh bás a fháil, ach ní bheidh tú ag bás, áit a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh ach deoch fuar faoiseamh a bheith agat ach a thugtar deoch a bhéarann do bhroinn agus ag fulaingt uisce fiuchphointe a chaitear ar do cheann. Iarraigh air ó thús do chroí agus lig do chuid deora a shruthú dó.
11. Céard a tharla? BÓFÁIL A BHÉIL:
I ngach guí, bíodh cuspóir agat. Cibé an bhfuil sé éigeantach nó breise, a dhéanamh ar an cuspóir a thagann amach as an urnaí níos íon ná mar a rinne tú nuair a rugadh tú. Iarr ar Allah le haghaidh `Afiyah a chiallaíonn sláinte, sábháilteacht, agus cosaint ó gach rud díobhálach. Díriú mar dhuine a bhfuil sé mar aidhm a bheith maitheadh. I ngach unity na n-urnaí a bhfuil cuspóir amháin agus impigh Allah a dhéanamh na mianta réaltachtaí.
Dúirt an Prophet Muhammad síocháin air:
Is é an Dua is beloved in radharc Allah an ceann do Afiyah. (Al-Tirmidhi # 3548)
Is tástáil é an saol, agus tá Allah tar éis staid éagsúla a fhorordú do gach duine chun a fheiceáil cé acu is fearr i ndáiríre. Mar sin, go hachomair, is é ár bpríomhchuspóir Allah a adhradh ar an mbealach is fiú adhradh a thabhairt dó, agus trína dhéanamh seo faighimid suaimhneas inár gcroí toisc go gcreideann muid mar Mhuslamaigh, go bhfuil an fonn nó an t-iarracht rud éigin a adhradh mar chuid intrinsic den duine.
Is breá le Dia nuair a thosaímid chuige le dílis agus le humble, ag tabhairt ár gcuid peacaí dó, ag súil go gcuirfidh sé ar shiúl iad agus go mbeidh sé go hiomlán maithe.
Ár dTiarna, tabhair dúinn dea-scéal sa saol seo agus dea-scéal sa saol eile, agus coimeád sinn ó pheanas na tine.
Creidmheas Khalid Hussain
Allah is fearr a fhios.
Is é Allah an t-Almighty an t-Uasmhéid agus an t-Aon-eolaí, agus is é an t-eolaí is sábháilte a bhaineann leis.
Ceart ó Allah Almighty agus mícheart ó dom agus Satan
Ullmhaithe ag Mohamad Mostafa Nassar-an Astráil.
Déan cinnte an post seo a chóipeáil agus a sheoladh chuig ríomhphost mar thagairt, b'fhéidir go mbeidh sé ag teastáil uait níos déanaí.
Ní amháin go léiríonn an t-ardlár neamhshláintiúlacht ach freisin go léiríonn sé éagumasacht. Is féidir le daoine aibí agus lán-réalta a gcuid pointí a chur in iúl, fiú go láidir gan daoine eile a íoslaghdú nó a bhuamáil.
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Assistant Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University
Dr. Nordquist studies farm animal welfare, focusing on behavior, cognition and neuroscience in poultry and pigs. After growing up in the city, and studying learning and memory in rodents, she moved to farm animals a little over a decade ago and found out that farm animals are so much smarter and more complex than we give them credit for. She conducts her research at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Feb 12, 2021 08:10 am UTC| Science
Pigs might not be able to fly, but they can play video games. In a new study, researchers from Purdue University in Indiana, US have shown that pigs can use a digital screen and joystick, operated by their snout, to move a...
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Ollamh Cúnta Leigheas Tiúchana, Ollscoil Utrecht
Déanann an Dr. Nordquist staidéar ar leas ainmhithe feirme, ag díriú ar iompar, cogníocht agus néareolaíocht i dtríú báistí agus i mbabhla. Tar éis di fás suas sa chathair, agus staidéar a dhéanamh ar fhoghlaim agus ar chuimhne i gcarraigíní, bhog sí chuig ainmhithe feirme beagán níos mó ná deich mbliana ó shin agus fuair sí amach go bhfuil ainmhithe feirme i bhfad níos cliste agus níos casta ná mar a thugann muid creidiúint dóibh. Déanann sí a cuid taighde ag an gColáiste Leigheas Eitinn in Ollscoil Utrecht, an Ísiltír.
Feb 12, 2021 08:10 am UTC
B'fhéidir nach féidir le muca eitilt, ach is féidir leo cluichí físe a imirt. I staidéar nua, léirigh taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Purdue in Indiana, SAM gur féidir le muc scáileán digiteach agus joystick a úsáid, a oibrítear lena n-snout, chun...
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Two recent entries in the evolution literature have application to one sex or the other.
Y, chromosome? Because it is a unique structure, the Y chromosome in human males seems more subject to deleterious mutations. The Y is also unable to distribute linked genes through recombination, a process that “makes selection more effective,” the article claimed.
Earlier claims that the Y chromosome is evolving away to extinction were premature. PhysOrg reassures males, “Men can rest easy — sex chromosomes are here to stay,” even though a study from University College London was done on chickens (no epithets, now). Humans have a unique Y chromosome in males, but chickens have a unique W chromosome in females. A research team examined how sex-linked genes on the W chromosome are passed on.
The results confirm that although these chromosomes have shrunk over millions of years, and have lost many of their original genes, those that remain are extremely important in predicting fertility and are, therefore, unlikely to become extinct.
Professor Judith Mank, from the UCL Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and senior author said: “Y chromosomes are here to stay, and are not the genetic wasteland that they were once thought to be.”
It was nice of her to rescue the opposite sex. Mank studied sex-linked expression of genes in a variety of chicken breeds and found that they adapt to selection pressures. She deduced that “female-specific selection related to fertility acts to shape the W chromosome, and that the chromosome is able to respond to that selection despite all the problems with the lack of recombination.” To her, this means evolvability is the key to their success:
Professor Mank said: “We have shown that Y and W chromosomes are very important in fertility – the Y in males and the W in females. It is the ability of the W-linked genes to evolve that is the key to their survival, and which suggests that both the Y and the W chromosomes are with us for the long haul.”
Oddly, this implies that survival of the fittest applies to both the XX and the XY combinations: selection has produced opposite strategies that both work.
Udder disaster: Female mammals lactate, but milk is loaded with calcium. Why don’t breasts calcify into stiff, hard structures, like bone? Just the thought is rather disconcerting to both sexes. New Scientist came along to explain “Why milk doesn’t turn breasts to bone.” (The article spared propriety by posting a picture of someone milking a cow instead of showing a picture of Madonna in concert.) First, the Darwin commercial:
Charles Darwin suggested that lactation evolved through natural selection, starting when the ancestors of mammals gained a nutritional advantage from lapping up sweat-like secretions from glands under their mothers’ skin.
This idea had some grounding. Darwin would have studied monotremes – egg-laying mammals such as the echidna. Monotremes have nipple-less mammary patches, and these secrete a fluid that provides moisture to permeable eggs.
Reporter Catherine de Lange introduced a problem: milk has 100 times the calcium and 1000 times the protein of these glands. The glands (one would think) would calcify over time, and the milk would quickly build toxic fibrils around them.
A pair of researchers, Carl Holt (University of Glasgow) and John Carver (University of Adelaide) found what keeps breast tissue soft and supple. Milk casein has the ability to “squirrel away” the stiffening calcium phosphate into micelles –naturally occurring “polar” molecular aggregates akin to soap bubbles.
The Darwin commercial came back for the last line: “Holt and Carver say that the concentration of these spherical micelles in milk may have increased over evolutionary time, producing a progressively more nutritious fluid.”
Speaking of mammals, readers may enjoy watching rare footage of Cross River gorillas, an endangered species in Nigeria and Cameroon (only 250 individuals remaining), captured on film and posted on Live Science. The clip includes a brief chest-pounding by a silverback male. See also story on Science Daily.
True to form, Charles Darwin “suggested” that something evolved over millions of years. That’s because Darwin liberated science from rigor and introduced storytelling into science. Now, instead of making scientists work the old-fashioned hard way, by trying to tie laws of nature to their effects, he introduced the power of suggestion – granting scientists the ability to employ their imaginations and weave tall tales.
His method was to introduce a new law of nature with an impressive name: “natural selection.” If it’s natural, it must be good, right? What he meant was that random variations occur. But “selection” has the feel of intelligent design about it – a problem he aggravated in The Origin by comparing it to artificial selection (intelligent design). What to do? Solution: personify Nature as an invisible Selector, scrutinizing the slightest variations, rejecting those that are bad, adding up all the ones that are good.
This introduced another problem: what is good and bad in a world ruled by contingency? Evolution is what evolution does. It’s not good or bad. Darwin pivoted by changing “natural selection” into “survival of the fittest” at the suggestion of his buddy, Herbert Spencer. But since the fitness of the fit is undefined, except for whatever increases survival, this phrase collapsed into the survival of the survivors. Whatever survives is fit by definition – even if it has traits that are opposite what another survivor has.
So, “natural selection” became indistinguishable from the Stuff Happens Law. Why are flatworms flat and roundworms round? Stuff happens. Why are sloths slow and cheetahs fast? Stuff happens. Why do normal chromosomes survive with two copies, evolving with the benefit of recombination, and sex chromosomes survive with one copy, evolving without recombination? Stuff happens.
To keep critics at bay, Darwin bequeathed to his disciples a magic wand: “millions of years.” Improbable as a given evolutionary story seems, given millions of years that no human ever observed or experienced, any stuff can happen.
This wonderful new law with its magic wand suddenly explained everything. Now, scientists can look fondly back to Father Charlie for giving them powerful new explanatory tools to tell the peasants about everything in the world. All one has to say is something “might have” evolved this way, or “may have” evolved that way over millions of years. It sounds scientific. How can anybody dispute it?
Like good Darwinians, “Holt and Carver say that the concentration of these spherical micelles in milk may have increased over evolutionary time, producing a progressively more nutritious fluid.” (Note: “Evolutionary time” is a synonym for “millions of years.”) Similarly, Judith Mank “suggests” that even though sex chromosomes have “shrunk over millions of years” they are “able to respond to selection” (meaning, they are susceptible to stuff happening).
Without this powerful army of Darwin disciples shouting “Stuff Happens” in unison and pounding their chests, ID advocates might have gotten away with announcing that the Junk DNA argument has taken another setback (e.g., Y chromosomes are “not the genetic wasteland they were once thought to be”). And nobody will be able to hear critical questions above the din: e.g., (1) Why has selection become effective with opposite outcomes? (2) Where is an unbroken chain of slight modifications between monotremes and lactating mammals? (3) Why are monotremes still around without the “progressively more nutritious fluid”? (4) Who is the engineer, and where is the squirrel, that can “squirrel away” calcium phosphate into micelles in breast tissue (but not in bone) so that lactating breasts stay soft?
Whatever other questions come to mind don’t matter, because an unheard question is indistinguishable from an unasked one.
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Tá feidhm ag dhá iontráil le déanaí sa litríocht éabhlóideach le gnéas amháin nó leis an gceann eile.
Cromosóim Y? Toisc gur struchtúr uathúil é, is cosúil go bhfuil an crómasóim Y i bhfear daonna níos mó faoi réir mutations díobhálach. Ní féidir leis an Y géiní nasctha a dháileadh trí athchomhcheangal, próiseas a "déanann roghnú níos éifeachtaí", a mhaígh an t-alt.
Bhí éilimh níos luaithe go bhfuil an crómasóim Y ag éabhlóid i dtreo díothú roimh am. Cuireann PhysOrg a gcuid fir i muinín, Is féidir le fir fanacht go suaimhneach tá crómasóim ghnéas anseo chun fanacht, cé go ndearnadh staidéar ó Choláiste Ollscoile Londain ar choileáin (gan epithets, anois). Tá crómasóim uathúil Y ag daoine i bhfear, ach tá crómasóim uathúil W ag sicín i mban. Rinne foireann taighde iniúchadh ar an gcaoi a dtarlaíonn géiní atá nasctha le gnéas ar an gcromósom W.
Deimhníonn na torthaí cé go bhfuil na crómasóimí seo tar éis titim thar na milliúin bliain, agus go bhfuil a lán dá ngéiní bunaidh caillte acu, tá na cinn atá fágtha thar a bheith tábhachtach i réamhaisnéis na torthúlachta agus dá bhrí sin, is dócha nach mbeidh siad ag dul in éag.
Dúirt an tOllamh Judith Mank, ó Roinn na Gineolaíochta, na Eabhlóide agus na Comhshaoil UCL agus an t-údar sinsearach: Tá crómasóimí Y anseo le fanacht, agus ní iad an talamh fásach géiniteach a cheapadh a bheith acu.
Bhí sé deas di a shábháil an ghnéas eile. Rinne Mank staidéar ar ghnéithe atá nasctha le gnéas i gcineálacha éagsúla sicín agus fuair sé amach go n-oiriúnaíonn siad le brú roghnúcháin. D'éirigh sí amach go ngníomhaíonn roghnú sonrach baineann a bhaineann le torthúlacht chun crómasóim W a mhúnlú, agus go bhfuil an crómasóim in ann freagairt don roghnú sin in ainneoin na fadhbanna go léir a bhaineann le easpa athchomhcheangail. Maidir léi, ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an t-athrú ina eochair ar a rath:
Dúirt an tOllamh Mank: "Tá sé léirithe againn go bhfuil crómasóimí Y agus W an-tábhachtach i dtorthúlacht. Is é cumas na ngéin W-nasctha éabhlóid a dhéanamh is eochair dá maireachtáil, agus a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil an dá chromoisóm Y agus W linn ar feadh an ama fada.
Go hiontach, ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an t-easpa maireachtála is fearr i bhfeidhm ar an dá chomhcheangal XX agus XY: tá straitéisí os coinne a tháirgtear ag roghnú a oibríonn araon.
Deagóir na mbróga: Tá bainne i gcúis le cailciam, ach tá bainne i gcúis le cailciam. Cén fáth nach ndéanann na cíosaí calcify i struchtúir crua, crua, cosúil le cnámh? Tá an smaoineamh féin go leor míshásta do na gnéithe araon. Tháinig New Scientist chun a mhíniú Cén fáth nach ndéanann bainne na cíosaí a thiontú i n-aisling. (Scaoileadh an t-alt an iomláine trí phictiúr a phostáil de dhuine ag milking bó in ionad pictiúr de Madonna a thaispeáint i gceolchoirm.) Ar dtús, an tráchtáil Darwin:
Mhol Charles Darwin go ndeachaigh an bainne a bheith ag fás trí roghnú nádúrtha, ag tosú nuair a fuair sinsear na mamaigh buntáiste cothaitheach as secretions cosúil le sweat a lapping ó ghlandáin faoi chraiceann a máithreacha.
Bhí roinnt talamh ag an smaoineamh seo. D'fhoghlaim Darwin monotremes mamaigh uibheacha mar an echidna. Tá plátaí bainne gan nipple ag monotremes, agus scaipfidh siad sreabhach a sholáthraíonn taise do uibheacha inscne.
Chuir an tuairisceoir Catherine de Lange fadhb i láthair: tá 100 uair an cailciam agus 1000 uair an próitéin sa bhainne ná na glúine seo. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na glúineanna (a cheapfadh duine) ag cailciú le himeacht ama, agus d'fhéadfadh an bainne fibrils tocsaineacha a thógáil timpeall orthu go tapa.
Fuair beirt taighdeoirí, Carl Holt (Ollscoil Ghlaschú) agus John Carver (Ollscoil Adelaide) amach cad a choinníonn fíochán na mhadra bog agus solúbtha. Tá cumas ag casein bainne an fhosfáit chailciam stiffening a "squirrel amach" i miceil "agcláir mhóilíneach" polair a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha cosúil le bolgáin sábháin.
Tháinig an tráchtáil Darwin ar ais don líne dheireanach: Deir Holt agus Carver go bhféadfadh tiúchan na miceil spherical seo i bainne a bheith méadaithe thar am éabhlóideach, ag táirgeadh sreabhach níos cothaitheach de réir a chéile.
Ag labhairt dó de mhamaill, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh taitneamh ag léitheoirí ag féachaint ar fhíseáin neamhchoitianta de gorillas Cross River, speiceas atá i mbaol i Nigéir agus i gCamarún (ní raibh ach 250 duine fágtha), a gabhadh ar scannán agus a phostáil ar Live Science. Áirítear sa ghearrthóg builleán gearr ag fear airgid. Féach freisin ar an scéal ar Science Daily.
Go fírinneach don fhoirm, "mhol" Charles Darwin go ndeachaigh rud éigin chun cinn thar na milliúin bliain. Tá sé sin toisc gur shaoráil Darwin an eolaíocht ó dhúshlán agus gur chuir sé scéalaíocht isteach sa eolaíocht. Anois, in ionad a dhéanamh ar eolaithe a bheith ag obair ar an sean-mode crua bhealach, trí iarracht a cheangal dlíthe an dúlra a n-éifeachtaí, thug sé isteach an chumhacht a mholadh a thabhairt eolaithe an cumas a fhostú a gcuid samhlaíochta agus weave scéalta tall.
Ba é a mhodh dlí nua d'ealaín a thabhairt isteach le hainm suntasach: "roghnú nádúrtha". Má tá sé nádúrtha, ní mór go mbeadh sé go maith, ceart? Cad a bhí sé i gceist go bhfuil athruithe randamach a tharlaíonn. Ach tá an mothú ag "roghnú" go bhfuil dearadh cliste ann - fadhb a chuir sé i gcroílár The Origin trí í a chur i gcomparáid le roghnú saorga (dearadh cliste). Cad atá le déanamh? Réiteach: an Nádúr a phearsanú mar Roghnóir dofheicthe, ag scrúdú na hathruithe is lú, ag diúltú dóibh siúd atá dona, ag cur na cinn go léir atá go maith.
Chuir sé seo fadhb eile i láthair: cad é an rud atá maith agus olc i saol a rialaítear ag contingency? Is é an t-eabhlóid an rud a dhéanann an t-eabhlóid. Níl sé go maith ná go dona. D'athraigh Darwin "roghadh nádúrtha" go "fhanadh an duine is oiriúnaí" ar mholadh a chara, Herbert Spencer. Ach ós rud é nach bhfuil an oiriúnachta atá ag an oiriúnachta sainithe, ach amháin le haghaidh cibé rud a mhéadaíonn maireachtáil, thit an frása seo isteach i maireachtáil na maireachtálaithe. Cibé rud a mhaireann, tá sé oiriúnach de réir sainmhíniú fiú má tá tréithe aige atá i gcoinne na ngnéithe atá ag maireachtáil eile.
Mar sin, tháinig "roghnú nádúrtha" gan idirdhealú ón Dlí Stuff Happens. Cén fáth go bhfuil an t-eireaball pláta agus an t-eireaball cruinn? Tharlaíonn rudaí. Cén fáth go bhfuil sloths mall agus cheetahs tapa? Tharlaíonn rudaí. Cén fáth go maireann crómasóimí gnáth le dhá chóip, ag teacht chun cinn le buntáiste athchomhcheangail, agus go maireann crómasóimí gnéis le cóip amháin, ag teacht chun cinn gan athchomhcheangail? Tharlaíonn rudaí.
Chun na criticeoirí a choinneáil ar shiúl, d'fhág Darwin le a dheisceabail slat draíochta: na milliúin bliain. Cé gur cosúil nach bhfuil scéal éabhlóideach áirithe dóchúil, i bhfianaise na milliúin bliain nár bhreathnaigh nó nár thaithin duine riamh, is féidir aon rud a tharla.
D'fhág an dlí nua iontach seo lena chnámh draíochta gach rud go tobann. Anois, is féidir le heolaithe breathnú siar go grámhar ar Athair Charlie as uirlisí míniúcháin nua chumhachtacha a thabhairt dóibh chun an tuathanach a insint faoi gach rud ar domhan. Gach duine a bhfuil a rá go bhfuil rud éigin d'fhéadfadh éabhlóid ar an mbealach seo, nó d'fhéadfadh éabhlóid ar an mbealach sin thar na milliúin bliain. Fuaimeann sé eolaíoch. Conas is féidir le duine ar bith a shárú?
Cosúil le Darwinists maith, deir Holt agus Carver go bhféadfadh tiúchan na miceil spherical seo i bainne méadú thar am éabhlóideach, ag táirgeadh sreabhach níos cothaithiúla. (Nóta: Is é am éabhlóideach comhchiall le milliún bliain.) Ar an gcaoi chéanna, Judith Mank molann cé go bhfuil crómasóim ghnéas tar éis laghdú thar na milliúin bliain tá siad in ann freagairt do roghnú (i.e. tá siad in ann rudaí a tharlaíonn).
Gan an t-arm cumhachtach seo de dheisceabail Darwin ag caoineadh "Tarlaíonn Stuff" in aonad agus ag bualadh a gcroí, d'fhéadfadh lucht tacaíochta ID a bheith ag teacht amach le fógra a thabhairt go bhfuil argóint Junk DNA tar éis cúlú eile a ghlacadh (m.sh., ní chromóisóimí Y an wasteland géiniteach a cheapadh uair amháin go raibh siad). Agus ní bheidh aon duine in ann ceisteanna criticiúla a chloisteáil os cionn an chraobh: e.g., (1) Cén fáth go bhfuil roghnú éifeachtach le torthaí contrártha? (2) Cá bhfuil slabhra neamhbriste de mhodhnú beag idir monotremes agus mamaigh bhainneacha? (3) Cén fáth go bhfuil monotremes fós ar fáil gan an "leacht níos cothaitheach"? (4) Cé hé an innealtóir, agus cá bhfuil an sciathán, is féidir leis sciathán a chur ar shiúl fosfáit chailciam i miceil i fíochán na cíche (ach ní i gcnámh) ionas go bhfanfaidh cíche lactating bog?
Is cuma céard a thagann chun cuimhne ag ceisteanna eile, toisc nach féidir ceist nár chuala a idirdhealú ó cheist nár iarradh.
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Judy Shklar claims that to be a citizen, you have to earn and vote. You can infer from reading Douglass that he believes another element, action, may be necessary to be counted as a citizen. I hold a different position altogether: that citizenship and standing are irrelevant to one another.
Douglass covertly emphasizes the importance of violence within the context of this action, too. However, I’m left to wonder, wait, doesn’t the notion of violence run counter to the notion citizenship? Being a citizen has been established as a coveted position, one where rights are conferred on the basis of standing, and that standing comes with privileges; one privilege that I would assume the presence of is the removal of the need for violence. However, the system is not perfect. T. Jefferson said “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.” I believe what TJ was getting at was that an imperfect system requires people who are willing to act. Am I saying that this kind of violence is what he means?
NO! He means a time will come when one is called upon to fight for the right to a certain standing. Ground is not gained without a fight. Douglass, beaten mercilessly by Covey, proceeded this way: “Mr. Covey seemed now to think he had me, and could do what he pleased; but at this moment– from whence came the spirit I don’t know–I resolved to fight; and, suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat; and as I did so, I rose. He held on to me, and I to him. My resistance was so entirely unexpected that Covey seemed taken all aback. He trembled like a leaf. This gave me assurance, and I held him uneasy, causing the blood to run where I touched him with the ends of my fingers,” (begin, “Douglas”, p.393). Douglass fought! He fought with all his might, and made known to his masters he held a certain standing of respect among them. We’ve hashed over the notion that this was perhaps a necessary element of becoming a “citizen”: action.
This begs the question: is this standing elemental to “citizenship”? Or is it something different that we’re confusing with citizenship? I believe our definitions are switched. Standing as a general term is more important than citizenship. Standing is a de facto position, while citizenship is a de jure term. Standing regards what practical treatment is like, while citizenship is some mythical reward that people born in the US receive as a blessing for their “high birth” (as citizens of this ‘Great Nation’). In Douglass’s position, speaking of his legal place in society, he was still a slave; but practically speaking, his place became equal with Covey that day. From then on, he was never whipped again. The perception of citizenship is flawed in that it looks to connect apples to oranges. Shklar, Douglass, and others operate under the assumed that citizenship is the goal, an important achievement. However, the intangibles of reputation and respect are more important. Perception supersedes codifications in real importance. For example, when a soldier saves the lives of all the members of his unit and receives the Medal of Honor, do the men he saved value his bravery or the medal? They value the bravery. The Medal in itself is useless to them, a fledgling, failing attempt to capture what really matters in a small hunk of crafted metal. No no, it is the perceived that bears the weight of reality, not what men write down in books of Law.
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<urn:uuid:cb9dd26a-1810-4738-aca2-ad7415dcb98a>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://polsci307.blog/2011/10/30/are-you-ready-for-a-fight-do-you-care-and-what-the-heck-does-citizenship-have-to-do-with-anything/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489729.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219081639-20190219103639-00247.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980034 | 782 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Deir Judy Shklar go bhfuil saoránach agat, caithfidh tú a thuilleamh agus vótáil. Is féidir leat a thuiscint ó léamh Douglass go gcreideann sé go bhféadfadh gné eile, gníomh, a bheith riachtanach chun a bheith á gcur i áireamh mar shaoránach. Tá seasamh difriúil agam go hiomlán: nach bhfuil saoránacht agus seasamh ábhartha dá chéile.
Cuireann Douglass béim ar thábhacht an fhoréigin laistigh den chomhthéacs seo freisin. Mar sin féin, táim ag smaoineamh, fan, nach bhfuil an coincheap foréigean i gcoinne an choincheap saoránacht? Tá a bheith ina shaoránach bunaithe mar phost coveted, ceann ina bhfuil cearta a thugtar ar bhonn seasamh, agus go bhfuil seasamh a thagann le pribhléidí; Prionsabal amháin go mbeadh mé a glacadh leis an láithreacht ar an deireadh a chur leis an ngá don fhoréigean. Mar sin féin, níl an córas foirfe. Dúirt T. Jefferson "Caithfear crann na saoirse a athnuachan ó am go ham le fuil na patriots agus na dtrialacha". Creidim go raibh TJ ag rá go raibh córas neamhiomlán ag teastáil ó dhaoine atá toilteanach gníomhú. An bhfuil mé ag rá go bhfuil an cineál seo foréigean is é an rud a chiallaíonn sé?
Níl! Ciallaíonn sé go dtiocfaidh am nuair a ghlaoitear ar dhuine troid as an gceart chun seasamh áirithe. Ní fhaightear talamh gan troid. Douglass, a bhuail Covey gan trócaire, lean sé ar aghaidh sa chaoi seo: Mr. Covey chuma anois a cheapann go raibh sé dom, agus d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh cad a bhí sé sásta; ach ag an nóiméad seo as a tháinig an spiorad I don't know I réitigh chun troid; agus, oiriúnach mo ghníomhaíocht a réiteach, ghlac mé Covey crua ag an throat; agus mar a rinne mé amhlaidh, d'ardaigh mé. Chaith sé ar dom, agus mé dó. Bhí mo fhriotaíocht chomh go hiomlán gan choinne go Covey chuma glacadh go léir iontas. Bhí sé ag crith mar duilleog. Thug sé seo muinín dom, agus choinnigh mé é gan a bheith suaimhneach, ag cur leis an fhuil a rith áit a ndeachaigh mé air le foircinn mo mhéara, (thosaigh, Douglas, p.393). Douglass throid! Throid sé lena neart go léir, agus a thug sé a fhios a chuid máistrí go raibh sé ina seasamh áirithe de meas i measc iad. Bhíomar ag plé leis an smaoineamh go raibh sé seo b'fhéidir ina ghné riachtanach chun bheith ina "saoránach": gníomh.
Tá an cheist seo le cur: an bhfuil an seasamh seo ina bhunús le haghaidh saoránacht? Nó an bhfuil sé rud éigin difriúil a bhfuil muid ag meabhrú leis an saoránacht? Creidim go bhfuil ár sainmhínithe a thiontú. Tá seasamh mar théarma ginearálta níos tábhachtaí ná saoránacht. Is é seasamh post de facto, agus is téarma de jure é saoránacht. Ag seasamh, déantar cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil, agus is luach saothair mhiotasach é saoránacht a fhaigheann daoine a rugadh sna Stáit Aontaithe mar bheannacht as a "bhreith ard" (mar shaoránaigh den "Náisiún Mór" seo). I seasamh Douglass, ag labhairt faoina áit dhlíthiúil sa tsochaí, bhí sé fós ina sclábhaí; ach go praiticiúil, tháinig a áit comhionann le Covey an lá sin. Ón uair sin ar aghaidh, níor bhuail sé riamh arís. Tá an tuiscint ar shaoránacht lochtmhar sa mhéid go bhfuil sé cosúil go nascann sé úlla le oráiste. Oibríonn Shklar, Douglass, agus daoine eile faoin bharúil gur saoránacht an sprioc, éacht tábhachtach. Mar sin féin, tá na hidirbhíonna de cháil agus de urraim níos tábhachtaí. Tá tábhacht fíor ag an tuiscint thar na códaithe. Mar shampla, nuair a shábhálann saighdiúir beatha a chuid comhaltaí uile agus a fhaigheann Meadán Onóra, an bhfuil luach ag na fir a shábhálann sé ar a chuid misneach nó ar an mheadán? Tugann siad luach ar an dlúthdhiosca. Tá an bonn féin gan úsáid dóibh, iarracht fledgling, a theip chun a ghabháil cad is tábhachtaí i gcodán beag de miotail ceaptha. Níl, níl, is é an tuiscint a thugann an t-ualach ar an réaltacht, ní an méid a scríobhann fir i leabhair an Dlí.
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The Mexican government is apparently looking to quantify how much solar energy the country could produce and, presumably, whether it should pass policies to encourage solar energy production. The National Autonomous University of Mexico on Monday said it’s getting government funding to measure the solar radiation levels in different parts of the country, reported Fox News.
Such data collection effort is a common practice by companies, research institutions and governments in large solar markets in order to estimate the energy production of solar power projects and the amount of investments and returns the projects will need and produce. The work involves measuring solar irradiance, which varies depending in part on the topography and weather pattern of a given region. Developers want to build projects in places with high solar irradiance.
Some parts of the world, such as the American Southwest, have higher readings of solar irradiance and therefore more sunny, cloudless days. And partly for that reason, giant solar farm development in the United States has been clustered in states such as California, Arizona and Nevada.
Mexico hasn’t gotten much attention from solar companies, many of which see China and India as the next big frontiers. First Solar, which is in the midst of shifting its strategy to survive a market downturn that is marked by bankruptcies and trade complaints, also is working on opportunities in Middle East, Africa and Australia. In all these emerging markets, government incentives play a big role in attracting solar manufacturers and project developers.
With the right government policy in place, however, Mexico could see more solar in its energy mix. Mexico’s energy department has taken a look at the country's solar energy development potential before, and a few U.S. solar companies, such as Skyline Solar, have reported selling their solar energy equipment to projects in Mexico. The World Bank has approved a $49.3 million loan to finance a project that combines natural gas power plant with a field of solar energy equipment, which will turn the sun’s heat into steam to run the turbine-generator.
Elsewhere in Latin America, reports of solar power development have emerged once in a while. Chile is seeing some big solar project proposals in its northern mining region, where lots of sun and demand from energy-hungry copper mining operations have prompted mining companies to consider solar.
Peru also is attracting foreign investments in solar: T-Solar of Spain recently secured $145 million in loans to develop two solar projects totaling 44 megawatts. The overall cost of the projects is around $165 million, and some of the funding includes the up to $131 million in loans from the Overseas Private Investment Corp., which is part of the U.S. government. The OPIC is funding the projects because T-Solar makes solar panels with equipment from Silicon Valley firm Applied Materials.
Solarpack, also based in Spain, is developing a 16-megawatt solar project in Peru, in addition to two other projects it’s been building in the country.
Brazil, which will host the next World Cup in 2014, is adding solar to the soccer stadium where the games will be played. Like other Latin American countries, it has a smattering of solar projects under development but will need strong government incentives to see more installations.
The U.S. government has intensified efforts to help domestic companies to snag solar-related contracts abroad, including Latin America. Aside from the OPIC, the U.S. Trade and Development Agency approved in August a $267,000 grant to El Salvador's national utility to study the feasibility of building a 3-megawatt project. The study would be done by a U.S. company.
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<urn:uuid:e7e8e9be-c9b6-4acd-a338-37bf136dc8c0>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2011/12/27/latin-america-flirts-with-solar-power-development/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00275.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960027 | 740 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Is cosúil go bhfuil rialtas Mheicsiceo ag iarraidh a mheas cé mhéad fuinnimh gréine a d'fhéadfadh an tír a tháirgeadh agus, is dócha, an cheart go dtógfadh sé beartais chun táirgeadh fuinnimh gréine a spreagadh. Dúirt Ollscoil Náisiúnta Uathrialach Mheicsiceo Dé Luain go bhfuil maoiniú rialtais á fháil aige chun leibhéil radaíochta na gréine a thomhas i gcodanna éagsúla den tír, a thuairiscigh Fox News.
Tá an iarracht sin sonraí a bhailiú ina chleachtas coitianta ag cuideachtaí, institiúidí taighde agus rialtais i margaí móra gréine chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar tháirgeadh fuinnimh tionscadal fuinnimh gréine agus ar mhéid na n-infheistíochtaí agus na n-aisíocaíochtaí a bheidh ag teastáil ó na tionscadail agus a tháirgeann siad. Baineann an obair le tomhas radaíochta na gréine, a athraíonn de réir an topagrafaíochta agus an phaitinne aimsire i réigiún áirithe. Ba mhaith le forbróirí tionscadail a thógáil in áiteanna a bhfuil ard-scalar solair acu.
Tá léitheoireacht níos airde de sholas na gréine i gcodanna áirithe den domhan, mar shampla i ndeisceart Mheiriceá, agus dá bhrí sin tá laethanta níos soiléire, gan scamaill. Agus go páirteach ar an gcúis sin, tá forbairt feirme gréine ollmhór sna Stáit Aontaithe clústaithe i stáit mar California, Arizona agus Nevada.
Ní fhaigh Meicsiceo mórán aird ó chuideachtaí gréine, a bhfuil a lán acu ag féachaint ar an tSín agus ar an India mar na mórchríocha eile. Tá First Solar, atá i lár a straitéis a athrú chun maireachtáil ar an meath sa mhargadh a bhfuil féimheachtaí agus gearáin trádála ag baint leis, ag obair ar dheiseanna sa Mheánoirthear, san Afraic agus san Astráil freisin. I ngach ceann de na margaí atá ag teacht chun cinn seo, tá ról mór ag dreasachtaí rialtais chun déantúsóirí gréine agus forbróirí tionscadail a mhealladh.
Ach, leis an mbeartas ceart rialtais i bhfeidhm, d'fhéadfadh Meicsiceo níos mó gréine a fheiceáil ina meascán fuinnimh. Tá an Roinn Fuinnimh i Meicsiceo tar éis féachaint ar acmhainneacht forbartha fuinnimh gréine na tíre roimhe seo, agus tá roinnt cuideachtaí gréine na SA, mar shampla Skyline Solar, tar éis a gcuid trealamh fuinnimh gréine a dhíol le tionscadail sa Mheicsiceo. Cheadaigh an Banc Domhanda iasacht $49.3 milliún chun tionscadal a mhaoiniú a chomhcheanglaíonn gléasra cumhachta gáis nádúrtha le réimse trealaimh fuinnimh gréine, a thiocfaidh teas na gréine ina stoim chun an gineadóir turbín a reáchtáil.
I gcásanna eile i Meiriceá Laidineach, tá tuairiscí maidir le forbairt fuinnimh gréine tagtha chun cinn uair amháin ar feadh tamaill. Tá roinnt tograí móra tionscadail gréine á fheiceáil i Sile sa réigiún mianadóireachta ó thuaidh, áit a bhfuil go leor gréine agus éileamh ó oibríochtaí mianadóireachta copair a bhfuil ocras orthu ag spreagadh cuideachtaí mianadóireachta chun smaoineamh ar sholár.
Tá an Phéire ag mealladh infheistíochtaí eachtracha sa ghrian: d'éirigh le T-Solar na Spáinne iasachtaí $145 milliún a fháil le déanaí chun dhá thionscadal ghrian a fhorbairt a bhfuil 44 megawatts de chumhacht iontu. Is é costas iomlán na dtionscadal thart ar $ 165 milliún, agus cuid den mhaoiniú áirítear suas le $ 131 milliún i iasachtaí ó Chorp Infheistíocht Príobháideach thar lear, atá mar chuid de rialtas na SA. Tá an OPIC ag maoiniú na dtionscadal toisc go ndéanann T-Solar painéil ghréasáin gréine le trealamh ó chuideachta Applied Materials i gCeantar Silicon.
Tá Solarpack, atá lonnaithe sa Spáinn freisin, ag forbairt tionscadal gréine 16 megawatt sa Phéire, i dteannta le dhá thionscadal eile atá á dtógáil aige sa tír.
Tá an Bhrasaíl, a bheidh ina óstach ar an gcéad Chorn Domhanda eile in 2014, ag cur gréine leis an stáisiún peile ina mbeidh na cluichí á imirt. Cosúil le tíortha eile Mheiriceá Laidineach, tá cúpla tionscadal gréine á fhorbairt aige ach beidh sé ag teastáil ó spreagadh láidir rialtais chun níos mó suiteálacha a fheiceáil.
Tá rialtas na Stát Aontaithe tar éis iarrachtaí a neartú chun cabhrú le cuideachtaí baile conarthaí a bhaineann le gréine a fháil thar lear, lena n-áirítear Meiriceá Laidineach. Seachas OPIC, cheadaigh Gníomhaireacht Trádála agus Forbartha na Stát Aontaithe i mí Lúnasa deontas $ 267,000 do fóntais náisiúnta El Salvador chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar indéantacht tionscadal 3 meigeawatt a thógáil. Ba chuideachta Mheiriceá a dhéanfadh an staidéar.
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|WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION||
|Explanation of the criteria for classification and numbering of components||
|Explanation of the dates on the component's description|
SNOWMELT-RUNOFF MODEL (SRM)
1. Purpose and objectives
The Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) is a physically-based model designed
to be used to simulate and forecast daily streamflow in mountain basins
where snowmelt is a major runoff factor. It is intended to be simple to
apply and at the same time utilize the new technology of remote sensing.
The model uses daily temperature to calculate degree days which are used as an index of the complex energy balance leading to snowmelt. Snow-
cover extent data obtained from remote sensing is used for applying the
snowmelt algorithm to the specific portion of the basin with snow pack.
Daily precipitation is required for calculating the amount of rainfall-
derived runoff to be added to the daily snowmelt component. For model
operation, the following parameters must be determined: degree-day factor,
runoff co-efficient, recession co-efficient, temperature lapse rate, and discharge time lag. Beginning with Version 3.2 of SRM, the model can
simulate the effect of climate change on a given basin-year of data, with the changed climate induced through changes to present
The model program includes a graphical user interface (GUI), through which the user provides daily values of precipitation, temperature, and snow cover for the entire simulation or forecast time period. The same GUI
is used for supplying values of the model parameters. Optionally, the input data and parameter values can be generated externally, and imported into the model. The optimum conditions for accurate simulation of runoff have been identified as follows: temperature and precipitation are recorded at
the mean elevation of the basin inside the basin boundaries (or at the zonal mean elevation for large basins); snow cover is available reliably
once per week to detect short-term variations in zonal areal extent; several climatological stations are available for large basins, especially
in areas with frequent summer precipitation events; and several years of
daily runoff records have been acquired for the determination of the
recession coefficient. Decreases in accuracy will be expected as these optimum conditions are compromised. However, acceptable simulations will result even under the following minimum conditions: temperature and precipitation data are observed outside the basin at a considerable
horizontal and vertical distance; snow-cover observations are only available two to three times during the snowmelt season; climatological observations are not possible at multiple stations; and no runoff records are available so that the recession coefficient must be estimated from the
Daily precipitation contributing to runoff in each elevation zone, daily total depth (precipitation + snowmelt) contributing to runoff in each elevation zone, computed daily stream runoff, and various statistical measures.
5. Operational requirements and restrictions
One person with knowledge and experience in hydrological processes,
models, and snowmelt with a basic understanding of computers can initiate runs using SRM. With these qualifications, no formal training is required.
The program runs as an executable program, on the DOS operating system of
6. Form of presentation
A compressed distribution file containing the executable program, sample data files, and a limited "read-me" file is available via the internet from the Snowmelt Runoff Model home page at:
The model User’s Manual is available from the same site, in ‘HTML’ and ‘pdf’ formats.
7. Operational experience
The model has been tested in mountain basins ranging in climate conditions from humid to semi-arid with satisfactory results. Operational implementation was carried out by hydrological consultants in the 1983 snowmelt season in the USA.
8. Originator and technical support
Dr. Albert Rango, Hydrology Laboratory, USDA-ARS.
10. Conditions on use
| Reclassified from J40.1.01 MAR 1987
(First entered: 9 NOV 83
Last updated: DEC 99)
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<urn:uuid:6fab841f-c3ce-403c-a5eb-1344057464ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/homs/Components/English/j04104.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827782.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00321-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889331 | 858 | 3.03125 | 3 |
"Ó FÉINÉAIN MÉITÉARÓLAIGÍOCHTA EADHÁIN"
Mínithe ar na critéir maidir le haicmiú agus uimhriú comhpháirteanna
Mínithe ar na dátaí ar thuairisc an chomhpháirte
Treoir maidir le comhréireacht na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun na táirgí a tháirgeadh
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cinn agus cuspóirí
Is samhail atá bunaithe go fisiciúil é an Samhail Sclábhaithe-Sneachta (SRM) a ceapadh
a úsáidfear chun sreabhadh laethúil srutháin i mbéal sléibhte a shamhlú agus a thuar
áit a bhfuil sciúrtha sneachta ina phríomhfhachtóir srutháin. Tá sé beartaithe go mbeidh sé simplí a
Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-eolas nua maidir le braiteoir iargúlta á chur i bhfeidhm agus á úsáid ag an am céanna.
Baineann an tsamhail úsáid as teocht laethúil chun laethanta céim a ríomh a úsáidtear mar innéacs den chothromaíocht fuinnimh casta a fhágann go bhfuil sneachta ag titim. Snow-
Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh.
an t-algartaim le sneachta a leá go dtí an chuid sonrach den chladach le pacáiste sneachta.
Tá gá le huisceacht laethúil chun méid na báistí a ríomh-
Ní mór an t-athrú a dhéanamh ar an méid seo a leanas: Le haghaidh samhail
oibríocht, ní mór na paraiméadair seo a leanas a chinneadh: fachtóir céim-lá,
comhéifeacht sceitheadh, comhéifeacht athbhreathnaithe, ráta meath teochta, agus moill ama scaoilte. Ag tosú le Leagan 3.2 de SRM, is féidir leis an tsamhail
an tionchar a bhíonn ag athrú aeráide ar bhliain bhaisc sonraí ar leith a shamhlú, agus an t-athrú aeráide a spreagtar trí athruithe ar an láthair
Cuimsíonn an clár samhlaíochta comhéadan úsáideora grafach (GUI), trína soláthraíonn an t-úsáideoir luachanna laethúla na dtuiteamh, na teocht agus an chlúdach sneachta don tréimhse ama samhlaíochta nó réamhaisnéis iomlán. An GUI céanna
Úsáidtear é chun luachanna na bparaméadair samhlaíochta a sholáthar. De rogha féin, is féidir na sonraí ionchuir agus na luachanna paraiméadair a ghiniúint go seachtrach, agus a allmhairiú isteach sa múnla. Tá na coinníollacha is fearr le haghaidh samhlú cruinn an róntaithe sainaitheanta mar seo a leanas:
an meán-ardú an bhosca laistigh de theorainneacha an bhosca (nó ag an meán-ardú criosach i gcás na mboscaí móra); tá clúdach sneachta ar fáil go hiontaofa
Tá roinnt stáisiúin aeráide ar fáil do bhfuaimeanna móra, go háirithe
i limistéir a mbíonn deoraíocht thirim i rith an tsamhraidh go minic iontu; agus
Tá taifid rónta laethúil faighte chun an méid a
comhéifeacht an fhadaíochta. Beidh laghdúanna i cruinneas ag súil leis de réir mar a dhéantar na coinníollacha is fearr seo a chur i gcontúirt. Mar sin féin, is féidir samhlacha inghlactha a bhaint amach fiú faoi na coinníollacha íosta seo a leanas:
Tá an t-am ar fad ag an am céanna, agus tá an t-am ar fad ag an am céanna, agus tá an t-am ar fad ag an am céanna.
Tá an t-uisce go laethúil ag cur le sruthadh i ngach crios ardaithe, an domhain iomlán laethúil (sreabhadh + sneachta leá) ag cur le sruthadh i ngach crios ardaithe, sruthadh srutháin laethúil ríomhaithe, agus bearta staidrimh éagsúla.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Iarratais agus srianta oibríochtúla
duine amháin a bhfuil eolas agus taithí aige ar phróisis hidreolaíocha,
Is féidir le daoine a bhfuil tuiscint bhunúsach acu ar ríomhairí, agus ar mhodhanna, agus ar sneachta a leá, rith a thosú ag baint úsáide as SRM. Leis na cáilíochtaí seo, ní gá oiliúint foirmiúil a bheith agat.
Ritheann an clár mar chlár in-fheidhmithe, ar chóras oibriúcháin DOS de
6. Ceacht. Foirm cur i láthair
Tá comhad dáileadh comhbhrúite ina bhfuil an clár in-fheidhmithe, comhaid sonraí samplacha, agus comhad "leabhar-am" teoranta ar fáil ar an idirlíon ón leathanach baile Snowmelt Runoff Model ag:
Tá an Leabhrán Úsáideora samhail ar fáil ón suíomh céanna, i bhformáid HTML agus pdf.
7. Ceacht. Taithí oibríochtúil
Rinneadh tástáil ar an tsamhail i mbéal na sléibhte i gcoinníollacha aeráide ó fhuaim go leath-triomach agus bhí torthaí sásúla ann. Rinneadh cur chun feidhme oibríochtúil ag comhairleoirí hidreolaíocha i séasúr na sneachta leáite i 1983 sna Stáit Aontaithe.
8. Ceacht. Túsghairm agus tacaíocht theicniúil
An Dr. Albert Rango, Saotharlann Hidrolaíochta, USDA-ARS.
10. Tá sé seo fíor? Coinníollacha úsáide
Arna ath-aicmiú ó J40.1.01 MAR 1987
(Tógadh isteach den chéad uair: 9 NOV 83
Nuashonrú deireanach: DEC 99)
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The History of British Punk
Punk was meant to sweep away the bloated dinosaur of progressive rock and the blandness of pop music. In that it succeeded, changing the course of popular music completely. At the time it was outrageous, even scandalous, and the newspapers played up the idea of safety pins through cheeks and swearing on television. But from a small beginning, when punks feared violence from others, it grew to become a huge global musical movement.
The BeginningsIt’s been argued that punk existed in New York before it hit London, with groups like the Ramones and Patti Smith playing venues like CBGB’s in the Bowery. In London, though, it was far more political, a cry against the established system of government, from groups like The Sex Pistols and the Clash.
The Pistols arose from a clothes shop run by Malcolm McClaren and Vivienne Westwood, where the members of the group met and rehearsed under McClaren’s direction. However, once they began playing shows early in 1976, apart from a small coterie of fans, they found people not so eager for their music.
McClaren was a consummate entrepreneur, though, and word about the Pistols spread quickly, along with rumours about their outrageous behaviour, which was confirmed when they swore on national television. But, following the theory that there’s no such thing as bad publicity, the record companies came calling. The Pistols signed with EMI before being dropped for their behaviour, then A&M, with the same result – making themselves quite rich along the way. A deal finally stuck when they signed to Virgin Records and began releasing records, one of which, God Save the Queen, was banned from radio but still topped the charts.
Their only real album, Never Mind the Bollocks, sold very well, one of punk’s seminal works. But they split up in 1978 as they finished a U.S. tour. Their influence, though, spread wide, as so many young bands took them as an inspiration, even though singer Johnny Rotten (John Lydon) never seemed to take the ethos of punk too seriously.
The ClashThe leader of The Clash, Joe Strummer, had played in a pub-rock band, making rough, raw rock’n’roll. Teaming up with three aspiring musicians he formed the band, which was deliberately political from the outset. They began releasing albums in 1977 to great critical acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic, which increased with their other discs. London Calling, their third album in 1979, made many best of the century lists. But by that time, although they’d retained their punk roots, they’d developed into a powerhouse rock band, and hit true pay dirt in 1982 with Combat Rock, which made them global stars, although by then they were on their last legs, imploding a year later.
The DamnedIn terms of record releases, both The Sex Pistols and The Clash were eclipsed by The Damned, who issued the first punk single (New Rose) and album (DamnedDamnedDamned). How truly punk they were was a debated issue at the time. But in the early days there were so few punk bands that even their pop sensibilities welded onto punk music were accepted and embraced. Curiously, perhaps, they outlasted all their contemporaries.
The VenuesPunk found a short-lived home at a London club called the Roxy at the beginning of 1977, after the 100 Club had hosted a two night punk festival in autumn 1976. It gave opportunities to many of the young punk bands, which could be extremely young (Eater, for instance, had a 14-year-old drummer), and inexperienced (one of the deliberately liberating things about punk was that instrumental ability wasn’t necessary to make music and join a band).
The first punk tour, with The Sex Pistols and The Clash headlining, found itself the victim of punk’s publicity, as councils around the country cancelled date after date – less than a handful were played in the end.
Did Punk Die?The idea of punk, of kids getting together regardless of ability, just to make music and release their frustrations, has never really died. That’s probably punk’s biggest legacy, and one which has lasted, just as the great albums have remained influential. Groups like the Slits showed that women could be punk musicians as much as males, and make music that was even more challenging. Nor did the fashions of punk – spiky hair, jewellery, loud clothes – vanish; you can still see teenagers dressed that way.
Although punk influenced things musically, and still does, the actual fad of it had passed by the end of 1979. There was only so far it could go, and by then it had exhausted itself. It was a limited form, but its energy and anger was vital, an infusion of new blood when music was in the doldrums. It picked up on the rawness that had fuelled the best 1960s pop-rock and stripped it down to the bone. It gave music what it needed at the time, and helped propel it through the next few years.
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Stair an Punk Breataine
Bhí sé i gceist ag an bpunc an dinosaur bloated de charraig forásach agus an blandness ceoil pop a scriosadh. Sa mhéid sin d'éirigh leis, ag athrú cúrsa an cheoil tóir go hiomlán. Ag an am bhí sé scandalach, fiú scandalach, agus d'imir na nuachtáin an smaoineamh ar phinginí sábháilteachta trí cheeks agus ag cur mícheart ar an teilifís. Ach ó thús beag, nuair a bhí eagla ar na punks ar fhoréigean ó dhaoine eile, d'fhás sé chun bheith ina ghluaiseacht ceoil dhomhanda ollmhór.
An TúsAr mhaígh sé go raibh punk ann i Nua-Eabhrac sular bhuail sé Londain, le grúpaí cosúil leis na Ramones agus Patti Smith ag seinm i n-áit cosúil le CBGBs sa Bowery. I Londain, áfach, bhí sé i bhfad níos polaitiúla, glaoch i gcoinne an chórais rialtais bunaithe, ó ghrúpaí cosúil leis na Sex Pistols agus an Clash.
Tháinig na Pistols ó siopa éadaí a bhí á reáchtáil ag Malcolm McClaren agus Vivienne Westwood, áit a raibh baill an ghrúpa ag teacht le chéile agus ag déanamh cleachtaithe faoi threoir McClaren. Mar sin féin, nuair a thosaigh siad ag imirt seónna go luath i 1976, seachas coterie beag lucht leanúna, fuair siad daoine nach raibh chomh díograiseach dá gcuid ceoil.
Bhí McClaren ina fiontraí iomlánaithe, áfach, agus scaip an focal faoi na Pistols go tapa, mar aon le ráflaí faoina ngníomh neamh-thromchúiseach, a deimhníodh nuair a rinne siad mionn ar an teilifís náisiúnta. Ach, ag leanúint an teoiric nach bhfuil aon rud mar droch-fhoilseachán, tháinig na cuideachtaí taifeadta ag glaoch. Shínigh na Pistols le EMI sular thit siad as a n-iompar, ansin A&M, leis an toradh céanna ag déanamh saibhreas go leor orthu féin ar an mbealach. D'éirigh leo déileáil leis an gconradh sa deireadh nuair a shínigh siad le Virgin Records agus thosaigh siad ag scaoileadh taifid, ceann acu, God Save the Queen, a cuireadh cosc air ó raidió ach a bhí fós ar bharr na gcairteanna.
Díoladh an t-aon albam a bhí acu, Never Mind the Bollocks, go han-mhaith, ceann de na saothair seimineála punk. Ach d'éirigh siad as a chéile i 1978 nuair a chríochnaigh siad turas sna Stáit Aontaithe. Bhí a n-tionchar, áfach, scaipthe go forleathan, mar a ghlac an oiread sin bannaí óga iad mar inspioráid, cé nach raibh an t-amhránaí Johnny Rotten (John Lydon) riamh ag glacadh go ró-dáiríre le heite punk.
The Clash Bhí ceannaire The Clash, Joe Strummer, ag seinm i bhanna carraig pub, ag déanamh carraig throm, cruadhtan. Ag comhoibriú le trí cheoltóir ionchas, bhunaigh sé an banna, a bhí pholaitiúil go ciallmhar ón tús. Thosaigh siad ag scaoileadh albam i 1977 chun moladh mór criticiúil a fháil ar an dá thaobh den Atlantaigh, a mhéadaigh lena gcuid dioscaí eile. Rinne London Calling, a tríú albam i 1979, go leor liostaí is fearr den chéad bhliain. Ach ag an am sin, cé go raibh a gcuid fréamhacha punc coimeádta acu, d'fhorbair siad ina bhanna carraig cumhacht, agus bhuail siad salach pá fíor i 1982 le Combat Rock, a rinne réaltaí domhanda díobh, cé go raibh siad ag an am sin ar a gcosa deiridh, ag imploding bliain ina dhiaidh sin.
The DamnedI dtéarmaí scaoileadh taifead, bhí The Damned ag The Sex Pistols agus The Clash, a d'eisigh an chéad singil punc (New Rose) agus an t-albam (DamnedDamnedDamned). Bhí sé ina cheist phlé ag an am cé chomh fíor-punc a bhí siad. Ach sna laethanta tosaigh bhí an oiread sin bands punc ann go fiú a n-éagsúlacht pop soláthar ar cheol punc a glacadh agus glacadh. B'fhéidir go raibh sé suimiúil go raibh siad níos faide ná a gcuid comhaimseartha.
Fuair an VenuesPunk teach gearrthéarmach i gclub Londain ar a dtugtar an Roxy ag tús 1977, tar éis don Chlub 100 féile punc dhá oíche a óstáil i rith an earraigh 1976. Thug sé deiseanna do go leor de na bannaí punk óga, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-óg (eater, mar shampla, bhí drumaí 14 mbliana d'aois), agus gan taithí (ar cheann de na rudaí a shaoradh go ciallmhar faoi punk ná nach raibh sé riachtanach cumas ionstraimúil a dhéanamh ceol agus dul isteach i mband).
Fuair an chéad turas punc, le The Sex Pistols agus The Clash ina cheannteideal, í féin mar íospartach de phoiblíocht punc, mar a chuir comhairleanna ar fud na tíre dáta i ndiaidh dáta ar ceal - bhí níos lú ná dornán acu a bhí ag imirt sa deireadh.
An bhfuair an Punk bás? An smaoineamh ar phunk, ar pháistí a bheith ag teacht le chéile gan aird a thabhairt ar a gcumas, ach a dhéanamh ceol agus scaoileadh a gcuid frustrachas, riamh i ndáiríre fuair bás. Is dócha gurb é sin an oidhreacht is mó de chuid an phunc, agus ceann a mhair, díreach mar a d'fhan na halbaim mhóra tionchar. Léirigh grúpaí cosúil leis na Slits gur féidir le mná a bheith ina n-imreoirí punk chomh mór le fir, agus ceol a dhéanamh a bhí níos dúshlánaí fós. Ní raibh na faisean punk gruaig spicy, jewelry, éadaí ard imithe; is féidir leat fós a fheiceáil déagóirí a chaitheamh ar an mbealach sin.
Cé gur chuir an punk tionchar ar rudaí ó thaobh ceoil de, agus go bhfuil sé fós, bhí an fad iarbhír aige ag deireadh 1979. Ní raibh ach chomh fada is a d'fhéadfadh sé dul, agus ag an am a bhí sé ag éirí as féin. Bhí sé ina fhoirm theoranta, ach bhí a chuid fuinnimh agus fearg ríthábhachtach, infusion de fhuil nua nuair a bhí ceol i dtimpeallacht. Ghlac sé suas ar an cruas a bhí ag breosla an pop-rock is fearr 1960s agus stripped sé síos go dtí an cnámh. Thug sé an rud a bhí ag teastáil ón gceol ag an am, agus chabhraigh sé leis an gceol a chur ar aghaidh sna blianta beaga amach romhainn.
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Commercial transportation is a dangerous endeavor. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, in 2010 there were 112,379 non-fatal crashes involving large trucks and 12,763 non-fatal crashes involving buses.
There were 44,310 crashes with injuries involving large trucks and 6,854 injury-crashes involving buses.
There were 2,559 large trucks involved in accidents involving hazardous materials.
There was a reduction in the number of large-truck-related and bus-related fatalities between 2006 and 2010: Fatalities fell from 5,347 in 2006 to 3,619 in 2010. There was a similar decline in injuries related to truck accidents: From 99,937 in 2006 to 75,954. Some of that decline, however, is probably attributable to the decreased level of transportation traffic on the roads in a weaker economy. Unemployment among truckers has increased substantially over the same period of time.
This data, of course, excludes injuries and deaths from commercial light trucks, sedans, pickups, delivery vans, taxicabs, police cars, and the like.
What Causes these Accidents?
The Department of Transportation published a truck accident causation study in 2007. Their findings: The number one factor associated with truck collisions with cars was brake problems. A brake problem on the truck was found to be present in 27 percent of truck vs. car crashes. Only 2 percent of accidents involved brake problems on the car. The overwhelming majority of brake problems in crashes were on the truck.
An interruption in traffic flow was the number two factor, involved in 25 percent of truck-on-car crashes. 15 percent of cases involved travelling too fast for conditions, and 19 percent involved unfamiliarity with the roadway.
10 percent of truck operators involved in these accidents reported feeling under work pressure that may have contributed to the accident. Fatigue only accounted for 7 percent of truck drivers in these accidents (but 15 percent of car drivers.)[i]
Truck drivers were far less likely to have been under the influence of illegal drugs (0.4 percent) or alcohol (0.3 percent) than the drivers of cars in these accidents (7 and 9 percent, respectively.)
The same study also established the top ten “causative factors” for truck accidents. These are factors that were more than just possible factors associated with the crash. These factors were determined to be critical in the accidents studied.
- Illegal maneuvers
- Inadequate surveillance
- Traveling too fast
- Following too closely
- Misjudging the gap or the other vehicles’ speed
- External distraction
- Brake problems
The author of the study, Ralph Craft, recommended the following actions:
- Inspections, compliance reviews and education programs should focus more on the driver, rather than the vehicle.
- Fleet owners and managers should develop a formal system for rating drivers.
- Focus vehicle inspections on brakes, tires and lights.
These three items were found to be the most critical safety systems on large trucks.
This particular study predated the wide use of sophisticated GPS systems. But unfamiliarity with the roads was determined to be a contributing factor in many truck-on-car accidents. Today’s much-improved GPS systems should, in theory, make it easier on truck drivers. It is, for example, theoretically possible today for drivers to conduct a virtual “rehearsal” of the entire route, using GPS technology and maps and aerial photos easily available on the Web.
Judgments Can Be Substantial
The amount of liability potentially at stake for trucking and bus companies is substantial. In one case in Osceola County, Florida, a truck rear-ended a car, causing a severe brain injury to a child sitting in the back seat of the car. The award was for $2.45 million dollars.
Another case, with the same Florida law firm, involved the claim of wrongful death of a husband and father who was helping a victim of an earlier accident when he was run down by a truck in the median of I-75. The case resulted in $2 million in compensation for the deceased man’s family. [ii]
And in another case involving the death of two individuals in a truck accident in North Carolina, plaintiffs’ attorneys were disputing a claim by the driver that he had blacked out prior to the wreck due to a medical condition that caused him to lose consciousness from coughing. The plaintiffs were able to demonstrate that the vehicle was on cruise control, the CB radio was on, and the driver had received two phone calls – one via call waiting – right before the collision. The plaintiffs were also able to demonstrate that the trucking company knew, or should have known, about the trucker’s substantial medical and personal problems that contributed to him being a safety hazard. There were logbook violations, and the trucker was still on the road even though he was in a preventable crash only 11 days prior to the fatal incident. The driver and truck company settled for $7 million – to avoid a jury trial which could have been worse.
Minimum Limits May Be Inadequate
If you study the case histories of any law firm with more than a few years’ experience regularly representing plaintiffs in truck accidents, you will see that settlements and jury awards in the high six figure range is routine, and each decently sized law firm will have a few cases they brag about that resulted in awards or settlements for their clients in the million dollar range, plus.
If a driver happens to be involved in an accident that causes the death of more than one person – which can easily happen to any trucking firm, anywhere, anytime – expect a $2 million stake at a minimum. Perhaps more if the victims are young, sympathetic or if there is evidence of negligence on the part of the driver or your managers.
Your state limits may be inadequate to cover your true exposure. What would happen to your business if you were served with a $2 million judgment? If you would have trouble paying the award or settlement, or if you would be driven into bankruptcy because of it, you should be reviewing and increasing your coverage immediately.
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Is iarracht contúirteach é iompar tráchtála. De réir Roinn Iompair na Stát Aontaithe, in 2010 bhí 112,379 timpiste gan bás a bheith acu i measc trucailí móra agus 12,763 timpiste gan bás a bheith acu i measc busanna.
Bhí 44,310 timpiste le gortuithe a raibh trucailí móra páirteach iontu agus 6,854 timpiste gortuithe a raibh busanna páirteach iontu.
Bhí 2,559 trucail mhór i gceist le timpistí a raibh ábhair chontúirteacha i gceist leo.
Bhí laghdú ar líon na mbásanna a bhaineann le trucailí móra agus le busanna idir 2006 agus 2010: Thit na básanna ó 5,347 in 2006 go 3,619 in 2010. Bhí laghdú den chineál céanna ar ghortú a bhaineann le timpistí trucail: ó 99,937 i 2006 go 75,954. Tá cuid den laghdú sin, áfach, is dócha gurbh é an laghdú ar leibhéal na tráchta iompair ar na bóithre i ngeilleagar níos laige. Tá méadú suntasach tagtha ar an dífhostaíocht i measc tiománaithe trucailí sa tréimhse ama céanna.
Ar ndóigh, ní chuimsíonn na sonraí seo gortuithe agus báis ó trucailí éadroime tráchtála, sedans, pickupanna, feithiclí seachadta, tacsaí, gluaisteáin póilíneachta, agus a leithéidí.
Cad a Chúisíonn na hAignéidí seo?
D'fhoilsigh an Roinn Iompair staidéar ar chúis na timpiste trucail i 2007. A gcuid torthaí: Ba iad fadhbanna breic an príomhfhachtóir a bhí i gceist le bualadh trucail le gluaisteáin. Fuarthas amach go raibh fadhb breac ar an trucail i láthair i 27 faoin gcéad de thimpistí trucail vs carr. Ní raibh ach 2 faoin gcéad de na timpistí ina gcúis le fadhbanna breic ar an gcarr. Bhí an chuid is mó de na fadhbanna breacanna i dtimpistí ar an trucail.
Ba é an dara fachtóir, a bhí i gceist le 25 faoin gcéad de na timpistí trucail-ar-charr, go raibh bac ar shreabhadh tráchta. Bhí baint ag 15 faoin gcéad de na cásanna le taisteal ró-tapa do na coinníollacha, agus bhí baint ag 19 faoin gcéad le neamh-aitheantas leis an mbóthar.
Dúirt 10 faoin gcéad d'oibreoirí trucail a bhí páirteach sna timpistí seo go raibh brú oibre orthu a d'fhéadfadh cur leis an timpiste. Ní raibh ach 7% de thiománaithe trucail iontu sna timpistí seo (ach 15% de thiománaithe gluaisteán. ) [i]
Bhí seans i bhfad níos lú go raibh tiománaithe trucailí faoi thionchar drugaí mídhleathacha (0.4 faoin gcéad) nó alcóil (0.3 faoin gcéad) ná tiománaithe gluaisteán sna timpistí seo (7 faoin gcéad agus 9 faoin gcéad, faoi seach).
Leag an staidéar céanna amach freisin na deich gcúis is mó a bhaineann le timpistí trucail. Is iad seo na tosca a bhí níos mó ná ach is féidir tosca a bhaineann leis an timpiste. Rinneadh a chinneadh go raibh na tosca seo ríthábhachtach sna timpistí a ndearnadh staidéar orthu.
- Maoine neamhdhleathacha
- Seirbhísí neamh-iomlán
- Ag taisteal ró-tapa
- Ag leanúint ró-dlúth
- Mí-mheas a dhéanamh ar an bhfreagra nó ar luas na bhfeithiclí eile
- Díospóireacht seachtrach
- fadhbanna breac
Mhol údar an staidéir, Ralph Craft, na gníomhartha seo a leanas:
- Ba cheart go ndíreofaí níos mó ar an tiománaí, seachas ar an bhfeithicil, le cigireachtaí, athbhreithnithe comhlíontachta agus cláir oideachais.
- Ba cheart do úinéirí agus do bhainisteoirí cabhlaigh córas foirmiúil a fhorbairt do thiománaithe rátála.
- Díriú ar iniúchtaí feithiclí ar bhriseadh, ar thinneas agus ar sholas.
Fuarthas amach gurb iad na trí rud seo na córais sábháilteachta is criticiúla ar trucailí móra.
Bhí an staidéar seo i gceist roimh úsáid forleathan córais GPS sofaisticiúla. Ach chinntear go raibh an neamh-aitheantas leis na bóithre ina fhachtóir rannpháirteach i go leor timpistí trucail ar charr. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh córais GPS atá feabhsaithe go mór inniu, sa teoiric, an obair níos éasca ar thiománaithe trucail. Tá sé, mar shampla, indéanta go teoiriciúil inniu do thiománaithe "réamh-amhrán" fíorúil den bhealach iomlán a dhéanamh, ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht GPS agus léarscáileanna agus grianghraif aeir atá ar fáil go héasca ar an Idirlíon.
D'fhéadfadh Breithiúnais a bheith Substantial
Tá méid na dliteanais a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist le cuideachtaí trucail agus bus suntasach. I gcás amháin i gContae Osceola, Florida, bhuail trucail carr ó chúl, rud a d'fhág go raibh díobháil thinneas tromchúiseach ag leanbh a bhí ina shuí ar chúl na gluaisteán. Ba é an duais $ 2.45 milliún dollar.
Cás eile, leis an ngnólacht dlí Florida céanna, a bhí i gceist le héilimh ar bhás mícheart fear céile agus athair a bhí ag cabhrú le íospartach timpiste níos luaithe nuair a bhuail trucail é i lár an I-75. Mar thoradh ar an gcás, tugadh $2 milliún i gcúiteamh do theaghlach an duine éag. [ii]
Agus i gcás eile a bhaineann le bás dhá dhuine i dtimpiste trucail i Carolina Thuaidh, bhí dlíodóirí na ngearánaí ag díospóid a éileamh ag an tiománaí go raibh sé blackout roimh an timpiste mar gheall ar riocht míochaine a rinne dó a chailleadh comhfhios ó coughing. Bhí na héilitheoirí in ann a léiriú go raibh an fheithicil ar rialú turais, go raibh an raidió CB ar siúl, agus go raibh dhá ghlao teileafóin faighte ag an tiománaí - ceann trí ghlao ag fanacht - díreach roimh an timpiste. Bhí na hiarratasóirí in ann a léiriú freisin go raibh a fhios ag an gcuideachta trucail, nó gur cheart go mbeadh a fhios aici, faoi fhadhbanna suntasacha leighis agus pearsanta an trucailéir a chuir leis go raibh sé ina bhagairt sábháilteachta. Bhí sárú logbook ann, agus bhí an trucker fós ar an mbóthar cé go raibh sé i dtimpiste a d'fhéadfaí a sheachaint ach 11 lá roimh an eachtra marbhtach. Shínigh an chuideachta tiománaí agus trucail $ 7 milliún chun triail giúiré a sheachaint a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos measa.
D'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh teorainneacha íosta leordhóthanach
Má dhéanann tú staidéar ar na cásanna staire aon ghnólacht dlí le níos mó ná cúpla bliain taithí a ionadaíonn go rialta éilitheoirí i timpistí trucail, beidh tú a fheiceáil go bhfuil socrúcháin agus dámhachtainí giúiré i ard sé figiúr raon gnáth, agus gach dea-leibhéal ghnólacht dlí beidh cúpla cás a brag faoi gur thoradh ar dámhachtainí nó socrúcháin dá gcliaint i milliún dollar raon, plus.
Má tharlaíonn go bhfuil tiománaí i dtimpiste a bhfuil bás níos mó ná duine amháin mar thoradh air - rud a d'fhéadfadh tarlú go héasca d'aon ghnó trucail, áit ar bith, am ar bith - tá súil agat go mbeidh $ 2 milliún i gceist ar a laghad. B'fhéidir níos mó má tá na híospartaigh óg, comhfhaireanta nó má tá fianaise ann go raibh an tiománaí nó do bhainisteoirí faillí.
B'fhéidir nach leor do theorainneacha stáit chun do dhíonú fíor a chlúdach. Cad a tharlódh le do ghnó má sheirbheáil tú le breithiúnas $ 2 milliún? Má bheadh deacracht agat an dámhachtain nó an socrú a íoc, nó má thiocfadh leat dul i mbun féimheachta mar gheall air, ba cheart duit do chlúdach a athbhreithniú agus a mhéadú láithreach.
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UF Health researcher: Omicron variant is more transmissible due to mutations
GAINESVILLE, Fla. (WCJB) - University of Florida Health researcher Dr. David Ostrov mapped the numerous mutations of the Omicron variant of coronavirus and found changes that make it more transmissible.
Ostrov studied the changes to the virus’ spike protein at the request of the Global Virus Network. He determined the mutation enables the virus to more quickly enter a human cell. Other mutations may also inhibit an immune system protein which works to prevent viruses from entering cells. These changes make the virus highly transmissible.
Omicron has many times more mutations than other variants of concern including Alpha, Gamma, and Delta. These changes are expected to impact vaccine efficacy. Ostrov believes vaccine makers should create booster shots tailored to the new variants.
“The fact that it has so many mutations suggests to me that we are very likely to see a reduced efficacy of the vaccines,” said Ostrov.
He said it is too early to know how likely the variant is to cause severe illness but that data will come in within the next couple of weeks. Natural immunity does not appear to prevent infections based on the cases reported so far.
Ostrov is researching an antiviral drug combination that could work against omicron and all other covid variants. In a study published this month, his team showed that combining a common antihistamine drug and a protein found in cow and human milk reduces virus replication by 99%.
“It is more affordable than monoclonal antibodies, much more affordable than the antiviral drugs coming out from the large pharmaceutical companies,” said Ostrov.
He said the university is open to engaging in a private-public partnership to begin human clinical trials.
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Tá an t-athrú Omicron níos in-aistrithe mar gheall ar mhúinteanna.
GAINESVILLE, Fla. (WCJB) - Mapeáil taighdeoir Sláinte Ollscoil Florida an Dr. David Ostrov na hathruithe iomadúla ar an leagan Omicron de coronavirus agus fuair sé athruithe a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos tarchuirithe.
Rinne Ostrov staidéar ar na hathruithe ar phróitéin spike víris ag iarraidh an Líonra Víróis Domhanda. Chinn sé go gcuireann an mutation ar chumas an víris dul isteach i gcealla daonna níos gasta. D'fhéadfadh mutaíochtaí eile próitéin chórais imdhíonachta a chosc a oibríonn chun cosc a chur ar víris dul isteach i gcealla. Déanann na hathruithe seo an víreas in-in-aistritheach.
Tá go leor uaireanta níos mó mutations ag Omicron ná éagsúlachtaí eile imní lena n-áirítear Alpha, Gamma, agus Delta. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh tionchar ag na hathruithe seo ar éifeachtúlacht an vacsaín. Creideann Ostrov gur cheart do dhéantóirí vacsaíns shots booster a chruthú atá oiriúnach do na cineálacha nua.
'Is é an fhíric go bhfuil an oiread sin mutations ann a thugann le tuiscint dom go bhfuil sé an-dóchúil go bhfeicfimid éifeachtúlacht laghdaithe na vacsaíní,' a dúirt Ostrov.
Dúirt sé go bhfuil sé ró-luath a fháil amach cé chomh dóchúil is atá an leagan nua a d'fhéadfadh tinneas tromchúiseach a chur faoi deara ach go dtiocfaidh sonraí laistigh den chéad chúpla seachtain eile. Ní cosúil go gcuireann díolúine nádúrtha cosc ar ionfhabhtuithe bunaithe ar na cásanna a tuairiscíodh go dtí seo.
Tá Ostrov ag déanamh taighde ar chomhcheangal drugaí frithvíreasacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag obair i gcoinne omicron agus gach leagan eile de Covid. I staidéar a foilsíodh an mhí seo, léirigh a fhoireann go laghdaíonn an víreas a athdhéanamh le 99% trí chóipeáil cógas antihistamine coitianta agus próitéin a fhaightear i mbainne bó agus bainne daonna.
'Tá sé níos inacmhainne ná frith-aigéid monoclónacha, i bhfad níos inacmhainne ná na drugaí frithvíreasacha a thagann amach ó na cuideachtaí móra cógaisíochta,' a dúirt Ostrov.
Dúirt sé go bhfuil an ollscoil oscailte chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcomhpháirtíocht phríobháideach-phoiblí chun triail chliniciúil daonna a thosú.
Cóipcheart 2021 WCJB. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir. Cliceáil anseo chun síntiús a ghlacadh lenár nuachtlitir.
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for National Geographic News
Stunning color pictures from Mars offer new evidence that plentiful groundwater once percolated through Martian bedrock.
The new images, taken by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reveal a terrain of banded rocks similar to that found in the southwestern U.S., said Chris Okubo, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
The new pictures show that Martian rocks in this sandy landscape are riddled with small cracks.
These cracks bear telltale signs that fluid—probably water—seeped through them hundreds of millions of years ago.
Prominent riblike structures along the cracks, for instance, suggest that running water dissolved minerals in the Martian soil, forming a kind of cement.
The water also dissolved dark minerals out of the rocks, leaving light-colored "halos" around the cracks.
These findings are exciting, because they suggest that similar water-filled fractures might still exist beneath the Martian surface, scientists said.
"What we see at the surface today are glimpses of what used to be underground," Okubo said.
Okubo presented the new images at a press conference today in San Francisco, California. His team's findings will appear in tomorrow's issue of the journal Science.
Search for Life May Shift
Water is a key component of life as we know it, so the new discovery will be useful in helping scientists hone the search for possible life on Mars, researchers at the conference said.
There is already abundant evidence that early Mars was once water rich, said Stephen Clifford, a Mars hydrologist from the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES
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| 0.911343 | 351 | 3.515625 | 4 |
le haghaidh National Geographic News
Tugann pictiúir dath iontacha ó Mars fianaise nua go raibh go leor uisce talún ag dul isteach i gcloch Martian uair amháin.
Léiríonn na pictiúir nua, a thóg Orbiter Reconnaissance Mars NASA, tírdhreach de charraigí bandáilte cosúil leis an gceann a fuarthas i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe, a dúirt Chris Okubo, taighdeoir iar-dhochtúireachta in Ollscoil Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
Taispeánann na pictiúir nua go bhfuil creagaí beaga ag na carraigeacha Marsacha sa tírdhreach gaineamh seo.
Tá comharthaí in iúl ag na craobhacha seo go ndeachaigh sreabhach - is dócha uisce - tríd na céadta milliún bliain ó shin.
Mar shampla, léiríonn struchtúir shuntasacha cosúil le ribí ar feadh na gcraic go raibh mianraí sa ithir Mhárta díolta ag uisce a bhí ag rith, rud a chruthaigh cineál ceimiceáin.
Díscaoileadh na mianraí dorcha as na carraigeacha freisin, ag fágáil "halos" bán-dhuine timpeall na craobhacha.
Tá na torthaí seo spreagúil, toisc go léiríonn siad go bhféadfadh frithpháirteanna cosúil le huisce a bheith ann fós faoi dhromchla na Mars, a dúirt eolaithe.
"Is é an méid a fheicimid ar an dromchla inniu ná léargas ar a bhí faoi thalamh", a dúirt Okubo.
Chuir Okubo na híomhánna nua i láthair ag preasagallamh inniu i San Francisco, California. Beidh torthaí a fhoireann a bheith le feiceáil i d'eisiúint amárach an iris Eolaíocht.
D'fhéadfadh an Cuardach ar an Saol Athrú
Is príomh-chomhpháirt den saol é uisce mar a bhfuil a fhios againn, mar sin beidh an fionnachtanas nua úsáideach chun cabhrú le heolaithe cuardach a dhéanamh ar shaol féideartha ar Mars, a dúirt taighdeoirí ag an gcomhdháil.
Tá fianaise mhór ann cheana féin go raibh uisce saibhir ar an Máirse luath uair amháin, a dúirt Stephen Clifford, hidreolaí Máirse ó Institiúid Lúnach agus Phléatach i Houston, Texas.
FONTAS AGUS LEÁIN A GCÓIR
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William Bradford is considered by historians to be one of the most influential of the Pilgrim settlers for his outstanding leadership, his desire to steadfastly hold to his religious and moral ideals and his determination to keep Plymouth a thriving and independent colony.
>"Being thus arrived in a good harbor and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth, their proper element... But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amazed at this poor people's present condition; and so I think will the reader too when he well consider the same."
- Genealogy of William Bradford at Familypedia
- William Bradford, Plymouth governor
- Mayflower Ancestors: Links
- William Bradford, Mayflower Passenger
- William Bradford at Pilgrim Hall
- William Bradford
- William Bradford by Esther Lombardi, About.com Guide
- Pedigree of William Bradford, 1589/90-1657
- Descendants of William Bradford
- Descendants of Edouad Bompasse, Abraham Sampson, Myles Standish and John Alden
- Bradford History
- Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646. Ed. William T. Davis. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908
- Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1622
- Plumb, Albert H. William Bradford of Plymouth. Boston: R.G. Badger, 1920.
- "Ancestry of the Bradfords of Austerfield," New England Historic and Genealogical Register 83(1929):439+, 84(1930):5+.
- William, Bradford. Governor William Bradford's Letter Book. , 1905.
- Morton, Nathaniel, and John Davis. New-england's Memorial. Boston: Printed by Croker and Brewster, 1826.
- Addison, A C. The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims: And Its Place in the Life of To-Day. Boston: L. C. Page, 1911.
- Deetz, James, and Patricia E. S. Deetz. The Times of Their Lives: Life, Love, and Death in Plymouth Colony. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000.
- The Pilgrims, Leiden, and the Early Years of Plymouth Plantation - Preface by Dr. Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs
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Measann staraithe go raibh William Bradford ar cheann de na lonnaitheoirí Pilgrim is mó tionchair mar gheall ar a cheannaireacht shuntasach, a mhianta a bheith ag coinneáil go daingean lena idéalacha reiligiúnacha agus mhorálta agus a chinnteacht Plymouth a choinneáil mar choilíneacht rathúil agus neamhspleách.
>"Ag teacht sa chalafort maith agus a thabhairt go sábháilte ar an talamh, thit siad ar a gcloinn agus bheannaigh siad Dia na bhflaitheas, a thug iad thar an aigéan mór agus furious, agus a shábháil iad ó gach contúirtí agus miseries, arís a chur ar a cosa ar an talamh daingean agus seasmhach, a n-eilimint ceart... Ach anseo ní féidir liom ach fanacht agus a dhéanamh ar sos, agus seasamh leath amazed ag an staid reatha na daoine bochta; agus mar sin tá mé ag smaoineamh go mbeidh an léitheoir freisin nuair a mheasann sé go maith an céanna. "
- Seantúsaíocht William Bradford ag Familypedia
- William Bradford, gobharnóir Plymouth
- Sean-saighdiúirí Mayflower: Ceangail
- William Bradford, Paisinéir Mayflower
- William Bradford ag Pilgrim Halla
- William Bradford
- William Bradford ag Esther Lombardi, Treoir About.com
- Peidiogré William Bradford, 1589/90-1657
- Sliocht William Bradford
- Sliocht Edouad Bompasse, Abraham Sampson, Myles Standish agus John Alden
- Stair Bradford
- Stair Bradford ar Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646. Ed. - Tá sé. William T. Davis. Nua Eabhrac: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908
- Mourt's Relation: Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1622
- Plúb, Albert H. William Bradford as Plymouth. Boston: R.G. Badger, 1920.
- "Ancestry of the Bradfords of Austerfield", Clár Stairiúil agus Seinscéalaíochta na Sasana Nua 83 ((1929): 439 +, 84 ((1930)): 5 +.
- William, Bradford. - Tá mé. Leabhar Litreacha an Rialtóra William Bradford. , 1905.
- Morton, Nathaniel, agus John Davis. Cuimhneachán Nua-Éirinn. Boston: Clóite ag Croker agus Brewster, 1826.
- Addison, A C. An Scéal Rómhánach de na Píológaigh Mayflower: Agus a Suíomh sa Saol Laethanta. Boston: L. C. Page, 1911.
- Deetz, James, agus Patricia E. S. Deetz. Amanna a Saoil: Saol, Grá, agus Bás i gColún Plymouth. Nua Eabhrac: W. H. Freeman, 2000.
- Na Piolgairí, Leiden, agus na Blianta Luath de Pléistíocht Plymouth - Réamhrá ag an Dr. Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs
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A webcast or web event is a broadcast that is conducted using the Internet rather than a satellite for transmitting to audiences anywhere in the world where access to adequate high-speed Internet is available. Presentations can be filmed live on video camera(s) and broadcast in real time using streaming media technology (video, sound and data) to remote audiences or viewed on-demand by individuals or groups at a later time. Contracting with a trusted and reliable audio visual service provider is highly recommended. Bring them into the planning process early and rely on their recommendations for the equipment and services needed for the best results.
Interactivity between groups at different locations over the Internet is complex, so webcasts are primarily used for one-way transfer of information filmed live of a keynote address, panel of speakers, performance, general session, and so on. Although image quality and reliability are always at risk when broadcasting video over the Internet, webcasting is less costly than transmitting to a private Wide Area Network (WAN) or a satellite. Verification in advance of adequate Internet speed at each connecting site will be vitally important, and a back-up plan must be in place in case there is a disruption or failure of the broadcast.
Registration and access to the webcast will typically be handled by your own resources using your database and registration software or spreadsheets. It is possible for individuals to produce informal webcasts without the assistance of professional tech support, but for most business or high level purposes it is advisable to rely on professionals to produce and troubleshoot your event.
Cost of a webcast or web event is dependent upon the level of technical expertise and equipment required to produce the type of event you desire, plus the meeting or event facilities needed if production is to occur before a live audience for distribution in real time to other groups. Webcasts or web events can also be viewed by an unlimited number of participants from desktop computers or mobile devices once they receive a direct link or access code.
Event Webcast Advantages
- Less expensive than satellite broadcasting
- Great way to reach a large number of participants gathered in multiple locations
- Webcast can be transmitted in real time to large or small groups gathered in various locations
- Also possible to view in real time by individuals sitting at computers or using mobile devices
- Ideal for one-way communication of keynote speeches, general sessions, panel discussions, etc.
- Webcast can be recorded for access on-demand by groups or individuals
Event Webcast Disadvantages
- Professional audio visual and communications specialists required for high level results
- Specialized equipment and adequate bandwidth required for media streaming over the Internet
- Higher risk of disruption, distortion or failure of transfer when using the Internet rather than satellite
- Standard Definition (SD) images may degenerate if enlarged to fit room-sized screens
- Two-way interactivity between audience(s) and the presenter(s) will be limited or non-existent
- Qualified troubleshooters recommended at every group receiving sites
- A backup program advisable in case webcast transmission is interrupted or unsuccessful
- Can be very expensive depending on how many sites are to receive the broadcast
- Not all web browsers will work the same
Event Webcast Checklist
- Contract with trusted audio visual professionals for high level results
- Consult with them early in your planning process before a site selection for production is finalized
- Select a light- and temperature-controlled environment for production room or auditorium
- Provide video camera(s) – can be stationery, remote-controlled or free-standing
- Arrange for microphones, audio speaker system, sound mixer, adjustable or specialty lighting
- Verify adequate broadband width is available for transfer of High Definition (HD) video over the Internet
- Select appropriate projector for type of video used – Standard Definition (SD) or High definition (HD)
- Arrange for computer monitors and/or audio visual screens for group viewers
- Give advance notice to viewers of computer system and high-speed Internet requirements
- Verify that detailed instructions and contact info for questions distributed in advance to all presenters
- Develop your own detailed checklist using Planning Helper’s free sample as a guideline
The checklist samples provided by Planning Helper are incomplete and meant for use as guidelines to help you create checklists of your own that will apply to the unique needs of your meeting, event or function.
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Is craoladh é craoladh gréasáin nó imeacht gréasáin a dhéantar ag baint úsáide as an Idirlíon seachas satailíte chun a tharchur chuig lucht féachana in áit ar bith ar domhan ina bhfuil rochtain ar ardluais leormhaith ar an Idirlíon ar fáil. Is féidir cur i láthair a scannánú beo ar cheamaraí físe (cámaraí) agus craoladh i bhfíor-am ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht na meán sruthú (vídeó, fuaim agus sonraí) do lucht féachana iargúlta nó féachaint orthu ar éileamh ag daoine aonair nó grúpaí tráth níos déanaí. Moltar go mór conradh a dhéanamh le soláthraí seirbhíse closamhairc iontaofa agus iontaofa. Cuir iad isteach sa phróiseas pleanála go luath agus bí ag brath ar a gcuid moltaí maidir leis an trealamh agus na seirbhísí is gá chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil.
Tá idirghníomhaíocht idir grúpaí in áiteanna éagsúla ar an Idirlíon casta, mar sin úsáidtear craoltaí gréasáin go príomha le haghaidh aistrithe aon-bhealach faisnéise a phictiúradh beo de phríomh-aistriú, painéal cainteoirí, feidhmíocht, seisiún ginearálta, agus mar sin de. Cé go bhfuil cáilíocht agus iontaofacht na híomhá i mbaol i gcónaí nuair a craoltar físeán ar an Idirlíon, tá craoladh gréasáin níos saoire ná a tharchur chuig Líonra Limistéar Leathan príobháideach (WAN) nó satailíte. Beidh sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfar fíorú roimh ré ar luas leormhaith Idirlín ag gach suíomh nasc, agus ní mór plean cúltaca a bheith i bhfeidhm i gcás go mbeidh cur isteach nó neamhfhéachaint ar an gcraoladh.
Is gnách go ndéileálann do chuid acmhainní féin le clárú agus rochtain ar an scaoileadh gréasáin trí úsáid a bhaint as do bhunachar sonraí agus do bhogearraí clárúcháin nó do scarbhileoga. Tá sé indéanta do dhaoine aonair craoltaí gréasáin neamhfhoirmiúla a tháirgeadh gan cúnamh ó thacaíocht theicniúil ghairmiúil, ach don chuid is mó de ghnó nó d'fhonn ardleibhéil tá sé inmholta brath ar ghairmithe chun do ócáid a tháirgeadh agus a fhadhb a réiteach.
Braitheann costas craoladh gréasáin nó imeacht gréasáin ar an leibhéal saineolais theicniúil agus trealaimh a theastaíonn chun an cineál imeachta is mian leat a tháirgeadh, chomh maith leis na háiseanna cruinnithe nó imeachta a theastaíonn má tá táirgeadh le tarlú os comhair lucht féachana beo le dáileadh i bhfíor-am do ghrúpaí eile. Is féidir líon neamhtheoranta rannpháirtithe féachaint ar chraolanna gréasáin nó ar imeachtaí gréasáin ó ríomhairí deisce nó ó ghléasanna soghluaiste nuair a fhaigheann siad nasc díreach nó cód rochtana.
Buntáistí a bhaineann le Craol Idirlín Imeachta
- Níos saoire ná craoladh satailíte
- Bealach iontach chun líon mór rannpháirtithe a bhaint amach a bhailíodh i roinnt áiteanna
- Is féidir craoladh gréasáin a tharchur i bhfíor-am chuig grúpaí móra nó beaga a bhailítear i láthair éagsúla
- Is féidir le daoine aonair atá ina suí ag ríomhairí nó ag baint úsáide as gléasanna soghluaiste féachaint orthu i bhfíor-am
- Ideal le haghaidh cumarsáide aon-shlí de phríomh-aireacháin, seisiúin ghinearálta, plé painéil, etc.
- Is féidir craoladh gréasáin a thaifeadadh chun rochtain ar éileamh ag grúpaí nó ag daoine aonair
Míbhuntáistí Leathadáin Idirlín Imeachta
- Speisialtóirí gairmiúla fuaime amhairc agus cumarsáide a theastaíonn chun torthaí ardleibhéil a bhaint amach
- Trealamh speisialaithe agus bandaleithead leordhóthanach a theastaíonn le haghaidh sruthú meán ar an Idirlíon
- Baol níos airde de bhriseadh, deisiú nó teip ar aistrithe nuair a úsáidtear an tIdirlíon seachas satailíte
- D'fhéadfadh íomhánna Deifiniúnacha (SD) a dhíchur má dhéantar iad a mhéadú chun scáileáin de mhéid seomra a oiriúnú
- Beidh idirghníomhaíocht dhá bhealach idir lucht féachana agus an t-aisteoir teoranta nó gan bheith ann
- Moltar troubleshooters cáilithe ag gach suíomh glactha grúpa
- Clár cúltaca a mholtar i gcás go gcuirfear traschur gréasáin ar ceal nó go mbeidh sé míshásta
- Is féidir a bheith an-daor ag brath ar cé mhéad suíomhanna atá le fáil ar an craoladh
- Ní oibreoidh gach brabhsálaí gréasáin mar an gcéanna
Seicliosta Craolacháin Idirlín Imeachta
- Conradh le gairmithe fuaime amhairc iontaofa le haghaidh torthaí ardleibhéil
- Déan dul i gcomhairle leo go luath i do phróiseas pleanála sula ndéantar rogha áite chun táirgeadh a chríochnú
- Cuir timpeallacht a bhfuil solas agus teocht rialaithe aici i seomra táirgeachta nó i halla
- Cláirín a chur ar fáil le ceamaraí físeán, is féidir iad a bheith ina gcláirín, ina gceamaraí rialaithe ar shiúl nó ina gceamaraí saor in aisce
- Socrú a dhéanamh le haghaidh micreafóin, córas ardteangairí fuaime, meascthóir fuaime, soilsithe socraithe nó speisialta
- Déan cinnte go bhfuil leithead leathanbhanda leordhóthanach ar fáil chun físeán Ard-Dearbhaithe (HD) a aistriú tríd an Idirlíon
- Roghnaigh tionscóir oiriúnach do chineál an fhíseáin a úsáidtear Sainmhíniú Caighdeánach (SD) nó Ard- sainmhíniú (HD)
- Monatóirí ríomhaire agus/nó scáileáin fuaime-amhairc a chur ar fáil do lucht féachana grúpa
- Cuirfidh sé fógra roimh ré ar fáil do lucht féachana maidir le riachtanais chórais ríomhaireachta agus ardluais Idirlín
- Déan cinnte go bhfuil treoracha mionsonraithe agus faisnéis teagmhála le haghaidh ceisteanna á dtabhairt roimh ré do gach
- Déan do liosta seiceála mionsonraithe féin ag baint úsáide as sampla saor in aisce de Planning Helper mar threoir
Tá samplaí de na seiceálacha a sholáthraíonn Planning Helper neamhiomlán agus tá siad ceaptha le húsáid mar threoirlínte chun cabhrú leat seiceálacha a chruthú duit féin a bheidh infheidhme ar riachtanais uathúla do chruinnithe, do imeachtaí nó do fheidhmiúlachta.
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This paper presents a miniature wearable device and a system for detecting and recording the movement and biometric information of a user during sport activities. The wearable device is designed to be worn on a wrist and can monitor skin temperature and pulse rate. Furthermore, it can monitor arm movement and detect gestures using inertial measurement unit. The device can be used for various professional and amateur sport applications and for health monitoring.
Because of its small size and minimum weight, it is especially appropriate for swing-based sports like tennis or golf, where any additional weight on the arms would most likely disturb the player and have some influence on the player’s performance. Basic signal processing is performed directly on the wearable device but for more complex signal analysis, the data can be uploaded via the Internet to a cloud service, where it can be processed by a dedicated application.
The device is powered by a lightweight miniature LiPo battery and has about 6 h of autonomy at maximum performance.
Architecture of the wearable device and system for movement and biometric data acquisition. Wearable device is storing biometric and movement information during exercise. Basic processing is performed on the wearable device. The data is uploaded to a cloud service for detailed analyses and big data processing via PC application.
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<urn:uuid:bdf68b26-57ed-4eaf-a150-02980718d064>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://www.armbeep.com/a-wearable-device-and-system-for-movement-and-biometric-data-acquisition-for-sports-applications/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304928.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126071320-20220126101320-00464.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954071 | 251 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cuireann an páipéar seo feiste in-amhaithe agus córas chun gluaiseacht agus faisnéis bithmheatrach úsáideora a bhrath agus a thaifeadadh le linn gníomhaíochtaí spóirt. Tá an gléas in-aisling deartha le caitheamh ar bhéal agus is féidir leis teocht an chraiceann agus ráta na bpais a mhonatóireacht. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis gluaiseacht an lámh a mhonatóireacht agus gluaiseachtaí a bhrath ag baint úsáide as aonad tomhais inertial. Is féidir an feiste a úsáid le haghaidh feidhmchláir spóirt ghairmiúla agus amaitéaracha éagsúla agus le haghaidh faireacháin sláinte.
Mar gheall ar a mhéid beag agus a mheáchan íosta, tá sé oiriúnach go háirithe do spóirt a bhfuil swing bunaithe orthu cosúil le teimpléad nó gailf, áit a mbeadh aon mheáchan breise ar na hairm is dóichí go gcuirfeadh sé isteach ar an imreoir agus go mbeadh tionchar éigin aige ar fheidhmíocht an imreoir. Déantar próiseáil bunúsach comhartha go díreach ar an gléas in-aistrithe ach le haghaidh anailíse comhartha níos casta, is féidir na sonraí a uaslódáil tríd an Idirlíon chuig seirbhís scamall, áit ar féidir feidhmchlár tiomnaithe iad a phróiseáil.
Tá an feiste á chumhachtú ag ceallraí LiPo miniatúr éadrom agus tá thart ar 6 uair an chloig de mhaireachtáil uathrialaigh ag an bpríomhfheidhmíocht.
Arquitectura an fheiste in-aistrithe agus an chórais chun gluaiseacht agus sonraí bithmheatracha a fháil. Tá feiste in-athnuaite ag stóráil faisnéise bithmheatracha agus gluaiseachta le linn aclaíochta. Déantar próiseáil bhunúsach ar an gléas in-aisling. Cuirtear na sonraí suas go seirbhís scamall chun anailíseanna mionsonraithe agus próiseáil sonraí móra a dhéanamh trí fheidhmchlár ríomhaire.
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Synopses & Reviews
"Susan Schwake's Art Lab for Kids
is a well-thought-out guide, making it easy to introduce art into children's lives. Simple, clear explanations of technique, combined with inspiration from established artists, will enable children to feel successful and encouraged to explore art as a form of expression." - Rebecca Emberley, best-selling children's book author and illustrator
"Art Lab for Kids will make a valuable contribution to the literature of children's creative art experiences for teachers and others who believe in the value of art in the education of all children. The activities are adaptable to learners of all levels and are highly creative and challenging while balancing the artistic process with the potential for a meaningful product. This book will be an important addition to our program in art teacher education." - Bill Haust, Chairman, Department of Art Education, Plymouth State University
"Art Lab for Kids encourages all ages to be fearless in seeking and nurturing their creativity. With lessons, inspiration, and advice, Susan Schwake gives you the tools to find and explore your artistic side." - Kathreen Ricketson, found and editor of http://www.whipup.net and http://www.action-pack.com
A refreshing source of ideas for creating fine art with children, Art Lab for Kids encourages the artist’s own voice, marks, and style. This fun and creative book features 52 fine art projects set into weekly lessons, beginning with drawing, moving through painting and printmaking, and then building to paper collage and mixed media. Each lesson features and relates to the work and style of a contemporary artist. Lisa Congdon, Megan Bogonovich, and Amy Rice are just a few of the artists included. The labs can be used as singular projects or to build up to a year of hand-on fine art experiences. The lessons in this book are open-ended to be explored over and over–with different results each time! Colorful photos illustrate how different people using the same lesson will yield different results, exemplifying the way the lesson brings out each artist’s personal style. Art Lab for Kids is the perfect book for creative families, friends, and community groups and works as lesson plans for both experienced and new art teachers. Children of all ages and experience levels can be guided by adults and will enjoy these engaging exercises.
About the Author
Susan Schwake is an art instructor in her own art school, where she has created her own curriculum. The school now employs three teachers who also use her lesson plans. A resident of Plymouth, New Hampshire, Susan attended college at Plymouth State University in the 70s for four years for art education with concentrations in painting and printmaking. She has been a working artist ever since 1979 and full time since 1988. Her desire to teach art on her own terms began in 1990 when she opened a small private art school for children and adults. Since that time her vision has grown into artstreamstudios, which includes a contemporary gallery, an adjunct teaching staff of three and classes, workshops and retreats most every day of the year. Artstream houses its own full media design firm and has featured a number of high-profile artists including Lisa Congdon, Julia Rothman, Sarah Ahearn Bellemare, Heather Smith Jones, Lisa Occhipinti and many others. Visit her blog at www.artesprit.blogspot.com and her website at www.susanschwake.com.
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CC-MAIN-2016-36
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http://www.powells.com/book/art-lab-for-kids-52-creative-adventures-in-drawing-painting-printmaking-paper-mixed-media-for-budding-artists-of-all-ages-9781592537655
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en
| 0.946856 | 709 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Tuairimí agus Athbhreithnithe
"Susan Schwake's Art Lab do Leanaí
Is treoir maith-smaoineamh é, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca ealaín a thabhairt isteach i saol na leanaí. Cuirfidh míniú simplí, soiléir ar theicníc, in éineacht le spreagadh ó ealaíontóirí aitheanta, ar chumas leanaí a bheith rathúil agus spreagadh chun ealaín a iniúchadh mar fhoirm léiriúcháin". - Rebecca Emberley, leabhar is fearr a dhíol le leanaí údar agus léargaire
"Tabharfaidh Art Lab for Kids ranníocaíocht luachmhar le litríocht eispéiris ealaíne chruthaitheach leanaí do mhúinteoirí agus do dhaoine eile a chreideann i luach na healaíne i oideachas gach linbh. Tá na gníomhaíochtaí in oiriúnú do dhaltaí de gach leibhéal agus tá siad an-chruthaitheach agus dúshlánach agus an próiseas ealaíne á chothromú leis an acmhainn le haghaidh táirge bríomhar. Beidh an leabhar seo ina bhreis thábhachtach ar ár gclár i oideachas múinteoirí ealaíne". - Bill Haust, Cathaoirleach, Roinn an Oideachais Ealaíne, Ollscoil Stáit Plymouth
"Cuireann Art Lab for Kids spreagadh ar gach aois a bheith gan eagla ag lorg agus ag cothú a gcuid cruthaitheachta. Le ceachtanna, inspioráid agus comhairle, tugann Susan Schwake na huirlisí duit chun do thaobh ealaíne a aimsiú agus a iniúchadh". - Kathreen Ricketson, a bunaíodh agus eagarthóir http://www.whipup.net agus http://www.action-pack.com
Foinse athnuachana smaointe chun ealaín álainn a chruthú le páistí, spreagann Art Lab for Kids guth, marcanna agus stíl an ealaíontóra féin. Tá 52 tionscadal ealaíne áille sa leabhar spraoi agus cruthaitheach seo a leagtar isteach i ranganna seachtainiúla, ag tosú le líníocht, ag bogadh trí phictiúr agus priontáil, agus ansin ag dul chun cólaise páipéir agus meáin mheasctha. Tá gnéithe ag gach ceacht agus baineann siad le saothar agus stíl ealaíontóra comhaimseartha. Níl Lisa Congdon, Megan Bogonovich, agus Amy Rice ach cúpla ceann de na healaíontóirí a bhí san áireamh. Is féidir na saotharlanna a úsáid mar thionscadail aonair nó chun suas le bliain de thaithí ealaíne álainn a thógáil. Tá na ceachtanna sa leabhar seo oscailte le scrúdú arís agus arís eile, agus torthaí éagsúla gach uair! Léiríonn grianghraif datha conas a bheidh torthaí éagsúla ag daoine éagsúla ag baint úsáide as an ceacht céanna, ag léiriú an chaoi a gcuireann an ceacht stíl phearsanta gach ealaíontóra i láthair. Is é Art Lab for Kids an leabhar foirfe do theaghlaigh cruthaitheacha, do chairde, agus do ghrúpaí pobail agus oibríonn sé mar phleananna ceachta do mhúinteoirí ealaíne a bhfuil taithí acu agus do mhúinteoirí ealaíne nua araon. Is féidir le leanaí de gach aois agus leibhéal taithí a bheith faoi threoir daoine fásta agus beidh siad ag taitneamh as na cleachtaí tarraingtí seo.
Maidir leis an Údair
Is múinteoir ealaíne í Susan Schwake ina scoil ealaíne féin, áit a ndearna sí a gcuraclaim féin. Tá trí mhúinteoir fostaithe ag an scoil anois a úsáideann a phleananna ceachta freisin. Susan, áitritheoir i Plymouth, New Hampshire, d'fhreastail sí ar choláiste in Ollscoil Stáit Plymouth sna 70idí ar feadh ceithre bliana le haghaidh oideachais ealaíne le tiúchan i bpeantáil agus i gcló. Tá sí ina ealaíontóir oibre ó 1979 agus go lánaimseartha ó 1988. Thosaigh a mianta ealaín a mhúineadh ar a théarmaí féin i 1990 nuair a d'oscail sí scoil ealaíne phríobháideach bheag do leanaí agus do dhaoine fásta. Ó shin i leith, tá a léargas tar éis fás go stiúideacha sruth-ealaíne, lena n-áirítear gailearaí comhaimseartha, foireann teagaisc cúnta de thrí agus ranganna, ceardlanna agus aisghabhálacha gach lá den bhliain. Tá Artstream ina bhunaíocht ar a ghnólacht dearadh meáin iomlán féin agus tá roinnt ealaíontóirí ardphróifíle áirítear leo Lisa Congdon, Julia Rothman, Sarah Ahearn Bellemare, Heather Smith Jones, Lisa Occhipinti agus go leor eile. Tabhair cuairt ar a blag ag www.artesprit.blogspot.com agus ar a shuíomh Gréasáin ag www.susanschwake.com.
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Every year since 1993, the people of Inakadate, Japan have grown elaborate designs in their rice fields to draw tourists to their small village in Aomori prefecture. While American corn mazes and crop circles are made by cutting patterns into existing fields, Japanese rice field art is created by planting different colors of rice so that it slowly grows into a work of art. Pretty amazing, right?
Every year Inakadate features a different design in its rice fields. Inspiration is pulled from everything from Hollywood…
…to video games
…and traditional Japanese art and culture.
Here's a closer look at that one.
Here's what it looks like when you're standing in the field.
When the patterns are planted they start out looking like this.
In a couple of weeks they start growing in and the pattern becomes more obvious.
At its peak, you can see all of the different colors of rice including black, red, and several different shades of green.
By September, the fields begin to fade to yellow and brown.
Eventually the rice is harvested around the art to preserve it as long as possible for tourists to enjoy.
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<urn:uuid:9b747c13-6d3f-4492-8c96-09c515e85013>
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CC-MAIN-2019-13
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https://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/news/a7114/japanese-rice-field-art/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201455.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318152343-20190318174343-00070.warc.gz
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en
| 0.973229 | 237 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Gach bliain ó 1993, tá daoine Inakadate, an tSeapáin ag fás dearaí forleathan ina gcuid réimsí rís chun turasóirí a mhealladh chuig a sráidbhaile beag i bpreifictriúr Aomori. Cé go ndéantar labyrinths arbhair Mheiriceá agus ciorcail chothaithe trí patrún a ghearradh i réimsí atá ann cheana féin, cruthaítear ealaín réimse ríse na Seapáine trí dathanna éagsúla ríse a phlandaíocht ionas go bhfásfaidh sé go mall ina shaothar ealaíne. Go hiontach go leor, ceart?
Gach bliain, cuireann Inakadate dearadh difriúil ar fáil ina réimsí ríse. Tá inspioráid a tharraingt ó gach rud ó Hollywood...
... le cluichí físeáin
...agus ealaín agus cultúr traidisiúnta na Seapáine.
Seo léargas níos dlúithe ar an gceann sin.
Seo mar a bhíonn sé nuair a bhíonn tú ag seasamh sa réimse.
Nuair a chuirtear na patrúin i bhfeidhm, is mar seo a bhíonn siad ar dtús.
I gceann cúpla seachtain, tosaíonn siad ag fás isteach agus bíonn an patrún níos soiléire.
Ag a bharr, is féidir leat na dathanna éagsúla rís a fheiceáil lena n-áirítear dubh, dearg, agus roinnt scáthanna éagsúla glas.
Faoi Mheán Fómhair, tosaíonn na páirceanna ag dul in olcas go buí agus donn.
Faoi dheireadh, baintear an rís timpeall an ealaín chun é a chaomhnú chomh fada agus is féidir le haghaidh turasóirí taitneamh a bhaint as.
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Echocardiogram: Transesophageal (TEE)
What is a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?
An echocardiogram (echo) uses ultrasound to create pictures of your heart’s movement.
A transesophageal echo (TEE) test is a type of echo that uses a long, thin, tube (endoscope) to guide the ultrasound transducer down the esophagus (“food pipe” that goes from the mouth to the stomach).
This lets the doctor see pictures of the heart without the ribs or lungs getting in the way. A TEE is done when your doctor needs a closer look at your heart or does not get the information needed from a regular echo.
You may need a combination of a TEE, Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler to get information about how blood flows across your heart’s valves.
Why is this test performed?
The test is used to:
- Check how well your heart’s valves and chambers are working
- Look for problems, such as valve disease, myocardial disease, pericardial disease, infective endocarditis, cardiac masses and congenital heart disease
- See how well your heart valves are working after surgery
- Check for abnormalities in the top left chamber of your heart (left atrium)
What should I do before the test?
If you need a TEE, please tell your doctor if you have any problems with your esophagus, such as a hiatal hernia, problems swallowing, sleep apnea, or IV drug use. It is important to tell your physician if you take medication to help you sleep, relieve anxiety, and/or narcotic pain medication.
Plan for someone to drive you home. You will be sedated for the TEE and unable todrive the same day. Please bring someone with you to drive you home and go with you to any other appointments you have. You may drive again the day after the test.
Can I eat or drink on the day of the test?
- DO NOT eat or drink anything for at least six hours before the test.
Should I take my medications the day of the test?
Take all of your medications at the usual times, as prescribed by your doctor. If it is four hours before the test, please take your medications with only a small sip of water.
If you have diabetes and take medications to manage your blood glucose, please ask your doctor for specific instructions about taking your medication before the test.
Plan for someone to drive you home
Someone should come with you the day of the test to drive you home. You should not drive until the day after the procedure. The sedation given during the test causes drowsiness, dizziness and impairs your judgment, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate machinery.
What should I wear on the day of the test?
You may wear anything you like. You will change into a hospital gown before the test. Please do not bring valuables. You will be given a locker to store your belongings during the test.
What happens during the test?
- Before the test, you will learn about the procedure in detail, including possible complications and side effects. Please ask us any questions you have. You will sign a consent form to show that you understand the risks and benefits of the test and agree to have it done.
- You will change into a hospital gown. Electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) will be placed on your chest. They are used to measure the electrical activity of your heart (electrocardiograph [ECG]).
- A blood pressure cuff will be placed on your arm to monitor your blood pressure.
- A small clip, attached to a pulse oximeter, will be placed on your finger to monitor the oxygen level of your blood.
- You will gargle with a solution to numb your throat. The nurse will spray a pain-relieving medication at the back of your throat.
- Medications will be sent through your IV to help you relax. You may feel drowsy.
- You will lie on your left side on an exam table.
- Your mouth will be suctioned to remove excess moisture.
- The doctor will insert a thin, lubricated endoscope into your mouth, down your throat and into your esophagus. This part of the test lasts a few seconds and may be uncomfortable. The endoscope does not affect your breathing. You may have to swallow to help move the endoscope into place.
- Once the endescope is in place, pictures of the heart are taken from various angles (you will not feel this part of the test).
- Your heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen level in your blood will be closely monitored during and right after the exam.
How will I feel during the test?
The sedative may make you drowsy. We will keep you as comfortable as possible. Please let us know if you feel uncomfortable at any time. Your throat may be sore or numb after the test. These feelings will go away.
How long does the test take?
The test will take about 90 minutes. Afterwards, you may need more tests. Otherwise, your driver can take you home.
Can I eat after the test?
Wait at least one hour after the test (or until the numbness in your throat is gone) before eating or drinking. Start by drinking a cool liquid. If you don’t have any problems drinking cool liquids, you can eat and drink as you normally would.
Results and Follow-Up
How do I get the results of my test?
Your doctor will get your test results and share them with you.
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
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<urn:uuid:ea69403a-e406-4d83-bc6b-459f3ef0bdf8>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4992-echocardiogram-transesophageal-tee
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|
en
| 0.923684 | 1,242 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Eiccardiogram: Transesophageal (TEE)
Cad é echocardiogram tras-eosophageal (TEE)?
Úsáidtear echocardiogram (echo) ultrafhuaime chun pictiúir de ghluaiseacht do chroí a chruthú.
Is cineál echotest é an tástáil echotest tras-eosophageal (TEE) a úsáideann feadán fada, tanaí (endoscope) chun an trasduchtóir ultrafhuaime a threorú síos an esophagus ( píopa bia a théann ón béal go dtí an boilg).
Ligeann sé seo don dhochtúir pictiúir den chroí a fheiceáil gan na cófra nó na scamhóga a bheith ar an mbealach. Déantar TEE nuair is gá do dhochtúir breathnú níos dlúithe ar do chroí nó nuair nach bhfaigheann sé an fhaisnéis is gá ó echography rialta.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le teaglaim de TEE, ultrafhuaime Doppler agus Doppler datha chun faisnéis a fháil faoi conas a shreabhann fuil trí bhalbáin do chroí.
Cén fáth a ndéantar an tástáil seo?
Úsáidtear an tástáil chun:
- Déan seiceáil ar cé chomh maith agus atá do bhalbhanna agus do sheomraí croí ag obair
- Déan seiceáil ar fhadhbanna, mar shampla galar clúdach, galar miocárdaí, galar pericardial, endocarditis ionfhabhtaithe, maisí croí agus galar croí coigintíoch
- Féach cé chomh maith agus atá do bhalbhanna croí ag obair tar éis an oibríocht
- Déan seiceáil ar neamhghnácha i gcámara ar dheis arda do chroí (atrium ar chlé)
Cad ba cheart dom a dhéanamh roimh an tástáil?
Má theastaíonn TEE uait, inis do dhochtúir le do thoil má tá aon fhadhbanna agat le do esophagus, mar shampla hernia hiatal, fadhbanna swallowing, apnea codlata, nó drugaí IV a úsáid. Tá sé tábhachtach a chur in iúl do do dhochtúir má tá tú ag glacadh cógais chun cabhrú leat codladh, a mhaolú imní, agus / nó cógais pian narcótach.
Déan plean le duine éigin chun tú a thiomáint abhaile. Beidh tú sedated don TEE agus ní bheidh tú in ann tiomáint an lá céanna. Tabhair duine le do thoil chun tú a thiomáint abhaile agus dul leat chuig aon choinne eile atá agat. Féadfaidh tú tiomáint arís an lá tar éis an tástála.
An féidir liom bia nó deoch a ithe ar lá an tástála?
- NÍ MÁINN tú ná náól ar bith ar feadh sé uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh an tástáil.
An chóir dom mo chuid cógais a ghlacadh an lá a dhéantar an tástáil?
Tóg do chuid cógais go léir ag na huaireanta is gnách, de réir mar a fhorordaigh do dhochtúir. Má tá sé ceithre uair an chloig roimh an tástáil, tabhair do chógais le siopa beag uisce amháin.
Má tá diaibéiteas agat agus má tá tú ag glacadh cógais chun do ghlúcóis fola a rialú, iarr treoracha sonracha ar do dhochtúir faoi do chógas a thógáil roimh an tástáil.
Déan plean chun go dtabharfaidh duine éigin tú abhaile
Ba chóir go dtiocfadh duine éigin leat lá na tástála chun tú a thiomáint abhaile. Níor chóir duit tiomáint go dtí an lá tar éis an nós imeachta. Tá an sedation a thugtar le linn an tástála ina chúis le drowsiness, dizziness agus do mheas a lagú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé neamhshábháilte duit a thiomáint nó meaisíní a oibriú.
Cad ba cheart dom a chaitheamh ar lá an tástála?
Is féidir leat rud ar bith a thaitníonn leat a chaitheamh. Beidh tú ag athrú i gúna ospidéil roimh an tástáil. Ná tabhair rudaí luachmhara le do thoil. Tabharfar seicliosta duit chun do chuid rudaí a stóráil le linn an tástála.
Cad a tharlaíonn le linn an tástála?
- Sula ndéantar an tástáil, foghlaimfear leat faoin nós imeachta go mion, lena n-áirítear deacrachtaí agus fo-iarsmaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Cuir aon cheist atá agat orainn le do thoil. Beidh tú ag síniú foirm toiliú chun a thaispeáint go dtuigeann tú rioscaí agus tairbhí an tástála agus go n-aontaíonn tú leis an tástáil a dhéanamh.
- Beidh tú ag athrú i gúna ospidéil. Cuirfear leictreodaí (patches beaga, cothrom, greamaitheacha) ar do chistin. Úsáidtear iad chun gníomhaíocht leictreach do chroí a thomhas (electrocardiograph [ECG]).
- Cuirfear cuas brú fola ar do lámh chun do bhrú fola a mhonatóireacht.
- Cuirfear clipeán beag, atá ceangailte le ocsaiméadar phulsa, ar do mhéar chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar leibhéal ocsaigine do fhuil.
- Beidh tú gargling le réiteach a numb do throat. Cuirfidh an t-iníon cógas pian-shlaghdaitheach ar chúl do ghualainn.
- Cuirfear cógais tríd an IV chun cabhrú leat scíth a ligean. B'fhéidir go mbraitheann tú go bhfuil tú tuirseach.
- Beidh tú ag luí ar do thaobh clé ar tábla scrúdaithe.
- Déanfar do bhéal a shúthú chun an iomarca taise a bhaint.
- Cuirfidh an dochtúir endoscóp tanaí, lubricated isteach i do bhéal, síos do throat agus isteach i do esophagus. Maireann an chuid seo den tástáil cúpla soicind agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith míchompordach. Ní dhéanann an endoscope difear do do anailís. B'fhéidir go mbeidh ort an t- endoscope a chur ina áit le cabhair a fháil ó shléachtadh.
- Nuair a bheidh an endoscope i bhfeidhm, tógann tú pictiúir den chroí ó uillinneacha éagsúla (ní bhraitheann tú an chuid seo den tástáil).
- Déanfar d' ráta croí, do bhrú fola agus leibhéal ocsaigine i do fhuil a mhonatóireacht go dlúth le linn agus díreach tar éis an scrúdaithe.
Conas a bhraitheann mé le linn an tástála?
D'fhéadfadh an sedative a dhéanamh tú drowsy. Beidh muid a choinneáil tú chomh compordach agus is féidir. Cuir in iúl dúinn má bhraitheann tú míchompordach ag am ar bith. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do ghualainn tinn nó tuirseach tar éis an tástála. Beidh na mothúcháin seo imithe.
Cé chomh fada a thógann an tástáil?
Tógfaidh an tástáil thart ar 90 nóiméad. Ina dhiaidh sin, b'fhéidir go mbeidh tuilleadh tástálacha de dhíth ort. Seachas sin, is féidir le do thiománaí tú a thabhairt abhaile.
An féidir liom a ithe tar éis an tástála?
Fan uair an chloig ar a laghad tar éis an tástála (nó go dtí go mbeidh an t-éagmhárú i do throat imithe) sula n-itheann nó a ólann tú. Tosaigh ag ól leacht fuar. Mura bhfuil aon fhadhbanna agat le leachtaigh fionnuar a ól, is féidir leat a ithe agus a ól mar a dhéanfá de ghnáth.
Torthaí agus Leath-Leatha
Conas a gheobhaidh mé torthaí mo thástála?
Gheobhaidh do dhochtúir torthaí do thástála agus roinnfidh sé iad leat.
Is ionad leighis acadúil neamhbhrabúis é Clinic Cleveland. Cuidíonn fógraíocht ar ár suíomh le tacú lenár misean. Ní thacaímid le táirgí ná seirbhísí nach táirgí nó seirbhísí de chuid Chlinic Cleveland iad. Beartas
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187m.2. Asteraceae Martinov (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Melampodiinae Lessing, Linnaea. 5: 149. 1830.
Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs [treelets], 10–120(–300+)[–1200+] cm. Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly deltate or ovate to lanceolate or linear (and most intermediate shapes), sometimes palmately or pinnately lobed, ultimate margins dentate, denticulate, entire, or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, often gland-dotted. Heads radiate, borne singly or in open, corymbiform arrays. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric (sometimes cupulate). Phyllaries persistent and/or falling, 8–25+ in 2 series (outer 2–6 distinct or connate, herbaceous, contrasting with distinct, more membranous to scarious, inner ones, each of the inner often enveloping its subtended ray ovary, maturing with the cypsela, forming a perigynium). Receptacles flat to convex, conic, or columnar (mostly 1–2 mm), paleate (paleae lanceolate to spatulate or obovate, scarious to membranous, often conduplicate, often falling together as a unit with spent disc florets). Ray florets 3–20+, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, orange, or white. Disc florets 3–150+, functionally staminate; corollas yellow, orange, or whitish, tubes shorter than funnelform or campanulate throats, lobes 5, deltate; anther thecae dark; stigmatic papillae 0. Cypselae weakly to strongly compressed, obovoid to ± prismatic (often 4-angled; sometimes each enclosed within a smooth, bullate, tuberculate, or prickly perigynium derived from its subtending phyllary); pappi 0 (or rudimentary).
Genera 5, species 80 (3 genera, 11 species in the flora): subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate New World.
Circumscription of Melampodiinae in the sense of H. Robinson (1981) is narrower than the traditional one (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1973), which included most non wind-pollinated genera of Heliantheae with functionally staminate disc florets.
Stuessy, T. F. 1973. A systematic review of the subtribe Melampodiinae (Compositae, Heliantheae). Contr. Gray Herb. 203: 65–80.
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187m.2. Asteraceae Martinov (treibh Heliantheae) fo-treibh Melampodiinae Lessing, Linnaea. 5: 149. Tá sé seo go maith. 1830. Tá sé seo go maith.
Bliain-bhunaithe, plandaí ilbhliantúla, nó fo-shrutha [treelets], 10120(300+) [1200+] cm. Leabaí cauline; os coinne; peitiolait nó seisile; cuimhní cinn den chuid is mó deltate nó ovate go lanceolait nó líneach (agus an chuid is mó de na cruthanna idirmheánacha), uaireanta palmately nó pinnately lobed, imeall deiridh dentate, denticulate, iomlán, nó fiacla, aghaidh glaibhrus nó hairy, go minic gland-dotted. Tá na cinn ag radaíocht, a iompar go aonair nó i sraitheanna oscailte, corymbiform. Calyculi 0. Tá na h-ionsí sa chúlra go dtí go bhfuil siad siolaindéarach nó uibheacha go leathsféarúil (cupaí uaireanta). Filaras buan agus/nó ag titim, 825+ i 2 shraith (an taobh amuigh 26 ar leith nó connate, luibheach, i gcodarsnacht le difriúil, níos mó membranous a scarious, na cinn istigh, gach ceann den taobh istigh go minic a enveloping a subtended ovary gléas, ag aibíocht leis an cypsela, ag foirmiú perigynium). Tá na gabhdóirí cothrom go cónmhar, cónach nó colún (go príomha 12 mm), páiléir (paleae lanceolate go spatulate nó obovate, scarious go membranous, go minic conduplicate, go minic ag titim le chéile mar aonad le fléithe diosca caite). Bláthanna rae 320+, pistillate, torthúil; corollaí buí, oráiste, nó bán. Fléithe diosca 3150+, staminate feidhmiúil; corollaí buí, oráiste, nó bánbhéite, feadáin níos giorra ná coróin nó coróin, lobes 5, deltate; anther thecae dorcha; papillae stigmatic 0. Cypselae lag go láidir compressed, obovoid go ± prismatic (go minic 4-uillinn; uaireanta gach ceann acu faoi chuimsiú pericynium réidh, bullate, tuberculate, nó prickly a dhíorthaítear óna phyllary subtending); pappi 0 (nó rudimentary).
Gineas 5, speiceas 80 (3 gineas, 11 speiceas sa fhlóra): Domhan Nua subtrópaiceach, trópaiceach agus te-teochta.
Tá ciorclaíocht Melampodiinae i bhfianaise H. Robinson (1981) níos cuinge ná an ceann traidisiúnta (m.sh., T. F. Stuessy 1973), a chuimsigh an chuid is mó de ghinearrasanna Heliantheae nach bhfuil pollinithe ag gaoth le fléithe diosca staminate feidhmiúil.
Stuessy, T. F. 1973. Athbhreithniú córais ar an bhfo-thrí Melampodiinae (Compositae, Heliantheae). Contr. Grianghraf Grá. 203: 6580.
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Freedom is not just an opportunity – it is also a responsibility
Our culture celebrates freedom, yet it doesn’t give the freedom to drive to those below the legal driving age. Why not? Because they may not have the intelligence to navigate complex traffic situations or the self-discipline to drive below the speed limit.
This example illustrates the importance of providing people resources to exercise their freedom responsibly. Otherwise, the very freedom that they seek as an opportunity may lead them into perplexity or even adversity, as when a teenager driving a car meets with an accident.
Therefore, while championing freedom as a cherished opportunity that everyone deserves, we need to also remember that freedom is a grave responsibility. And while seeking freedom for ourselves or sharing it with others, we need to equip others and ourselves with the resources to exercise that freedom responsibly.
The Bhagavad-gita illustrates this dual dynamic in approaching freedom. It (18.63) acknowledges that Arjuna is free to act as he desires, but it also urges him to first deliberate his options. How can he deliberate thus? By having a worldview that places his options in context. Indeed, the Gita provides him – and through him all of us – such a worldview that explains our place and purpose in the world, thereby revealing how to best use our free will.
The Gita explains that we all are eternal souls, parts of the divine, on a multi-life journey of spiritual evolution. We can evolve when we use our free will in a mood of loving service to our divine source, Krishna. By serving him, we can find deep satisfaction and make significant contribution during our life-journey. And we can progress towards eternal love and joy.
When we thus see our various opportunities within that broader context, we can use our free will responsibly to make informed, intelligent decisions.
Think it over:
- Why are children not given the right to drive?
- What does the championing of freedom need to be balanced with? Why?
- How does the Gita equip us to use our freedom responsibly?
To know more about this verse, please click on the image
Explanation of article:
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Ní hé an tsaoirse ach deis is freagracht í freisin
Tá ár gcultúr ag ceiliúradh saoirse, ach ní thugann sé saoirse tiomána dóibh siúd atá faoi bhun na hoíche dlí tiomána. Cén fáth nach bhfuil? Toisc nach bhfuil an cliste acu chun dul i ngleic le cásanna casta tráchta nó an t-eagrán féin-dísciplín chun tiomáint faoi bhun an teorainn luas.
Léiríonn an sampla seo an tábhacht a bhaineann le hacmhainní a chur ar fáil do dhaoine chun a saoirse a fheidhmiú go freagrach. Seachas sin, d'fhéadfadh an tsaoirse a lorg siad mar dheis a bheith ina chúis le mearbhall nó fiú le hacmhainní, amhail nuair a bhíonn timpiste ag déagóir ag tiomáint carr.
Dá bhrí sin, cé go bhfuilimid ag tacú leis an tsaoirse mar dheis cháilíochta a bhfuil gach duine tuillte air, ní mór dúinn cuimhneamh freisin go bhfuil freagracht thromchúiseach ag an tsaoirse. Agus agus muid ag lorg saoirse dúinn féin nó ag roinnt é le daoine eile, ní mór dúinn a chéile agus muid féin a chur ar fáil leis na hacmhainní chun an tsaoirse sin a úsáid go freagrach.
Léiríonn an Bhagavad-gita an dinimic dhúbailte seo i dtreo saoirse. Admhaíonn sé (18.63) go bhfuil Arjuna saor in aisce gníomhú mar is mian leis, ach spreagann sé é freisin chun a roghanna a phlé ar dtús. Conas is féidir leis a deliberate mar sin? Trí fhís ar an domhan a bheith aige a chuireann a roghanna i gcomhthéacs. Go deimhin, soláthraíonn an Gita dó - agus tríd dúinn go léir - an dearcadh domhanda sin a mhíníonn ár n-áit agus ár gcuspóir sa domhan, agus ar an gcaoi sin a nochtann conas ár rogha saor a úsáid ar an mbealach is fearr.
Míníonn an Gita go bhfuil muid uile anam síoraí, codanna den diaga, ar thuras il-shaoil de éabhlóid spioradálta. Is féidir linn éabhlóid a dhéanamh nuair a úsáidimid ár saor-thoil i stíl seirbhíse ghrá don fhoinse diaga, Krishna. Trí sheirbheáil a thabhairt dó, is féidir linn sásamh domhain a fháil agus go gcuirfimid go mór le linn ár mbeatha. Agus is féidir linn dul chun cinn i dtreo grá agus áthas síoraí.
Nuair a fheicimid mar sin ár n-imeachtaí éagsúla sa chomhthéacs níos leithne sin, is féidir linn ár rogha saor in aisce a úsáid go freagrach chun cinntí eolasacha, cliste a dhéanamh.
Smaoinigh air:
- Cén fáth nach bhfuil leanaí a thabhairt an ceart chun tiomáint?
- Cad é an championing saoirse gá a bheith cothrom le? Cén fáth?
- Conas a fheidhmíonn an Gita dúinn a úsáid ár saoirse go freagrach?
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoin véarsa seo, cliceáil ar an íomhá le do thoil
Míniú ar an earra:
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Students determine their own grades through self-assessment and a conference with the teacher
In the years leading up to the 2017-18 school year, I had spent a good deal of time reading Jo Boaler’s research on the ways that students learn math as well as Arthur Chiaravalli’s writings about creating a gradeless classroom. When I returned to the classroom at the beginning of the school year, I decided I was going to change what I had been doing for the past 15 years of teaching and create a classroom without grades. It felt overwhelming but also exciting. My school still requires that students receive a grade at mid-quarter and at the end of the quarter, so I have the students determine what their grade should be based on their understanding of the material.
Here is how I made the change.
Step 1 – Students and the Learning Standards
To make this work I needed to make sure that the students always knew which learning standard(s) we were learning and working on during class. Everything that the students do in the class is tied directly to the learning standards. I refer to them multiple times each day in class and I will often ask students when they are working on something, “Which learning standard does this refer to?”
Step 2 – Assessing Students
Jo Boaler gave me the idea of eliminating quizzes and tests, so now I make anything that I want to assess a “Show Me What You Can Do.” Changing the terminology is only a small part of what needs to change. The students in my class know that these assessments are low stake and that they can have multiple opportunities to show me what they can do on each learning standard. Here is an example of a recent “Show Me What You Can Do.” You will notice Roman numerals next to each problem that refer back to the learning standards listed at the top of the first page.
We also do Show Me What You Can Do’s when working in groups at the whiteboards or at the tables. It doesn’t always need to be in the form shown above.
Step 3 – Feedback to Students
After the students complete a Show Me What You Can Do, I make comments about things they did well and things that they did not understand. I don’t write a grade at the top of the paper, and I don’t enter anything in my gradebook. Here is an example of the same Show Me What You Can Do but after I have marked it up:
If students are working at the whiteboards on a Show Me What You Can Do, I will take a picture of the work, print it out, write comments on the paper, and give it back to the student(s).
Step 4 – Student Self-Assessment
When students get their Show Me What You Can Do back, they self-assess on their understanding of the learning standards using the following categories:
- I need more time to understand this.
- I can do this with the help of an example.
- I can do this on my own, but I am still making computational or minor errors.
- I can do this on my own and explain my solution path to others.
They receive a student self-assessment sheet like the one shown below. The topic is the title of the Show Me What You Can Do. In the case of the example Show Me What You Can Do above, it is Proportional Relationships and Equations. (Access a copy of the form below)
Students fill in the learning standards and their self-assessment.
Step 5 – Saving Student Work
My biggest fear when I decided that I wanted to do this was that students might lose their Show Me What You Can Do’s and their self-assessments when it came time to conference. Thanks to a suggestion by Arthur Chiaravalli, I started using Seesaw. If you are not familiar with the service, Seesaw is an online portfolio that is not only web based but also an app for iOS. I sign out the computer cart for the day that I will be returning the marked- up Show Me What You Can Do. Students take pictures and upload those images to Seesaw. All of the student work and self-assessments from above are from Seesaw.
Step 6 – Retakes
I allow students to retake the problems that gave them difficulty to show me that they understand the material. The problems are similar but not the same. They do not need to redo all of the problems, only the ones that gave them difficulty. Prior to taking the retake, I will have the students verbally explain to me what they did incorrectly on the original Show Me What You Can Do. If they are unable to do this, than I spend time working with them on the concept before they do the retake.
Step 7 – Conferencing to Determine a Grade
My school requires that we enter grades, at least twice during the quarter, so I conference with my students at mid-quarter and at the end of the quarter. Initially, I was concerned about conferencing because I did not know if the students were mature enough. However, the conference days have turned out to be some of my most enjoyable days of the quarter. I get to talk one-on-one with each of my students and really get an idea of what they do and do not understand.
The first thing that I do on conference day is hand out another self-assessment sheet with all of the learning standards listed that we have worked on in the quarter. Students log into Seesaw and look over all of their work for the quarter, self-assess again, and write a grade that they feel they deserve based on their understanding. Here is an example of that sheet filled in by a student. (Access a copy of the form below)
I call the students to meet with me one at a time. They bring their self-assessment sheet and their computer which is logged into Seesaw. Together we look at their work and discuss their self-assessment. Here is an example of a conference.
What About Giving a Grade for Homework Completion?
Thanks to suggestions made by Jo Boaler, I made the conscious decision not to grade homework completion. I always thought that students would be motivated to do homework if it was tied to a grade. I am here to tell you that I was wrong!! I have almost exactly the same percentage of students completing homework this year as I did in years past. I now know grades do not make students complete homework. I do treat homework checking the same way, though. I still walk around at the beginning of class to make sure that students have completed their homework and talk to those that didn’t complete their homework. I still contact home if a student misses a few homework assignments in a row. When students ask me if their grade will go down if they don’t do their homework, I tell them that it could because if they don’t practice, they may not be prepared for the Show Me What They Can Do. Entering homework completion into my online gradebook was also time consuming. Now I can use that time to make my lessons more interesting and engaging.
And, also thanks to Jo Boaler, I no longer call homework “homework.” I call it a Learning Opportunity. Students like to tell me that it is still homework, but I push back and tell them that it is not work, it is an opportunity for them to learn.
In regards to parents, I was expecting to have some pushback but I surprisingly did not receive any. At the beginning of the school year I sent a letter home to parents and I reinforced the message in the letter on back-to-school night in September. I also told parents that I would contact them if their child started to not take advantage of their learning opportunities because this could potentially affect their understanding of the material. I have also been very lucky to have received complete support from the administration in my school.
Going gradeless has made my students focus on the content as opposed to grades. I no longer field questions like “how can I improve my grade?” or “do you offer extra credit?” Students understand that their grade is based entirely on their understanding of the material. It has created a more relaxed atmosphere in the classroom for not only the students but also for me.
After this post originally published, I was contacted to do two interviews.
- The first was with Aaron Blackwelder, the co-creator of of the Teachers Going Gradeless web site, Facebook group and podcast. You can listen to that interview here or subscribe to the Teachers Going Gradeless podcast on your smart decvice.
- The second was with Jethro Jones of the Transformative Principal podcast. You can listen to that here.
Andrew Burnett – 7th Grade Math Teacher, Newton, MA
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Déantar na scóir a chinneadh ag na mic léinn féin trí féinmheasúnú agus trí chomhairliúchán leis an múinteoir
Sna blianta roimh scoilbhliain 2017-18, chaith mé go leor ama ag léamh taighde Jo Boaler ar na bealaí a fhoghlaimíonn mic léinn matamaitic chomh maith le scríbhinní Arthur Chiaravalli faoi sheomra ranga gan grád a chruthú. Nuair a d'fhill mé ar ais sa seomra ranga ag tús na bliana scoile, shocraigh mé go n-athródh mé an méid a bhí á dhéanamh agam le 15 bliain anuas ag múineadh agus seomra ranga gan gráid a chruthú. Bhí sé thar a bheith deacair ach bhí sé spreagúil freisin. Éilíonn mo scoil go fóill go bhfaighidh mic léinn grád i lár an ráithe agus ag deireadh an ráithe, mar sin déanaim na mic léinn a chinneadh cad ba cheart a grád a bheith bunaithe ar a dtuiscint ar an ábhar.
Seo mar a rinne mé an t-athrú.
Céim 1 Léitheoirí agus na Caighdeáin Foghlama
Chun an obair seo a dhéanamh bhí orm a chinntiú go raibh a fhios ag na mic léinn i gcónaí cén caighdeán foghlama a bhí á fhoghlaim againn agus a raibh muid ag obair air le linn na ranganna. Tá gach rud a dhéanann na mic léinn sa rang ceangailte go díreach leis na caighdeáin foghlama. Tagraím dóibh go minic gach lá sa rang agus is minic a iarrfaidh mé ar mhic léinn nuair a bhíonn siad ag obair ar rud éigin, 'Céard é an caighdeán foghlama a thagraíonn sé seo dó?'
Céim 2 Measúnú ar Dhaltaí
Thug Jo Boaler an smaoineamh dom na ceisteanna agus na tástálacha a dhíchur, mar sin anois déanaim aon rud is mian liom a mheas Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh. Ní hionann athrú na téarmaíochta agus cuid bheag den rud atá le athrú. Tá a fhios ag na mic léinn i mo rang go bhfuil na measúnuithe seo ar íseal-sac agus go bhféadfadh siad go leor deiseanna a bheith acu a thaispeáint dom cad is féidir leo a dhéanamh ar gach caighdeán foghlama. Seo sampla de Show Me What You Can Do. le déanaí. Tabharfaidh tú faoi deara go bhfuil uimhreacha Rómhánacha in aice le gach fadhb a thagraíonn ar ais chuig na caighdeáin foghlama atá liostaithe ag barr an chéad leathanaigh.
Déanaimid Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh freisin nuair a bhíonn tú ag obair i ngrúpaí ag na boird bán nó ag na táblaí. Ní gá go mbeadh sé i gcónaí sa fhoirm a thaispeántar thuas.
Céim 3 Tuairim ar na Mac Léinn
Tar éis do na mic léinn an t-alt a chríochnú, déanaim trácht ar na rudaí a rinne siad go maith agus na rudaí nach dtuigeann siad. Ní scríobhann mé grád ar bharr an pháipéir, agus ní chuireann mé aon rud isteach i mo leabhar grád. Seo sampla den rud céanna Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh ach tar éis dom é a mharcáil suas:
Má tá mic léinn ag obair ag na boird bán ar an léarscáil Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh, déanfaidh mé pictiúr den obair, é a phriontáil amach, tuairimí a scríobh ar an bpáipéar, agus é a thabhairt ar ais chuig an mac léinn (s).
Céim 4 Féinmheasúnú an Oideachais
Nuair a fhaigheann daltaí a gcuid Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh ar ais, déanann siad féinmheasúnú ar a dtuiscint ar na caighdeáin foghlama ag baint úsáide as na catagóirí seo a leanas:
- Tá mé ag teastáil níos mó ama a thuiscint seo.
- Is féidir liom é seo a dhéanamh le cabhair ó shampla.
- Is féidir liom é seo a dhéanamh ar mo chuid féin, ach tá mé fós ag déanamh ríomh nó botúin bheaga.
- Is féidir liom é seo a dhéanamh ar mo chuid féin agus mínigh mo bhealach réitigh do dhaoine eile.
Faigheann siad bileog féinmheastóireachta mac léinn cosúil leis an gceann atá ar taispeáint thíos. Is é an t-ábhar an teideal ar an Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh. I gcás an sampla Taispeáin dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh thuas, tá sé caidrimh comhréireacha agus Equations. (Cuir cóip den fhoirm thíos ar fáil)
Comhlánaíonn mic léinn na caighdeáin foghlama agus a n-aigne féinmheastóireachta.
Céim 5 Oibre Mac Léinn a shábháil
Ba é mo eagla is mó nuair a shocraigh mé gur theastaigh uaim é seo a dhéanamh ná go bhféadfadh mic léinn a gcuid léargas féin a chailleadh nuair a tháinig sé in am na comhdhála. A bhuíochas le moladh ó Arthur Chiaravalli, thosaigh mé ag úsáid Seesaw. Mura bhfuil tú eolach ar an tseirbhís, is portfólios ar líne é Seesaw nach bhfuil bunaithe ar an ngréasán amháin ach freisin app do iOS. Síneann mé an carr ríomhaire don lá a bheidh mé ag filleadh ar an marcáilte- Suas dom cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh. Tógann mic léinn pictiúir agus cuireann siad na pictiúir sin suas go Seesaw. Tá gach obair agus féinmheasúnú ó thaobh na mac léinn thuas ó Seesaw.
Céim 6 Ath-tharraingtí
Ligim do mhic léinn na fadhbanna a rinne deacracht dóibh a dhéanamh arís chun a thaispeáint dom go dtuigeann siad an t-ábhar. Tá na fadhbanna cosúil ach ní mar an gcéanna. Ní gá dóibh na fadhbanna go léir a athdhéanamh, ach amháin na cinn a thug deacracht dóibh. Sula ndéanfaidh mé an athdhéanamh, cuirfidh mé na mic léinn in iúl dom ó bhéal cad a rinne siad mícheart ar an bhfíor-Show Me What You Can Do. Mura bhfuil siad in ann é seo a dhéanamh, ansin caithim am ag obair leo ar an gcoincheap sula ndéanann siad an athghrádú.
Céim 7 Comhdháil chun Grád a Chinntiú
Éilíonn mo scoil go gcuirfimid gráid isteach, dhá uair ar a laghad le linn an cheathrú, mar sin déanaim comhdháil le mo dhaltaí i lár an cheathrú agus ag deireadh an cheathrú. Ar dtús, bhí imní orm faoi chomhairliúchán toisc nach raibh a fhios agam an raibh na mic léinn aibí go leor. Mar sin féin, is iad na laethanta comhdhála na laethanta is taitneamhaí dom sa cheathrú bliain. Tá mé ag caint le mo mhic léinn go pearsanta agus tá tuiscint agam ar a bhfuil ar eolas acu agus ar a bhfuil ar eolas acu.
Is é an chéad rud a dhéanaim ar lá na comhdhála ná bileog féinmheastóireachta eile a thabhairt leis na caighdeáin foghlama go léir a liostaíodh a d'oibríomar orthu sa ráithe. Téann mic léinn isteach i Seesaw agus féachann siad ar a gcuid oibre go léir don ráithe, féinmheasúnú arís, agus scríobh grád a bhraitheann siad gur fiú iad bunaithe ar a dtuiscint. Seo sampla den fhoirm sin a chomhlánaigh mac léinn. (Cuir cóip den fhoirm thíos ar fáil)
Glaoim ar na mic léinn chun bualadh liom ceann ar cheann ag an am. Tugann siad a gcuid bileog féinmheastóireachta agus a ríomhaire atá logáilte isteach i Seesaw. Déanaimid a gcuid oibre a fheiceáil le chéile agus plé a dhéanamh ar a n-fhiacha féin. Seo sampla de chomhdháil.
Cad a Dhéanfar le Grád a thabhairt ar Chríochnú Oibre Baile?
A bhuíochas le moltaí a rinne Jo Boaler, rinne mé an cinneadh comhfhiosach gan a bheith ag déanamh grád ar chríochnú obair bhaile. Shíl mé i gcónaí go mbeadh spreagadh ag mic léinn obair bhaile a dhéanamh má bhí sé ceangailte le grád. Tá mé anseo chun a rá leat go raibh mé mícheart !! Tá beagnach an céatadán céanna de mhic léinn agam a chríochnaíonn obair bhaile i mbliana mar a rinne mé sna blianta roimhe seo. Tá a fhios agam anois nach ndéanann gráid mic léinn obair bhaile a chríochnú. Déanaim an obair bhaile a sheiceáil ar an mbealach céanna, áfach. Is féidir liom a bheith cinnte go bhfuil na páistí ag déanamh a gcuid obair bhaile agus labhairt leo siúd nach ndearna a gcuid obair bhaile. Téim i dteagmháil leis an mbaile fós má chailleann mac léinn cúpla tasc baile i ndiaidh a chéile. Nuair a iarrann mic léinn orm an laghdófar a gcuid grád mura ndéanann siad a gcuid obair bhaile, deirim leo go bhféadfadh sé toisc mura ndéanann siad cleachtadh, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh siad ullamh don Léirigh dom cad is féidir leo a dhéanamh. Bhí sé ag cur na hábhar a bhí déanta agam ar an obair bhaile isteach i mo leabhar grád ar líne ag cur am ar fad. Anois is féidir liom an t-am sin a úsáid chun mo chuid ceachtanna a dhéanamh níos suimiúla agus níos tarraingtí.
Agus, freisin buíochas le Jo Boaler, ní ghlaonn mé ar obair bhaile "ceardlann" a thuilleadh. Glaonn mé ar Fheiseanna Foghlama. Is maith le mic léinn a rá liom go bhfuil sé fós mar obair bhaile, ach déanaim brú ar ais agus deirim leo nach obair é, is deis dóibh foghlaim é.
Maidir le tuismitheoirí, bhí mé ag súil le roinnt brúigh ach níor fuair mé aon cheann go hiontach. Ag tús na bliana scoile chuir mé litir abhaile chuig tuismitheoirí agus chuir mé an teachtaireacht sa litir ar ais go dtí an scoil oíche i mí Mheán Fómhair. Dúirt mé le tuismitheoirí freisin go gcuirfidh mé i dteagmháil leo má thosaíonn a bpáiste gan leas a bhaint as a deiseanna foghlama toisc go bhféadfadh sé seo tionchar a bheith aige ar a dtuiscint ar an ábhar. Bhí an-ádh orm freisin go bhfuair mé tacaíocht iomlán ó bhainistíocht mo scoile.
Tá mo dhaltaí ag díriú ar an ábhar seachas ar na gráid de bharr nach bhfuil gráid acu. Nílim ag cur ceisteanna mar "Conas is féidir liom mo ghrád a fheabhsú?" nó "An dtugann tú creidiúint bhreise?" ar fáil níos mó. Tuigeann na mic léinn go bhfuil a gcuid grád bunaithe go hiomlán ar a dtuiscint ar an ábhar. Tá sé cruthaithe níos suaimhneach atmaisféar sa seomra ranga, ní amháin do na mic léinn ach freisin domsa.
Tar éis an post seo a fhoilsiú ar dtús, cuireadh teagmháil liom chun dhá agallamh a dhéanamh.
- An chéad cheann a bhí le Aaron Blackwelder, an co-chruthaitheoir ar an Múinteoirí ag dul Grádless láithreán gréasáin, grúpa Facebook agus podchraoladh. Is féidir leat éisteacht leis an agallamh sin anseo nó síntiús a fháil ar an Podcast Teachers Going Gradeless ar do ghléas cliste.
- An dara ceann le Jethro Jones ó an Podcast Príomh-Acht Tras-chruthaitheach. Is féidir leat éisteacht leis sin anseo.
Andrew Burnett Múinteoir Matamaitice Grád 7, Newton, MA
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The Gippsland Basin covers an area around 46,000 km2. The basin widens and deepens to the east and about 70% of the basin occurs offshore beneath the present-day continental shelf . The basin is approximately 400 km long and 80 km wide, extending onshore from the Mornington Peninsula in the west to the edge of the continental shelf in the east. The boundaries of the basin are roughly defined by the Lake Wellington Fault System to the north, the Foster Fault system to the south, the Selwyn Fault to the west (near Western Port) and the Gippsland Rise to the east (see Figure 17). It is bounded to the north by Paleozoic basement rocks of the Eastern Highlands, to the west by uplifted Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group fault blocks and by the Bassian Rise in the south-west which separates it from the Bass Basin. The Gippsland Basin bioregion encompasses the part of the onshore geological Gippsland Basin, east of the drainage divide on the Narracan Block, approximately 14,636 km2.
The Gippsland Basin began to form in the Late Jurassic in response to rifting of the Australian plate at its southern margin (e.g. Norvick et al., 2001). Significant subsidence began in the Early Cretaceous and continued into the Cenozoic, leading to accumulation of up to about 12 km of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments in the main depocentres, located in the offshore portion of the basin. Deep extensional faults segment the basin into platforms and terraces with sedimentary thickness markedly increasing toward the offshore Central Deep . Paleozoic rocks form the basement of the Gippsland Basin, mostly Ordovician to Early Devonian sandstone and shale sequence (turbidites), and are intruded by high level Middle Devonian granites .
The onshore Gippsland Basin is divided into numerous structural elements. These include the Latrobe Valley Depression, Baragwanath Anticline, Seaspray Depression, Alberton Depression, Moe Swamp sub-basin, Lakes Entrance Platform and the Lake Wellington Depression . These subdivisions have an important control for coal resource distribution and the hydrogeology of the basin, affecting the depositional and erosional history of the basin. They will be referred to extensively throughout the remainder of this section and Section 1.1.4. Offshore, the basin has three major structural elements: the principal basin depocentre of the Gippsland Basin – the Central Deep; flanked in turn by the Northern and Southern terraces (formerly known as the Strzelecki terraces) and the Northern and Southern platforms as shown in Figure 17. The deep water part of the offshore basin (where the water column is greater than 500 m) is poorly defined and will not be discussed further in this report as it is not directly relevant to the Gippsland Basin Bioregional Assessment.
Principal fault trends are dominantly west-north-west in the offshore part of the basin, with fold trends orthogonal at north-east to east-north-east directions . Onshore fold trends tend to align north-north-east to east-west. Significant faulting (mainly reverse) at depth in the onshore part of the basin is commonly expressed in the Eocene to Miocene aged sediments by monoclinal folding and Pliocene topographic uplift .
The key regional geological structures in the basin are the east-west extensional faults, the Lake Wellington Fault System, Foster Fault System, Darriman Fault System, Rosedale Fault System and the Baragwanath Anticline (see Figure 17). Brief descriptions of these structures are below, with further context including their influence on basin development provided in Section 22.214.171.124.2. There are many more geological structures that are important at local scales within the basin. In the Latrobe Valley Depression the depth to coal and coal seam thickness is greatly influenced by structure, for example penecontemporaneous sediment deposition, erosion and uplift have caused thick coal development over the Loy Yang Dome at shallow depths. Most outcrops of basement rocks are bounded by major faults and commonly form prominent scarps for example, the Strzelecki Group Balook Block is bounded by a number of major faults, including the Budgeree, Balook, Carrajung and Yarram faults .
Not all these structures are relevant to this analysis, and only those most relevant are described herein. However, the reader is referred to the publications cited throughout for more detail, in particular and .
Onshore structural elements
Lakes Entrance Platform: The Lakes Entrance Platform extends across the northern Gippsland Basin (see Figure 17). It is bounded to the north by outcropping Paleozoic basement and to the south by the Lake Wellington Fault System. Offshore, it merges with the Northern Platform. Rocks of the Strzelecki Group were mostly stripped from the Lakes Entrance Platform by erosion following uplift in the Early Cretaceous. It is unconformably covered by Cenozoic undifferentiated Latrobe Group sediments, by the Seaspray Group and by thin upper Pliocene to Quaternary sediments of the Sale Group.
Latrobe Valley Depression: The Latrobe Valley Depression lies between the Eastern Highlands (Paleozoic rocks) to the north and the Lower Cretaceous Balook Block to the south . To the west it is separated from the Moe Swamp sub-basin by the Yallourn Monocline. The Depression contains up to 700 m of Latrobe Group sediments .
Baragwanath Anticline: The Baragwanath Anticline is a complex, east-plunging, uplifted structural block with some faulted margins and a number of east-north-east trending subsidiary anticlines and synclines. It forms an anticlinal axis between the Gormandale Syncline extension and the Merrimans Creek Syncline and separates the Lake Wellington Depression to the north from the Seaspray Depression to the south. The core of the structure is the Lower Cretaceous Baragwanath Block which is a buried, down faulted, eastern extension of the outcropping Balook Block . The Baragwanath Anticline is of Cenozoic age and is the largest anticline structure within the onshore part of the basin. It is overlain by thin Latrobe Group sediments, deposited contemporaneously with uplift .
Lake Wellington Depression: The Lake Wellington Depression is bounded by the Lakes Entrance Platform to the north (along the Lake Wellington Fault System) and the Baragwanath Anticline and Rosedale Fault System to the south. It contains the upper part of the Latrobe Group, resting unconformably on the Strzelecki Group and is overlain by marine sediments of the Seaspray Group and the younger non-marine Boisdale Formation. Total thickness of Cenozoic sediments is about 1200 m. The western boundary of the Lake Wellington Depression coincides with the limit of marine sedimentation within the Gippsland Basin. In the east, the Lake Wellington Depression merges with the Latrobe Valley Depression .
Seaspray Depression: The Seaspray Depression is bounded to the north by the Baragwanath Anticline and the Rosedale Fault System, to the west by the Balook Block and to the south by the Darriman Fault System . The Seaspray Depression merges offshore with the Central Deep. Cenozoic sediments have a maximum thickness about 1700 m in the Seaspray Depression, in the vicinity of the town of Seaspray .
Alberton Depression: The Alberton Depression is bounded to the north by the Yarram Monocline and the Darriman Fault System and to the south by the Foster Fault System. The Alberton Depression merges offshore with the Southern Terrace. Onshore, Cenozoic sediments may exceed 500 m thickness in the western part of the depression .
Moe Swamp sub-basin: The Moe Swamp sub-basin is at the north-western extremity of the Gippsland Basin between the Warragul and Haunted Hill Blocks . It is bounded by Paleozoic bedrock in the north, the Darnum Fault to the west, the Yarragon Monocline to the south and the Yallourn Monocline to the east . The Cenozoic sedimentary sequence is up to 500 m thick in the Moe Swamp sub-basin .
Tarwin sub-basin: The Tarwin sub-basin is located west of the Balook Block. It is bounded by uplifted Strzelecki Group rocks and to the north by the Narracan Block. Around 150 m of Cenozoic sediments occur in the Tarwin sub-basin.
Major regional faults
Lake Wellington Fault System and Foster Fault System: These fault systems began developing during the first phase of rifting in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The Lake Wellington Fault System is an east trending normal (extensional) fault system, mapped onshore from near Yallourn to Lakes Entrance, where it continues offshore. The Foster Fault System is also an east trending normal (extensional) fault system, mapped onshore near Yarram and extending offshore.
Darriman Fault System and Rosedale Fault System: A second phase of rifting from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene formed the Darriman and Rosedale Fault Systems. This rifting phase accommodated deposition of the Latrobe Group. The Darriman and Rosedale Fault Systems are both normal (extensional) faults. The Darriman Fault System is generally east trending and is mapped from the southern margin of the Balook Block, across the northern extent of the Alberton Depression and extending offshore. The Rosedale Fault System is east trending, mapped from the Baragwanath Anticline and extends offshore to the east.
Product Finalisation date
- 1.1.1 Bioregion
- 1.1.2 Geography
- 1.1.3 Geology
- 1.1.4 Hydrogeology and groundwater quality
- 1.1.5 Surface water hydrology and water quality
- 1.1.6 Surface water – groundwater interactions
- 1.1.7 Ecology
- Contributors to the Technical Programme
- About this technical product
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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Clúdaíonn an t-Uisceachán Gippsland limistéar thart ar 46,000 km2. Tá an cuisne ag leathnú agus ag dul i bhfolach ar an oirthear agus tá thart ar 70% den chuisne ag tarlú amach ón gcósta faoi bhun an seilf mhór-roinne atá ann faoi láthair . Tá an cuisne thart ar 400 km ar fhad agus 80 km ar leithead, ag síneadh ar an gcósta ó Choileán Mornington san iarthar go dtí imeall an seilfe mórthír san oirthear. Tá teorainneacha an locha sainithe go garbh ag Córas Fíor Loch Wellington chun an tuaiscirt, an córas Fíor Foster chun an deisceart, an Fíor Selwyn chun an iarthair (in aice le Port an Iarthair) agus an Gippsland Rise chun an ear (féach Fíor 17). Tá sé teoranta ó thuaidh ag carraigeacha bunscoile Paleozoic na hArd-Tír Thoir, ó thuaidh ag bloic bhratach Grúpa Strzelecki Cretaceous Íseal agus ag an Bassian Rise sa dheas-thiar a scarann é ón Bass Basin. Cuimsíonn bithréigiún Bád Gippsland an chuid de Bád géolaíoch Gippsland ar an gcósta, soir den scoilteadh dránaíochta ar Bloc Narracan, thart ar 14,636 km2.
Thosaigh an Ghleann Gippsland a fhoirmiú sa Jurassic Déanach mar fhreagra ar phláta na hAstráile a bheith ag casadh ag a imeall theas (m.sh. Norvick et al., 2001). Thosaigh titim suntasach sa Chréatach Luath agus lean sé isteach sa Cheanóis, rud a d'fhág go raibh suas le 12 km de shéideanna Chréatacha agus Cheanóis i bpríomh-dhochais, atá suite i gcuid amach ón gcósta den mbabhla. Déanann easnamh fairsing domhain an cuisne a roinnt ina ardáin agus i réimsí le tiús sedimentary ag méadú go suntasach i dtreo an Deep Central amach ón gcósta . Is éard atá i gcloch na Gippsland Basin ná carraigeacha Paleozoic, go príomha ordóivéacsaigh go luath-debhónach, agus tá granítí ardleibhéil Meán-debhónach ag cur isteach orthu.
Tá an t-Uisceachán Gippsland ar an gcósta roinnte ina roinnt eilimintí struchtúracha. Áirítear orthu seo an Latrobe Valley Depression, Baragwanath Anticline, Seaspray Depression, Alberton Depression, Moe Swamp sub-basin, Lakes Entrance Platform agus an Lake Wellington Depression . Tá rialú tábhachtach ag na fo-roinn seo ar dháileadh acmhainní guail agus ar hidreogeolaíocht an locha, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar stair taisce agus éirise an locha. Déanfar tagairt go forleathan dóibh i gcuid eile den alt seo agus i dTagraf 1.1.4. Tá trí phríomhghné struchtúrtha ag an mbonn amach ón gcósta: príomh-mheán-bhonn Bhonn Gippsland an Central Deep; ag an am céanna ag na tairseacha Thuaidh agus Theas (ar a dtugtar tairseacha Strzelecki roimhe seo) agus na hardáin Thuaidh agus Theas mar a léirítear i bhfigiúr 17. Tá an chuid uisce domhain den bhus cósta (an áit a bhfuil an colún uisce níos mó ná 500 m) sainithe go dona agus ní phléitear tuilleadh sa tuarascáil seo é toisc nach bhfuil sé ábhartha go díreach do mheasúnú bithréigiúnach Bhus Gippsland.
Tá na príomhthreochtaí lochtanna go príomha ó thuaidh go tuaisceart i gcuid amach ón gcósta den bhosca, le treochtaí fill orthogonal ag ceathrú-oirthear go ceathrú-oirthear. Is gnách go mbíonn treochtaí fillte ar an gcósta ag teacht le chéile ó thuaidh go hiar-oirthear go dtí an oirthear-thuaisceart. Tá briseadh suntasach (go príomha a mhalairt) ag an doimhneacht i gcuid ar an muir den bhosca léirithe go coitianta i sedimintí atá ag dul in aois ó Eocéin go Miocéin trí fhilleadh monoclinal agus ardú topagrafach Pliocéin .
Is iad na príomhstruchtúir gheolaíochta réigiúnacha sa bhosca na lochtanna leathnaithe ó thuaidh go siar, Córas Locht Loch Wellington, Córas Locht Foster, Córas Locht Darriman, Córas Locht Rosedale agus Anticline Baragwanath (féach Fíor 17). Tá cur síos gairid ar na struchtúir seo thíos, agus tá tuilleadh comhthéacs lena n-áirítear a n-ionsaí ar fhorbairt an chladaigh le fáil i Roinn 22.214.171.124.2. Tá go leor struchtúir gheolaíochta eile ann atá tábhachtach ar scálaí áitiúla laistigh den bhéascán. I dTrioblóid Gleann Latrobe tá tionchar mór ag struchtúr ar an doimhneacht do ghual agus ar thiús na seam guail, mar shampla tá dí-shuim, creimeadh agus ardú penecontemporaneous tar éis forbairt guail tiubh thar Dóm Loy Yang ag doimhneacht íseal. Tá an chuid is mó de na carraigeacha clóis ag teorainn le heaspaí móra agus is gnách go gcruthóidh siad scarpanna suntasacha mar shampla, tá an Bloc Strzelecki Group Balook teoranta ag roinnt easpaí móra, lena n-áirítear na heaspaí Budgeree, Balook, Carrajung agus Yarram .
Ní bhaineann na struchtúir seo go léir leis an anailís seo, agus ní dhéantar cur síos anseo ach ar na struchtúir is ábhartha. Mar sin féin, tugtar aghaidh ar na foilseacháin a luaitear ar fud an leabhair chun tuilleadh sonraí a fháil, go háirithe agus .
Eileamaint struchtúrtha ar an talamh
Tá an t-ardán iontrála ar fud an Bhéasain Thuaidh Gippsland (féach Fíor 17). Tá sé teoranta ó thuaidh ag bunchloch Paleozoic outcropping agus ó dheas ag Córas Failte Loch Wellington . Taobh amuigh den gcósta, téann sé le hIonad Thuaidh. Bhí carraigeacha Grúpa Strzelecki go príomha díghrádú ó Ardán Iontrála na Lochanna trí éadóis tar éis ardú sa Chréatach Luath. Tá sé clúdaithe go neamhchomhréireach ag sedimintí neamhdheighilte Latrobe Cenozoic, ag an ghrúpa Seaspray agus ag sedimintí tanaí Pliocene uachtarach go Quaternary den Ghrúpa Sale.
Laghdaigh Gleann Latrobe: Tá Laghdaigh Gleann Latrobe idir na hArd-Tír Thoir (charraigí Paleozoic) ó thuaidh agus Bloc Balook Íseal-Créiteach ó dheas . Ar an taobh thiar tá sé scartha ó fho-chlaonadh Moe Swamp ag Monocline Yallourn. Tá suas le 700 méadar de shlaodaimh Grúpa Latrobe sa Chéim .
Anticline Baragwanath: Is bloc struchtúrach casta, ó thuaidh, ardú le roinnt imeall locht agus roinnt anticlines agus synclines fochuideachta east-northeast. Cruthaíonn sé eicheas anticlinal idir síneadh Gormandale Syncline agus Syncline Merrimans Creek agus scarann sé Depression Loch Wellington ó thuaidh ó Depression Seaspray ó dheas. Is é croílár an struchtúir an Bloc Baragwanath Íseal Cretaceous atá curtha, faoi bhrón, síneadh thoir de Bhlóc Balook outcropping . Is é an Baragwanath Anticline aois Cenozoic agus is é an struchtúr anticline is mó laistigh de chuid ar muir an locha. Tá sé á chlúdach ag sedimintí tanaí Grúpa Latrobe, a thaisceadh ag an am céanna le tógáil .
Depresse Loch Wellington: Tá Depresse Loch Wellington teoranta ag Ardán Iontrála na Lochanna chun an tuaiscirt (tha sé ar feadh Córas Briseadh Loch Wellington) agus Córas Briseadh Baragwanath Anticline agus Rosedale chun an deisceart. Tá an chuid uachtarach de Ghrúpa Latrobe ann, ag brath ar Ghrúpa Strzelecki agus tá sé á chlúdach ag sedimintí mara de Ghrúpa Seaspray agus an Foirmiú Boisdale neamh-mara níos óige. Is é tiús iomlán na bhfithis Ceanósaigh thart ar 1200 m. Tá teorainn thiar Chill Wellington ag teacht le teorainn na fithis mhara laistigh de Bhéasán Gippsland. Sa oirthear, téann Meath Loch Wellington le Meath Ghleann Latrobe .
Depression Seaspray: Tá an Depression Seaspray teoranta ó thuaidh ag an Anticline Baragwanath agus an Rosedale Fault System, ó thuaidh ag Bloc Balook agus ó dheas ag an Darriman Fault System . Tá an Seaspray Depression ag teacht le chéile amach ón gcósta leis an Central Deep. Tá tiús uasta de shuíomhanna Ceanósaigh thart ar 1700 m i mbonn Seaspray, in aice le baile Seaspray .
Depression Alberton: Tá Depression Alberton teoranta ó thuaidh ag Yarram Monocline agus Córas Darriaman Fault agus ó dheas ag Córas Foster Fault. Tá an Depression Alberton ag teacht le chéile amach ón gcósta leis an Terrace Theas. Ar an talamh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tiús na seidimeán Ceanósaigh níos mó ná 500 m i gcuid thiar an bhrú.
Fo-chlaíomh Moe Swamp: Tá fo-chlaíomh Moe Swamp ag imeall thuaidh-thuaidh Chlaíomh Gippsland idir Bloic Warragul agus Haunted Hill . Tá sé teoranta ag bunchloch Paleozoic sa tuaisceart, an Darnum Fault san iarthar, an Yarragon Monocline sa deisceart agus an Yallourn Monocline san oirthear. Tá an seicheamh sedimentary Cenozoic suas le 500 m tiubh i bhfo-chladach Moe Swamp .
Fo-chladach Tarwin: Tá fo-chladach Tarwin suite siar ó Bhloc Balook. Tá sé teoranta ag carraigeacha ardaithe Grúpa Strzelecki agus ó thuaidh ag Bloc Narracan. Tá thart ar 150 m de shéadaimh Ceanósaigh i bhfo-chladach Tarwin.
Míbhuntáistí réigiúnacha móra
Córas Fíor Loch Wellington agus Córas Fíor Foster: Thosaigh na córais fíora seo ag forbairt le linn an chéad chéim de rifting sa Jurassic Déanach go luath sa Chréatach. Is córas locht rialta (fhorleathan) é Córas Locht Loch Wellington, a léirítear ar an gcósta ó Yallourn go dtí Lochanna Iontrála, áit a leanann sé amach ón gcósta. Is córas lochtanna gnáth (fhorleathan) é Córas Lochtanna Foster freisin, a mhapáil ar an talamh in aice le Yarram agus a leathnaíonn amach ón gcósta.
Córas Fíor Darriman agus Córas Fíor Rosedale: Forbair an dara céim de rifting ó Chréatach Déanach go Eocene na Córais Fíor Darriman agus Rosedale. Cuireadh an chéim crapthe seo i láthair ag an ghrúpa Latrobe. Is gnáth-ghnímh (fhorleathan) iad Córais Gnímh Darriman agus Rosedale. Tá Córas Fíor Darriman i dtreo an Oirthir de ghnáth agus tá sé mhapáilte ó mhaingne theas Bloc Balook, ar fud leathnú thuaidh Depression Alberton agus ag síneadh amach ón gcósta. Tá Córas Rosedale Fault ag dul ó thuaidh, mhapáilte ó Anticline Baragwanath agus síneann sé amach ón gcósta go dtí an oirthear.
Dáta Críochnaithe an Táirgí
- 1.1.1 Bithréigiún
- 1.1.2 Geo-eolaíocht
- 1.1.3 Geolaíocht
- 1.1.4 Hidrogeolaíocht agus cáilíocht na n-uisce talún
- 1.1.5 Hidrólíocht uisce dromchla agus cáilíocht uisce
- 1.1.6 Uisce dromchla idirghníomhaíochtaí uisce talún
- 1.1.7 Eacnamaíocht
- ranníocóirí leis an gClár Teicniúil
- Maidir leis an táirge teicniúil seo
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Using algorithms, Facebook debunked the "six-degrees of separation" theory, determining that we are now a mere 4.74 degrees away from another human anywhere on the planet. The findings were in research Facebook released that suggests the social network is bringing people closer together. But is that really what the social network has done for us? Because while the social-network connections have increased the numbers of names and faces in our arsenal, those connections are superficial and at times, not even people we know at all.In 1967 Stanley Milgram published the original six-degrees experiment. Looking at a mere 296 subjects, who he asked to sent a message in the mail, through friends and friends of friends to a specific person in Boston, Milgram determined six connections separated people. In 2008, Facebook visited this principle, finding a slightly lower degree of separation, at 5.28. Now, as the social network has grown from 100 million in 2008, to over 700 million on 2011, it's down to 4.74.
Read the full story at The Atlantic Wire.
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Ag baint úsáide as algartam, d'fhág Facebook an teoiric "sé chéim de scaradh", ag cinneadh nach bhfuil muid anois ach 4.74 céim ar shiúl ó dhuine eile áit ar bith ar an bpláinéad. Bhí na torthaí i dtaighde a d'eisigh Facebook a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil an líonra sóisialta ag tabhairt daoine níos gaire le chéile. Ach an é sin i ndáiríre an rud a rinne an líonra sóisialta dúinn? Mar cé go bhfuil naisc líonra sóisialta tar éis líon na n-ainmneacha agus na n-aghaidh a mhéadú inár n-armsholáthar, tá naisc úra agus uaireanta, ní daoine a bhfuil aithne againn orthu ar chor ar bith. Sa bhliain 1967 d'fhoilsigh Stanley Milgram an turgnamh seisearchéim bunaidh. Ag féachaint ar 296 ábhar amháin, a d'iarr sé a sheoladh teachtaireacht sa phost, trí chairde agus cairde de chairde do dhuine ar leith i Boston, Milgram chinn sé sé nasc scaradh daoine. Sa bhliain 2008, thug Facebook cuairt ar an bprionsabal seo, ag teacht ar chéim beagán níos ísle de scaradh, ag 5.28. Anois, de réir mar a d'fhás an líonra sóisialta ó 100 milliún in 2008, go dtí os cionn 700 milliún in 2011, tá sé síos go 4.74.
Léigh an scéal iomlán ag The Atlantic Wire.
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Water is the most essential component of the human body as it provides an important role in the function of cells. Important functions of water include transportation of nutrients, elimination of waste products, regulation and maintenance of body temperature through sweating, maintenance of blood circulation and pressure, lubrication of joints and body tissues, and facilitation of digestion.
More than half of the human body is composed of water, and it is impossible to sustain life without it.
Exercise produces an elevation in body temperature, which depends on the intensity and duration of exercise, environmental conditions, clothing worn, and metabolic rate. In order to get rid of the excess heat, your body secretes sweat, which is primarily composed of water and electrolytes such as sodium.
The evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism of heat loss during exercise. Exercise can lead to substantial water and electrolyte loss from sweat leading to dehydration and, in cases of excessive fluid intake, hyponatremia (low sodium in the blood). However, considerable variability exists from person to person with regard to sweat loss. Therefore, the fluid and electrolyte requirements needed for the athlete are variable from person to person as well. If water and electrolytes are not replaced from these losses, the athlete will have a decrease in performance and perhaps an adverse effect on his or her overall health.
Thirst is a signal that your body is headed toward dehydration. Therefore, it is important to drink before you feel thirsty and to drink throughout the day. Thirst is not a good indicator of hydration and should not be used to monitor hydration status. One way to check your hydration status is to weigh yourself before and after exercise. The before-exercise measurement is best as a nude weight first thing in the morning after urinating. Comparing your body weight before and after exercise can be used to estimate your sweat loss and your fluid requirements. Any weight loss is likely from fluid loss, so drinking enough to replenish these losses will maintain hydration.
The table below shows us that over a one percent loss in body weight indicates dehydration and over five percent indicates serious dehydration. These fluid losses need to be replaced.
% Body Weight Change
Well Hydrated -1 to +1%
Minimal Dehydration -1 to -3%
Significant Dehydration -3 to -5%
Serious Dehydration > -5%
Another way to check hydration status is the urine color test. A large amount of light-colored urine means you are well hydrated. The darker the color, the more dehydrated you are.
Dehydration is the loss of fluids and salts essential to maintain normal body function. Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in.
Dehydration can lead to:
- Muscle fatigue
- Loss of coordination
- Inability to regulate body temperature
- Heat illness (e.g., cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke)
- Decreased energy and athletic performance
Moderate caffeine intake does not affect hydration status or urine output. However, alcohol will increase your urine output and decrease hydration. Enhancing palatability of a fluid will help to encourage fluid consumption. This can be done with proper flavoring, proper salt (sodium) content and drinking a cold beverage (15-21 degrees Celsius).
Carbohydrates within a sports beverage help to replenish your sugar (glycogen) stores and electrolytes help to accelerate rehydration. Sports beverages for use during prolonged exercise should generally contain four to eight percent carbohydrate, 20-30 meq/L of sodium, and 2-5 meq/L of potassium. The need for carbohydrates and electrolytes within sports beverages increases with prolonged activity.
Carbohydrate consumption helps to sustain and improve exercise performance during high-intensity exercise longer than one hour as well as lower-intensity exercise for longer periods. You should ingest one-half to one liter of a sports drink each hour to maintain hydration. Also, sports drinks should not exceed a carbohydrate concentration of eight percent.
HYDRATION BEFORE EXERCISE
Check your hydration status before exercise because there is a wide variability in fluid needs for each person.
- Drink 16-20 fluid ounces of water or sports beverage at least four hours before exercise.
- Drink 8-12 fluid ounces of water 10-15 minutes before exercise.
Consuming a beverage with sodium (salt) and/or small meal helps to stimulate thirst and retain fluids.
HYDRATION DURING EXERCISE
- Drink 3-8 fluid ounces of water every 15-20 minutes when exercising for less than 60 minutes.
- Drink 3-8 fluid ounces of a sports beverage (5-8 percent carbohydrate with electrolytes) every 15-20 minutes when exercising greater than 60 minutes.
Do not drink more than one quart/hour during exercise.
HYDRATION GUIDELINES AFTER EXERCISE
Obtain your body weight and check your urine to estimate your fluid losses. The goal is to correct your losses within two hours after exercise.
Drink 20-24 fluid ounces of water or sports beverage for every one pound lost
Overhydration, also called water intoxication, is a condition where the body contains too much water. This can result in behavioral changes, confusion, drowsiness, nausea/vomiting, weight gain, muscle cramps, weakness/paralysis and risk of death.
In general, overhydration is treated by limiting your fluid intake and increasing the salt (sodium) that you consume. If overhydration is suspected, you should see your doctor for appropriate lab tests and treatment. You should not consume more than one liter per hour of fluid.
Descarga el PDF aquí
Reprinted with permission of the American College of Sports Medicine. Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine. This brochure is a product of ACSM’s Consumer Information Committee.
Fotografía de Darwin Bell, usada bajo licencia de Creative Commons
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Is é an t-uisce an comhpháirt is tábhachtaí de chorp an duine toisc go soláthraíonn sé ról tábhachtach i bhfeidhm na gcealla. I measc feidhmeanna tábhachtacha uisce tá iompar cothaithigh, diúscairt táirgí dramhaíola, rialú agus cothabháil teocht an choirp trí thriomú, cothabháil scaipeadh fola agus brú, lubrication na n-ailt agus fíocháin an choirp, agus éascaíocht an díleá.
Tá níos mó ná leath an chomhlachta daonna comhdhéanta d'uisce, agus is dodhéanta beatha a chothabháil gan é.
Tá sé mar thoradh ar fheidhmiú go dtarlaíonn ardú ar theochla an choirp, rud a bhíonn ag brath ar an dlúth agus ar fhad na hoiliúna, ar na coinníollacha timpeallachta, ar an éadaí a chaitheamh, agus ar an ráta meitibileach. D'fhonn fáil réidh leis an iomarca teasa, scaipfidh do chorp sweat, atá comhdhéanta go príomha d'uisce agus de leictrealaithe mar an sóidiam.
Is é an t-éadrom a bhíonn ag an bhfiotás an príomhmheicníocht a chailleann teas le linn aclaíochta. Is féidir le cleachtadh uisce agus leictrealít a chailleadh go suntasach ó thriomú a fhágann go bhfuil díhiodráitiú ann agus, i gcásanna a bhfuil an iomarca sreabhach i gceist, hyponatremia (sód íseal sa fhuil). Mar sin féin, tá éagsúlacht shuntasach ann ó dhuine go duine maidir le cailliúint sweat. Dá bhrí sin, tá riachtanais na sreabhán agus na leictrealít a theastaíonn don lúthchleasaí éagsúil ó dhuine go duine freisin. Mura gcuirtear uisce agus leictrealítí ina n-ionad ó na caillteanais seo, beidh laghdú ar fheidhmíocht an lúthchleasaí agus b'fhéidir go mbeidh drochthionchar aige nó uirthi ar a shláinte i gcoitinne.
Is comhartha é tart go bhfuil do chorp ag dul i dtreo díhiodráitiú. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach ól a dhéanamh sula mbraitheann tú tart agus ól i rith an lae. Ní táscaire maith é tart ar uisceachas agus níor cheart é a úsáid chun rianú a dhéanamh ar stádas uisceachais. Bealach amháin chun do stádas hidreachta a sheiceáil ná tú féin a mheá sula ndéanann tú aclaíocht agus tar éis. Is fearr an tomhas roimh an aclaíocht a dhéanamh mar mheáchan nude an chéad rud ar maidin tar éis a bheith ag urinating. Is féidir comparáid a dhéanamh idir do mheáchan coirp roimh agus tar éis aclaíochta chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar do chaillteanas sweat agus do riachtanais sreabhach. Is dócha go bhfuil aon chailliúint meáchain mar gheall ar chailliúint sreabhach, mar sin beidh an iomarca deoch chun na caillteanais seo a athshlánú ag coinneáil hidreála.
Taispeánann an tábla thíos dúinn go léiríonn níos mó ná aon faoin gcéad de chaillteanas meáchain coirp díhiodráitiú agus go léiríonn níos mó ná cúig faoin gcéad díhiodráitiú tromchúiseach. Ní mór na caillteanais sreabhach seo a athsholáthar.
Athrú Meáchan Coirp i %
Go maith Hidrithe -1 go +1%
Díghloiteacht íosta - 1 go - 3%
Díhiodráitiú suntasach -3-5%
Deimhniú ar an gcineál a bhfuil an t-ábhar i gceist
Bealach eile chun staid hidreála a sheiceáil is ea tástáil dath an fhál. Ciallaíonn méid mór d'uisceán bán-dath go bhfuil tú hydrated go maith. An dath níos dorcha, an níos dé-uisceáilte atá tú.
Is é an díhiodráitiú an caillteanas sreabhach agus salainn atá riachtanach chun gnáthfheidhm an choirp a chothabháil. Tarlaíonn díhiodráitiú nuair a chailleann an corp níos mó sreabhán ná mar a ghlacann sé isteach.
Is féidir le díhiodráitiú a bheith mar thoradh ar:
- Tuirse matáin
- Caillteanas comhordúcháin
- Gan cumas teocht an choirp a rialáil
- Breoiteacht ó theas (m.sh. cramps, tuirse teasa, stróc teasa)
- Laghdú ar fhuinneamh agus ar fheidhmíocht spóirt
Ní dhéanann tomhaltas coiféin measartha difear do stádas hidreachta ná do tháirgeadh na miotail. Mar sin féin, méadóidh alcól do chuid fuála agus laghdóidh sé hidrigheacht. Cabhróidh feabhas a chur ar bhlasáil leachta le tomhaltas leachta a spreagadh. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh le blas ceart, ábhar salann (sód) ceart agus deoch fuar (15-21 céim Celsius) a ól.
Cabhraíonn carbaihiodráití i dtorann spóirt le do stóranna siúcra (glicóigine) a athsholáthar agus cabhraíonn leictrealaithe le hathshúile a luathachadh. Ba chóir go mbeadh ceithre go ocht faoin gcéad carbaihiodráit, 20-30 meq/L sóidiam, agus 2-5 meq/L potaisiam i dtráchtálacha spóirt le húsáid le linn aclaíochta fada. Méadaíonn an gá le carbaihiodráití agus le leictrealaithe i dtrátaí spóirt le gníomhaíocht fhada.
Cuidíonn tomhaltas carbaihiodráití le feidhmíocht an fheidhmiú a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú le linn fheidhmiú ard-déine níos faide ná uair an chloig chomh maith le feidhmiú níos ísle déine ar feadh tréimhsí níos faide. Ba chóir duit leath go litr amháin de dheoch spóirt a inghlaim gach uair an chloig chun hydration a choinneáil. Chomh maith leis sin, níor cheart go mbeadh tiúchan carbaihiodráit os cionn ocht faoin gcéad i deochanna spóirt.
CÁIT LE CÁIT LE CÁIT LE CÁIT
Déan seiceáil ar do stádas hidrighe sula ndéanann tú aclaíocht mar go bhfuil éagsúlacht mhór ann i riachtanais sreabhach do gach duine.
- Ól 16-20 unsaí sreabhach uisce nó deoch spóirt ceithre uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh an aclaíocht.
- Ól 8-12 ounce sreabhach uisce 10-15 nóiméad roimh an oiliúint.
Cabhraíonn deoch le sóidiam (salann) agus/nó béile beag le tart a spreagadh agus le sreabha a choinneáil.
Cothabháil agus athshlánú
- 3-8 ounce sreabhach uisce a ól gach 15-20 nóiméad nuair a fheidhmíonn tú ar feadh níos lú ná 60 nóiméad.
- Ól 3-8 ounce de dheoch spóirt (5-8 faoin gcéad carbaihiodráit le leictrealaithe) gach 15-20 nóiméad nuair a bhíonn tú ag feidhmiú níos mó ná 60 nóiméad.
Ná ól níos mó ná aon chlóta amháin san uair le linn aclaíochta.
Treoirlínte um Uileshlaghdú tar éis aclaíochta
Faigh do mheáchan coirp agus seiceáil do chuid fuála chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar do chaillteanas sreabhach. Is é an aidhm ná do chaillteanais a cheartú laistigh de dhá uair an chloig tar éis an fheidhmiú.
Ól 20-24 ounce sreabhach uisce nó deoch spóirt le haghaidh gach punt amháin a chailltear
Is é an ró-hiodráitíocht, ar a dtugtar freisin meisce-bhualadh, staid ina bhfuil an iomarca uisce sa chorp. Is féidir le hathruithe iompraíochta, mearbhall, codlatacht, nausea/ vomiting, meáchan a fháil, cramps muscle, laige/ paralaise agus baol báis a bheith mar thoradh air seo.
Go ginearálta, déantar an iomarca uisce a chóireáil trí do iontógáil sreabhach a theorannú agus an salann (sódam) a itheann tú a mhéadú. Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil ró-uisce agat, ba cheart duit dul chuig do dhochtúir le haghaidh tástálacha saotharlainne agus cóireáil iomchuí. Níor chóir duit níos mó ná lítear amháin de leacht a chaitheamh in aghaidh na huaire.
Íoslódáil an PDF anseo
Athphrintithe le cead ón gColáiste Meiriceánach um Leigheas Spóirt. Copyright © 2011 Coláiste Meiriceánach Leigheas Spóirt. Is táirge é an leabhrán seo de chuid Choiste Faisnéise Tomhaltóirí ACSM.
Fotografía de Darwin Bell, a úsáidtear faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons
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Everyone deserves equal access to information and online resources. According to the Center for Disease Control, approximately 1 out of every 5 adults in the U.S. live with some form of disability. Accessible websites are able to engage a larger audience, rank higher in search, and mitigate the risk of legal liability. For organizations that value inclusiveness and diversity, accessibility is a moral imperative.
Building accessible experiences helps ensure that content is available to the widest audience possible, and ultimately benefits all users. With such far-reaching implications, accessibility isn't something that should be simply tacked-on to the process. Here at Aten, we take accessibility into consideration at every stage of projects. Here's a quick overview of how we tackle accessibility throughout the process – from strategy and design to development and testing.
Strategy and Information Architecture
- As a part of identifying key audiences for a project, we specifically prioritize individuals with disabilities from day one.
- Define the logical order of content on each screen to be read by a screen reader or other assistive technologies.
- Write calls to action that adequately explain the next step in the user flow.
- Select colors, fonts, and font weights that meet high contrast requirements for low-vision users.
- Design levels of content hierarchy, such as headings and body text.
- Ensure all elements have an active and focus state.
- Implement logical flow, keyboard navigation, colors, fonts, etc. as defined in the strategy and design phases.
- Use semantic markup for hierarchy and structure creating a usable outline of content for screen readers.
- Include ARIA attributes to describe a section or functionality that wouldn’t make sense through a screen reader.
- Set up content creators for success by requiring "alt" text for all visuals, headings, captions, transcripts, and descriptive link text. Beyond requiring "alt" text, make the process for adding it dead simple.
- Write and run scripts to perform automated tests.
- Run automated tests using Lighthouse, WAVE, SiteImprove, and other accessibility tools.
- Run manual tests using keyboard navigation and screen readers.
- Host feedback sessions and focus groups with users that regularly use assistive technologies.
- The Importance Of An Accessible Website - Part 1: Who Needs an Accessible Website?
- The Importance of an Accessible Website - Part 2: How Can Your Team Get Involved?
- The Importance of an Accessible Website - Part 3: Make Your Drupal 8 Site More Accessible
- The Importance of an Accessible Website - Part 4: Wrap Up
- Accessibility Audits
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://atendesigngroup.com/blog/holistic-approach-accessibility
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en
| 0.853824 | 552 | 2.75 | 3 |
Is ceart do gach duine rochtain chomhionann a fháil ar fhaisnéis agus ar acmhainní ar líne. De réir an Ionad um Rialú Galar, tá thart ar 1 as gach 5 duine fásta sna Stáit Aontaithe ag maireachtáil le cineál éigin míchumais. Tá láithreáin ghréasáin inrochtana in ann lucht féachana níos mó a mhealladh, rangú níos airde a fháil i dtaighde, agus an baol dliteanais dhlíthiúla a mhaolú. I gcás eagraíochtaí a thugann luach ar chuimsitheacht agus éagsúlacht, is é an inrochtaineacht ríthábhachtach morálta.
Cuidíonn taithí inrochtana a thógáil le cinntiú go bhfuil ábhar ar fáil don lucht féachana is leithne agus is féidir, agus go mbainfidh gach úsáideoir tairbhe as sin sa deireadh. Le impleachtaí chomh fada, ní rud é inrochtaineacht gur chóir é a chur go simplí leis an bpróiseas. Anseo ag Aten, glacaimid in iúl go bhfuil rochtain ar fáil ag gach céim de thionscadail. Seo léargas tapa ar an gcaoi a ndéanaimid aghaidh ar inrochtaineacht ar fud an phróisis ó straitéis agus dearadh go forbairt agus tástáil.
Straitéis agus Ailtireacht Faisnéise
- Mar chuid de na príomh-aidiúnaithe a shainaithint le haghaidh tionscadail, cuirimid tosaíocht go sonrach ar dhaoine faoi mhíchumas ón gcéad lá.
- ord loighciúil na n-ábhar ar gach scáileán a shainmhíniú le léamh ag léitheoir scáileáin nó ag teicneolaíochtaí cúnta eile.
- glaonna chun gníomh a scríobh a mhíníonn go leor an chéad chéim eile i sreabhadh an úsáideora.
- Roghnaigh dathanna, cló, agus meáchain cló a chomhlíonann riachtanais ard-choimeádais d'úsáideoirí le dearcadh íseal.
- Leibhéil deartha de ordlathas ábhar, amhail ceannteidil agus téacs an chomhlachta.
- Déan cinnte go bhfuil stádas gníomhach agus fócas ag na heilimintí go léir.
- Slí loighciúil a chur i bhfeidhm, loingseoireacht ar an méarchlár, dathanna, cló, srl. mar a shainmhínítear i gcéimeanna na straitéise agus na dearadh.
- Markup séamaintiúil a úsáid le haghaidh ordlathas agus struchtúr a chruthaíonn forlíonadh inúsáidte ar ábhar do léitheoirí scáileáin.
- Áirítear airíonna ARIA chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar rannán nó ar fheidhmiúlacht nach mbeadh ciall leis trí léitheoir scáileáin.
- Cruthaitheoirí ábhair a chur ar bun chun rath a bhaint amach trí théacs "alt" a éileamh do gach amharc, ceannteideal, teachtaireacht, trascríbhinn, agus téacs nasc tuairisceach. Seachas téacs "alt" a cheangal, déan an próiseas chun é a chur ina bhás simplí.
- Scríobh agus reáchtáil scripteanna chun tástálacha uathoibrithe a dhéanamh.
- Bain triail as tástálacha uathoibrithe ag baint úsáide as Lighthouse, WAVE, SiteImprove, agus uirlisí inrochtaineachta eile.
- Bain triail as tástálacha láimhe ag baint úsáide as treoraíocht ar an méarchlár agus léitheoirí scáileáin.
- Seisiúin a óstáil agus grúpaí fócais a reáchtáil le húsáideoirí a úsáideann teicneolaíochtaí cúnta go rialta.
- An tábhacht a bhaineann le suíomh gréasáin inrochtana - Cuid 1: Cé a theastaíonn suíomh Gréasáin inrochtana uaidh?
- An tábhacht a bhaineann le suíomh Gréasáin inrochtana - Cuid 2: Conas is féidir le do fhoireann a bheith rannpháirteach?
- An tábhacht a bhaineann le suíomh Gréasáin inrochtana - Cuid 3: Déan do shuíomh Drupal 8 níos inrochtana
- An tábhacht a bhaineann le suíomh Gréasáin inrochtana - Cuid 4: Cur i mBéal Feirste
- Iniúchtaí Inrochtaineachta
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Crazy Horse Memorial Collections
THE INDIAN MUSEUM OF NORTH AMERICA® is home to a large collection of art and artifacts reflecting the diverse histories and cultures of the American Indian people. The Museum collection started with a single exhibit donated in 1965 by Charles Eder, Sisseton Band of the Sioux Tribe/Dakota Nation. Mr. Eder’s impressive collection remains on exhibit to this day.
Close to 90% of the art and artifacts have been donated by generous individuals, including many Native Americans. The Museum serves as a resource for students, educators, and visitors, allowing the opportunity to study and learn from the exhibits and many other cultural resources at Crazy Horse Memorial®.
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://crazyhorsememorial.org/the-museums/collections/
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| 0.937104 | 142 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Bailiúcháin Chuimhneacháin Crazy Horse
IS IARTAIGH MÓSAEM INDIAN NA MÉIRICÍ NÓTHÁIRÍCÁ® bailiúchán mór ealaíne agus ealaíne a léiríonn stair agus cultúr éagsúil mhuintir Indiach Mheiriceá. Thosaigh bailiúchán an Mhúsaeim le taispeántas amháin a thug Charles Eder, Bhanna Sisseton den Tribe Sioux / Dakota Nation, i 1965. Tá bailiúchán suntasach an Uasail Eder fós ar taispeáint go dtí an lá atá inniu ann.
Thug daoine aonair flaithiúla, lena n-áirítear go leor Meiriceánaigh Dúchasacha, beagnach 90% den ealaín agus de na hearraí. Is acmhainn é an Músaem do mhic léinn, oideachasóirí agus cuairteoirí, rud a thugann deis dóibh staidéar a dhéanamh agus foghlaim ó na taispeántais agus ó go leor acmhainní cultúrtha eile ag Mad Horse Memorial®.
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When using SolidWorks to design a part to be waterjet cut, you will need to create a drawing file from the part.
Let's take a look at a part designed in SolidWorks which we want to cut. The part is open in SolidWorks in the picture below.
Illustration : A part in SolidWorks
To turn this into a drawing, choose File | Make Drawing from Part from the menu.
Illustration : Creating a drawing
A dialog box will appear. Make sure you have un-checked the “Display sheet format” box, then click the OK button.
Illustration : Removing the sheet format
The drawing sheet will appear. Drag the drawing view (1) onto the drawing (2). You will typicaly want the Top or Bottom view. You should then press the escape key or click the green checkmark to indicate that you are done adding drawing views.
Illustration : Adding the part view (1) to the drawing (2)
You then need to make sure that the drawing scale is set correctly. Click on the drawing view within the drawing. Then choose the “Use custom scale” radio button and pick “1:1” scale from the drop down list on the panel.
Illustration : Setting the part scale in the drawing
Finally, you should save the file in a format that's compatible with the waterjet cutting system. Most waterjet cutting systems accept the DXF file format. Choose File | Save As... from the menu. Pick DXF from the “Save as type” drop down list. Enter the file name and click the Save button.
Illustration : Saving the drawing
At this point, you now have a file which can be used to turn your SolidWorks design into a real part.
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.bigbluesaw.com/articles-list/big-blue-saw-designing-for-waterjet/solidworks.html
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| 0.856462 | 369 | 2.625 | 3 |
Nuair a úsáideann tú SolidWorks chun codán a dhearadh le gearradh le scaipeadh uisce, beidh ort comhad líníochta a chruthú ón gcuid.
A ligean ar a ghlacadh le breathnú ar chuid deartha i SolidWorks a ba mhaith linn a ghearradh. Tá an chuid ar oscailt i SolidWorks sa phictiúr thíos.
Léargas: Páirt i SolidWorks
Chun é seo a thiontú ina líníocht, roghnaigh File. Make Drawing from Part ón roghchlár.
Léargas: Léargas a chruthú
Beidh bosca dialóige a thaispeáint. Déan cinnte go bhfuil an bosca Formáid bileog taispeána neamh-scríobh agat, ansin cliceáil ar an gcnaipe OK.
Léargas: An formáid bileog a bhaint
Beidh an bileog líníochta le feiceáil. Tarraing an radharc líníochta (1) ar an líníocht (2). Is gnách go dteastaíonn uait an radharc ar an mbarr nó ar an mbarr. Ba cheart duit ansin an eochair chaite a phriontáil nó cliceáil ar an marcáil ghlas chun a léiriú go bhfuil tú déanta ag cur radharcanna líníochta.
Léargas: Ag cur an léargas páirte (1) leis an líníocht (2)
Ansin ní mór duit a chinntiú go bhfuil an scála líníochta socraithe i gceart. Cliceáil ar an radharc líníochta laistigh den líníocht. Ansin roghnaigh an cnaipe raidió Use custom scale agus roghnaigh 1:1 scála ón liosta titim síos ar an phainéal.
Léargas: An scála páirte a shocrú sa líníocht
Ar deireadh, ba cheart duit an comhad a shábháil i bhformáid atá comhoiriúnach leis an gcóras gearrtha uisce-sceatha. Glacann formáid comhad DXF le formáid an chuid is mó de chórais gearrtha uisce-sceatha. Roghnaigh File Save As... ón roghchlár. Roghnaigh DXF ón liosta titim síos "Save as type". Cuir isteach an t-ainm comhaid agus cliceáil ar an gcnaipe Sábháil.
Léargas: An líníocht a shábháil
Ag an bpointe seo, tá comhad agat anois ar féidir é a úsáid chun do dhearadh SolidWorks a iompú ina chuid fíor.
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Sharkn8do's guide to pricing
So, this will sound a lot like an intro to econ course, and that's because it is. You have two deciding factors in pricing, what it costs to make this product, and what your buyers are willing to pay.
Cost to manufacture
There will be a couple basic things you need to figure out when determining costs, you mention this is based off the Ketty Jay series, so you might have to do some research, or you can come up with your own numbers.
So the first cost breakdown to consider is how much it costs to harvest the raw materials you need to make the good.
You give a weeks wage, so I would look at productivity for week, as opposed to an hour, which is how we do it now. This will be one of the easier cost breakdowns. You will have to figure out how many people are working in a week, how much they make, and how much of the raw good is harvested.
for example: 10 workers a week at 45 pence a worker harvests 450 gallons of airate (something I made up to make aerium) then you're looking at a labor cost of 1 pence a gallon. These are numbers I made up, no clue if they are what you want.
This includes all machinery, any tools, and and other transportation or whatever that is used on site. You need tools I assume, so you need to take into account tool degradation or depreciation. How you will do this will be as such.
I have 10 shovels, 10 pick axes, and 10 buckets, but also have a conveyor belt and a massive tank to store all of it until shipping.
The shovels, pick axes, and buckets cost 150 pence, and will last you 3 years, r 150 weeks, so it costs you a pence a week in degradation.
You will have to do this for each item in the harvesting process.
As much as we hate to admit it, this is something you will have to take into account. Administrative costs will look like, managerial pay, secretary costs, accounting costs, or whatever it is you want to include.
Overhead will look like electricity, water, rent, gas, steam, and any other costs you have associated with the site required to harvest the raw materials.
Getting the raw goods to where they are processed is something you have to have. Next you have costs to transportation, this is going to look fairly similar to harvesting, so we'll breeze through this.
Transporting uses labor, whether its a driver or a guy pushing a cart. Take that into account.
You have a horse, or a cart, or a motorcycle, whatever it is moving your goods, it will degrade. Use the basic outline for degradation again on this.
Feed, gas, whatever it is, you have it as a cost, take that into account.
You have your goods where you want them, YAY! Now you have to take into account how much it will cost to turn your raw materials into the finished product, this is going to look exactly like the last 2 steps.
You get it.
We get it.
Everyone gets it.
Plot twist! You may outsource the harvesting of your good to some other company, so say you need airate AND magnesium to produce your good, but don't want to go through the headache and danger of magnesium harvesting, you might have to buy the magnesium from someone else, you have to figure out how much that will cost.
What you can charge
So, you should have a decent idea of what it costs you to make your product by now, so you have to take into consideration what the buyer of your good is willing to pay, i recommend an up charge of no less than 15%, but if your buyer has room for more cream, go with that. Example, it costs you 10 pence per liter of aerium, but you know your buyer can pay 20, meet halfway, that way you both feel like you got a good deal. But, if it costs you 10, and your buyer is willing to pay 13, go to 12, get that %15. The reason for this is because when your buyer is going through hard times, if you keep it at their max, they'll want to drop it, meaning you either lose their volume of orders, or lose money on each order, or you can give them wiggle room, to let them spend less, and avoid needing help in the future.
What you need to figure out is a lot more than "now, I make $400 a week, and a plane ticket is 300 so if a person makes 3 shillings and 9 pence, then an air ship ticket is 34 pence" What drives costs, especially in something like air travel, is the cost to manufacture, operate, and maintain functions. I understand this is going to get a little advanced, but it'll be the same basic principles.
An air transportation system has a lot of moving parts, pilot, maintenance, clerks, luggage handlers, flight attendants, you have to figure their costs per flight (labor for domestic flights on a weekly basis will be fairly similar.)
They have a lot of overhead, you are a part of that, being their ongoing cost of fuel. Figure out everything other than you. Electricity, rent, administrative costs, etc.
Luggage belts, cars, everything they own excluding the actual airships and all their moving parts. These are all infrastructure of theirs that degrade, figure that out.
I am putting this in it's own category, because engine parts wear out. You will have to determine whether you want the airships to cost more and have a longer lifespan, or cost less, but be rotating more often. After this, you have to see how much it costs them per airship on a cost/lifespan ratio like we did for buckets in harvesting.
This is when you have to figure out how much they charge per ticket, depending on factors like time of day, departure demand and arrival demand, and distance; how often people travel, the occupancy of each airship. Then you take how much revenue they make a flight, cut off %10 (what they will want for savings and stuff), divide that by how much they have in expenses per flight (take the fixed costs of the week, and divide it by how many flights are in a week). Then, you should have a price that is at least 15 more than what your fuel costs, and that's when you determine what you can charge.
This was a lot of information, i'm sorry, but here is the tl;dr version.
You have costs: labor, equipment, overhead, transportation, processing. Determine that, add 15%, never charge less than that.
They have costs: labor, equipment, maintenance, overhead, etc. They have revenue: tickets and whatever other streams of revenue you determine they have ( giftshops, skymall, food, etc.) Look at it like an equation. Revenue - 10% = expenses + x. Leave 'x' as a variable, so you can figure out what their max price they can pay for your good. Then come to some number between those two numbers that both of you would feel comfortable paying.
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<urn:uuid:9c07e369-82f7-4ed5-a437-827d8043b134>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/70686/how-much-to-charge-for-fictional-substances-in-victorian-england-setting
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| 0.969388 | 1,507 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Treoir Sharkn8do maidir le praghsanna
Mar sin, beidh sé seo fuaime go leor cosúil le intro chun cúrsa eacnamaíochta, agus sin toisc go bhfuil sé. Tá dhá fhachtóir ag cinneadh praghsanna, cad a chosnaíonn sé an táirge seo a dhéanamh, agus cad atá do cheannaitheoirí sásta a íoc.
Costas chun é a mhonarú
Beidh cúpla rud bunúsach a bheidh tú ag teastáil chun teacht amach nuair a chinneadh costais, luaigh tú seo bunaithe ar an Ketty Jay sraith, mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú a dhéanamh roinnt taighde, nó is féidir leat teacht suas le do chuid féin uimhreacha.
Mar sin, is é an chéad bhriseadh síos costas a mheas cé mhéad a chosnaíonn sé chun an amhábhair a bhailiú is gá duit a dhéanamh ar an maith.
Tabhair tú pá seachtaine, mar sin ba mhaith liom breathnú ar táirgiúlacht ar feadh na seachtaine, i gcoinne uair an chloig, is é sin conas a dhéanaimid é anois. Beidh sé seo ar cheann de na miondealú costais is éasca. Beidh ort a fháil amach cé mhéad daoine atá ag obair i seachtain, cé mhéad a dhéanann siad, agus cé mhéad den earra amh a thuiltear.
mar shampla: 10 oibrithe sa tseachtain ag 45 pence oibrí a bhaint 450 galún de aerate (rud a rinne mé suas a dhéanamh aerium) ansin tá tú ag féachaint ar costas saothair de 1 penny galún. Seo na huimhreacha a rinne mé, níl aon smaoineamh má tá siad cad ba mhaith leat.
Áirítear leis seo gach meaisín, aon uirlisí, agus agus iompar eile nó cibé rud a úsáidtear ar an láthair. Tá gá le huirlisí a cheapann mé, mar sin ní mór duit a chur san áireamh ídiú huirlisí nó díluachadh. Conas a bheidh tú a dhéanamh beidh sé seo mar sin.
Tá 10 scuab agam, 10 hais piccaíochta, agus 10 buidéal, ach tá crios seolta agam agus tanc ollmhór chun é a stóráil go dtí go seolfar é.
Na spád, piocadh hais, agus buicéid costas 150 pence, agus beidh sé a mhaireann tú 3 bliana, r 150 seachtain, mar sin tá sé costas duit penny sa tseachtain i díghrádú.
Beidh ort é seo a dhéanamh le haghaidh gach mír sa phróiseas fómhar.
Cé gur fuath linn é a admháil, is rud é seo a bheidh ort a chur san áireamh. Beidh costais riaracháin cosúil, pá bainistíochta, costais rúnaí, costais cuntasaíochta, nó cibé is mian leat a chur san áireamh.
Beidh an t-amhrán cosúil le leictreachas, uisce, cíos, gáis, gaile, agus aon chostais eile a bhfuil tú a bhaineann leis an suíomh a theastaíonn chun na hamhábhair a bhaint.
Ní mór duit an t-earraí amh a fháil chuig an áit a ndéantar iad a phróiseáil. Ansin tá tú costais a iompar, tá sé seo ag dul a bheith cosúil go leor le feirmeoireacht, mar sin beidh muid a breeze tríd seo.
Úsáidtear saothair chun iompar a dhéanamh, bíodh sé ina thiománaí nó ina dhuine ag brú cart. Tóg sin san áireamh.
Tá tú capall, nó carbad, nó gluaisrothar, cibé rud a bhfuil sé ag bogadh do earraí, beidh sé a dhíchumasú. Úsáid an bunscrúdú chun an díghrádú a dhéanamh arís air seo.
Bia, gás, cibé rud a bhfuil sé, tá tú é mar chostas, a chur san áireamh.
Tá do chuid earraí áit a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh iad, YAY! Anois caithfidh tú a chur san áireamh cé mhéad a chosnóidh sé chun do amhábhair a iompú isteach sa táirge críochnaithe, tá sé seo ag dul a bheith cosúil go díreach leis an 2 chéim dheireanach.
Gheobhaidh tú é.
Tuigimid é.
Faigheann gach duine é.
Athrú ar an scéal! D'fhéadfadh tú a chur ar iasacht an fómhar do mhaith le roinnt cuideachta eile, mar sin a rá is gá duit aerate agus maignéisiam a tháirgeadh do maith, ach nach bhfuil ag iarraidh dul tríd an tinneas cinn agus contúirtí a bhaint de maignéisiam, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú a cheannach an maignéisiam ó dhuine eile, ní mór duit a fháil amach cé mhéad a bheidh costas.
Cad is féidir leat a ghearradh
Mar sin, ba chóir go mbeadh smaoineamh maith agat ar cad a chosnaíonn sé duit do tháirge a dhéanamh anois, mar sin caithfidh tú a chur san áireamh cad atá ceannaitheoir do mhaithe sásta a íoc, molaim táille suas nach lú ná 15%, ach má tá seomra ag do cheannaitheoir le haghaidh níos mó uachtar, téigh leis sin. Mar shampla, tá sé costas duit 10 pence in aghaidh an lítear de aerium, ach tá a fhios agat is féidir do cheannaitheoir íoc 20, a bhuachan ar leathbhealach, ar an mbealach sin tú araon a bhraitheann cosúil go bhfuil tú a fuair dea-díol. Ach, má chostas sé duit 10, agus tá do cheannaitheoir sásta a íoc 13, dul go dtí 12, a fháil go bhfuil 15% . Is é an chúis atá leis seo ná nuair a bhíonn do cheannaitheoir ag dul trí amanna deacra, má choinníonn tú é ag a uasmhéid, beidh siad ag iarraidh é a thit, rud a chiallaíonn go gcaillfidh tú a gcuid méid orduithe, nó airgead a chailleadh ar gach ordú, nó is féidir leat a thabhairt dóibh seomra wiggle, a ligean dóibh a chaitheamh níos lú, agus a sheachaint gá le cabhair sa todhchaí.
Cad is gá duit a fháil amach i bhfad níos mó ná "anseo, mé a dhéanamh $400 sa tseachtain, agus tá ticéad eitleáin 300 mar sin má dhéanann duine 3 shilling agus 9 pence, ansin tá ticéad loinge long 34 pence" Cad a thiomáint costais, go háirithe i rud éigin cosúil le taisteal aer, Is é an costas a mhonarú, oibriú, agus a chothabháil feidhmeanna. Tuigim go bhfuil sé ag dul a fháil beagán chun cinn, ach beidh sé ar na prionsabail bhunúsacha céanna.
Tá córas iompair aeir a lán páirteanna gluaiseachta, píolóta, cothabháil, clerks, handlers bagáiste, lucht freastail eitilte, tá tú a figiúr a gcostas in aghaidh an eitilt (obair do eitiltí intíre ar bhonn seachtainiúil a bheith go leor cosúil.)
Tá a lán de na costais, tá tú cuid de sin, a bheith ar a gcostas leanúnach de bhreosla. Faigh amach gach rud seachas tú. Tá an t-airgead seo á úsáid ag an gCoimisiún i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 2 (2) de Threoir 2014/25/AE.
Criosanna bagáiste, gluaisteáin, gach rud a bhfuil acu seachas na loingseoirí iarbhír agus a gcuid páirteanna bogtha go léir. Is iad seo go léir bonneagar a gcuid a degrade, a fháil amach go.
Tá mé ag cur é seo i sé catagóir féin, toisc go bhfuil páirteanna inneall wear out. Beidh ort a chinneadh an mian leat go mbeadh na haerárthaí níos costasaí agus go mbeadh saolré níos faide acu, nó go mbeadh siad níos saoire ach go mbeidh siad ag casadh níos minice. Tar éis seo, caithfidh tú a fheiceáil cé mhéad a chosnaíonn sé dóibh in aghaidh an aerárthach ar chostas / saolré cóimheas mar a rinneamar le haghaidh buicéid i bhreith.
Is é seo nuair a bheidh tú a fháil amach cé mhéad a ghearrann siad in aghaidh an ticéid, ag brath ar fhachtóirí cosúil le am an lae, éileamh imeacht agus éileamh teacht, agus an fad; cé chomh minic a taisteal daoine, an áitíocht de gach aerárthach. Ansin, glacann tú cé mhéad ioncam a dhéanann siad eitilt, a ghearradh amach 10% (cad a bheidh siad ag teastáil le haghaidh coigiltis agus rudaí), roinnte go cé mhéad a bhfuil siad i gcostais in aghaidh an eitilt (a ghlacadh na costais seasta na seachtaine, agus é a roinnt trí cé mhéad eitiltí atá i seachtain). Ansin, ba chóir go mbeadh praghas agat atá 15 níos mó ná an méid a chosnaíonn do bhreosla, agus sin nuair a shocraíonn tú cad is féidir leat a ghearradh.
Bhí sé seo a lán faisnéise, tá mé brón, ach tá an TL; DR leagan.
Tá costais agat: saothair, trealamh, forchostas, iompar, próiseáil. Déan é sin a chinneadh, cuir 15%, ná bí ag gearradh níos lú ná sin.
Tá costais acu: saothair, trealamh, cothabháil, forchostas, srl. Tá ioncam acu: ticéid agus cibé sruthanna ioncaim eile a chinnfidh tú go bhfuil (seirbhísí bronntanas, Skymall, bia, srl.) Féach air mar chothromán. Ioncam - 10% = caiteachas + x. Fág 'x' mar athróg, ionas gur féidir leat a fháil amach cad a bhfuil a gcuid praghas uasta is féidir leo a íoc as do maith. Ansin teacht ar roinnt uimhir idir na dhá uimhir go mbeadh tú araon a bhraitheann compordach a íoc.
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With the Abu Dhabi vision 2030 in place, adopting the use of social media in the Abu Dhabi public in the future looks extremely promising. The e-Government in the country has already established online platforms for e-participation of residents which includes social media sites such as Flickr, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Facebook. This allows governmental and semi-governmental entities to utilize these mediums to engage the public in their activities and gauge their opinion on the services and policies they provide.
This is easily accomplished by providing information on services and activities, posting important interviews online, gaining feedback through online opinion polls, and ensuring that all legitimate queries are answered immediately.
Typically, the marketing strategies employing social media by the public sector differ from those used by the private sector. These strategies can be broadly defined as follows:
E-participation, sometimes referred to as crowd sourcing, is the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers. E-participation can be a useful tool for government entities to solicit feedback and ideas from citizens and residents about new or existing public policies, services, and local issues. E-participation allows government entities to seek the participation and advice of its citizens to make changes that have a positive and meaningful impact on society. With crowd sourcing, residents in effect become the government’s think tank or advisory group for little or no cost. There are a number of tools and online platforms that can be used for e-participation campaigns including blogs, online social networking platforms, and wikis.
Through the use of these tools, governments can host numerous participative activities online and monitor the response and participation rates of the public. This can effectively allow government entities to easily gauge the success of public relations and marketing campaigns.
There are a number of policies and guidelines set out by governments to ensure that social media and various websites are being utilized to full capacity. In the U.A.E, the Emirates e-Government is responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining the e-Government programme at the federal level in the UAE, which includes policies for social media and e-participation use. They also recommend the design, content style, layout, and various accessibility features so as to make the entire aspect more attractive. The Emirates’ e-Government won the ‘Social Media Initiative of the year” award in 2011, commending the entire operation.
Abu Dhabi has many government portals which are used to offer information and advice on obtaining numerous government services such as a driver’s license and applying for visas, as well as services related to businesses, residents, and visitors. The primary government portal is the Abu Dhabi E-Government Gateway (www.abudhabi.ae), which serves as a focal point for government information and services. Residents can register an account with “MyAbuDhabi” whereby they can access services from different entities in a secure environment. In addition to improving their traditional online presence, the Abu Dhabi government has also started using social media networks such as Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook to enable quick and easy access to government entities. Through these social media accounts, government entities keep their followers updated on various government initiatives and services, respond to queries, and hold engaging sessions that stimulate discussions relevant to government policies and services.
Global public sector organizations and companies have been using social media extensively over the past six to seven years and realise the importance of achieving success through this platform by reaching out to the public as most are already actively engaged on these sites. Regionally, the use of social media in the public sector is a concept that is being slowly embraced in the Arab world and is now being considered one of the most important and powerful tools for implementing government initiatives as well as increasing transparency and accountability.
The United Arab Emirates has a very active social media base. It has the highest social media penetration rate in the Arab world as well as the highest smart phone penetration rate in the world. According to the GlobalWebIndex monitoring group, UAE residents spend an average of 3.3 hours per day on social media. Looking at these statistics, it is clear that the future of government communication in the UAE will rely heavily on social media.
Since the launch of the Emirates e-Government initiative a few years ago, many local Abu Dhabi government entities have followed suite in developing and expanding their e-services and online presence. The commitment to the development of a customer centric and effective e-government is evident at the GCC and Arab e-Government Awards. The UAE government entities have brought home the highest number of e-Government awards from the GCC Awards and the UAE is one of the highest ranked countries in the Arab World for e-Government. Today, the UAE Government as well as many local Abu Dhabi government departments have official pages on social media networks including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and other social media channels where citizens and residents can stay updated and participate in conversations on government services and programs. In addition to its social media presence, the UAE Government has also improved transparency and openness in sharing data and statistics with all citizens and residents through many websites and services including: www.government.ae, www.abudhabi.ae, www.scad.ae, www.uaeinteract.com, and many others.
A New Beginning
The use of social media has been extensive amongst individuals and business for several years. Businesses the world over have realized that to connect with their public they have to embrace social media platforms because, for all practical purposes, that’s where their public exists. Even if a business were to choose to employ new and inventive ways to use the old communication systems, he would quickly be left in the dust by his competitors who are all embracing social media. Governments who want to communicate with the public, to find out what they are thinking, to “get inside their minds,” are catching on quickly and revolutionizing in many cases how social media can be a great tool in government-to-citizen responsiveness.
This social media frenzy has only recently come about in the UAE public sector entities, particularly those in Abu Dhabi, where the sudden increase in usage has occurred over the past two years. Two public sector entities, The Abu Dhabi Education Council and The Abu Dhabi Tawteen Council, noted a significant increase in the number of fans on their Facebook Pages. Over the past two years, traffic on The Abu Dhabi Education Council Facebook page has more than doubled; The Abu Dhabi Tawteen Council noted a greater than 160% increase on theirs. These increases weren’t just good fortune or happenstance, but reflected the creativity and hard work these entities put into making their Facebook pages more visible, and providing not only more, but importantly, more usable information to their audiences.
Ten years hence we’ll look back on relatively primitive attempts at the use of social media to improve service, responsiveness, accountability, and transparency of business and government entities, much as we look back on the “quaint” early days of the World Wide Web. While Abu Dhabi, with the rest of the world, is still immature in the utilization of social media, and visionaries outside of and within government can see that there is still a long way to go, we can look at the progress of The Abu Dhabi Education Council and the Abu Dhabi Tawteen Council as only two examples that great strides have been taken, and will continue apace to make the public sector even more useful, even more responsive to that most important part of its name: The Public.
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Le fís Abu Dhabi 2030 i bhfeidhm, tá an-spreagúil ag baint úsáide as na meáin shóisialta i bpobal Abu Dhabi sa todhchaí. Tá ardáin ar líne curtha ar bun cheana féin ag an Rialtas Idirlíon sa tír le haghaidh rannpháirtíocht i-leictreonach na n-áitritheoirí lena n-áirítear suíomhanna meán sóisialta mar Flickr, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, agus Facebook. Cuireann sé seo ar chumas eintitis rialtais agus leath-rialtais na meáin seo a úsáid chun an pobal a chur i mbun a ngníomhaíochtaí agus a dtuairimí ar na seirbhísí agus na beartais a sholáthraíonn siad a thomhas.
Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh go héasca trí fhaisnéis a sholáthar faoi sheirbhísí agus gníomhaíochtaí, agallaimh thábhachtacha a phostáil ar líne, aiseolas a fháil trí vótaíochtaí tuairimí ar líne, agus a chinntiú go dtabharfar freagra láithreach ar gach ceist dlisteanach.
De ghnáth, tá na straitéisí margaíochta a úsáideann na meáin shóisialta ag an earnáil phoiblí difriúil ó na straitéisí a úsáideann an earnáil phríobháideach. Is féidir na straitéisí seo a shainiú go forleathan mar seo a leanas:
Is éard atá i gceist le rannpháirtíocht ar líne, a dtugtar foinseáil slua uaireanta, ná an próiseas chun seirbhísí, smaointe nó ábhar a theastaíonn a fháil trí thairiscintí a iarraidh ó ghrúpa mór daoine, agus go háirithe ó phobal ar líne, seachas ó fhostaithe nó soláthraithe traidisiúnta. Is féidir le rannpháirtíocht leictreonach a bheith ina uirlis úsáideach d'eintitis rialtais chun aiseolas agus smaointe a iarraidh ó shaoránaigh agus ó chónaitheoirí faoi bheartais, seirbhísí agus saincheisteanna áitiúla poiblí nua nó atá ann cheana. Is féidir le rannpháirtíocht leictreonach a chur ar chumas eintitis rialtais rannpháirtíocht agus comhairle a shaoránaigh a lorg chun athruithe a dhéanamh a bhfuil tionchar dearfach agus bríomhar acu ar an tsochaí. Le foinsí slua, is éard atá i gceist le cónaitheoirí a bheith mar theanga smaointe nó mar ghrúpa comhairleach an rialtais ar bheagán costas nó ar aon chostas. Tá roinnt uirlisí agus ardáin ar líne ann ar féidir iad a úsáid le haghaidh feachtais ríomh-pháirteachais lena n-áirítear blaganna, ardáin líonraithe sóisialta ar líne, agus wikis.
Trí úsáid a bhaint as na huirlisí seo, is féidir le rialtais a óstáil go leor gníomhaíochtaí rannpháirtíochta ar líne agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar na rátaí freagartha agus rannpháirtíochta an phobail. Is féidir leis seo a cheadú go héifeachtach d'eintitis rialtais rath na gcaidrimh phoiblí agus na bhfeachtais mhargaíochta a thomhas go héasca.
Tá roinnt beartas agus treoirlínte leagtha amach ag rialtais chun a chinntiú go bhfuil meáin shóisialta agus suíomhanna Gréasáin éagsúla á n-úsáid go hiomlán. Sa UAE, tá Rialtas leictreonach na nÉimíríochtaí freagrach as an gclár Rialtais leictreonach a fhorbairt, a chur i bhfeidhm agus a chothabháil ar an leibhéal cónaidhme sna UAE, lena n-áirítear beartais maidir le meáin shóisialta agus úsáid rannpháirtíochta leictreonaí. Molann siad freisin an dearadh, stíl an ábhair, leagan amach, agus gnéithe inrochtaineachta éagsúla chun an ghné iomlán a dhéanamh níos tarraingtí. Bhuaigh Rialtas leictreonach na nÉimíríochtaí Gradam "Inisceacht na Meán Sóisialta na Bliana" i 2011, ag moladh an oibríochta ar fad.
Tá go leor tairseacha rialtais ag Abu Dhabi a úsáidtear chun faisnéis agus comhairle a thairiscint maidir le go leor seirbhísí rialtais a fháil, mar shampla ceadúnas tiomána agus víosaí a chur i bhfeidhm, chomh maith le seirbhísí a bhaineann le gnólachtaí, cónaitheoirí agus cuairteoirí. Is é an príomh-phortal rialtais Geata Rialtais Eile Abu Dhabi (www.abudhabi.ae), a fheidhmíonn mar phointe fócasach le haghaidh faisnéise agus seirbhísí rialtais. Is féidir le cónaitheoirí cuntas a chlárú le MyAbuDhabi trína bhféadfaidh siad rochtain a fháil ar sheirbhísí ó eintitis éagsúla i dtimpeallacht slán. Chomh maith le feabhas a chur ar a láithreacht thraidisiúnta ar líne, tá rialtas Abu Dhabi tar éis líonraí meán sóisialta mar Twitter, LinkedIn agus Facebook a úsáid freisin chun rochtain tapa agus éasca a chur ar eintitis rialtais. Trí na cuntais meán sóisialta seo, coinníonn eintitis rialtais a lucht leanúna cothrom le dáta ar thionscnaimh agus seirbhísí éagsúla an rialtais, freagraíonn siad ar cheisteanna, agus reáchtálann siad seisiúin tarraingteach a spreagann plé a bhaineann le beartais agus seirbhísí an rialtais.
Tá eagraíochtaí agus cuideachtaí earnála poiblí domhanda ag baint úsáide as na meáin shóisialta go forleathan le sé nó seacht mbliana anuas agus tuigeann siad an tábhacht a bhaineann le rath a bhaint amach tríd an ardán seo trí shroich a bhaint amach chuig an bpobal mar go bhfuil an chuid is mó acu cheana féin ag gabháil go gníomhach ar na suíomhanna seo. Go réigiúnach, is coincheap é úsáid na meán sóisialta san earnáil phoiblí atá á glacadh go mall sa domhan Arabach agus tá sé á mheas anois mar cheann de na huirlisí is tábhachtaí agus is cumhachtaí chun tionscnaimh rialtais a chur i bhfeidhm chomh maith le trédhearcacht agus cuntasacht a mhéadú.
Tá bonn na meán sóisialta an-ghníomhach ag na hÉimíríochtaí Arabacha Aontaithe. Tá an ráta iontrála meán sóisialta is airde aige sa domhan Arabach chomh maith leis an ráta iontrála fón cliste is airde ar domhan. De réir an ghrúpa monatóireachta GlobalWebIndex, caitheann cónaitheoirí na hAmirí Aontaithe meán 3.3 uair an chloig in aghaidh an lae ar na meáin shóisialta. Ag féachaint ar na staitisticí seo, is léir go mbeidh an todhchaí cumarsáide rialtais sna EAU ag brath go mór ar na meáin shóisialta.
Ó seoladh tionscnamh Rialtais-Eleachtrach na nÉimíríochtaí cúpla bliain ó shin, lean go leor eintitis rialtais áitiúla Abu Dhabi an treoir i bhforbairt agus leathnú a gcuid seirbhísí leictreonacha agus a láithreacht ar líne. Tá an tiomantas do fhorbairt e-rialtóireacht éifeachtach atá dírithe ar an gcustaiméir le feiceáil ag Gradaim GCC agus Gradaim Arabach an Rialtais Leictreonaigh. Tá an líon is mó de dhámhachtainí e-Rialtais ó Dhámhachtainí GCC curtha ar fáil ag eintitis rialtais na EAE agus tá an UAE ar cheann de na tíortha is airde rangaithe sa Domhan Arabach maidir le e-Rialtas. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá leathanaigh oifigiúla ag Rialtas na hAEM agus ag go leor ranna rialtais áitiúla Abu Dhabi ar líonraí meán sóisialta lena n-áirítear Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube agus bealaí eile meán sóisialta inar féidir le saoránaigh agus cónaitheoirí fanacht cothrom le dáta agus páirt a ghlacadh i gcomhráite ar sheirbhísí agus cláir rialtais. Chomh maith lena láithreacht ar na meáin shóisialta, tá feabhas tagtha ar thrédhearcacht agus ar oscailteacht Rialtas na hÁireanna Aontaithe maidir le sonraí agus staitisticí a roinnt leis na saoránaigh agus leis na cónaitheoirí trí go leor suíomhanna Gréasáin agus seirbhísí lena n-áirítear: www.government.ae, www.abudhabi.ae, www.scad.ae, www.uaeinteract.com, agus go leor eile.
Tús Nua
Tá úsáid na meán sóisialta forleathan i measc daoine aonair agus gnó le roinnt blianta. Tá gnólachtaí ar fud an domhain tar éis a thuiscint go gcaithfidh siad ardáin na meán sóisialta a ghlacadh chun nascadh lena bpobal toisc, le haghaidh gach cuspóir praiticiúil, go bhfuil a bpobal ann. Fiú dá mbeadh gnó ag roghnú bealaí nua agus cruthaitheacha a úsáid chun na seanchórais cumarsáide a úsáid, d'fhágfadh a chuid iomaitheoirí a bhfuil na meáin shóisialta á nglacadh acu go léir é sa deatach. Tá rialtais atá ag iarraidh cumarsáid a dhéanamh leis an bpobal, a fháil amach cad atá á smaoineamh acu, "a bheith taobh istigh dá n-intinn", ag teacht ar aghaidh go tapa agus ag athrú i go leor cásanna conas is féidir leis na meáin shóisialta a bheith ina uirlis iontach i bhfreagracht an rialtais do shaoránaigh.
Níor tháinig an frenzy meán sóisialta seo ach le déanaí i ngníomhaíochtaí earnála poiblí na UAE, go háirithe iad siúd in Abu Dhabi, áit a bhfuil an méadú tobann ar úsáid tar éis tarlú le dhá bhliain anuas. Thug dhá eintiteas den earnáil phoiblí, Comhairle Oideachais Abu Dhabi agus Comhairle Tawteen Abu Dhabi, faoi deara méadú suntasach ar líon na lucht leanúna ar a gcuid Leathanaigh Facebook. Le dhá bhliain anuas, tá níos mó ná dúbailt tagtha ar thrácht ar leathanach Facebook Chomhairle Oideachais Abu Dhabi; thug Comhairle Tawteen Abu Dhabi faoi deara méadú níos mó ná 160% ar a gcuid féin. Ní raibh na méaduithe seo ach dea-fhortún nó ócáid, ach léiríodh an chruthaitheacht agus an obair chrua a chuir na heintitis seo chun a gcuid leathanaigh Facebook a dhéanamh níos infheicthe, agus ní hamháin níos mó, ach go tábhachtach, faisnéis níos inúsáidte a sholáthar dá lucht féachana.
Déag bliain ó seo, beidh muid ag breathnú siar ar iarrachtaí réasúnta primitive ag úsáid na meán sóisialta chun feabhas a chur ar sheirbhís, freagarthacht, cuntasacht, agus trédhearcacht na ngnólachtaí agus na n-eintitis rialtais, an oiread agus a fhéachann muid ar ais ar laethanta tosaigh an Ghréasáin Leathan Domhanda. Cé go bhfuil Abu Dhabi, leis an gcuid eile den domhan, fós neamh-aosta i n-úsáid na meán sóisialta, agus is féidir le daoine atá amuigh faoin rialtas agus laistigh den rialtas a fheiceáil go bhfuil bealach fada le dul fós, is féidir linn féachaint ar dhul chun cinn Chomhairle Oideachais Abu Dhabi agus Chomhairle Tawteen Abu Dhabi mar dhá shampla amháin go bhfuil céimeanna móra déanta, agus leanfaidh siad ar aghaidh go tapa chun an earnáil phoiblí a dhéanamh níos úsáideach fós, níos mó freagartha ar an chuid is tábhachtaí dá ainm: An Phobal.
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By Jirair Tutunjian, Toronto, September 2020
Gallipoli Day is a national holiday in Turkey. Thousands of students are bussed (expenses paid by the government) to Gallipoli while travel agencies provide bus tours to the public. Bombastic speeches are made, battle enactments are held, and songs of victory are sung. Countless garish banners and oversized blood-red flags of Turkey flutter across the blood-drenched grounds where 85,000 Ottoman soldiers were killed and 97,000 wounded during the nine-month battle against Allied troops in 1914-1915.
Turks consider Gallipoli the defining moment of modern Turkey. The ‘victory’ has also become an ersatz religious event per Erdogan who ascribes the ‘triumph’ to Islam. Turkish historian Kenan Celik says: “They’re telling people ‘We won this by the hands of God.’” Rather than give credit to Germany, Turkey has blithely appropriated the victory. Welcome to the Mecca of Turkish religioso nationalists.[While Turkey identifies its Gallipoli army as Turkish, it conceals the fact that the Gallipoli army was multiethnic with Arabs, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and Kurds along with Turks. Capt. Sarkis Torossian (1891-1954) was congratulated by Enver Pasha for his bravery at Gallipoli. But Turks, well versed in Armenian Genocide denial, question the existence of Torossian. Shortly after the Gallipoli battle, Turkish troops killed Torossian’s parents.]
Although the Turkish ‘victory’ was a farce, it’s understandable why a desperate Turkey saw the need to transform a battle–far away from the main theatres of war–to a crucial event. A country which had lost the overwhelming majority of its wars in the previous two centuries needed to elevate Gallipoli to mythic heights.
The German military began to cooperate with the sad sack Ottoman army in the mid-1750s. In the 19th century, one of the greatest military strategists and theorists Karl Bernhard von Moltke led the upgrading of Ottoman army training. General Field Marshal Freiherr von der Goltz succeeded von Moltke. But despite German efforts, the Sick Man of Europe kept losing wars to the Russians, Italians, the English, and French and even to the weaker Greeks, Bulgarians, and Serbians.
In 1911 to 1912, the Italians gave a bloody nose to the Ottomans as they wrested Libya from them. From 1912 to 1913, the Ottomans lost the First Balkan War. In the process they also lost 83 percent of their Balkan territories and 60 percent of the Turkish population.
After Turkey’s defeat in the First Balkan War, grand vizier Muhammad Sefket Pasha wrote: “I intend to send for a German military mission in the grand scale and, if necessary, I shall even intend to send for a Germany military mission and appoint a German general to command a Turkish army corps, place German staff and regimental officers in command of every unit…and in this way form a model army corps.”
Thus, Gen. Marshal Liman von Sanders became the commander of the Ottoman Fifth Army which was responsible for the defense of Gallipoli. Some 500 German officers accompanied him and assigned key functions. The German officers were in charge of strategy, of laying underwater mines, placing cannons on both shores of the Dardanelles Straits, and training the Ottoman army. As such, they played wide-ranging and key roles in the land, sea, and aerial battles. As expected, howitzer units, 35.5 centimeter guns, mines, anti-submarine barriers, and the batteries were furnished by Germany. Without German leadership, the cannon fodder ‘Turkish’ army would have rolled and died.
In his memoirs titled “Five Years in Turkey”, von Sanders wrote about the Turkish defenses before the arrival of the Germans: “…those military preparations, which the Turkish headquarters had ordered between February 20 and March 1 to meet a successful passage of the allied fleet through the Dardanelles, might have been fatal. Had these [Turkish] orders been carried out, the course of the World War would have been given such a turn in the spring of 1915 that Germany and Austria would have had to continue the struggle without Turkey, because these orders exposed the Dardanelles to a hostile landing!”
One can effortlessly blame the British and French military leaders for the high casualties of ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand) troops: More than 8,700 Australian soldiers were killed and 19,441 wounded at Gallipoli. New Zealand dead were close to 2,800 and the wounded totaled 5,212. British and Irish dead were 21,255 and French losses 10,000. The high ANZAC casualties were the result of several badly-planned and highly-dangerous missions ANZAC troops were ordered to undertake.
One big winner at Gallipoli was one Mustafa Kemal—a lieutenant-colonel–who had just returned from the Libyan War Turkey, had lost to Italy. Somehow he became the hero of Gallipoli. In the fifty-five pages devoted to the Gallipoli Battle, von Sanders mentioned Col. Kemal (commander of the 19th Division) several times but far less frequently than he did that of Jhaved Pasha and Essad Pash. At the end of the Gallipoli campaign, Jhavad Pasha was given command of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Von Sanders’ memoirs are replete with the names of German officers: Admiral von Usedom, Captains Pieper, Nicolai, Wassildo, Prigge, Muhlmann, and Colonels Wehrle and few mentions of Turkish officers.
Without taking the credit from the Germans … the Allied forces were fated to lose: they had no realistic goals or coherent plan, and carried too many inexperienced troops. Lack of sufficient intelligence data, negligible artillery support, and inadequate logistical and medical arrangements were other challenges.
Why haven’t the Germans revealed it was their troops who made the Turkish” victory possible? In the ‘20s Germany continued to be friendly with Turkey and even allowed genocidier Young Turk leaders to live in Germany. In the ‘30s, Germany wouldn’t contradict the Turks because Ataturk was Hitler’s hero. The Nazi dictator admired the Turks for the efficient “deportation” of Armenians. Hitler planned to imitate his idol and “remove” Jews from Europe. After WWII, Turkey and Germany became NATO members and renewed their bond. There are about four million Turks in Germany.
Meanwhile, Turks–desperate for military victory–make a bee-line to Gallipoli to celebrate a shameful sham. It takes a special kind of inferiority complex and self-deception to claim another’s victory. People who steal the words of others are called plagiarist. What’s the word for a state which steals the credit of another state’s victory? But then again, Turks are past-masters at fabrication. After all, they discovered America, were the first to explore outer space, and their languages is the mother of all languages although most major Turkish newspapers are named Cumhuriyet, Hurriyet, Sabah, Hayat, Istiklal, and Vatan—all Arabic words. Zaman, which is Arabic for time, was shut down by…you guessed it…fabricator-in-chief Recep Erdogan.
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Le Jirair Tutunjian, Toronto, Meán Fómhair 2020
Is saoire náisiúnta é Lá Gallipoli sa Tuirc. Tá na mílte mac léinn i mbusanna (a íocann an rialtas) go Gallipoli agus cuireann gníomhaireachtaí taistil turais bus ar fáil don phobal. Déantar óráidí bombastic, déantar ceoldrámaí cathartha, agus cantar amhráin bua. Tá banners garbh gan áireamh agus bratacha móra fola na Tuirce ag eitilt ar fud na gcríoch fuilteach ina maraíodh 85,000 saighdiúir Ottoman agus ina ndearnadh 97,000 díobháil le linn na cath naoi mí i gcoinne trúpaí na gComhghuaillithe i 1914-1915.
Measann na Tuircis go bhfuil Gallipoli an nóiméad sainmhínithe na Tuirce nua-aimseartha. Tá an victory freisin ina ócáid reiligiúnach ersatz i gcás Erdogan a thugann an triumf don Ioslam. Deir an staire Tuircis Kenan Celik: "Tá siad ag insint do dhaoine go bhfuair muid é seo trí lámha Dé. " Seachas creidiúint a thabhairt don Ghearmáin, tá an Tuirc tar éis an bua a úinéireacht go gleoite. Fáilte go dtí an Mecca na náisiúnaithe reiligiúnacha Tuircis. [Cé go n-aithníonn an Tuirc a arm Gallipoli mar Tuircis, déanann sé an fhíric go raibh arm Gallipoli il-eitneach le hArábánaigh, Airméiniaigh, Gréagaigh, Giúdaigh agus Curdais chomh maith le Tuircis. Captaen. Chuir Enver Pasha fáilte roimh Sarkis Torossian (1891-1954) as a chuid misneach i Gallipoli. Ach tá amhras ag na Tuircis, atá eolach go maith ar dhiúltú Ghinóisíd na nArmáine, ar an bhfíor-fhiosrúchán faoi Torossian. Go gairid tar éis cath Gallipoli, mharaigh trúpaí na Tuirce tuismitheoirí Torossian.]
Cé gur farsa a bhí sa 'bhronntanas' Tuircis, is féidir a thuiscint cén fáth a chonaic an Tuirc díomá go raibh gá le cath a athrú - i bhfad ó phríomh-theatraí na cogaidh - go dtí imeacht ríthábhachtach. Bhí ar thír a chaill an chuid is mó dá chogaí sna dhá chéad bliain roimhe sin Gallipoli a ardú go dtí airde miotaseolaíochta.
Thosaigh an míleata Gearmánach ag comhoibriú leis an arm Ottoman sacair brónach i lár na 1750idí. Sa 19ú haois, bhí ceann de na straitéisí agus na teoiricí míleata is mó Karl Bernhard von Moltke i gceannas ar uasghrádú oiliúna arm na hOttomane. Tháinig an t-Aire-Chamhairleach Freiherr von der Goltz i gcomharbacht ar von Moltke. Ach in ainneoin iarrachtaí na Gearmáine, lean an Fear Breoite san Eoraip ag cailleadh cogaí leis na Rúise, na hIodáile, na Sasanaigh, agus na Fraince agus fiú leis na Gréagaigh, na Bulgáire, agus na Seirbiaigh níos laige.
I 1911 go 1912, thug na hIodáileacha srón folaithe do na hOtamánaigh agus iad ag cur an Libia as a lámha. Ó 1912 go 1913, chaill na hOtamáin an Chéad Chogadh Bhailcáin. Sa phróiseas seo chaill siad 83 faoin gcéad dá gcríocha na mBalcán agus 60 faoin gcéad de dhaonra na Tuirce.
Tar éis an Tuirc a bheith caillte sa Chéad Chogadh Bhailcánach, scríobh an Grand Vizier Muhammad Sefket Pasha: "Tá sé ar intinn agam misean míleata na Gearmáine a sheoladh ar an scála mór agus, más gá, beidh sé ar intinn agam misean míleata na Gearmáine a sheoladh agus ginearál Gearmánach a cheapadh chun corp arm na Tuirce a cheannú, foirne Gearmánach agus oifigeach regimental a chur i gceannas ar gach aonad ... agus ar an mbealach seo corp arm samhail a chruthú. "
Dá bhrí sin, Gen. Tháinig an Máirseal Liman von Sanders mar cheannasaí ar an gCúigiú Arm Ottoman a bhí freagrach as cosaint Gallipoli. Bhí thart ar 500 oifigeach Gearmánach ag gabháil leis agus cuireadh príomhfheidhmeanna air. Bhí na hoifigigh Ghearmáinise i gceannas ar straitéis, mianaigh faoi uisce a leagan, gunnaí a chur ar an dá chósta de Slat na Dardanelles, agus an t-arm Ottoman a oiliúint. Mar sin, bhí ról leathan agus lárnach acu i gcathracha talún, farraige agus aeir. Mar a bhíothas ag súil leis, chuir an Ghearmáin aonaid howitzer, gunnaí 35.5 ceintiméadar, mianaigh, bacainní frith-submarine, agus na cadhnraí ar fáil. Gan ceannaireacht na Gearmáine, bheadh an arm canóin "Turcach" tar éis rolladh agus bás a fháil.
Ina chuimhní cinn dar teideal "Cúig Bliain sa Tuirc", scríobh von Sanders faoi chosaint na Tuirce roimh theacht na Gearmáine: "D'fhéadfadh na ullmhúcháin mhíleata sin, a d'ordaigh an ceanncheathrú Tuirce idir Feabhra 20 agus Márta 1 chun freastal ar thrasnú rathúil an chabhlaigh chomhghuaillíochta trí na Dardanelles, a bheith fatale. Dá ndéanfaí na horduithe [Túrcach] seo a chur i bhfeidhm, bheadh an cúrsa sa Chogadh Domhanda curtha i láthair sa earrach 1915 go mbeadh ar an nGearmáin agus ar an Ostair leanúint den streachailt gan an Tuirc, toisc go raibh na horduithe seo ag nochtadh na Dardanelles do thuirlingt naimhdeach!
Is féidir le duine a chur ar na ceannairí míleata na Breataine agus na Fraince as an líon mór caillteanais a bhí ag trúpaí ANZAC (an Astráil agus an Nua-Shéalainn): Maraíodh níos mó ná 8,700 saighdiúir Astrálach agus gortaíodh 19,441 i Gallipoli. Bhí beagnach 2,800 marbh sa Nua-Shéalainn agus 5,212 díobháil san iomlán. Bhí 21,255 marbh sa Bhreatain agus san Éireannach agus 10,000 caillteanas sa Fhrainc. Bhí na caillteanais ANZAC arda mar thoradh ar roinnt misean droch-phleanáilte agus an-chontúirteach a ordú do thrúpaí ANZAC a dhéanamh.
Bhí buaiteoir mór amháin ag Gallipoli ar cheann Mustafa Kemal - Leifteanant-colún - a bhí díreach tar éis filleadh ó an Libyan Cogadh an Tuirc, chaill sé go dtí an Iodáil. Ar bhealach éigin tháinig sé ar an laoch de Gallipoli. Sna cúig leathanach agus caoga a bhí tiomanta do Cath Gallipoli, luaigh von Sanders Col. Kemal (comhairleoir an 19ú Rannóg) roinnt uaireanta ach i bhfad níos lú ná mar a rinne sé sin de Jhaved Pasha agus Essad Pash. Ag deireadh an fheachtais Gallipoli, tugadh ordú do Jhavad Pasha ar Chéannaig Gallipoli. Tá cuimhneacháin Von Sanders lán de ainmneacha oifigeach Gearmánach: Admiral von Usedom, Captains Pieper, Nicolai, Wassildo, Prigge, Muhlmann, agus Colonels Wehrle agus cúpla lua de oifigeach Tuircis.
Gan an creidiúint a ghlacadh ó na Gearmánaigh ... bhí na fórsaí Comhghuaillithe i ndán dóibh a chailleadh: ní raibh aon spriocanna réalaíocha ná plean comhleanúnach acu, agus bhí ró-dhaoine gan taithí acu. Bhí deacrachtaí eile ag easpa sonraí faisnéise leordhóthanacha, tacaíocht ardaitheora neamh-inmhianaithe, agus socruithe loighisticeacha agus leighis neamhleor.
Cén fáth nach bhfuil na Gearmánaigh nochtadh go raibh sé a gcuid trúpaí a rinne an bua Tuircis is féidir? Sna 1920idí lean an Ghearmáin de bheith cairdiúil leis an Tuirc agus cheadaigh sí fiú do cheannairí géinideacha Young Turk cónaí sa Ghearmáin. Sna 30idí, ní bheadh an Ghearmáin ag cur in aghaidh na Tuircis toisc go raibh Ataturk ina laoch Hitler. Bhí meas ag an dicteoir Náisiúnach ar na Tuircis as "deoradh" éifeachtach na nArmáineach. Bhí sé i gceist ag Hitler a ídoll a shamhlú agus na Giúdaigh a bhaint as an Eoraip. Tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, tháinig an Tuirc agus an Ghearmáin ina mbaill den NATO agus d'athnuachan a gceangal. Tá thart ar cheithre mhilliún Turcach sa Ghearmáin.
Idir an dá linn, na Turcaí - despairing for military victory - make a bee-line to Gallipoli to celebrate a shameful sham. Tógann sé cineál speisialta de chastacht níos lú agus féin-mealladh chun bua eile a éileamh. Tugtar plagiarist ar dhaoine a ghoid focal daoine eile. Cad é an focal do stát a ghoidíonn creidmheas bua stáit eile? Ach ar an láimh eile, tá na Tuircis ina mháistir i ndearadh. Tar éis an tsaoil, d'aimsigh siad Meiriceá, ba iad na chéad daoine a rinne iniúchadh ar spás seachtrach, agus is í a dteangacha máthair na dteangacha go léir cé go dtugtar Cumhuriyet, Hurriyet, Sabah, Hayat, Istiklal, agus Vatan ar an gcuid is mó de na nuachtáin mhóra Tuircis - na focail Arabach go léir. Dúnadh Zaman, is é sin an t-am i nGaeilge, ag... bhraith tú é... an príomh-mhonaróir Recep Erdogan.
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America’s pioneer prophet of freedom, a man intensively active as a Puritan but offensive to the classic American Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company led by John Winthrop’s powerful vision of a “city on a hill,” is none other than Roger Williams. For our week long visit with Lukas and his family on Cape Cod I chose to read John Barry’s Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul. This is one of the finest biographies I’ve ever read — magnificent in scope, able to keep the narrative arc clear and constantly in view, and incisive in analysis. If you care about the relationship of the church and state, Barry’s book is a must.
The Puritans came to the New World in the 17th Century out of angst over King James and the threat to purity for the Anglican Church that the Puritans envisioned; they came to the New World to create a Christian (Puritan, Calvinist) society and were both intolerant of others (they hanged and flayed Quakers). Barry’s depiction of the Puritans, which needs to be read against Edmund Morgan’s The Puritan Dilemma, is not unlike Nathaniel Hawthorne’s famous The Scarlet Letter — to be sure, Barry’s not as relentless but neither is he worried about revealing their fastidiousness and hypocrisy, like demanding someone in each home have a light on 15 minutes after the city’s early bell rang.
Just as Puritan but of a completely different order, Roger Williams offered a completely different vision for what New England could be — instead of a city on a hill he wanted a refuge for liberty. Williams has suffered under historians, some of whom see him as nothing but a theologian and therefore unworthy of serious political though, while others (from Isaac Backus to Perry Miller) saw him behind America’s experiment in freedom. Some see him behind Jefferson and Locke. One man said the Puritans wanted freedom themselves but Williams wanted freedom for humanity.
Notably, Williams is on the Reformation Wall in Geneva. In the center (pictured to the right) are the four great Reformers: Farel, Calvin, Beza and Knox. To their left is Roger Williams (pictured above).
1. Williams was born in England, influenced heavily by Edward Coke and Francis Bacon (this needed more detail in Barry’s book for he often made the claim), observant of the way authority and power and freedom worked in England, came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a pastor but his strong statements about freedom of conscience and that the state was not to coerce humans with respect to the First Table of the Ten Commandments (about God) but only the Second Table led to his excommunication. He went to Salem but got into the struggle with the authorities of Boston leaning on Salem, went to Plymouth Plantation, then back to Salem where he was kicked out and escaped (barely because of a snow storm) into the wilderness where the Indians protected him … eventually to Providence Plantation which became “Rhode Island and Providence Plantation” (and is today the official name). He went back and forth to London a few times but eventually settled and established a Plantation that would respect and legalize freedom of conscience.
2. Williams was into what is called Soul Liberty, that is the freedom of a person to believe what they want, to express their mind without disturbing society (too much), and that the government was to protect that freedom. So Catholics and Quakers and Baptists and Anglicans and others all found a home in Rhode Island due to Williams’ vision.
3. At the heart of Barry’s book is the tension one finds in American history: between the Puritan vision of a Christian nation and the Williams vision of soul liberty. That tension exists today between some in the GOP and others among the Democrats, often enough between Christians themselves. It can be put like this: If the Bible is God’s will, it is God’s will for all, and if it is for all then the Christian is obliged to work for that will. That’s the Winthrop vision reduced to simplicities, but I think not overly so. Williams said we live in a world where not all are Christians and where not all Christians think alike, and since humans err and since government is the authority of the people (not the divine right of kings, as seen in King James, which is what the Puritans were trying to get away from), then the state is not to coerce its people into conformity to “God’s will” as perceived by the Puritans. Therefore, his key theme was liberty. Liberty first and the population will decide, but it will never coerce the conscience. The rule of law ensures that a king or a tyrant cannot take over the consciences of the people.
Christian politics today can be seen through the options: Is it Winthrop or is it Williams?
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Is é Roger Williams aon duine eile ná Prophet saoirse ceannródaíoch Mheiriceá, fear a bhí gníomhach go dian mar Púrtanas ach a bhí mí-ghnácha ag na Púrtanóirí Meiriceánacha clasaiceacha de Chuideachta Bhaile Massachusetts faoi stiúir John Winthrop, a raibh fís chumhachtach aige ar "chathair ar chnoc". Ar feadh na seachtaine a bhí againn ag tabhairt cuairte ar Lukas agus a theaghlach ar Cape Cod roghnaigh mé leabhar John Barry Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul a léamh. Tá sé seo ar cheann de na beathaisnéisí is fearr a léigh mé riamh - iontach i raon feidhme, in ann an t-arc scéalaíochta a choinneáil soiléir agus i gcónaí i bhfianaise, agus incisive in anailís. Má tá cúram agat faoi chaidreamh na heaglaise agus an stáit, is gá leabhar Barry a léamh.
Tháinig na Púrtanóirí chuig an Domhan Nua sa 17ú haois as eagla ar Rí Seumas agus an bagairt ar íonacht don Eaglais Anglacach a shamhlaigh na Púrtanóirí; tháinig siad chuig an Domhan Nua chun sochaí Chríostaí (Púrtan, Cailfíneach) a chruthú agus bhí siad araon neamhdhíonach do dhaoine eile (bhí siad ag crochadh agus ag scriosadh Quakers). Tá léiriú Barry ar na Puritans, a chaithfidh a léamh i gcoinne Edmund Morgan's The Puritan Dilemma, ní dhifriúil ó The Scarlet Letter cáiliúil Nathaniel Hawthorne cinnte, níl Barry chomh neamhshóchasach ach ní bhíonn imní air a gcuid fastidiousness agus hypocrisius a nochtadh, cosúil le éileamh ar dhuine i ngach teach solas a bheith aige ar 15 nóiméad tar éis an tsingle a bhuail go luath sa chathair.
Díreach mar Púrtan ach d'ordú go hiomlán difriúil, thairg Roger Williams fís go hiomlán difriúil maidir le cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i Nua-Eabhrac in ionad cathrach ar chnoc a theastaigh uaidh mar thearmann don tsaoirse. Williams ag fulaingt faoi stairiúnaithe, cuid acu a fheiceáil air mar rud ar bith ach teolaí agus dá bhrí sin unworthy de tromchúiseach polaitiúil cé, cé go bhfuil daoine eile (ó Isaac Backus go Perry Miller) chonaic sé taobh thiar de America's turgnamh i saoirse. Feictear dó roinnt taobh thiar de Jefferson agus Locke. Dúirt fear amháin gur theastaigh ó na Púrtaigh saoirse dóibh féin ach theastaigh ó Williams saoirse don chine daonna.
Go háirithe, tá Williams ar Balla na Leasaithe i Ginéive. Sa lár (sa phictiúr ar dheis) tá na ceithre Athchóirithe móra: Farel, Calvin, Beza agus Knox. Ar a n-ais is é Roger Williams (sa phictiúr thuas).
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Rugadh Williams i Sasana, agus bhí tionchar mór aige ar Edward Coke agus Francis Bacon (ba cheart tuilleadh sonraí a thabhairt faoi seo i leabhar Barry mar go minic a rinne sé an t-éileamh), agus bhí sé ag faire ar an mbealach a raibh údarás agus cumhacht agus saoirse ag obair i Sasana, tháinig sé go Colúin Bhaile Massachusetts chun a bheith ina chaomhnóir ach bhí a ráitis láidre faoi shaoirse coinsiasa agus nach raibh an stát chun daoine a fhoréigean maidir leis an Chéad Tábla de na Deich nAitheanta (maidir le Dia) ach ní raibh ach an Dara Tábla ina chúis lena excommunication. Chuaigh sé go Salem ach chuaigh sé i ngleic le húdaráis Boston ag brath ar Salem, chuaigh sé go Plandaíocht Plymouth, ansin ar ais go Salem áit ar cuireadh amach é agus éalú (níl ach mar gheall ar stoirm sneachta) isteach sa bhfírinne áit a raibh na hIndiaigh ag cosaint dó ... sa deireadh go Plantation Providence a tháinig chun bheith ina Rhode Island agus Providence Plantation (agus is é an t-ainm oifigiúil inniu). Chuaigh sé ar ais go Londain cúpla uair ach sa deireadh shocraigh sé agus bhunaigh sé Plantation a d'fhéadfadh saoirse coinsiasa a urramú agus a dhlíthiú.
2. Seachadadh. Bhí Williams i méid a dtugtar Soul Saoirse, is é sin an tsaoirse duine a chreidiúint cad ba mhaith leo, a gcuid smaointe a chur in iúl gan a chur isteach ar an tsochaí (ró-), agus go raibh an rialtas a chosaint ar an tsaoirse. Mar sin, fuair Caitlicigh agus Quakers agus Baisteoirí agus Anglicans agus daoine eile go léir teach i Rhode Island mar gheall ar fhís Williams.
3. Tá an t-am ann. I gcroílár leabhar Barry tá an teannas a fhaightear i stair Mheiriceá: idir an fhís Púrtannach ar náisiún Críostaí agus an fhís Williams ar shaoirse anam. Tá an teannas sin ann inniu idir cuid de na GOP agus daoine eile i measc na nDaonlathaithe, go minic go leor idir na Críostaithe féin. Is féidir é a chur mar seo: Má tá an Bíobla toil Dé, tá sé toil Dé do gach duine, agus má tá sé do gach duine ansin tá an Críostaí faoi oibleagáid a bheith ag obair don toil sin. Is é sin fís Winthrop a laghdaítear go simplíochtaí, ach ní dóigh liom go bhfuil sé ró-shimplí. Dúirt Williams go bhfuilimid ag maireachtáil i ndomhan nach Críostaithe iad go léir agus nach gceapann Críostaithe go léir mar an gcéanna, agus ós rud é go ndéanann daoine botún agus ós rud é go bhfuil rialtas ar údarás na ndaoine (ní ceart diaga na ríthe, mar a fheictear i Rí James, agus is é sin an rud a bhí ag iarraidh na Púrtanóirí a fháil amach), ansin ní bheidh an stát ag éirí ar a mhuintir a bheith ag teacht le toil Dé mar a thuig na Púrtanóirí. Dá bhrí sin, ba í saoirse a phríomhthéama. Saoirse ar dtús agus an daonra a chinneadh, ach ní bheidh sé a fhorchur ar an coinsiasa. Cinntíonn riail an dlí nach féidir le rí nó le tiran cur i bhfeidhm ar choinsiasa na ndaoine.
Is féidir polaitíocht Chríostaí a fheiceáil inniu trí na roghanna: An é Winthrop nó an é Williams?
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The sinking of the
After Wilson threatened war Berlin backed off its submarine warfare policies, promising to refrain from attacks on passenger ships and to provide warning before torpedoing other vessels. For the time being, the United States stayed out of the war. Wilson said there was such a thing as being "too proud to fight." He saw his country and himself as the last hopes for a mediated end to the European war.
The Allied powers, meanwhile, were trading freely with the United States, confident that if Americans ever fought it would be on their side. They hoped to bring about United States intervention against Germany. German naval policy had brought
about a great diplomatic setback. All Berlin could do now was try to keep the United States out of the war.2
In hindsight it is easy to see that Berlin should have paid closer attention to the diplomatic repercussions of prior submarine attacks, such as the Falaba and Gulflight. Had the Germans understood how the death of Leon C. Thrasher overshadowed British ignorance of American neutrality, they might have taken more precautions to prevent the Lusitania incident from happening. But the incident did occur and Washington had, as a result, placed Germany on a sort of probation.
That probationary period lasted until the beginning of 1917. The worsening economic situation in Germany brought about by the British naval blockade, the stalemate on the Western Front in 1916, and the notion that Germany could bring Britain to her knees before a militarily unprepared United States could offer decisive military assistance, led Berlin to scrap its promises regarding submarine attacks. On January 9, 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II, acting on the insistence of Generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff (the real powers in Germany), officially authorized German submarines to attack neutral as well as enemy ships in the war zone. The policy was announced to the world on January 31 to go into effect the next day. This was the "Unrestricted Submarine Warfare" declaration.3
The German declaration destroyed Wilson's last hopes for a mediated end to World War I. Washington now faced a crisis with Berlin. The prospect loomed that German submarines would force the United States into that horrible war. Angry over the German policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare as well as the discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram (a proposal for an alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of an American intervention) Wilson went to the Congress on April 2 for a declaration of war. Four days later, on the 6th, the United States formally declared war on Imperial Germany. From then on most Americans united behind the war effort. Even the Bryan Democrats, who had earlier supported impartial neutrality, accepted the futility of trying to stay neutral.4
The war would drag on for more than a year before Berlin accepted defeat and agreed to an armistice. The armistice signed at Compi�gne on November 11, 1918, ended the fighting and cleared the way for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Woodrow Wilson's failed hopes for a mediated end to the war no longer mattered, for now he could pursue his ultimate dream of a post-war league of nations.
The question of whether a mediated settlement could have been reached can never be determined with absolute certainty. Had the Germans listened to American warnings after the Falaba incident and avoided the Lusitania problem a whole host of other things still could have drawn the United States into war. The fact remains, though, that both sides might have favored mediation after the terrible 1916 battles on the Western Front that bled them white with casualties in the millions. After April 1917 any hope of this was gone for the Allies saw a chance for victory with fresh American troops and equipment.
1. Colin Simpson, The Lusitania (Boston:
Little, Brown and Company, 1972), p. 10.
2. James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of World War I (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1981), p. 113.
3. Lloyd E. Ambrosius, Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism During World War I
(Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1991), pp. 81-82.
4. Ibid., p. 87.
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| 0.956394 | 861 | 4 | 4 |
An tuitim an
Tar éis do Wilson bagairt cogaidh a dhéanamh, d'fhág Beirlín a bheartais chogaidh faoi bhroinn, ag gealladh gan ionsaí a dhéanamh ar longa paisinéirí agus rabhadh a thabhairt sula ndéanfaidh sé soithí eile a torpedo. Go dtí sin, d'fhan na Stáit Aontaithe as an gcogadh. Dúirt Wilson go raibh rud éigin mar a bheith "ró-bhródúil chun troid". Chonaic sé a thír féin agus é féin mar na dóchais dheireanacha le haghaidh deireadh idirghabhála leis an gcogadh san Eoraip.
Bhí na cumhachtaí Comhghuaillithe, san am céanna, ag trádáil go saor leis na Stáit Aontaithe, muiníneach go mbeadh Meiriceánaigh ar a thaobh má throid siad riamh. Bhí súil acu idirghabháil na Stát Aontaithe i gcoinne na Gearmáine a thabhairt. Bhí polasaí cabhlaigh na Gearmáine
faoi a great setback taidhleoireachta. Ní raibh aon rud eile le déanamh ag an mBirlín anois ná iarracht a dhéanamh na Stáit Aontaithe a choinneáil amach as an gcogadh.2
I bhfianaise an ama, is furasta a fheiceáil gur cheart do Bheirlín aird níos mó a thabhairt ar na héifeachtaí taidhleoireachta a bhí ag ionsaithe faoi mhuir roimhe seo, mar shampla an Falaba agus an Gulflight. Dá mbeadh na Gearmánaigh tuisceanach ar an gcaoi a raibh bás Leon C. Thrasher ag cur scáth ar aineolas na Breataine ar neodracht Mheiriceá, d'fhéadfadh siad níos mó réamhchúraimí a dhéanamh chun cosc a chur ar eachtra Lusitania tarlú. Ach tharla an eachtra agus Washington bhí, mar thoradh air sin, curtha sa Ghearmáin ar chineál próiseála.
Mhair an tréimhse tástála sin go dtí tús 1917. Mar gheall ar an staid eacnamaíoch ag dul in olcas sa Ghearmáin a bhí mar thoradh ar bhacáiste cabhlaigh na Breataine, an stalemate ar an gCuain Thiar i 1916, agus an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh an Ghearmáin an Bhreatain a chur ar a glúine sula bhféadfaí cúnamh míleata cinntitheach a thairiscint do na Stáit Aontaithe a bhí neamhullmhaithe go míleata, thug sé ar Bheirlín a gealltanais maidir le hionsaithe faoi bhád a scrapadh. Ar 9 Eanáir, 1917, d'údaraigh Kaiser Wilhelm II, ag gníomhú ar éileamh na Ginearálaigh Paul von Hindenburg agus Erich Ludendorff (na fíorchumhachtaí sa Ghearmáin), faoi-uisceacha Gearmánach go hoifigiúil chun ionsaí neodrach a dhéanamh chomh maith le longa namhaid sa chrios cogaidh. Fógraíodh an beartas don domhan ar an 31 Eanáir chun dul i bhfeidhm an lá dar gcionn. Ba é seo an dearbhú "Cogadh Submarine Gan Srian".3
D'fhág an dearbhú Gearmánach dóchas deireanach Wilson maidir le deireadh idirghabhála a chur leis an gCéad Chogadh Domhanda. Bhí géarchéim ag Washington anois le Berlin. Bhí an t-ionchas ann go gcuirfeadh faoi-uisceáin na Gearmáine na Stáit Aontaithe isteach sa chogadh uafásach sin. Bhí Wilson feargach ar bheartas na Gearmáine maidir le Cogadh Submarine Gan Srian chomh maith le fionnachtadh an Teileagraim Zimmerman (togra le haghaidh comhghuaillíocht idir an Ghearmáin agus Meicsiceo i gcás idirghabháil Mheiriceá) chuaigh sé chuig an gComhdháil an 2 Aibreán chun cogadh a dhearbhú. Ceithre lá ina dhiaidh sin, ar an 6ú, dhearbhaigh na Stáit Aontaithe cogadh go foirmiúil ar Impireacht na Gearmáine. Ón uair sin ar aghaidh aontaigh formhór na Meiriceánach taobh thiar den iarracht cogaidh. Fiú amháin na Daonlathaithe Bryan, a bhí ag tacú le neodracht neamhchlaonta roimhe seo, d'admhaigh siad go raibh sé amaideach iarracht a dhéanamh fanacht neodrach.4
Bhí an cogadh ag dul ar aghaidh ar feadh níos mó ná bliain sula nglacfadh Beirlín leis an gcion agus go n-aontaigh sé le hairm. Chuir an t-armhéid a síníodh i Compiègne an 11 Samhain 1918 deireadh leis an troid agus d'fhág sé an bealach le haghaidh Chomhdháil Síochána Pháras na bliana 1919. Ní raibh aon tábhacht le dóchas thit Woodrow Wilson maidir le deireadh idirghabhála leis an gcogadh, mar anois d'fhéadfadh sé a aisling deiridh a shaothrú maidir le líog na náisiún i ndiaidh an chogaidh.
Ní féidir an cheist a chinneadh go cinnte riamh an bhféadfaí réiteach idirghabhála a bhaint amach. Dá mbeadh na Gearmánaigh ag éisteacht le rabhadh Mheiriceá tar éis eachtra Falaba agus an fhadhb Lusitania a sheachaint d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh slua mór rudaí eile fós tar éis na Stáit Aontaithe a tharraingt isteach sa chogadh. Fágann an fírinne, áfach, go bhféadfadh an dá thaobh a bheith i bhfabhar idirghabháil tar éis na cathanna uafásacha 1916 ar an gCéad Chuain Thiar a chuir fuil bán orthu le mílte caillteanais. Tar éis Aibreán 1917 bhí aon dóchas go raibh sé seo imithe mar chonaic na Comhghuaillithe seans chun bua le trúpaí agus trealamh nua Mheiriceá.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Colin Simpson, An Lusitania (Boston:
Little, Brown and Company, 1972), lch. 10.
2. Seachadadh. James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of World War I (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1981), p. 113.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Lloyd E. Ambrosius, Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism During World War I
(Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1991), pp. 81-82.
4. Tá an t-am An áit chéanna, lch. 87.
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Charter schools offer a lifeline to parents who can’t afford to pay private tuition or move to a better neighborhood. The rapid expansion of charters has done more to spread high quality education in America’s cities than perhaps any other modern reform. And yet, the way charters enroll students could be improved. Several cities have recently adopted a simple reform that has increased access to charter schools among disadvantaged parents.
In most cities, when the number of applicants to a charter exceeds the number of seats available, enrollment offers are determined randomly. The process ensures that all applicants have an equal chance of getting in. But in reality, some parents face greater barriers than others. Parents must first know that charter schools exist and that their kids are eligible to attend them. Not all do. Even parents who are aware of charter schools may not appreciate that getting in to one requires more than the traditional registration process. There are deadlines for turning in application materials that often differ from school to school. Navigating all this takes time and energy that can be difficult for poor families to muster. A recent survey conducted by the Center on Reinventing Public Education (CRPE) found that anywhere from a quarter to a third of parents had trouble determining whether their children were eligible to attend a particular charter school. Similarly large proportions of parents said that they had difficulty with application deadlines and paperwork. These troubles were especially pronounced for parents with low levels of education and parents of children with special needs.
Several cities have adopted a new system to enroll students in both charter and district schools that couples fair lotteries with an inclusive application process. Under so-called “common enrollment,” parents turn in a single form listing in order the schools that they would like their child to attend. Each student is then given a randomly generated lottery number and an algorithm then matches students to school seats according to availability and the family’s stated preference. This process is based on the efficient matching strategies for which Alvin Roth won the Nobel Prize in economics. A similar process is used to assign medical students to residencies and match those seeking kidney transplants to donors.
Common enrollment by this design is not entirely new. New York City uses such a system to assign students to district high schools. Survey evidence presented by CRPE shows that the most disadvantaged parents find the common-enrollment process much easier to navigate than the school-based lottery system. My own research shows that the adoption of a common-enrollment system in Denver dramatically increased the proportion of low-income students and non-English proficient students entering charter schools in kindergarten.
Common-enrollment systems also produce vastly improved information about parental perceptions of school quality. Currently, districts can rate schools based on test scores or they can ask for parent feedback. They otherwise have little reliable information about what parents truly think. A common-enrollment system can help policymakers understand how parents view particular schools. In Newark, New Jersey, which employs such a system, half of all K-8 applicants listed North Star Academy Charter School as a preference, and 40 percent listed TEAM Charter Schools (affiliated with the popular KIPP network). The district reported that each of the Top Seven options listed by Newark parents were charter schools. That’s powerful data showing just how much local parents value charters.
Many charter school supporters remain wary of embracing common enrollment. The most common concern is that a central bureaucracy can’t be trusted to execute the common-enrollment process fairly, accurately, and on time. Many charter school operators entered the sector precisely because they didn’t trust the central administration to handle basic schooling functions correctly. Delays or mistakes in the process would be particularly troublesome for charter schools, which rely on their enrollments for revenue.
Not all has gone smoothly where common enrollment has been tried. But for the most part, common enrollment has been conducted competently and on-time. Cities like New York and Boston only need to expand their current common-enrollment systems for district schools to include charter schools. In other cases, outside consultants with experience implementing these programs can help to ensure that the process is adopted smoothly. Third-party auditing can easily check that matches are administered fairly.
Some charter school leaders that I have spoken with are skeptical of the sameness between charter and district schools implied by a common application system. Charters that value their autonomy are wary of ceding any control to the central district. Could a common-enrollment system become the Trojan Horse that opens the door to greater regulation of charters, and eventually makes them indistinguishable from regular district schools? It’s doubtful. In fact, it isn’t obvious that a common-enrollment system opens any meaningful regulatory doors at all. Charter schools operate autonomously, but even under the current system, charters aren’t supposed to have a say in who applies or is offered a seat. Adopting a common-enrollment system doesn’t make a single additional student eligible for admission or change the fact that applicants are randomly assigned to seats. It just changes who collects the application forms.
That charter schools are public schools often gets lost in the heated debate over education reform. While they aren’t held to some of the byzantine operational rules imposed by the central system on traditional district schools, charters should be thought of as one schooling option among several offered by the government to best serve the community’s needs. A common-enrollment process is consistent with that vision for urban education reform.
Photo by Joe Raedle / Getty Images
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Cuireann scoileanna cairte cosán ar fáil do thuismitheoirí nach bhfuil in ann cíos príobháideach a íoc nó bogadh go comharsanacht níos fearr. Tá an leathnú tapa ar na cairteanna déanta níos mó chun oideachas ardchaighdeáin a scaipeadh i gcathracha Mheiriceá ná b'fhéidir aon athchóiriú nua-aimseartha eile. Agus fós, d'fhéadfaí an bealach a d'fhógair cairteanna na mic léinn a fheabhsú. Ghlac roinnt cathracha le hathchóiriú simplí le déanaí a mhéadaigh rochtain ar scoileanna cairte i measc tuismitheoirí faoi mhíbhuntáiste.
I bhformhór na gcathracha, nuair a bhíonn líon na n-iarratasóirí ar chairt níos mó ná líon na suíochán atá ar fáil, socraítear tairiscintí clárúcháin go randamach. Cinntíonn an próiseas go bhfuil seans comhionann ag gach iarratasóir dul isteach. Ach i ndáiríre, tá bacanna níos mó ag tuismitheoirí áirithe ná a chéile. Ní mór do thuismitheoirí a fháil amach ar dtús go bhfuil scoileanna cairte ann agus go bhfuil a gcuid páistí incháilithe chun freastal orthu. Ní dhéanann gach duine. Fiú amháin tuismitheoirí a bhfuil a fhios acu faoi scoileanna cairte, b'fhéidir nach dtuigeann siad go dteastaíonn níos mó ná an próiseas cláraithe traidisiúnta chun dul isteach i gceann acu. Tá spriocdhátaí ann le haghaidh ábhair iarratais a chur isteach agus is minic a bhíonn siad difriúil ó scoil go scoil. Tógann sé am agus fuinneamh a bheith ag baint leis seo go léir agus is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair ar theaghlaigh bhochta é a chur le chéile. Fuair suirbhé le déanaí a rinne an tIonad um Oideachas Poiblí a Athfhorbairt (CRPE) go raibh deacracht ag aon áit ó cheathrú go trian de thuismitheoirí a chinneadh an raibh a gcuid leanaí incháilithe chun freastal ar scoil chairte áirithe. Dúirt céatadán mór de thuismitheoirí go raibh deacracht acu le spriocdhátaí iarratais agus páipéar. Bhí na trioblóidí seo go háirithe le feiceáil i measc tuismitheoirí a raibh leibhéal íseal oideachais acu agus tuismitheoirí leanaí a raibh riachtanais speisialta acu.
Ghlac roinnt cathracha córas nua chun mic léinn a chlárú i scoileanna cairte agus i scoileanna ceantair a chomhcheanglaíonn lottoí cóir le próiseas iarratais cuimsitheach. Faoi an t-ainm clárú coiteann, déanann tuismitheoirí foirm aonair a chur isteach ina liostaítear na scoileanna ar mhaith leo a gcuid páistí a bheith i láthair. Tugtar uimhir lottery a ghintear go randamach do gach mac léinn agus déanann algartam na suíocháin scoile a mheaitseáil le mic léinn de réir infhaighteacht agus rogha luaite an teaghlaigh. Tá an próiseas seo bunaithe ar na straitéisí oiriúnaithe éifeachtúla ar bhuaigh Alvin Roth an Duais Nobel in eacnamaíocht as. Úsáidtear próiseas den chineál céanna chun mic léinn leighis a shannadh chuig cónaitheoirí agus iad siúd a bhfuil ar intinn acu trasphlandú duáin a chomhoibriú le deontóirí.
Ní haon nuacht é an clárú coiteann de réir an dearadh seo. Baineann Cathair Nua Eabhrac úsáid as córas den sórt sin chun daltaí a shannadh chuig scoileanna ardcheantair na réigiúin. Léiríonn fianaise suirbhé a chuir CRPE i láthair go bhfuil an próiseas clárúcháin choiteann i bhfad níos éasca le nascleanúint ag na tuismitheoirí is faoi mhíbhuntáiste ná an córas lotto bunaithe ar scoil. Léiríonn mo chuid taighde féin gur mhéadaigh glacadh le córas comh-chlárúcháin i Denver go suntasach céatadán na mac léinn íseal-ioncaim agus na mac léinn nach bhfuil cumas Béarla acu ag dul isteach i scoileanna cairte sa pháirc-oideachais.
Tá feabhas mór tagtha ar an eolas a fhaightear ó chórais chomh-chlárúcháin maidir le tuiscint tuismitheoirí ar cháilíocht na scoile. Faoi láthair, is féidir le ceantair scoileanna a rátáil bunaithe ar scóir tástála nó is féidir leo a iarraidh ar thuismitheoirí aiseolas a thabhairt. Mura bhfuil, níl mórán faisnéise iontaofa acu faoi na rudaí a cheapann tuismitheoirí i ndáiríre. Is féidir le córas comh-chlárúcháin cabhrú le lucht déanta beartais tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a mbreathnaíonn tuismitheoirí ar scoileanna áirithe. I Newark, New Jersey, a úsáideann córas den sórt sin, chuir leath de na hiarratasóirí K-8 North Star Academy Charter School ar fáil mar rogha, agus chuir 40 faoin gcéad Scoileanna Charter TEAM ar fáil (a bhfuil baint acu leis an líonra tóir KIPP). Thuairiscigh an ceantar go raibh gach ceann de na Seacht rogha is fearr a liostáil tuismitheoirí Newark ar scoileanna cairte. Is sonraí cumhachtach iad sin a léiríonn cé chomh mór is a mheasann tuismitheoirí áitiúla cairteanna.
Tá go leor lucht tacaíochta scoileanna cairte fós cúramach maidir le glacadh le clárú coiteann. Is é an imní is coitianta ná nach féidir muinín a bheith ag biorlathas lárnach an próiseas comh-chlárúcháin a chur i gcrích go cothrom, go cruinn agus in am. Tháinig a lán oibreoirí scoileanna cairte isteach sa earnáil go beacht toisc nach raibh muinín acu sa rialtas lárnach chun feidhmeanna bunscoile a láimhseáil i gceart. Ba mhaith leis an bpróiseas a bheith ina thráth nó ina botúin go háirithe do scoileanna cairte, a bhfuil siad ag brath ar a gcuid clárúcháin le haghaidh ioncaim.
Ní raibh gach rud ag dul go réidh nuair a bhí iarracht déanta ar an gclárú coiteann. Ach den chuid is mó, rinneadh an clárú coiteann go háisiúil agus go tráthúil. Ní gá ach do chathracha mar Nua Eabhrac agus Boston a gcóras comh-chlárúcháin reatha do scoileanna ceantair a leathnú chun scoileanna cairte a áireamh. I gcásanna eile, is féidir le comhairleoirí seachtracha a bhfuil taithí acu ar na cláir seo a chur chun feidhme cabhrú lena chinntiú go nglacfar an próiseas go réidh. Is féidir le hiniúchadh tríú páirtí a sheiceáil go héasca go ndéantar comhoiriúnais a riar go cothrom.
Tá roinnt ceannairí scoileanna cairte a labhair mé leo amhrasach faoin aonfhoirmeacht idir scoileanna cairte agus scoileanna réigiúnacha a léirítear le córas comhionann iarratais. Tá na Cairteanna a chuireann luach ar a n-eonachais ar an gcúram a thabhairt ar an gceantar lárnach. An bhféadfadh córas comh-chlárúcháin a bheith ina Chróic Trojan a osclaíonn an doras do rialú níos mó ar na cairteanna, agus a fhágann go mbeidh siad indistinguishable ó ghnáth-scoileanna réigiúnacha sa deireadh? Tá sé amhrasach. Go deimhin, ní léir go n-osclaíonn córas comh-chlárúcháin aon doras rialála bríomhar ar chor ar bith. Oibríonn scoileanna cairte go neamhspleách, ach fiú faoin gcóras reatha, ní dóigh go mbeadh tuairim ag cairteanna maidir le cé a dhéanann iarratas nó a thairgtear suíochán. Ní dhéanann glacadh le córas comh-chlárúcháin aon mhac léinn breise incháilithe le haghaidh iontrála ná ní athraíonn sé an bhfíric go bhfuil iarrthóirí sannta go randamach do shuíomhanna. Ní athraíonn sé ach an té a bhailíonn na foirmeacha iarratais.
Is minic a chailleann an fhiaclóir te i ndíospóireacht te maidir le hathchóiriú oideachais go bhfuil scoileanna cairteanna scoileanna poiblí. Cé nach bhfuil siad faoi réir roinnt de na rialacha oibríochtúla Byzantine a fhorchuireann an córas lárnach ar scoileanna traidisiúnta ceantair, ba cheart go meastar gur rogha scoile amháin iad cairteanna i measc roinnt cinn a thairgeann an rialtas chun freastal ar riachtanais an phobail ar an mbealach is fearr. Tá próiseas comh-chlárúcháin ag teacht leis an bhfís sin maidir le hathchóiriú ar oideachas uirbeach.
Grianghraf ag Joe Raedle / Getty Images
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
The Class 10 NCERT Solutions for Science Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources includes all the intext and exercise questions. Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources NCERT questions and answers help students to clear their doubts and to obtain good marks in Class 10 board exam. All the solutions provided in this article are strictly based on the CBSE syllabus and curriculum.
Class 10 Science Chapter 16 NCERT Questions and Answers
Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources NCERT Questions and Answers are prepared by experts with a detailed explanation that will help students complete their assignments & homework. Having a good grasp over CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will further help the students in their preparation for board exams and other competitive exams such as NTSE, Olympiad, etc.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Intext Questions
Intext Question (Page No. 271)
Question 1: What changes can you make in your habits to become more environment- friendly?
Answer: In order to become more environment-friendly, the following practices can be incorporated in our day-to-day lives:
- Stop wastage of water.
- Switching off unnecessary lights and fans.
- Don’t waste food. Take as much as you require.
- Walking down or use cycle for going to nearby market instead of using vehicle.
- Separate wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable.
- Reuse carry bags, packing materials, plastic containers and other reusable material.
Question 2: What would be the advantages of exploiting resources with short-term aims?
Answer: Overconsumption of resources with short-term interests in mind will give a boost to the economy. However, the increased growth of the economy will be short-lived since the exploitation of resources is not sustainable. Exploiting resources for the sake of short-term goals will be beneficial to the present generations but not for future generations.
Question 3: How would these advantages differ from the advantages of using a long-term perspective in managing our resources?
Answer: Short term exploitation of natural resources fulfil the current demand. It is beneficial for the present generation only, whereas, management of resources with long term perspective is aimed to fulfil the needs of future generations. Long term use of resources can be achieved through its sustainable use.
Question 4: Why do you think there should be equitable distribution of resources? What forces would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources?
Answer: There should be equitable distribution of resources so that all, rich, powerful and poor people get benefit from the development of these resources. Rich, greedy and powerful people could work against an equitable distribution of our resources.
Intext Question (Page No. 275)
Question 1: Why should we conserve forests and wildlife?
Answer: Wildlife and forests should be conserved for the following reasons:
- To prevent loss of ecological stability
- To preserve biodiversity
- To obtain medicine, wood, fruits, etc., products in a sustainable manner
- To promote social and economic growth.
Question 2: Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
- Forests can be conserved by:
- Preventing the process of deforestation
- Preventing cattle ranching in the forest
- Promoting afforestation
- Preventing the soil erosion
- Mobilising people’s active cooperation
Intext Question (Page No. 278)
Question 1: Find out about the traditional systems of water harvesting/management in your region.
Answer: In populated metropolitan cities, the primary sources of water include groundwater and lakes. Groundwater is harvested with the help of borewells whereas pipes harvest water directly from the lakes. The harvested water is then stored in water tankers placed at strategic locations throughout the city.
Question 2: Compare the above system with the probable systems in hilly mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
Answer: In hilly regions, rainwater is often collected and channelled with the help of a stream. The stream is diverted to different areas with the help of canals for the purpose of irrigation. In mountainous regions, water is commonly obtained from the rivers that flow from the glaciers.
In the plains, water is obtained from many natural sources such as lakes and rivers. Groundwater is also harvested with the help of borewells for irrigation and human consumption.
Question 3: Find out the source of water in your region/locality. Is water from this source available to all people living in that area?
Answer: In our locality water is available from the following sources:
- Through pipe line supply by municipal corporation department to the houses.
- People also obtain water from hand pumps installed nearby.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Exercise Questions
Question 1: What changes would you suggest in your home in order to be environment- friendly?
- Segregate wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable.
- Use water and electricity judiciously.
- Do not waste food.
- Reuse newspapers and plastic items.
- Keep windows open to prevent less use of fan.
- Follow three R’s (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse).
Question 2: Can you suggest some changes in your school which would make it environment- friendly?
- Grow trees along the boundary wall.
- Grow shrubs and small plants on the sides of internal road and around the playground.
- Harvest water from rooftop to be utilised for watering the plants.
- Arrange awareness programmes among students through poster exhibition and seminars.
- Avoid wastage of water and paper should be recycled for handicraft purposes.
Question 3: We saw in this chapter that there are four main stakeholders when it comes to forests and wildlife. Which among these should have the authority to decide the management of forest produce? Why do you think so?
Answer: The people living in and around the forests and the forest department of The Government could be given the authority to manage the forests because the forest department of the Government has sufficient power and resources that can manage the forest resources well. The people living in and around forests know about the forest products and use them only according to their needs. In addition to this, they would not damage the forests and use forests sustainably.
Question 4: How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of (a) forests and wildlife, (b) water resources and (c) coal and petroleum?
(a) Forests and Wildlife
- Take part in community activities with focus on conserving forests and wildlife.
- As a tourist follow all principles of conservation.
- Help organizations engaged in conservation of forests and wildlife
(b) Water Resources
- Save water in domestic use.
- Install a system for rainwater harvesting.
(c) Coal and Petroleum
- Save electricity whenever required.
- Install electric gadgets that use less power.
- Use public transport.
Question 5: What can you as an individual do to reduce your consumption of the various natural resources?
Answer: We can do the following as an individual to reduce our consumption of the various natural resources.
- Save electricity.
- Do not waste food.
- Save water.
- Use cooking gas instead of wood for cooking.
- Observe the principle of three R’s (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse).
Question 6: List five things you have done over the last one week to –
(a) conserve our natural resources.
(b) increase the pressure on our natural resources.
Answer: (a) Five things done to conserve natural resources are:
- Used energy efficient electrical appliances.
- Used only as much of electricity as was required.
- Kept the water tap closed while brushing the teeth.
- Convinced mother to cook the food in a solar cooker.
- Used public transport for school instead of parent’s car.
(b) Five things done to increase the pressure on natural resources:
- Went to school on a bike instead of cycle.
- Forgot to switch off fan while going out
- Wasted food.
- Used more paper than required for printing on computer.
- Wastage of water resource.
Question 7: On the basis of the issues raised in this chapter, what changes would you incorporate in your life-style in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources?
Answer: Three methods of producing magnetic field are as follows:
- Will move in public transport system to conserve petrol.
- Instead of coal or natural gas, will prefer to use solar energy for cooking.
- Wilt obey rationalised husbanding of all renewable resources.
- Take care not to pollute the environment with waste.
- Should realise that we are living in a community and are not alone.
Topics covered under Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
Below we have listed the topics discussed in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16. The list gives you a quick look at the different topics and subtopics of this chapter.
|Section in NCERT Book||Topics Discussed|
|16.1||Why do we need to manage our resources?|
|16.2||Forests and Wildlife|
|16.3||Water for all|
|16.4||Coal and Petroleum|
|16.5||Natural Resource Management|
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 – A Brief Discussion
Chapter Overview: In this chapter you will how to use our resources and why we need sustainable development.
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Réitigh NCERT do Chlas 10 Saineolaíocht Caibidil 16 Bainistíocht Inbhuanaithe na dTacmhainní Nádúrtha
Áirítear ar Chéim 10 Réitigh NCERT don Eolaíocht Caibidil 16 Bainistíocht Inbhuanaithe na dTacmhainní Nádúrtha na ceisteanna téacs agus cleachtadh go léir. Saineolaí Rang 10 Caibidil 16 Bainistíocht Inbhuanaithe na dTacmhainní Nádúrtha Cuidíonn ceisteanna agus freagraí NCERT le mic léinn a gcuid amhras a ghlanadh agus chun marcanna maithe a fháil i scrúdú bord Rang 10. Tá na réitigh go léir a chuirtear ar fáil san alt seo bunaithe go docht ar shilábus agus ar chúrsa CBSE.
Rang 10 Eolaíocht Caibidil 16 NCERT Ceisteanna agus Freagraí
Saineolaithe a bhfuil a gcuid míniúcháin mionsonraithe acu a chabhróidh le mic léinn a gcuid tascanna agus obair bhaile a chur i gcrích. Beidh tuiscint mhaith ar réitigh CBSE NCERT do Chlas 10 Eolaíocht ag cabhrú leis na mic léinn a ullmhú do scrúduithe boird agus do scrúduithe iomaíocha eile mar NTSE, Olympiad, srl.
NCERT Réitigh do Chlas 10 Eolaíocht Caibidil 16 Ceisteanna Intext
Ceist Intext (Uimhir leathanach. 271)
Ceist 1: Cad iad na hathruithe is féidir leat a dhéanamh i do nósanna chun a bheith níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol?
Freagra: Chun a bheith níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol, is féidir na cleachtais seo a leanas a ionchorprú inár saol ó lá go lá:
- Stop dramhaíl uisce.
- Solas agus lucht leanúna neamhriachtanacha a mhúchadh.
- Ná dramhaíola bia. Tóg an oiread agus is gá duit.
- Siúlóid síos nó rothaíocht a úsáid chun dul go dtí an margadh in aice láimhe in ionad feithicil a úsáid.
- Díolann dramhaíola ina n-athchúrsála agus neamh-athchúrsála.
- Baganna iompair, ábhair phacáistíochta, coimeádáin plaisteach agus ábhar eile in-athúsáidte a athúsáid.
Ceist 2: Cad iad na buntáistí a bheadh ann acmhainní a shaothrú le cuspóirí gearrthéarmach?
Freagra: Cuirfidh ró-chaitheamh acmhainní le leasanna gearrthéarmach san áireamh borradh leis an ngeilleagar. Mar sin féin, beidh fás níos mó an gheilleagair gearrthéarmach toisc nach bhfuil saothrú acmhainní inbhuanaithe. Beidh baint ag acmhainní ar mhaithe le spriocanna gearrthéarmach tairbheach do na glúine atá ann faoi láthair ach ní do na glúine atá le teacht.
Ceist 3: Cén chaoi a mbeadh na buntáistí sin difriúil ó na buntáistí a bhaineann le cur chuige fadtéarmach a úsáid i mbainistiú ár n-acmhainní?
Freagra: Is é an saothrú gearrthéarmach ar acmhainní nádúrtha a chomhlíonann an t-éileamh reatha. Ní thabharfaidh sé tairbhe ach don ghlúin atá ann faoi láthair, ach tá bainistiú acmhainní le réamhamharc fadtéarmach dírithe ar riachtanais na glúine atá le teacht a chomhlíonadh. Is féidir úsáid fhadtéarmach acmhainní a bhaint amach trí úsáid inbhuanaithe a bhaint amach.
Ceist 4: Cén fáth a cheapann tú gur chóir go mbeadh dáileadh cothrom acmhainní ann? Cad iad na fórsaí a bheadh ag obair i gcoinne dáileadh cothrom ár n-acmhainní?
Freagra: Ba cheart go mbeadh dáileadh cothrom ar acmhainní ionas go bhfaighidh gach duine, saibhir, cumhachtach agus bocht tairbhe as forbairt na n-acmhainní seo. D'fhéadfadh daoine saibhir, éadúla agus cumhachtach a bheith ag obair i gcoinne dáileadh cothrom ár n-acmhainní.
Ceist Intext (Uimhir leathanach. 275)
Ceist 1: Cén fáth ar chóir dúinn foraoisí agus fiadhúlra a chaomhnú?
Freagra: Ba cheart na fiadhúlra agus na foraoisí a chaomhnú ar na cúiseanna seo a leanas:
- Chun caillteanas cobhsaíochta éiceolaíoch a chosc
- Le bithéagsúlacht a chaomhnú
- Leigheas, adhmad, torthaí, etc., a fháil ar mhodhanna inbhuanaithe
- Fás sóisialta agus eacnamaíoch a chur chun cinn.
Ceist 2: Moltar roinnt cur chuige i dtreo caomhnú na bhforaoisí.
- Is féidir foraoisí a chaomhnú trí:
- Próiseas dífhoraoisiú a chosc
- Caomhnú feirmeoireachta beorach sa choille
- Fógrú foraoise a chur chun cinn
- Réamhshlándáil ar éadóisiú ithreach
- Comhoibriú gníomhach na ndaoine a shlógadh
Ceist Intext (Uimhir leathanach. 278)
Ceist 1: Faigh amach faoi na córais thraidisiúnta um bhailiú/bhainistíocht uisce i do réigiún.
Freagra: I gcathracha móra daonra, is iad na foinsí uisce is mó ná uisce talún agus lochanna. Tógtar uisce talún le cabhair ó bholláin, ach tógtar uisce ó na lochanna go díreach trí phíopaí. Stóráiltear an t-uisce a bhaintear amach ansin i tancairí uisce a chuirtear in áiteanna straitéiseacha ar fud na cathrach.
Ceist 2: Déan comparáid idir an córas thuasluaite agus na córais is dócha i gceantair bheannta cnocúil nó i limistéir phláinéide nó i réigiúin pláta.
Freagra: I réigiúin cnoic, is minic a bhailítear uisce báistí agus a chuirtear ar aghaidh le cabhair ó sruthán. Déantar an sruth a atreorú go ceantair éagsúla le cabhair ó chanálacha chun críocha uisciúcháin. I réigiúin bheaga, is gnách go bhfaightear uisce ó na haibhneacha a shruthann ó na glasraí.
Sna pláin, gheobhaidh daoine uisce ó go leor foinsí nádúrtha amhail lochanna agus aibhneacha. Tógtar uisce talún freisin le cabhair ó bholláin le haghaidh uisciúcháin agus tomhaltas daonna.
Ceist 3: Faigh amach an fhoinse uisce i do réigiún/áitreabh. An bhfuil uisce ón bhfoinse seo ar fáil do gach duine a chónaíonn sa cheantar sin?
Freagra: Sa bhaile seo, tá uisce ar fáil ó na foinsí seo a leanas:
- Tríd an soláthar líne píopaí ag roinn corparáid cathrach chuig na tithe.
- Faigheann daoine uisce freisin ó phumps láimhe atá suiteáilte in aice láimhe.
Ceisteanna Cleachtais NCERT le haghaidh Grád 10 Eolaíocht Caibidil 16
Ceist 1: Cad iad na hathruithe a mholfá a dhéanamh i do theach chun a bheith neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol?
- Díolann dramhaíola ina n-athchúrsála agus neamh-athchúrsála.
- Úsáid uisce agus leictreachas go ciallmhar.
- Ná dramhaíola bia.
- nuachtáin agus earraí plaisteacha a athúsáid.
- Coinnigh na fuinneoga oscailte chun úsáid níos lú a sheachaint ar an lucht leanúna.
- Lean na trí R (Lághdú, Athchúrsáil agus Athúsáid).
Ceist 2: An féidir leat roinnt athruithe a mholadh i do scoil a dhéanfadh é a bheith neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol?
- Cruthaigh crainn feadh an bhalla teorann.
- Cruthaigh cnoic agus plandaí beaga ar thaobh na bóthair inmheánaí agus timpeall an pháirc chluiche.
- Uisce a bhailiú ó uachtar chun na plandaí a uisce.
- Clár feasachta a eagrú i measc na mac léinn trí thaispeántas póstair agus seimineáir.
- Ba cheart uisce a sheachaint agus ba cheart páipéar a athchúrsáil chun críocha láimhe.
Ceist 3: Chonaic muid sa chaibidil seo go bhfuil ceithre phríomhpháirtí leasmhara nuair a thagann sé chun foraoisí agus fiadhúlra. Cé acu acu acu seo ba cheart go mbeadh an t-údarás acu cinneadh a dhéanamh maidir le bainistiú táirgí foraoise? Cén fáth a cheapann tú mar sin?
Freagra: D'fhéadfaí údarás a thabhairt do dhaoine atá ina gcónaí sna foraoisí agus timpeall orthu agus do roinn foraoise an Rialtais chun na foraoisí a bhainistiú toisc go bhfuil cumhacht agus acmhainní leordhóthanacha ag roinn foraoise an Rialtais a fhéadfaidh na hacmhainní foraoise a bhainistiú go maith. Tá a fhios ag na daoine a chónaíonn i bhforaoisí agus timpeall orthu faoi tháirgí na foraoisí agus ní úsáideann siad iad ach de réir a gcuid riachtanas. Ina theannta sin, ní dhéanfadh siad damáiste do na foraoisí agus úsáid a bhaint as foraoisí go hinbhuanaithe.
Ceist 4: Conas is féidir leat féin mar dhuine aonair cur leis nó athrú a dhéanamh ar bhainistiú (a) foraoisí agus fiadhúlra, (b) acmhainní uisce agus (c) guail agus peitriliam?
(a) Foraoisí agus Fiadhúlra
- Glac páirt i ngníomhaíochtaí pobail a bhfuil béim acu ar choimirciú foraoisí agus fiadhúlra.
- Mar thurasóir lean gach prionsabal caomhnaithe.
- Cabhair a thabhairt d'eagraíochtaí atá ag tabhairt faoi chaomhnú foraoisí agus fiadhúlra
(b) Acmhainní Uisce
- Uisce a shábháil le húsáid intíre.
- Córas a shuiteáil chun uisce báistí a bhailiú.
(c) Ghual agus Peitriliam
- Sábhálann sé leictreachas nuair is gá.
- Gléasanna leictreacha a shuiteáil a úsáideann níos lú cumhachta.
- Bain úsáid as iompar poiblí.
Ceist 5: Cad is féidir leatsa féin a dhéanamh chun do thomhaltas ar na hacmhainní éagsúla nádúrtha a laghdú?
Freagra: Is féidir linn na rudaí seo a leanas a dhéanamh mar dhaoine aonair chun ár n-úsáid ar na hacmhainní nádúrtha éagsúla a laghdú.
- Sábhálann sé leictreachas.
- Ná dramhaíola bia.
- Sábhál uisce.
- Gás cócaireachta a úsáid in ionad adhmaid le cócaireacht.
- Coinnigh i gcuimhne prionsabal na trí R (Laghdú, Athchúrsáil agus Athúsáid).
Ceist 6: Liostaigh cúig rud a rinne tú le seachtain anuas chun
(a) ár n-acmhainní nádúrtha a chaomhnú.
(b) brú ar ár n-acmhainní nádúrtha a mhéadú.
Freagra: (a) Tá cúig rud déanta chun acmhainní nádúrtha a chaomhnú:
- Feistí leictreacha a úsáideann fuinneamh go héifeachtach.
- Ní úsáideann sé ach an oiread leictreachais is gá.
- Coinnigh an cnaip uisce dúnta agus é ag scuabadh na fiacla.
- A chur ina luí ar mháthair chun an bia a chócaireacht i cócaire gréine.
- Baintear úsáid as iompar poiblí chun na scoile in ionad carr na dtuismitheoirí.
(b) Cúig rud a rinneadh chun an brú ar acmhainní nádúrtha a mhéadú:
- Chuaigh sé ar scoil ar rothar in ionad rothar.
- Fuaireamar dearmad a chasadh as fan agus ag dul amach
- Bia a chailliúint.
- Baineadh úsáid as níos mó páipéir ná mar a theastaíonn le haghaidh priontáil ar ríomhaire.
- Caiteachas ar acmhainn uisce.
Ceist 7: Ar bhonn na saincheisteanna a ardaíodh sa chaibidil seo, cad iad na hathruithe a chuirfeadh tú isteach i do stíl mhaireachtála chun dul i dtreo úsáid inbhuanaithe ár n-acmhainní?
Freagra: Tá trí mhodh ann chun réimse maighnéadach a tháirgeadh mar seo a leanas:
- Beidh bogadh i gcóras iompair phoiblí a chaomhnú gásailín.
- In ionad guail nó gáis nádúrtha, is fearr a úsáid fuinneamh gréine le haghaidh cócaireachta.
- Beidh siad ag cur i bhfeidhm ar chúrsaí réasúnaithe a bhaineann le gach acmhainn in-athnuaite.
- Bí cúramach gan an timpeallacht a thruailliú le dramhaíl.
- Ba chóir a thuiscint go bhfuil muid ag maireachtáil i bpobal agus nach bhfuil muid ina n-aonar.
Ábhair a chumhdaítear faoi Chlas 10 Eolaíocht Caibidil 16 Bainistíocht Inbhuanaithe ar Acmhainní Nádúrtha
Seo thíos liosta de na hábhair a pléadh i NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16. Tugann an liosta léargas tapa duit ar na hábhair agus na foábhair éagsúla sa chaibidil seo.
An Roinn i Leabhar NCERT a bhfuil Téamaí a Phléitear ann
16.1
16.2
♬16.3 Saodhladh SaodhladhWater for all Saodhladh
16.4 Saide Coal and Petroleum Saide
16.5
Léarscáileanna NCERT do Chlas 10 Eolaíocht Caibidil 16 Díospóireacht Bheaga
Comhthéacs na Caibidle: Sa chaibidil seo beidh tú ag foghlaim conas ár n-acmhainní a úsáid agus cén fáth go bhfuil forbairt inbhuanaithe ag teastáil uainn.
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It takes a special kind of person to work in the animal rights field. It can be both heartbreaking and emotionally challenging. Animal rights professionals often work with some of the worst animal neglect and abuse cases. However, for those driven to make positive changes in how animals are treated, working in animal rights can also be very rewarding.
Animal Control Officer
Animal control officers, or humane law enforcement officers, are responsible for enforcing animal rights laws. Primary job duties include responding to incidences of animal abuse, inspecting facilities where animals are kept, and rescuing trapped or injured animals. To become an animal control officer, candidates must have a high school diploma and college courses or degrees in animal sciences and criminology, and complete an on-the-job training program. Some states also require specialized certifications. According to the National Animal Control Association, the field of animal control is one of the fastest growing occupations in the nation.
Animal Rights Activist
Animal rights activists help animals by bringing awareness of the mistreatment of animals to the public. Activists can work on their own by calling or writing letters to lawmakers and law enforcement officials to make investing claims of animal abuse a priority. Joining animal welfare groups such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) or People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) are other options. These groups often conduct demonstrations, host fundraising events and pass out educational materials to the public. In addition, attorneys can work as lobbyists petitioning lawmakers to pass laws for the humane treatment of animals.
If helping wildlife is a priority, becoming a wildlife rehabilitator may be of interest. Wildlife rehabilitators help by taking in animals that are injured, orphaned or sick, and working with them until they're healthy again. The primary goal of a wildlife rehabilitator is to help the animal recuperate and then release it into its native habitat. However, in cases where the animal cannot survive on its own, the rehabilitator will help find it a permanent home where it will be cared for. Taking courses or seminars in wildlife rehabilitation is the usual educational path for this profession. Some wildlife rehabilitation associations offer certifications for those who pass their courses. Obtaining state and federal permits to handle wildlife may also be required. Wildlife rehabilitators have the option of working independently or through wildlife refuges and shelters.
For those with good public speaking skills and a passion for helping animals, becoming a humane educator may be a viable option. Humane educators come from a variety of backgrounds, which may or may not include teaching experience. Some humane educators volunteer their time, while others work for animal rights organizations such as the ASPCA. Primary job duties include raising awareness of animals, along with their individual needs. Humane educators often speak in front of schoolchildren to help instill a sense of respect for animals at a young age.
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| 0.950961 | 589 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Tógann sé cineál speisialta duine chun obair i réimse na gcearta ainmhithe. Is féidir go mbeadh sé ag briseadh croí agus ag cur dúshlán mothúchánach air. Is minic a oibríonn gairmithe cearta ainmhithe le cuid de na cásanna is measa de neamhaird agus mí-úsáid ainmhithe. Mar sin féin, dóibh siúd a spreagtar chun athruithe dearfacha a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a gcaitear le hainmhithe, is féidir obair ar chearta ainmhithe a bheith an-bhrathúil freisin.
Oifigeach um Rialú Ainmhithe
Tá oifigigh rialaithe ainmhithe, nó oifigigh forfheidhmithe dlí daonna, freagrach as dlíthe cearta ainmhithe a fhorfheidhmiú. I measc na bpríomhdliteanais poist tá freagairt do chásanna d'fhulaingt ainmhithe, áiseanna a iniúchadh ina gcoinnítear ainmhithe, agus ainmhithe a bhfuil siad gafa nó gortaithe a shábháil. Chun a bheith ina oifigeach rialaithe ainmhithe, ní mór do iarrthóirí dioplóma ardscoile agus cúrsaí coláiste nó céimeanna a bheith acu i heolaíochtaí ainmhithe agus coiriúlacht, agus clár oiliúna ar an bpost a chríochnú. Éilíonn roinnt stáit deimhniúcháin speisialaithe freisin. De réir Chumann Náisiúnta um Rialú Ainmhithe, tá réimse an rialaithe ainmhithe ar cheann de na gairmeacha is mó fáis sa náisiún.
Gníomhaí ar son Chearta Ainmhithe
Cabhraíonn gníomhaithe cearta ainmhithe le hainmhithe trí fhógra a thabhairt don phobal faoi mhí-úsáid ainmhithe. Is féidir le gníomhaithe obair a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin trí ghlaonna nó litreacha a scríobh chuig reachtóirí agus oifigigh forfheidhmithe dlí chun éilimh maidir le mí-úsáid ainmhithe a infheistiú mar thosaíocht. Is roghanna eile iad grúpaí leasa ainmhithe a bheith páirteach iontu mar an Cumann Mheiriceá chun Cruelty a Chosc ar Ainmhithe (ASPCA) nó Daoine le haghaidh Cóireáil Eiticiúil Ainmhithe (PETA). Is minic a dhéanann na grúpaí seo taispeántais, a óstáil imeachtaí a bhailiú airgid agus a scaipeadh ábhair oideachais don phobal. Ina theannta sin, is féidir le dlíodóirí oibriú mar lucht brústocaireachta ag iarraidh ar reachtóirí dlíthe a rith chun cóireáil dhaonna a dhéanamh ar ainmhithe.
Má tá sé mar thosaíocht ag cabhrú le fiadhúlra, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith suimiúil a bheith i do chóireálaí fiadhúlra. Cabhraíonn athshlánú na fiadhúlra trí ainmhithe atá gortaithe, díolta nó tinn a ghlacadh, agus ag obair leo go dtí go mbeidh siad sláintiúil arís. Is é príomhchuspóir athshlánú fiadhúlra cabhrú leis an ainmhí a ghnóthú agus é a scaoileadh ina chónaí dúchais. I gcásanna nach féidir leis an ainmhí maireachtáil ina n-aonar, áfach, cabhróidh an t-athshlánitheoir le teach buan a aimsiú dó ina gcúramófar é. Is é an cúrsaí nó na seimineáir a ghlacadh i athshlánú fiadhúlra an bealach oideachais is gnách don ghairm seo. Cuireann roinnt comhlachtaí athshlánúcháin fiadhúlra deimhnithe ar fáil dóibh siúd a théann ar a gcúrsaí. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le ceadúnas stáit agus cónaidhme chun maireachtáil le fiadhúlra a láimhseáil. Tá rogha ag athshlánú fiadhúlra oibriú go neamhspleách nó trí theachanna agus tearmann fiadhúlra.
I gcás daoine a bhfuil scileanna labhairt poiblí acu agus a bhfuil paisean acu ainmhithe a chabhrú, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina oideachasóir daonna. Tagann oideachasóirí daonna ó chúlraí éagsúla, a d'fhéadfadh taithí teagaisc a bheith ann nó nach mbeadh. Déanann cuid de mhúinteoirí daonna a gcuid ama deonacha, agus oibríonn daoine eile d'eagraíochtaí cearta ainmhithe mar an ASPCA. I measc na bpríomhdliteanais poist tá feasacht a ardú maidir le hainmhithe, mar aon lena riachtanais aonair. Is minic a labhraíonn oideachasóirí daonnachta os comhair leanaí scoile chun cuidiú le mothú meas a chur ar ainmhithe ag aois óg.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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Turmeric As Effective As 14 Drugs – Confirmed by Science
More than 54 studies indicate that curcumin can induce cancer cell death.Turmeric is one the most thoroughly researched plants in existence today. This predominant spice is used generously in nearly all Indian meals. Perhaps that’s why India has among the lowest rates of lung,colon, prostrate & breast cancer.
It has it’s own set of mystical properties too. Many say that turmeric was the “Gold” given to Jesus at birth. Turmeric is a golden spice that was and is used in many rites, rituals and spiritual ceremonies. It represents health, prosperity, fertility and spiritual purity.
A research project conducted by GreenMedInfo found that turmeric is capable of replacing a variety of conventional medications designed to treat various conditions including plaque build-up in arteries, inflammation and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes, inflammatory eye disease, depression, arthritis and many more.
It’s been proven to be a common replacement for aspirin or ibuprofen, offering pain-fighting and anti-inflammatory abilities in a more natural way.
This 2500 Yr Old Ayurvedic Supplement Is Better Than Any Modern Day Supplement. Find Out Why?
According to greenmedinfo.com, the spice compares to the effects of the following medications:
Lipitor (for cholesterol): A 2008 study published in the journal Drugs in R & D found that a standardized preparation of curcuminoids from Turmeric compared favorably to the drug atorvastatin (trade name Lipitor) on endothelial dysfunction, the underlying pathology of the blood vessels that drives atherosclerosis, in association with reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients
Corticosteroids (for an inflammatory eye disease): A study published back in 1999 in the Phytotherapy Research journal has shown that the primary polyphenol in turmeric, saffron pigment known as curcumina, had a better impact than steroids on the management of chronic anterior uveitis, an inflammatory eye disease.
Prozac (antidepressant): A study published in 2011 in the Acta Pharmaceutica Polonie journal revealed that turmeric worked better compared to both drugs in reducing depressive behavior in animals.
Aspirin (blood thinner): In vitro and ex vivo studies, published in 1986 in the Arzneimittelforschung journal found that turmeric has anti-platelet and prostacyclin modulating effect in relation to aspirin, which means that it can be used in patients prone to vascular thrombosis and in anti- -arthritis therapy.
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs :A study published in 2004 in the Oncogene journal, found that turmeric (same as resveratrol) was more effective than aspirin, ibuprofen, sulindac, phenylbutazone, Naproxen, Indomethacin, diclofenac, dexamethasone, celecoxib, and Tamoxifen.
Oxaliplatin : (chemotherapeutic drugs): In 2007 the International Cancer Journal showed that turmeric could be compared with oxaliplatin as an anti proliferative drug in colorectal cell lines.
Metformin (diabetes drug): The Biochemistry and Biophysical journal back in 2009 published a study that examined how turmeric can be valuable in the treatment of diabetes. They found that it activates AMPK (which increases glucose uptake) and suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression (which suppresses the formation of glucose liver) in hematoma cells. Interestingly, they found that turmeric is from 500 times to 100,000 times (in the form known as tetrahydrocurcuminoids (THC)) more potent than metformin in activating AMPK and its
further targeted acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).
Use organic (non-irradiated) turmeric, in lower culinary doses on a daily basis, but never use greater doses later in life given the fact it may be the basis for a serious illness.
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Tá an turmeric chomh héifeachtach le 14 drugaí Deimhnithe ag an Eolaíocht
Léiríonn níos mó ná 54 staidéar gur féidir le curcumin bás cealla ailse a spreagadh. Tá curcuma ar cheann de na plandaí is mó a bhfuil taighde críochnúil déanta orthu inniu. Úsáidtear an spíosra forleathan seo go mór i mbeagnach gach béile Indiach. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth go bhfuil an India i measc na rátaí is ísle de ghalar scamhóg, colún, prostate agus ailse chíche.
Tá sé sé féin a sheata de airíonna mistéireach freisin. Deir go leor gurbh é an Gold a tugadh do Íosa ag a bhreith é turmeric. Is speiceas órga é turmeric a úsáideadh agus a úsáidtear i go leor deasghnátha, deasghnátha agus searmanais spioradálta. Léiríonn sé sláinte, rath, torthúlacht agus íonacht spioradálta.
Fuair tionscadal taighde a rinne GreenMedInfo amach go bhfuil turmeric in ann éagsúlacht cógais thraidisiúnta a cheapadh chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar choinníollacha éagsúla lena n-áirítear cúlchiste a thiomáint i n-arthair, athlasadh agus strus ocsaídiúcháin i diaibéiteas cineál 2, galar athlastach súl, dúlagar, ailse airtríte agus go leor eile.
Tá sé cruthaithe gur ionad coitianta é do aspirin nó ibuprofen, ag tairiscint cumais frith-bhróntacha agus frith-athlastacha ar bhealach níos nádúrtha.
Tá an forlíonadh Ayurvedic 2500 bliain d'aois níos fearr ná aon fhorlíonadh nua-aimseartha. Faigh amach cén fáth?
De réir greenmedinfo.com, tá an spíosra i gcomparáid le héifeachtaí na gcógas seo a leanas:
Lipitor (le haghaidh colesterol): Fuair staidéar 2008 a foilsíodh sa iris Drugs in R & D go raibh ullmhúchán caighdeánaithe de curcuminoids ó Turmeric i gcomparáid go fabhrach leis an atorvastatin druga (ainm trádála Lipitor) ar dhíchumhacht endothelial, paiteolaíocht bhunúsach na soithigh fola a thiomáineann atherosclerosis, i gcomhar le laghdú ar athlasadh agus ar strus ocsaídiúcháin i n-othair diaibéiteas cineál 2
Corticosteroids (le haghaidh galar súl athlastach): Léirigh staidéar a foilsíodh ar ais i 1999 sa iris Phytotherapy Research go raibh tionchar níos fearr ag an bpríomh-phoiféinól i turmeric, péigment saffron ar a dtugtar curcumina, ná stéaróidigh ar bhainistiú uveitis crónach roimhe, galar súl athlastach.
Prozac (antidepressant): Léirigh staidéar a foilsíodh in 2011 sa iris Acta Pharmaceutica Polonie go raibh cumar níos fearr ag cur curcuma i gcomparáid leis an dá dhrugaí chun iompar dúlagar a laghdú in ainmhithe.
Aspirín (sceallóir fola): Fuair staidéir in vitro agus ex vivo, a foilsíodh i 1986 sa iris Arzneimittelforschung go bhfuil éifeacht modúlaithe frith-plátaí agus prostacyclin ag turmeric i ndáil le aspirín, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir é a úsáid i dtimthrioblóidí atá buailte le thrombosis vascular agus i gcóireáil frith-artrítis.
Drugaí Frith-Athlastacha:Fuarthas i staidéar a foilsíodh i 2004 sa iris Oncogene go raibh turmeric (an ceann céanna le resveratrol) níos éifeachtaí ná aspirin, ibuprofen, sulindac, phenylbutazone, Naproxen, Indomethacin, diclofenac, dexamethasone, celecoxib, agus Tamoxifen.
Oxaliplatin : (droganna ceimiteiripeacha): I 2007 léirigh an International Cancer Journal gur féidir curma a chur i gcomparáid le oxaliplatin mar dhruga frith-fhásála i línte cealla colorectal.
Metformin (drog diaibéiteas): D'fhoilsigh an iris Biochemistry and Biophysical i 2009 staidéar a rinne scrúdú ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh turmeric a bheith luachmhar i gcóireáil diaibéiteas. Fuair siad go gcuireann sé AMPK i ngníomh (a mhéadaíonn ionsú glúcóis) agus go gcuireann sé bac ar léiriú géine glúcóineogineach (a chuireann bac ar fhoirmiú glúcóis i gcraiceann) i gcealla hematoma. Is suimiúil go bhfuair siad amach go bhfuil an turmeric 500 uair go 100,000 uair (sa fhoirm ar a dtugtar tetrahydrocurcuminoids (THC)) níos láidre ná metformin i ngníomhachtú AMPK agus a chuid
Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (b) de mhír 2 de Threoir 2008/57/CE.
Úsáid cúrcuma orgánach (gan radaíocht), i dáileoga cócaireachta níos ísle ar bhonn laethúil, ach ná húsáid dáileoga níos mó níos déanaí sa saol mar go bhféadfadh sé a bheith mar bhunús le galar tromchúiseach.
Go raibh maith agat as léamh, Abair thíos agus ná déan dearmad a roinnt le do chairde agus do theaghlach.
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Did the civil rights movement impact the development of the American state? Despite extensive accounts of civil rights mobilization and narratives of state building, there has been surprisingly little research that explicitly examines the importance and consequence that civil rights activism has had for the process of state building in American political and constitutional development. Through a sweeping archival analysis of the NAACP's battle against lynching and mob violence from 1909 to 1923, this book examines how the NAACP raised public awareness, won over American presidents, and secured the support of Congress. In the NAACP's most far-reaching victory, the Supreme Court ruled that the constitutional rights of black defendants were violated by a white mob in the landmark criminal procedure decision Moore v. Dempsey. This book demonstrates the importance of citizen agency in the making of new constitutional law in a period unexplored by previous scholarship.Read more
- The first ever analysis of the NAACP's campaign against racist violence
- Useful in understanding the litigation apparatus that led to Brown v. Board of Education
- Emphasizes a longer time frame to understand the development of civil rights
- Winner, 2015 W. E. B. DuBois Distinguished Book Award, National Conference of Black Political Scientists
Reviews & endorsements
"Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State is an outstanding contribution to the fields of race and politics, American political development, and legal studies. Drawing on rich archival sources, Francis redefines our understanding of the early civil rights movement, the NAACP, and its relationship to the American presidency and Congress. Her research forces us to revise our understanding of the complicated relationships between early twentieth-century presidents and the black movement for racial justice. This work also sharply highlights how social movement organizations tack back and forth between multiple strategies to achieve their goals. Students of American politics, history, legal studies, race and politics, and social movements will all find this a must-read."
Michael C. Dawson, John D. MacArthur Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science and the College, and Director, Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, University of ChicagoSee more reviews
"Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State is a singular achievement in the field of American Political Development. Francis forces us to reconsider the established narrative of how change occurs in America by drawing our attention to the collective, organized work of African Americans resisting the oppression of Jim Crow injustice. This book plumbs the depths of previously understudied archives and offers a beautifully written, rich, historical narrative. Francis tells a new story about the NAACP, the Supreme Court, and, ultimately, our nation. Forget everything you think you know about how change happens."
Melissa Harris-Perry, Professor of Political Science, Tulane University, Louisiana
"With the publication of this important and original book, Megan Ming Francis establishes herself as an outstanding young scholar of race inequality and the national state. In it, Francis documents the way in which the NAACP came to formulate a litigation strategy to address lynching atrocities, having tried unsuccessfully to mobilize the White House and Congress in this cause. Francis’s findings deepen our knowledge of both the civil rights movement and the American state. The book will be influential and should be essential reading for scholars of American politics, history, sociology, and African American studies."
Desmond King, Andrew Mellon Professor of American Government, University of Oxford
"In this original, incisive, and empirically convincing book, Megan Ming Francis documents how the NAACP’s manifold political challenges to racial violence in the early twentieth century contributed to the development of the modern American constitutional state. Along the way, Francis illustrates why historical institutional analysts should grant greater attention to the important roles of organized citizen groups in shaping civil rights law and national legal authority. The book is a brilliant and important achievement."
Michael McCann, Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship, University of Washington
"Francis’s contribution rests on solid, careful scholarship and argumentation that should be widely read and cited."
Susan D. Carle, American Historical Review
'Francis challenges the way scholars have discussed the political and constitutional processes of state-building in the early 20th century by placing the NAACP and ordinary citizens as critical actors in the creation of modern institutional definitions of citizenship. … should be useful to researchers in the fields of African American and United States history considering the impact of black political activism and civil rights organizations … Francis’s study should prove useful in re-conceptualizing how citizenship rights were expanded in the modern American state.' Samantha Bryant, Journal of African American History
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- Date Published: April 2014
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9781107697973
- length: 216 pages
- dimensions: 226 x 150 x 15 mm
- weight: 0.32kg
- contains: 8 b/w illus. 1 table
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
1. Rethinking civil rights and American political development
2. The birth of the NAACP, mob violence, and the challenge of public opinion
3. The unsteady march into the Oval Office
4. Anti-lynching legislation and the sinking of the Republican ship in Congress
5. Defending the right to live
6. Civil rights bound
Appendix: manuscript sources.
Sorry, this resource is locked
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Ag lorg cóip den scrúdú?
Má tá suim agat sa teideal do do chúrsa, is féidir linn cóip scrúdaithe a thairiscint. Chun do spéis a chlárú, déan teagmháil le [email protected] agus sonraí a thabhairt faoin gcúrsa atá á múineadh agat.
An raibh tionchar ag an gluaiseacht um chearta sibhialta ar fhorbairt stáit Mheiriceá? In ainneoin cuntais fhairsing de mhóibilisíocht chearta sibhialta agus scéalta de thógáil stáit, bhí taighde beag iontas ann a scrúdaíonn go sainráite an tábhacht agus an iarmhairt a bhí ag gníomhaíocht chearta sibhialta ar phróiseas tógála stáit i bhforbairt pholaitiúil agus bunreachtúil Mheiriceá. Trí anailís scuabtha a dhéanamh ar thaifid na NAACP i gcoinne lynching agus foréigean na slua ó 1909 go 1923, scrúdaíonn an leabhar seo conas a d'ardaigh an NAACP feasacht an phobail, uachtaráin Mheiriceá a bhuachan, agus tacaíocht na Comhdhála a chinntiú. Sa bhua is mó a bhí ag NAACP, chinn an Chúirt Uachtarach gur sháraigh slua bán cearta bunreachtúla na cosantóirí dubha sa chinneadh nós imeachta coiriúil mórthóra Moore v. Dempsey. Léiríonn an leabhar seo tábhacht ghníomhaíocht shaoránach i ndéanamh dlí bunreachtúil nua i dtréimhse nach raibh léargas déanta air roimhe seo.
- An chéad anailís riamh ar fheachtas NAACP i gcoinne foréigean ciníoch
- Tá sé úsáideach chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gléas dlíthíochta a d'fhág go raibh Brown v. Bord Oideachais
- Cuireann sé béim ar chreat ama níos faide chun forbairt chearta sibhialta a thuiscint
- Buaiteoir, 2015 W. E. B. Duais Duais Leabhar Ealaíonta, Comhdháil Náisiúnta na nEolaithe Polaitíochta Dubha
Athbhreithnithe agus formheas
"Is ranníocaíocht shuntasach é Cearta Sibhialta agus Cruthú an Stáit Mheiriceá Nua-aimseartha i réimsí ciníochas agus polaitíochta, forbairt pholaitiúil Mheiriceá, agus staidéir dlí. Ag tarraingt ar fhoinsí cartlainne saibhre, athshainmhíníonn Francis ár dtuiscint ar an ngluaiseacht chearta sibhialta luath, an NAACP, agus a chaidreamh leis an uachtaránacht Mheiriceá agus an Comhdháil. Cuireann a taighde orainn ár dtuiscint ar na caidrimh chasta idir uachtaráin go luath sa fiche céad agus an gluaiseacht dubh le haghaidh ceartais chine. Léiríonn an obair seo go géar freisin conas a dhéanann eagraíochtaí gluaiseachta sóisialta dul ar ais agus ar aghaidh idir straitéisí éagsúla chun a gcuspóirí a bhaint amach. Beidh ar mhic léinn polaitíochta Mheiriceá, stair, staidéir dlí, cine agus polaitíocht, agus gluaiseachtaí sóisialta go léir é seo a léamh go mór".
Michael C. Dawson, John D. MacArthur Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science and the College, agus Stiúrthóir, Ionad um Staidéar ar Réas, Polaitíocht agus Cultúr, Ollscoil Chicago
"Is é Cearta Sibhialta agus an Déanamh an Stáit Mheiriceá Nua-aimseartha a bhaint amach singil i réimse na Forbartha Polaitiúil Mheiriceá. Cuireann Francis orainn an scéal bunaithe a athmheas ar an gcaoi a tharlaíonn athrú i Meiriceá trí ár n-aird a tharraingt ar obair chomhchoiteann eagraithe Mheiriceánaigh na hAfraice a sheasann i gcoinne an éagóir Jim Crow. Cuireann an leabhar seo an domhain ar chártaí nach ndearnadh staidéar orthu roimhe seo agus cuireann sé scéal stairiúil álainn scríofa, saibhir ar fáil. Francis insíonn scéal nua faoi NAACP, an Chúirt Uachtarach, agus, sa deireadh, ár náisiún. Déan dearmad ar gach rud a cheapann tú go bhfuil a fhios agat faoi conas a tharlaíonn athrú".
Melissa Harris-Perry, Ollamh Eolaíochta Polaitíochta, Ollscoil Tulane, Louisiana
"Le foilseachán an leabhair thábhachtach agus bunaidh seo, seasann Megan Ming Francis í féin mar ealaíontóir óg den scoth ar éagothroime ciníoch agus ar an stát náisiúnta. Ina chuid, déanann Francis an bealach a tháinig an NAACP chun straitéis dlíthíochta a fhoirmiú chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar atrocities lynching, tar éis dó iarracht a dhéanamh gan rath an Teach Bán agus an Chomhdháil a shlógadh sa chúis seo. Cuireann torthaí Francis ár n-eolas ar an ngluaiseacht chearta sibhialta agus ar an Stát Mheiriceá. Beidh tionchar ag an leabhar agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé ina léitheoireacht riachtanach do scoláirí polaitíochta Mheiriceá, staire, socheolaíochta, agus staidéir Mheiriceá Afracach. "
Desmond King, Andrew Mellon Ollamh Rialtais Mheiriceá, Ollscoil Oxford
"Sa leabhar bunaidh, incisive, agus empirically convincing seo, déanann Megan Ming Francis taifid ar an gcaoi a ndearna dúshláin pholaitiúla ilchineálacha NAACP le foréigean ciníoch go luath sa ficheú haois cur le forbairt stáit bhunreachtúil nua-aimseartha Mheiriceá. Ar an mbealach, léiríonn Francis cén fáth ar chóir do anailísithe institiúideacha stairiúla aird níos mó a thabhairt ar ról tábhachtach grúpaí saoránach eagraithe i múnlú dlí cearta sibhialta agus údarás dlíthiúil náisiúnta. Is é an leabhar a bhaint amach iontach agus tábhachtach. "
Michael McCann, Gordon Hirabayashi Ollamh le haghaidh Cobhsaíocht a Chur chun Cinn, Ollscoil Washington
"Tá ranníocaíocht Francis bunaithe ar scoláireacht agus argóint láidir, cúramach ar chóir a léamh go forleathan agus a lua".
Susan D. Carle, Athbhreithniú Stairiúil Mheiriceá
'Tá Francis ag dúshlán ar an mbealach a phléigh scoláirí na próisis pholaitiúla agus bunreachtúla maidir le tógáil stáit go luath sa 20ú haois trí NAACP agus saoránaigh ghnáth a chur mar ghníomhaithe criticiúla i gcruthú sainmhínithe institiúideacha nua-aimseartha na saoránachta. ... ba cheart go mbeadh sé úsáideach do thaighdeoirí i réimsí stair Mheiriceá Afracach agus na Stát Aontaithe ag smaoineamh ar thionchar gníomhaíocht pholaitiúil dubh agus eagraíochtaí cearta sibhialta ... Ba cheart go mbeadh staidéar Francis úsáideach chun ath-chomhcheapú a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a leathnaíodh cearta saoránachta sa stát Mheiriceá nua-aimseartha. ' Samantha Bryant, Iris Stair Mheiriceá Afracach
Ní athbhreithníodh go fóill
Bí ar an gcéad duine a dhéanfaidh athbhreithniú
Ní cuireadh an athbhreithniú ar fáil mar gheall ar thruailliú×
- Dáta Foilsithe: Aibreán 2014
- formáid: Páipéar cliste
- isbn: 9781107697973
- fad: 216 leathanach
- tomhais: 226 x 150 x 15 mm
- meáchan: 0.32kg
- tá: 8 b/w iol. 1 tábla
- infhaighteacht: Infhaighteacht
Tábla de na Téacsanna
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Athbheochan ar chearta sibhialta agus forbairt pholaitiúil Mheiriceá
2. Seachadadh. Rugadh an NAACP, foréigean na sluaite, agus dúshlán don tuairim phoiblí
3. Tá an t-am ann. An imeacht neamhsheasmhach isteach sa Oifig Oval
4. Tá an t-am reachtaíocht frith-líonú agus tuitim na loinge Phoblachtánach sa Chomhdháil
5. Tá an t-am ann. An ceart chun maireachtáil a chosaint
6. Ceacht. Cearta sibhialta ceangailte
Iarscríbhinn: foinsí lámhscríbhneoireachta.
Tá brón orainn, tá an acmhainn seo faoi ghlas
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Given that electrical energy is very difficult to store, a permanent balance between production and consumption is vital. Generators, loads and the electrical networks which connect them have mechanical and/or electrical inertias which complicate the maintaining of a balance guararanteeing relatively constant frequency and voltage. When confronted with a power variation, the electrical system normally resumes a stable state after a few oscillations.
However in certain cases the oscillating state can diverge, and studies are then required to avoid this phenomenon and guarantee the stability of the electrical network. These studies are of particular importance in the case of industrial networks which contain one or more generator sets and motors.
The purpose of this Cahier Technique is to understand why instability can appear and to define the main causes and effects of such instability. It explains the precautions to be taken and, using a concrete example, describes how a typical study is conducted.
Since electrical energy is produced at the same time as it is consumed, production must constantly adapt to consumption. As a result, energy production, transmission and consumption form a complex system known as the electrical network stability of which is vital. An electrical network can vary considerably in power (according to the country where it is installed).
AUTHOR: Schneider Electric experts | Benoît de METZ-NOBLAT, Gérard JEANJEAN
|Title:||Dynamic stability of industrial electrical networks|
|Download:||Right here | Video Courses | Membership | Download Updates|
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Ós rud é go bhfuil sé an-deacair fuinneamh leictreach a stóráil, tá cothromaíocht bhuan idir táirgeadh agus tomhaltas ríthábhachtach. Tá ionsaí meicniúla agus/nó leictreacha ag gineadóirí, ualach agus na líonraí leictreacha a nascann iad a chuireann deacracht ar chothromaíocht a choinneáil a ráthaíonn minicíocht agus voltas réasúnta seasmhach. Nuair a bhíonn athrú cumhachta i láthair, déantar an córas leictreach a athbhunú go gnáth ina staid chobhsaí tar éis cúpla oscillations.
Mar sin féin, i gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh an staid oscillating a bheith éagsúil, agus is gá staidéir a dhéanamh ansin chun an feiniméan seo a sheachaint agus cobhsaíocht an ghréasáin leictreach a ráthú. Tá tábhacht ar leith ag na staidéir seo i gcás líonraí tionsclaíocha ina bhfuil sraith gineadóir agus mótarn amháin nó níos mó.
Is é is cuspóir leis an Teicnicí Cahier seo ná tuiscint a fháil ar cén fáth ar féidir neamhsheasmhacht a bheith ann agus príomhchúiseanna agus éifeachtaí neamhsheasmhachta den sórt sin a shainiú. Mínítear na cosaintí a dhéantar agus, trí shampla nithiúil a úsáid, déantar cur síos ar an gcaoi a ndéantar staidéar tipiciúil.
Ós rud é go ndéantar fuinneamh leictreach a tháirgeadh ag an am céanna a thomhaistear é, ní mór don táirgeadh oiriúnú i gcónaí don tomhaltas. Mar thoradh air sin, tá táirgeadh, tarchur agus tomhaltas fuinnimh ina gcóras casta ar a dtugtar cobhsaíocht líonra leictreach a bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach. Is féidir le gréasán leictreach athrú go suntasach i gcumhacht (de réir na tíre ina bhfuil sé suiteáilte).
AUTHOR: Saineolaithe Schneider Electric Benoît de METZ-NOBLAT, Gérard JEANJEAN
│Title:
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What does the "www" in a website URL mean?
This NYTimes technical post explains it well:
The “www” is a subdomain, a specific area within the domain, but not all sites will use it. If the address works with or without the “www” prefix in the address, the site’s administrator has mapped things out so that both addresses point to the location of the server’s Web content. If the site has not been configured to automatically serve up the pages if you leave off the “www,” you usually get a message saying the site cannot be found. In that case, you need to type in the “www.”
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| 0.902718 | 146 | 2.875 | 3 |
Cad a chiallaíonn an "www" i URL láithreán gréasáin?
Míníonn an post teicniúil seo de chuid NYTimes é go maith:
Is fo-dhomhan é an www, limistéar sonrach laistigh den réimse, ach ní úsáidfidh gach suíomh é. Má oibríonn an seoladh leis an réamhtheachtaire www sa seoladh nó gan é, tá mapsú déanta ag riarthóir an láithreáin ar rudaí ionas go mbeidh an dá seoladh ag pointeáil chuig suíomh ábhar gréasáin an fhreastalaí. Mura bhfuil an suíomh curtha in ord chun na leathanaigh a sheirbheáil go huathoibríoch má fhágann tú an www, is gnách go bhfaigheann tú teachtaireacht ag rá nach féidir an suíomh a fháil. Sa chás sin, ní mór duit an www. a chlóscríobh
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You’re complaining of having nightmares about your teeth falling out? I dream of intestinal colonization with a 30 foot tapeworm. Everyone’s got their own hang-ups and quite frankly the largest parasite of man, the freak of nature Diphyllobothrium latum, unnerves me. What’s not to dislike? The longest lifespan of any human parasite and the jaw-dropping lengths it can reach are just a few of its charms.
The fish tapeworm has long been an intestinal bedfellow of mankind. The earliest evidence of infection has been found in archaic coprolites along the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru dating from 4110 to 1950 BC (1). Tapeworm eggs have also been found at Neolithic lakeside settlements dating from 3900 BC in Germany and Switzerland and represent the earliest occurrence of the tapeworm in the Old World; diphyllobothriasis, as the infection is called, may have been one of the leading parasitic infections of Neolithic people during that period (2). It still remains a modern scourge, with an estimated 20 million people worldwide infected (3).
Scandinavians brought the creature to the midwestern United States as they left their homeland and moved to the lake regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin in the 1800s (4). As the sewage of sturdy Norwegians and what-have-yous contaminated the lakes of the Midwest, tiny copepods ingested the eggs. These little crustaceans would be consumed by predatory freshwater fish such as pike, carp, salmon, perch, turbot and pickerel and the tapeworm larva would embed itself in their muscle or viscera. The larval form of the tapeworm, the plerocercoid, makes its final home in the small intestine of humans or bears when the fish is eaten in a raw or undercooked state. The tapeworm can live quite comfortably there, in relative parasitic harmony with its host for several decades.
D. latum has one the most magnificent anatomies of the helminthic family. It has two suction cup-like grooves located at its head, known as a scolex, that allow it to grip the small intestine. The scolex looks like some sort of bizarre, antique tool you’d stumble upon in your grandfather’s shed. Or a sex toy. Anyway! The body is composed of thousands of rectangular segments known as proglottids; the worm can be made of up to thousands of these guys stretching through the intestine for several feet. It’s a rapidly growing beast too – tapeworms can grow 22 cm a day or 1 cm per hour (5). The longest specimen every found was recorded at an alarming 25 m or 82 ft (6).
Each proglottid contains all of the necessary machinery to reproduce – testes, ovaries and uterus are neatly compacted into a globular, rosette shape that churns out eggs. Most interestingly, egg production seem to be more common in the late summer and fall (7). The tapeworm continuously grows new proglottids downwards from the head and neck, shifting the older segments further down the intestines where they may be eventually lost as the tapeworm ages. If you’re infected and in great luck, you may see wildly thrashing proglottids (either singly or in a chain) upon defecation. A proglottid segment has been evocatively described as “tagliatelle” like (8). Splendid!
We can thank gefilte fish for the alarming sight of a wriggling proglottid in the toilet bowl of a Jewish housewife in Brooklyn. Gefilte fish is quite the culinary amuse bouche – a ground-up concoction of freshwater fish, eggs, matzo meal and your requisite salt, which is then smushed into a ball and promptly boiled. These balls may then be stuffed into a whole fish and served. Determining whether your gefilte fish is properly cooked depends on instinct and you and your family members’ standards of taste and “doneness” – in other words, frequent taste testing which may result in self-inoculation with the larval plerocercoid. Handling of the raw fish can also deliver the infective larva to the intestinal system. Tapeworm infection is most likely to occur in the Jewish population during Passover when gefilte fish is much in demand (9).
Scandinavians have a similarly constructed dish, fish balls or “fiskeboller”, though it is typically served with a cream sauce instead of inhabiting the interior of another fish. The high prevalence of diphyllobothriasis due to the culinary adventures in these two communities have earned
the tapeworm the name “Jewish/Scandinavian housewife’s disease”.
This parasite is quite tolerant of other religions and eating habits – all cultures that consume freshwater fish are susceptible to infection. The Japanese may be infected by D. nihonkaiense* by eating uncooked or raw sushi or sashimi made of anodromous fish such as salmon that is used as an intermediate host by the worm. The global epidemiology of infection with this species has truly evolved as transportation and refrigeration systems have improved thus enabling the transport of fresh fish from rural, isolated regions to urban locales (10).
D. latum has also reared its narrow scolex head in Brazil thanks to a burgeoning aquaculture industry that rears salmon in southern Chile (11). Consuming dishes of contaminated raw or smoked salmon are typically responsible for tapeworm transmission, though Japanese cuisine has also made its mark in South America where raw sushi has become quite popular. Diphyllobothriasis was also quite common in the Canadian Inuit population but has declined significantly over the past few decades due to cultural changes in eating behaviors (11).
Despite its preposterous length, tapeworm infection itself is rather benign. At the most, a person may initially suffer abdominal discomforts such as diarrhea, cramping, flatulence, vomiting, nausea, and weakness. Chronic infections may result in weight loss, fatigue and pernicious anemia. This type of anemia occurs when there are exceptionally low levels of folic acid, otherwise known as vitamin B12, a macromolecule necessary for the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. The tapeworm actively competes for the vitamin, nicking it from its human host. Scandinavians and the Finnish in particular have a genetic predisposition to B12 deficiency and are more susceptible to suffering from pernicious anemia.
For those who have no qualms about body infestation, flailing worms and colonoscopies, I highly recommend watching the Youtube video below of an accidental discovery.
Treatment is, shockingly, quite simple – administering a single dose of the anthelmintic praziquantel should expel the worm. It is important that the entire worm is removed from the intestine; if the scolex and head remain, the tapeworm will continue to quite happily grow proglottids.
Thankfully, incidence of tapeworm infection in the United States has declined due in part to the increased inspection of fish imports, improved sewage management as well as the modern convenience of cheap, cooking thermometers (7). Most sushi served in the United States is used with previously frozen fish which kills the plerocercoid. Diphyllobothriasis is still common in Europe, especially in the Baltic and Scandinavian countries (11).
For those of you who will be joining me in dreaming of tapeworm tangos in your belly, just remember that sushi, sashimi, carpaccio or ceviche that is prepared with never-frozen freshwater fish should be eaten with caution. Or gusto depending on how you live your life – who am I to say? Bon appetite!
Parasitologists are still disentangling the morphological and ecological variations between Diphyllobothrium species – much of the genus’ phylogeny needs rigorous molecular and genetic characterization. It could very well be that there is only one species of tapeworm or gazillions of them. A super cool hypothesis about the morphological differences seen in different tapeworms found throughout the world is that human hosts alter the tapeworm’s morphology. For a review, click here.
For more in-depth information on the life cycle of D. latum, the indispensable CDC is always here to help you.
A charming infestation story a few years back from the NYT. Also the great Robert Desowitz goes into a nice story about a Jewish grandmother infected with a new Scandinavian friend. Get the book here.
Looking to buy antiquated tapeworm cures and other parasitological ephemera for beloved relatives? I know just the thing!
(1) KJ Reinhard (1992) Parasitology as an Interpretive Tool in Archaeology. American Antiquity. 2(57): 231-45
(2) M Le Bailly, U Leuzinger, H Schlichtherele & F Bouchet. (2005) Diphyllobothrium: Neolithic Parasite? J Parasitol. 91(4): 957-9
(3) T Scholz, HH Garcia, R Kuchta, B Wicht. (2009) Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothrium), Including Clinical Relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 22(1): 146-60
(4) Weintraub, S. The Parasite Menance. Woodland Publishing, 2000
(5) F Kuhlow (1955) Studies on the development of Diphyllobothrium latum. Z. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 6 :213–225
(6) von Bonsdorff, B. 1977. Diphyllobothriasis in Man. Academic Press, New York, NY.
(7) EJ Jenkins, JM Schurer, KM Gesy. (2011) Old problems on a new playing field: Helminth zoonoses transmitted among dogs, wildlife, and people in a changing northern climate. Vet Parasitol. Epub ahead of print
(8) Y Jackson, R Pastore, P Sudre, L Loutan, F Chappuis. (2007) Diphyllobothrium latum Outbreak from Marinated Raw Perch, Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(12): 1957-8
(9) D Gibbs (1984) Gut feelings in the old. Brit Med J. 289: 1065
(10) N Arizono, M Yamada, F Nakamura-Uchiyama, K Ohnishi. (2009) Diphyllobothriasis Associated with eating raw pacific salmon. Emerg Infect Dis. 15(6): 866-70
(11) FC Cabello (2007) Salmon Aquaculture and Transmission of the Fish Tapeworm. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(1): 169-71
Scholz, T., Garcia, H., Kuchta, R., & Wicht, B. (2009). Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothrium), Including Clinical Relevance Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22 (1), 146-160 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00033-08
Cabello, F. (2007). Salmon Aquaculture and Transmission of the Fish Tapeworm Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (1), 169-171 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060875
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Tá tú ag gearán go bhfuil nightmares agat faoi do chuid fiacla ag titim amach? Tá sé mar aidhm agam go mbeidh colún intestinal le 30 troigh de thineworm. Tá gach duine a chuid féin hangups agus go hionraic go leor an paraisítí is mó de fear, an freak an nádúr Diphyllobothrium latum, unnerves dom. Cad é nach bhfuil a dislike? Níl ach cuid de na háiseanna a bhaineann leis an saolré is faide atá ag aon pharaisíte daonna agus na méideanna a d'fhéadfadh sé a bhaint amach a fhágann go bhfuil sé ag titim.
Tá an t-eireaball cáise ar feadh i bhfad ina chomhghleacaí intestinal den chine daonna. Fuarthas an fhianaise is luaithe ar ionfhabhtú i gcopróilítí ársacha ar feadh chósta an Aigéin Chiúin na Sile agus na Peire ag dul ó 4110 go 1950 RC (1). Fuarthas uibheacha téipworm freisin ag lonnaíochtaí leata Neolaitic a théann siar go 3900 RC sa Ghearmáin agus san Eilvéis agus is ionann iad agus an t-imeacht is luaithe den téipworm sa Sean-Domhnach; b'fhéidir go raibh diphyllobothriasis, mar a thugtar ar an ionfhabhtú, ar cheann de na príomh-ionfhabhtú paraisíteacha de dhaoine Neolaitic le linn na tréimhse sin (2). Tá sé fós ina phláigh nua-aimseartha, agus meastar go bhfuil 20 milliún duine ar fud an domhain ionfhabhtaithe leis (3).
Thug na hIoslaigh an créatúr go lár-thiar na Stát Aontaithe nuair a d'fhág siad a dtír dhúchais agus bhog siad go réigiúin loch Minnesota agus Wisconsin sna 1800í (4). De réir mar a bhí séasúr na nIoruaigh sturdy agus cad atá agat truaillithe na lochanna an Midwest, copepods beagáinín ingested na huibheacha. D'ithfeadh na crustacéirí beaga seo ag iasc deachmharach uisce milis mar phíce, carp, salmón, perch, turbot agus pickerel agus chuirfeadh larbha an téipworm é féin ina muscle nó ina gciorcal. Déanann foirm larbha an téine, an plerocercoid, a bhaile deiridh i n-intestin bheag daoine nó i n-éirí nuair a itheann an t-iasc i stát amh nó neamh-choite. Is féidir leis an teipworm maireachtáil go leor compordach ann, i gcomharsanacht paraisítí coibhneasta lena óstach ar feadh roinnt blianta.
Tá ceann de na anatóimí is iontach sa teaghlach helminthic ag D. latum. Tá dhá ghruaig cosúil le cupán suction suite ag a cheann, ar a dtugtar scolex, a ligeann dó greim a fháil ar an intestine beag. An scolex Breathnaíonn cosúil le cineál éigin, uirlis sean-eachtrach a bheadh tú stumble ar i do shean-athair 's shed. Nó bréagán gnéasach. Ar aon nós! Tá an corp comhdhéanta de na mílte de na codanna ceartcheannais ar a dtugtar proglottids; is féidir leis an worm a bheith déanta suas le na mílte de na guys a shíneadh tríd an intestine ar feadh roinnt troigh. Is beithid atá ag fás go tapa í freisin - is féidir le teipworms fás 22 cm in aghaidh an lae nó 1 cm san uair (5). Taifeadadh an t-eispéireas is faide a fuarthas ag 25 m nó 82 troigh (6).
Tá gach proglottid ina inneall na meaisín riachtanacha go léir chun atáirgeadh a dhéanamh tá testes, ovaries agus uterus comhdhéanta go cúramach i gcruth globular, rosette a chraolann uibheacha. Is cosúil go bhfuil táirgeadh uibheacha níos coitianta ag deireadh an tsamhraidh agus an fhómhar (7). Fásann an t-eireaball teannas proglottids nua go leanúnach síos ón gceann agus ón gcroí, ag bogadh na codanna níos sine níos faide síos sna intestines áit a bhféadfadh siad a bheith caillte sa deireadh de réir mar a théann an t-eireaball teannas in aois. Má tá tú ionfhabhtaithe agus má tá an t-ádh ort, d'fhéadfadh go bhfeicfí proglottids ag bualadh go fial (an dá cheann nó i slabhra) nuair a bhíonn siad ag caitheamh. Tá an t-amhrán seo a leanas ag an bhfoireann: Go hiontach!
Is féidir linn buíochas a ghabháil le héisc gefilte as an radharc scanrúil a bhí ar proglottid a bhí ag cur isteach i mbosca folctha bean chéile tí Giúdach i Brooklyn. Is é an t-iasc gefilte an amuse bouche cócaireachta comhcheangal miotail de iasc uisce milis, uibheacha, mial matzo agus an salann is gá duit, a chuirtear i bbal agus a bruitear go pras. Is féidir na liathróidí seo a chur isteach i d'iasc iomlán agus iad a sheirbheáil. Is é an t-instinct agus tú féin agus do bhaill teaghlaigh a chinnfidh an bhfuil do iasc gefilte cócaráilte i gceart agus na caighdeáin bhlas agus an "dónnacht" i bhfocail eile, tástáil bhlas go minic a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar féin-inoculation leis an plerocercoid larva. Is féidir leis an iasc amh a láimhseáil an larbha ionfhabhtaithe a thabhairt chuig an gcóras intestinal freisin. Is dóichí go dtarlóidh ionfhabhtú teipworm i measc an daonra Giúdach le linn an Cháisc nuair a bhíonn éileamh mór ar iasc gefilte (9).
Tá miasa den chineál céanna ag na hIoslaigh, liopaí éisc nó fiskeboller, cé go bhfuil sé de ghnáth ar fáil le salann uachtar in ionad a bheith ina áit istigh iasc eile. Tá an ard-raon difillobothriasis mar gheall ar na eachtraí cócaireachta sna dhá phobal seo tar éis
an t-eireaball teann an t-ainm "Bholadh na mBan-Tíre/Scandinave".
Tá an paraisítí seo in ann a lán reiligiúin agus nósanna itheacha eile a fhulaingt tá gach cultúr a itheann iasc uisce úr in ann ionfhabhtú. D'fhéadfadh na Seapánaigh a bheith ionfhabhtaithe le D. nihonkaiense* trí sushi nó sashimi amh a ithe a dhéantar as iasc anodromic mar shalmon a úsáideann an féar mar óstach idirmheánach. Tá an t-eipidéimeolaíocht domhanda maidir le hionfhabhtú leis an speiceas seo tar éis dul i bhfeidhm go fírinneach de réir mar a tháinig feabhas ar chórais iompair agus reoite, rud a chuireann ar chumas iasc úr a iompar ó réigiúin thírthe, iargúlta go háiteanna uirbeacha (10).
Tá an D. latum tar éis a cheann scolex caol a chothú sa Bhrasaíl freisin a bhuíochas le tionscal uisceachais atá ag fás go maith a chothaíonn sialmon i ndeisceart na Sile (11). Is gnách go mbíonn na miasa a itheann sé de shalmon amh nó de shalmon caitheamh freagrach as tarchur tapeworm, cé go bhfuil cócaireacht na Seapáine tar éis a chuid marc a dhéanamh i Meiriceá Theas freisin áit a bhfuil sushi amh tóir go leor air. Bhí difhiillobothriasis coitianta go leor i ndaonra Inuit Cheanada freisin ach tá laghdú suntasach tagtha air le cúpla bliain anuas mar gheall ar athruithe cultúrtha i ngníomhartha itheacháin (11).
In ainneoin a fhad absurd, tá ionfhabhtú tapeworm féin go leor neamhdhíobhálach. Ar a mhéad, d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag fulaingt ó mhí-chompordach intinne ar dtús mar diarrhea, cramps, flatulence, vomiting, nausea, agus laige. D'fhéadfadh meáchain caillteanas, tuirse agus anaemia pernicious a bheith mar thoradh ar ionfhabhtuithe ainsealacha. Tarlaíonn an cineál seo anaimia nuair a bhíonn leibhéil eisceachtúla íseal aigéad fólach ann, ar a dtugtar vitimín B12 freisin, macromolecule atá riachtanach chun cealla fola dearga a tháirgeadh ag mhal cnámh. Tá an t-eireaball teann ag dul i gcomórtas go gníomhach don fhitimin, ag cur as a óstach daonna. Tá claonadh géiniteach ag na Scandinavians agus ag na Fionlainne go háirithe do easpa B12 agus tá siad níos so-ghabhálach le haineemia pernicious a fhulaingt.
I gcás na ndaoine nach bhfuil aon scrúdú orthu faoi ionfhabhtú comhlacht, féaróg ag flailing agus colonoscopies, molaim go mór féachaint ar an físeán Youtube thíos de fhionnachtana thimpiste.
Tá an chóireáil, go hiontach, simplí go leor dáileog amháin den praziquantel anthelmintic a riaradh ba chóir an worm a dhíbirt. Tá sé tábhachtach go n-aisghairtear an worm iomlán ón intestine; má fhanann an scolex agus an ceann, leanfaidh an t-eireaball teip ag fás go sona sásta proglottids.
Go raibh maith agat, tá laghdú tagtha ar ionfhabhtuithe le tineas-teannas sna Stáit Aontaithe, go páirteach mar gheall ar iniúchadh méadaithe ar allmhairí éisc, feabhas ar bhainistíocht dramhaíola chomh maith le háisiúlacht nua-aimseartha teirmiméadair cócaireachta saor (7). Úsáidtear an chuid is mó de sushi a sheirbheáiltear sna Stáit Aontaithe le hiasc reoite roimhe seo a mharaíonn an plerocercoid. Tá difhiillobothriasis coitianta fós san Eoraip, go háirithe sna tíortha Baltach agus sna tíortha Scandinave (11).
I gcás na ndaoine agaibh a bheidh ag teacht liom i mbrionglóid tangos tapeworm i do bholg, cuimhnigh go díreach gur chóir sushi, sashimi, carpaccio nó ceviche a ullmhaítear le hiasc uisce milis nach bhfuil reoite a ithe le cúramach. Nó gusto ag brath ar conas a bhfuil tú ag maireachtáil do shaol cé mé a rá? Bon appetite!
Tá paraisítheolaithe fós ag dífhágáil na héagsúlachtaí morfo-eiclógacha idir speicis Diphyllobothrium cuid mhór den ghéineas teastaíonn carachtarú géiniteach agus móilíní dian ó phylogeny. D'fhéadfadh sé go maith nach bhfuil ach speiceas amháin de thine nó gazillions díobh. Is é an hipitéis an-simplí faoi na difríochtaí morfúlacha a fheictear i ngréasán éagsúla atá le fáil ar fud an domhain ná go ndéanann óstach daonna athrú ar mhorfolaíocht an ngréasán. Chun athbhreithniú a dhéanamh, cliceáil anseo.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar shraith saoil D. latum, tá an CDC riachtanach anseo i gcónaí chun cabhrú leat.
Scéal cairdiúil ionfhabhtaithe cúpla bliain ó shin ó NYT. Chomh maith leis sin, tá an Robert Desowitz mór ag dul isteach i scéal deas faoi seanmháthair Giúdach atá ionfhabhtaithe le cara nua Scandinavian. Faigh an leabhar anseo.
Ag lorg le haghaidh leigheas tapeworm antiquated agus ephemera parasitological eile do ghaolta beloved? Tá a fhios agam díreach an rud!
(1) KJ Reinhard (1992) Parasitology mar uirlis léirmhínithe in Ailtireacht. Sean-Am Mheiriceá. 2 (i) (57): 231 go 45
(2) M Le Bailly, U Leuzinger, H Schlichtherele & F Bouchet. (2005) Diphyllobothrium: Parasite Neoiliteach? J Parasitol. 91 (a) (4): 957-9
(3) T Scholz, HH Garcia, R Kuchta, B Wicht. (2009) Nuashonrú ar an Tapeworm Leathan Daonna (Genus Diphyllobothrium), lena n-áirítear ábharthacht chliniciúil. Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (a) (1): 146-60
(4) Weintraub, S. The Parasite Menance. Foilsitheoireacht Woodland, 2000
(5) F Kuhlow (1955) Staidéar ar fhorbairt Diphyllobothrium latum. Z. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 6:213225
(6) von Bonsdorff, B. 1977. Diphyllobothriasis in Man. Academic Press, Nua-Eabhrac, Nua-Eabhrac.
(7) EJ Jenkins, JM Schurer, KM Gesy. (2011) Sean-fhadhbanna ar réimse nua: Zoonóis Helminth a tharchur i measc madraí, fiadhúlra, agus daoine i dtimpeallacht thuaidh atá ag athrú. Parasitol Vet. Epub roimh an gcló
(8) Y Jackson, R Pastore, P Sudre, L Loutan, F Chappuis. (2007) Diphyllobothrium latum Easpa ó Perch amh maraithe, Loch Geneva, an Eilvéis. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(12): 1957-8
(9) D Gibbs (1984) Meon gut i sean. Brit Med J. 289: 1065
(10) N Arizono, M Yamada, F Nakamura-Uchiyama, K Ohnishi. (2009) Diphyllobothriasis a bhaineann le salmón ciúin amh a ithe. Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (a) (6): 866-70
(11) FC Cabello (2007) Aicmeachtóireacht Sailme agus Tráchtáil an Tapeworm. Emerg Infect Dis. 13 (a) (1): 169-71
Scholz, T., Garcia, H., Kuchta, R., & Wicht, B. (2009). Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothrium), Including Clinical Relevance Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22 (1), 146-160 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00033-08
Cabello, F. (2007). Aicmeachtóireacht Sailme agus Tarchur na Galar Teineacha Éisc, 13 (1), 169-171 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060875
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Timody syndrome is a rare autosomaw-dominant disorder characterized by physicaw mawformations, as weww as neurowogicaw and devewopmentaw defects, incwuding heart QT-prowongation, heart arrhydmias, structuraw heart defects, syndactywy (webbing of fingers and toes), and autism spectrum disorders. Timody syndrome often ends in earwy chiwdhood deaf.
Signs and symptoms
The most striking sign of Timody syndrome is de co-occurrence of bof syndactywy (about 0.03% of birds) and wong QT syndrome (1% per year) in a singwe patient. Oder common symptoms incwude cardiac arrhydmia (94%), heart mawformations (59%), and autism or an autism spectrum disorder (80% who survive wong enough for evawuation). Faciaw dysmorphowogies such as fwattened noses awso occur in about hawf of patients. Chiwdren wif dis disorder have smaww teef, which due to poor enamew coating, are prone to dentaw cavities and often reqwire removaw. The average age of deaf due to compwications of dese symptoms is 2.5 years.
Atypicaw Timody syndrome has wargewy de same symptoms as de cwassicaw form. Differences in de atypicaw form are de wack of syndactywy, de presence of muscuwoskewetaw probwems (particuwarwy hyperfwexibwe joints), and atriaw fibriwwation. Patients wif atypicaw Timody syndrome awso have more faciaw deformities, incwuding protruding foreheads and tongues. Finawwy, one patient wif atypicaw Timody syndrome had a body devewopment discrepancy wherein her upper body was normawwy devewoped (dat of a 6-year-owd) whiwe her wower hawf resembwed a 2- or 3-year-owd.
There are two recognized types of Timody syndrome, cwassicaw (type-1) and atypicaw (type-2). They are bof caused by mutations in CACNA1C, de gene encoding de cawcium channew Cav1.2 α subunit. Timody syndrome mutations in CACNA1C cause dewayed channew cwosing, dus increased cewwuwar excitabiwity.
Bof cwassicaw and atypicaw Timody syndromes are caused by mutations in CACNA1C. These mutations are in exon 8 (atypicaw form) and exon 8a (cwassicaw form), an awternativewy spwiced exon. Exon 8a is highwy expressed in de heart, brain, gastrointestinaw system, wungs, immune system, and smoof muscwe. Exon 8 is awso expressed in dese regions and its wevew is roughwy five-fowd higher dan exon 8a expression, uh-hah-hah-hah.
One mutation is found in patients wif cwassicaw Timody syndrome, G406R, wocated just past de sixf membrane-spanning segment of domain 1 (D1S6). The conserved gwycine at dis position seems to be vitaw for proper vowtage-dependent inactivation, as de mutant is wacking in dis respect. Atypicaw Timody syndrome mutations are simiwar, one being de identicaw G406R mutation in de oder spwice form and de second mutation being G402S, wocated a few amino acids upstream. The effect of dese mutations on channew function is identicaw to de G406R mutation in cwassicaw Timody syndrome. The wack of proper vowtage-dependent inactivation in dese mutants causes prowonged inward current and depowarization during cardiac action potentiaws. This weads to wong QT syndrome and resuwtant arrhydmia. Because exon 8 has greater expression in de heart versus exon 8a, patients wif atypicaw Timody syndrome have worsened cardiac defects compared to dose wif de cwassicaw form.
Syndactywy and oder deformities are typicawwy observed and diagnosed at birf. Long QT syndrome sometimes presents itsewf as a compwication due to surgery to correct syndactywy. Oder times, chiwdren cowwapse spontaneouswy whiwe pwaying. In aww cases, it is confirmed wif ECG measurements. Seqwencing of de CACNA1C gene furder confirms de diagnosis.
Surgery is typicawwy used to correct structuraw heart defects and syndactywy. Propanowow or beta-adrenergic bwockers are often prescribed, as weww as insertion of a pacemaker to maintain proper heart rhydm. Wif de characterization of Timody syndrome mutations indicating dat dey cause defects in cawcium currents, cawcium channew bwockers may be effective as a derapeutic agent.
The prognosis for patients diagnosed wif Timody syndrome is very poor. Of 17 chiwdren anawyzed in one study, 10 died at an average age of 2.5 years. Of dose dat did survive, dree were diagnosed wif autism, one wif an autism spectrum disorder, and de wast had severe deways in wanguage devewopment. One patient wif atypicaw Timody syndrome was wargewy normaw wif de exception of heart arrhydmia. Likewise, de moder of two Timody syndrome patients awso carried de mutation, but wacked any obvious phenotype. In bof of dese cases, however, de wack of severity of de disorder was due to mosaicism.
Some of de abnormawities observed in Timody syndrome were described in de 1990s. However, it was winked wif cawcium channew abnormawities in 2004, and de disorder was dence named "Timody syndrome" in honor of Kaderine W. Timody, who was among de first to identify a case and performed much of de phenotypic anawysis dat reveawed oder abnormawities.
- Marks M, Whiswer S, Cwericuzio C, Keating M (1995). "A new form of wong QT syndrome associated wif syndactywy". J Am Coww Cardiow. 25 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00318-K. PMID 7798527.
- Marks M, Trippew D, Keating M (1995). "Long QT syndrome associated wif syndactywy identified in femawes". Am J Cardiow. 76 (10): 744–745. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80216-1. PMID 7572644.
- Spwawski I, Timody K, Sharpe L, Decher N, Kumar P, Bwoise R, Napowitano C, Schwartz P, Joseph R, Condouris K, Tager-Fwusberg H, Priori S, Sanguinetti M, Keating M (2004). "Ca(V)1.2 cawcium channew dysfunction causes a muwtisystem disorder incwuding arrhydmia and autism". Ceww. 119 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.ceww.2004.09.011. PMID 15454078.
- Spwawski I, Timody K, Decher N, Kumar P, Sachse F, Beggs A, Sanguinetti M, Keating M (2005). "Severe arrhydmia disorder caused by cardiac L-type cawcium channew mutations". Proc Natw Acad Sci USA. 102 (23): 8089–8096. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502506102. PMC 1149428. PMID 15863612.
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Is neamhoird neamhchoitianta autosomal-dominant é siondróm Timody a bhfuil saintréithe fisiceacha agus mothúcháin, mar shampla míchompord neuro-chompord agus forbairt, lena n-áirítear QT-fhorlúid croí, arrhythmias croí, míchompord struchtúrach croí, syndactywy (fathrú na n-uaireacha agus na n-uaireacha), agus neamhoird speictream autism. Is minic a chríochnaíonn siondróm Timody i gcloí claisdeacha óige.
Comharthaí agus comharthaí
Is é an comhartha is suntasaí ar shiondróm Timody ná go bhfuil bof syndactywy (thart ar 0.03% de na héin) agus siondróm Wong QT (1% in aghaidh na bliana) ag teacht le chéile i bpacient amháin. I measc na hairíonna is coitianta tá arrhythmia cardiaca (94%), foirmiúí croí (59%) agus autism nó neamhoird speictrim autism (80% a mhaireann go leor le haghaidh evauation). Tá dysmorphogies facial mar shniotáin flicked tarlú freisin i thart ar leath na n-othar. Tá scamhóg smaww teef ag an bpian, a bhfuil, mar gheall ar chlúdach droch-enamew, buailte le cavities dentaw agus go minic éilíonn sé a bhaint. Is é 2.5 bliain an meánaois a bhíonn ag daoine a bhíonn tinn go mór mar gheall ar chomharthaí den sórt sin.
Tá na hairíonna céanna ag an siondróm atypical Timody agus an siondróm de cwassicaw. Is iad na difríochtaí sa fhoirm atípic ná easpa syndactywy, láithreacht probwems muscle-sceithimh (ailt hyperfwexibwe go háirithe), agus fibriwwation atrial. Tá níos mó mífhoirmeacha aghaidh ag othair a bhfuil siondróm Timody neamhthreomach orthu, lena n-áirítear foreheads agus teangacha a thagann amach. I ndeireadh na dála, bhí difríocht i bhforbairt an choirp ag bean othair amháin a raibh siondróm Timody neamhthreomhar ann ina raibh a cuid uachtaraigh den chorp ag forbairt go gnáth (dáta de leanbh 6 bliana d'aois) agus bhí a cuid dheis cosúil le leanbh 2 nó 3 bliana d'aois.
Tá dhá chineál aitheanta de shiondróm Timody, cwassicaw (cáil-1) agus atypicaw (cáil-2). Tá siad mar thoradh ar mhútanas i CACNA1C, an géin a chódálann an fho-aonad Cav1.2 α de chanáil cailciam. Tá sé de dhíth ar an duine a bhfuil síndrome Timody aige a bheith ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú go bhfuil sé ag mothú.
Déantar siondróm Bof cwassicaw agus siondróm Timody atypical a chur ar bun le haistriúcháin i CACNA1C. Tá na hathruithe seo in exon 8 (foirm atípic) agus in exon 8a (foirm cwassicaw), exon spwiced eile. Tá exon 8a léirithe go mór sa chroí, sa inchinn, sa chóras gastrointestinal, sa phung, sa chóras imdhíonachta, agus sa mhúscleach smooth. Tá exon 8 a léiriú i réigiúin dese agus tá a wevew thart ar cúig fowd níos airde ná exon 8a léiriú, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Tá athrú amháin le fáil i n-othair a bhfuil siondróm Timody cwassicaw orthu, G406R, a tharla díreach tar éis de sixf membrane- spanning segment of domain 1 (D1S6). Is cosúil go bhfuil an gwycine coimeádta ag an suíomh seo riachtanach chun neamhghníomhachtú cuí atá ag brath ar vowtage, mar go bhfuil an mutant ag dul i ngleic leis. Tá athruithe tipiciúla i siondróm Timody cosúil, ceann acu a bhfuil an G406R athraithe céanna i bhfoirm de oder spwice agus an dara athruithe a bheith G402S, a bhfuil cúpla aimínaigéid suas an sruth. Tá éifeacht na n-athruithe ar fheidhm na seanair céanna le hathrú G406R i siondróm Timody na cwassica. Tá an easpa neamhghníomhaithe cuí atá ag brath ar vowtage i des mutants ag cruthú sruth isteach agus dí-fhorbairt le linn potentiaws gníomhaíochta croí. Tugann sé seo le siondróm Wong QT agus arrhythmia a thagann as. Toisc go bhfuil léiriú níos mó ag exon 8 sa chroí i gcomparáid le exon 8a, tá míchumas croí níos measa ag othair le siondróm Timody neamhthreomach i gcomparáid le dosage le foirm cwassicaw.
Is gnách go ndéantar dífhoirmeachtaí syndactywy agus oder a bhreathnú agus a dhiagnóisiú ag an am. Uaireanta, léiríonn siondróm QT fada é féin mar choimhlint mar gheall ar mháinliacht chun syndactywy a cheartú. Uaireanta, bíonn cailíní bó ag déanamh a gcuid oibre go spontáineach. I mbeagán cásanna, deimhnítear é le tomhais ECG. Deimhníonn seicheamh de CACNA1C géine forder an diagnóis.
Úsáidtear máinliacht go tipiciúil chun míchumas struchtúrach agus syndactywy croí a cheartú. Is minic a fhorordaítear própanóib nó buicéirí béite-adrenergic, mar a chuirtear pacemaker isteach chun rithim chroí ceart a chothabháil. Má léirítear i gcarachtarú mutations Timody syndrome go bhfuil siad ina gcúis le lochtanna i sruthanna cawcium, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cawcium channew bwockers éifeachtach mar ghníomhaire derapeutic.
Tá an prognóis do othair a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le siondróm Timody an-olc. I measc 17 leanbh a ndearnadh anawyze orthu i staidéar amháin, fuair 10 bás ag meán-aois 2.5 bliana. Dhá cheann a mhair, diagnóisíodh autism ar thrí acu, neamhord speictrim autism ar bhean chéile amháin, agus bhí deacrachtaí tromchúiseacha ag DeWast i bhforbairt a aois. Bhí gnáthghnáth ar dhuine amháin a raibh siondróm Timody neamhthreomach aige, ach ní raibh arrhythmia croí ann. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, bhí an mhúinteoir de dhá othair le siondróm Timody ina n-iompar freisin, ach ní raibh aon fhéinitípe soiléir acu. I bhfianaise na gcásanna sin, áfach, bhí an mí-éigeandáil mar thoradh ar mhosaicism.
Tuairiscíodh cuid de na neamhghnáchtaí a breathnaíodh i siondróm Timody sna 1990idí. Mar sin féin, tugadh an t-ainm "siondróm Timody" ar an neamhoird i 2004 in onóir Kaderine W. Timody, a bhí i measc na chéad chás a aithníodh agus a rinne cuid mhór den anailís fhéinitípeach a nochtadh nó a nochtadh neamhoird.
- Marks M, Whiswer S, Cwericuzio C, Keating M (1995). "Foirm nua de Wong QT siondróm a bhaineann le syndactywy bean". Tá mé Coww Cardiow. 25 (1): 5964. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00318-K. PMID 7798527.
- Marks M, Trippew D, Keating M (1995). "Síndroma QT fada a bhaineann le syndactywy bean a aithníodh i mbean". Tá mé J Cardiow. 76 (10): 744745. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99) 80216-1. PMID 7572644.
- Spwawski I, Timody K, Sharpe L, Decher N, Kumar P, Bwoise R, Napowitano C, Schwartz P, Joseph R, Condouris K, Tager-Fwusberg H, Priori S, Sanguinetti M, Keating M (2004). "Ca ((V) 1.2 Cauccium channew mífheidhmíonn cúisíonn neamhoird muitisystem incwuding arrhythmia agus autism". Ceww. 119 (1): 1931. doi:10.1016/j.ceww.2004.09.011. PMID 15454078.
- Spwawski I, Timody K, Decher N, Kumar P, Sachse F, Beggs A, Sanguinetti M, Keating M (2005). "Treocht tromchúiseach arrhythmia de bharr mutations cawsum channew L-chineál croí". Pro Natw Acad Sci USA. 102 (23): 80898096. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502506102. PMC 1149428. PMID 15863612.
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Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
Keys to Identification
- Leaves are prickly-hairy above and cottony below
- Has stiff pointy spines on leaf tips
This information courtesy of the Colorado Natural Areas Program
Common Thistle, Spear Thistle, Fuller’s Thistle
Colorado Noxious Weed List B
Flowers are 1.5-2 in wide and clustered at the ends of branches. The flower bracts are somewhat tapered and covered with spines (Whitson et al. 1996). Flowers are pinkish to dark purple.
Seeds are capped with a circle of plume-like white hairs.
Leaves are alternate. Bull thistle is the only thistle in Colorado that are prickly hairy on the top surface of the leaves and cottony-hairy on the undersides.
In mature plants the leaves extend down, clasping the stem and are divided into segments (i.e. strongly decurrent).
Has a short, fleshy taproot with several primary roots extending from the root crown. Each bears a number of smaller lateral roots.
Seed leaves (cotyledons) are round to spatulate (spoon shaped), and smooth. First true leaves are oval to spatulate with spines and a rough, bumpy surface (Carey et al. 1993). First year plants form a rosette with leaves easily distinguished from other thistles by the above leaf characteristics.
Could be confused with musk thistle.
There are many native Cirsium species, some common (Cirsium undulatum) some rare (Cirsium perplexans). The natives generally do not have leaves clasping the stem all the way from node to node (strongly decurrent leaves), and many have hairy upper and lower leaf surfaces and are blue-green or gray.
Heavy infestations can exclude livestock from areas. Additionally, the presence of bull thistle in hay decreases the forage value and lowers the market price (Zimmerman 1997). It is an aggressive weed, but it will not survive where cultivation has cut back its stem and destroyed its root system (FEIS 1998).
Bull thistle is often a transient species, appearing in recent clear cuts or disturbed areas and becoming a dominant species for several years (Rees et al. 1996).
Bull thistle has been reported to cause hay fever in some individuals (FEIS 1998).
Habitat and Distribution
Bull thistle grows in dry to moist habitats. It thrives on nitrogen-rich soils, and it grows on gravelly to clay-textured soils. Bull thistle cannot withstand deep shade, and is nearly absent if light is reduced to less than 40% of full sunlight (FEIS 1998). Potential habitats include pastures, overgrazed rangeland, roadsides, and logged areas.
Within Colorado bull thistle infestations have been reported to occur in nearly all counties west of the continental divide, this plant has also been observed in the Upper Arkansas Watershed and in pockets on the plains. It is widespread throughout the United States and parts of Canada.
Bull thistle was introduced to North America as a seed contaminant and is now widespread.
Mode of reproduction
Mature plants can produce up to 4,000 seeds per plant (Zimmerman 1997).
Seeds have little dormancy, and germinate rapidly whenever conditions are favorable, usually in the spring and fall (FEIS 1998). Although most of the seeds on or near the surface do not remain viable for more than a year, seeds that are buried at a depth of 5 in may remain viable for up to 3 years (Zimmerman 1997).
Seeds are capped with a circle of plume-like white hairs and can be windblown for long distances. However, it has been found that 65% of the seeds land within two meters of the parent plant (Zimmerman 1997).
Calweed Database. 1997. California Noxious Weed Control Projects Inventory. Natural Resource Projects Inventory, Information Center for the Environment, University of California, Davis. Available: http://endeavor.des.ucdavis.edu/weeds/
Carey, J. Boyd, James J. Kells, and Karen A. Renner. 1993. Common Weed Seedlings of Michigan. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-1363. Internet 10/27/99. Available: http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/iac/e1363/e1363.htm
Colorado Natural Areas Program. 2000. Creating an Integrated Weed Management Plan: A Handbook for Owners and Managers of Lands with Natural Values. Colorado Natural Areas Program, Colorado State Parks, Colorado Department of Natural Resources; and Division of Plant Industry, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Denver, Colorado. 349 pages.
FEIS – Fire Effects Information System [Online] (1996, September). Prescribed Fire and Fire Effects Research Work Unit, Rocky Mountain Research Station (producer), US Forest Service. Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [1998,March 12]
Rees, N.E., P.C. Quimby Jr., G.L. Piper, E.M. Coombs, C.E. Turner, N.R. Spencer, and L.V. Knutson (editors). 1996. Biological control of weeds in the west. Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with USDA Agricultural Research Service, Montana Department of Agriculture, and Montana State University.
USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA
Whitson, T.D.(ed.), L.C. Burrill, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, R. Parker. 1996. Bull thistle. Weeds of the West. Western Society of Weed Science, in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services, Newark CA. pg. 118.
Zimmerman, J.A.C. 1997. Ecology and distribution of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, Asteraceae. USGS Southwest Exotic Plant Mapping Program. Internet 1/21/99. Available: http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swemp/
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Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
Cléanna chun Aithint
- Tá na duilleoga spártha-chruach thuas agus cottony thíos
- Tá spíonáin chrua ar cheann na duille
Tá an fhaisnéis seo á cur in iúl ag Clár Limistéir Nádúrtha Colorado
Thistle Coitcheann, Thistle Spear, Thistle Fuller
Liosta B de Ghradaim Shuntasach Colorado
Tá na bláthanna 1.5-2 ar leithead agus tá siad clustered ag deireadh na nglaonna. Tá na bractí bláthanna beagán tapered agus clúdaithe le spíon (Whitson et al. 1996). Tá bláthanna bándearg go purpúr dorcha.
Tá ciorcal gruaige bán cosúil le pluma ar na síolta.
Tá duilleoga ar a chéile. Is é an t-easnamh bull an t-aon easnamh i Colorado atá gruaige spíonta ar bharr na duilleoga agus gruaige cottony ar na fo-láithreacha.
I bplandaí fásta, síneann na duilleoga síos, ag greim ar an gcroí agus roinntear iad ina gcuid (i.e. go láidir).
Tá fréamh gearr, feolach aige le roinnt fréamhacha bunscoile a shíneann amach ón choróin fréamhacha. Tá roinnt fréamhacha níos lú taobh ag gach ceann acu.
Tá duilleoga síolta (cotyledons) cruinn go spatulate (foirmeach spúnóg), agus réidh. Tá na chéad fhéimeanna fíor oval go spatulate le spíonna agus dromchla garbh, bumpy (Carey et al. 1993) a chur i bhfeidhm. Tá an t-eitleán seo ar an mbord agus tá sé ar an mbord.
D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mearbhall le thistle musk.
Tá go leor speiceas Cirsium dúchasach ann, cuid acu coitianta (Cirsium undulatum) cuid acu annamh (Cirsium perplexans). De ghnáth ní bhíonn duilleoga ag na dúchasaigh ag greim ar an gcneasta an bealach ar fad ó nóid go nóid (leabhair go láidir ag titim), agus tá dromchlaí gruaige ar uachtarach agus ar uachtarach na duilleoga ag go leor acu agus tá siad gorm-ghlas nó liath.
Is féidir le ionfhabhtuithe tromchúiseacha beostoc a eisiamh ó cheantair. Ina theannta sin, laghdaíonn láithreacht thistle bull i n-eallach luach an fheoil agus laghdaíonn sé praghas an mhargaidh (Zimmerman 1997). Is luibhe ionsaitheach é, ach ní mairfidh sé nuair a ghearrfar a stéim agus a chóras fréamhacha a scriosadh (FEIS 1998).
Is minic gur speiceas idirthréimhseach é an thistle bull, a thagann i gcorruithe soiléir le déanaí nó i limistéir a bhfuil suaitheadh orthu agus a thagann chun bheith ina speiceas ceannasach ar feadh roinnt blianta (Rees et al. 1996).
Tuairiscíodh go gcuireann an thistle bull fiabhras féirín i roinnt daoine aonair (FEIS 1998).
Cónaí agus Dáileadh
Fásann an thistle bull i gnáthóga tirim go taise. Fásann sé ar ithir atá saibhir i nítrigin, agus fásann sé ar ithir greabhléite go ithir le struchtúr clay. Ní féidir le thistle bull seasamh le scáth domhain, agus tá sé beagnach as láthair má laghdaítear an solas go níos lú ná 40% de sholas iomlán na gréine (FEIS 1998). I measc na háitribh féideartha tá féaraí, féaraí ró-fhearaithe, taobh bóithre, agus limistéir choillte.
Tuairiscíodh go bhfuil ionfhabhtú thistle bull i gColorado i mbeagnach gach contae siar den scoilt mhór-roinn, breathnaíodh ar an gléasra seo freisin i dTáirge Uisce Arkansas Uachtarach agus i bpócaí ar na pláin. Tá sé forleathan ar fud na Stát Aontaithe agus i gcodanna de Cheanada.
Tugadh an thistle bull isteach i Meiriceá Thuaidh mar thruailliú síolta agus tá sé forleathan anois.
Modh atáirgeadh
Is féidir le plandaí aibí suas le 4,000 síolta a tháirgeadh in aghaidh an phlanda (Zimmerman 1997).
Ní bhíonn an t-am codlata ag síolta, agus bíonn siad ag géaráil go tapa aon uair a bhíonn na dálaí fabhracha, de ghnáth san earrach agus san fhómhar (FEIS 1998). Cé nach fhanann an chuid is mó de na síolta ar an dromchla nó in aice leis níos mó ná bliain, d'fhéadfadh síolta a adhlacadh ag doimhneacht 5 in a bheith folláine ar feadh suas le 3 bliana (Zimmerman 1997).
Tá ciorcal gruaige bán cosúil le pluma ar na síolta agus is féidir iad a chaitheamh ar shiúl fada. Mar sin féin, fuarthas amach go dtiteann 65% de na síolta laistigh de dhá mhéadar ón máthairphlanda (Zimmerman 1997).
Stádas Sonraí Calweed. 1997. Inventar tionscadal rialaithe weed díobhálach California. Inventar tionscadal acmhainní nádúrtha, Ionad Faisnéise don Chomhshaol, Ollscoil California, Davis. Tá an t-eispéireas seo ar fáil ar http://endeavor.des.ucdavis.edu/weeds/
Carey, J. Boyd, James J. Kells, agus Karen A. Renner. 1993. Síolta Weed Coiteann Michigan. Roinn na nEolaíochtaí Crop agus ithreach Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-1363. Idirlíon 10/27/99. Tá an t-eolaí seo ar fáil ar: http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/iac/e1363/e1363.htm
Clár Limistéir Nádúrtha Colorado. 2000. Tá sé seo go maith. Plean Comhtháite um Bainistíocht Weed a Chruthú: Leabhrán do Thiarnaí agus do Bhainisteoirí Talún le Luachanna Nádúrtha. Clár Limistéir Nádúrtha Colorado, Páirceanna Stáit Colorado, Roinn Acmhainní Nádúrtha Colorado; agus Rannán na Tionscail Plandaí, Roinn Talmhaíochta Colorado. Denver, Colorado. - Tá sé ar an mbóthar. 349 leathanach.
FEIS Córas Faisnéise Éifeachtaí Dóiteáin [Ar Líne] (1996, Meán Fómhair). Aonad Oibre Taighde Dóiteáin agus héifeachtaí dóiteáin, Stáisiún Taighde Rocky Mountain (tógálaí), Seirbhís Foraoise na Stát Aontaithe. Ar fáil: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [1998,Márta 12]
Rees, NE, P.C. Quimby Jr., G.L. Piper, E.M. Coombs, C.E. Turner, N.R. Spencer, agus L.V. Knutson (eagarthóirí). 1996. Rialaithe bitheolaíocha ar an weeds san iarthar. Cumann an Iarthair Eolaíochta Weed i gcomhar le Seirbhís Taighde Talmhaíochta USDA, Roinn Talmhaíochta Montana, agus Ollscoil Stáit Montana.
USDA, NRCS. 2005. Ceoltóirí Tá an t-eagarthóir ar an gcineál seo de na sonraí a bhaineann le plandaí, agus tá sé ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin www.plants.usda.gov. Sonraí a bailíodh ó fhoinsí éagsúla ag Mark W. Skinner. Ionad Sonraí Plandaí Náisiúnta, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA
Whitson, T.D. ), L.C. Burrill, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, R. Parker. 1996. Thistle Bull. Weeds an Iarthair. An Cumann Thiar Eolaíochta Weed, i gcomhar le Seirbhísí Fheabhsúcháin Comhoibritheacha Ollscoileanna Deontais Talún na Stát Aontaithe Thiar, Newark CA. pg. 118. Táim ag iarraidh.
Zimmerman, J.A.C. 1997. Éiceolaíocht agus dáileadh Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, Asteraceae. Clár Mapeála Plandaí Exotic Southwest USGS. Idirlíon 1/21/99. Tá an t-eispéireas seo ar fáil ar http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swemp/
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New approach to improve bone transplantation
Findings of a new study appearing in the Journal of Clinical Investigation may lead to strategies to improve bone transplantation.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow have a capacity of multi-potency and self-renewal. Multi-potency refers to the ability to differentiate into all functional blood cells, including both myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. The process in which HSCs give rise to blood cells is called hematopoiesis. HSCs mostly stay in a quiescence state under normal conditions. But these cells promptly switch to a proliferative state after bone marrow injury, bone transplantation, and systemic infection or inflammation.
Recently, a multinational group of researchers has found a protein that regulates the balance of quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation of HSCs. The protein, called Del-1, may be manipulated to facilitate bone transplantation and to treat diseases that affect the bone marrow.
The study revealed that Del-1 is expressed by several types of cells in the HSC niche. Moreover, Del-1 is a secreted extracellular matrix protein. Since Del-1 is soluble, it is relatively easy to find ways to modulate it.
To better understand the function of Del-1, the researchers carried out experiments in mice. They found that Del-1 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs toward myeloid cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Del-1-deficient mice exhibited reduced HSC proliferation in comparison with the control mice.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation experiments showed that Del-1 helps the transplanted cells to engraft in the recipient mice. Moreover, Del-1 promotes the differentiation of the transplanted cells into myeloid cells.
Subsequent experiments identified a mechanism about how Del-1 works. The researchers found that Del-1 interacts with β3 integrin
on hematopoietic progenitors. The Del-1/β3 integrin interaction facilitates HSC proliferation and differentiation into myeloid cells after transplantation.
Collectively, the data establish a regulatory role of Del-1 in the bone marrow. Both Del-1 and β3 integrin are potential targets to improve bone transplantation.
Besides, the findings may have implications for the treatment of many human diseases. For example, febrile neutropenia, a complication of chemotherapy and a condition associated with bone transplantation, involves an abnormally low number of neutrophil granulocytes. Del-1 has a role in boosting the production of myeloid cells such as neutrophils. Therefore, manipulation of Del-1 may be a strategy to treating febrile neutropenia. This hypothesis warrants further research.
The study is co-led by Dr. George Hajishengallis from the University of Pennsylvania in the USA and Dr. Triantafyllos Chavakis from Technische Universität Dresden in Germany.
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Cur chuige nua chun trasphlandú cnámh a fheabhsú
D'fhéadfadh torthaí staidéar nua a nochtadh in Journal of Clinical Investigation a bheith ina chúis le straitéisí chun trasphlandú cnámh a fheabhsú.
Tá cumas il-chumhachta agus féin-athnuachan ag cealla bunchloíteacha hematopoietic (HSCanna) i mhal cnámh. Tagraíonn il-chumhacht don chumas idirdhealú a dhéanamh i ngach cealla fola feidhmiúla, lena n-áirítear cealla mieloideacha agus cealla limfoideacha araon. Tugtar hematopoiesis ar an bpróiseas ina dtarlaíonn cealla fola ó HSCanna. Fanann HSCanna den chuid is mó i riocht ciúin faoi choinníollacha gnáth. Ach téann na cealla seo go rialta chuig staid proliferative tar éis díobhála i méar cnámh, trasphlandú cnámh, agus ionfhabhtú córais nó athlasadh.
Le déanaí, fuair grúpa taighdeoirí ilnáisiúnta próitéin a rialaíonn cothromaíocht na gcineál, na féin-athnuachan agus na difríochta de HSCanna. Is féidir an próitéin, ar a dtugtar Del-1, a ionramháil chun trasphlandú cnámh a éascú agus chun galair a théann i bhfeidhm ar an méirín cnámh a chóireáil.
Léirigh an staidéar go léirítear Del-1 ag roinnt cineálacha cealla sa niche HSC. Ina theannta sin, is próitéin mhátrix extracellular secretion é Del-1. Ós rud é go bhfuil Del-1 intuaslagtha, tá sé réasúnta éasca bealaí a aimsiú chun é a modhnú.
Chun feidhmiú Del-1 a thuiscint níos fearr, rinne na taighdeoirí turgnaimh ar fhuaimíní. Fuair siad go gcuireann Del-1 le méadú agus idirdhealú HSCanna i dtreo cealla mieloid, mar shampla macrophages agus neutrophils. Léirigh luchanna a raibh easnamh Del-1 orthu méadú laghdaithe ar HSC i gcomparáid leis na luchanna rialaithe.
Léirigh turgnaimh maidir le trasphlandú cealla hematopoietic go gcuireann Del-1 leis na cealla trasphlandáilte a ingraftú sna lucha glacadóirí. Ina theannta sin, cuireann Del-1 le difríocht na gcealla aistrithe i gcealla mieloideacha.
Léirigh turgnaimh ina dhiaidh sin meicníocht faoi conas a oibríonn Del-1. Fuair na taighdeoirí amach go n-idirghníomhaíonn Del-1 le integrin β3
Tá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i measc na n-ainmhithe a bhfuil an-tóir orthu. Éascaíonn an idirghníomhaíocht Del-1/ β3 integrin proliféiriú agus idirdhealú HSC i gcealla mieloid tar éis trasphlandú.
Ar an iomlán, cruthaíonn na sonraí ról rialála Del-1 i mhallach na cnámh. Tá spriocanna féideartha ag Del-1 agus β3 integrin araon chun trasphlandú cnámh a fheabhsú.
Thairis sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh impleachtaí ag na torthaí seo maidir le cóireáil a dhéanamh ar go leor galair daonna. Mar shampla, tá líon neamhghnácha granulocytes neodrófacha i gceist le neodrópenia fiabhrálach, deacracht de cheimiteiripe agus coinníoll a bhaineann le trasphlandú cnámh. Tá ról ag Del-1 i dtáirgeadh cealla mieloid amhail neodrófail a threisiú. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ionramháil Del-1 ina straitéis chun neodróipínia fiabhrasach a chóireáil. Tá gá le tuilleadh taighde ar an bhfís seo.
Tá an staidéar á chomh-stiúradh ag an Dr. George Hajishengallis ó Ollscoil Pennsylvania sna Stáit Aontaithe agus an Dr. Triantafyllos Chavakis ó Technische Universität Dresden sa Ghearmáin.
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- HISTORY & HAUNTINGS OF AMERICA -
GHOSTS OF THE BLOODY PIT
Hauntings at Massachusetts' Hoosac Tunnel
The rugged lands of western Massachusetts are somewhat dominated by the beautiful and remote Berkshire Hills. They are part of a land that has been haunted for centuries and ghost stories are commonplace here. Many tales are told of spirits in the forest, calling voices that have no source and of those who have wandered into the woods, never to return again. Of all of these stories though, perhaps the most chilling is the tale of the Hoosac Tunnel near North Adams in the Deerfield Valley.
The tunnel was one of the greatest undertakings of the region and work was started on it in 1851. It was not finished for almost 25 years! During that period, hundreds of miners, using mostly black powder, shovels, picks and their own hands, fought against the unyielding rock of Hoosac Mountain. By the time the tunnel was finally finished, more than 200 men had died in what came to be known as the “Bloody Pit”. They died in fires, explosions, tunnel collapses and in one case, by the hand of another. It would be the cold-blooded murder that occurred in 1865 that would give the tunnel its reputation for ghosts.
It was during that year that the explosive known as nitroglycerin was introduced to America. The construction crew of the Hoosac Tunnel would have the honor of being among the first crews to use it. On the afternoon of March 20, 1865, three explosive experts named Ned Brinkman, Billy Nash and Ringo Kelley decided to use nitro to continue their work on the tunnel. They placed a charge and then ran back toward a safety bunker that would shield them from the effects of the blast. Brinkman and Nash never made it there however. For some reason, Ringo Kelley set off the charge before the other men could make it to shelter. The two men were buried alive under tons of rock.
Soon after the accident, Kelley vanished without a trace, leading many to believe that the “accident” with the nitro may not have been an accident after all. He was not seen again until March 30, 1866... when his body was discovered two miles inside of the tunnel. It was found at almost the exact spot where Brinkman and Nash had been killed. The authorities quickly deduced that Kelley had been strangled to death. Deputy Sheriff Charles F. Gibson estimated that he had been murdered between midnight and 3:30 AM that morning. The death was thoroughly investigated but no suspects were ever found and the crime went unsolved.
And while the authorities determined that no killer could be find, the construction workers had their own ideas about who had killed Ringo Kelley. According to the rumors and whispers, they believed that Kelley had been killed by the vengeful spirits of Brinkman and Nash. They came to feel that the tunnel was cursed and many of them refused to enter it again. Some of the crew members walked off the job and did not return. The dark and brooding place, with the deep shadows and dripping water, became known as a shunned one. It was best avoided most believed, slowing the construction of the tunnel down even more.
In 1868, the construction site was toured by Paul Travers, a mechanical engineer and a respected cavalry officer during the Civil War. He had received a letter from a Mr. Dunn of the construction company, who had asked him to come and examine the tunnel. Apparently, the workers “complained constantly of hearing a man’s voice cry out in agony” and needless to say, refused to enter the half-completed tunnel after sundown. Dunn was convinced that the strange sounds were nothing more than winds sweeping off the mountainside but despite his assurances, work had slowed down so drastically that he had contacted Paul Travers to investigate the matter.
Travers and Dunn went out to the site on September 8 and the former military officer did not soon forget when he encountered there. He later wrote a letter to his sister and told her about the weird experience: “Dunn and I entered the tunnel at exactly 9:00 PM. We traveled about two miles into the shaft and then we stopped to listen. As we stood there in the cold silence, we both heard what truly sounded like a man groaning out in pain. As you know, I have heard this same sound many times during the war. Yet, when we turned up our the wicks on our lamps, there were no other human beings in the shaft except Mr. Dunn and myself. I’ll admit I haven’t been this frightened since Shiloh. Mr. Dunn agreed that it wasn’t the wind we heard. Perhaps Nash and Brinkman.... I wonder?”
A month after Travers’ investigation, on October 17, the worst disaster to occur in the tunnel’s history took place. A gas explosion blew apart the water pumping station on the surface and 13 miners were killed when debris filled the central tunnel where they had been working. A reporter for the North Adams Transcript wrote that a miner named Mallery was lowered in a bucket into the shaft. He was told to look for any sign of survivors. He was brought back to the surface a few minutes later, nearly unconscious from the fumes inside. “No hope....” he managed to gasp out to the rescue team.
Without the pumping station, the 538-foot shaft filled with water. The bodies of some of the dead crew members grotesquely began to surface. More than a year after the disaster, the last of them were found. The missing miners and the macabre discovery of the bodies created stories and legends in the surrounding area.
Glenn Drohan, the correspondent who had first written about the accident for the Transcript wrote: “During the time the miners were missing, villagers told strange tales of vague shapes and muffled wails near the water-filled pit. Workmen claimed to see the lost miners carrying picks and shovels through a shroud of mist and snow on the mountaintop. The ghostly apparitions would appear briefly, then vanish, leaving no footprints in the snow, giving no answer to the miner’s calls.”
As soon as the last of the bodies were found and given a decent burial though, Drohan stated, the bizarre visitations ceased. These dead men had apparently found rest but some of the victims of the “Bloody Pit” had not. Even after the apparitions stopped appearing, the eerie moanings in the tunnel continued and the men remained terrified.
Based on the account of a Dr. Clifford J. Owen, the haunting also began to take on other characteristics as well. Owens came to the tunnel on a night in June 1872 and was accompanied by James R. McKinstrey, a drilling operations superintendent. There is no information to suggest why the two men came to the tunnel on the last night of June 25, but one might guess that it was in search of the ghosts who allegedly haunted the shaft. If this was the purpose of their trip, then the journey was apparently a successful one!
The two men traveled about two miles into the tunnel and then halted to rest. There was no light in the shaft, save for their dim lamps, and Owens later described the tunnel as being “as cold and as dark as a tomb.” The two of them stood there talking for a few minutes and then they heard a strange and mournful sound. It sounded to Owens like someone in great pain.
He then goes on to write: “The next thing I saw was a dim light coming along the tunnel in a westerly direction. At first, I believed that it was probably a workman with a lantern. Yet, as the light grew closer, it took on a strange blue color and appeared to change in shape into the form of a human being with no head.”
The light moved closer to the two men and was so close that they could almost touch it. It remained motionless, as though watching them, then hovered off toward the east end of the tunnel and vanished. Owens and McKinstrey were understandably stunned and Owens later wrote that while he was “above all a realist” and that he was not “prone to repeating gossip and wild tales that defy a reasonable explanation” he was unable to “deny what James McKinstrey and I witnessed with our own eyes.”
Strangeness continued at the Hoosac Tunnel both shortly before and after it opened to admit trains to pass through it. On October 16, 1874 a local hunter named Frank Webster vanished near Hoosac Mountain. Three days later, he was found by a search party, stumbling along the banks of the Deerfield River. He was in a state of shock, mumbling incoherently and falling down. He explained to his rescuers that strange voices had ordered him into the Hoosac Tunnel and once he was inside, he saw ghostly figures wandering around. He also said that invisible hands had snatched his hunting rifle away from him and that he had been beaten with it. He couldn’t remember leaving the tunnel. Members of the search party recalled that Webster did not have his rifle when he was found and the cuts and abrasions on his head and body did seem to bear evidence of a beating.
Later that same year, with the tunnel headings completed, workmen removed rocks from the tunnel and began grading the line and laying track. On February 9, 1875, the first train went through the tunnel, pulling three flatcars and a boxcar. A group of 125 people had come along for the ride. According to the news stories about the event, North Adams had just become the “Western Gateway” to the rest of New England. But this was not enough to stop the strange stories from being told.
In the fall of 1875, a fire tender on the Boston & Maine rail line named Harlan Mulvaney was taking a wagon load of wood into the tunnel. He had gone just a short distance into the shaft when he suddenly turned his team around, whipped the horses and drove them madly out of the tunnel. A few days later, workers found the team and the wagon in the forest about three miles away from the tunnel. Harlan Mulvaney was never seen or heard from again!
The stories continued for years, creating believers from those who worked there, passed through or spent much time about the tunnel. One former railroad employee, Joseph Impoco, worked the Boston & Maine for years. He firmly believed that the tunnel was haunted but he was not afraid of the place. In fact, he credited the resident ghosts with saving his life on two separate occasions. On one afternoon, he was shipping away ice from the tracks when he heard a distinct voice telling him to “run, Joe, run!”
He looked back and saw a train bearing down on him! “Sure enough, there was No. 60 coming at me. Boy, did I jump back fast!” He looked around for whoever had called out his name, but there was no one else nearby. Later, he would recall that he had distinctly heard the voice before the train had appeared. He also added that he had seen a man pass by, waving and swinging a torch, but he hadn’t paid attention to anything but the shout. The voice, wherever it had come from, had saved his life.
Six weeks after the incident, Impoco was again working on the tracks. This time, he was using a heavy iron crow bar to free some fright cars that had been frozen on the tracks. He was prying at one of the steel wheels when he heard the loud, familiar voice again call out to him. “Joe! Joe! Drop it, Joe!” the voice called frantically. Impoco immediately released the bar and it was instantly jolted and thrown against the tunnel wall by more than 11,000 volts of electricity! The charge came from a short-circuited overhead power line. The unseen friend has saved Joe’s life again.
A short time later, Impoco left his job and began working out of the area. Every year though, he would return to the Hoosac Tunnel and pay a sort of “homage” to the ghost who saved his life. He was certain that if he failed to do this one year, some tragedy would befall him. In 1977, Impoco’s wife was ill and rather than go to visit the tunnel, he stayed home with her. In October of that year, she died. Joe believed that her death was connected to his failure to journey to the Hoosac Tunnel.
Throughout the 1970’s and the 1980’s, the tunnel began to be investigated by ghost hunters and paranormal groups who had heard of the long history of hauntings. In 1976, a researcher from Agawam, Massachusetts claimed to come face-to-face with one of the local denizens. He described the figure of a man in old-fashioned work clothing, backlit against a brilliant white light. Could it have been the same ghost seen by Owens and McKinstrey in 1872?
A professor and part-time ghost hunter named Ali Allmaker had what she felt was a close encounter in the tunnel. She wrote that she was accompanied to the tunnel by a railroad official in 1984 and while there, had the uncomfortable sensation of someone standing close to her. She also stated that several students from North Adams State College visited the tunnel one night and left a tape recorder running in the shaft. They left it there and when they returned and listened to the tape, they heard what seemed to be muffled human voices on the tape.
The stories about the “Bloody Pit” still continue to be told today. Locals in the area still claim that strange winds, ghostly apparitions and eerie voices are experienced around and in the daunting tunnel. Visitors who journey to this site today however risk becoming one of the resident ghosts themselves. The Boston & Maine Railroad still runs nearly a dozen freight trains through the tunnel each day, making this a trip that is definitely on the dangerous side! If you’re interested in the historical aspects of the tunnel though, you can visit a museum that is dedicated to the site in the Western Gateway Heritage State Park.
But if you are interested in the ghosts, I recommend that you tread lightly here. The spirits of the past are still reported to linger and dark shadows press tightly on every side. Perhaps the Mohawk Indians were right. They named this place Hoosac Mountain, which in their language means “forbidden”. Did they know something about this place that the builders of the tunnel did not?
Sources and Bibliography:
Hauck, Dennis William - Haunted Places: The National Directory (1996)
Drake, Samuel Adams -New England Legends and Folklore (1910)
Norman, Michael & Beth Scott - Historic Haunted America (1995)
Allmaker, Ali - Local Haunts (Berkshire Eagle) (1984)
Yankee Magazine (1973)
(C) Copyright 2001 by Troy Taylor. All Rights Reserved.
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- Stair agus Hauntings na Meiriceá -
GHOSTAS an PIT BLOODY
Hauntings i Hoosac Tunnel Massachusetts
Tá na hAlbanna áille agus iargúlta Berkshire Hills i gceannas ar thailte garbh Massachusetts thiar. Tá siad mar chuid de thír a bhí spoilt le blianta fada agus tá scéalta taibhse coitianta anseo. Deirtear go leor scéalta faoi spiorad sa choille, ag glaoch guthanna nach bhfuil aon fhoinse acu agus faoi na daoine a d'imigh isteach sa choille, gan filleadh arís. De na scéalta seo go léir, áfach, b'fhéidir gurb é an ceann is chillte an scéal faoi Thonnel Hoosac in aice le North Adams i Ghleann Deerfield.
Bhí an tollán ar cheann de na fiontair is mó sa réigiún agus thosaigh an obair air i 1851. Níor chríochnaigh sé ar feadh beagnach 25 bliain! Le linn na tréimhse sin, na céadta mianadóirí, ag baint úsáide den chuid is mó púdar dubh, spádáin, picks agus a lámha féin, throid i gcoinne an charraig unyielding de Hoosac Mountain. Nuair a bhí an tollán críochnaithe sa deireadh, bhí níos mó ná 200 fear marbh sa rud a tugadh ar an "Pit Bloody" air. Fuair siad bás i dtógálacha, i dtosca, i dtimpistí tonnlaigh agus i gcás amháin, ag lámh duine eile. Ba é an dúnmharú fuar-fhuil a tharla i 1865 a thug an t-ionad a cháil mar ghost.
Bhí sé i rith na bliana sin gur tugadh isteach ar Mheiriceá an pléascadh ar a dtugtar nitroglycerin. Ba mhaith leis an criú tógála an Túnla Hoosac an onóir a bheith i measc na chéad criú a úsáid é. Ar an tráthnóna an 20 Márta, 1865, trí saineolaithe pléasctha ainmnithe Ned Brinkman, Billy Nash agus Ringo Kelley chinn a úsáid nitro chun leanúint ar aghaidh a gcuid oibre ar an tollán. Chuir siad cosc agus ansin rith siad ar ais i dtreo buncair sábháilteachta a bheadh in ann iad a chosaint ó éifeachtaí an bhrath. Níor éirigh le Brinkman agus le Nash é a dhéanamh ann, áfach. Ar chúis éigin, chuir Ringo Kelley an muirear ar bun sula bhféadfadh na fir eile é a dhéanamh chun teas. Bhí an dá fhear curtha beo faoi thonna carraige.
Go gairid tar éis an timpiste, d'imigh Kelley gan rian, rud a fhágann go gcreideann go leor nach bhféadfadh "timpiste" leis an nítreog a bheith ina timpiste tar éis an tsaoil. Ní fhaca sé arís go dtí an 30 Márta, 1866... nuair a fuarthas a chorp dhá mhíle taobh istigh den tollán. Fuarthas é beagnach san áit chéanna a maraíodh Brinkman agus Nash. Thug na húdaráis amach go tapa go raibh Kelley strangled chun báis. Meas an Leas-Sherrif Charles F. Gibson gur maraíodh é idir meán oíche agus 3:30 AM an mhaidin sin. Rinneadh imscrúdú críochnúil ar an mbás ach níor aimsíodh aon amhrasóirí riamh agus níor réitíodh an coir.
Agus cé go ndearna na húdaráis cinneadh nach bhféadfaí aon mharbhóir a aimsiú, bhí a gcuid smaointe féin ag na hoibrithe tógála faoi cé a mharaigh Ringo Kelley. De réir na ráflaí agus na bhfís, chreid siad go raibh Kelley maraíodh ag na spioraid vengeful de Brinkman agus Nash. Tháinig siad chun a bhraitheann go raibh an tollán cursed agus dhiúltaigh go leor acu dul isteach arís. D'fhág cuid de na baill foirne an post agus níor tháinig siad ar ais. Tháinig an áit dorcha agus brúite, leis na scáthanna domhain agus an t-uisce ag titim, ar a dtugtar ceann a sheachaint. Bhí sé is fearr a sheachaint an chuid is mó chreid, ag moill ar an tógáil an tollán síos níos mó.
Sa bhliain 1868, thug Paul Travers, innealtóir meicniúil agus oifigeach cavalry measartha le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta, cuairt ar an láithreán tógála. Bhí sé tar éis litir a fháil ó Mr. Dunn de na cuideachta tógála, a d'iarr air a thagann agus scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an tollán. Is cosúil go raibh na hoibrithe ag gearán i gcónaí go raibh guth fear á chloisteáil ag caoineadh i ngéarchéim agus, gan gá a rá, dhiúltaigh siad dul isteach sa tollán leathchríochnaithe tar éis an ghrian a bheith imithe. Bhí Dunn cinnte nach raibh na fuaimeanna aisteach ach gaotha ag scriosadh as an sliabh ach in ainneoin a chinntí, bhí an obair laghdaithe go suntasach go raibh sé i dteagmháil le Paul Travers chun an t-ábhar a imscrúdú.
Chuaigh Travers agus Dunn amach chuig an suíomh an 8 Meán Fómhair agus níor chuimhnigh an t-iar-oifigeach míleata go luath nuair a bhuail sé ann. Scríobh sé litir ina dhiaidh sin chuig a dheirfiúr agus dúirt sé léi faoin eispéireas aisteach: Chuaigh Dunn agus mé isteach sa tollán ag 9:00 PM go beacht. Thaistil muid thart ar dhá mhíle isteach sa sciath agus ansin stopamar chun éisteacht. Agus muid ag seasamh ann sa tsíocháin fuar, chuala muid araon cad a bhí i ndáiríre cosúil le fear ag moilliú as pian. Mar a fhios agat, chuala mé an fhuaim chéanna go leor uaireanta le linn na cogaidh. Ach, nuair a chasamar suas ar ár na wicks ar ár lampaí, ní raibh aon daoine eile sa shaft ach an tUasal Dunn agus mé féin. Admím go raibh eagla orm seo ó Shiloh. D'aontaigh an tUasal Dunn nach raibh sé an ghaoth a chuala muid. B'fhéidir go bhfuil Nash agus Brinkman.... I wonder?
Mí tar éis imscrúdú Travers, ar an 17 Deireadh Fómhair, tharla an tubaiste is measa a tharla i stair an tolláin. D'fhág pléascadh gáis an stáisiún caidéil uisce ar an dromchla agus maraíodh 13 mianadóir nuair a líonadh miondealú na miondealú lárnach ina raibh siad ag obair. Scríobh tuairisceoir do Thrascríbhinn Adams Thuaidh gur cuireadh mianraí darb ainm Mallery i mbéide isteach sa sciath. Dúradh leis aon chomhartha a lorg ar mhaireachtálaithe. Tugadh ar ais é ar an dromchla cúpla nóiméad ina dhiaidh sin, beagnach gan aon choinsias as na gaoithe taobh istigh. No Hope.... d'éirigh leis a gasp amach go dtí an fhoireann tarrthála.
Gan an stáisiún caidéil, an 538-choin sciath líonadh le huisce. Thosaigh comhlachtaí cuid de na baill foirne marbh ag teacht chun cinn go grotesquely. Níos mó ná bliain tar éis na tubaiste, fuarthas an ceann deireanach acu. Chuir na mianadóirí atá ar iarraidh agus an fionnachtain macabre ar na comhlachtaí scéalta agus finscéalta ar bun sa cheantar timpeall.
Glenn Drohan, an comhfhreagraí a scríobh ar dtús faoin timpiste don Transcript scríobh: Le linn an ama a bhí na mianadóirí ar iarraidh, d'inis muintir na sráidbhailte scéalta aisteach faoi chruthanna neamhshoiléir agus gearán faoi chlú in aice leis an bpíopa líonta uisce. Dúirt oibrithe gur chonaic siad na mianach a bhí caillte ag iompar picks agus spáis trí shroud de mist agus sneachta ar bharr na sléibhe. Bhí na hionchais ghostly a bheith le feiceáil go gairid, ansin imeacht, gan aon rianta coise ar an sneachta, gan aon fhreagra a thabhairt ar glaonna na mianraí.
Chomh luath agus a fuarthas an corp deireanach agus a tugadh adhlacadh cuí dó, áfach, dúirt Drohan, scoir na cuairteanna aisteach. Is cosúil go raibh sos faighte ag na fir marbh seo ach ní raibh roinnt de na híospartaigh den Bloody Pit. Fiú tar éis na apparitions stop a bheith le feiceáil, lean na moaning eerie sa tollán agus d'fhan na fir eagla.
Bunaithe ar an gcuntas de Dr. Clifford J. Owen, thosaigh an haunting a ghlacadh ar tréithe eile chomh maith. Tháinig Owens chuig an tollán ar oíche i mí an Mheithimh 1872 agus bhí James R. McKinstrey, maoirthreoir oibríochtaí drileála, in éineacht leis. Níl aon fhaisnéis ann a thugann le tuiscint cén fáth a tháinig an bheirt fhear chuig an tollán ar an oíche deireanach an 25 Meitheamh, ach d'fhéadfadh duine buille faoi thuairim go raibh sé ag cuardach na n-anam a bhfuiltear ag rá go raibh an seacht ag gabháil leis. Má ba é sin an cuspóir a bhí acu ar an turas, ansin is léir gur rathúil a bhí an turas!
Thaistil an bheirt fhear thart ar dhá mhíle isteach sa tollán agus ansin d'fhág siad chun scíth a ligean. Ní raibh aon solas sa sciath, ach amháin a lámha dim, agus thuairiscigh Owens an tollán ina dhiaidh sin mar a bhí sé "an-fhuar agus dorcha mar uaigh". D'fhan an bheirt acu ann ag caint ar feadh cúpla nóiméad agus ansin chuala siad fuaim aisteach agus brónach. D'fhuaim sé le Owens cosúil le duine éigin i pian mór.
Ansin leanann sé ag scríobh: "An chéad rud eile a chonaic mé ná solas beag a bhí ag teacht ar feadh an tolláin i dtreo an iarthair. Ar dtús, chreid mé go raibh sé is dócha ina oibrí le lantern. Ach, de réir mar a d'fhás an solas níos gaire, ghlac sé dath gorm aisteach agus d'fhéach sé go n-athraigh sé i gcruth ina dhuine gan cheann.
Chuaigh an solas níos gaire don dá fhear agus bhí sé chomh gar go bhféadfadh siad a bheith beagnach i dteagmháil leis. D'fhan sé gan ghluaiseacht, amhail is dá mba ag faire orthu, ansin d'éirigh sé i dtreo dheireadh an oirthe don tollán agus d'imigh sé. Bhí Owens agus McKinstrey iontas go leor agus scríobh Owens ina dhiaidh sin cé go raibh sé "ar a bharr go léir réalaíoch" agus nach raibh sé "teipte chun gossip agus scéalta fiáin a athdhéanamh a shárú míniú réasúnta" ní raibh sé in ann "a dhiúltú cad a bhí James McKinstrey agus mé ag féachaint leis ár súile féin".
Lean an strainséir ar aghaidh ag an Hoosac Tunnel go gairid roimh agus tar éis dó a oscailt chun traenacha a ligean isteach tríd. Ar 16 Deireadh Fómhair, 1874 d'imigh sealgaire áitiúil Frank Webster in aice le Beinn Hoosac. Trí lá ina dhiaidh sin, fuair grúpa cuardaigh é, ag trioblóid ar bhruach Abhainn Deerfield. Bhí sé i riocht shock, mumbling incoherently agus titim síos. Mhínigh sé dá shábháilteoirí go raibh guthanna aisteach tar éis ordú dó dul isteach i dTúnla Hoosac agus nuair a bhí sé istigh, chonaic sé figiúirí ghostly ag siúl timpeall. Dúirt sé freisin go raibh lámha gan radharc tar éis a riffle fiach a bhaint as a láimh agus go raibh sé buailte leis. Ní raibh sé in ann cuimhneamh ar fhágáil an tollán. Chuimhnigh baill den pháirtí cuardaigh nach raibh a riffle ag Webster nuair a fuarthas é agus is cosúil go raibh fianaise ar bhualadh ar na gearradh agus ar na scratches ar a cheann agus a chorp.
Níos déanaí sa bhliain chéanna sin, nuair a bhí na ceannteidil na tolláin críochnaithe, chuir oibrithe na carraigeacha as an tollán agus thosaigh siad ag rangú an líne agus ag cur rianta. Ar 9 Feabhra, 1875, chuaigh an chéad traein tríd an tollán, ag tarraingt trí charr flat agus carbhán boird. Bhí grúpa de 125 duine tar éis teacht le chéile don turas. De réir na scéalta nuachta faoin imeacht, bhí North Adams díreach tar éis é a bheith ina "Gaeira an Iarthair" don chuid eile den Nua-Eilvéis. Ach ní raibh sé seo go leor chun stop a chur leis na scéalta aisteach ó a bheith á rá.
I rith an tsamhraidh 1875, bhí tairiscint dóiteáin ar líne iarnróid Boston & Maine darb ainm Harlan Mulvaney ag tabhairt ualach carraig de adhmad isteach sa tollán. Bhí sé imithe ach ach ach achar gearr isteach sa shaft nuair a chas sé go tobann a fhoireann ar ais, whipped na capaill agus thiomáin siad madly as an tollán. Cúpla lá ina dhiaidh sin, fuair oibrithe an fhoireann agus an carbad sa choille thart ar chúigear míle ó an tollán. Harlan Mulvaney Ní raibh le feiceáil nó chuala ó arís!
Lean na scéalta ar aghaidh ar feadh blianta, ag cruthú creidimh ó na daoine a d'oibrigh ann, a rith trí nó a chaith go leor ama timpeall an tolláin. D'oibrigh iar-fhostaí iarnróid, Joseph Impoco, ar an Boston & Maine ar feadh blianta. Chreid sé go daingean go raibh an tollán haunted ach ní raibh eagla air an áit. Go deimhin, thug sé creidiúint do na taibhsí cónaitheach as a shaol a shábháil ar dhá ócáid dhifriúla. Ar tráthnóna amháin, bhí sé ag loingseoireacht amach oighir as na rianta nuair a chuala sé guth ar leith ag rá leis rith, Joe, rith!
D'fhéach sé ar ais agus chonaic sé traein ag teacht síos air! Cinnte go leor, bhí No. 60 ag teacht chugam. A dhuine, an raibh mé léim ar ais go tapa! D'fhéach sé timpeall ar cé a ghlaoigh ar a ainm, ach ní raibh aon duine eile in aice láimhe. Níos déanaí, bheadh sé ag cuimhneamh go raibh sé go soiléir chuala an guth sula raibh an traein tháinig. Dúirt sé freisin go bhfaca sé fear ag dul trí, ag cur agus ag swinging torch, ach níor thug sé aird ar rud ar bith ach an t-éagóir. Bhí an guth, cibé áit a tháinig sé ó, shábháil a shaol.
Sé seachtaine tar éis an eachtra, bhí Impoco ag obair ar na rianta arís. An uair seo, bhí sé ag baint úsáide as barra cruach trom chun roinnt carr eagla a scaoileadh a bhí reoite ar na rianta. Bhí sé ag prying ar cheann de na rothaí cruach nuair a chuala sé an ard, guth eolach arís glaoch air. Joe! Joe! - Tá sé! Tóg é, Joe! "an guth a dtugtar frantically. D'fhág Impoco an barra láithreach agus bhuail níos mó ná 11,000 voltais leictreachais an barra láithreach agus chaith sé é i gcoinne bhalla an tolláin! Tháinig an muirear ó líne chumhachta uachtarach a bhí gearrchruthaithe. An cara nach bhfuil le feiceáil tar éis shábháil Joe saol arís.
Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhág Impoco a phost agus thosaigh sé ag obair amach as an gceantar. Gach bliain, áfach, d'fhillfeadh sé go Túnla Hoosac agus íocfadh sé cineál "ómós" don ghaoth a shábháil a shaol. Bhí sé cinnte go mbeadh tragóid éigin ag teacht air mura dtabharfadh sé é seo ar feadh bliana amháin. I 1977, bhí bean chéile Impoco tinn agus seachas dul chun cuairt a thabhairt ar an tollán, d'fhan sé sa bhaile léi. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair na bliana sin, fuair sí bás. Chreid Joe go raibh baint ag a bhás lena theip air taisteal go dtí an Túnla Hoosac.
I rith na 1970idí agus na 1980idí, thosaigh sealgairí taibhse agus grúpaí paranormal a chuala an stair fhada de ghostings a bheith ag imscrúdú ar an tollán. Sa bhliain 1976, d'éiligh taighdeoir ó Agawam, Massachusetts go raibh duine de na daoine áitiúla os a chomhair. Chuir sé síos ar an figiúr fear i gúna oibre sean-aimseartha, backlit i gcoinne solas bán geal. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith an taibhse céanna a chonaic Owens agus McKinstrey i 1872?
Bhí próifessor agus sealgaire taibhse páirtaimseartha ainmnithe Ali Allmaker a bhraith sí a bhí ag teacht le chéile gar sa tollán. Scríobh sí go raibh oifigeach iarnróid in éineacht léi go dtí an tollán i 1984 agus agus í ann, bhí an mothú míchompordach ag duine éigin ina seasamh gar di. Dúirt sí freisin gur thug roinnt mac léinn ó Choláiste Stáit Adams Thuaidh cuairt ar an tollán oíche amháin agus gur fhág siad taifeadóir teip ag rith sa sciath. D'fhág siad é ann agus nuair a d'fhill siad agus d'éist siad leis an téip, chuala siad a bhí cosúil le guthanna daonna muted ar an téip.
Leanann na scéalta faoin Bloody Pit á insint inniu. Deir muintir na háite go bhfuil gaotha aisteach, apparitions ghostly agus guthanna uamhnach ag fulaingt timpeall agus sa tollán daunting. Tá an baol ann go mbeidh cuairteoirí a thaistealaíonn chuig an suíomh seo inniu ina ndaoine de na taibhsí cónaitheacha iad féin. Tá an Boston & Maine Railroad fós ag rith beagnach dosaen traenach lasta tríd an tollán gach lá, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an turas seo ar an taobh contúirteach go cinnte! Má tá suim agat i ngnéithe stairiúla an tolláin, áfach, is féidir leat cuairt a thabhairt ar mhúsaem atá tiomnaithe don láithreán i bPáirc Stáit Oidhreachta Western Gateway.
Ach má tá suim agat sna taibhsí, molaim duit a bheith cúramach anseo. Tuairiscítear go bhfuil spiorad na n-am atá caite fós ag dul ar aghaidh agus go bhfuil scáthanna dorcha ag brú go daingean ar gach taobh. B'fhéidir go raibh an ceart ag na hIndiaigh Mohawk. D'ainmnigh siad an áit seo Beinn Hoosac, rud a chiallaíonn toirmiscthe ina dteanga. An raibh a fhios acu rud éigin faoin áit seo nach raibh ar eolas ag lucht tógála an tolláin?
Foinsí agus Leabharlainne:
Hauck, Dennis William - Áiteanna Haunted: An Treoirlínte Náisiúnta (1996)
Drake, Samuel Adams - New England Legends and Folklore (1910)
Norman, Michael & Beth Scott - Meiriceá Stairiúil Haunted (1995)
Allmaker, Ali - Local Haunts (Berkshire Eagle) (1984)
Iris Yankee (1973)
(C) Cóipcheart 2001 ag Troy Taylor. Gach Ceart Coimeádta.
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Rangoli is an art in which patterns are created on the floor or the ground using materials such as colored rice, dry flour, colored sand or flower petals. It is usually made during special occasions such as Diwali, Onam, Pongal and other Hindu festivals in the Indian subcontinent. Designs of rangoli are passed from one generation to the next generation.
The objective of rangoli is to decorate our surroundings and it is considered to bring good luck. The types of design may also vary as they reflect traditions, folklore and practices that are unique to each area. Girls or women generally do it. Sometimes boys also take part. This practice is showcased during occasions such as festivals, marriage celebrations, auspicious observances and other similar milestones and gatherings.
Rangoli designs are simple geometric shapes, deity impressions, or flower and petal shapes but they are also large designs made by many people. The base material is usually dry or wet powdered rice or dry flour and other natural colours can be added. Other elements comprise colored sand, red brick powder and even flowers and petals, as in the case of flower rangolis.
There are two main ways to make a Rangoli, dry and wet. Using a white material like chalk, sand, paint or flour, the artist marks a center-point on the ground and cardinal points around it, usually in a square, hexagon or circle depending on area and personal preference.
Once the sketch is complete, the artist may choose to clarify it with colour, again using either wet or dry ingredients like paints, coloured rice-water, gypsum powder, coloured sand or dry pigments. The artist might also use materials like seeds, grains, spices, leaves or flower petals to achieve lifelike hues. Modern materials like crayons, dyes or dyed fabrics, acrylic paints and artificial colouring agents are also conventional in use, allowing for brilliant and vibrant colour choices. A newer but less artificial way involves using cement coloured with marble powder.
Shape, design and material are base on regional traditions. In North India, a square grid is standard as a hexagonal grid in South India; Onam Rangolis are generally circular. In North India, the colour is most often based on gypsum, in South India on rice flour and Onam Rangolis are typically flower based. Many people find it enjoyable to try and figure out how such complex designs are drawn with a grid.
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Is ealaín é Rangoli ina ndéantar patrúin a chruthú ar an urlár nó ar an talamh ag baint úsáide as ábhair mar rís datha, plúr tirim, gaineamh datha nó péitíní bláthanna. De ghnáth déantar é le linn ócáidí speisialta mar Diwali, Onam, Pongal agus féilte eile Hindúcha sa fho-chríoch Indiach. Tá dearadh rangoli a tharchur ó ghlúin amháin go glúin eile.
Is é cuspóir rangoli ná ár dtimpeallacht a mhaisiú agus meastar go dtabharfaidh sé dea-ádh. D'fhéadfadh na cineálacha dearadh a bheith éagsúil freisin de réir mar a léiríonn siad traidisiúin, folclóir agus cleachtais atá uathúil do gach ceantar. De ghnáth déanann cailíní nó mná é. Uaireanta bíonn buachaillí rannpháirteach freisin. Taispeántar an cleachtas seo le linn ócáidí mar fhéileanna, ceiliúradh pósta, ceiliúradh auspicious agus clocha míle agus cruinnithe eile den chineál céanna.
Is cruthanna geomatracha simplí iad dearaí Rangoli, léarscáileanna deities, nó cruthanna bláthanna agus péiteal ach is dearaí móra iad a rinne go leor daoine freisin. Is é an bunábhair de ghnáth prátaí rís tirim nó fliuch nó plúr tirim agus is féidir dathanna nádúrtha eile a chur leis. Tá gnéithe eile ann a chuimsíonn gaineamh datha, púdar bríce dearg agus fiú bláthanna agus péitil, mar atá i gcás rangolis bláthanna.
Tá dhá phríomhbhealach ann Rangoli a dhéanamh, tirim agus fliuch. Ag baint úsáide as ábhar bán cosúil le criot, gaineamh, péint nó plúr, marcann an t-ealaíontóir pointe lárnach ar an talamh agus pointí caidrimh timpeall air, de ghnáth i gcearnóg, seiseargon nó ciorcal ag brath ar an limistéar agus ar an rogha pearsanta.
Nuair a bheidh an léarscáil críochnaithe, féadfaidh an t-ealaíontóir a roghnú é a shoiléiriú le dath, ag baint úsáide as comhábhair fliuch nó tirim mar péinteanna, uisce rís datha, púdar gipsum, gaineamh datha nó píogáidí tirim. D'fhéadfadh an t-ealaíontóir ábhair mar shíolta, gráin, spíosraí, duilleoga nó péitil bláthanna a úsáid freisin chun dathanna cosúil le saol a bhaint amach. Tá ábhair nua-aimseartha cosúil le creataí, dathanna nó fabraicí datha, péinteanna aicrileacha agus gníomhairí datha saorga coitianta freisin, rud a ligeann do roghanna datha geal agus beoga. Is bealach níos nuaí ach níos lú saorga é an ceimint a úsáidtear a bhfuil púdar marmair ar dath air.
Tá an cruth, an dearadh agus an t-ábhar bunaithe ar thraidisiúin réigiúnacha. Sa Tuaisceart na hIndia, tá grid cearnach caighdeánach mar ghrid heixagonal i dTuaisceart na hIndia; tá Rangolis Onam ciorclach de ghnáth. Sa Tuaisceart na hIndia, tá an dath bunaithe go minic ar gipsum, sa Deisceart na hIndia ar phláinéid ríse agus tá Rangolis Onam bunaithe ar bhláth de ghnáth. Is maith le go leor daoine iarracht a dhéanamh a fháil amach conas a dhéantar na dearadh casta sin a tharraingt le grianghrafán.
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What Is an Aortic Dissection?
In an aortic dissection, the inner layer of the aorta tears, letting blood in where it usually doesn’t go. This causes the inner and middle layers to separate, or dissect. If blood bursts through the outer wall of your aorta, it’s life threatening and needs immediate repair.
Types of Aortic Dissection
There are two kinds of aortic dissections. The difference is where the dissection is located.
Type A. This is the more common of the two, and more dangerous. The tear happens in your upper aorta, which is also called the ascending aorta. It can extend into your abdomen (your belly) or in the area where the aorta leaves your heart.
Type B. This is a tear in your lower, or descending, aorta. It, too, may reach into your abdomen.
Aortic Dissection Symptoms
The most common symptoms are:
- Shortness of breath
- Loss of consciousness
- A weaker pulse in one arm than the other
- Fainting or dizziness
- Pale skin
- Heavy sweating
- Sense of doom
- Sudden, severe upper back or chest pain (often described as a “tearing” sensation from the neck down the back)
- Sudden, severe belly pain
- Leg pain
- Mild neck, jaw, or chest pain
- Sudden trouble speaking
- Loss of vision
- Paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, much like a stroke
- Tingling, numbness, or pain in the toes or fingers
- Trouble walking
Stay as calm as possible. Sometimes these symptoms don’t mean there’s a serious medical problem. They can happen for other reasons. But you need to find out right away, so make the call.
Aortic Dissection Causes and Risk Factors
Aortic dissections happen in places where your aortic wall is weak. Over time, high blood pressure can weaken your aortic tissue.
Sometimes the weakness is from a condition you’re born with that affects the strength or size of your aorta. Marfan syndrome is one example.
In rare cases it results from a traumatic injury to the chest, like you’d get in a car accident.
Who’s at risk: Aortic dissections most often affect men between the ages of 60 and 80. Men are twice as likely to have an aortic dissection as women. Other things that make an aortic dissection more likely include:
- Hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis
- High blood pressure, or hypertension, that isn’t under control
- A pre-existing bulging or weakened artery
- A bicuspid aortic valve (a valve with two leaflets)
- An aorta that’s narrowed at birth, a condition called aortic coarctation
Certain genetic diseases also seem to increase your odds of having an aortic dissection, including:
- Turner’s syndrome. Caused by a lack of one X chromosome, this condition only affects women. Among other things, it can cause high blood pressure and heart problems.
- Connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. They can lead to weakened blood vessels.
- Some inflammatory conditions, such as giant cell arteritis and syphilis, which can also affect your blood vessels.
Using cocaine, being pregnant, and even high-intensity weightlifting can raise your chances of having an aortic dissection. It’s mostly likely if you already have a history of blood pressure or blood vessel problems.
Aortic Dissection Diagnosis
If your doctor spots an aortic dissection early, you have a greater chance of being able to be treated. Most of the time this life-threatening condition happens suddenly (doctors will call it acute) and you get diagnosed in the emergency room.
Exams and tests
The doctor will ask about your medical history and check for abnormal heart sounds. They’re listening for a swishing sound, or murmur, which signals a leaky aortic valve. They’ll also check the blood pressure in your arms to see if one is different from the other. If it is, that means the aortic dissection has cut off blood flow to one of your arms.
You’ll need imaging tests to make sure you have an aortic dissection. The doctor may use one or more of these:
- X-ray. It takes pictures of your heart, lungs, and aorta to see if your aorta is widening. This can be a sign of dissection.
- CT scan. This test shows a cross-section of your chest and belly. Doctors use it to check the location and size of an aortic dissection.
- Transesophageal echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create images of your heart.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It gives the doctor a cross-section view of your aorta.
- Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA). This will show the doctor how the blood is flowing in your aorta and blood vessels.
Aortic Dissection Treatment
Depending on the part of the aorta involved, the doctor may treat aortic dissection in one of two ways:
These can include beta-blockers and sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress), which will help lower your blood pressure and heart rate. Medication is the same whether you have type A or type B.
The doctor may also ask for follow-up scans to monitor your heart and prescribe medicine to relieve pain.
The type of surgery depends on the type of aortic dissection:
Type A: The surgeon will remove as much of the dissected aorta as possible and rebuild it with a manmade tube called a graft. They’ll also repair any leaks in the aortic valve and place the valve in the new graft.
Type B: The surgeon will use the same graft procedure as in type A. But for a more complicated repair, they might add a stent. This is a sort of wire mesh support for the aorta.
Aortic Dissection Complications
Even after you repair an aortic dissection with surgery, you could still have problems such as:
- Heart attack
- Respiratory failure
- Kidney failure
- Lung infections
- Problems with anesthesia
- Organ damage
- Aortic valve damage
- Severe internal bleeding
Your doctor will keep a close eye on you after surgery to make sure no new problems arise.
Aortic Dissection Prevention
The best way to lower your odds of having an aortic dissection is to schedule an annual visit with your doctor so they can check your heart. You can also:
- Talk to your doctor. Discuss any genetic conditions you have. If they raise your chances of aortic dissection, the doctor may suggest you take blood pressure medications to help prevent it.
- Control your blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure, keep up with your medicine, diet, and exercise to manage it. You may also want to buy a portable blood pressure measuring device or check your pressure at grocery stores or pharmacies that have machines.
- Don’t smoke. If you do, plan to quit. Many people try several times before they kick the habit for good. That’s OK -- keep trying! Tell your doctor, who can look into methods that will help you quit.
- Practice heart-heathy habits. Eat whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and exercise regularly. Limit how much salt you get -- check food labels.
- Wear a seat belt. It can lower your odds of a traumatic chest injury in case of an accident.
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Cad Is Aortas-Díogadh?
I ndíscaoileadh aorta, déanann sraith inmheánach an aorta deora, ag ligean fola isteach áit nach dtéann sé de ghnáth. Mar thoradh air seo, scoiltear na sraitheanna inmheánacha agus lárnacha, nó scagtar iad. Má thit fola trí bhalla seachtrach do aorta, tá sé ina bhagairt ar shaol agus ní mór é a dheisiú láithreach.
Cineálacha Dísceacht Aorta
Tá dhá chineál de disections aorta. Is é an difríocht ná an áit a bhfuil an disection suite.
Cineál A. Is é seo an ceann is coitianta den dá cheann, agus is contúirteach. Tarlaíonn an dearg i do aorta uachtarach, ar a dtugtar an aorta ardú freisin. Is féidir leis dul isteach i do bholg (do bolg) nó sa cheantar ina n-eascraíonn an aorta ó do chroí.
Cineál B. Is é seo an t-easnamh i do aorta níos ísle, nó ag titim. D'fhéadfadh sé, freisin, a shroicheadh isteach i do bholg.
Aorta Dissection Síomptóim
Is iad na comharthaí is coitianta:
- Breathnachta
- Caillteanas comhfhios
- Puls níos laige i lámh amháin ná an ceann eile
- Fainting nó dizziness
- Craiceann blithe
- Tráthú trom
- Mothaíocht do doom
- Píobáil tobann, tromchúiseach san eite uachtarach nó sa chistin (a thuairiscítear go minic mar bhraitheann " ag caoineadh " ón gcroí síos an chúl)
- Pléasc go tobann, trom
- Pléas
- Pléasanna mear i gcroí, i mbéal nó i gcroí
- Díchumas labhairt tobann
- Caillteanas fís
- Paralysis nó laige ar thaobh amháin den chorp, cosúil le stróc
- Tinnting, numbness, nó pian i d' uillinn nó i n-aingeal
- Díchumas siúl
Fan chomh socair agus is féidir. Uaireanta ní chiallaíonn na hairíonna seo go bhfuil fadhb thromchúiseach leighis ann. Is féidir leo tarlú ar chúiseanna eile. Ach ní mór duit a fháil amach láithreach, mar sin a dhéanamh ar an glaoch.
Cúiseanna agus Fachtóirí Riosca Díseacta Aorta
Tarlaíonn díbhreitheanna aorta in áiteanna ina bhfuil do bhalla aorta lag. Le himeacht ama, d'fhéadfadh brú fola ard do fhíochán aorta a lagú.
Uaireanta is é an laige ná coinníoll a rugadh leat a théann i bhfeidhm ar neart nó ar mhéid do aorta. Is sampla amháin é siondróm Marfan.
I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, is é an toradh a bhíonn air ná go bhfuil díobháil traumatic déanta ar an gcostas, cosúil le haon eachtra carr.
Cé atá i mbaol: Is minic a bhíonn bannaí idir 60 agus 80 bliain d'aois i mbaol de mhíchumas aorta. Tá fir dhá uair níos dóchúla a bheith le hairdín aorta ná mná. I measc na rudaí eile a fhágann go bhfuil an seans go ndéanfar díghearradh aorta níos mó ná:
- Hardú na n-arthair, nó atherosclerosis
- Teannas fola ard, nó hipertine, nach bhfuil faoi smacht
- Artery atá tuilte nó lag cheana féin
- Válfa aorta bicuspid (valf le dhá litreach)
- Aorta a bhíonn tiubh le linn breith, coirctation aorta
Is cosúil go méadaíonn galair ghéiniteacha áirithe do seans go mbeidh dífhilleadh aorta agat, lena n-áirítear:
- Síndróm Turner. Mar gheall ar easpa crómasóim X amháin, ní théann an riocht seo i bhfeidhm ach ar mhná. I measc rudaí eile, is féidir leis brú fola ard agus fadhbanna croí a chur faoi deara.
- Ainneoin go bhfuil an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál, ní mór duit a bheith cinnte go bhfuil an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál. Is féidir leo dul i ngleic le soithigh fola lag.
- Rioscaí athlastacha áirithe, mar shampla arteritis cealla ollmhór agus sifilis, a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar do shoithí fola freisin.
Ag baint úsáide as cóicín, a bheith ag iompar clainne, agus fiú ard-dhlúth weightlifting is féidir a mhéadú do seans a bheith le hairdín aorta. Is dócha go bhfuil sé seo i gceist má tá brú fola nó fadhbanna soithigh fola agat cheana féin.
Diagnóis Aorta Dissection
Má fhaigheann do dhochtúir dífhilleadh aorta go luath, tá seans níos mó agat go bhféadfar cóireáil a dhéanamh ort. An chuid is mó den am tarlaíonn an coinníoll seo a chuireann beatha i mbaol go tobann (glacfaidh dochtúirí leis go bhfuil sé géar) agus faigheann tú diagnóis sa seomra éigeandála.
Scrúduithe agus tástálacha
Iarrfaidh an dochtúir ort eolas a fháil faoi do stair leighis agus seiceáil a dhéanamh ar fhuaimeanna neamhghnácha croí. Tá siad ag éisteacht le haghaidh fuaim swishing, nó murmur, a thugann comhartha ar bhalbham aorta leaky. Déanfar an brú fola i do lámha a sheiceáil freisin chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil ceann difriúil ón gceann eile. Má tá sé, ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil an disection aorta curtha as sreabhadh fola go ceann de do lámha.
Beidh tástálacha íomháithe ag teastáil uait chun a chinntiú go bhfuil díbhseacht aorta agat. Féadfaidh an dochtúir ceann amháin nó níos mó de na cinn seo a úsáid:
- X-ghat. Tógann sé pictiúir de do chroí, do phlúin, agus do aorta chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil do aorta ag leathnú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chomhartha de dhísheachtú.
- Scan CT. Taispeánann an tástáil seo tras-ghearradh do chistin agus do bholg. Úsáideann dochtúirí é chun suíomh agus méid dísheacht aorta a sheiceáil.
- Eiccardiogram tras-eisophageal. Úsáideann an tástáil seo tonnta fuaime chun íomhánna de do chroí a chruthú.
- Íomháíocht le resonance maighnéadach (MRI). Tugann sé an t-othar léargas tras-ghearradh ar do aorta.
- Angio- grianamhacha le resonance maighnéadach (MRA). Taispeánfaidh sé seo don dochtúir conas a bhíonn an fhuil ag sreabhadh i do aorta agus i do shoithí fola.
Cóireáil Aorta-Dísheacht
Ag brath ar an chuid den aorta a bhfuil baint aige leis, féadfaidh an dochtúir díseacán aorta a chóireáil ar cheann de dhá bhealach:
Féadfaidh siad seo beata- bhacálaithe agus níotróprúsíd sóidiam (Nitropress) a áireamh, rud a chabhróidh le do bhrú fola agus ráta croí a ísliú. Tá an cógas céanna cibé an bhfuil cineál A nó cineál B agat.
Féadfaidh an dochtúir scannaigh leantacha a iarraidh freisin chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar do chroí agus cógais a fhorordú chun pian a mhaolú.
Braitheann an cineál máinliachta ar an gcineál de dhíscaoileadh aorta:
Cineál A: Tógfaidh an máinliachtóir an chuid is mó den aorta a bhí díghalctha agus athchruthaíonn sé é le feadán de dhéantús an duine ar a dtugtar graft. Déanfaidh siad aon sceitheadh sa bhalbham aorta a dheisiú freisin agus cuirfidh siad an bhalbham sa ghreamú nua.
Cineál B: Úsáidfidh an máinliachtóir an nós imeachta greanta céanna le cineál A. Ach le haghaidh deisiú níos casta, d'fhéadfadh siad stent a chur leis. Is cineál tacaíochta líonra sreinge é seo don aorta.
Comharthaí Aorta-Dísheacht
Fiú tar éis duit aortas a dheisiú le máinliacht, d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna a bheith agat fós mar shampla:
- Craobh croí
- Teip an anailís
- Teip ar na duáin
- Aithní long
- fadhbanna le haisteas
- Dramhaíl orgánach
- Damáiste ar bhalbham aorta
- Fuilíocht inmheánach tromchúiseach
Coinneoidh do dhochtúir súil ghéar ort tar éis an oibríocht chun a chinntiú nach dtarlóidh aon fhadhbanna nua.
Cosc ar Dhíscaoileadh Aorta
Is é an bealach is fearr chun do seansanna a bheith le haighneacht aorta a laghdú ná cuairt bhliantúil a chur in áirithe le do dhochtúir ionas gur féidir leo do chroí a sheiceáil. Is féidir leat freisin:
- Labhair le do dhochtúir. Déan plé le haon riochtaí géiniteacha atá agat. Má chuireann siad do seansanna de dhíscaoileadh aorta, d'fhéadfadh an dochtúir a mholadh duit cógais brú fola a ghlacadh chun cabhrú leis é a chosc.
- Smaoinigh ar do bhrú fola. Má tá brú fola ard agat, coinnigh suas le do chógas, do aiste bia, agus do chleachtadh chun é a rialú. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat feiste glúine-amhais in-iompar a cheannach nó do bhrú a thomhas i siopaí grósaera nó i cógaiséirí a bhfuil meaisíní acu.
- Ná caitheamh tobac. Má dhéanann tú, pleanáil chun éirí as. Tá go leor daoine ag iarraidh arís agus arís eile sula ndéanann siad an cleachtadh a scor go maith. Tá sé sin OK -- lean ag iarraidh! Inis do dhochtúir, a fhéadfaidh modhanna a chuideoidh leat stop a chur a lorg.
- Cleachtas heart-heathy cleachtais. Bíodh spraoi ag baint le do chuid bia. Déan teorainn leis an méid salann a fhaigheann tú - seiceáil lipéid bia.
- Bain úsáid as crios sábháilteachta. Féadann sé do seansanna a laghdú go bhfaighidh tú gortú toraidh i gcás timpiste.
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The founder and director of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation spoke to Christabel Ligami on the organisation’s efforts to give more women access to contraception, especially in African countries.
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has announced an additional $120 million in funding over the next three years — a 25 per cent increase — for family planning programmes. This comes at a time reports say the world may not meet the Family Planning 2020 [FP2020] target to reach an additional 120 million women and girls with family planning services by 2020. Why is contraception for women crucial?
Giving women contraception is an important public health initiative that has become a life and death crisis. Contraceptives unlock one of the most dormant but potentially powerful assets in the development of women as decision-makers.
When women have the power to make choices about their families, they tend to decide precisely what demographers, economists and development experts recommend.
They invest in the long-term human capital of their families. Given that many women and babies die in labour in developing countries, access to contraceptives potentially means millions of lives saved around the world.
Statistics are telling: That up to 100,000 women die each year in child birth after unintended pregnancies, and 600,000 babies born to women who did not want to be pregnant die in the first month of life. Even if these babies survive, the family is forced to feed another mouth.
And in a world where more than 1.2 billion people live on less than $1 each day, another mouth will take away from the malnourished family every day. Also studies show that women who have knowledge about access to contraceptives have a higher quality of life than those who don’t. They are healthier, better educated and more prosperous than women who are not educated about birth control.
You are also keen on putting back family planning services for the youth on the development agenda. Why is that?
We have the largest number of youth of reproductive age in history and they need education to curb things like unintended pregnancy.
The biggest killer of young girls is death during childbirth. In Africa, for example, we know that one in two girls gets married before the age of 18, and if she gets a baby between the ages of 15 and 19, she’s twice as likely to die.
A 15-year-old girl’s body is hardly ready to have a baby. Also, the young girl is unlikely to space the births of her children, her babies will have a lower birth weight and she’s twice as likely to die. This is why we must help them make the right decision on their reproductive health.
What was your motivation for launching the family planning initiative?
I have been travelling to developing countries for over a decade and I always try to take time to talk with women, to really understand what their lives are like.
My focus was around issues of vaccines, agriculture, poverty reduction but time and again, family planning came up. I started to realise that we had stepped away from family planning, as a world, we really weren’t giving women the option to plan their lives with the use of contraceptives, something we take for granted in the US and the UK.
And I really felt strongly that it was important to help our partners put that back on the agenda, because it saves women’s lives and it saves children’s lives.
What is your foundation doing for East African countries?
East Africa is among the areas with the most family planning needs in Africa, and the foundation’s strategy is to increase the use of modern contraceptives, improve family planning services for the poor and find ways to integrate family planning into HIV and other health care initiatives.
We are already working with the East African countries on this and have seen results especially in Kenya and Uganda, where access to contraceptives has increased in the recent past. We are increasing funding by 25 per cent to boost our work in these countries but it is up to the countries tells us about the priorities and how we can help them achieve their needs.
It has been 15 years since you started your foundation, what has been your biggest achievement?
The work in vaccines and immunisations has really been transformative in bringing down childhood deaths. The two biggest killers of children are diarrhoea and pneumonia. We now have new vaccines in those two areas whose creation we’ve been involved in their creation, bringing the prices down and trying to get the lag time down.
When we started, the lag time in getting a vaccine from the US to somewhere like Kenya was 20 to 25 years. That’s down now to one to three years. That’s something we’re incredibly proud of.
Do you think African countries will ever get anywhere close to the developed world in terms of child health and infectious diseases like malaria and polio?
In 15 years, we won’t be far enough along to make that switch. There will still be a lot of infectious disease. I’d say at the 30-year mark if things go well there’s a chance that this agenda will be largely done.
At that point we hope the rich world will have very, very effective tools for all sorts of disease and we see it as part of our mission to see that they get out to everybody in the world faster than the natural market mechanism would make them available.
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Labhair bunaitheoir agus stiúrthóir Fondúireacht Bill & Melinda Gates le Christabel Ligami faoi iarrachtaí an eagraíochta rochtain a thabhairt do níos mó mná ar chóireáil toirchis, go háirithe i dtíortha na hAfraice.
D'fhógair an Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation maoiniú breise $ 120 milliún thar na trí bliana amach romhainn - méadú 25 faoin gcéad - do chláir phleanála teaghlaigh. Tagann sé seo ag am a deir tuarascálacha nach bhféadfadh an domhan sprioc Pleanáil Teaghlaigh 2020 [FP2020] a bhaint amach chun 120 milliún bean agus cailín breise a bhaint amach le seirbhísí pleanála teaghlaigh faoi 2020. Cén fáth go bhfuil cosc ar bhroinn ríthábhachtach do mhná?
Is tionscnamh tábhachtach sláinte poiblí é cóireáil toirchis a thabhairt do mhná a tháinig chun bheith ina ghéarchéim saoil agus báis. Tá na coscghiniúnaí ag scaoileadh ceann de na sócmhainní is láidre atá i ndroim ach is féidir a bheith ina sócmhainní cumhachtach i bhforbairt na mban mar lucht cinnteoireachta.
Nuair a bhíonn cumhacht ag mná roghanna a dhéanamh faoina dteaghlaigh, bíonn claonadh acu cinneadh a dhéanamh go beacht ar an méid a mholann déimeagrafaigh, eacnamaithe agus saineolaithe forbartha.
Infheistíonn siad i gcaipiteal daonna fadtéarmach a dteaghlaigh. Ós rud é go bhfaigheann go leor mná agus leanaí bás i dtír atá ag forbairt, d'fhéadfadh rochtain ar choscghiniúna a bheith ina chiall le milliún saol a shábháil ar fud an domhain.
Tá na staitisticí ag rá: Go bhfaigheann suas le 100,000 bean bás gach bliain i dtógáil leanaí tar éis toirchis gan intinn, agus go bhfaigheann 600,000 leanbh a rugadh do mhná nach raibh ag iarraidh a bheith torrach bás sa chéad mhí de shaol. Fiú má mhaireann na páistí seo, tá an teaghlach iallach orthu béal eile a chothú.
Agus i ndomhan ina bhfuil níos mó ná 1.2 billiún duine ag maireachtáil ar níos lú ná $ 1 gach lá, beidh béal eile ag dul ó theaghlach míchothú gach lá. Léiríonn staidéir freisin go bhfuil cáilíocht saoil níos airde ag mná a bhfuil eolas acu faoi rochtain ar choscghiniúnaí ná iad siúd nach bhfuil. Tá siad níos sláintiúla, níos oideachasúla agus níos rathúla ná mná nach bhfuil oideachas acu maidir le rialú breithe.
Tá tú ag iarraidh seirbhísí pleanála teaghlaigh a chur ar ais do na daoine óga ar an gclár oibre forbartha. Cén fáth?
Tá an líon is mó de dhaoine óga in aois atáirgthe againn sa stair agus is gá oideachas dóibh chun rudaí cosúil le toirchis neamhmheasta a chosc.
Is é an bás le linn breith an marú is mó a bhíonn ag cailíní óga. I san Afraic, mar shampla, tá a fhios againn go ndéantar bean amháin as gach beirt a phósadh sula mbíonn sí 18 mbliana d'aois, agus má fhaigheann sí leanbh idir 15 agus 19 bliain d'aois, tá an seans go bhfaighidh sí bás dhá oiread.
Níl corp cailín 15 bliana d'aois réidh le leanbh a bheith aige. Chomh maith leis sin, ní dócha go gcuirfidh an cailín óg spás ar bhreith a leanaí, beidh meáchan níos ísle ag a leanaí agus tá an seans go bhfaighidh sí bás dhá oiread. Sin é an fáth go gcaithfimid cabhrú leo an cinneadh ceart a dhéanamh maidir lena sláinte atáirgthe.
Cad a bhí mar spreagadh duit an tionscnamh pleanála teaghlaigh a sheoladh?
Táim ag taisteal chuig tíortha i mbéal forbartha le breis agus deich mbliana agus déanaim iarracht i gcónaí am a chur leis chun labhairt le mná, chun a thuiscint i ndáiríre conas a bhfuil a saol.
Bhí mo fhócas ar cheisteanna vacsaíní, talmhaíochta, laghdú bochtaineachta ach arís agus arís eile, tháinig pleanáil teaghlaigh. Thosaigh mé ag tabhairt faoi deara go raibh céim déanta againn ó phleanáil teaghlaigh, mar domhan, ní raibh muid ag tabhairt rogha do mhná a saol a phleanáil le húsáid frithghiniúna, rud a ghlacann muid mar rud cinnte sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Ríocht Aontaithe.
Agus bhraith mé go láidir go raibh sé tábhachtach cabhrú lenár gcomhpháirtithe é sin a chur ar an gclár oibre arís, mar sábhálann sé saol na mban agus sábhálann sé saol na leanaí.
Cad atá á dhéanamh ag do bhunaíocht do thíortha Oirthear na hAfraice?
Tá Oirthear na hAfraice i measc na gceantair is mó a bhfuil riachtanais phleanála teaghlaigh acu san Afraic, agus is é straitéis an chiste úsáid frithghiniúna nua-aimseartha a mhéadú, seirbhísí pleanála teaghlaigh a fheabhsú do na bochta agus bealaí a aimsiú chun pleanáil teaghlaigh a chomhtháthú le HIV agus tionscnaimh cúraim sláinte eile.
Tá muid ag obair cheana féin leis na tíortha san Afraic Thoir ar an ábhar seo agus tá torthaí le feiceáil go háirithe sa Chéinia agus san Úganda, áit a bhfuil rochtain ar choscghlactha ag méadú le déanaí. Tá muid ag méadú maoiniú de 25 faoin gcéad chun ár gcuid oibre sna tíortha seo a threisiú ach tá sé ar na tíortha a insint dúinn faoi na tosaíochtaí agus conas is féidir linn cabhrú leo a gcuid riachtanas a bhaint amach.
Tá sé 15 bliain ó thosaigh tú do chiste, cad a bhí do chuid is mó a bhaint amach?
Tá an obair i vacsaíní agus imdhíonaíochtaí tar éis athrú a dhéanamh i ndáiríre chun básanna óige a laghdú. Is iad an dá mharbhú is mó le leanaí ná an diarrhea agus an niúmóine. Tá vacsaíní nua againn anois sna dhá réimse sin a ndearnadh iad a chruthú agus bhíomar páirteach ina gcruthú, ag cur na praghsanna síos agus ag iarraidh an t-am leagtha síos a laghdú.
Nuair a thosaigh muid, ba é an t-am leighis chun vacsaín a fháil ó na Stáit Aontaithe go dtí áit éigin mar an Cheanada ná 20 go 25 bliain. Tá sé sin anois ar cheann go trí bliana. Is rud é sin a bhfuil muid thar a bheith bródúil as.
An gceapann tú go dtiocfaidh tíortha na hAfraice in aice leis an domhan forbartha i dtéarmaí sláinte leanaí agus galair ionfhabhtaithe mar an malarta agus an póiléar?
I gceann 15 bliana, ní bheidh muid i bhfad go leor chun an t-athrú sin a dhéanamh. Beidh go leor galair thógálacha ann fós. Deirim go bhfuil seans ann go mbeidh an clár oibre seo déanta go mór ag an marc 30 bliain má théann rudaí go maith.
Ag an bpointe sin, tá súil againn go mbeidh uirlisí an-éifeachtacha ag an domhan saibhir do gach cineál galair agus feicimid é mar chuid dár misean chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann siad amach go dtí gach duine ar fud an domhain níos tapúla ná mar a dhéanfadh meicníocht an mhargaidh nádúrtha iad a chur ar fáil.
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Health and Hygiene in Trench Warfare
Transcript of Health and Hygiene in Trench Warfare
Health and Hygiene
While in battle the soldiers could not bathe due to the lack of running water.
They did not have time to care about their hygiene.
When they had to use the restroom, they did not leave their station in order to not get attacked. This resulted in them going where every they stood.
Pests, Weather and Disease
All of these things added together, caused there to be a foul smell.
They would roam around the trenches.
One pair on rats were able to produce about 900 babies per year.
Over time the numbers grew and millions of rats came about.
-The rats would nibble of the flesh of soldiers while they slept and while one duty.
-They would also nibble on the soldiers remains
The lice would live on the clothes of the soldiers
Thy caused the soldiers to itch and also caused "Trench Fever"
Recovery from the disease took up to 12 weeks.
Tench Fever was a painful disease that began with severe pain followed by a high fever.
Happened when it would rain and fill up the trenches.
Trench foot is a fungal infection.
Soldiers would stand in the cold
rain water and all of the bacteria
from their lack of hygiene. When
they stood in this, over time their
feet were infected and soliders would need amputation.
It can be prevented by...
-Wearing larger boots so you can were more socks
-Taking your shoes off once in a 24 hour period
Many soldiers died because of their exposure to the harsh cold weather.
Soldiers would lose their fingers and toes due to frostbite.
In the winter time the temperatures in the trenches would fall under 0 degrees.
The Trenches were located in Europe, France and in Belgium.
July 28, 1914
After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife on June 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and after, more countries followed.
November 11, 1918
The war ended with the Treaty of Versailles in Paris, France. Germany had declared a cease-fire. In order to do that they had to sign the treaty by the allied powers of England France and the US.
Start of World War One
End of World War One
Because of the lack of hygiene in the first world war, better techniques were created to improve the overall health of the soldiers.
-Trench foot brought into awareness the use of better footwear.
Even though life in the trenches were terrible, trenches were built to protect the soldiers against an enemy attack.
The large amounts of human deaths allowed for new medical treatments to be used in WW2.
Trenches were also used to avoid losing ground.
The lack of hygiene in WW1 happened because the soldiers did not have the time to care about it.
They spent most of their time fighting so the subject of health and hygiene never came about.
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Seol an nasc thíos trí ríomhphost nó IMCopy
Taispeáin do lucht féachanaTosaigh le cur i láthair ar shiúl
- Beidh baill an lucht féachana cuireadh a leanúint tú mar a nascleanúint agus a chur i láthair
- Ní gá cuntas Prezi a bheith ag daoine a cuireadh chuig cur i láthair
- Téann an nasc seo in éag 10 nóiméad tar éis duit an cur i láthair a dhúnadh
- Is féidir le uasmhéid de 30 úsáideoir do thaifeadadh a leanúint
- Foghlaim níos mó faoin ngné seo inár n-alt bunaidh eolais
An bhfuil tú ag iarraidh an prezi seo a scriosadh i ndáiríre?
Ní bheidh tú féin ná na comh-eagarthóirí a roinn tú é leo in ann é a aisghabháil arís.
Déan do chuid likes le feiceáil ar Facebook?
Ceangail do chuntas Facebook le Prezi agus lig do chuid maith a thaispeáint ar do líne ama.
Is féidir leat é seo a athrú faoi Rollaithe & Cuntas ag am ar bith.
Sláinte agus Ghlisteachas i gCogadh Tráchtála
Transcript of Health and Hygiene in Trench Warfare (Tríoirse Sláinte agus Shláinte sa Chogadh Tróiste)
Sláinte agus Ghlínse
Agus iad i gcath, ní raibh na saighdiúirí in ann cith a dhéanamh mar gheall ar easpa uisce ritheann.
Ní raibh aon am acu aire a thabhairt dá sláinteachas.
Nuair a bhí orthu an seomra folctha a úsáid, níor fhág siad a gcuid stáisiúin ionas nach dtarraingfí ionsaí orthu. Mar thoradh air sin, chuaigh siad cibé áit a raibh siad.
Pests, Weather and Disease (Péastaí, an aimsir agus galar)
Chuir na rudaí seo go léir le chéile, agus ba chúis leis go raibh boladh olc ann.
Bhí siad ag siúl timpeall na troscáin.
Bhí péire amháin ar rothaí in ann thart ar 900 leanbh a tháirgeadh in aghaidh na bliana.
Le himeacht ama d'fhás na huimhreacha agus tháinig na milliúin rothaí chun cinn.
- Ba mhaith leis na radaigh gnabble de na feoil saighdiúirí agus iad ag codladh agus le linn ceann amháin dualgas.
-Ba mhaith leo freisin nibble ar na saighdiúirí fágann
Bheadh na luí ag maireachtáil ar éadaí na saighdiúirí
Thy d'fhág na saighdiúirí a itch agus freisin d'fhág "Trench Fever"
Thóg sé suas le 12 sheachtain chun an galar a leigheas.
Ba galar pianmhar é Tench Fever a thosaigh le pian láidir agus teas ard ina dhiaidh sin.
Tharla sé nuair a rachadh sé ag báisteach agus a líonadh suas na tránna.
Is ionfhabhtú fungach é troid troscán.
D'fhan na saighdiúirí i lár an gheimhridh
uisce báistí agus go léir na baictéir
óna easpa sláinteachais. Nuair
sheas siad sa, thar am a gcuid
Bhí cosa ionfhabhtaithe agus bheadh herdsmen gá amputation.
Is féidir é a chosc le...
-Wearing buataisí níos mó ionas gur féidir leat a bhí níos mó sócaí
-A bheith ag cur do bhróga as uair amháin i rith 24 uair an chloig
Fuair go leor saighdiúirí bás mar gheall ar a bheith nochtaithe don aimsir chrua fuar.
Chaill na saighdiúirí a n-uaireanta agus a n-uaireanta mar gheall ar frostbite.
Sa gheimhreadh, thit an teocht sna tránna faoi 0 céim.
Bhí na Troscáin lonnaithe san Eoraip, sa Fhrainc agus sa Bheilg.
28 Iúil, 1914
Tar éis dúnmharú Franz Ferdinand agus a bhean chéile an 28 Meitheamh, dhearbhaigh an Ostair-Ungáir cogadh ar an tSeirbia agus ina dhiaidh sin, lean níos mó tíortha.
11 Samhain, 1918
Chríochnaigh an cogadh le Conradh Versailles i bPáras, sa Fhrainc. D'fhógair an Ghearmáin sos dóiteáin. Chun é sin a dhéanamh, bhí orthu an conradh a shíniú ag cumhachtaí comhghuaillithe na Breataine, na Fraince agus na Stát Aontaithe.
Tús an Chéad Chogaidh Dhomhanda
Deireadh an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda
Mar gheall ar easpa sláinteachais sa chéad chogadh domhanda, cruthaíodh teicnící níos fearr chun sláinte ghinearálta na saighdiúirí a fheabhsú.
- Thug an troigh tránna feasacht ar úsáid bróga níos fearr.
Cé go raibh an saol sna tránna uafásach, tógadh tránna chun na saighdiúirí a chosaint ar ionsaí naimhde.
Cheadaigh na méideanna móra básanna daonna cóireálacha nua leighis a úsáid sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda.
Baineadh úsáid as tránna freisin chun an talamh a chailleadh.
Tharla an easpa sláinteachais sa WW1 toisc nach raibh an t-am ag na saighdiúirí aire a thabhairt dó.
Chaith siad an chuid is mó dá gcuid ama ag troid mar sin níor tháinig an t-ábhar sláinte agus sláintíochta ar an eolas.
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It seems that every day, there’s a news story about hackers stealing customer information from a computer system. Most publicized cases involve large companies being hacked for credit card information and passwords for millions of people. Small companies are hacked too, but those stories don’t seem to grab as much attention.
Physical mail is fairly secure and is protected by federal laws enforced by the US Postal Service Inspection Service (USPIS). With a heritage that traces back to Benjamin Franklin, the USPIS aggressively pursues criminals who use the mail to attach or defraud victims. Companies and individuals put great trust in a sealed envelope marked “First-Class Mail”.
In the past, creating transactional mail documents was performed by companies using internal systems. Printers were directly attached to the mainframe computer system. The mail services department was in the same building, if not in the same room. There were tight controls from data to print to insert to delivery to the post office.
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Is cosúil go bhfuil gach lá, tá scéal nuachta faoi hackers a ghoid faisnéis chustaiméara ó chóras ríomhaireachta. I bhformhór na gcásanna a bhfuil fógra á tabhairt dóibh, tá cuideachtaí móra á hacking le haghaidh sonraí cártaí creidmheasa agus pasfhocail do na milliúin daoine. Tá cuideachtaí beaga hacked freisin, ach ní cosúil go bhfuil na scéalta sin ag tarraingt an oiread sin aird.
Tá an post fisiciúil an-sábháilte agus tá sé cosanta ag dlíthe cónaidhme a fhorfheidhmíonn Seirbhís Iniúchta Seirbhís Phoist na Stát Aontaithe (USPIS). Le oidhreacht a rianú ar ais go Benjamin Franklin, an USPIS leanann go hionraic coiriúla a úsáideann an post a chur i bhfeidhm nó a scriosadh íospartaigh. Tá muinín mhór ag cuideachtaí agus ag daoine aonair as an urlár faoi shéala a bhfuil an marc 'Pósta Chéad Rang' air.
San am atá caite, ba é cuideachtaí a bhí ag úsáid córais inmheánacha a bhí ag cruthú doiciméid ríomhphoist idirbheartaíochta. Bhí priontóirí ceangailte go díreach leis an gcóras ríomhairí príomhchuntas. Bhí an roinn seirbhísí poist sa fhoirgneamh céanna, mura raibh sa seomra céanna. Bhí rialuithe daingean ann ó shonraí a phriontáil chun iad a chur isteach chun iad a sheachadadh chuig an oifig phoist.
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Quick summary: Students will complete a reading task to learn how Hydro Tasmania produces electricity from wind.
Hydro Tasmania has been at the forefront of clean energy innovation for one hundred years. It is Australia’s largest producer of clean energy – generating hydro and wind power – and the largest water manager. Hydro Tasmania has 55 major dams, operates 30 hydropower stations and has built some of Australia’s largest wind farms.
Hydro Tasmania also sells energy in the National Electricity Market through its retail business Momentum Energy, and sells its expertise internationally through its consulting business Entura. Visit the Hydro Tasmania website to learn how the business is working towards Australia’s clean energy future.
Learning goals: This lesson is designed to provide valuable practice for NAPLAN* – the national literacy tests held in Years 3 and 5 of Primary school. It features reading and visual texts with comprehension and language questions that require students to find facts, interpret meaning and apply text-processing strategies.
General capabilities: Literacy, Critical and creative thinking, Ethical understanding.
Cross-curriculum priority: Sustainability OI.8.
Australian Curriculum content descriptions:
Year 5 English
- Understand the use of vocabulary to express greater precision of meaning, and know that words can have different meanings in different contexts (ACELA1512)
- Use comprehension strategies to analyse information, integrating and linking ideas from a variety of print and digital sources (ACELY1703)
- Identify aspects of literary texts that convey details or information about particular social, cultural and historical contexts (ACELT1608)
Syllabus outcomes: EN3-3A, EN3-6B, EN3-8D.
Topic: NAPLAN Preparation, Hydro Tasmania, Energy.
Time required: 60 mins
Level of teacher scaffolding: Medium – oversee activity.
Resources required: Student Worksheet – one copy per student or a link to the online Student Worksheet version, Internet access (optional).
Digital technology opportunities: Digital sharing capabilities.
Homework and extension opportunities: Includes opportunities for homework and extension.
Keywords: NAPLAN preparation, renewable energy, wind power.
* This lesson plan is not an officially endorsed publication of NAPLAN’s creators and administrators – the ACARA body – but is designed to provide practice for the Australian Curriculum’s compulsory NAPLAN testing scheme.
Cool Australia’s curriculum team continually reviews and refines our resources to be in line with changes to the Australian Curriculum.
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Gearr achoimre: Beidh na mic léinn ag déanamh tasc léitheoireachta chun foghlaim conas a tháirgeann Hydro Tasmania leictreachas ó ghaoth.
Tá Hydro Tasmania ar thús cadhnaíochta i nuálaíocht fuinnimh glan le céad bliain. Is í an táirgeoir fuinnimh glan is mó san Astráil í ag giniúint cumhachta hidrigineach agus gaoithe agus an bainisteoir uisce is mó. Tá 55 dam mór ag Hydro Tasmania, oibríonn sé 30 stáisiún hidrealaíoch agus tá cuid de na páirceanna gaoithe is mó san Astráil tógtha aige.
Díolann Hydro Tasmania fuinneamh sa Mhargadh Leictreachais Náisiúnta freisin trína ghnó miondíola Momentum Energy, agus déanann sí a saineolas a dhíol go hidirnáisiúnta trína ghnó comhairliúcháin Entura. Tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin Hydro Tasmania chun foghlaim conas atá an gnó ag obair i dtreo todhchaí fuinnimh glan na hAstráile.
Spriocanna foghlama: Tá an ceacht seo deartha chun cleachtadh luachmhar a sholáthar do NAPLAN* na tástálacha náisiúnta litearthachta a reáchtáiltear i mbliain 3 agus 5 den Bhunscoil. Tá téacsanna léitheoireachta agus amhairc ann le ceisteanna tuiscint agus teanga a éilíonn ar dhaltaí fíricí a aimsiú, brí a léiriú agus straitéisí próiseála téacs a chur i bhfeidhm.
Cumas ginearálta: Literacy, Critical and creative thinking, Ethical understanding.
Tosaíocht tras-churaclaim: Inbhuanaitheacht OI.8.
Curriculum na hAstráile curricula curricula curricula curricula curricula curricula curricula curricula curricula
Bliain 5 Béarla
- Tuiscint a fháil ar úsáid na foclóra chun cruinneas níos mó brí a chur in iúl, agus a fhios a bheith acu go bhféadfadh brí éagsúla a bheith ag focail i gcomhthéacsanna éagsúla (ACELA1512)
- Straitéisí tuisceana a úsáid chun faisnéis a anailísiú, smaointe ó fhoinsí éagsúla cló agus digiteacha a chomhtháthú agus a nascadh (ACELY1703)
- gnéithe de theacsanna liteartha a shainaithint a thugann sonraí nó faisnéis faoi chomhthéacsanna sóisialta, cultúrtha agus stairiúla ar leith (ACELT1608)
Torthaí na siollabas: EN3-3A, EN3-6B, EN3-8D.
Téama: Ullmhúchán NAPLAN, Hydro Tasmania, Fuinneamh.
Am a theastaíonn: 60 nóiméad
Leibhéal na scaffolding múinteora: Meánmhéide maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar ghníomhaíocht.
Acmhainní a theastaíonn: Leabhrán Oibre don Oide cóip amháin in aghaidh an mhic léinn nó nasc chuig leagan ar líne Leabhrán Oibre don Oide, rochtain ar an Idirlíon (roghnach).
Deiseanna teicneolaíochta digiteacha: Cumas comhroinnte digiteacha.
Oibriú baile agus deiseanna le breisithe: Cuimsíonn sé deiseanna le haghaidh obair bhaile agus le breisithe.
Príomhfhocail: ullmhúchán NAPLAN, fuinneamh in-athnuaite, fuinneamh gaoithe.
* Ní foilseachán a bhfuil formheas oifigiúil ag cruthaitheoirí agus riarthóirí NAPLAN an chomhlachta ACARA é an plean ceachta seo ach tá sé deartha chun cleachtas a sholáthar do scéim tástála éigeantach NAPLAN an Churaclaim Astrálach.
Déanann foireann chúrsacha Cool Australia ár n-acmhainní a athbhreithniú agus a scagadh go leanúnach chun a bheith ag teacht le hathruithe ar Chúrsa na hAstráile.
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This feed of Lake Okeechobee provides via satellite pump & water flows around Lake Okeechobee including all depth changes.
Do to new US Army Corps of Engineers policy we no long can display the current water levels here.
US Army Corps of Engineers Okeechobee water levels
Florida waterways have been in the news a lot recently. Lake water levels increased to a very high elevation after hurricane season and really very depending on North, Central or South Florida. Levels are lowered primarily via the only available outlets, to coastal estuaries, canals, creeks and streams. Unfortunately, these discharges can be very damaging to at times. The plus side of the water flow is bass love to feed in it. Use these graphs for your local area to help determine the flow patterns and water levels. When reading this information also realize Florida water released can cause navigation hazers on the structural integrity of the aging trees and other surroundings. Water levels can be confusing and conflicting at times.
Today, most lakes, rivers and canals are used to store water and move water from flood zones. Historically, there are many more natural storage areas in central and south Florida. Now, most of these wetlands and uplands have been developed, leaving far fewer places to store rain. In lieu of these, it is stored in the closet and biggest locations. However, this additional water can be harmful to some lake’s ecology.
888-629-BASS (2277) or (888) 321-0202
Copyright (c) 2016 Bass Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Soláthraíonn an bia seo de Loch Okeechobee trí phump satailíte agus sreabhann uisce timpeall Loch Okeechobee lena n-áirítear gach athrú domhain.
Chun a dhéanamh ar an nua US Army Corps of polasaí Innealtóirí ní féidir linn fada a thaispeáint ar na leibhéil uisce reatha anseo.
Cór Innealtóirí Arm na Stát Aontaithe Leibhéil uisce Okeechobee
Tá uiscebhealaí Florida i bhfad sna nuachtanna le déanaí. Mhéadaigh leibhéil uisce loch go hard tar éis séasúr na hurricane agus i ndáiríre ag brath go mór ar Thuaisceart, Lár nó Theas Florida. Laghdaítear na leibhéil go príomha trí na haontais atá ar fáil, go dtí estuaries cósta, canálacha, creeks agus sruthanna. Ar an drochuair, is féidir leis na scaoilteanna seo a bheith an-díobhálach do thríd uaireanta. An taobh móide an sreabhadh uisce is bass grá a itheann ann. Úsáid na grafaí seo do do cheantar áitiúil chun cabhrú leat na patrúin sreabhadh agus leibhéil uisce a chinneadh. Agus an fhaisnéis seo á léamh, tuigeann tú freisin gur féidir le huisce Florida a scaoiltear a bheith ina chúis le haisers loingseoireachta ar shláine struchtúrach na gcrann atá ag dul in aois agus ar thimpeallacht eile. Is féidir le leibhéil uisce a bheith mearbhall agus i gcoinne a chéile uaireanta.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, úsáidtear an chuid is mó de na lochanna, na haibhneacha agus na canálacha chun uisce a stóráil agus uisce a aistriú ó limistéir tuile. Go stairiúil, tá go leor limistéir stórála nádúrtha i lár agus i ndeisceart Florida. Anois, tá an chuid is mó de na tailte fliuch agus na háiteanna ard seo tógtha, rud a fhágann go bhfuil i bhfad níos lú áiteanna ann chun báisteach a stóráil. Ina áit sin, stóráiltear é sa closet agus sna háiteanna is mó. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh an t-uisce breise seo a bheith díobhálach d'éiceolaíocht roinnt lochanna.
888-629-BASS (2277) nó (888) 321-0202
Copyright (c) 2016 Bass Online, Inc. Tá na Cearta go léir faoi chosaint
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Join David Gassner for an in-depth discussion in this video Programming conditional logic, part of Up and Running with Go.
- I've been using simple, conditional logic…throughout this course, but it's worth reviewing…how Go's syntax for if statements differs…from classic C style languages.…The if statement in Go looks just like C or Java…for the most part, but it doesn't require parentheses…around the boolean condition.…In this file, I've declared one floating value…and one string.…And I'll add an if statement…and I'll set a condition of: x < 0…If this were C or Java, you would add the parentheses…around the condition, but in Go, you don't need them.…
One of the goals of Go is to reduce…the amount of required typing.…And Go's lexer knows how to find the condition…without those characters.…Then I'll add a pair of braces,…and I'll set the value of the result variable…to: less than zero.…I don't need the colon equals operator,…because I've declared the variable…and I declared it outside of the conditional block,…so I can still use it when the conditional block is done.…Then I'll add an else statement,…and I'll set the value of result,…once again using the equals operator.…
- Installing Go tools
- Creating and compiling a Go workspace
- Exploring variables, constants, and types
- Storing ordered and unordered values
- Grouping related values in structs
- Programming conditional logic and loops
- Defining and calling functions
- Handling errors
- Working with files
- Creating a simple HTTP server
Skill Level Beginner
Using Java to Program Google App Enginewith Patrick Royal2h 4m Intermediate
Google App Engine Essential Trainingwith Joseph Lowery3h 26m Intermediate
1. Getting Started
2. Essential Go Skills
3. Managing Simple Values
4. Managing Complex Types and Collections
5. Managing Program Flow
6. Structuring Go Code
7. Working with Files and the Web
Next steps2m 26s
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Bí linn le David Gassner le haghaidh plé domhain sa físeán seo ar Phrógráil loighic choinníollach, mar chuid de Up and Running with Go.
- Tá mé ag úsáid lógóic choinníollach simplí...trí an chúrsa seo, ach is fiú athbhreithniú a dhéanamh...ar an gcaoi a bhfuil sintéacs Go le haghaidh ráitis má tá difríocht... ó theangacha stíl clasaiceach C....Tá an ráiteas má i Go cosúil le C nó Java... den chuid is mó, ach ní gá parantéisí dó... timpeall ar an gcoinníoll Boolean....Sa chomhad seo, dhearbhaigh mé luach amháin... agus sraith amháin....Agus cuirfidh mé ráiteas má...agus socróidh mé coinníoll de: x < 0...Más é seo C nó Java, cuirfeadh tú na parantéisí... timpeall an choinníoll, ach i Go, ní gá duit iad....
Ceann de na spriocanna atá ag Go ná laghdú a dhéanamh ar...an méid teipthe is gá....Agus tá a fhios ag léicseoir Go conas an coinníoll a aimsiú...gan na carachtair sin....Agus ansin cuirfidh mé péire braceanna,...agus socróidh mé luach na hathraitheach torthaí...go: níos lú ná nialas....Ní gá dom an oibreoir comhionann colon,...mar tá mé tar éis an t-athraitheach a dhearbhú...agus dhearbhaigh mé é lasmuigh den bhloc coinníollach,... ionas gur féidir liom é a úsáid fós nuair a bheidh an bloc coinníollach déanta....Agus ansin cuirfidh mé ráiteas else,...agus socróidh mé luach na torthaí,...ag úsáid an oibreoir comhionann arís....
- Uirlisí Go a shuiteáil
- Spás oibre Go a chruthú agus a chomhlánú
- Athraitheoirí, seasmhaí agus cineálacha a iniúchadh
- Luachanna ordnaithe agus neamhordáilte a stóráil
- Grúpaí a bhaineann le luachanna i struchtúir
- Loighic choinníollach agus lúbhanna cláir
- Feidhmeanna a shainiú agus a ghlaoch
- Earráidí láimhseála
- Ag obair le comhaid
- Seirbhís HTTP simplí a chruthú
Leibhéal scileanna Tosaí
Ag baint úsáide as Java chun Google App Engine a chlárú le Patrick Royal2h 4m Idirmheánach
Traenáil riachtanach Inneall Google App le Joseph Lowery3h 26m Idirmheánach
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ag tosú
2. Seachadadh. Scileanna Go riachtanacha
3. Tá an t-am ann. Ag Bainistiú Luachanna Simplí
4. Tá an t-am Gníomhaíochtaí a bhaineann le bailiúcháin agus le cineálacha casta
5. Tá an t-am ann. Sliocht an Chláir a Bhainistíocht
6. Ceacht. Cód Go a struchtúrú
7. Ceacht. Ag obair le Comhaid agus an Líne
Céimeanna eile 2m 26s
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Many Indigenous individuals struggle with community reintegration upon being released from prison, 75 per cent of whom reoffend on a national basis, elevating concerns the penal system lacks a holistic understanding of what Indigenous rehabilitation encompasses.
“Certainly some people imprisoned have been there before, so there is that kind of recycling,” said Paul Mazerolle, director of violence research and prevention program at Griffith University. “What we want to work against is the view that prisons become a right of passage and that they become this necessary step on the status hierarchy for certain individuals.”
The former editor of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology said strong community support systems often dissuade prisoners from reoffending.
“The vast majority of people that are in prison are going to end up out of prison, and we know that the transitions are a bit easier when someone has a significant other in their lives, so whether that is an aunt or a partner or a parent or a grandparent – that’s really important,” said Mazerolle, who immigrated to Australia from Canada 12 years ago.
Professor John Rynne, one of Mazerolle’s research colleagues, said support systems have also been known to adversely affect former prisoners, whose susceptibility to persuasion from respected community members could land them back behind bars.
A “young bloke who’d been on the piss”, Rynne recalled, was compelled – while unlicensed – to drive a valued member of the community into town, but was quickly apprehended by police.
“From his perspective he had no choice,” said Rynne, a Griffith University professor. “He was obliged, under community rules.”
But, for the most part, elders are providing beneficial mentoring programs, which alleviate a lot of the burden felt by indigenous inmates. The Northern Territory, Rynne said, has a terrific program other states should try to emulate.
He said varying underlying reasons contribute to the high rates of recidivism among Indigenous populations, one of which is becoming increasingly disconcerting.
“There is a lot of drying out that happens in prison,” said Rynne, who specialises in understanding adult populations faced with adversity, “They go in and get healthy – they get fed.”
As a psychologist, Rynne spends significant stretches working with long-term drug addicts, most of whom reside in dysfunctional environments. Prisons offer an opportunity “to get looked after, get a few teeth fixed, eat a bit – regular meals – no grog, no speed, no petrol.”
Indigenous neighbourhoods, he said, endure almost double the fatality rates in the Northern Territory and Western Australia than those in prison.
Compared to the communities where some individuals live, prisons are increasingly viewed as safe havens. For those facing the prospect of payback upon release – a centuries-old indigenous retaliation tradition where groups take the law into their own hands – imprisonment is favourable.
Liam Jurrah, an athletically endowed goal-kicker for Melbourne Football Club, has recently been charged with allegedly attacking his cousin, Basil Jurrah, as payback over the death of another man in 2010. The case epitomises the influence payback can have on Indigenous communities.
“Prisons should be no better than the worst of communities that exist,” said Rynne, whose ongoing research focuses on the impact prisons have on Indigenous culture. “Something we have to be really careful of is how do we know our research isn’t just making prisons better to hold even more aboriginal people.”
Western Australia and the Northern Territory are making concerted efforts to “come to terms” with culture-specific punishments and rehabilitation requirements of imprisoned Indigenous people, whom Rynne said have been “thrown into a Western prison system”.
“There are instances (of segregation),” he said. “There are instances where it is appropriate, but, I mean a person who is from a remote community – if they have never lived off that remote community and all of a sudden you throw them into a cell that’s only got white blokes in there – the person won’t know how to cope.”
Aboriginal liaison officer Gwen Anderson, however, said inmates often coalesce with family members and adjust easily to life behind bars.
“Some people don’t look at it as a deterrent, they look at it as a family reunion,” said Anderson, who offers general support services to inmates at the Darwin Correctional Centre.
No matter how easily inmates adapt, strife subsists in prisoners’ struggle to obtain dominance. Anderson witnesses the occasional fracas and remembers a dogged scrap between two inmates, pinpointing the inmates’ desire for control as motive.
“They have all of the control on the outside, so they feel useless here,” said the indigenous liaison officer, who hails from Katherine, NT.
Indigenous prisoners require positive reinforcement to achieve peace of mind, which, Anderson believes, is vital in curbing recidivism rates. While monumental challenges exist, she acknowledges a sense of unrivalled accomplishment when those released from prison avoid reoffending.
“It’s extremely rewarding,” said the 43-year-old. “It takes a lot of wear and tear out of you, I can tell you that.”
But more often than not, those released from the confines of prison fall back into a life of crime.
“The vast majority of behaviour is regulated, not by the criminal justice system, and not by criminal law, but indeed the community,” said Mazerolle.
Crime rates are 24 times higher among indigenous populations, but Rynne said individuals dwelling in rural Indigenous areas are highly scrutinised by police and placed under a microscope, often being imprisoned repetitively for misdemeanour offences.
Rynne vividly recalled – and empathised with – a rural indigenous man’s plight, whose name remains anonymous due to research privacy concerns. The man has been arrested and released on 35 separate occasions for non-violent crimes – mostly consisting of driving offences.
“If you and I did that, there is no way we would be in prison 35 times,” he said. “I often try to understand how I would fit (into Indigenous life), and I wouldn’t, I would be mad.”
With the Indigenous population set to double in Australia during next 50 years, the penal system, and communities alike, need to work in unison to clearly establish an effective rehabilitation program, availing ex-prisoners an opportunity to seamlessly reintegrate back into society.
The below video is unaffiliated to the story but relates to the topic.
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| 0.961235 | 1,426 | 2.875 | 3 |
Tá go leor daoine dúchasacha ag streachailt le haontú sa phobal nuair a scaoiltear as príosún iad, agus 75% acu ag ath-choireáil ar bhonn náisiúnta, ag ardú imní nach bhfuil tuiscint iomlán ag an gcóras pionóis ar an méid a chuimsíonn athshlánú dúchasacha.
"Tá daoine áirithe i bpríosún a bhí ann roimhe sin, mar sin tá an cineál athchúrsála sin ann", a dúirt Paul Mazerolle, stiúrthóir na taighde agus an chláir coscála foréigneachta in Ollscoil Griffith. Is é an rud is mian linn a bheith ag obair in aghaidh an tuairim go bhfuil príosúin ag éirí ina gceart siúil agus go bhfuil siad ag éirí mar chéim riachtanach ar an ordlathas stádas do dhaoine áirithe.
Dúirt iar-eagarthóir Iris Choiriúlachta na hAstráile agus na Nua-Shéalainne go minic go gcuireann córais láidir tacaíochta pobail cosc ar phríosúnaigh athchóirithe a dhéanamh.
"Tá an chuid is mó de na daoine atá i bpríosún ag dul a bheith amuigh as an bpríosún, agus tá a fhios againn go bhfuil na hidirthréimhseanna beagán níos éasca nuair a bhíonn duine éigin eile suntasach ina saol, mar sin cibé an bhfuil sin aintín nó comhpháirtí nó tuismitheoir nó sean-mháthair nó sean-mháthair - tá sé sin an-tábhachtach", a dúirt Mazerolle, a imircigh go dtí an Astráil ó Cheanada 12 bliain ó shin.
Dúirt an tOllamh John Rynne, duine de chomhghleacaithe taighde Mazerolle, go bhfuil a fhios go mbíonn tionchar diúltach ag córais tacaíochta ar iar-phríosúnaigh, a bhféadfadh a n-infheictheacht ar chur ina luí ó bhaill measúla den phobal iad a chur ar ais taobh thiar de bharraí.
Bhí "géar óg a bhí ag pissing", a chuimhnigh Rynne, iallach air "cé nach raibh ceadúnas aige" a bheith ag tiomáint ball luachmhar den phobal isteach sa bhaile, ach ghabh na póilíní é go tapa.
"Ón am sin, ní raibh aon rogha aige", a dúirt Rynne, ollamh in Ollscoil Griffith. Bhí sé faoi oibleagáid, faoi rialacha an phobail.
Ach, den chuid is mó, tá seanóirí ag soláthar cláir mheantóra tairbheacha, a léiríonn go leor de na muirir a bhraitheann príosúnaigh dúchasacha. Tá clár iontach ag an Tuaisceart, a dúirt Rynne, ba cheart do stáit eile iarracht a dhéanamh a bheith ina n-iomaitheoir.
Dúirt sé go bhfuil cúiseanna éagsúla ag cur le rátaí ard athchóirithe i measc daonra dúchasacha, agus tá ceann acu ag éirí níos mó agus níos mó imní.
"Tá go leor triomaithe a tharlaíonn sa phríosún", a dúirt Rynne, a speisialtóireacht i dtuiscint ar dhaonra fásta atá i ngleic le trioblóid, "Téann siad isteach agus bíonn siad sláintiúil, tá bia acu".
Mar shíceolaí, caitheann Rynne tréimhsí suntasacha ag obair le daoine atá ag brath ar dhrugaí ar feadh i bhfad, a bhfuil a gcuid is mó acu i dtimpeallachtaí mífheidhmiúla. Tugann príosúin deis cúram a fháil, cúpla fiacla a shocrú, beagán bia a ithe béilí rialta gan grog, gan luas, gan peitril.
Dúirt sé go bhfuil an ráta báis i gceantair dhúchasacha na dtuismitheoirí dúchasacha sa Northern Territory agus san Astráil Thiar beagnach dhá oiread ná an ráta báis i bpríosún.
I gcomparáid leis na pobail ina bhfuil roinnt daoine ina gcónaí, tá príosúin á mbreathnú níos mó mar thairseacha sábháilte. I gcás na ndaoine sin a bhfuil súil acu le haisíocaíocht a fháil nuair a scaoiltear iad - traidisiún aisíocaíochta dúchasach céadta bliain d'aois ina nglacann grúpaí an dlí ina lámha féin - tá príosún fabhrach.
Liam Jurrah, a athletically endowed sprioc-kicker do Chlub Peile Melbourne, tá sé cúisithe le déanaí le líomhnaithe ionsaí a sheanchairde, Basil Jurrah, mar aisíocaíocht ar an bhás fear eile i 2010. Léiríonn an cás an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag aisíocaíocht ar phobail Thírdhíortha.
"Ní chóir go mbeadh príosúin níos fearr ná na pobail is measa atá ann", a dúirt Rynne, a bhfuil a chuid taighde leanúnach dírithe ar an tionchar a bhíonn ag príosúin ar chultúr na dtuismitheoirí dúchasacha. Ní mór dúinn a bheith an-chúramach faoi rud éigin, conas a fhios againn nach bhfuil ár dtaighde ag déanamh príosúin níos fearr chun níos mó daoine dúchasacha a choinneáil.
Tá Ostralia Thiar agus an Tearmann Thuaidh ag déanamh iarrachtaí comhbheartaithe chun "aontú" le pionóis agus riachtanais athshlánúcháin a bhaineann go sonrach le cultúr na ndaoine dúchasacha príosúnacha, a dúirt Rynne gur "cuireadh isteach i gcóras príosúnachta an Iarthair iad".
"Tá cásanna (de leithchealú) ann", a dúirt sé. Tá cásanna ann nuair a bhíonn sé oiriúnach, ach, ciallaíonn mé duine a thagann ó phobal iargúlta mura raibh cónaí orthu riamh ar an bpobal iargúlta sin agus go tobann cuireann tú iad i gcealla nach bhfuil ach guys bán ann ní bheidh a fhios ag an duine conas déileáil.
Dúirt an t-oifigeach teagmhála Aboriginal Gwen Anderson, áfach, go mbíonn príosúnaigh ag teacht le baill teaghlaigh go minic agus go n-oiriúnaíonn siad go héasca le saol taobh thiar de bharraí.
"Ní fhéachann daoine áirithe air mar chosc, féachann siad air mar chruinniú teaghlaigh", a dúirt Anderson, a chuireann seirbhísí tacaíochta ginearálta ar fáil do phríosúnaigh i Lár Coiriúil Darwin.
Is cuma cé chomh héasca a oiriúnaíonn príosúnaigh, leanann an troid ar aghaidh i gcath príosúnaigh chun ceannas a fháil. Léiríonn Anderson na fracasanna ó am go ham agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne scrap stuama idir beirt phríosúnaigh, ag cur le mianta na príosúnaigh rialú a dhéanamh mar fhéiniúlacht.
"Tá an smacht ar fad acu amuigh ansin, mar sin is dóigh leo nach bhfuil siad úsáideach anseo", a dúirt an t-oifigeach teagmhála dúchasacha, a thagann ó Katherine, NT.
Éilíonn príosúnaigh dúchasacha athneartú dearfach chun síocháin intinne a bhaint amach, rud a chreideann Anderson go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach chun ráta athchóirithe a chosc. Cé go bhfuil dúshláin mhóra ann, admhaíonn sí go bhfuil mothúchán éagórach ann nuair a sheachain na daoine a scaoiltear as príosún cion a dhéanamh arís.
"Tá sé an-bhuntáisteach", a dúirt an fear 43 bliain d'aois. Tógann sé go leor caitheamh agus scoilt as duit, is féidir liom a rá leat é sin.
Ach is minic a thiteann na daoine a scaoiltear as an bpríosún ar ais i saol an choireachta.
Tá an chuid is mó de na hiompar á rialú, ní ag an gcóras ceartais choiriúil, agus ní ag an dlí choiriúil, ach go deimhin ag an bpobal,a dúirt Mazerolle.
Tá rátaí coireachta 24 uair níos airde i measc daonra dúchasacha, ach dúirt Rynne go ndéanann na póilíní scrúdú mór ar dhaoine aonair atá ina gcónaí i gceantair dúchasacha tuaithe agus go gcuirtear iad faoi mhicreascóip, agus go minic go gcuirtear i bpríosún iad arís agus arís eile as cionta mídhleathacha.
Chuimhnigh Rynne go géar ar agus chuir sé i ngleic le an t-aimsir atá ag fear dúchasach tuaithe, a bhfuil a ainm fós gan ainm mar gheall ar imní faoi phríobháideacht taighde. Gabhadh an fear agus scaoileadh saor é ar 35 ócáid ar leith le haghaidh coireanna neamhfhoréigneacha - a bhí i bhformhór na gcásanna ina raibh cionta tiomána.
"Má rinne tú agus mé é sin, ní bheadh aon bhealach ann go mbeimis sa phríosún 35 uair", a dúirt sé. Déanaim iarracht go minic a thuiscint conas a bheadh mé oiriúnach (i saol na dtuismitheoirí dúchasacha), agus ní bheadh mé, bheadh mé as mo mheabhair.
Agus an daonra Dúchasach ag dul a dhúbailt san Astráil le linn na 50 bliain amach romhainn, ní mór don chóras coiriúil, agus do phobail araon, oibriú i gcomhpháirt chun clár athshlánúcháin éifeachtach a bhunú go soiléir, ag baint úsáide as iar-phríosúnaigh deis a bheith ag teacht isteach go réidh sa tsochaí.
Níl baint ag an bhfíseán thíos leis an scéal ach baineann sé leis an ábhar.
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Locating Primary Sources for Research Papers
These sources are for primarily physical archive collections, although some sites may provide online access to digital collections. Researchers will need to understand using catalogs, finding aids, and digital materials in order to access many materials. Some resources may necessitate reaching out to the archivist or library maintaining the materials.
Resources for Finding Archive Collections
- ArchiveGrid: contains primary source collection descriptions from over 1000 archival institutions and are searchable by location
- Bibliographies or Footnotes: use other items' bibliographies or footnotes to find repositories and collections as well as other secondary materials
- Digital Public Library of America (DPLA): digital collections from the United States
- Europeana: digital collections from Europe
- Faculty: reach out to a faculty member or subject expert and ask for recommended sites and archives
- Archive Websites: many websites of other archives have finding aids, digital materials, and exhibits online
- Archive Finder: users must register for a free trial to access the information from the Directory of Archives and Manuscripts Repositories in the United States (DAMRUS), The National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States (NIDS), and the National Union Catalogue of Archives and Manuscripts (NUCMC)
- Internet Archive: a collection of free books, movies, websites, music, etc. from libraries worldwide and websites of these libraries
- National Archives and Records Administration (NARA): maintains access to most government records. One exception is the National Park Service, which maintains its own records. They also have a searchable catalog of archival materials with finding aids and digital collections.
- NARA Access to Archival Databases (AAD): historic databases from over 30 government agencies with over 85 million electronic records
- National Park Service Focus (NPS): database of digital collections by the National Park Service
- National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC): how to search Woldcat for worldwide materials
- OCLC SearchFast Aids: find materials in WorldCat related to specific subjects
- Smithsonian Institution Archives: searchable finding aids and digital collections related to the history of the Smithsonian Institution.
- Sourcebooks: collections of topic-specific documents in a comprehensive text serving as an introduction to the topic
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<urn:uuid:4bd4e540-b60f-4c45-957b-d6f808808784>
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://www.tntech.edu/library/archives-primary-sources.php
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| 0.868291 | 470 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Foinsí Príomhúla a aimsiú le haghaidh Páipéir Taighde
Tá na foinsí seo le haghaidh bailiúcháin cartlann fisiciúla go príomha, cé go bhféadfadh roinnt suíomhanna rochtain ar líne a sholáthar ar bhailiúcháin dhigiteacha. Beidh ar thaighdeoirí tuiscint a fháil ar úsáid a bhaint as catalogaí, cabhracha a aimsiú, agus ábhair dhigiteacha d'fhonn rochtain a fháil ar go leor ábhair. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le roinnt acmhainní dul i dteagmháil leis an archivist nó leis an leabharlann a chothaíonn na hábhair.
Acmhainní chun Bailiúcháin Chartlann a Fháil
- ArchiveGrid: cuimsíonn sé tuairiscí ar bhailiúcháin príomhfhoinse ó níos mó ná 1000 institiúid stórála agus is féidir iad a chuardach de réir áiteanna
- Leabhráin nó nótaí focail: úsáid leabhráin nó nótaí focail eile chun stór agus bailiúcháin chomh maith le hábhair eile a aimsiú
- Leabharlann Daonlathach Digiteach Mheiriceá (DPLA): bailiúcháin digiteacha ó na Stáit Aontaithe
- Europeana: bailiúcháin digiteacha ón Eoraip
- Ollscoil: téigh i dteagmháil le ball de chomhlacht na hollscoile nó le saineolaí ábhair agus iarr ar shuíomhanna agus ar chartlann a mholtar
- Suímh Gréasáin na gcartlann: tá cabhracha le teacht, ábhair dhigiteacha agus taispeántais ar líne ag go leor suíomhanna gréasáin de chartlanna eile
- Archivist Finder: ní mór d'úsáideoirí clárú le haghaidh triail saor in aisce chun rochtain a fháil ar an bhfaisnéis ó Threoirlínte na nArchiv agus na nArchivist sna Stáit Aontaithe (DAMRUS), an Suíomh Náisiúnta Foinsí Doiciméadacha sna Stáit Aontaithe (NIDS), agus an Catalóg Náisiúnta um Chartlann agus Archivist (NUCMC)
- Internet Archive: bailiúchán leabhair, scannáin, suíomhanna gréasáin, ceol, srl. saor in aisce. ó leabharlanna ar fud an domhain agus ó shuíomhanna gréasáin na leabharlanna sin
- Riarachán Náisiúnta Archíob agus Taifid (NARA): coinníonn sé rochtain ar an chuid is mó de thaifid rialtais. Is eisceacht amháin é Seirbhís na bPáirce Náisiúnta, a choinníonn a thaifid féin. Tá catalóg in-athchóirithe ar ábhar cartlainne le cabhair le hacmhainní agus bailiúcháin dhigiteacha le cuardach a dhéanamh acu freisin.
- NARA Rochtain ar Bhunachair Sonraí Archival (AAD): bunachair sonraí stairiúla ó níos mó ná 30 gníomhaireacht rialtais le níos mó ná 85 milliún taifead leictreonach
- National Park Service Focus (NPS): bunachar sonraí bailiúchán digiteach ag an tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta
- Catailóg Náisiúnta na gComhdháthaimh Scríbhneoireachta (NUCMC): conas Woldcat a chuardach le haghaidh ábhair ar fud an domhain
- Cuideachtaí Gasta Cuardaigh OCLC: ábhair a aimsiú i WorldCat a bhaineann le hábhair shonracha
- Smithsonian Institution Archives: cabhracha le cuardach agus bailiúcháin digiteacha a bhaineann le stair Institiúid Smithsonian.
- Foinseleabhair: bailiúcháin de dhoiciméid ábhair-shonracha i dteacs cuimsitheach a fheidhmíonn mar chur isteach ar an ábhar
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Memetorics (Rhetoric of memes)
This activity introduces participants to the different rhetorical devices by using them in the production of a meme (a viral image)
- Create and modify photographic productions
- Use photography and editing tools
- Create and modify images and design
- Use image and design tools
- Participate in social media
NARRATIVE AND ASTHETICS
- Recognise and describe
- Foreign Languages
- Social Sciences
- Computer or smartphone
- Photo editing app
- What is a rhetorical device?
- Why are they useful?
- How do we use them in everyday communication?
- How can we use them?
- What is viral communication? What’s a meme?
- What do you like about memes?
- Are rhetorical devices important in memes?
At home, students read a list of rhetorical devices with examples from literature and journalism.
In the class the teacher explains the main devices and shows graphic examples (photos, audiovisual, etc.) (10’).
Participants organize themselves into groups and produce memes. Each meme should represent – through a combination of text and image – a rhetorical device. (30’).
There are many websites and mobile apps that allow users to create and download memes. Ask your students or look for them online. (5’).
The activity finishes with an exhibition of the productions and final discussion about rhetorical and viral circulation of information (25’).
Se imprimen todos los memes y se reparten entre los diferentes grupos. Cada grupo debe evaluar un meme a partir de algunos criterios como el uso correcto de la figura retórica, coherencia entre imagen y texto, creatividad, etc.
Carlos A. Scolari. Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Barcelona (Spain), [email protected]
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<urn:uuid:9f0de754-8102-4c33-8868-9b81923ef3c3>
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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http://transmedialiteracy.upf.edu/en/didactic-card/memetorics-rhetoric-memes-0
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en
| 0.676003 | 495 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Memetorics (Rhetoric of memes)
Cuirtear rannpháirtithe i dteagmháil leis na hionstraimí éagsúla réitigh trína n-úsáid i dtáirgeadh meam (íomhá víreasach)
- Táirgthe grianghrafadóireachta a chruthú agus a mhodhnú
- Úsáid uirlisí grianghrafadóireachta agus eagarthóireachta
- Íomhánna agus dearadh a chruthú agus a mhodhnú
- Uirlisí íomhá agus dearadh a úsáid
- Glac páirt sna meáin shóisialta
Tuairisc agus Áiséad
- Aithint agus cur síos a dhéanamh
- Teangacha Eachtracha
- Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta
- Ríomhairí nó fón cliste
- Aip chun grianghraf a chur in eagar
- Cad é an t-inneal réitigh?
- Cén fáth go bhfuil siad úsáideach?
- Conas a úsáidimid iad i dteagmháil laethúil?
- Conas is féidir linn iad a úsáid?
- Cad é cumarsáid víreasach? Cad é an meam?
- Cad is maith leat faoi memes?
- An bhfuil uirlisí réitigh tábhachtach i memes?
Sa bhaile, léann mic léinn liosta de na huirlisí réitigh le samplaí ó litríocht agus ó iriseoireacht.
Sa rang, míníonn an múinteoir na príomh-uirlisí agus léiríonn sé samplaí grafacha (gnéithe, closamhairc, srl.) (10).
Eagraíonn rannpháirtithe iad féin i ngrúpaí agus déanann siad meamaí. Ba cheart do gach meme a léiriú trí chomhcheangal téacs agus íomhá feiste réitigh. (30).
Tá go leor suíomhanna Gréasáin agus aipeanna soghluaiste ann a ligeann d'úsáideoirí memes a chruthú agus a íoslódáil. Iarr ar do mhic léinn nó féach ar líne dóibh. (5).
Críochnóidh an ghníomhaíocht le taispeántas de na léirithe agus plé deiridh faoi scaipeadh réitigh agus víreasach faisnéise (25).
Tá na meamramh go léir á gclúdach agus á ndíoltar i measc na ngrúpaí éagsúla. Ní mór do gach grúpa meme a mheas ag brath ar roinnt critéir mar úsáid cheart an phigire réatóiceach, comhsheasmhacht idir íomhá agus téacs, cruthaitheacht, etc.
Carlos A. Scolari. Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Barcelona (an Spáinn), [email protected]
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Over sixty species of Helianthus
are native to North and South America. The
best known is the big annual sunflower that gives us commercial sunflower seeds
and sunflower oil. Jerusalem artichoke is another relative with some commercial
value. Several Florida
native species are gaining popularity as garden plants. The dune sunflower is
native to the beaches of Florida
and the southeastern U.S.
It is a creeping perennial of well-drained soils. It is tolerant of salt spray.
See these plants along the UNF Drive Loop behind building 6.
Wide-spreading herbaceous plant to about two to three feet tall.
Light: full sun
Water: very drought tolerant
Soil: well-drained soil is essential, no other special requirements
In mild winters, beach sunflower is evergreen and has yellow
flowers all year. In the low 20’s F, it may die to the ground and resprout the
following year. If temperatures drop into the teens F, it must regenerate from
the previous year’s seeds.
Copyright © 2016 University of North Florida1 UNF Drive | Jacksonville, FL 32224 | Phone: (904) 620-1000
RegulationsConsumer Information | Disability Accommodations
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<urn:uuid:673f2b9c-c60a-49cf-95de-6f0c6783ae14>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.unf.edu/TwoWings.aspx?dept=10981&lmenu=375&id=15032398195&ekfxmen_noscript=1&ekfxmensel=e14f409f7_375_375
|
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|
en
| 0.883802 | 266 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Níos mó ná seasca speiceas Helianthus
is dúchasach iad i Meiriceá Thuaidh agus i Meiriceá Theas. An
Is é an ceann is fearr a aithnítear ná an ghrianshrúil mhór bliantúil a thugann síolta ghrianshrúil tráchtála dúinn
agus ola sunflower. Is é an t-artiscóic Iarúsailéim ná gaol eile le roinnt tráchtála
luach. Florida roinnt
Tá speicis dhúchasacha ag fáil tóir mar phlandaí gairdín. Is é an sunflower dún
dúchasach do thránna Florida
agus an deisceart na Stát Aontaithe.
Is plandaí ilbhliantúla é a bhíonn ag creep ar ithir dea-dhraenáilte. Tá sé inbhuanaithe i gcoinne spraeála salann.
Féach na plandaí seo ar feadh an UNF Drive Loop taobh thiar de thoghchán 6.
Plandaí luibheacha a scaipeann go forleathan go dtí thart ar dhá nó trí troigh ar airde.
Solas: lán-sholá
Uisce: an-diúltach do thriomú
Talamh: tá talamh dea-dhraenáilte riachtanach, níl aon riachtanais speisialta eile
I rith gheimhreadh measartha, bíonn an ghrianshrón ar an trá buí-ghlas agus tá sé buí
bláthanna i rith na bliana. I 20 °C íseal, d'fhéadfadh sé bás a fháil ar an talamh agus an
an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Má thiteann teocht isteach i na déagóirí F, ní mór sé athghiniúint ó
síolta na bliana roimhe sin.
Copyright © 2016 Ollscoil Florida Thuaidh1 UNF Drive Jacksonville, FL 32224 Fón: (904) 620-1000
RialacháinFaisnéis do Thomhaltóirí
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Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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madmouth commented on the word have liver
I heard a Japanese colloquialism of the same meaning roughly translated to "living with one's stomach/guts out". there's those that have liver, and there's those that have their liver out!
June 23, 2009
bilby commented on the word have liver
Nigerian English - liver means courage, audacity: 'to have liver' means to be brave, often in a foolhardy way.
Example: Ol boy, you want scale that 10m fence? You have liver oh!
June 22, 2009
Wordnik is fiscally sponsored by Planetwork NGO, Inc,a California 501(c) (3) non-profit educational organization, EIN #94-3366969.
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<urn:uuid:95fd0887-c4ca-4474-94bf-d89a581711e7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
https://www.wordnik.com/words/have%20liver
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218205046.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213005-00268-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945249 | 217 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Tá brón orainn, níl aon sainmhínithe le fáil.
Tá brón orm, níl aon eitiméolaíochtaí le fáil.
Tá brón orainn, níl aon abairtí samplacha le fáil.
Logáil isteach nó sínigh suas chun do chuid focal gaolmhara féin a chur leis.
Logáil isteach nó sínigh suas chun páirt a ghlacadh sa chaint. Tá sé tapa agus éasca.
madmouth a dúirt ar an focal a bheith ar ae
Chuala mé focal labhartha Seapánach den bhrí chéanna a aistrítear go garbh go "ag maireachtáil le do bholg/guts amach". Tá na cinn a bhfuil a n-iodáil, agus tá na cinn a bhfuil a n-iodáil amach!
23 Meitheamh, 2009
bilby a dúirt ar an focal a bheith i gcéagán
Ciallaíonn Beurla na Nigéire - liver misneach, misneach: ciallaíonn 'to have liver' a bheith cróga, go minic ar bhealach foolhardy.
Sampla: Ol buachaill, ba mhaith leat a scaipeadh go 10m fál? Tá tú ae oh!
22 Meitheamh, 2009
Is é an t-eagraíocht oideachais neamhbhrabúis 501 (c) (3) California, EIN # 94-3366969 a thacaíonn le Wordnik ó thaobh cánach de.
|
A team of geneticists with a desire to understand the inner workings of genes implicated in cellular identity has discovered new biological targets that may help devise alternative therapies for cancers that are becoming resistant to existing drugs.
First discovered in fruit flies, Polycomb genes were initially studied due to their essential roles in development and their role in regulating cellular identity. They are central to the field of epigenetics, which strives to explain how many cells in our bodies—with identical sets of genes—look and behave so differently.
In 2011 scientists discovered that a particular Polycomb gene, called EZH2, is mutated in lymphomas, a cancer of immune cells. Benefiting from knowledge derived from many years of curiosity-driven scientific research, several companies soon developed drugs to inhibit the activity of EZH2. These targeted treatments are now showing real promise in clinical trials.
However, as with many cancer therapies, resistance has begun to arise, which means scientists will need to develop alternative strategies to fight the cancerous cells. The new discovery provides some new clues as to how this might be achieved and offers another real-life example of how curiosity-driven research can provide vital insights.
Associate Professor in Genetics at Trinity College Dublin, Adrian Bracken, led the team that has just published its findings in the leading international scientific journal, Molecular Cell. Irish Research Council Ph.D. Fellow in Professor Bracken’s lab, Dr. Evan Healy, is lead author on the paper, which was published in parallel with another study conducted by researchers at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre.
Both research teams discovered that EZH2 requires additional “accessory components” to target its activity to key regions in the genome and execute its critical cellular functions. Importantly, the new results suggest these “accessory components” represent very promising alternative targets, which will be needed for oncologists to treat patients who develop resistance to existing EZH2 inhibitor drugs.
Commenting on the findings, Professor Bracken said: “This new discovery was driven purely by our curiosity to understand how Polycombs regulate cellular identity, but we also anticipate that it will lead to new opportunities to develop alternative treatments for patients with cancers driven by mutations in EZH2 and its related genes.”
“We are extremely grateful for funding support from the Irish Research Council Advanced Laureate programme and Science Foundation Ireland, without which this research would not have been possible.”
Source: Read Full Article
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<urn:uuid:ecbbc3a5-fb6a-43c8-93f5-7d5c742f69bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
http://tgihealthcareerp.com/health-problems/a-curiosity-driven-genetic-discovery-that-should-impact-cancer-treatments/
|
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|
en
| 0.96159 | 512 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Tá foireann de ghineolaithe a bhfuil fonn orthu oibriú inmheánach géiní a bhaineann le féiniúlacht chealla a thuiscint tar éis spriocanna bitheolaíocha nua a fháil amach a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le teiripeanna malartacha a cheapadh le haghaidh ailse atá ag éirí resistant i gcoinne cógais atá ann cheana.
Bunaíodh géiní Polycomb ar dtús i mbéillí torthaí, agus staidéar a rinneadh orthu ar dtús mar gheall ar a róil thábhachtacha i bhforbairt agus a ról i rialú féiniúlacht cheallach. Tá siad lárnach do réimse na epigenetics, a dhéanann iarracht a mhíniú cé mhéad cealla inár gcorp - le suímh chéanna géiní - a bhfuil cuma agus iompar chomh difriúil.
Sa bhliain 2011, fuair eolaithe amach go bhfuil géine áirithe Polycomb, EZH2, a athraíonn i lymphomas, ailse cealla imdhíonachta. Ag baint tairbhe as eolas a fuarthas ó bhlianta fada taighde eolaíoch a bhí á stiúradh ag fiosracht, d'fhorbair roinnt cuideachtaí drugaí go luath chun gníomhaíocht EZH2 a chosc. Tá na cóireálacha spriocdhírithe seo ag taispeáint fíor-ghealltanas anois i dtrialacha cliniciúla.
Mar sin féin, mar a tharla le go leor teiripeacha ailse, tá friotaíocht ag teacht chun cinn, rud a chiallaíonn go gcaithfidh eolaithe straitéisí malartacha a fhorbairt chun na cealla ailseacha a chomhrac. Soláthraíonn an fionnachtadh nua roinnt leideanna nua maidir le conas a d'fhéadfaí é seo a bhaint amach agus cuireann sé sampla eile den saol fíor ar fáil maidir le conas is féidir le taighde a spreagann fiosracht léargas ríthábhachtach a sholáthar.
Bhí Adrian Bracken, Ollamh Comhlach i ngineolaíocht i gColáiste na Tríonóide i mBaile Átha Cliath, i gceannas ar an bhfoireann a d'fhoilsigh a gcuid torthaí díreach sa phríomh iris eolaíochta idirnáisiúnta, Molecular Cell. Comhairle Taighde na hÉireann Ph.D. Is é an tUasal Evan Healy, comhalta i saotharlann an Ollamh Bracken, príomh-údar ar an bpáipéar, a foilsíodh i gcomhthráth le staidéar eile a rinne taighdeoirí ag Ionad Ailse Memorial Sloan Kettering.
Fuair an dá fhoireann taighde amach go dteastaíonn EZH2 comhpháirteanna cúnta breise chun a ghníomhaíocht a dhíriú ar phríomh-réigiúin sa ghéinóm agus a fheidhmeanna ríthábhachtacha ceallacha a chur i gcrích. Tá sé tábhachtach go léiríonn na torthaí nua go bhfuil na "comhpháirteanna cúnta" seo ina spriocanna malartacha a bhfuil dóchas mór orthu, a mbeidh gá leo do oncologists chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar othair a fhorbraíonn friotaíocht i gcoinne drugaí coscála EZH2 atá ann cheana féin.
Ag trácht ar na torthaí, dúirt an tOllamh Bracken: "Bhí ár n-aigne chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a rialaíonn Polycombs féiniúlacht cheallach an fhionnachtana nua seo, ach tá súil againn freisin go dtiocfaidh deiseanna nua chun cóireálacha malartacha a fhorbairt d'othair a bhfuil ailse acu a thiománaítear ag mutations in EZH2 agus a ghéiní gaolmhara. "
Táimid thar a bheith buíoch as tacaíocht mhaoinithe ó chlár Advanced Laureate Chomhairle Taighde na hÉireann agus ó Shraith Eolaíochta Éireann, gan a mbeadh an taighde seo indéanta.
Foinse: Léigh an t-alt iomlán
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