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Sean Klepper M.D.
Artur Zembowicz M.D....
- A group of IgA-mediated autoimmune blistering diseases with childhood or adult onset depending on the specific disease entity
- Characteristic annular plaques with tense bullae around the edges
- In some cases it is preceded by a viral infection or streptococcal throat infection.
- Subepidermal blisters containing neutrophils and smaller numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes
- Linear distribution of neutrophils along the dermal-epidermal junction
- Papillary dermal edema
- Immunofluorescence shows linear IgA and C3 along the dermal-epidermal junction.
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<urn:uuid:fafb3fec-40c2-4f8a-a5c4-976fa4550f33>
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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http://www.dermpedia.org/dermpedia-textbook/linear-iga-bullous-dermatitis
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en
| 0.828544 | 149 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sean Klepper M.D.
Artur Zembowicz M.D....
- Grúpa galair bhlasáracha uathmhíochaine a bhfuil IgA mar mheán orthu a thosaíonn sa pháiste nó san fásta ag brath ar an ngréasán galair shonrach
- Placaí annálacha saincheaptha le bullae teann timpeall na gcladaí
- I gcásanna áirithe, bíonn ionfhabhtú víreasach nó ionfhabhtú streptococcal throat roimh ré.
- Blisters subepidermal ina bhfuil neodrófail agus líon níos lú eosinófail agus lymphocytes
- Dáileadh líneach na neodrófail ar feadh an nascaidh dermal-epidermal
- Oideam dermal papillary
- Léiríonn Immunofluorescence IgA agus C3 líneach feadh an nascadh dermal-epidermal.
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This new product is a mini-lesson that I finally put on paper. A lot of times the connotations and emotional meaning behind words are very abstract for my students with social goals. In years past, I have started out with them describing objects with concrete features and transitioning them to describing words and people with more abstract thoughts. When a child learns that emotion can be concrete and felt to a listener, I feel the student can be more aware of how words can "hurt" others or have an attached meaning that maybe the student did not intend to attach to his words.
There are 8 sets of worksheets included in this product. The first description worksheet set I have made available as a freebie. This can be used to enhance vocabulary as well, because I picked higher level description words for the activities that are more fit for a upper elementary, junior high or lower high school student.
The table of contents is as follows.
Introduction and talking points
Worksheet Set 1 Descriptions
Worksheet Set 2 Descriptions
Worksheet Set 3 Adjectives
Worksheet Set 4 Intro to Expressions and Feeling Words
Worksheet Set 5 Adjectives in a story
Worksheet Set 6 Intro to Tone of Voice
Worksheet Set 7 Connotations of Words
Worksheet Set 8 Registers of Language
Graphics Credit/Copyright Information
There is a full preview available of the product to give you an extended view of what the product will entail prior to purchasing the activity mini-lesson. The freebie is included in the preview.
***Be sure to only print the pages of the freebie otherwise it will print the rest of the mini-lesson with the word preview across the page***
Here are some example pictures of the activity in its entirety for easy convenience and a small taste of the mini-lesson with student worksheets! There are 43 pages total, so this is just a few of the activities in the lesson!
Thanks as always for reading my blog! If you leave a comment in the blog comments, I will pick a winner later on for a free copy of the activity!
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<urn:uuid:865581f9-ba18-44fd-8d8f-d0a5ed4df3fd>
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CC-MAIN-2019-04
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http://majorspeechminorgirl.blogspot.com/2014/01/
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en
| 0.936586 | 433 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Is mini-ceacht é an táirge nua seo a chuir mé ar pháipéar faoi dheireadh. Go minic bíonn na comharthaí agus an bhrí mhothúchánach atá taobh thiar de na focail an-shubstainteach do mo mhic léinn a bhfuil spriocanna sóisialta acu. Sna blianta atá caite, thosaigh mé ag cur síos ar rudaí le gnéithe coincréite agus ag aistriú iad go dtí focail agus daoine a thuairisciú le smaointe níos abstract. Nuair a fhoghlaimíonn leanbh gur féidir le mothúchán a bheith concrait agus a bheith ar an eolas ag éisteoir, sílim gur féidir leis an dalta a bheith níos mothaithe ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh focail "gortú" a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile nó a bhfuil brí ceangailte acu nach raibh sé i gceist ag an dalta a chuid focail a cheangal.
Tá 8 sheata de bhille oibre san áireamh sa táirge seo. An chéad tsraith de chuid an fhoilseacháin tuairiscithe a rinne mé ar fáil mar freebie. Is féidir é seo a úsáid chun feasacht a fheabhsú freisin, toisc gur roghnaigh mé focail tuairiscithe níos airde do na gníomhaíochtaí atá níos oiriúnaí do mhic léinn bunscoile, meánaoiseach nó ardscoile níos ísle.
Tá an tábla ábhar mar seo a leanas.
Tús agus pointí cainte
Leagan Oibre 1 Tuairimí
Leagan Oibre 2 Tuairimí
Leagan Oibre 3 Adjectives
Leagan Oibre 4 Intro to Expressions and Feeling Words
Leagan Oibre 5 Admhairtí i scéal
Leagan Oibre 6 Intro to Tone of Voice
Leagan Oibre 7 Comhcheanglais na nGearáin
Tacar Oibre 8 Clár na dTeanga
Creidmheas Grafach/Faisnéis um Chearta an Fhrionsaigh
Tá réamhfhéachtas iomlán ar fáil ar an táirge chun léargas leathnaithe a thabhairt duit ar na rudaí a bheidh i gceist leis an táirge sula gceannaíonn tú an mion-oideas gníomhaíochta. Tá an freebie san áireamh sa réamhamharc.
*** Bí cinnte nach ndéanann tú ach leathanaigh an freebie a phriontáil ar shlí eile, beidh sé ag priontáil an chuid eile den mhion-oideas leis an réamhamharc focal ar fud na leathanaigh ***
Seo roinnt pictiúir samplacha den ghníomhaíocht ina iomláine chun é a dhéanamh éasca agus blas beag den mhion-oideas le bileoga oibre dalta! Tá 43 leathanach san iomlán, mar sin níl anseo ach cuid de na gníomhaíochtaí sa rang!
Go raibh maith agat mar is gnách as mo bhlag a léamh! Má fágann tú trácht sna tuairimí ar an mblag, roghnóidh mé buaiteoir níos déanaí le haghaidh cóip saor in aisce den ghníomhaíocht!
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50.1 MB (50.0 MB compressed)
5125 x 3417 pixels
43.4 x 29.0 cm ⏐ 17.1 x 11.4 in (300dpi)
DR MORLEY READ / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY DR MORLEY READ / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Amazonian giant snail. This large gastropod mollusc is from the Megalobulimus genus, which consists of species found in South America. Adult Megalobulimus snails can reach lengths of around 8 centimetres. Like most land snails, this one breathes air, and has a shell constructed from calcium carbonate. At left are the snail's eye stalks (ommatophores). Snails are invertebrates, crawling over surfaces that they lubricate by secreting mucus. The mucus also prevents them from drying out. Snails are generally herbivorous. Photographed in Ecuador.
Model release not required. Property release not required.
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<urn:uuid:ec40f58c-b269-46b9-9b3e-c9cac6b7b686>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/443992/view
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en
| 0.900099 | 243 | 2.875 | 3 |
Trí an nasc seo a roinnt, admhaím gur léigh agus gur thuig mé na Téarmaí agus Coinníollacha.
50.1 MB (50.0 MB comhbhrúite)
5125 x 3417 picteilín
43.4 x 29.0 cm 17.1 x 11.4 in (300dpi)
Dr MORLEY Léigh / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY DR MORLEY Léigh / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Snáithín ollmhór na hAmaisíne. Is é an mollusc gastropod mór seo ón gcineál Megalobulimus, arb éard atá ann speiceas a fhaightear i Meiriceá Theas. Is féidir le meicnící Megalobulimus fásta a bheith thart ar 8 ceintiméadar ar fhad. Cosúil leis an chuid is mó de na snaganna talún, an ceann seo a anailís aer, agus tá sé craiceann tógtha ó chárbónáit chailciam. Ar chlé tá stiallacha súl an snail (ommatophores). Is neamh-ghabhálach iad snails, a bhíonn ag crawling ar dhromchlaí a lubricateann siad trí mucus a eisiúint. Cuireann an mucus cosc orthu a bheith tirim. De ghnáth is luibheathaigh na sleamhnáin. Grianghrafadh in Eacuaire.
Ní gá an tsamhail a scaoileadh. Ní gá scaoileadh maoine a dhéanamh.
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Missing Fractions On Number Line Worksheet Worksheets Coloring Pictures Of Unicorns And
|Include In Article|
Fractions On A Number Line Worksheets
Quote from Fractions On A Number Line Worksheets :
It is important to have the right approach to kids education. Boys and girls love arcade games but don’t like school at times. Still, the years as a child are the best time to get education. And thus, it is actually a good teaching method to combine different games and the learning process. In that way your child can enjoy some interesting online games and simultaneously learn something new. Children do not like studying math because it is too difficult. However fortunately there’s a solution to this particular problem. Nowadays it is easy to find many different color by number video games, which could become fairly effective.
Where to get? Coloring books for kids are available online in many possible variants such as A 2 Z preschool worksheets, animal preschool worksheets etc. Practice worksheets for kids are available on internet easily. Ultimately, it is a wish of every parent in the world to see their kids blooming and nurturing in an environment that is friendly and colorful. Author here representing an online website morecoloringpages.com, where you can find unlimited preschool coloring pages for your kids, and even get access to enormous categories of printable coloring pages worksheets for toddlers.
There is no doubt that visual learning plays a key role when it comes to children’s learning and development. In fact, visual teachings are commonly regarded as one of the most important factors that add a lot to a child’s early growth and development. For the records, children are easily influenced by what they see, touch, feel and participate more than just what they hear. Visuals help them retain and remember lessons taught. It also takes care of verbal miscommunication and also creates and retains their interest in a particular lesson. It is often said that humans, especially kids tend to remember 10% of what they hear, 50% of what they see, and 80% of what they see and do. This underlines the importance of visual aids in learning and development of kids.
In the initial ages of a child, Parents do every possible effort to make the child bloom in real manner. Coloring pages is a commonly used practice by parents at home or teachers at school to impart knowledge of the alphabets, animal, monuments, fruits, vegetables, numbers etc.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
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<urn:uuid:38f458b3-7c45-49ad-8b28-e0de8d96e886>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://asikoartschool.org/tyz25r980/uV58037xB/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363301.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206133552-20211206163552-00634.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938606 | 632 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Frachtáin atá ar iarraidh ar Léirmheas Oibre Líne Uimhreacha Léirmheas Oibre Léirmheasanna Oibre Léirmheasanna Dathúcháin Pictiúir de Unicorns Agus
Cuir isteach san Airteagal
Fraochanna ar Billeanna Oibre Líne Uimhreacha
Luach ó Fracáin ar Leathanaigh Oibre Líne Uimhreacha:
Tá sé tábhachtach an cur chuige ceart a bheith agat maidir le hoideachas leanaí. Is breá le buachaillí agus le cailíní cluichí arcade ach ní maith leo an scoil uaireanta. Mar sin féin, is é na blianta mar leanbh an t-am is fearr chun oideachas a fháil. Agus dá bhrí sin, is modh teagaisc maith é i ndáiríre cluichí éagsúla a chur le chéile agus an próiseas foghlama. Ar an mbealach sin, is féidir le do leanbh taitneamh a bhaint as roinnt cluichí suimiúla ar líne agus rud éigin nua a fhoghlaim ag an am céanna. Ní maith le páistí staidéar a dhéanamh ar mhatamaitic toisc go bhfuil sé ró-deacair. Ach ar an dea-shástacht tá réiteach ar an bhfadhb seo. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá sé éasca a fháil go leor dathanna éagsúla de réir líon cluichí físeáin, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith go leor éifeachtach.
Cá háit a fháil? Tá leabhair dathúcháin do pháistí ar fáil ar líne i go leor cineálacha féideartha mar bileoga oibre réamhscoile A 2 Z, bileoga oibre réamhscoile ainmhithe srl. Tá bileoga cleachtais do leanaí ar fáil go héasca ar an idirlíon. Sa deireadh thiar, is mian le gach tuismitheoir ar domhan a gcuid páistí a fheiceáil ag bláthú agus ag cothú i dtimpeallacht atá cairdiúil agus dathach. Tá an t-údar anseo ag ionadaíocht ar shuíomh Gréasáin ar líne morecoloringpages.com, áit ar féidir leat leathanaigh dathúcháin réamhscoile gan teorainn a fháil do do pháistí, agus fiú rochtain a fháil ar chatagóirí ollmhóra de leathanaigh dathúcháin atá inléite le bileoga oibre do pháistí óga.
Níl aon amhras ach go bhfuil ról lárnach ag foghlaim amhairc maidir le foghlaim agus forbairt leanaí. Go deimhin, meastar go coitianta go bhfuil múineadh amhairc ar cheann de na tosca is tábhachtaí a chuireann go mór le fás agus forbairt luath an linbh. Chun na taifid, bíonn tionchar ag leanaí go héasca ar a bhfeiceann siad, a théann siad i dteagmháil leo, a mhothaíonn siad agus a ghlacann siad páirt níos mó ná an méid a chloiseann siad. Cabhraíonn na pictiúir leo na ceachtanna a mhúintear a choinneáil agus a chuimhneamh. Déileálann sé freisin le míchomhar a tharlaíonn i bhfocal agus cruthaíonn sé agus coinníonn sé a spéis i gcúrsa áirithe. Deirtear go minic go mbíonn claonadh ag daoine, go háirithe leanaí, 10% den méid a chloiseann siad, 50% den méid a fheiceann siad, agus 80% den méid a fheiceann siad agus a dhéanann siad a mheabhrú. Cuireann sé seo béim ar thábhacht na gcabhair amhairc i bhfoghlaim agus i bhforbairt na bpáistí.
I aois tosaigh an linbh, déanann tuismitheoirí gach iarracht is féidir chun an leanbh a chur chun cinn ar bhealach fíor. Is cleachtas coitianta é leathanaigh dathúcháin a úsáideann tuismitheoirí sa bhaile nó múinteoirí sa scoil chun eolas a thabhairt ar na hAlfabéid, ainmhithe, séadchomharthaí, torthaí, glasraí, uimhreacha srl.
Aon ábhar, trádmharc / s, nó ábhar eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith le fáil ar an suíomh seo nach bhfuil an suíomh seo úinéireacht fhanann an cóipcheart a úinéir / s faoi seach. Ní éilíonn LocalHost ar aon bhealach úinéireacht nó freagracht as earraí den sórt sin agus ba cheart duit toiliú dlíthiúil a lorg le haghaidh aon úsáid a bhaint as ábhair den sórt sin óna úinéir.
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children in the Pre-prep were greeted on Wednesday morning with a host of
different maths games and activities to get them all started. From sudukos, to
board games, and coordinates to tessellation patterns, the children enjoyed a
great variety of different challenges.
morning continued with Year 8 and Mr Mortimer joining us for a lesson.
in Year 2 were challenged to estimate and accurately measure the dimensions of
top and bottom court. It was quickly recognised how fantastic these older
students were with their younger counterparts and we very much hope the Year 8s
will join us again for a lesson or two in the very near future.
Y1LS started the morning by working out how best to count
dots by trying to spot patterns. Many
children noticed 5 dots presented as if on a dice, others spotted rows of 6,
groups of 3 or diamonds.
We then moved on to trying to think about scale by making a
chair that fitted under a table made out of blocks. All of the children succeeded brilliantly in
this tricky challenge.
Finally, and most excitingly, the children were then
challenged to find out if tubes of Smarties had more red smarties in than any
other colour. With the support of some
brilliant Year 8 helpers, the children created tally charts to work out if this
was the case and each child only ate 3 Smarties in the process! Great self-control! The majority of children concluded that
packets of Smarties don’t have more red Smarties in than other colours.
In Year one (CD), the children immersed themselves in
solving problems in the Pre-Prep garden. We collected leaves, created graphs
using natural objects and searched for shapes in the environment around us. We
built varying lengths of domino runs and timed how long each one would take to
fall down. We predicted which would take the longest and recorded our findings
in a table.
Reception had a great morning of problem solving and pattern
making. They all had a pattern to follow and then had to continue it. They used
beads, pegs, coloured blocks, teddies and shapes. The challenge was on to then
make their own continuing pattern. After break we went outside and found shapes
on the hockey pitch, tennis and netball courts - then using conkers, fir cones
and leaves they had to make different shapes on the ground and tell me how many
sides each one had and what it was called. It is fair to say they all know
their 2D shape names now.
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<urn:uuid:abf72abe-dd6a-41ba-a9f6-925e472f7344>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.sanselms.co.uk/pre-prep-maths-challenge
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en
| 0.973656 | 540 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Bhí páistí sa Réamh-Réamh-Choláiste fáilte roimh na páistí ar maidin Dé Céadaoin le heagraíocht de
cluichí matamaitice éagsúla agus gníomhaíochtaí a fháil orthu go léir a thosú. Ó sudukos, go
Bhí an-áthas ar na páistí dul i mbun cluichí boird, agus comhordanáidí a dhéanamh ar mhúnlaí tessellation, agus bhí an-áthas ar na páistí
éagsúlacht mhór dúshláin éagsúla.
Lean an mhaidin le hAonbhliain 8 agus chuaigh an tUasal Mortimer linn le haghaidh ceachtanna.
i mbliain 2 bhí dúshlán orthu meastachán agus tomhas cruinn a dhéanamh ar thomhais na
cúirt uachtarach agus cúirt íseal. Bhí sé aithníodh go tapa cé chomh iontach na sean-
Bhí na mic léinn lena gcomhghleacaithe níos óige agus tá súil againn go mór go mbeidh na 8ú bliain
Beidh teacht linn arís le haghaidh ceacht nó dhó sa todhchaí an-ghearr.
Y1LS thosaigh an mhaidin ag obair amach conas is fearr a chomhaireamh
poncanna ag iarraidh patrún a aimsiú. Go leor
d'aithin páistí 5 phointe a bhí ar fáil amhail is dá mba ar dhíshealbhán, d'aithin páistí eile sraitheanna de 6,
grúpaí de 3 nó de diamonds.
Ansin bhog muid ar aghaidh chun iarracht a dhéanamh smaoineamh ar scála ag déanamh
cathaoirleach a bhí suite faoi tábla déanta as bloic. Bhí rath iontach ar na páistí go léir i
an dúshlán tricky.
Ar deireadh, agus is mó spreagúil, bhí na páistí ansin
D'iarr sé a fháil amach má tá feadáin de Smarties níos mó smarties dearg i ná aon
dath eile. Le tacaíocht ó roinnt
Le cabhrach iontach ó Bhliain 8, chruthaigh na páistí cairteacha comhaontaithe chun a fháil amach an bhfuil sé seo
Bhí an cás agus ithe gach leanbh ach 3 Smarties sa phróiseas! Féin-rialú iontach! Tháinig formhór na leanaí chun na críche sin
Ní bhíonn níos mó Smarties dearga i bpacáistí Smarties ná dathanna eile.
Sa Chéad Bliain (CD), chuir na páistí iad féin i mbun
fadhbanna a réiteach sa ghairdín réamh-prep. Bailímid duilleoga, a chruthaíodh grafaí
ag baint úsáide as rudaí nádúrtha agus d'fhéach muid ar chruthanna sa timpeallacht timpeall orainn. Táimid
tógadh réimeanna domino ar fhad éagsúil agus a chrua-am a thógfadh gach ceann acu
titim síos. Bhíomar ag tuar cé acu a thógfadh an chuid is mó ama agus a thaifeadadh ár torthaí
i tábla.
Bhí fáiltiú maidin iontach de réiteach fadhbanna agus patrúin
ag déanamh. Bhí patrún acu go léir le leanúint agus ansin bhí orthu leanúint air. D'úsáid siad
gráin, piocanna, bloic datha, teddies agus cruthanna. Bhí an dúshlán ar an uair sin
a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin patrúin leanúnach. Tar éis an sos chuaigh muid amach agus fuair muid cruthanna
ar an gcúrsa haca, chúrsaí teipe agus netball - ansin ag baint úsáide as conkers, cones fíneáil
agus duilleoga bhí siad chun cruthanna éagsúla a dhéanamh ar an talamh agus inis dom cé mhéad
na taobhanna a bhí ag gach ceann acu agus cad a bhí ar a dtugtar. Tá sé cóir a rá go bhfuil a fhios acu go léir
a n-ainmneacha 2D cruth anois.
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Ken Robinson made a powerful point at a Ted Talks event some years back that most of the students doing work in classrooms today will be entering a job force that none of us (Teachers) can visualize. This was to explain the fact that the market structure is changing and the class environment must adapt to this changing process. The conventional jobs are declining and they are giving way already for creative ones. The Top paying jobs of today were not available 15 years ago, the next Top paying Jobs in 15 years’ time are yet to be created too.
This is why the teaching and learning process must be skewed to be able to enhance Creativity and Critical thinking as it’s core admits students. A learning process that shut it’s learners from being creative has also shut them from the ability to create the future.
And for many years the learning model has been rigid in its structure, it’s mode of operations are more mechanical. There’s little or no space giving for exploring new ideas to ensure that the best is being driven out of the students. The work order is changing, a new revolution is being birthed, and therefore the classroom which is the breeding place for the supposed leaders of tomorrow must be skewed to the proper development mould of the students to ensure their relevancy in the emerging community.
5 ways to Encouraging Creative learning in Schools;
1. Set Enough Time Aside for Creativity: Even big companies now practice the 20% rule meaning they are devoting 20% of their total labour into creative thinking and exploration of new ideas, this should also be encouraged in the Learning Environments. A Learning environment must be strategically positioned into a place that encourages the students to re-create. A teacher must be ready to welcome and receive ideas as they flow from the students, this apart from the fact that it makes the students feel significant also prepare them to absolutely Rule their world.
2. Encourage Discussions and Engagement: The classroom is not a graveyard, the student should be given the access to speak up their mind, and they should be able to express themselves freely without feeling constraint and threatened. Although the teacher has to create a measure to ensure order while doing this yet students should not be quieted. We have for so long breed up students who don’t ask questions, they don’t challenge anything even if they are not satisfied they just keep quiet, even if they have better option they simply just wouldn’t talk and this has led to us having a large group of people who do not understand how things works and like John Mason said “If you can ask the right question you will get the right Answer”.
3. Use Unconventional Classroom Settings: The classroom environment can be restructured. There’s no harm in changing the traditional setting of the classroom. Sometimes a teacher can break that mould and sit or position student in a way that will make them feel more comfortable and at ease. Their retentiveness response at the level will be very high because of the psychology effect in their brain. A teacher can make them sit on the couch even as they learn to encourage them to think. The teacher can also take them out of the classrooms to a spot like a Garden or any other related place sometimes to facilitate the lesson, as the Students see with their eyes what the teacher teaches it enhances their retentive ability.
4. Increase the Use of Audio Visuals: It has been confirmed that everyone remembers more what he or she sees more than what he or she hear alone. To drive home this creative thinking model the use of Videos should be encouraged. There are many Visual contents that can be used to teach the student. Ted Talks, for example, is a good Video Content that can be encouraged to be seen in the classroom.
5. Increase Team Works and Encourage Leadership: Students at every level must be encouraged to be part of a teamwork and be given opportunities sometimes to take the Lead. Leadership is a critical pivot for all world changers and influencers. Students must be taught how to fair in a community and also be given chances to make the decision that will affect their team. This is a solid way of building the student’s inherent ability and also to give them an opportunity to believe in their convictions and to shape it correctly towards creating a better community.
The Out of the Box learning model is not just limited to this five mentioned above, It includes Several others Including Encouraging Talent exhibitions, Providing an optimum place for students to birth their Dreams, Using Technology and several other measures which can be adopted to achieve this Overall goal.
Obviously, Implementing Out of the Box learning model in itself requires some creativity too. Creativity has a very important role in education. It takes students to the edge, getting them out of their comfort zones. Consequently, students have the opportunity to move beyond status-quo and be all they possibly can be.
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Rinne Ken Robinson pointe láidir ag ócáid Ted Talks roinnt blianta ó shin go mbeidh an chuid is mó de na mic léinn a dhéanann obair i seomraí ranga inniu ag dul isteach i ngrúpa poist nach féidir le duine ar bith againn (Oideoirí) a shamhlú. Ba é seo chun a mhíniú go bhfuil struchtúr an mhargaidh ag athrú agus go gcaithfidh an timpeallacht aicme oiriúnú don phróiseas athraitheach seo. Tá na poist traidisiúnta ag titim agus tá siad ag tabhairt bealach cheana féin do dhaoine cruthaitheacha. Ní raibh na poist is fearr a íocadh inniu ar fáil 15 bliain ó shin, níl na poist is fearr a íocadh i gceann 15 bliana fós le cruthú.
Is é seo an fáth go gcaithfear an próiseas teagaisc agus foghlama a shaincheapadh chun a bheith in ann Cruthaitheacht agus Smaointeacht Chríocha a fheabhsú mar a thugann sé isteach ar mhic léinn. Tá próiseas foghlama a chuir cosc ar a fhoghlaimeoirí a bheith cruthaitheach, tar éis iad a chur ar ceal óna gcumas an todhchaí a chruthú.
Agus le blianta fada bhí an tsamhail foghlama rigid ina struchtúr, tá a modh oibríochtaí níos meicniúla. Níl mórán nó aon spás ann chun smaointe nua a iniúchadh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an chuid is fearr á thiomáint amach as na mic léinn. Tá an t-ord oibre ag athrú, tá réabhlóid nua ag teacht chun cinn, agus dá bhrí sin ní mór an seomra ranga a bhfuil an áit chothúcháin aige do cheannairí a cheaptar amárach a bheith claonta ar mhúnla forbartha cuí na mac léinn chun a n-ábharthacht sa phobal atá ag teacht chun cinn a chinntiú.
5 bhealach chun foghlaim chruthaitheach a spreagadh i Scoileanna;
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cuir am go leor ar leataobh le haghaidh cruthaitheachta: Fiú amháin tá cuideachtaí móra ag cleachtadh riail 20% anois, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil siad ag tabhairt 20% dá n-obair iomlán do smaointeoireacht chruthaitheach agus do thaighde smaointe nua, ba cheart é seo a spreagadh sna timpeallachtaí foghlama freisin. Ní mór timpeallacht foghlama a chur i láthair go straitéiseach ina áit a spreagann na mic léinn athchruthú. Ní mór do mhúinteoir a bheith réidh le fáilte a chur roimh agus smaointe a fháil de réir mar a thagann siad ó na mic léinn, seo seachas an bhfíric go ndéanann sé na mic léinn a bhraitheann tábhachtach freisin ullmhú dóibh a rialú go hiomlán a saol.
2. Seachadadh. Spreagadh na dTárlaí agus an Iomaíocht: Ní cadhnraí é an seomra ranga, ba cheart go dtabharfaí rochtain don mhic léinn a gcuid smaointe a labhairt, agus ba cheart go mbeadh siad in ann iad féin a chur in iúl go saor gan mothú go bhfuil srianta agus bagairt orthu. Cé go gcaithfidh an múinteoir beart a chruthú chun ord a chinntiú agus é seo á dhéanamh, níor cheart na mic léinn a shusamh. Tá muid ar feadh i bhfad breed suas scoláirí nach bhfuil ceisteanna a chur, nach bhfuil siad dúshlán rud ar bith fiú má tá siad nach bhfuil sásta siad ach fanacht ciúin, fiú má tá siad rogha níos fearr go simplí ní bheadh siad ach labhairt agus tá sé seo a thug dúinn a bheith ar ghrúpa mór de dhaoine nach dtuigeann conas a oibríonn rudaí agus mar a dúirt John Mason "Má is féidir leat a chur ar an cheist cheart a gheobhaidh tú an freagra ceart"
3. Tá an t-am ann. Úsáid Suímh Sa seomra ranga neamhchoinbhinsiúnach: Is féidir an timpeallacht sa seomra ranga a athstruchtúrú. Níl aon dochar ann suíomh traidisiúnta na seomra ranga a athrú. Uaireanta is féidir le múinteoir an múnla sin a bhriseadh agus suí nó seasamh an scoláire ar bhealach a chuirfidh ar a gcroí go mbeidh siad níos compordaí agus níos éasca. Beidh a bhfreagra coinneála ag an leibhéal an-ard mar gheall ar an éifeacht síceolaíochta ina n-inchinn. D'fhéadfadh múinteoir iad a chur ina suí ar an tolg fiú agus iad ag foghlaim chun iad a spreagadh chun smaoineamh. Is féidir leis an múinteoir iad a thógáil amach as na seomraí ranga go dtí áit cosúil le Gairdín nó áit ghaolmhara eile uaireanta chun an ceacht a éascú, mar go bhfeiceann na Mac Léinn lena súile cad a mhúineann an múinteoir feabhsaíonn sé a gcumas coinneála.
4. Tá an t-am Úsáid níos mó de na físeáin nó na fuaime: Deimhníodh go gcuimhneoidh gach duine níos mó ar a fheiceann nó ar a chloiseann sé nó sí ná ar a chloiseann sé nó sí ina n-aonar. Chun an tsamhail smaointeoireachta cruthaitheach seo a threorú abhaile ba cheart úsáid na bhfíseán a spreagadh. Tá go leor ábhar amhairc ann ar féidir a úsáid chun an mac léinn a theagasc. Is ábhar físe maith é Ted Talks, mar shampla, agus is féidir é a spreagadh chun é a fheiceáil sa seomra ranga.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Méadaigh obair fhoireann agus spreag ceannaireacht: Ní mór mic léinn ar gach leibhéal a spreagadh chun bheith mar chuid de obair fhoireann agus deiseanna a thabhairt dóibh uaireanta chun an Treoir a ghlacadh. Is píobán ríthábhachtach é ceannaireacht do gach duine a dhéanann athrú ar an domhan agus a mbíonn tionchar aige air. Ní mór do mhic léinn a mhúineadh conas a bheith cóir i bpobal agus freisin deis a thabhairt dóibh an cinneadh a dhéanamh a dhéanfaidh difear dá bhfoireann. Is bealach láidir é seo chun cumas bunúsach na mac léinn a fhorbairt agus deis a thabhairt dóibh creidiúint a bheith acu ina gcreideamh agus é a mhúnlú i dtreo pobal níos fearr a chruthú.
Ní amháin go bhfuil an tsamhail foghlama lasmuigh den bhosca teoranta do na cúig cinn a luaitear thuas, Cuimsíonn sé roinnt eile lena n-áirítear taispeántais tallann a spreagadh, áit is fearr a sholáthar do mhic léinn chun a gcuid aislingí a bhreith, Teicneolaíocht a úsáid agus roinnt bearta eile ar féidir iad a ghlacadh chun an sprioc foriomlán seo a bhaint amach.
Ar ndóigh, tá gá le roinnt cruthaitheachta freisin le múnla foghlama "Imeasú lasmuigh den bhosca" féin. Tá ról an-tábhachtach ag cruthaitheacht san oideachas. Tógann sé mic léinn go dtí an imeall, ag cur amach iad as a gcriosanna compordach. Dá bhrí sin, tá deis ag mic léinn dul thar an stádas-quo agus a bheith ina n-uile rud is féidir leo a bheith.
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An analysand is a patient who is the subject of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a long-term treatment strategy that utilizes frequent meetings with the analyst and stream of consciousness and free association as means of understanding and evaluating a patient's reactions and emotional structure.
This is accomplished through an evaluation and interpretation of the client's free associations, dreams and fantasies that come up during sessions. This attention to the details that arise from the client's subconscious mind is believed to display the unconscious conflicts that cause the patient's symptoms and character problems. Once these conflicts are identified the analyst can can confront and clarify the patient's defenses, guilt, and wishes as well as resistances and transferences. Traditionally, Freudian psychoanalysis is an extremely lengthy and time-consuming process. Later psychologists and psychiatrists have sought methods of treatment that are briefer and more effective.
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Is éard atá i anailísí ná othar atá ina ábhar síceanailís. Is straitéis chóireála fadtéarmach é síceanailís a úsáideann cruinnithe go minic leis an anailísí agus sruth na cosúlachta agus na comhlachais saor in aisce mar mhodh chun imoibrithe agus struchtúr mothúchánach an othair a thuiscint agus a mheas.
Baintear é seo amach trí mheasúnú agus léirmhíniú a dhéanamh ar chomhlachais, aislingí agus fantaisíochtaí saor in aisce an chliaint a thagann chun cinn le linn seisiúin. Creidtear go léiríonn an aird seo ar na sonraí a thagann ó intinn neamhfhiosach an chliaint na coinbhleachtaí neamhfhiosach a chuireann comharthaí agus fadhbanna carachtair an othair. Nuair a shainaithnítear na coinbhleachtaí seo, is féidir leis an anailísí aghaidh a thabhairt ar chosaintí, cionta agus mianta an othair chomh maith le friotaíochtaí agus aistrithe agus é a shoiléiriú. Go traidisiúnta, is próiseas an-fhada agus ama-ithe é síceanailís Freudianach. Níos déanaí, d'iarr síceolaithe agus síciatraithe modhanna cóireála atá níos giorra agus níos éifeachtaí.
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A map can be simply defined as a graphic representation of the real world. This representation is always an abstraction of reality. Because of the infinite nature of our Universe it is impossible to capture all of the complexity found in the real world. For example, topographic maps abstract the three-dimensional real world at a reduced scale on a two-dimensional plane of paper.
Maps are used to display both cultural and physical features of the environment. Standard topographic maps show a variety of information including roads, land-use classification, elevation, rivers and other water bodies, political boundaries, and the identification of houses and other types of buildings. Some maps are created with very specific goals in mind. Figure 2a-1 displays a weather map showing the location of low and high pressure centers and fronts over most of North America. The intended purpose of this map is considerably more specialized than a topographic map.
Figure 2a-1: The following specialized weather map displays the surface location of pressure centers and fronts for Saturday, November 27, 1999 over a portion of North America.
The art of map construction is called cartography. People who work in this field of knowledge are called cartographers. The construction and use of maps has a long history. Some academics believe that the earliest maps date back to the fifth or sixth century BC. Even in these early maps, the main goal of this tool was to communicate information. Early maps were quite subjective in their presentation of spatial information. Maps became more objective with the dawn of Western science. The application of scientific method into cartography made maps more ordered and accurate. Today, the art of map making is quite a sophisticated science employing methods from cartography, engineering, computer science, mathematics, and psychology.
Cartographers classify maps into two broad categories: reference maps and thematic maps. Reference maps normally show natural and human-made objects from the geographical environment with an emphasis on location. Examples of general reference maps include maps found in atlases and topographic maps. Thematic maps are used to display the geographical distribution of one phenomenon or the spatial associations that occur between a number of phenomena.
The shape of the Earth's surface can be described as an ellipsoid. An ellipsoid is a three-dimensional shape that departs slightly from a purely spherical form. The Earth takes this form because rotation causes the region near the equator to bulge outward to space. The angular motion caused by the Earth spinning on its axis also forces the polar regions on the globe to be somewhat flattened.
Representing the true shape of the Earth's surface on a map creates some problems, especially when this depiction is illustrated on a two-dimensional surface. To overcome these problems, cartographers have developed a number of standardized transformation processes for the creation of two-dimensional maps. All of these transformation processes create some type of distortion artifact. The nature of this distortion is related to how the transformation process modifies specific geographic properties of the map. Some of the geographic properties affected by projection distortion include: distance; area; straight line direction between points on the Earth; and the bearing of cardinal points from locations on our planet.
The illustrations below show some of the common map projections used today. The first two-dimensional projection shows the Earth's surface as viewed from space (Figure 2a-2). This orthographic projection distorts distance, shape, and the size of areas. Another serious limitation of this projection is that only a portion of the Earth's surface can be viewed at any one time.
The second illustration displays a Mercator projection of the Earth (Figure 2a-3). On a Mercator projection, the north-south scale increases from the equator at the same rate as the corresponding east-west scale. As a result of this feature, angles drawn on this type of map are correct. Distortion on a Mercator map increases at an increasing rate as one moves toward higher latitudes. Mercator maps are used in navigation because a line drawn between two points of the Earth has true direction. However, this line may not represent the shortest distance between these points.
|Figure 2a-2: Earth as observed from a vantage point in space. This orthographic projection of the Earth's surface creates a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional surface. The orthographic projection distorts distance, shape, and the size of areas.|
|Figure 2a-3: Mercator map projection. The Mercator projection is one of the most common systems in use today. It was specifically designed for nautical navigation.|
The Gall-Peters projection was developed to correct some of the distortion found in the Mercator system (Figure 2a-4). The Mercator projection causes area to be gradually distorted from the equator to the poles. This distortion makes middle and high latitude countries to be bigger than they are in reality. The Gall-Peters projection corrects this distortion making the area occupied by the world's nations more comparable.
Figure 2a-4: Gall-Peters projection. The Gall-Peters projection corrects the distortion of area common in Mercator maps. As a result, it removes the bias in Mercator maps that draws low latitude countries as being smaller than nations in middle and high latitudes. This projection has been officially adopted by a number of United Nations organizations.
The Miller Cylindrical projection is another common two-dimensional map used to represent the entire Earth in a rectangular area (Figure 2a-5). In this project, the Earth is mathematically projected onto a cylinder tangent at the equator. This projection in then unrolled to produce a flat two-dimensional representation of the Earth's surface. This projection reduces some of the scale exaggeration present in the Mercator map. However, the Miller Cylindrical projection describes shapes and areas with considerable distortion and directions are true only along the equator.
|Figure 2a-5: The Miller Cylindrical projection.|
Figure 2a-6 displays the Robinson projection. This projection was developed to show the entire Earth with less distortion of area. However, this feature requires a tradeoff in terms of inaccurate map direction and distance.
|Figure 2a-6: Robinson's projection. This projection is common in maps that require somewhat accurate representation of area. This map projection was originally developed for Rand McNally and Company in 1961.|
The Mollweide projection improves on the Robinson projection and has less area distortion (Figure 2a-7). The final projection presented presents areas on a map that are proportional to the same areas on the actual surface of the Earth (Figure 2a-8). However, this Sinusoidal Equal-Area projection suffers from distance, shape, and direction distortions.
|Figure 2a-7: Mollweide projection. On this projection the only parallels (line of latitude) drawn of true length are 40° 40' North and South. From the equator to 40° 40' North and South the east-west scale is illustrated too small. From the poles to 40° 40' North and South the east-west scale is illustrated too large.|
|Figure 2a-8: Sinusoidal Equal-Area projection.|
Maps are rarely drawn at the same scale as the real world. Most maps are made at a scale that is much smaller than the area of the actual surface being depicted. The amount of reduction that has taken place is normally identified somewhere on the map. This measurement is commonly referred to as the map scale. Conceptually, we can think of map scale as the ratio between the distance between any two points on the map compared to the actual ground distance represented. This concept can also be expressed mathematically as:
On most maps, the map scale is represented by a simple fraction or ratio. This type of description of a map's scale is called a representative fraction. For example, a map where one unit (centimeter, meter, inch, kilometer, etc.) on the illustration represents 1,000,000 of these same units on the actual surface of the Earth would have a representative fraction of 1/1,000,000 (fraction) or 1:1,000,000 (ratio). Of these mathematical representations of scale, the ratio form is most commonly found on maps.
Scale can also be described on a map by a verbal statement. For example, 1:1,000,000 could be verbally described as "1 centimeter on the map equals 10 kilometers on the Earth's surface" or "1 inch represents approximately 16 miles".
Most maps also use graphic scale to describe the distance relationships between the map and the real world. In a graphic scale, an illustration is used to depict distances on the map in common units of measurement (Figure 2a-9). Graphic scales are quite useful because they can be used to measure distances on a map quickly.
Figure 2a-9: The following graphic scale was drawn for map with a scale of 1:250,000. In the illustration distances in miles and kilometers are graphically shown.
Maps are often described, in a relative sense, as being either small scale or large scale. Figure 2a-10 helps to explain this concept. In Figure 2a-10, we have maps representing an area of the world at scales of 1:100,000, 1:50,000, and 1:25,000. Of this group, the map drawn at 1:100,000 has the smallest scale relative to the other two maps. The map with the largest scale is map C which is drawn at a scale of 1:25,000.
|Figure 2a-10: The following three illustrations describe the relationship between map scale and the size of the ground area shown at three different map scales. The map on the far left has the smallest scale, while the map on the far right has the largest scale. Note what happens to the amount of area represented on the maps when the scale is changed. A doubling of the scale (1:100,000 to 1:50,000 and 1:50,000 to 1:25,000) causes the area shown on the map to be reduced to 25% or one-quarter.|
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Is féidir léargas simplí a thabhairt ar léarscáil mar léiriú grafach ar an saol fíor. Is é an léiriú seo i gcónaí abstraction na réaltachta. Mar gheall ar nádúr gan teorainn ár n-Universe tá sé dodhéanta a ghabháil go léir an chastacht a fhaightear sa saol fíor. Mar shampla, déanann léarscáileanna topagrafacha an domhan fíor thrí-thaobhach a shruthlú ar scála laghdaithe ar phláinéid dhá-thaobhach páipéir.
Úsáidtear léarscáileanna chun gnéithe cultúrtha agus fisiciúla an chomhshaoil a thaispeáint. Léiríonn léarscáileanna topagrafacha caighdeánacha faisnéis éagsúla lena n-áirítear bóithre, aicmiú úsáide talún, airde, aibhneacha agus comhlachtaí uisce eile, teorainneacha polaitiúla, agus sainaithint tithe agus cineálacha eile foirgnimh. Cruthaítear roinnt léarscáileanna le cuspóirí an-sonracha i gcuimhne. Léiríonn Fíor 2a-1 léarscáil aimsire a léiríonn suíomh lárionad agus tosaigh brú íseal agus ard thar chuid is mó de Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá cuspóir beartaithe an léarscáileáin seo i bhfad níos speisialaithe ná léarscáileanna topagrafacha.
Figiúr 2a-1: Léiríonn an léarscáil aimsire speisialaithe seo a leanas suíomh dromchla na n-ionad brú agus na frontaí ar an Satharn, 27 Samhain, 1999 thar chuid de Mheiriceá Thuaidh.
Tugtar cartagrafaíocht ar an ealaín chun léarscáileanna a thógáil. Tugtar cartógraifí ar dhaoine a oibríonn sa réimse eolais seo. Tá stair fhada ag tógáil agus ag úsáid léarscáileanna. Creideann roinnt acadúlaithe go bhfuil na léarscáileanna is luaithe ó na cúigiú nó an séú haois RC. Fiú sna léarscáileanna tosaigh seo, ba é príomhchuspóir na huirlis seo faisnéis a chur in iúl. Bhí léarscáileanna luath go leor suibiachtúil ina dtairiscint ar fhaisnéis spásúil. Tháinig léarscáileanna níos cuspóire le hoícheall na heolaíochta an Iarthair. Rinne cur i bhfeidhm an mhodha eolaíochta ar chairteagrafaíocht léarscáileanna níos ordúla agus níos cruinne. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is eolaíocht an-sóifíseach é an ealaín chun léarscáileanna a dhéanamh, agus úsáidtear modhanna ó chairtagrafaíocht, innealtóireacht, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta, matamaitice agus síceolaíocht.
Déantar léarscáileanna a aicmiú i dhá chatagóir leathan: léarscáileanna tagartha agus léarscáileanna téamacha. De ghnáth léiríonn léarscáileanna tagartha rudaí nádúrtha agus déanta ag an duine ón timpeallacht gheografach agus béim á leagan ar an suíomh. I measc samplaí de léarscáileanna tagairt ghinearálta tá léarscáileanna a fhaightear in atlaisí agus léarscáileanna topagrafacha. Úsáidtear léarscáileanna téamacha chun dáileadh geografach feiniméan amháin nó na comhlachais spásúla a tharlaíonn idir roinnt feiniméin a thaispeáint.
Is féidir cruth dromchla na Talún a chur in iúl mar ellipsoid. Is cruth trí-thaobhach é ellipsoid a théann beagán ó fhoirm sphereach íon. Glacann an Domhan an fhoirm seo toisc go gcuireann rothlú an réigiún in aice leis an easbhóir chun dul amach go spás. Cuireann an gluaiseacht uillinn a bhíonn mar thoradh ar an Domhan ag casadh ar a ais na réigiúin pholara ar an domhan a bheith beagán cothrom.
Cruthaíonn léiriú fíor-chruthach dromchla an Domhain ar léarscáil roinnt fadhbanna, go háirithe nuair a léirítear an léiriú seo ar dromchla dhá thomhais. Chun na fadhbanna seo a shárú, tá roinnt próisis clasaiceacha caighdeánaithe tarmligean forbartha ag cartógraithe chun léarscáileanna dhá-thaobhacha a chruthú. Cruthaíonn na próisis athchruthaithe seo go léir cineál ealaíne dífhoirmiú. Tá nádúr an chlaonta seo bainteach leis an gcaoi a ndéanann an próiseas athraithe airíonna geografacha sonracha an léarscáile. I measc cuid de na hairíonna geografacha a mbíonn tionchar acu ar chlaonadh réamhamharc ná: fad; limistéar; treo líne dhíreach idir pointí ar an Domhan; agus an iompar pointí cairdínil ó áiteanna ar ár bplainéad.
Léiríonn na léaráidí thíos cuid de na meastacháin léarscáileacha coitianta a úsáidtear inniu. Taispeánann an chéad léarscáil dhá-thomhais dromchla an Domhain mar a fheictear ó spás (Figiúr 2a-2). Déileálann an t-eascraíocht orthografach seo le fad, cruth agus méid na limistéar. Is é teorainn thromchúiseach eile den réamh-mheastachán seo nach féidir ach cuid de dhromchla an Domhain a fheiceáil ag am ar bith.
Léiríonn an dara léargas réamh-mheasadh Mercator den Domhan (Figiúr 2a-3). Ar thionscadal Mercator, méadaíonn an scála thuaidh-theas ón éagóir ag an ráta céanna leis an scála thoir-thuaisceart comhfhreagrach. Mar thoradh ar an ngné seo, tá na uillinneacha a tharraingtear ar an gcineál seo léarscáileanna ceart. Méadaíonn an dífhoirmiú ar léarscáil Mercator ag ráta méadaithe de réir mar a théann duine i dtreo leatacha níos airde. Úsáidtear léarscáileanna Mercator i nascleanúint toisc go bhfuil treo fíor ag líne a tharraingítear idir dhá phointe den Domhan. Ní fhéadfaidh an líne seo, áfach, a bheith mar an t-achar is giorra idir na pointí sin.
Sa phictiúr 2a-2: an Domhan mar a breathnaítear as pointe buntáisteach sa spás. Cruthaíonn an réamh-mheastachán orthografach seo de dhromchla an Domhain léiriú dhá-thaobhach de dhromchla trí-thaobhach. Déanann an t-ionchas orthografach fad, cruth agus méid na limistéar a mhalairt.
Sa phictiúr 2a-3: Tagraíocht léarscáile Mercator. Tá an léarscáil Mercator ar cheann de na córais is coitianta a úsáidtear inniu. Bhí sé deartha go sonrach le haghaidh loingseoireachta muirí.
Forbraíodh an réamh-mheastachán Gall-Peters chun cuid de na claonta a fuarthas sa chóras Mercator a cheartú (Figiúr 2a-4). Tá an t-ionchar Mercator ag cur le limistéar a bheith dícheangailte de réir a chéile ón easnamh go dtí na póilíní. Déanann an dífhoirmiú seo tíortha meán- agus ard-leithid a bheith níos mó ná mar atá siad i ndáiríre. Déanann an t-ardú Gall-Peters an t-easnamh seo a cheartú agus déanann sé an limistéar a bhfuil náisiúin an domhain ina gcónaí níos inchomparáide.
Figiúr 2a-4: Torthaí Gall-Peters. Déanann réamh-mheastachán Gall-Peters an dífhoirmiú limistéar a bhíonn coitianta i léarscáileanna Mercator a cheartú. Mar thoradh air sin, baineann sé an claonadh i léarscáileanna Mercator a tharraingíonn tíortha le breisleathan íseal mar a bheith níos lú ná náisiúin i mbéal agus i mbreisleathan ard. Ghlac roinnt eagraíochtaí de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe leis an léarscáil seo go hoifigiúil.
Is léarscáil dhá-thomhais choitianta eile é an léarscáil Miller Cylindrical a úsáidtear chun an Domhan ar fad a léiriú i limistéar ceathrúchúiseach (Figiúr 2a-5). Sa tionscadal seo, tá an Domhan réamh-mheasta go matamaiticiúil ar shilindéar a bhaineann leis an easbhóir. Ansin, déantar an réamh-mheastachán seo a dhíleá chun léiriú dhá-thomhaiseach cothrom d'uasláir na Talún a tháirgeadh. Laghdaíonn an réamh-mheastachán seo cuid den iomarcaíocht scála atá i láthair sa léarscáil Mercator. Mar sin féin, déanann an léargas Síleandálach Miller cur síos ar chruthanna agus ar limistéir a bhfuil dífhoirmiú suntasach acu agus níl na treoracha fíor ach ar feadh an echtair.
Sa phictiúr 2a-5: Tarraingthe Sileindreach Miller.
Léiríonn an figiúr 2a-6 réamh-mheastachán Robinson. Forbraíodh an léargas seo chun an Domhan ar fad a thaispeáint le níos lú claontacht limistéir. Mar sin féin, éilíonn an ghné seo comhréiteach ó thaobh treo agus achar léarscáil neamhchruinn.
Sa phictiúr 2a-6: Tagraíocht Robinson. Tá an réamh-mheastachán seo coitianta i léarscáileanna a éilíonn léiriú beagán cruinn den limistéar. Forbraíodh an léarscáil léarscála seo ar dtús do Rand McNally and Company i 1961.
Tá feabhas tagtha ar phroichead Mollweide ar phroichead Robinson agus tá níos lú dífhoirmiú limistéar aige (Figiúr 2a-7). Léiríonn an t-iontráil deiridh a chuirtear i láthair réimsí ar léarscáil atá comhréireach leis na réimsí céanna ar dhromchla iarbhír an Domhain (Figiúr 2a-8). Mar sin féin, tá an réamh-mheastachán Sinusoidal Equal-Area seo ag fulaingt ó dheasca, cruth, agus dífhoirmiú treo.
Sa phictiúr 2a-7: Tarraingt Mollweide. Ar an léarscáil seo is iad na comhthreomharlaí (líne na leitheide) a tharraingtear de fhíor-fhada ná 40° 40' Thuaidh agus Theas. Ón éagóir go 40° 40' Thuaidh agus Theas léirítear an scála thoir-thuaisceart ró-bheag. Ó na póil go 40° 40' Thuaidh agus Theas tá an scála thoir-thuaisceart léirítear ró-mhór.
Sa phictiúr 2a-8: Torthaí sinsearach a bhfuil an limistéar céanna acu.
Is annamh a tharraingítear léarscáileanna ar an scála céanna leis an saol fíor. Déantar an chuid is mó de na léarscáileanna ar scála atá i bhfad níos lú ná limistéar an dromchla iarbhír atá á léiriú. De ghnáth, léirítear an méid laghdaithe a tharla áit éigin ar an léarscáil. Tugtar ar an tomhas seo go coitianta mar scála léarscáile. Go coincheapúil, is féidir linn scála léarscáile a shamhlú mar an cóimheas idir an fad idir dhá phointe ar an léarscáil i gcomparáid leis an iarbhír ar an talamh a léirítear. Is féidir an coincheap seo a chur in iúl go matamaiticiúil freisin mar:
Ar an chuid is mó de na léarscáileanna, léirítear scála na léarscáileanna trí bhristeán nó cóimheas simplí. Tugtar briseadh ionadaíoch ar an gcineál seo tuairisc ar scála léarscáile. Mar shampla, léarscáil ina bhfuil aonad amháin (centimeter, méadar, orlach, ciliméadar, etc.) Is é an méid a léirítear ar an léaráid ná 1,000,000 de na haonaid chéanna seo ar dhromchla iarbhír an Domhain a bheadh cois ionadaíoch de 1/1,000,000 (cois) nó 1:1,000,000 (coibhneas). De na hionadaithe matamaiticiúla seo ar scála, is é an fhoirm cóimheasa an fhoirm is coitianta a fhaightear ar léarscáileanna.
Is féidir scála a chur in iúl ar léarscáil trí ráiteas béil. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfaí an uimhir 1:1,000,000 a chur in iúl go béil mar "1 ceintiméadar ar an léarscáil is ionann agus 10 ciliméadar ar dhromchla an Domhain" nó "1 orlach is ionann agus thart ar 16 míle".
Baineann an chuid is mó de na léarscáileanna úsáid as scála grafach freisin chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na caidrimh fad idir an léarscáil agus an domhan fíor. I scála grafach, úsáidtear léargas chun fadanna a léiriú ar an léarscáil in aonaid tomhais choitianta (Figiúr 2a-9). Tá scála grafacha úsáideach go leor toisc gur féidir iad a úsáid chun fad a thomhas ar léarscáil go tapa.
Figiúr 2a-9: Tarraingíodh an scála grafach seo a leanas do léarscáil ar scála 1:250,000. Sa léaráid tá na fadanna i mílí agus i gcilómetir léirithe go grafach.
Is minic a thuairiscítear léarscáileanna, i gcomhthéacs coibhneasta, mar scála beag nó scála mór. Cuidíonn an Figiúr 2a-10 leis an gcoincheap seo a mhíniú. Sa Figiúr 2a-10, tá léarscáileanna againn a léiríonn limistéar den domhan ar scála 1: 100,000, 1: 50,000, agus 1: 25,000. Sa ghrúpa seo, tá an scála is lú ag an léarscáil a tharraingtear ag 1: 100,000 i gcomparáid leis an dá léarscáil eile. Is é an léarscáil leis an scála is mó ná léarscáil C a tharraingítear ar scála 1:25,000.
☐ Tá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an t-am ar fad a bheidh an t-am ar fad ag an am sin. Tá an scála is lú ag an léarscáil ar an taobh clé, agus tá an scála is mó ag an léarscáil ar an taobh dheis. Tabhair faoi deara cad a tharlaíonn don mhéid limistéar atá ionadaithe ar na léarscáileanna nuair a athraítear an scála. Má dhéantar an scála a dhúbailt (1:100,000 go 1:50,000 agus 1:50,000 go 1:25,000) laghdaítear an limistéar a léirítear ar an léarscáil go 25% nó go ceathrú cuid.
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Origin and Etymology of flocculus
Late Latin, diminutive of Latin floccus tuft of wool
First Known Use: 1799
Learn More about flocculus
Medical Dictionary: Definition of flocculus
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up flocculus? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flocculus
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en
| 0.799601 | 80 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tús agus Eitimeolaíocht na flocculus
Laidin Dheanach, íoslódáil de Laidin floccus tuft of wool
An chéad úsáid a aithnítear: 1799
Tuilleadh eolais faoi flocculus
Fuaimín Leighis: Sainmhíniú ar flocculus
Feicthe agus Éistithe
Cad a rinne tú ag iarraidh a fheiceáil suas flocculus? Inis dúinn cá bhfaca nó cá chuala tú é (an luachan san áireamh, más féidir).
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An ankle is one of the most sensitive and injury-prone parts of the body. For example, for those that are actively involved in sports are having a higher chance of getting ankle pain. The pain can be on either right or left ankle. However, in this article, we are going to share about right ankle pain ICD 10 since there are different from left ankle pain ICD 10. ICD stands for The International Classification of Diseases and 10 stands for the tenth edition. Nothing much. It is just coding used to classify injuries health conditions in a more organized way.
Generally, ankle pain refers to any type of pain or discomfort in your ankles. The pain can an after effect from injuries such as a sprain or any other medical condition such as arthritis. An ankle sprain is the most common causes of ankle pain. In the statistics being released by the National University if Health Sciences, the ankle sprain make up to 85% of all ankle injuries which occurs when your ligament tear. It can also be caused by your ligaments being overstretched. The ligaments are the tissues that connect bones.
You will only feel pain when you roll your foot which will cause your outside ankle to twist in the direction towards the ground. That is why most ankle sprains are considered as lateral sprains. This is due to the sole reason that by doing this action, it will stretch or rip the ligaments. What you will see on a sprained ankle is that it will swell and bruised for about a week to two weeks. It depends on the level of your injury. If it is a severe injury, then it will take a few months for it to fully recover. You should be alerted that a healed sprained ankle will be temporarily weaker and less stable than the other ankle. However, there are a few cases where the healed ankle will be permanently weaker.
What causes ankle sprain?
It can be a result of:
Arthritis (specifical osteoarthritis) is the inflammation of the joints. Osteoarthritis commonly caused by wear and tear on the joints.
It occurs when uric acid builds up in your body. Due to its high concentration, it will be deposited in the form of crystals in the joints which will further cause sharp pain.
Nerve damage or injury, such as sciatica
Blocked blood vessels
Infection in the joint
Rolling the ankle can also cause damage to the cartilage or tendons of your ankle.
The ICD 10 code for right ankle pain
The code is M25.571 which is a billable or specific ICD 10 code that can be used for the right ankle pain and for the reimbursement purpose. This code has become effective on October 1, 2017.
Bilateral ankle joint pain
Bilateral foot joint pain
Bilateral sinus tarsi syndrome
Pain in right ankle
The pain of joint of bilateral feet
The pain of right ankle joint
Right ankle joint pain
Right ankle pain
Right sinus tarsi syndrome
Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
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Tá an clogán ar cheann de na codanna is íogaire agus is seans maith go ndéantar díobháil. Mar shampla, dóibh siúd a bhfuil baint ghníomhach acu le spóirt tá seans níos airde acu pian an chnoic a fháil. Is féidir an pian a bheith ar an mbróg dheis nó ar an mbróg chlé. Mar sin féin, san alt seo, táimid chun roinnt faoi pian ankle ceart ICD 10 ós rud é go bhfuil éagsúla ó pian ankle clé ICD 10. Is éard atá i gceist le ICD ná An Clárú Idirnáisiúnta na ghalair agus is éard atá i gceist le 10 an deichiú heagrán. Ní mórán. Níl ann ach códú a úsáidtear chun tréithe díobhálacha coinníollacha sláinte ar bhealach níos eagraithe.
Go ginearálta, tagraíonn pian an chnoic do chineál ar bith pian nó míchompord i do chnoic. Is féidir leis an pian a bheith ina iar-éifeacht ó ghortú mar sprain nó aon riocht leighis eile mar athrithiit. Is é sprain an chnoic an chúis is coitianta le pian an chnoic. I staitisticí a scaoileadh ag an Ollscoil Náisiúnta um Eolaíochtaí Sláinte, is é an sprain ankle suas le 85% de gach díobháil ankle a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn do ligament ag scaradh. Is féidir é a bheith mar thoradh ar do ligaments a bheith ró-stretched. Is iad na ligamentanna na fíocháin a cheanglaíonn cnámha.
Ní bhraitheann tú pian ach amháin nuair a bhíonn do chos ag casadh agus beidh do chnoic amuigh ag casadh i dtreo na talún. Sin é an fáth go meastar go bhfuil an chuid is mó de sprainsí an chnoic mar sprainsí taobh. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an chúis amháin go bhfuil ag déanamh an ghníomh seo, beidh sé a shíneadh nó a scriosadh na ligaments. Cad a fheicfidh tú ar an ankle sprained go mbeidh sé swell agus bruised ar feadh thart ar seachtain go dhá sheachtain. Braitheann sé ar leibhéal do ghortú. Má tá sé ina ghortú tromchúiseach, ansin beidh sé a ghlacadh cúpla mí go dtí go mbeidh sé a fháil go hiomlán. Ba chóir duit a bheith ar an eolas go mbeidh an chnoic sprained a leigheas níos laige agus níos lú cobhsaí ná an chnoic eile. Mar sin féin, tá cúpla cás ann ina mbeidh an clogán a leigheas níos laige go buan.
Cad a dhéanann sprain ankle?
Is féidir go mbeadh sé mar thoradh ar:
Is é an t-árthritis (arthritis sonrach) athlasadh na n-ailt. Osteoarthritis a bhíonn mar thoradh ar thréimhse na n-ailt.
Tarlaíonn sé nuair a thiomnaíonn aigéad uric i do chorp. Mar gheall ar a tiúchan ard, beidh sé a thaisceadh i bhfoirm criostail sna joints a bheidh ina chúis le pian géar níos mó.
Dramhaíl nó díobháil néaróg, amhail sciatica
Soithí fola blocáilte
Infection in the joint: ionfhabhtú sa chomhpháirt
Is féidir le rolladh an chnoic dochar a dhéanamh freisin do chardlón nó do tendons do chnoic.
Cód ICD 10 le haghaidh pian an chnoic dheis
Is é an cód M25.571 cód ICD 10 iníoctha nó sonrach is féidir a úsáid le haghaidh pian an chnoic dheis agus chun críocha aisíocaíochta. Tá an cód seo tar éis teacht i bhfeidhm an 1 Deireadh Fómhair, 2017.
Pléas comhpháirteach an chnoic déthaobhach
Pain in joint foot
Síndrome tarsaí sinseach déthaobhach
Pléasc i mbéal na láimhe deise
An pian de chomhpháirteach de chosanna déthaobhacha
An pian i gcomhpháirt an chnoic dheis
Pain in right ankle joint pain i gcomhpháirt an chnoic dheis
Pain in right ankle
Síndrome tarsaí sinus ceart
Síndrome tarsaí sinseach an chnoic dheis
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By Tara Ramsey
Jackson Hole Wild hosted the premiere of Toxic Puzzle - Hunt for the Hidden Killer, a documentary which follows ethnobotanist Dr. Paul Cox on his journey to discover whether a compound in algae blooms is causing the epidemic increase of neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's worldwide. It was an amazing event. Narrator Harrison Ford was in the house, as was the film’s award-winning director, Bo Landin. After seeing the film, however, it was apparent that the true heroes in the room were Dr. Paul Cox and his team of brilliant scientists.
The Jackson Hole Wild intern crew on the red carpet with the fabulous Dr. Paul Cox
In his quest to find what is causing increased occurrences of ALS, Dr. Cox has traveled around the world, to many places plagued by toxic algal blooms, noticing that from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, Sweden to Australia, there is a link between the toxic amino acid β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), which is found in cyanobacteria prevalent in algal blooms, and neurodegenerative diseases. This is a groundbreaking discovery, as it was previously believed that these types of diseases were entirely genetic, not environmental. It is also a very disturbing one: in this day in age, green, goopy algal blooms are becoming a common occurrence. Just this month, Henry Lake in Eastern Idaho, a popular fishing spot for locals, was found to be contaminated with toxic blue-green algae.
These blooms are a result of nutrient pollution from farms, water treatment plants and urban developments which runs into bodies of water. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorous from fertilizers and other pollutants in warm water creates the perfect environment for algae to bloom in excess, poisoning vital waterways with cyanobacteria and BMAA. These blooms occur in both fresh and salt waters and they devastate marine ecosystems. When the algae dies, it depletes the dissolved oxygen from the water which causes hypoxia, or dead zones, where fish literally suffocate from lack of oxygen.
Of course, this devastation is not felt by marine ecosystems alone. What was once seen as solely an environmental issue is now also a public health problem. A particularly dramatic example of this is when a toxic algae bloom in Lake Erie rendered the tap water in the city of Toledo poisonous for several days in 2014. We can come into contact with cyanobacteria in the water we drink, where we swim and in the seafood that we consume, especially in shellfish. We may even be exposed to it in the form of health supplements such as blue-green algae tablets and the spirulina powder found in your favorite green smoothie!
This came as a shock to me as I watched the film. Are you kidding me!? I nearly blurted out in the theater. I used to take blue-green algae tablets with my morning coffee, internally praising myself for being health conscious! I felt betrayed by my “Green Machine” Naked Juice.
After the event I did some further research on this topic and I found that while these products are largely not regulated for BMAA levels, studies are beginning to be done on the issue. I learned that pure spirulina does not naturally contain BMAA, it is the potential for cross-contamination with other forms of blue-green algae that makes it dangerous. In a 2015 study, scientists found that 14 out of 39 products contained BMAA, and most of these products are not tested for the compound before they hit the market. So until these products are routinely regulated for BMAA contamination, you are taking a gamble with your green smoothie. Dr. Cox does not recommend any sort of blue-green algae supplements, and if there is anyone I trust on the issue, it is him.
Fortunately, there are some foods that Dr. Cox highly recommends that may prevent ALS as well as combat the disease in patients who have already been diagnosed. In his travels, Dr. Cox not only visited places hit by harmful algal blooms, he also visited a population where there are almost no instances of neurodegenerative diseases: Ogimi, Japan. Cox spent time with people in their late nineties and early hundreds who are still active, dancing, farming, diving and living rich and healthy lifestyles. Cox turned to their diet to find clues as to how this group of people has avoided the onslaught of dementia, Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases that are rampant at their age in other parts of the world. What he found was a diet very high in an amino acid called L-serine. Walking through a local market in Ogimi, Cox exclaimed, “It looks like an agricultural market, but what I see here is a pharmacy of neuro-protection.”
Some foods that are high in L-Serine include soy products, seaweed and sweet potatoes, as well as eggs, seeds and dairy products.
Thanks to Dr. Cox’s research, L-Serine is now being clinically tested as treatment for patients with ALS and other deadly neurological disorders, offering real hope to those who are afflicted by these killer diseases. If you want to learn more about Dr. Cox and his work, particularly if you or your loved ones have been affected by the diseases mentioned in this post, Toxic Puzzle - Hunt for the Hidden Killer is a must see.
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Le Tara Ramsey
D'óstáil Jackson Hole Wild an chéad taibhiú ar Toxic Puzzle - Hunt for the Hidden Killer, clár faisnéise a leanann an ethnobotanist Dr. Paul Cox ar a thuras chun a fháil amach an bhfuil comhdhúil i bláthanna alga ag cur le méadú paindéimeach galair néaródheagartha mar ALS, Alzheimer agus Parkinson ar fud an domhain. Bhí sé ina ócáid iontach. Bhí an t-aisteoir Harrison Ford sa teach, mar a bhí stiúrthóir duaiseanna an scannáin, Bo Landin. Tar éis an scannán a fheiceáil, áfach, bhí sé soiléir gurbh iad an Dr. Paul Cox agus a fhoireann eolaithe iontach na fíor-héireacha sa seomra.
An Jackson Hole Wild foirne intéirneacha ar an gcaráiste dearg leis an fabulous Dr. Paul Cox
Ina chuardach chun a fháil cad atá ag cúis le méadú ar tharla ALS, tá an Dr. Cox thaistil ar fud an domhain, go leor áiteanna plagued ag bloomála algaí tocsaineach, ag tabhairt faoi deara go ó Loch Erie go dtí an Ghleann Mheicsiceo, an tSualainn go dtí an Astráil, tá nasc idir an aimínaigéad tocsaineach β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a fhaightear i cyanobacteria forleathan i bloomáil algaí, agus galair neurodegenerative. Is fionnachtanas ceannródaíoch é seo, mar a chreidtear roimhe seo go raibh na cineálacha galair seo géiniteach go hiomlán, ní timpeallachta. Tá sé an-trua: sa lá atá inniu ann, tá bláthanna glas, goopy alga ag éirí coitianta. Díreach an mhí seo, Henry Lake in Idaho an Oirthir, áit iascaireachta tóir do mhuintir na háite, a fuarthas a bheith truaillithe le algaí glas-ghlas tocsaineach.
Tá na bláthanna seo mar thoradh ar thruailliú cothaithigh ó fheirmeacha, gléasraí cóireála uisce agus forbairtí uirbeacha a ritheann isteach i gcomhlachtaí uisce. Cruthaíonn leibhéil arda nítrigine agus fosfar ó fhóirdheartáin agus truailleoirí eile in uisce te an timpeallacht foirfe d'algaí a fhás go ró-mhór, ag póintáil uiscebhealaí ríthábhachtach le cianaibictéar agus BMAA. Tarlaíonn na bláthanna seo in uiscí milis agus salainn araon agus déanann siad éiceachórais mhuirí a scriosadh. Nuair a fhaigheann an t-alga bás, déanann sé an ocsaigin tuaslagtha a ídiú ón uisce a chuireann hypoxia, nó criosanna marbh, ina mbíonn iasc ag dul i ngleic go litriúil le easpa ocsaigine.
Ar ndóigh, ní hé na héiceachórais mhuirí amháin a bhraitheann an scrios seo. Is fadhb sláinte poiblí í an rud a bhí le feiceáil mar cheist chomhshaoil amháin. Sampla an-dramatúil de seo ná nuair a rinne bláthán algaí tocsaineacha i Loch Erie uisce píopa sa chathair Toledo a dhiúltaigh do dhochtúir ar feadh roinnt laethanta in 2014. Is féidir linn teagmháil a dhéanamh le sianaibictéir san uisce a ólaimid, san áit a n-uisceann muid agus sna bianna mara a itheann muid, go háirithe i muiceál. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh muid nochtaithe dó i bhfoirm forlíonta sláinte amhail táibléid algaí gorm-ghlas agus an púdar spirulina a fhaightear i do shuaimhneas glas is fearr leat!
Tháinig sé seo mar shoc orm agus mé ag féachaint ar an scannán. An bhfuil tú ag magadh orm!? Bhí mé beagnach blurted amach sa amharclann. Bhí mé ag glacadh táibléid algaí gorm-ghlas le mo cháil maidin, ag moladh dom féin go raibh mé ar an eolas faoi shláinte! Bhraith mé a betrayed ag mo Green Machine Nádh Juice.
Tar éis an ócáide rinne mé tuilleadh taighde ar an ábhar seo agus fuair mé amach cé nach bhfuil na táirgí seo rialáilte go mór maidir le leibhéil BMAA, tá staidéir á ndéanamh ar an gceist. D'fhoghlaim mé nach bhfuil BMAA i spirulina íon go nádúrtha, is é an fhéidearthacht le haghaidh tras-thruailliú le cineálacha eile algáin gorm-ghlas a dhéanann sé contúirteach. I staidéar 2015, fuair eolaithe amach go raibh BMAA i 14 as 39 táirge, agus ní dhéantar an chuid is mó de na táirgí seo a thástáil don chomhdhúil sula dtéann siad ar an margadh. Mar sin go dtí go ndéantar na táirgí seo a rialáil go rialta le haghaidh truailliú BMAA, tá tú ag glacadh gamble le do smoothie glas. Ní mholann an Dr. Cox aon chineál forlíontaí algaí gorm-ghlas, agus má tá duine éigin a bhfuil muinín agam sa cheist, is é é.
Ar an dea-shástacht, tá roinnt bianna ann a mholann an Dr. Cox go mór a d'fhéadfadh an galar a chosc chomh maith le dul i ngleic leis i gcás othair a bhfuil diagnóis déanta acu cheana féin. Ina thuras, ní hamháin gur thug an Dr. Cox cuairt ar áiteanna a raibh bláthanna algaí díobhálacha orthu, thug sé cuairt freisin ar phobal nach bhfuil beagnach aon chásanna de ghalair néaródheagartha ann: Ogimi, an tSeapáin. Chaith Cox am le daoine a bhí ag deireadh na naoi déag agus go luath sna céadta a bhí fós gníomhach, ag damhsa, ag feirmeoireacht, ag tumadh agus ag maireachtáil stíl mhaireachtála saibhir agus sláintiúil. D'fhéach Cox ar a n-aiste bia chun leideanna a fháil maidir le conas a sheachnadh an grúpa daoine seo ionsaí na díomhaoine, Alzheimer agus galair néareolaíocha eile atá forleathan ag a n-aois i gcodanna eile den domhan. Ba é an rud a fuair sé ná aiste bia atá an-ard i aimínaigéad ar a dtugtar L-serine. Ag siúl trí mhargadh áitiúil in Ogimi, d'fhógair Cox, "Is cosúil le margadh talmhaíochta é, ach is cógaslann néar-chosaint é a fheicim anseo".
I measc roinnt bianna atá ard i L-Serine tá táirgí sóise, algaí mara agus prátaí milis, chomh maith le huibheacha, síolta agus táirgí déiríochta.
A bhuíochas le taighde an Dr. Cox, tá L-Serine á thástáil go cliniciúil anois mar chóireáil do othair a bhfuil ALS agus neamhoird néareolaíocha marbhtach eile acu, rud a thugann fíor-scéal dóibh siúd atá buailte ag na galair mharfach seo. Más mian leat níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi Dr. Cox agus a chuid oibre, go háirithe má tá tú féin nó do mhuintir a bhí tionchar ag na galair a luaitear sa phost seo, Toxic Puzzle - Hunt for the Hidden Killer is gá a fheiceáil.
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SAFETY FIRST WHEN ON THE WATER
Boaters reminded of laws, safety rules that could save a life
PRATT — It’s springtime, and outdoor recreational users are taking to the water. Fishing, skiing, tubing, sailing, and paddle sports are common activities people enjoy while boating on Kansas waters. With the new season, the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks (KDWP) reminds recreational enthusiasts that safety equipment, attention to rules, and properly-maintained equipment help make a safe and enjoyable trip.
The most valuable piece of equipment for both swimmers and boaters is the personal flotation device (PFD), commonly known as a life jacket. “Of the six boating-related fatalities that occurred in 2010, all were from drowning, and none of the victims wore a life jacket,” says Dan Hesket, boating law administrator for KDWP. “These tragedies illustrate the importance of obtaining and wearing a proper life jacket. New designs of life jackets, including inflatable designs, eliminate common excuses for not wearing them. These new PFDs are comfortable, fashionable, and designed to reduce any restrictions while moving around.”
Attending or completing an approved boating safety course is also highly recommended and is required for any person between the ages of 12 and 20 who wishes to operate a vessel (PWC, power boat, sailboat) without direct, on-board supervision. In addition, no one under the age of 12 may operate a vessel without direct, on-board supervision regardless of boater education certification. Information on courses may be found at the KDWP website, www.kdwp.state.ks.us. Just click “Boating/Boating Education.” This course provides information on types of equipment required on vessels, as well as others suggested to make the outing as safe as possible.
Many people are unaware that there are operating rules for boats on the water, which include being able to recognize buoy markings and the proper use of navigation lights. Knowledge of these rules can prevent dangerous, even deadly, situations.
Safety on the water is not all that is covered in a boating education course. Before turning the key, letting down the sail, or controlling a paddle, you must first get the boat to the water. Most of this involves the use of a trailer. Proper trailer inspections cover wheel bearings, trailer lights, winch straps, structural integrity of trailers, and properly-working trailer hitches.
Motorized boats and sailboats are required to be registered and properly numbered before operated on public waters of Kansas. Original registration papers must be on board and made available for inspection. Upon sale of a boat, the registration must be properly transferred to the new owner before it can be legally operated on public waters.
For more information on boating safety and boating laws, phone KDWP at 620-672-5911 and ask for Boater Education.
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SAFETY FIRST Nuair atá sé ar an Uisce
Cuireadh na dlíthe, na rialacha sábháilteachta a d'fhéadfadh saol a shábháil i gcuimhne do bhádóirí
PRATT Tá sé an earrach, agus úsáideoirí áineasa lasmuigh ag dul go dtí an t-uisce. Is gníomhaíochtaí coitianta iad iascaireacht, sciáil, tubing, seoltóireacht, agus spóirt paidéil a thaitníonn le daoine agus iad ag báid ar uiscí Kansas. Leis an séasúr nua, cuireann Roinn Fiadhúlra agus Páirceanna Kansas (KDWP) i gcuimhne do lucht díograise na siamsaíochta go gcuireann trealamh sábháilteachta, aird ar rialacha, agus trealamh a chothaítear i gceart le turas sábháilte agus taitneamhach a dhéanamh.
Is é an píosa trealaimh is luachmhaire do shnámhóirí agus do bhádóirí ná an gléas snámha pearsanta (PFD), ar a dtugtar seaicéad beatha go coitianta. 'D'éirigh le sé bhás a tharla i 2010, ba é an droingthe a bhí i gceist agus ní raibh seaicéad saoil ag aon duine de na híospartaigh,' a deir Dan Hesket, riarthóir dlí báid KDWP. Léiríonn na tragóidí seo an tábhacht a bhaineann le seaicéad sábháilteachta cuí a fháil agus a chaitheamh. Ní féidir leis na dearadh nua de bhaiscíní saoil, lena n-áirítear dearadh inflatable, cúiseanna coitianta a bheith ann gan iad a chaitheamh. Tá na PFDanna nua seo compordach, faiseanta, agus deartha chun aon srianta a laghdú agus iad ag gluaiseacht timpeall.
Moltar go mór freisin go dtabharfaí freastal nó go gcuirfí deireadh le cúrsa slándála báidíochta ceadaithe agus tá sé riachtanach do dhuine ar bith idir 12 agus 20 bliain d'aois ar mian leis soitheach (PWC, bád cumhacht, bád seilbhe) a oibriú gan maoirseacht dhíreach ar bord. Ina theannta sin, ní fhéadfaidh duine faoi 12 bliana d'aois soitheach a oibriú gan maoirseacht dhíreach ar bord, is cuma cé acu is deimhniú oideachais báidéir é. Tá eolas ar chúrsaí ar fáil ar shuíomh gréasáin KDWP, www.kdwp.state.ks.us. Níl ort ach cliceáil ar Boating/Boating Education. Soláthraíonn an cúrsa seo faisnéis faoi chineálacha trealaimh a theastaíonn ar longa, chomh maith le cinn eile a mholtar chun an turas a dhéanamh chomh sábháilte agus is féidir.
Níl a fhios ag go leor daoine go bhfuil rialacha oibriúcháin ann do bhád ar an uisce, lena n-áirítear a bheith in ann marcanna boigh a aithint agus solas na loingseoireachta a úsáid i gceart. Is féidir le eolas ar na rialacha seo cásanna contúirteacha, fiú marbhtach, a sheachaint.
Ní hé sábháilteacht ar an uisce an t-aon rud a chuirtear san áireamh i gcúrsa oideachais báid. Sula dtéann tú an eochair, an seil síos, nó an pádall a rialú, ní mór duit an bád a chur ar an uisce ar dtús. Baineann an chuid is mó de seo le húsáid trealaimh. Baineann iniúchtaí cuí trealaimh le luí rothaí, soilse trealaimh, strapaí winch, sláine struchtúrtha trealaimh, agus le hiotáillí trealaimh a oibríonn i gceart.
Éilítear ar bhád mótair agus ar bhád seilbheart a bheith cláraithe agus uimhrithe i gceart sula n-oibreoidh siad ar uiscí poiblí Kansas. Ní mór do pháipéir chlárúcháin bunaidh a bheith ar bord agus a bheith ar fáil le haghaidh cigireachta. Nuair a dhíoltar báid, ní mór an clárú a aistriú go cuí chuig an úinéir nua sula bhféadfar í a oibriú go dlíthiúil ar uiscí poiblí.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar shábháilteacht báid agus ar dhlíthe báid, glaoigh ar KDWP ag 620-672-5911 agus iarr Oideachas Boaters.
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Online MA in TESOL!
Musical Chairs Medley
I have 8 2nd and 3rd grade students and this is a winner everytime. One week I taught them to play musical chairs and they loved it! I try to let them play this once a week. I save it for the end of class. First, they students all sit in a line (We usually sit on the floor anyway.), then I hold up a deck of random object picture cards of words we have already learned. Each student must identify 5 cards correctly to be able to participate in the game. This is also a good opportunity to practice motions we've learned, such as, raise your hand, stand up, clap, turn around, etc. Every couple cards I have them change the way they need to respond if they know the answer, such as, raise your hand or stand up. I make sure they answer in a complete sentence. For example, "What is this?" "It is an umbrella." I make sure all of the students get five cards so that no one is left out. Once each students has all of their cards, they get in a line and one by one hand them in for there spot in musical chairs. We use mini plastic chairs for the game, but big ones would work as well. I tell them, "8 students but only 7 chairs" to start the game. This gets them excited! I start the music and tell them "Keep walking." Once I stop the music and the first student is out, then that student helps me to start and stop the music until the next one is out. I have all the students that are out sitting on the side clap for the other students while the music is going. After each round I encourage them to help me say "____ students but only ____ chairs." I usually have a prize for the winner. By the end they are cheering to play once more. I usually let them play again depending on the time left. This is a sure way to end the class on an exciting note!!
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2016 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved.
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MA ar líne i TESOL!
Cathaoirleach Ceoil Medley
Tá mé 8 2ú agus 3ú rang mic léinn agus tá sé seo a bhuaigh i gcónaí. Seachtain amháin mhúin mé dóibh cathaoirleach ceoil a imirt agus thaitin sé leo! Déanaim iarracht é seo a imirt uair sa tseachtain. Coinním é go dtí deireadh na ranganna. Ar dtús, suí siad na mic léinn go léir i líne (Táimid de ghnáth suí ar an urlár ar aon nós. ), ansin cuirim suas deic de chártaí pictiúr rudaí randamacha de na focail a d'fhoghlaim muid cheana féin. Ní mór do gach mac léinn 5 chárta a aithint i gceart chun a bheith in ann páirt a ghlacadh sa chluiche. Is deis mhaith é seo freisin chun gluaiseachtaí a d'fhoghlaim muid a chleachtadh, mar shampla, do lámh a ardú, seasamh suas, clapsáil, casadh timpeall, srl. Gach cúpla cártaí a bhfuil mé a athrú ar an mbealach a bhfuil siad gá chun freagairt má tá a fhios acu an freagra, mar shampla, a ardú do lámh nó seasamh suas. Cinntíonn mé go dtabharfaidh siad freagra i bprionsabal iomlán. Mar shampla, "Cad é seo?" "Tá sé umbrella". Cinntíonn mé go bhfaigheann gach mac léinn cúig chárta ionas nach bhfágfar aon duine amach. Nuair a bhíonn gach mac léinn a gcuid cártaí, a fháil i líne agus ceann amháin ag ceann amháin lámh iad isteach le haghaidh an áit i cathaoireacha ceoil. Úsáidimid cathaoireacha beaga plaisteacha don chluiche, ach d'fhéadfadh cinn mhóra a bheith ag obair chomh maith. Deirim leo, "8 dalta ach 7 cathaoirleach amháin" chun tús a chur leis an gcluiche. Seo a fháil ar iad excites! Tosaím an ceol agus a rá leo "Continue siúl". Nuair a stopfaidh mé an ceol agus an chéad dalta amuigh, ansin cuireann an dalta sin an ceol ar siúl agus ar siúl go dtí go mbeidh an chéad dalta eile amuigh. Tá na mic léinn go léir atá amuigh ag suí ar an taobh ag clapsáil do na mic léinn eile agus an ceol ag dul. Tar éis gach babhta spreagann mé iad chun cabhrú liom a rá "____ mic léinn ach ____ cathaoireacha amháin". De ghnáth bíonn duais agam don bhuaiteoir. Faoi dheireadh tá siad ag ceiliúradh a imirt uair amháin eile. De ghnáth ligim dóibh imirt arís ag brath ar an am atá fágtha. Is bealach cinnte é seo chun deireadh a chur leis an rang ar nóta spreagúil! Tá sé!
Na Gairmeacha is Fearr ar domhan!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2016 Dave Sperling. Gach Ceart Coimeádta.
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Mediation- A Cost-Effective Alternative to Litigation
What is mediation?
Mediation is a process by which two or more parties involved in a dispute can work together with the help of a neutral third-party mediator to reach a mutually acceptable agreement to resolve their disputes. The mediator does not take sides or choose a winner or loser. The mediator is simply a facilitator to assist the parties in the process.
When can parties submit their disputes to mediation?
Sometimes parties are required to submit their disputes to mediation based on an agreement or contract. For example, a contract between parties may provide that any disputes arising out of the contract must be submitted to mediation. There may even be a timeframe involved, so parties should be sure to read any applicable contracts carefully before choosing their dispute resolution process.
Even when no such contractual provision exists, the parties are generally free to choose mediation as a means of resolving their disputes at any time. For example, when informal conversations between parties are unsuccessful in resolving disputes, or if litigation proves to be too expensive or time consuming, parties are generally free to explore mediation. Even when the parties are already involved in litigation, judges often encourage parties to explore mediation.
Why choose mediation?
Mediation is less formal than litigation and gives the parties control over the outcome rather than submitting the issues to a judge or arbitrator to decide. Many parties find this process to be less stressful and more efficient both in terms of time and cost.
The length of time involved in mediation depends on the dispute and the parties. Some parties reach agreements quickly, others need more time. Mediators generally accommodate the parties’ schedules, and mediation sessions can either take place in full-day segments or in shorter sessions. Because parties generally submit to mediation voluntarily, the parties are free to walk away from the process at any time if they do not feel that it is working for them. Overall, mediation generally consumes much less time than litigation or arbitration.
Because mediation can result in a resolution of a dispute in less time than litigation or arbitration, the cost involved is also much less. While the parties are free to retain separate attorneys to represent them in mediation, it is not required. This also cuts down on the cost involved.The significant cost savings associated with mediation makes it an option for parties who may otherwise be priced out of litigation. In other words, if the amount at issue in a dispute does not justify the costs associated with litigation, mediation may be a less expensive alternative dispute resolution process.
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Idirghabháil - Malartach Costas-éifeachtach ar Chéim
Cad é idirghabháil?
Is próiseas é idirghabháil trína bhféadfaidh dhá pháirtí nó níos mó a bhfuil díospóid acu a bheith ag obair le chéile le cabhair idirghabhálaí tríú páirtí neodrach chun teacht ar chomhaontú inghlactha don dá thaobh chun a gcuid díospóidí a réiteach. Ní ghlacann an idirghabhálaí páirt ná ní roghnaíonn sé buaiteoir ná caillteóir. Ní bhíonn an idirghabhálaí ach ina chúntóir chun cabhrú leis na páirtithe sa phróiseas.
Cén uair is féidir le páirtithe a gcuid díospóidí a chur faoi bhráid idirghabhála?
Uaireanta, éilítear ar pháirtithe a gcuid díospóidí a chur faoi bhráid idirghabhála bunaithe ar chomhaontú nó ar chonradh. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh conradh idir na páirtithe a fhoráil go gcaithfear aon díospóidí a eascraíonn as an gconradh a chur faoi bhráid idirghabhála. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh creat ama i gceist fiú, mar sin ba cheart do pháirtithe a bheith cinnte go léann siad aon chonarthaí is infheidhme go cúramach sula roghnaíonn siad a bpróiseas réiteach díospóide.
Fiú nuair nach bhfuil foráil chonarthach den sórt sin ann, tá na páirtithe saor go ginearálta idirghabháil a roghnú mar mhodh chun a gcuid díospóidí a réiteach ag am ar bith. Mar shampla, nuair nach bhfuil an t-éacht ar chomhrá neamhfhoirmiúil idir na páirtithe chun díospóidí a réiteach, nó má léiríonn an dlíthíocht a bheith ró-chostasach nó am-ithe, tá na páirtithe saor go ginearálta chun idirghabháil a iniúchadh. Fiú nuair a bhíonn na páirtithe i gceist cheana féin le dlíthíocht, is minic a spreagann breithiúna na páirtithe idirghabháil a iniúchadh.
Cén fáth a roghnaíonn tú idirghabháil?
Tá idirghabháil níos lú foirmiúla ná dlíthíocht agus tugann sé rialú do na páirtithe ar an toradh seachas na saincheisteanna a chur faoi bhráid breitheamh nó eadrána chun cinneadh a dhéanamh. Is dóigh le go leor páirtithe go bhfuil an próiseas seo níos lú strus agus níos éifeachtaí ó thaobh ama agus costas araon.
Braitheann an fad ama a bhaineann le comhréiteach ar an díospóid agus ar na páirtithe. Déantar comhaontuithe go tapa ag cuid de na páirtithe, ach bíonn níos mó ama ag teastáil ó dhaoine eile. De ghnáth, déanann idirghabhálaithe freastal ar sceidil na bpáirtithe, agus is féidir seisiúin idirghabhála a bheith ann i gcodanna lá iomlán nó i seisiúin níos giorra. Ós rud é go gcuireann páirtithe faoi idirghabháil de ghnáth go deonach, tá na páirtithe saor in aisce imeacht ón bpróiseas ag am ar bith mura mbraitheann siad go bhfuil sé ag obair ar a son. Go ginearálta, ní thógann idirghabháil i bhfad níos lú ama ná dlíthíocht nó eadrána.
Toisc gur féidir le idirghabháil réiteach díospóide a fháil i níos lú ama ná dlíthíocht nó eadrána, tá an costas a bhaineann leis i bhfad níos lú freisin. Cé go bhfuil na páirtithe saor in aisce dlíodóirí ar leith a choinneáil chun ionadaíocht a dhéanamh orthu i meascán, níl sé riachtanach. Laghdaíonn sé seo an costas a bhaineann leis freisin.An coigiltis chostais shuntasach a bhaineann le idirghabháil, is rogha é do pháirtithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith saor ó chomaoiníocht. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil i gcomhair díospóidí ag an idirghabhálaí, ní gá go mbeadh an t-airgead sin ar fáil i gcomhair díospóidí a chuirtear ar fáil i gcomhair díospóidí ag an idirghabhálaí.
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As the European energy crisis starts to bite, we’ll be discussing how ethical and sustainable procurement can benefit businesses during this uncertain period, and what a move towards sustainability may mean for businesses and the energy industry going forwards.
There are a number of things driving the UK energy crisis including lower supply, low gas storage stocks, high European carbon prices and an increased demand for gas caused by the economy reopening after the pandemic. A lack of shipping capacity and reduction in truck drivers to export this commodity has also exacerbated the situation, complicated further by gas and nuclear maintenance outages.
The energy crisis is yet another challenge to navigate following the difficulties presented by the Coronavirus pandemic. From financial stresses resulting from soaring energy prices through to frustrating supply chain and stock issues – the UK energy crisis has had serious effects on businesses of all sizes.
The energy crisis is also closely linked with the environmental crisis. The current consumption model we rely on uses almost entirely non-renewable energy sources such as gas, coal, oil and uranium. As global trade continues to expand and as technologies develop, global energy consumption will carry on rising. Meeting this demand will require significant additional supply.
This could be bad news for our planet which is already facing a range of problems caused by climate change. Although strategies have been implemented to address this, such as the SDGs put forwards by The United Nations, and the goals of Net Zero outlined by COP26, the energy crisis threatens to undo any good work made and prevent these objectives from being achieved.
The methods we are using to source energy, and the rate at which we are consuming it, is simply not sustainable and something must change.
The rapid acceleration of the energy crisis and the extreme consequences it prompted has revealed glaring supply vulnerabilities.
It’s obvious that something must change in order to create a more efficient, robust and greener energy supply. For this to happen, investment should be made into new technologies and infrastructure that limits energy waste, reduces Co2 emissions but are still efficient and cost-effective.
A move towards sustainability is key. Some energy sources are totally renewable and unlike fossil fuels, do not emit greenhouse gases which harm the environment. Examples of sustainable and alternative energy solutions include hydropower, solar energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy.
In addition to implementing alternative energy sources, it’s also important that we collectively change our attitude towards how we use energy. Businesses and individuals should make the switch to sustainable solutions when they can and avoid waste as much as possible.
One method of making your business more energy efficient is through sustainable procurement. Prioritising sustainability in the supply chain means thinking about where your energy is coming from, how it is being sourced and in turn, making more sustainable and informed choices.
In addition to directly making a difference, you’re also impacting the market – driving up demand for more sustainable and innovative solutions. As more organisations embrace sustainable procurement and seek affiliation with ethical and environmentally aware businesses, this will put significant pressure on the energy industry to change.
As demand for green energy increases, the supply will inevitably increase – driving a green transition that could lead us to a more sustainable future.
Ethical and Sustainable Procurement Support from Gateway
Build a sustainable, successful future for your business and support the drive for green energy with support from Gateway Procurement.
From implementing the ISO20400 standard and going Net Zero, through to improving your wider environmental, social and economic responsibility credentials – we will support you in achieving your goals through ethical and sustainable procurement.
Using our expertise and access to speciality tools (like the supply chain emissions calculator from Axiom), we will work alongside you and your business to integrate sustainable practices across your operations and throughout the supply chain to advance your organisations sustainability.
Unlocking best value through collaboration™
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://gatewayprocurement.co.uk/insights/ethical-and-sustainable-procurement-green-energy/
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De réir mar a thosaíonn géarchéim fuinnimh na hEorpa ag cnagadh, beimid ag plé ar an gcaoi ar féidir le soláthar eiticiúil agus inbhuanaithe tairbhe a bhaint as gnólachtaí le linn na tréimhse éiginnte seo, agus cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist le bogadh i dtreo inbhuanaitheachta do ghnóthais agus d'fhorbairt thionscal an fhuinnimh.
Tá roinnt rudaí ag spreagadh géarchéim fuinnimh na Ríochta Aontaithe lena n-áirítear soláthar níos ísle, stoic stórála gáis íseal, praghsanna carbóin ard na hEorpa agus éileamh méadaithe ar ghás de bharr an gheilleagair a athoscailt tar éis an paindéime. Tá an staid ag dul i ngleic le heaspa cumas loingseoireachta agus le laghdú ar thiománaithe trucail chun an t-earra seo a onnmhairiú, rud a chuireann níos mó deacrachtaí ar an staid mar gheall ar thréimhse gháis agus cothabhála núicléach.
Is dúshlán eile é an ghéarchéim fuinnimh chun dul i ngleic leis na deacrachtaí a chuirtear i láthair ag paindéim an Chóiréabhairóinvíris. Ó strus airgeadais a eascraíonn as praghsanna fuinnimh a ardú go dtí easpa frustrachais maidir le slabhra soláthair agus stoc, tá tionchar tromchúiseach ag an ngéarchéim fuinnimh sa Ríocht Aontaithe ar ghnólachtaí de gach méid.
Tá an ghéarchéim fuinnimh nasctha go dlúth leis an ngéarchéim chomhshaoil freisin. Baineann an tsamhail tomhaltais reatha a bhfuil muid ag brath air úsáid as foinsí fuinnimh neamh-inathnuaite beagnach go hiomlán, amhail gáis, guail, ola agus úráiniam. De réir mar a leanann an trádáil dhomhanda ag leathnú agus de réir mar a fhorbraíonn teicneolaíochtaí, leanfaidh tomhaltas fuinnimh domhanda ag ardú. Chun freastal ar an éileamh sin, beidh soláthar suntasach breise de dhíth.
D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina drochscéal dár bpláinéad a bhfuil réimse fadhbanna mar gheall ar athrú aeráide aige cheana féin. Cé go bhfuil straitéisí curtha i bhfeidhm chun dul i ngleic leis seo, amhail na SDGanna a chuir na Náisiúin Aontaithe chun cinn, agus na spriocanna maidir le Nít Níl a leagadh amach ag COP26, tá bagairt ag an ngéarchéim fuinnimh aon obair mhaith a rinneadh a chur ar ceal agus na cuspóirí seo a bhaint amach.
Níl na modhanna a úsáideann muid chun fuinneamh a fháil, agus an ráta a n-úsáidimid é, inbhuanaithe agus ní mór rud éigin a athrú.
Tá an géarchéim fuinnimh a mhéadaigh go tapa agus na hiarmhairtí iomarcacha a d'eascair as, tar éis leochaileachtaí soláthair a nochtadh go soiléir.
Tá sé soiléir go gcaithfidh rud éigin athrú chun soláthar fuinnimh níos éifeachtaí, níos láidre agus níos glaine a chruthú. Chun go dtarlóidh sé seo, ba cheart infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dteicneolaíochtaí agus i mbonneagar nua a chuireann laghdú ar chailliúint fuinnimh, a laghdaíonn astaíochtaí CO2 ach a bhíonn fós éifeachtach agus costéifeachtach.
Tá sé ríthábhachtach dul i dtreo inbhuanaitheachta. Tá roinnt foinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite go hiomlán agus murab ionann agus breoslaí iontaise, ní astaíonn siad gáis cheaptha teasa a dhéanann dochar don chomhshaol. I measc na gcinntí fuinnimh inbhuanaithe agus malartacha tá hiodráitéireacht, fuinneamh gréine, fuinneamh bithmhaise agus fuinneamh geotermaí.
Chomh maith le foinsí fuinnimh malartacha a chur i bhfeidhm, tá sé tábhachtach freisin go n-athróimid go comhchoiteann ár n-ionsaí maidir leis an gcaoi a n-úsáideann muid fuinneamh. Ba cheart do ghnólachtaí agus do dhaoine aonair aistriú go réitigh inbhuanaithe nuair is féidir leo agus dramhaíl a sheachaint a oiread agus is féidir.
Is é an bealach amháin chun do ghnó a dhéanamh níos éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de ná soláthar inbhuanaithe. Ciallaíonn tosaíocht a thabhairt do inbhuanaitheacht sa slabhra soláthair smaoineamh ar an áit a dtagann do chuid fuinnimh, ar an gcaoi a bhfuil sé á fhoinseáil agus ar a láimh eile, roghanna níos inbhuanaithe agus níos eolasaí a dhéanamh.
Chomh maith le difríocht dhíreach a dhéanamh, tá tionchar ag an margadh ort freisin - ag cur le héilimh ar réitigh níos inbhuanaithe agus níos nuálacha. De réir mar a ghlacann níos mó eagraíochtaí le soláthar inbhuanaithe agus a chuirtear gabháil le gnólachtaí atá eiticiúil agus atá comhshaoil-fhiosach, cuirfidh sé seo brú suntasach ar an tionscal fuinnimh chun athrú a dhéanamh.
De réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-éileamh ar fhuinneamh glas, méadóidh an soláthar go héigeantach ag spreagadh aistrithe glas a d'fhéadfadh teacht orainn chuig todhchaí níos inbhuanaithe.
Tacaíocht Eiticiúil agus Inbhuanaithe maidir le Soláthar ó Gateway
Tóg todhchaí inbhuanaithe rathúil do do ghnó agus tacaigh leis an tiomáint chun fuinneamh glas le tacaíocht ó Gateway Procurement.
Óna gcatagóir ISO20400 a chur i bhfeidhm agus dul go Níthiúl, go dtí do chuid creidiúnais fhreagrachta chomhshaoil, sóisialta agus eacnamaíochta níos leithne a fheabhsú tacaímid leat do spriocanna a bhaint amach trí sholáthar eiticiúil agus inbhuanaithe.
Ag baint úsáide as ár saineolas agus rochtain ar uirlisí speisialaithe (cosúil le ríomhleictreach astaíochtaí slabhra soláthair ó Axiom), oibreoimid in éineacht leatsa agus le do ghnó chun cleachtais inbhuanaithe a chomhtháthú i do chuid oibríochtaí agus i ngach cuid den slabhra soláthair chun inbhuanaitheacht do chuid eagraíochtaí a chur chun cinn.
An luach is fearr a scaoileadh trí chomhoibriúTM
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Relating to the exhalation of air from the lungs.
- Although there was slight expiratory wheezing over both lungs, he was not coughing or visibly short of breath.
- Dynamic lung volumes and expiratory flow were measured using incentive animation software.
- In response to a delay in the opening of the expiratory valve, 45 patients increased the duration of neural expiratory time.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: ex¦pira|tory
Definition of expiratory in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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CC-MAIN-2016-36
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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/expiratory
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en
| 0.927084 | 141 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Baineann sé le haer a chur as na scamhóga.
- Cé go raibh beagán wheezing expiratory thar an dá scamhóg, ní raibh sé coughing nó le feiceáil shortness anail.
- Tomhaistear toirteanna dúbailte na scamhóg agus an sreabhadh expiratory ag baint úsáide as bogearraí spreagadh beochana.
- Mar fhreagra ar mhoill ar oscailt an bhalbhair expiratory, d'éirigh le 45 othar fad ama expiratory néarónach.
Le haghaidh eagarthóirí agus léitheoirí
Briseadh líne: ex...spiritual
Sainmhíniú ar an bhfocal "expiratory" i:
Cad a bhfuil suimiúil agat faoin bhfocal nó faoin abairt seo?
Féadfar tuairimí nach bhfuil ag cloí le treoirlínte an Chomhphobail a mhaolú nó a bhaint.
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I think OP's confusion arises from the proximity of the two participles, "kept" and "hidden".
I have a secret that I have kept hidden from my circle of friends and family.
comes from combining these two sentences:
I have a secret. + I have kept the secret hidden from my circle of friends and family.
The structure "that I have kept hidden..." is therefore a relative clause where "that" refers back to "a secret". "have kept" is a verb in the present perfect tense and in the active form. "hidden" is a past participle that does not form part of the verb phrase "have kept" but is used as an adjective that refers to the object "secret". We call "hidden" an object complement. Proof that "hidden" is not verbal (passive) but adjectival is that we can replace it with an adjective:
I have a secret that I have kept confidential.
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CC-MAIN-2019-13
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https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/191656/i-have-a-secret-that-i-have-kept-hidden-from-my-circle-of-friends-and-family
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en
| 0.956735 | 194 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Sílim go dtagann mearbhall OP as an dlúthchaidreamh idir an dá pháirtithe, "coinníodh" agus "ceangailte".
Tá rún agam a choinnigh mé i bhfolach ó mo chiorcal cairde agus teaghlaigh.
tagann sé as an dá abairt seo a chur le chéile:
Tá rún agam. + Tá mé a choimeád ar an rún i bhfolach ó mo chiorcal de chairde agus teaghlaigh.
Is clásal coibhneasta é an struchtúr "a choinnigh mé i bhfolach... " áit a dtagraíonn "sin" ar ais go "sceacht". "Tá" is briathar é i bhfoirm foirfe reatha agus i bhfoirm gníomhach. Is páirtí sa ré atá ann cheana é "ceangailte" nach bhfuil mar chuid den abairt bhriathar "a choimeád" ach a úsáidtear mar aidiacht a thagraíonn don rud "sciorcal". Glaoimid "ceilteach" comhlántas réad. Is é an cruthúnas nach bhfuil "ceilteach" béil (paiseanta) ach aidiacht gur féidir linn a chur in ionad é le haidiacht:
Tá mé rún a choinnigh mé rúnda.
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Hugo Capet : biography
The sense of the name Capet was lost already in the eighth century, but he was probably given that name because of some particular feature in his costumes (it was more likely about his hat). One can find some more variants in different sources: Capito, Caputius, Capetus, Capatus, and later in the twelve century – Huon Chaped. There was one more variant in a French epos – Huon Chapet (chanson de geste).
Election for the throne
Hugo was the oldest son of Hugo the Great and Hadwig, who was the sister of Ottos I. After his father was dead, Hugo Capet inherited French kingdom and also Parish and Orleans counties. He got Poitiers from king Lothar, but he had to support him in his fighting against of rebellious vassals who tried to capture Lorraine.
In 986 Lothar died, but before that he had entrusted his 19 years old son (who was to inherit the throne), Louise, to Hugo Capet, who was to defense the young prince. After his 15 months long of reigning, Louise V Lazy died, all that time the power was almost in Hugo Capet’s hands. Louise had no children left. The legal heir for the throne should have been Lothar’s brother, Carl, who was the duke of the South Lorraine. But French feudal elected Hugo Capet as the king on their meeting. Even Rheims archbishop Adalberon supported Hugo Capet. On 3 July 987 Hugo Capet became the king of Lottaire.
Electing Hugo Capet was the bright example demonstrating the feudal system of political organization. The feudal system fully developed just by the time Hugo Capet became the king; it was by the end of the tenth century. Hugo, as he became the Lorraine king, didn’t become more powerful because of the fact. By for the feudal vassals the title of king didn’t meant as much as is used to. Having elected the most powerful of the pretenders, Hugo Capet, they gave him title instead of actual power.
Some historical noticed that electing Hugo Capet was the last step in fighting of races that would lead to the crash of Great Carl’s empire and separation of people according to their nations. Afterwards the German leaders were banished and replaced with local leaders of Gaul origin.
Anyway, electing Hugo Capet for the throne was not actually the starting of the new dynasty, as feudal lords understood it. Hugo tried to attract feudal to his side, promising to accept the heredity of their domains. Before that there was no legal permission of inheriting those domains. Hugo used to strengthen the defence of many cities. As it was a necessity, protecting them not only from Northman, but also from vassals.
Paris became the capital of France again, as it used to be before, when Carolings were the kings.
Family and children
Hugh Capet’s wife was Adelaide, who was daughter of William Towhead of Count of Poitou. They had a few children: Gisela, or Gisele ( married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu), Hedwig (or Hathui),who married Reginar IV( also from Count of Hainaut), Robert II (who would became the king after his father died) Hugo Capet also had a few daughters, but there could hardly be found any historical facts about them.
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Hugo Capet: beathaisnéis
Chailltear brí an ainm Capet cheana féin sa ochtú haois, ach is dócha gur tugadh an t-ainm sin dó mar gheall ar ghné áirithe dá chustaiméirí (bhí sé níos dóchúla faoi a hata). Is féidir roinnt éagsúlachtaí eile a fháil i bhfoinsí éagsúla: Capito, Caputius, Capetus, Capatus, agus níos déanaí sa dá chéad déag Huon Chaped. Bhí leagan amháin eile i epos na Fraince Huon Chapet (chanson de geste).
Toghadh don ríchathaoir
Ba é Hugo an mac is sine d'Hugo an Mór agus Hadwig, a bhí ina deirfiúr d'Ottos I. Tar éis a athair a bheith marbh, d'fhás Hugo Capet i oidhreacht ar ríocht na Fraince agus ar chontae na Paróiste agus na hOlaíne freisin. Fuair sé Poitiers ón rí Lothar, ach bhí ar a chuid tacaíochta a thabhairt dó i ngleic le vassals ceannairceacha a rinne iarracht Lorraine a ghabháil.
Sa bhliain 986 fuair Lothar bás, ach roimh sin bhí a mhac 19 mbliana d'aois (a bhí le hórd a fháil ar an ríchathaoir), Louise, curtha i gcúram Hugo Capet, a bhí le cosaint a thabhairt don phrionsa óg. Tar éis 15 mhí de réimeas, d'éag Louise V Lazy, agus an t-am ar fad bhí an chumhacht beagnach i lámha Hugo Capet. Ní raibh aon leanaí ag Louise. Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-oidhre dlíthiúil ar an ríchathaoir ina dheartháir Lothar, Carl, a bhí ina dhiúc de Lorraine Theas. Ach toghadh Hugo Capet mar rí ag an gcruinniú. Fiú amháin Ard-easpag Rheims Adalberon thacaigh Hugo Capet. Ar an 3 Iúil 987 tháinig Hugo Capet ina rí ar Lottaire.
Ba é Hugo Capet a thoghadh an sampla geal a léirigh an córas feudal eagraíochta polaitiúil. D'fhorbair an córas feudal go hiomlán díreach faoin am a tháinig Hugo Capet chun bheith ina rí; bhí sé faoi dheireadh an deichiú haois. Ní raibh Hugo, nuair a tháinig sé chun bheith ina rí ar Lorraine, níos cumhachtaí mar gheall ar an bhfíric. Ní raibh an teideal rí chomh mór agus a bhíodh sé a úsáid ag na vasail feodála. Tar éis dóibh an t-ionchas is cumhachtaí a thoghadh, Hugo Capet, thug siad teideal dó in ionad cumhachta iarbhír.
Thug roinnt stairiúla faoi deara gurbh é Hugo Capet a thoghadh an chéim dheireanach i gcathú rásaí a d'fhágfadh timpire Carl an Mór a thitim agus daoine a scaradh de réir a náisiún. Ina dhiaidh sin cuireadh na ceannairí Gearmánacha ar shiúl agus cuireadh ceannairí áitiúla de bhunadh na Gáile ina n-áit.
Ar aon nós, ní raibh toghadh Hugo Capet don ríchathaoir i ndáiríre mar thús an chine chineasachta nua, mar a thuig feodálaithe é. Rinne Hugo iarracht feudal a mhealladh ar a thaobh, ag gealladh glacadh le hoidhreacht a gcuid fearainn. Roimh sin ní raibh cead dlíthiúil ar oidhreacht na bhfearainn sin. Hugo a úsáidtear chun an chosaint ar go leor cathracha a neartú. Mar a bhí sé riachtanach, iad a chosaint ní hamháin ó Northman, ach freisin ó vassals.
Tháinig Páras ina phríomhchathair na Fraince arís, mar a bhí sé roimhe seo, nuair a bhí na Carolings na ríthe.
Teaghlach agus leanaí
Ba í Adelaide bean chéile Hugh Capet, a bhí ina iníon de William Towhead de Chontae Poitou. Bhí cúpla leanbh acu: Gisela, nó Gisele (pós Hugh I, Contae Ponthieu), Hedwig (nó Hathui), a phós Reginar IV (an Chontae Hainaut freisin), Robert II (a bheadh ina rí tar éis bhás a athar) Hugo Capet Bhí cúpla iníon aige freisin, ach is deacair fíricí stairiúla a fháil fúthu.
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Here are two questions:
1) How much was your electric bill last month?
2) Why did you pay that much (or that little)?
If you are like most people, you probably have a vague idea about the answer to the first question, but the second one has you stumped. Sure, you may remember you ran the air conditioner a bit more (or a bit less) last month because it was hotter (or cooler) than normal. Maybe you were on vacation, so your house sat empty and dark. Or you got a huge new state-of-the-art home theater set and you’ve spent the last two weeks watching every favorite movie in beautiful 3-D.
The point is you have some educated guesses. What you don’t have are any facts or data to validate them. Not to mention, the only fact you do have—the total bill amount—comes a month after you made all your decisions, leaving your imperfect memory to fit the pieces back together. There may also be a problem with the guesses themselves. They are limited by what you know about energy use. So you know that running an air conditioner is expensive, but you don’t know how much more money it’s costing you to keep your house at 70 degrees instead of 75. Your focus on the air conditioner has left you blind to the costs of running your dishwasher and washing machine in the middle of the day.
The result is that every day, millions of Americans make decisions about energy that could be much better. By introducing time of use rate structures and empowering consumers with the type of knowledge just mentioned, utility companies have the potential to help people save money by encouraging off-peak usage of high consumption devices, like washers, dryers, air conditioners, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In a yearlong study by the U.S. Department of Energy, smart grid customers reduced peak consumption by up to 15 percent, and overall consumption by up to 10 percent.
A smart grid is basically an old electricity grid with a bigger brain. If old grids were like television (powerful but static), the smart grid is like the internet (powerful and interactive). It uses technology to allow appliances in a home or office to talk to power company stations and vice versa. Behavioral economics can play a major role in the smart grid’s success by changing how people relate to the energy they use.
In the area of energy consumption, one immediate area where improvement could be made is through better feedback about energy usage and its consequences. As many energy researchers have noted, one of the fundamental problems to smarter decision making is that energy is invisible. It’s difficult to tell when you are using a lot of energy and why. Feedback mechanisms that make energy visible and understandable are likely to produce the greatest successes in changing individual energy habits for the better.
One such story of experimenting with innovative feedback mechanisms (told in Nudge) comes from Southern California, where an energy company gave people a ball called the Ambient Orb that glowed red when homeowners were using a lot of energy, and green when they were using very little. The effect of such a simple, but powerful and clear signal, was dramatic. Within a few weeks, Orb users had reduced their peak energy consumption by 40 percent.
With a few creative tweaks, the Orb might have cut down on energy use further. In Nudge, Thaler and Sunstein wondered what would have happened if the Orb played a selection of a user’s least favorite songs if her energy consumption went past some pre-set level. Might one person’s new energy conservation habits spread to select friends and family if information about their household usage was transmitted to their Facebook page?
Notice also what a crude device the Ambient Orb is. It displays no information about what machines are hogging energy. With only two colors, it tells users nothing about how much energy they are using or saving beyond the basic message of “more than usual” and “less than usual.” And it offers no information to users about the benefits of turning up the thermostat or washing dishes by hand. Yet, even with those limitations, to cut peak energy consumption by 40 percent is no small feat.
From a decision-making perspective, the feedback potential of smart grid technologies like smart meters, smart energy panels, and smart appliances is enormous. Not only does it offer consumers new information, but it also enables them to experiment with new behaviors to see which ones can save money without completely upending their current habits. The development of these technologies will have to cognizant of how consumers make energy decisions. Simply dumping huge amounts of new information in consumers’ laps is unlikely to be a great help. The great challenge will be in designing systems that provide rich amounts of energy information in ways that are as easy to understand and act upon as the Ambient Orb. If successful, you’ll know why you paid what you did last month and why you’ll pay less this next month.
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<urn:uuid:eba3541a-d8d8-43d7-a5f5-4561ea2cef0b>
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CC-MAIN-2016-40
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http://nudges.org/2010/08/19/are-there-nudges-to-be-found-in-a-smarter-energy-grid/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662527.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00147-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.962554 | 1,039 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Seo dhá cheist:
1) Cé mhéad a bhí do bhille leictreachais an mhí seo caite?
2) Cén fáth a d'íoc tú an oiread sin (nó an oiread sin)?
Má tá tú cosúil leis an gcuid is mó de dhaoine, is dócha go bhfuil tuairim shoiléir agat faoin freagra ar an gcéad cheist, ach go bhfuil an dara ceist i do shéipéal. Cinnte, b'fhéidir go gcuimhneoidh tú gur chuir tú an aerchóirithe ag rith beagán níos mó (nó beagán níos lú) an mhí seo caite toisc go raibh sé níos teo (nó níos fuaraí) ná mar is gnách. B'fhéidir go raibh tú ar saoire, mar sin d'fhan do theach folamh agus dorcha. Nó tá an-mhór nua-de-na-ealaín ar an suíomh amharclann baile agus tá tú a chaitheamh an dá sheachtain anuas ag féachaint ar gach scannán is fearr leat i 3-D álainn.
Is é an pointe go bhfuil tú roinnt tuairimí oideachas. Níl aon fhíricí nó sonraí agat chun iad a bhailíochtú. Gan trácht, an t-aon fhíric go bhfuil tú a dhéanamh - an méid bille iomlán - a thagann mí tar éis duit a dhéanamh do chuid cinntí, ag fágáil do chuimhne éagórach chun an píosaí a chur le chéile ar ais. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhb leis na meastacháin féin freisin. Tá a gcuid eolais faoi úsáid fuinnimh teoranta. Mar sin tá a fhios agat go bhfuil sé costasach aerchóirithe a reáchtáil, ach níl a fhios agat cé mhéad airgid a chosnaíonn sé duit do theach a choinneáil ag 70 céim in ionad 75. Tá do dhíriú ar an aerchóirithe tar éis do chraiceann a fhágáil ar na costais a bhaineann le do mheaisín mhias agus do mheaisín níocháin a reáchtáil i lár an lae.
Is é an toradh go ndéanann na milliúin Meiriceánach cinntí gach lá faoi fhuinneamh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i bhfad níos fearr. Trí struchtúir rátaí ama úsáide a thabhairt isteach agus trí thomhaltóirí a chumhachtú leis an gcineál eolais atá luaite cheana, tá an cumas ag cuideachtaí fóntais cabhrú le daoine airgead a shábháil trí úsáid ard-chaite a spreagadh, mar shampla níocháin, triomaitheoirí, aerchóiritheoirí, agus feithiclí leictreacha hibrideacha plug-in (PHEVanna). I staidéar bliana ag Roinn Fuinnimh na Stát Aontaithe, laghdaigh custaiméirí líonra cliste an tomhaltas buaic suas le 15 faoin gcéad, agus tomhaltas foriomlán suas le 10 faoin gcéad.
Is gríd leictreachais sean-aimseartha é gríd chliste le hinchinne níos mó. Má bhí na seanghréasáin cosúil leis an teilifís (chumhachtach ach statach), tá an ghréasán cliste cosúil leis an idirlíon (cumhachtach agus idirghníomhach). Úsáideann sé teicneolaíocht chun a cheadú go ndéanann fearais sa bhaile nó san oifig labhairt le stáisiúin cuideachta cumhachta agus vice versa. Is féidir le heacnamaíocht iompraíochta ról mór a imirt i rath na gríd chliste trí athrú a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a mbaineann daoine leis an fhuinneamh a úsáideann siad.
I réimse an tomhaltais fuinnimh, is é réimse amháin láithreach ina bhféadfaí feabhas a chur ar an gcaoi a n-úsáidtear fuinneamh agus a iarmhairtí. Mar a thug taighdeoirí fuinnimh faoi deara, is é ceann de na fadhbanna bunúsacha le cinnteoireacht níos cliste ná go bhfuil fuinneamh dofheicthe. Tá sé deacair a rá nuair a bhíonn tú ag úsáid a lán fuinnimh agus cén fáth. Is dócha go dtabharfaidh meicníochtaí aisghabhála a dhéanann fuinneamh le feiceáil agus le tuiscint na héifeachtaí is mó maidir le nósanna fuinnimh aonair a athrú chun níos fearr.
Ceann de na scéalta den sórt sin de thriail le meicníochtaí nuálaíochta a thabhairt ar ais (a dúradh i Nudge) a thagann ó Dheisceart California, áit a thug cuideachta fuinnimh liathróid ar a dtugtar an Orb Ambient a bhí ag gloineadh dearg nuair a bhí úinéirí tí ag baint úsáide as go leor fuinnimh, agus glas nuair a bhí siad ag baint úsáide as an-bheag. Bhí an éifeacht a bhí ag comhartha chomh simplí, ach cumhachtach agus soiléir, drámatúil. Laistigh de chúpla seachtain, bhí úsáideoirí Orb laghdaithe a n-ard-úsáid fuinnimh ag 40 faoin gcéad.
Le cúpla tweaks cruthaitheach, d'fhéadfadh an Orb a bheith laghdaithe ar úsáid fuinnimh níos mó. I Nudge, d'fhiafraigh Thaler agus Sunstein cad a tharlódh dá dtabharfadh an Orb rogha de na hamhráin is lú is fearr le húsáideoir má chuaigh a tomhaltas fuinnimh thar leibhéal réamhshocraithe. An bhféadfadh nósanna nua caomhnaithe fuinnimh duine amháin a scaipeadh chuig cairde agus teaghlach roghnaithe má tharchur faisnéis faoi úsáid a dteaghlaigh chuig a leathanach Facebook?
Tabhair faoi deara freisin cé chomh crua is atá an Orb Ambient. Ní thaispeánann sé aon fhaisnéis faoi na meaisíní a bhfuil fuinneamh á gcur orthu. Ní thugann sé aon fhaisnéis d'úsáideoirí faoi na buntáistí a bhaineann le teiripeoir a chur suas nó le miasa a ní de láimh. Ach, fiú leis na teorainneacha sin, ní hé go bhfuil sé ina ghnó beag 40 faoin gcéad a laghdú ar an tomhaltas fuinnimh is mó.
Ó thaobh cinnteoireachta de, tá acmhainneacht aisghabhála teicneolaíochtaí líonra cliste cosúil le méadair cliste, painéil fuinnimh cliste, agus fearais chliste ollmhór. Ní hamháin go dtugann sé faisnéis nua do thomhaltóirí, ach cuireann sé ar a gcumas iad triail a bhaint as iompar nua chun a fheiceáil cé acu acu is féidir a shábháil airgead gan a gcuid nósanna reatha a athrú go hiomlán. Beidh ar fhorbairt na dteicneolaíochtaí seo a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas a dhéanann tomhaltóirí cinntí fuinnimh. Ní dócha go mbeidh sé ina chabhair mhór ach go gcuirfear méideanna ollmhóra faisnéise nua i mbéal na dtomhaltóirí. Is é an dúshlán mór ná córais a dhearadh a sholáthraíonn méideanna saibhre faisnéise fuinnimh ar bhealaí atá chomh furasta a thuiscint agus gníomhú orthu mar an Orb Ambient. Má éiríonn leat, beidh a fhios agat cén fáth a d'íoc tú an méid a rinne tú an mhí seo caite agus cén fáth a íocfaidh tú níos lú an mhí seo chugainn.
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Principal Addresses Student Fears After Shootings at Minneapolis Protests
Minneapolis has been in a state of turmoil this week after five protesters were shot Monday night. Protesters have been camping out near one of the city's police precincts for more than a week, seeking answers after a white city police officer fatally shot Jamar Clark, 24, an unarmed black man, on Nov. 15.
It's a situation that's sure to create some uneasiness for children who live near the protests. They may not understand the entire situation, but they've surely picked up on fragments and seen concern in the faces of adults they trust.
That's why Mauri Melander, the principal of an elementary school located near the police precinct, chose to acknowledge the violence in her morning announcement to students Tuesday. A video journalist from NBC affiliate KARE was at the school to film unrelated interviews, and he captured the message, the station reports.
"This morning, our hearts are heavy, and we feel deeply for the pain that's happening in our community," Melander said. "So students, I need you to know full well that, as your principal, that feeling of heaviness sits deep within me."
Schools take a variety of approaches to addressing traumatic local situations with students. Cleveland schools prepared for a high-profile police shooting verdict earlier this year by making plans for classroom discussions with students. Baltimore schools closed for a day after unrest surrounding Freddie Gray, a man who had died in police custody. Upon re-opening, the district planned activities to help students of various ages process their experiences.
And schools in high-crime, high-poverty areas make choices everyday about how to help students understand the trauma that has become a regular part of their lives. Some use interventions like restorative circles to help students build trusting relationships with adults in schools. Others work with community groups to provide stability for students.
What do you think of Melander's announcement? Have you seen a noteworthy example of schools helping students confront difficult events?
Further reading on social-emotional learning and traumatic events:
- Urban Districts Embrace Social-Emotional Learning
- Cleveland Schools Plan for Verdict by Addressing Emotional, Safety Needs
- Baltimore Students, Out of School After Riots, Try to Process Events
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<urn:uuid:694fd289-e4af-49af-8dd0-28aa940ca697>
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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https://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rulesforengagement/2015/11/principal_addresses_student_fears_after_shootings_at_minneapolis_protests.html
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en
| 0.968728 | 468 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Pléann an Príomh-Uachtarán eagla na mac léinn tar éis lámhach ag agóidí Minneapolis
Tá Minneapolis i riocht suaite an tseachtain seo tar éis cúig agóide a lámhaigh oíche Dé Luain. Tá agóideoirí ag campaíocht amach in aice le ceann de na preasráidí póilíneachta sa chathair ar feadh níos mó ná seachtain, ag lorg freagraí tar éis do oifigeach póilíneachta bán baile Jamar Clark, 24, fear dubh neamh-armáilte, a lámhach go marbh ar 15 Samhain.
Is cás é a chruthaíonn imní ar leanaí a chónaíonn in aice leis na hagóidí. B'fhéidir nach dtuigeann siad an cás ina iomláine, ach is cinnte gur ghlac siad le hailt agus gur chonaic siad imní ar aghaidh daoine fásta a bhfuil muinín acu.
Sin an fáth gur roghnaigh Mauri Melander, príomhoide bunscoile atá suite in aice leis an gceantar póilíní, an foréigean a admháil ina fógra maidin do mhic léinn Dé Máirt. Bhí iriseoir físe ó KARE, cleamhnaithe le NBC, sa scoil chun agallaimh neamhbhainteacha a phictiúrú, agus ghlac sé an teachtaireacht, tuairiscíonn an stáisiún.
"Ar maidin, tá ár gcroí trom, agus táimid ag mothú go domhain don pian atá ag tarlú inár bpobal", a dúirt Melander. "Mar sin, mic léinn, ní mór dom a fhios agat go maith go bhfuil, mar do phríomhoide, go mothú tromchúis istigh dom".
Bíonn cur chuige éagsúil ag scoileanna chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar chásanna áitiúla traumatacha le mic léinn. D'ullmhaigh scoileanna i gCluainéal le haghaidh breithiúnas lámhach póilíní ardphróifíle níos luaithe i mbliana trí phleananna a dhéanamh le haghaidh plé sa seomra ranga le mic léinn. Dúnadh scoileanna i Baltimore ar feadh lá tar éis neamhord a bhí thart ar Freddie Gray, fear a fuair bás i gcoimeád póilíní. Nuair a athoscaladh, bhí gníomhaíochtaí pleanáilte ag an gceantar chun cabhrú le mic léinn de aois éagsúla a gcuid taithí a phróiseáil.
Agus bíonn scoileanna i gceantair ardchoireachta agus ardbhochtaineachta ag déanamh roghanna gach lá maidir le conas cabhrú le mic léinn an trauma a thuiscint a bhfuil ina chuid rialta dá saol. Úsáideann cuid acu idirghabhálacha cosúil le ciorcail athchóiritheacha chun cabhrú le mic léinn caidrimh iontaofa a thógáil le daoine fásta sna scoileanna. Oibríonn daoine eile le grúpaí pobail chun cobhsaíocht a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn.
Cad a cheapann tú faoi fhógra Melander? An bhfaca tú sampla suntasach de scoileanna a chabhraíonn le mic léinn dul i ngleic le himeachtaí deacra?
Léitheoireacht bhreise ar fhoghlaim shóisialta-mhothúchánach agus ar imeachtaí traumatacha:
- Tá an t-oideas seo ag cur le foghlaim shóisialta-mhothúchánach
- Plean Scoileanna Cleveland le haghaidh Breithiúnas trí Dhíriú ar riachtanais mhothúchánach, sábháilteachta
- Ollscoileanna Baltimore, as an scoil tar éis na dTríoblóidí, ag iarraidh na himeachtaí a phróiseáil
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High temperature performance, mechanical properties, radiation resistance, fire resistance, low smoke, non-toxic, hydrolysis resistance and chemical resistance. With these excellent properties, PEEK can be applied to make some parts in aero and aircraft to replace aluminum and other metallic material. PEEK can also be made into some large parts with strict requirements because of its low density and processing performance. PEEK gets excellent flame retardant properties, so people make it into parts in carbon. If the plane is on fire, its inherent fire resistance and little smoke can reduce the risk of fire.
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<urn:uuid:fa803908-8d98-4064-b450-9fc3972267c1>
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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http://www.boomdirectory.com/english/Home/Cpzx/yyly_content/id/2/catid/50.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418223429-00418.warc.gz
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en
| 0.916083 | 117 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Feidhmíocht ardteochta, airíonna meicniúla, friotaíocht radaíochta, friotaíocht dóiteáin, deatach íseal, neamh-tocsaineach, friotaíocht hiodráilise agus friotaíocht cheimiceach. Leis na hairíonna den scoth seo, is féidir PEEK a chur i bhfeidhm chun roinnt páirteanna a dhéanamh in aerárthach agus aerárthach chun alúmanam agus ábhar miotalach eile a athsholáthar. Is féidir PEEK a dhéanamh i roinnt páirteanna móra freisin le ceanglais dlúth mar gheall ar a dlús íseal agus a fheidhmíocht phróiseála. Tá na hairíonna meala-tharraingthe den scoth ag PEEK, mar sin déanann daoine codanna de charbóin de. Má tá an eitleán ar tine, is féidir le a sheasmhacht tine agus an deatach beag a bhaineann leis an eitleán a laghdú.
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Digital mapping which is also known as cartography, involves the collection of data which is compiled and later formatted in virtual data and posted on the Internet. The primary goal of having this data transformed into virtual images is to produce digital maps that people can be able to use instead of carrying the traditional maps along with them when going on trips. These digital maps are meant to replace the other traditional maps because they are more effective and you can be able to locate an area on the digital map by just typing in the name of the area and waiting for the results. These digital maps have proven to be very efficient provided that one has Internet connection. You do not have to have a computer because you can access these digital maps from an Internet enabled mobile phone and this makes it very efficient because almost everybody in the world owns a GPRS enabled mobile phone. These maps can be very helpful when one is lost because all one needs to do is log on and look at the digital map to find his/her way back home.
This application can be found in very many computer applications but you can also download it on your mobile phone so that you can be able to use it anytime you need some help with directions. These mobile applications are very efficient and they are a small genre of GPS systems. This technology is meant to transform maps from paper to digital content. The traditional maps only cover a certain area and this limits their use but with digital maps, you can access information about any part of the world with just the click of a button. These paper maps cannot be updated and this is factor that the digital maps have addressed accordingly. A paper map cannot be updated once it has been printed and this is a major disadvantage because places change everyday and new roads constructed. It would be very expensive to update these maps monthly.
Digital maps can be updated everyday provided that the information is genuine. Once a digital map application is up and running, it is very easy to update it because it is digital content. Many digital mapping companies are coming up with very innovative ways of digitalizing maps. These companies have different ways of displaying and producing digital maps. They are also developing mobile phone applications which have proven to be very effective and efficient because many people are using mobile phone devices while on the move. Digital mapping was earlier a virtual representation of the paper maps but with the new technology, they can also show the user an image of the area in question so as to give clear directions. They can also display the roads and give live traffic updates to people on the roads and all this is available to you if you have Internet connection on your mobile phone. The world will go digital in a few years and digitalizing maps is one step of getting there.
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<urn:uuid:595bc89d-50d6-4084-8ae7-f3337eee9358>
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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http://www.isoftwaretask.com/discount-nike-roshe-run-woven
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512249.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516204516-20220516234516-00304.warc.gz
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en
| 0.961329 | 545 | 3.375 | 3 |
Is éard atá i gceist le léarscáileanna digiteacha, ar a dtugtar cartagrafaíocht freisin, ná sonraí a bhailiú a chuirtear le chéile agus a fhormáitear ina dhiaidh sin i sonraí fíorúla agus a chuirtear ar an Idirlíon. Is é an príomhchuspóir na sonraí seo a athrú go híomhánna fíorúla ná léarscáileanna digiteacha a tháirgeadh ar féidir le daoine a úsáid in ionad na léarscáileanna traidisiúnta a iompar leo nuair a théann siad ar thurais. Tá sé i gceist leis na léarscáileanna digiteacha seo na léarscáileanna traidisiúnta eile a chur in ionad toisc go bhfuil siad níos éifeachtaí agus gur féidir leat limistéar a aimsiú ar an léarscáile digiteach trí ainm an cheantair a chlóscríobh agus fanacht leis na torthaí. Tá sé cruthaithe go bhfuil na léarscáileanna digiteacha seo an-éifeachtach ar choinníoll go bhfuil nasc idirlín ag duine. Ní gá duit ríomhaire a bheith agat mar is féidir leat rochtain a fháil ar na léarscáileanna digiteacha seo ó fhón póca cumasaithe le hidirlíon agus déanann sé seo an-éifeachtach toisc go bhfuil fón póca cumasaithe GPRS ag beagnach gach duine ar domhan. Is féidir leis na léarscáileanna seo a bheith an-chabhrach nuair a bhíonn duine caillte toisc nach gá ach dul isteach agus féachaint ar an léarscáileanna digiteacha chun a bhealach abhaile a fháil.
Is féidir an t-iarratas seo a fháil i go leor feidhmchláir ríomhaireachta ach is féidir leat é a íoslódáil ar do ghuthán soghluaiste freisin ionas gur féidir leat é a úsáid aon uair is gá duit cabhair le treoracha. Tá na feidhmchláir soghluaiste seo an-éifeachtach agus is cineál beag córais GPS iad. Tá an teicneolaíocht seo ceaptha chun léarscáileanna a athrú ó pháipéar go ábhar digiteach. Ní chumhdaíonn na léarscáileanna traidisiúnta ach limistéar áirithe agus cuireann sé sin teorainn lena n-úsáid ach le léarscáileanna digiteacha, is féidir leat rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis faoi aon chuid den domhan le cliceáil ar chnaipe amháin. Ní féidir na léarscáileanna páipéir seo a nuashonrú agus is é seo an fachtóir a ndeachaigh na léarscáileanna digiteacha i ngleic leis dá réir sin. Ní féidir léarscáil pháipéir a nuashonrú nuair a bheidh sí clóite agus is míbhuntáiste mór é seo toisc go n-athraíonn áiteanna gach lá agus go ndéantar bóithre nua a thógáil. Bheadh sé an-daor na léarscáileanna seo a nuashonrú go míosúil.
Is féidir léarscáileanna digiteacha a nuashonrú gach lá ar choinníoll go bhfuil an fhaisnéis fíor. Nuair a bhíonn feidhmchlár léarscáileanna digiteacha ar bun agus ag rith, tá sé an-éasca é a nuashonrú toisc go bhfuil sé ina ábhar digiteach. Tá go leor cuideachtaí léarscáileanna digiteacha ag teacht le bealaí an-nuálaíocha chun léarscáileanna a dhigitigh. Tá bealaí éagsúla ag na cuideachtaí seo chun léarscáileanna digiteacha a thaispeáint agus a tháirgeadh. Tá siad ag forbairt feidhmchláir fón póca freisin a bhfuil a bheith an-éifeachtach agus éifeachtach toisc go bhfuil go leor daoine ag baint úsáide as feistí fón póca agus iad ar an mbóthar. Bhí léarscáileanna digiteacha ina léiriú fíorúil ar léarscáileanna páipéir roimhe seo ach leis an teicneolaíocht nua, is féidir leo íomhá den limistéar atá i gceist a thaispeáint don úsáideoir freisin chun treoracha soiléir a thabhairt. Is féidir leo na bóithre a thaispeáint freisin agus nuashonruithe ar thrácht beo a thabhairt do dhaoine ar na bóithre agus tá sé seo go léir ar fáil duit má tá nasc Idirlín agat ar do ghuthán soghluaiste. Beidh an domhan digiteach i gceann cúpla bliain agus is céim amháin é léarscáileanna a dhíchumasú chun é sin a dhéanamh.
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Wildlife needs friends! The more people that appreciate wildlife, the better its chances are for the future.
This section contains activity ideas that will spread the word about why wildlife is important to your friends, family and other people.
It’s a chance to be creative and show people how wonderful wildlife is and what they can do to help.
Would you like to find out all the activities you could do and take part in the awards?
Then just click on one of the activities below!
And share your enthusiasm for wildlife!
Getting up in front of an audience to tell them about wildlife and, perhaps, the problems it faces.
Telling people about wildlife in an eye-catching way.
Telling people about wildlife in the news is a good way of getting a message across. This could be through the pages of your local newspaper or website, or with an interview on your local radio or TV station.
Some of the problems faced by wildlife can only be solved by changes in the law, or in government policy. One of the most important tasks of environmental organisations like the RSPB is trying to make sure that Members of Parliament and other decision makers know what changes are needed, and why they are important.
Click on this activity to find how you can make a difference too.
Raising money to help fund the activities of a wildlife organisation. Organisations which work to protect wildlife cost millions of pounds to run. Most of this money comes from ordinary people.
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Cairde is gá do bheatha fiáine! An níos mó daoine a bhfuil meas acu ar an saol fiáine, is fearr a seansanna don todhchaí.
Tá smaointe gníomhaíochta sa chuid seo a scaoilfidh an focal faoi cén fáth go bhfuil an fálann tábhachtach do do chairde, do theaghlach agus do dhaoine eile.
Is deis é a bheith cruthaitheach agus a thaispeáint do dhaoine cé chomh iontach is atá an fiadhúlra agus cad is féidir leo a dhéanamh chun cabhrú.
Ar mhaith leat a fháil amach na gníomhaíochtaí go léir a d'fhéadfá a dhéanamh agus páirt a ghlacadh sna dámhachtainí?
Ansin cliceáil ar cheann de na gníomhaíochtaí thíos!
Agus roinn do díograis don bheatha fiáine!
Ag seasamh os comhair lucht féachana chun labhairt leo faoi bheatha fiáine agus, b'fhéidir, faoi na fadhbanna a bhíonn aige.
Ag insint do dhaoine faoi bheatha fiadhúlra ar bhealach tarraingteach.
Is bealach maith é teachtaireacht a chur in iúl do dhaoine faoi bheatha fiáine sna nuachtáin. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith trí leathanaigh do pháipéir nuachta nó do shuíomh gréasáin áitiúil, nó trí agallamh ar do stáisiún raidió nó teilifíse áitiúil.
Ní féidir roinnt de na fadhbanna a bhíonn ag fiadhúlra a réiteach ach amháin trí athruithe sa dlí, nó i mbeartas rialtais. Ceann de na cúraimí is tábhachtaí atá ag eagraíochtaí comhshaoil mar an RSPB ná iarracht a dhéanamh a chinntiú go bhfuil a fhios ag Feisirí na Parlaiminte agus ag lucht cinnteoireachta eile cad iad na hathruithe atá ag teastáil, agus cén fáth go bhfuil siad tábhachtach.
Cliceáil ar an ngníomhaíocht seo chun a fháil amach conas is féidir leat athrú a dhéanamh freisin.
Ag bailiú airgid chun cabhrú le gníomhaíochtaí eagraíocht fiadhúlra a mhaoiniú. Tá na heagraíochtaí a oibríonn chun an fálann a chosaint ag costas na milliúin punt a reáchtáil. Tagann an chuid is mó den airgead seo ó dhaoine coitianta.
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In the Himalayas, you tend to worry about icefall or snowstorms. Tsunamis—not so much. At least, that was the pre-global warming situation. Researchers at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) say that alarming rates of glacial melting could up the risk of a Himalayan tsunami.
When glaciers melt and form lakes, the natural barriers holding them back can give way with the help of water pressure, erosion, or earthquakes, unleashing a torrent of meltwater. With warming temperatures, some glaciers are melting at concerning rates. More glacial lakes increase the possibility of outbursts, and more frequent outbursts mean a higher tsunami risk.
What would happen if a tsunami did occur? Residents of at-risk regions may not have much time to prepare. One power station near the village of Jhirpu Phulpingkatt would only be able to detect and send out a warning for floodwaters once they are in Nepali territory, leaving only a few minutes to evacuate. “All of us would have to run for our lives,” the manager of the station said.
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Sna Himalaigh, is gnách go mbíonn imní ort faoi thitimí oighir nó stoirmeacha sneachta. Tsunamisníl go leor. Ar a laghad, sin an staid roimh an téamh domhanda. Deir taighdeoirí ag an Ionad Idirnáisiúnta um Fhorbairt Iomlánach Comhtháite (ICIMOD) go bhféadfadh rátaí uafásacha leá na gcliatháin glasaíochta riosca tsunami Himalayan a mhéadú.
Nuair a dhíscaoileann na hailtí agus a chruthaíonn lochanna, is féidir leis na bacainní nádúrtha a choimeádann ar ais iad a bheith ag titim le cabhair ó bhrú uisce, ó éadóis nó ó threascairt talún, agus torrent uisce dhíscaoilte a scaoileadh. Le teochtaí téamh, tá roinnt oighearshruth ag titim ag rátaí a bhaineann le imní. Méadaíonn níos mó lochanna glasaíochta an fhéidearthacht go dtarlódh ráigí, agus ciallaíonn ráigí níos minice riosca tsunami níos airde.
Cad a tharlódh dá mbeadh tsunami ann? B'fhéidir nach mbeidh mórán ama ag cónaitheoirí réigiún atá i mbaol a ullmhú. Ní bheadh cumas ag stáisiún cumhachta amháin in aice le sráidbhaile Jhirpu Phulpingkatt ach tuilte a bhrath agus rabhadh a sheoladh nuair a bhíonn siad i gcríoch Neapálach, gan ach cúpla nóiméad a fhágáil chun éalú. "D'fheadfadh gach duine againn rith ar son ár mbeatha", a dúirt bainisteoir an stáisiúin.
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Meghan Warner Mettler is an assistant professor of history at Upper Iowa University. She is the author of How to Reach Japan by Subway: America’s Fascination with Japanese Culture, 1945-1965 (June 2018).
Japan Once Underwent A Makeover. Can Other Asian Countries?
Any American who has been paying at least cursory attention to the news lately is well aware of the breakneck pace of stories emerging from the current executive branch. And on no subject has the White House seemed to whiplash more quickly than American relations with Asia, specifically on China and North Korea. At one point China is killing U.S. jobs with unfair trade practices. The next moment the U.S. is striking deals to help to bail out Chinese companies. Meanwhile, “Little Rocket Man” Kim Jong-un appears to have morphed into a generally decent guy willing to negotiate with the U.S. and its allies. The sudden change of tone can be dizzying to say the least.
However, President Trump is far from the only American leader to take an ambivalent view toward Asian nations (he just seems to be switching positions faster than most.) Over the course of the past 150 years, Americans have depicted Asians as hopelessly backward and slightly ahead of our time, as threats to the American way of life and bulwarks of democracy, as job-stealing undesirable immigrants and model minorities. This varied nature of these portrayals is not simply due to the diversity of actual countries and cultures in the region; in fact they have applied to different nations interchangeably. For instance, in the early 1940s Americans viewed Nazi-allied Japan as a threat to civilization itself, which the Chinese were helping Allied forces defend, while a mere decade later, Japan was standing fast to prevent the Pacific from turning into a “communist lake” under Chinese influence.
The root cause of Asia’s seemingly two-faced nature lies in America’s elastic assumptions about the region, regrettably grounded in racist stereotypes. Caucasians have long thought of “Orientals” as stoic, spiritual, hard working, and possessed of a rich cultural tradition, characteristics which could all carry positive or negative connotations given the right circumstances. Stoicism can be interpreted as a sign of quiet strength or unhealthy repression, spirituality can encourage moral uprightness or fanaticism, hard work can follow a Protestant ethic or threaten unfair competition when taken to an extreme, and tradition can yield ancient wisdom as well as backward stubbornness.
My own work focuses on the biggest about face in U.S. foreign policy arguably with any nation anywhere, the aforementioned transformation of Japan from enemy to ally following World War II. The extent of this quick change was not only impressive in its speed, but also its depth. Along with official U.S. policy that in 1947 declared a recent enemy to be a crucial ally in the struggle against global communism, the hearts and minds of the American public were largely changed as well, accepting Japan as a land of warm and friendly people with fascinating traditions. So, if such a quick change happened once for Japan, could it again for China, or even North Korea?
There were several reasons why Japan’s rapid image makeover played out as well as it did. Firstly, spokespeople for the U.S. government spoke in terms that separated Japan’s wartime government from the populace at large. A group of militarists had seized control of the once democratic nation, they claimed, leading Japan’s hapless citizens headlong into an ill-advised international conflict. But once they were removed and tried as war criminals, the nation seemed a lot easier to forgive for its recent transgressions. The second factor lies in that elastic nature of Asian stereotypes. The U.S. government, along with sympathetic private institutions, promoted Japanese culture to the American people in keeping with a positive image of a gentle and nonthreatening nation. Examples of Japanese culture like ikebana flower arranging, haiku poetry, sho-in architecture, tea ceremony, bonsai cultivation, and Zen Buddhism were presented as examples of a culture that had valued serenity, spiritualism, and honest craftsmanship since time immemorial. All of this, of course, was in contrast to the inhuman self-denial and fanatical devotion Japanese culture thought to embody during the war years. In short, Americans held the same general sense of what Japan was like, but gave it a completely different interpretation.
It is certainly possible that a similar formula could be applied elsewhere. The groundwork is already laid for China. In addition to consuming tons of Chinese-inspired cuisine, Americans admire the complex and seemingly sedate nature of Confucian philosophy or the grace and power of Chinese martial arts, while others try acupuncture as a viable alternative to Western medical treatments. Korean imports admittedly have less of a presence. Americans are probably more familiar with modern day South Korean exports like Kias, Samsungs, and Gangam Style than they are with most aspects of Korean tradition. But still, there is no reason why Americans could not learn to cultivate an appreciation for either country’s culture in a way that casts them in a more positive light.
However, it is the first item that creates a bigger sticking point when considering a dramatic switch in relations with China or North Korea. Americans would likely not have too much trouble divorcing the citizenry of either nation from their leadership. Indeed, the standard American narrative of North Korea involves a people being held captive at near-starvation living standards by a seemingly insane totalitarian regime. But the next step involves actually removing that government and replacing it with one in our own image, as the U.S. military did in Japan in 1945, something few outside of the most staunch war hawks would now advocate. As neither government seems willing to undergo drastic change any time soon, no matter how much the Trump administration’s rhetoric warms up, the fact remains that both nations’ human rights records are spotty at best, and the American people are well aware of that fact. It appears that for the time being, neither China and North Korea will be able to escape the negative pole of American ambivalence toward Asia.
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Is múinteoir cúnta staire í Meghan Warner Mettler in Ollscoil Upper Iowa. Is í an t-údar ar How to Reach Japan by Subway: America's Fascination with Japanese Culture, 1945-1965 (Meitheamh 2018).
Rinne an tSeapáin Athrú ar a Chéile uair amháin. An Féidir le Tíortha Eisiacha Eile?
Tá aon Meiriceánach a bhí ag tabhairt aird ar a laghad ar an nuacht le déanaí ar an eolas go maith ar luas breaking-neck na scéalta a thagann amach ón gcumhacht feidhmiúcháin reatha. Agus ar aon ábhar nach bhfuil an Teach Bán chuma a whiplash níos tapúla ná caidreamh Mheiriceá le hÁise, go sonrach ar an tSín agus an Chóiré Thuaidh. Ag pointe amháin tá an tSín ag maraíocht post sna Stáit Aontaithe le cleachtais trádála éagórach. An chéad nóiméad eile tá na Stáit Aontaithe ag déileáil le déileálacha chun cabhrú le cuideachtaí Síne a shábháil. Idir an dá linn, is cosúil go bhfuil Kim Jong-un, "Racéad Beag" ina dhuine dea-chlaon a bhfuil toilteanas aige dul i mbun caibidlíochta leis na Stáit Aontaithe agus lena gcomhghuaillithe. Is féidir leis an athrú tobann ar ton a bheith dizzying a rá ar a laghad.
Mar sin féin, níl an tUachtarán Trump i bhfad ón gceannas Meiriceánach amháin a bhfuil dearcadh diomasach aige i leith náisiúin na hÁise (níl sé ach ag athrú a sheasamh níos gasta ná an chuid is mó.) Le 150 bliain anuas, tá Meiriceánaigh ag léiriú na hÁise mar dhaoine atá ar ais go hiomlán agus beagán roimh ár n-am, mar bhagairtí ar an mbealach maireachtála Meiriceánach agus ar bhallacha an daonlathais, mar inimircigh neamh-inmhianaithe a ghoid post agus mionlaigh mhúnlacha. Ní hé go simplí gur mar gheall ar éagsúlacht na dtíortha agus na gcultúir iarbhír sa réigiún atá an nádúr éagsúil seo de na léaráidí seo; i ndáiríre tá siad bainteach le náisiúin éagsúla go hidirmhalartaithe. Mar shampla, go luath sna 1940idí, d'fhéach Meiriceánaigh ar an tSeapáin a bhí ina chomhghuaillíocht leis na Naitsithe mar bhagairt ar an sibhialtacht féin, a bhí ag na Síne ag cabhrú le fórsaí Comhghuaillithe a chosaint, agus gan ach deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, bhí an tSeapáin ag seasamh go tapa chun cosc a chur ar an Aigéan Ciúin ó bheith ina " loch cumannach " faoi thionchar na Síne.
Is é bunchúis an nádúr dhá-chomhartha atá ag an Áise ná tuairimí solúbtha Mheiriceá faoin réigiún, atá bunaithe ar stereotypes ciníoch. Tá daoine ón gCúis ag smaoineamh ar "Oirthearánaigh" le fada mar stoic, spioradálta, ag obair go crua, agus a bhfuil traidisiún cultúrtha saibhir acu, tréithe a d'fhéadfadh coincheapa dearfacha nó diúltacha a bheith acu go léir faoi na cúinsí ceart. Is féidir stoicism a léiriú mar chomhartha neart ciúin nó brúite neamhshláintiúil, is féidir le spioradáltacht a spreagadh moráltacht nó fanatism, is féidir le obair chrua a leanúint eitic Phrotastúnach nó bagairt iomaíochta éagórach nuair a thógtar go foircinn é, agus is féidir le traidisiún eagna ársa a thabhairt chomh maith le stuamacht ar ais.
Díríonn mo chuid oibre féin ar an aghaidh is mó i mbeartas eachtrach na Stát Aontaithe is dócha le haon náisiún áit ar bith, an t-athrú thuasluaite ar an tSeapáin ó namhaid go comhghuaillíocht tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Ní amháin go raibh an méid a bhí sa athrú tapa seo suntasach dá luas, ach dá thomhais freisin. Chomh maith le beartas oifigiúil na Stát Aontaithe a dhearbhaigh i 1947 go raibh namhaid le déanaí ina chomhghuaillíocht ríthábhachtach sa troid i gcoinne an chumannachais dhomhanda, athraíodh croí agus intinn phobal na Meiriceánach go mór freisin, ag glacadh leis an tSeapáin mar thír de dhaoine te agus cairdiúla le traidisiúin suimiúla. Mar sin, má tharla athrú tapa den sórt sin uair amháin don tSeapáin, an bhféadfadh sé arís don tSín, nó fiú don Chóiré Thuaidh?
Bhí roinnt cúiseanna ann go raibh athchóiriú tapa íomhá na Seapáine chomh maith. Ar dtús, labhair cainteoirí le haghaidh rialtas na Stát Aontaithe i dtéarmaí a scaradh rialtas ama cogaidh na Seapáine ón daonra i gcoitinne. D'éiligh siad gur ghlac grúpa militarists smacht ar an náisiún daonlathach a bhí ann roimhe seo, ag tabhairt saoránaigh neamhshásta na Seapáine isteach i gcath idirnáisiúnta neamh-chomhairleach. Ach nuair a bhí siad a bhaint agus triail mar choirpigh chogaidh, an náisiún chuma i bhfad níos éasca a maitheadh as a trasgressions le déanaí. Tá an dara fachtóir i nádúr solúbtha na stéaréitíopaí na hÁise. Chuir rialtas na Stát Aontaithe, mar aon le hinstitiúidí príobháideacha comhbhrónta, cultúr na Seapáine chun cinn do mhuintir na Meiriceánach i gcomhréir le híomhá dearfach náisiúin mhaith agus neamhthreatach. Tugadh samplaí de chultúr na Seapáine mar sho-in ailtireacht, ceiliúradh tae, plandaíocht bonsai, agus Zen Búdachas mar shamplaí de chultúr a raibh luach ar serenity, spiritualism, agus craftsmanship macánta ó am go ham. Bhí sé seo go léir, ar ndóigh, i gcodarsnacht leis an féin-díothú neamhdhaonna agus an díograis fanatic a cheapadh go raibh cultúr na Seapáine ina gcodarsnacht le linn na mblianta cogaidh. Go hachomair, bhí an tuiscint ghinearálta céanna ag Meiriceánaigh ar an méid a bhí sa tSeapáin, ach thug siad léirmhíniú go hiomlán difriúil air.
Is cinnte go bhféadfaí foirmle den chineál céanna a chur i bhfeidhm in áiteanna eile. Tá an bonn curtha cheana féin don tSín. Chomh maith le tonna cócaireachta spreagtha na Síne a ithe, measann Meiriceánaigh ar nádúr casta agus cosúil le sedate fealsúnacht Confucian nó grásta agus cumhacht ealaíon cónaidhme na Síne, agus déanann daoine eile triail as acupuncture mar rogha malartach inbhuanaithe do chóireálacha leighis an Iarthair. Is fíor go bhfuil níos lú láithreachta ag allmhairí ón gCóiré. Is dócha go bhfuil Meiriceánaigh níos mó eolais ar onnmhairí nua-aimseartha na Cóiré Theas mar Kias, Samsungs, agus Gangam Style ná mar atá siad leis an gcuid is mó de thraidisiúin na Cóiré. Ach fós, níl aon chúis ann nach bhféadfaí do Mheiriceánaigh foghlaim meas a chothú ar chultúr an dá thír ar bhealach a thabharfaidh léargas níos dearfacha orthu.
Mar sin féin, is é an chéad mhír é a chruthaíonn pointe sticking níos mó nuair a dhéantar athrú suntasach a mheas i gcaidreamh leis an tSín nó leis an gCóiré Thuaidh. Is dócha nach mbeadh an-deacair ag Meiriceánaigh saoránaigh an dá náisiún a scaradh óna gceannaireacht. Go deimhin, baineann an scéal caighdeánach Meiriceánach faoi Chóiré Thuaidh le daoine atá faoi ghabháil ag caighdeáin mhaireachtála beagnach ocrais ag réimeas uileghabhálach a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé ciallmhar. Ach baineann an chéad chéim eile leis an rialtas sin a bhaint agus ceann a chur ina ionad ar ár n-íomhá féin, mar a rinne míleata na Stát Aontaithe sa tSeapáin i 1945, rud a mholfadh cúpla duine lasmuigh de na haicíní cogaidh is dícheallach anois. Ós rud é nach bhfuil an dá rialtas sásta athrú mór a dhéanamh go luath, is cuma cé chomh mór agus a théitear retórica riarachán Trump, is fírinne fós go bhfuil taifid chearta an duine an dá náisiún spotty ar a laghad, agus tá an pobal Mheiriceá ar an eolas go maith faoi. Is cosúil nach mbeidh an tSín ná an Chóiré Thuaidh in ann éalú ón póil dhiúltach de dhúshlán Mheiriceá i leith na hÁise.
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Leapfrogging shouldn’t become an excuse for governments to stop solving nineteenth- and twentieth-century issues.
Every once in a while, we Indians go overboard with phenomena that depict our society in a good light. Take jugaad for example: a word that merely stands for hacks and workarounds. At some point in the last decade, India suddenly came to be celebrated as the champion of ‘frugal engineering’.
Soon, what was essentially a rationalising mechanism came to be feted to such an extent that we forgot to ask the question: why the hell are people having to find workarounds with meagre resources for problems which already have off-the-shelf solutions? “Necessity is the mother of invention” became such a cliché that not only did we start celebrating invention, we started accepting basic necessity as a precondition as well.
Cut to this decade, and you will see that leapfrogging is the new jugaad in many respects. Let me explain why and how.
‘Leapfrogging’ was first used in the Indian context by Robert Miller of the World Bank in 2001. In a paper titled Leapfrogging? India’s Information Technology Industry and the Internet, he wrote that “the internet as a set of technologies can enable developing countries to ‘leapfrog’ over the development path taken by industrial countries, enabling poorer countries to increase their rates of growth and ‘catch up’ sooner.”
Sure enough, we were soon leapfrogging our way out of our troubles. This word gave hope just like jugaad did: the future of millions of people could now be altered without having to be overly worried about the morass that currently limits our markets from functioning. Again, as with jugaad, we forgot to ask the question: why did we miss on the opportunities that the intermediate stage promised? And should we really be pinning hopes on our ability to leapfrog? Let’s explore these questions with two cases of leapfrogging most cited in the Indian context.
Where leapfrogging worked: the mobile phone revolution
The biggest leapfrog success is India is the adoption of voice and data connectivity through mobile phones, skipping the fixed-line telephony of the twentieth century. This is worth celebrating. But there are two necessary (not sufficient) conditions that made this happen. One, the spread of mobile telephony was made possible because of a proliferation of twentieth century infrastructure: reliable electricity supply in this case. Two, the adoption of a liberal policy regime — one that no longer saw access to telephony as a luxury — was critical. As this paper says, opening up of the national long-distance sector to private operators and allowing mobile operators to carry long-distance services resulted in increased competition and reduced tariff rates. Both the conditions discussed above illustrate that governments need to get their twentieth-century game perfected in order to set the stage for leapfrogging.
Where leapfrogging did not work: the service sector
With a fledgling software sector came the idea that India can potentially leapfrog manufacturing, and modernise directly from an agricultural economy to a services one. The implication was that we could live with a languishing manufacturing sector as long as we could get our services game right. This enthusiasm soon fell away due to two major reasons: one, modern services require skilled labour; and two, precisely because they are more productive, they require less hands on the job. So, now we’re back to limping after the supposed giant leap, discussing how manufacturing can contribute to job creation? Not surprisingly, efforts such as Make in India are targeted towards the manufacturing sector, which absorbs a meagre 11% of the labour force in India. The solution to our jobs problem still rests with liberalising land, labour and capital markets.
The lessons from these experiences
The leapfrog metaphor remains popular even today. Demonetisation was justified on the grounds that it can leapfrog us into a cashless economy. Because we have been tardy at fixing our footpaths and public transport infrastructure, a leapfrog to self-driving is being touted as the only hope. Since we are terrible at fixing our pathetic schooling system or healthcare monopolies, we are hoping that a leapfrog to distance learning or tele-medicine can solve our problems. At the larger level, as Alex Tabarrok once wrote, it is easy to mistake discussions on inequality in India for the ones that take place in Berkeley. We want to directly transition from an unequal poor society to an equal rich one, leapfrogging the rich-and-unequal stage that other successful states have gone through.
Don’t get me wrong: it is great that many people in India are thinking about leapfrogging to enable prosperity for all Indians. But this metaphor shouldn’t become an excuse for governments to go slow on solving nineteenth- and twentieth-century problems. We need to keep holding the government accountable for the opportunities missed. As Manish Sabharwal wrote recently, India needs three ten-year plans for formalisation, urbanisation, and industrialisation, all twentieth-century problems. Our ability to leapfrog depends on that.
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Níor cheart go mbeadh an léim-iompórtáil ina leithscéal do rialtais stop a chur le saincheisteanna an naoú haois déag agus an dá haois fiche a réiteach.
Gach uair amháin ar feadh tamaill, muid Indiaigh dul thar bord le feiniméin a léiríonn ár sochaí i solas maith. Tóg jugaad mar shampla: focal nach seasann ach le hacks agus workarounds. Ag pointe éigin sa deich mbliana anuas, tháinig an India go tobann chun a bheith ceiliúradh mar an champán de innealtóireacht frugal.
Go luath, tháinig an méid a bhí ina mheicníocht réasúnaithe go bunúsach a bheith ceiliúradh go dtí an méid sin gur dearmad a chur ar an gceist: cén fáth ar diabhal a bhfuil daoine ag teacht ar fhadhbanna a bhfuil réitigh réidh acu cheana féin a réiteach le hacmhainní gann? "Is í an riachtanas máthair na aireagáin" a tháinig a bheith ina cliche sin nach bhfuil muid ag tosú a cheiliúradh aireagáin, thosaigh muid ag glacadh riachtanas bunúsach mar réamhchoinníoll chomh maith.
Gearr go dtí an deich mbliana seo, agus beidh tú a fheiceáil go bhfuil leapfrogging an jugaad nua i go leor gnéithe. Lig dom a mhíniú cén fáth agus conas.
Ba é Robert Miller ón mBanc Domhanda a d'úsáid an téarma "leapfrogging" den chéad uair i gcomhthéacs na hIndia sa bhliain 2001. I bpáipéar dar teideal Leapfrogging? India's Information Technology Industry and the Internet, scríobh sé go bhféadfadh an t-idirlíon mar shraith teicneolaíochtaí a chur ar chumas tíortha i mbéal forbartha "leapfrog" a dhéanamh thar an mbealach forbartha a ghlac tíortha tionsclaithe, rud a chuir ar chumas tíortha bochta a rátaí fáis a mhéadú agus "a ghabháil suas" níos luaithe.
Go deimhin, bhíomar ag léim go tapa amach as ár gcuid trioblóide. Thug an focal seo dóchas díreach mar a rinne jugaad: d'fhéadfaí todhchaí na milliúin daoine a athrú anois gan a bheith buartha go mór faoin mbrat a chuireann teorainn le feidhmiú ár margaí faoi láthair. Arís, mar a tharla le jugaad, rinneamar dearmad an cheist a chur: cén fáth a chaill muid na deiseanna a gheall an chéim idirmheánach? Agus ba cheart dúinn a bheith ag súil go mór lenár gcumas leapfrog? Déanaimis iniúchadh ar na ceisteanna seo le dhá chás de leapfrogging a luaitear go mór i gcomhthéacs na hIndia.
Nuair a d'oibrigh leapfrogging: an réabhlóid fón póca
Is é an t-éacht is mó a rinne an India ná glacadh le nascacht guth agus sonraí trí fhóin phóca, ag scipeáil ar theilifís líne shocraithe an 20ú haois. Is fiú ceiliúradh a dhéanamh air seo. Ach tá dhá choinníoll riachtanach (ní leor) ann a rinne é seo a tharla. An chéad, gur féidir an teileafóin soghluaiste a scaipeadh mar gheall ar fhorleathnú bonneagair an ficheú haois: soláthar leictreachais iontaofa sa chás seo. D'éirigh go maith le córas polasaí liobrálacha a ghlacadh - córas nach bhfeicfeadh rochtain ar theilifís mar só a thuilleadh - agus bhí sé ríthábhachtach. Mar a deir an páipéar seo, mar thoradh ar oscailt earnáil na fad-achar náisiúnta d'oibreoirí príobháideacha agus ar ligean d'oibreoirí soghluaiste seirbhísí fad-achar a iompar, tháinig méadú ar iomaíocht agus ar rátaí taraifí laghdaithe. Léiríonn an dá choinníoll a pléadh thuas go gcaithfidh rialtais a gcluiche an fhicheadú haois a chur i gcrích chun an stáitse a leagan síos le haghaidh léim.
I gcás nach raibh an léim-iarracht ag obair: an earnáil seirbhíse
Le hearnáil bogearraí nua-aimseartha tháinig an smaoineamh gur féidir leis an India léim a dhéanamh ar mhonarú, agus nuachóiriú a dhéanamh go díreach ó gheilleagar talmhaíochta go geilleagar seirbhísí. Ba é an tuiscint go bhféadfaimis maireachtáil le hearnáil déantúsaíochta marthanach chomh fada agus a d'fhéadfaimis ár gcluiche seirbhísí a fháil ceart. Bhí an díograis seo ag titim go luath mar gheall ar dhá chúis mhóra: ar dtús, teastaíonn saothair shaineolaithe ó sheirbhísí nua-aimseartha; agus ar an dara dul síos, toisc go bhfuil siad níos táirgiúla, ní gá níos lú lámha a bheith ag obair. Mar sin, anois tá muid ar ais ag clúdach tar éis an léim ollmhór a cheapadh, ag plé conas is féidir le déantúsaíocht cur le cruthú post? Ní haon ionadh, go bhfuil iarrachtaí mar Déantar sa India dírithe ar an earnáil déantúsaíochta, a ionsú 11% de lucht saothair san India. Tá an réiteach ar ár gcúis fostaíochta fós ag luí le saorú na margaí talún, saothair agus caipitil.
Na ceachtanna a d'fhoghlaim muid ó na taithí seo
Tá an maíomh-amhrán leapfrog fós tóir air fiú sa lá atá inniu ann. Bhí an neamh-airgeadú á cheartaíocht ar an mbonn gur féidir leis léim a dhéanamh orainn isteach i ngeilleagar gan airgead tirim. Toisc go raibh muid go mall ag socrú ár mbóithre agus ár mbonneagar iompair phoiblí, tá léim go dtí tiomána féin-thiomána á rá mar an t-aon dóchas. Ós rud é go bhfuil muid uafásach ag socrú ár gcóras scoile pathetic nó monaplaí cúram sláinte, tá súil againn go bhfuil leapfrog chun teagasc ar fad nó teiliteiripe is féidir a réiteach ár gcuid fadhbanna. Ar leibhéal níos mó, mar a scríobh Alex Tabarrok uair amháin, tá sé éasca plé ar éagothroime san India a mheabhrú leis na cinn a tharlaíonn i Berkeley. Ba mhaith linn aistriú go díreach ó shochaí bochta neamhchothrom go sochaí chomh saibhir, ag léim ar an gcéim saibhir-agus-neamhchothrom a d'imigh stáit rathúla eile tríd.
Ná meabhrú dom: tá sé iontach go bhfuil go leor daoine san India ag smaoineamh ar leapfrogging chun rathúnas a chur ar fáil do gach Indians. Ach níor cheart go mbeadh an maíomh seo ina leithscéal do rialtais dul go mall chun fadhbanna an naoú haois déag agus an dá haois déag a réiteach. Ní mór dúinn leanúint ar aghaidh ag gabháil leis an rialtas a bheith freagrach as na deiseanna a chailltear. Mar a scríobh Manish Sabharwal le déanaí, tá trí phlean deich mbliana ag teastáil ón India le haghaidh foirmiú, uirbithe, agus tionsclaíochta, fadhbanna uile an ficheú haois. Braitheann ár gcumas leapfrog ar sin.
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The cluster of stars around 170,000 light years from Earth is the largest group of very massive stars ever identified.
They were discovered by an international team led by astronomers from Sheffield University.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit in 1990 and is nearing the end of its life, but is still proving useful.
The cluster is called R136, and measures a few light years across.
It sits in the Tarantula Nebula inside the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.
It is extremely large, hot and bright stars whose energy is radiated mainly in the ultra violet.
Nine of the stars are more than 100 times the mass of the Sun - and were described as "monster" on the Hubble Twitter account - while dozens are 50 times larger.
But while they are huge, none of them are larger than R126a1 - also in the Tarantula Nebula - which is the most massive star in the known universe and 250 times larger than our Sun.
Back in 2010 Professor Paul Crowther from Sheffield University helped discover the existence of four stars within R136, each more than 150 times the mass of the Sun.
They exceeded the generally accepted upper-mass limit for stars, surprising scientists.
The discovery of five more huge solar masses could pose questions about how they all formed.
Saida Caballero-Nieves, also from the university, said: "There have been suggestions that these monsters result from the merger of less extreme stars in close binary systems.
"From what we know about the frequency of massive mergers, this scenario can't account for all the really massive stars that we see in R136, so it would appear that such stars can originate from the star formation process."
Prof Crowther said: "Once again, our work demonstrates that, despite being in orbit for over 25 years, there are some areas of science for which Hubble is still uniquely capable."
Data from the Hubble is still being analysed, as the team looks for binary star systems in R136 that could produce huge black hole binaries.
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Is é an cnuasach réalta thart ar 170,000 bliain solais ón Domhan an grúpa is mó de réaltaí an-mhór a aithníodh riamh.
Fuair foireann idirnáisiúnta iad faoi stiúir réalteolaithe ó Ollscoil Sheffield.
Seoladh an Téileascóp Spáis Hubble i bhfithis i 1990 agus tá sé ag druidim le deireadh a shaol, ach tá sé fós ag éirí úsáideach.
Tugtar R136 ar an gcruinniú, agus tá a thomhas cúpla bliain solais ar fud.
Tá sé suite sa Nebula Tarantula taobh istigh den Cloud Magellanic Mór, atá ina réaltra satailíte den Bhóthar Bainne.
Tá sé an-mhór, te agus réaltaí geal a bhfuil a n-fuinneamh a radiated go príomha sa ultra-violait.
Tá naoi réalta níos mó ná 100 uair an mais na gréine - agus tuairiscíodh iad mar "monstraí" ar an gcuntas Twitter Hubble - agus tá mórán 50 uair níos mó.
Ach cé go bhfuil siad ollmhór, níl aon cheann acu níos mó ná R126a1 - sa Nebula Tarantula freisin - is é an réalta is mó sa chruinne ar a dtugtar agus 250 uair níos mó ná ár n-Sun.
Ar ais i 2010 chabhraigh an tOllamh Paul Crowther ó Ollscoil Sheffield le ceithre réalta a aimsiú laistigh de R136, gach ceann acu níos mó ná 150 uair an mais na gréine.
Bhris siad an teorainn uachtarach a nglactar go ginearálta le haghaidh réaltaí, rud a chuir iontas ar eolaithe.
D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh fionnachtana cúig mhais gréine ollmhór eile ceisteanna ar an gcaoi a bunaíodh iad go léir.
Dúirt Saida Caballero-Nieves, ón ollscoil freisin: "Tá tuairimí ann go dtagann na hiontacht seo as comhtháthú réaltaí nach bhfuil chomh forleathan i gcórais dhúbailte dlúth.
"Óna bhfuil a fhios againn faoi minicíocht na gcomhtháthú ollmhór, ní féidir leis an scéal seo na réaltaí ollmhóra go léir a fheicimid i R136 a chur san áireamh, mar sin is cosúil gur féidir réaltaí den sórt sin a bheith ina dtír as an bpróiseas foirmiú réalta".
Dúirt an tOllamh Crowther: "Arís, léiríonn ár gcuid oibre, in ainneoin go bhfuil sé ar an orbit ar feadh níos mó ná 25 bliain, go bhfuil roinnt réimsí eolaíochta ann a bhfuil cumas uathúil ag Hubble fós orthu".
Tá sonraí ó Hubble á n-anailís fós, agus an fhoireann ag lorg córais réalta déine i R136 a d'fhéadfadh déine ollmhór poill dhubh a tháirgeadh.
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Back in 2013, a handful of researchers at Google set loose a neural network on a corpus of three million words taken from Google News texts. The neural net’s goal was to look for patterns in the way words appear next to each other.
What it found was complex but the Google team discovered it could represent these patterns using vectors in a vector space with some 300 dimensions.
It turned out that words with similar meanings occupied similar parts of this vector space. And the relationships between words could be captured by simple vector algebra. For example, “man is to king as woman is to queen” or, using the common notation, “man : king :: woman : queen.” Other relationships quickly emerged too such as “sister : woman :: brother : man,” and so on. These relationships are known as word embeddings.
This data set is called Word2vec and is hugely powerful. Numerous researchers have begun to use it to better understand everything from machine translation to intelligent Web searching.
But today Tolga Bolukbasi at Boston University and a few pals from Microsoft Research say there is a problem with this database: it is blatantly sexist.
And they offer plenty of evidence to back up the claim. This comes from querying the vector space to find word embeddings. For example, it is possible to pose the question: “Paris : France :: Tokyo : x” and it will give you the answer x = Japan.
But ask the database “father : doctor :: mother : x” and it will say x = nurse. And the query “man : computer programmer :: woman : x” gives x = homemaker.
In other words, the word embeddings can be dreadfully sexist. This happens because any bias in the articles that make up the Word2vec corpus is inevitably captured in the geometry of the vector space. Bolukbasi and co despair at this. “One might have hoped that the Google News embedding would exhibit little gender bias because many of its authors are professional journalists,” they say.
So what to do? The Boston team has a solution. Since a vector space is a mathematical object, it can be manipulated with standard mathematical tools.
The solution is obvious. Sexism can be thought of as a kind of warping of this vector space. Indeed, the gender bias itself is a property that the team can search for in the vector space. So fixing it is just a question of applying the opposite warp in a way that preserves the overall structure of the space.
That’s the theory. In practice, the tricky part is measuring the nature of this warping. The team does this by searching the vector space for word pairs that produce a similar vector to “she: he.” This reveals a huge list of gender analogies. For example, she;he::midwife:doctor; sewing:carpentry; registered_nurse:physician; whore:coward; hairdresser:barber; nude:shirtless; boobs:ass; giggling:grinning; nanny:chauffeur, and so on.
The question they want to answer is whether these analogies are appropriate or inappropriate. So they use Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to ask. They showed each analogy to 10 turkers and asked them whether the analogy was biased or not. They consider the analogy biased if more than half of the turkers thought it was biased.
The results make for interesting reading. This method clearly reveals a gender bias in pairings such as midwife:doctor; sewing:carpentry, and registered_nurse:physician, but that there is little bias in pairings such as feminine:manly; convent:monastery; handbag:briefcase, and so on.
Having compiled a comprehensive list of gender biased pairs, the team used this data to work out how it is reflected in the shape of the vector space and how the space can be transformed to remove this warping. They call this process “hard de-biasing.”
Finally, they use the transformed vector space to produce a new list of gender analogies and then ask turkers to rate them again. This produces pairings such as: she:he::hen:cock; maid:housekeeper; gals:dudes; daughter:son, and so on.
This process, they say, dramatically reduces the bias that Turkers report. “Through empirical evaluations, we show that our hard-debiasing algorithm significantly reduces both direct and indirect gender bias while preserving the utility of the embedding,” say Bolukbasi and co.
The end result is a vector space in which the gender bias is significantly reduced.
That has important applications. Any bias contained in word embeddings like those from Word2vec is automatically passed on in any application that exploits it. One example is the work using embeddings to improve Web search results. If the phrase “computer programmer” is more closely associated with men than women, then a search for the term “computer programmer CVs” might rank men more highly than women. “Word embeddings not only reflect stereotypes but can also amplify them,” say Bolukbasi and co.
Clearly, language is filled with many examples of gender bias that are hard to justify. An interesting question is the extent to which this kind of vector space mathematics should be used to correct it.
“One perspective on bias in word embeddings is that it merely reflects bias in society, and therefore one should attempt to debias society rather than word embeddings,” say Bolukbasi and co. “However, by reducing the bias in today’s computer systems (or at least not amplifying the bias), which is increasingly reliant on word embeddings, in a small way debiased word embeddings can hopefully contribute to reducing gender bias in society.”
That seems a worthy goal. As the Boston team concludes: “At the very least, machine learning should not be used to inadvertently amplify these biases.”
Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1607.06520: Man Is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings.
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https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602025/how-vector-space-mathematics-reveals-the-hidden-sexism-in-language/
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Ar ais in 2013, chuir roinnt taighdeoirí ag Google líonra néarólach ar fáil ar chomhlacht de thrí mhilliún focal a tógadh ó téacsanna Google News. Ba é aidhm an líonra néarónach patrún a lorg sa tslí a bhfuil focail in aice lena chéile.
Bhí an rud a fuair sé casta ach fuair foireann Google amach go bhféadfadh sé na patrúin seo a léiriú ag baint úsáide as véictíochtaí i spás véictíochta le thart ar 300 gné.
Tharla sé go raibh focail a bhfuil bríanna den chineál céanna acu ag glacadh páirteanna den spás veicteora seo. Agus d'fhéadfaí na caidrimh idir focail a ghabháil ag algebra veictriúil shimplí. Mar shampla, is fear don rí mar is bean don bhanríon nó, ag baint úsáide as an nótaíocht choitianta, is fear: rí :: bean: banríon. Tháinig caidrimh eile chun cinn go tapa freisin mar deirfiúr: bean :: deartháir: fear, agus mar sin de. Tugtar leabaithe focal ar na caidrimh seo.
Tugtar Word2vec ar an tacar sonraí seo agus tá sé an-chumhachtach. Tá go leor taighdeoirí ag tosú ag úsáid é chun gach rud a thuiscint níos fearr ó aistriúchán meaisín go cuardach cliste ar an nGréasán.
Ach inniu Tolga Bolukbasi in Ollscoil Boston agus cúpla cara ó Microsoft Taighde a rá go bhfuil fadhb leis an mbunachar sonraí: tá sé blatantly sexist.
Agus cuireann siad go leor fianaise ar fáil chun tacú leis an éileamh. Tagann sé seo ó cheist a chur ar an spás veicteora chun cur isteach focal a aimsiú. Mar shampla, is féidir an cheist a chur: Páras: An Fhrainc :: Tóiceo: x agus tabharfaidh sé an freagra x = an tSeapáin duit.
Ach iarr ar an mbunachar sonraí "athair: dochtúir: máthair: x" agus déanfaidh sé a rá x = altra. Agus an cheist man: ríomhchláraitheoir ríomhaire :: bean: x tugann x = bean tí.
I bhfocail eile, is féidir leis an bhfocal "incheapadh" a bheith an-ghnéasach. Tarlaíonn sé seo toisc go bhfuil aon claontacht sna hailt a dhéanann suas an corpus Word2vec gabhadh go héigeantach i geoiméide an spás veicteora. Bolukbasi agus a chomhnuidhe díomá ag seo. "D'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag súil go mbeadh an t-ionsú Google News beag claontacht inscne toisc go bhfuil go leor dá húdair ina iriseoirí gairmiúla", a deir siad.
Mar sin, cad atá le déanamh? Tá réiteach ag foireann Boston. Ós rud é gur réad matamaiticiúil é spás veicteora, is féidir é a ionramháil le huirlisí matamaiticiúla caighdeánacha.
Tá an réiteach soiléir. Is féidir an gnéasacht a mheas mar chineál de warping an spás veicteora seo. Go deimhin, is é an claonadh inscne féin an mhaoin is féidir leis an bhfoireann a chuardach sa spás veicteora. Mar sin, a shocrú é ach ceist a chur i bhfeidhm an warp os coinne ar bhealach a chaomhnaíonn an struchtúr foriomlán an spás.
Sin an teoiric. Sa chleachtas, is é an chuid tricky ná nádúr an chúnamh seo a thomhas. Déanann an fhoireann é seo trí spás veicteora a chuardach do phéireanna focal a tháirgeann veicteoir den chineál céanna le sí: sé. Léiríonn sé seo liosta ollmhór analógaíochtaí inscne. Mar shampla, sí; sé:: máighistir: dochtúir; sewing: carpentry; registered_nurse: dochtúir; whore: feargach; hairdresser: barber; nude: shirtless; boobs: ass; giggling: grinning; nanny: chauffeur, agus mar sin de.
Is é an cheist atá siad ag iarraidh a fhreagairt ná an bhfuil na haimeachtaí seo oiriúnach nó míchuí. Mar sin, úsáideann siad Mechanical Turk Amazon chun a iarraidh. Léirigh siad gach analógas do 10 Turcaigh agus d'iarr siad orthu an raibh an analógas claonta nó nach raibh. Measann siad go bhfuil an analógas claonta má cheap níos mó ná leath de na Turcaí go raibh sé claonta.
Is ábhar suimiúil é an toradh a fhaightear. Léiríonn an modh seo go soiléir claontacht inscne i gcomhpháirtithe amhail máistreacht: dochtúir; sewing: carpentry, agus registered_nurse: dochtúir, ach nach bhfuil mórán claontachta i gcomhpháirtithe amhail baineann: fear; convent: monastúr; mála láimhe: brífeasc, agus mar sin de.
Tar éis liosta cuimsitheach de phéireanna claonta inscne a thiomsú, d'úsáid an fhoireann na sonraí seo chun a fháil amach conas a léirítear é i gcruth an spás veicteora agus conas is féidir an spás a athrú chun an deformáil seo a bhaint. Glaoigh siad ar an bpróiseas seo "de-thréimhseáil crua".
Ar deireadh, úsáideann siad an spás veicteora a athraíodh chun liosta nua de analógaí inscne a tháirgeadh agus ansin iarrann siad ar thúrcóirí iad a rátáil arís. Tá sé seo a tháirgeann pairí mar: sí: sé:: cnoc: coc; seirbhíseach: teach-rí; gals: dudes; iníon: mac, agus mar sin de.
Deir siad go laghdaíonn an próiseas seo go suntasach an claontacht a thuairiscíonn Turcairí. "Trí mheastóireachtaí empiriciúla, léiríonn muid go laghdaíonn ár n-algartaim débúsála crua claontacht ghnéas díreach agus indíreach go suntasach agus úsáid an chuimsiú á chaomhnú", a deir Bolukbasi agus a chomhghleacaithe.
Is spás veicteora é an toradh deiridh ina laghdaítear an claonadh inscne go suntasach.
Tá feidhm thábhachtach ag an méid sin. Tá aon claontacht atá i gcodanna focail cosúil leis na cinn ó Word2vec a tharchur go huathoibríoch i ngach feidhmchlár a shaothraíonn é. Is sampla amháin é an obair a úsáidtear le haghaidh feabhsú torthaí cuardaigh ar an nGréasán. Má tá an frása "programaíóir ríomhaire" níos dlúithe i ndáil le fir ná le mná, ansin d'fhéadfadh cuardach ar an téarma "CVanna clárúcháin ríomhaire" fir a rangú níos airde ná mná. Ní hamháin go léiríonn cuimsithe focail stéaróidigh ach is féidir leo iad a mhúscailt freisin, a deir Bolukbasi agus a chomhghleacaithe.
Is léir go bhfuil an teanga lán le go leor samplaí de thréithe inscne atá deacair a chosaint. Ceist spéisiúil is ea an méid a ba cheart an cineál seo matamaitice spás veicteora a úsáid chun é a cheartú.
Is é an dearcadh amháin ar thréimhsí i gcodanna focail ná nach léiríonn siad ach thréimhsí sa tsochaí, agus dá bhrí sin ba cheart iarracht a dhéanamh an tsochaí a dhíchumasú seachas codanna focail, a deir Bolukbasi agus a chomhghleacaithe. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, trí thréimhsí a laghdú i gcórais ríomhaireachta an lae inniu (nó gan an t-idirdhealú a mhéadú ar a laghad), atá ag brath níos mó agus níos mó ar chodanna focail, is féidir le codanna focail a dhíchumasú a bheith ina rannchuid bheag chun thréimhsí inscne sa tsochaí a laghdú.
Is cosúil gur sprioc luachmhar é sin. Mar a chríochnaíonn foireann Boston: Ar a laghad, níor cheart foghlaim meaisín a úsáid chun na claontachtaí seo a mhéadú gan choinne.
Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1607.06520: An bhfuil an Fear le Clárálaí Ríomhaire mar atá an Bhean le Tógálaí Baile? Debiasing Word Embeddings.
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Mon, 18 February 2019
Pacific White-Sided Dolphins have been observed swimming with Orcas during monitoring studies using drones. It's an interesting observation that has resulted in researchers asking the question: Why Do Dolphins Swim with Orcas?
You may think that dolphins swimming with Orcas is normal and it is in a way; however, you must consider the fact that some Orcas prey on dolphins. Yet, dolphins continue to swim with Orcas. So why does this happen?
Take a listen to the episode to find out and share your thoughts in our Facebook Group (it's free to join): http://www.speakupforblue.com/group.
Want to get started on living for a better Ocean? Sign up for the Grove Collaborative and get a free gift: http://www.speakupforblue.com/goocean.
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Dé Luain, 18 Feabhra 2019
Tá sé le feiceáil go raibh Dailfiní Bán-Shéide an Aigéin Chiúin ag snámh le Orcas le linn staidéir faireacháin a rinneadh trí drones a úsáid. Is breathnóireacht suimiúil í a chuir taighdeoirí ag iarraidh an cheist: Cén fáth a n-uisceann daltaí le orcas?
B'fhéidir go gceapann tú go bhfuil sé gnáth go n-aimsíonn dalfíní le Orcas agus go bhfuil sé ar bhealach; áfach, ní mór duit smaoineamh ar an bhfíric go bhfuil roinnt Orcas ag caitheamh le dalfíní. Ach, leanann na dalfíní ag snámh le Orcas. Mar sin cén fáth a tharlaíonn sé seo?
Déan éisteacht leis an eipeasóid chun a fháil amach agus do chuid smaointe a roinnt inár ngrúpa Facebook (tá sé saor in aisce páirt a ghlacadh): http://www.speakupforblue.com/group.
Ar mhaith leat tosú ag maireachtáil ar Océan níos fearr? Cláraigh le haghaidh an Grove Comhoibriú agus a fháil ar an bronntanais saor in aisce: http://www.speakupforblue.com/goocean.
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No one wants to deal with diabetes. With this disorder you have to drastically change your diet and lifestyle in order to live and be healthy. Many people will work hard in order to avoid this disease. One of the first things that people ask is whether or not exercise prevent diabetes? Here is some information on this topic to help you determine how well exercise prevent diabetes.
Does it work?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that exercise, no matter what kind, is one of the best habits that you can take on in order to prevent issues with diabetes in your life.
A good mixture is best to prevent boredom or hurting yourself, but both can be really effective.
How does it reduce risk?
So how does exercise prevent diabetes? When you exercise, you are using up a lot of the sugars in your blood rather than just letting them sit there. You keep less fat on the body and create lean muscle in the process as well. This all adds up to help your blood sugars go down. Another great benefit is that when you are working out, you are less likely to eat foods that are bad for you, like sugars and salts. When you eat healthier because of the exercise, you will have fewer problems with diabetes down the road.
Effects on your blood sugars
Exercise is good at preventing diabetes because it can help keep blood sugars in check. When you exercise, your skeletal muscles will feel more sensitive to the insulin inside. Because of this, the exercise is going to clear out the glucose from your blood faster than normal. The glucose will leave the bloodstream, lowering blood sugars, and go into the skeletal muscles while they move around and work.
Effects on your fat metabolism
Having too much fat all around the body can also increase your risks of diabetes. Exercise can help because it will reduce the amount of fat that you have all throughout the body. Abdominal fat in particular is taken care of when you begin to work out; this is one of the most difficult fats because it shows that there is visceral fat around your organs. When you start to workout more and get your muscles lean and mean, your fat will begin to burn away more easily and there are no longer issues with diabetes as much either.
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Níl aon duine ag iarraidh déileáil le diaibéiteas. Leis an neamhoird seo ní mór duit do aiste bia agus do stíl mhaireachtála a athrú go mór chun maireachtáil agus a bheith sláintiúil. Oibreoidh go leor daoine go crua chun an galar seo a sheachaint. Ceann de na chéad rudaí a chuireann daoine ceist orthu ná an féidir le cleachtadh a chosc ar diaibéiteas? Seo roinnt faisnéise ar an ábhar seo chun cabhrú leat a chinneadh cé chomh maith is a chosnaíonn aclaíocht diaibéiteas.
An oibríonn sé?
Deir na Lárionaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair go bhfuil cleachtadh, is cuma cén cineál é, ar cheann de na nósanna is fearr is féidir leat a ghlacadh chun fadhbanna le diaibéiteas a chosc i do shaol.
Is fearr an meascán maith chun teannas nó dochar a dhéanamh duit féin a chosc, ach is féidir an dá rud a bheith an-éifeachtach.
Conas a laghdaíonn sé riosca?
Mar sin, conas a chosnaíonn aclaíocht diaibéiteas? Nuair a dhéanann tú aclaíocht, tá go leor de na siúcraí i do fhuil á n-úsáid agat seachas iad a fhágáil ina suí. Coinníonn tú níos lú saille ar an gcomhlacht agus cruthaíonn tú matáin lean sa phróiseas freisin. Cuidíonn sé seo go léir le do shiúcraí fola a laghdú. Buntáiste mór eile ná nuair a bhíonn tú ag obair amach, is lú seans go n-itheann tú bianna nach bhfuil go maith duitse, cosúil le siúcraí agus salainn. Nuair a itheann tú níos sláintiúla mar gheall ar an aclaíocht, beidh níos lú fadhbanna agat le diaibéiteas ar an mbóthar.
Éifeachtaí ar do shiúcraí fola
Tá aclaíocht maith chun diaibéiteas a chosc toisc go gcuireann sé le siúcraí fola a choinneáil faoi smacht. Nuair a dhéanann tú aclaíocht, beidh do matáin chnámh níos íogaire don inslin atá taobh istigh. Mar gheall air seo, beidh an cleachtadh ag glanadh amach an glúcóis ó do fhuil níos tapúla ná mar is gnáth. Fágfaidh an glúcós an sruth fola, ag ísliú siúcraí fola, agus rachaidh sé isteach sna matáin chnámh agus iad ag bogadh timpeall agus ag obair.
Iarsmaí ar do mheitibileacht saille
Is féidir le ró-fhillte ar fud an chomhlachta do rioscaí diaibéiteas a mhéadú freisin. Is féidir le cleachtadh cabhrú toisc go laghdóidh sé an méid saille atá agat ar fud an chomhlachta. Déantar cúram de shaill bholg go háirithe nuair a thosaíonn tú ag obair amach; is é seo ceann de na saill is deacra toisc go léiríonn sé go bhfuil saill visceral timpeall do orgáin. Nuair a thosaíonn tú ag obair níos mó agus a fháil do matáin lean agus ciallmhar, beidh do saille tús a dhó amach níos éasca agus níl níos mó saincheisteanna le diaibéiteas mar sin an oiread.
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A clinical trial set to begin this month in Ottawa will test the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to stimulate repair of damaged nerves in MS patients. This article was published simultaneously on Signals Blog.
By Lisa Willemse
On any given day at the general campus of The Ottawa Hospital, you’re likely to find a pair of clinician-researchers who possess a keener knowledge of stem cells and their potential as a treatment for Multiple Sclerosis than just about anyone else in the country. Nearly 15 years ago, Drs. Mark Freedman and Harry Atkins, both members of the Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, began work on a protocol that was intended to track the origins of MS by wiping out the patient’s compromised immune system (immunoablation) and rebooting it with a bone marrow (hematopoietic) stem cell transplant. The theory was that the disease would reassert itself and the researchers would be able to identify the earliest stages of MS, something largely unknown, due to the fact that most diagnoses of the disease occur years after initial onset. This knowledge could prove to be vital for Canadians, who have the highest incidence of MS in the world at 291 cases per 100,000.
The study, however, didn’t work -- at least, not as expected. Drs. Freedman and Atkins were unable to discover the origins of MS because not a single patient in the study redeveloped the disease. For some, the level of physical function after treatment stayed the same, a bare few deteriorated further, some saw marginal or moderate functional improvement, and, remarkably, some regained almost all the physical abilities they had before diagnosis – but, no matter what their functional improvement, the disease was gone. These surprising results forced Dr. Freedman, a neurologist, to wonder if there could be other ways to use stem cells to treat MS that were less risky for the patient – one that did not involve aggressive immunoablation or chemotherapy treatments.
Enter the mesenchymal stem cell. Mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs in research parlance, are a bit of a stem cell anomaly. MSCs defy a standard definition – they’re also known as marrow stromal cells and multipotent stromal cells – and they’re rather like a stem cell free agent, able to travel to just about any organ in the body. They’ve been found in bone marrow, dental pulp, muscle, fat, as well as the liver and the lungs and many other tissues. Exactly what they do remains a bit of a mystery; it’s known that they play a critical role in reducing and controlling inflammation, but they also appear to have the ability to stimulate repair as well.
It’s this two-fold ability that makes MSCs quite powerful, attracting the interest of researchers who are studying a vast array of conditions, such as heart disease, stroke and autoimmune disorders – including Multiple Sclerosis.
“If MSCs have this kind of regulatory effect, we wondered whether we could use them for ‘one-stop-shopping’; that is, to see if they could control inflammation and, at the same time, stimulate repair of the nervous system,” said Dr. Freedman.
MS is an inflammatory disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the central nervous system. The inflammation leads to injury of the myelin sheath, which serves as insulation for the nerves. Once this happens, the oligodendrocytes (cells that make the myelin) fade away, and the nerve fibres retract, leaving the brain unable to effectively communicate with the limbs and organs. Dr. Freedman likens it to a road system, where the highways are the nervous system transporting signals back and forth. The myelin-rich oligodendrocytes are the tarmac on the road; when it wears down the road becomes bumpy and we fix it. “In MS, the inflammation prevents repair crews from working and eventually, the road becomes impassable – or in this case, the signals can no longer transmit across the nerves,” he said.
“We believe the body already has the cells in place that could do repair work on our nervous system but perhaps they didn’t get the message to begin repair. They might just be on coffee break.” If this is the case, MSCs, with their anti-inflammatory and repair functions, could be enlisted as a job foreman, able to tell the body’s worker cells that break time is over, and it’s time to get to work.
Drs. Freedman and his colleagues began designing a new study using MSCs to do just that. Unlike the earlier work, this new study would not require the destruction of the immune system or chemotherapy. Instead, MSCs would be harvested from the patient’s bone marrow, grown and expanded in the lab and then transplanted back into the patient intravenously.
“Our real desire in this first trial,” said Dr. Atkins, a haematologist who will be leading the collection of bone marrow tissue from the patients, “is feasibility and safety. We want to see if there is any evidence of a biological response – either in control of the immune system, or in repair of brain tissue -- that we can attribute to the MSCs. Beyond that, we also want to see how we can test the effects of the treatment, since at this point, very little is known about if and how the MSCs might work. We’re really at the beginning of this journey.”
The trial, called MESCAMS (MEsenchymal Stem cell therapy for CAnadian MS patients), is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, meaning that patients will all receive both the MSCs and a placebo in the two six-month phases of their treatment, though they will not know whether they have received the stem cells in the first round or in the second. Those who receive the MSCs in the first round will then receive the placebo in the second, and vice versa. The research team will monitor each participant’s responses to both the MSCs and the placebo, in order determine the effect of both on inflammation and repair. Should the MSCs show a biological effect at the end of the study, the results will help determine the course of a phase III trial to better define and understand efficacy and treatment protocols in the future.
The trial is part of a larger, coordinated international study where protocols for production, transplant and patient inclusion are being matched as closely as possible. In total, between 160 and 200 patients will participate – as many as 40 in the two Canadian centres, Ottawa and Winnipeg.
The limiting factor in the number of patients that can be enrolled is not eligible patients; rather, it’s the ability to purify and grow the required number of cells, something that can only be done in specialized facilities. Only a handful exist in Canada -- one in Ottawa and one soon to be online in Winnipeg. Even with close access to the facilities, the cells themselves take approximately six weeks to be cultured and prepared for transplant back into the patient.
The first trial participant will be enrolled this month and is expected to begin treatment in August.
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Tá triail chliniciúil le tosú an mhí seo in Ottawa chun sábháilteacht agus éifeachtúlacht na gcill mhiseinchima a thástáil chun athshlánú na néaróg damáiste a spreagadh i n-othair MS. Foilsíodh an t-alt seo ag an am céanna ar Signals Blog.
Le Lisa Willemse
Ar aon lá ar leith ar an gcampas ginearálta de Ottawa Hospital, is dócha go bhfaighidh tú péire taighdeoirí cliniceoirí a bhfuil eolas níos géire acu ar ghléineacha bun agus a n-acmhainneacht mar chóireáil le haghaidh sclerosis ilfhada ná beagnach duine ar bith eile sa tír. Beagnach 15 bliain ó shin, rinne na Dr. Thosaigh Mark Freedman agus Harry Atkins, comhaltaí araon de Institiúid Leigheas Athghiniúnach Ontario, ag obair ar phrótacal a bhí beartaithe chun bunús MS a rianú trí chóras imdhíonachta an othair a bhí faoi chois (immunoablation) a scriosadh agus é a athshlánú le trasphlandú cill stáit méir cnámh (hematopoietic). Ba é an teoiric go mbeadh an galar ag athdhéanamh é féin agus go mbeadh na taighdeoirí in ann na céimeanna is luaithe de MS a aithint, rud nach raibh ar eolas go mór, mar gheall ar an bhfíric go dtarlaíonn formhór na ndaoine a bhfuil an galar orthu blianta tar éis an chéad thosaithe. D'fhéadfadh an t-eolas seo a bheith ríthábhachtach do Cheanadaigh, a bhfuil an t-ionfhabhtú is airde MS acu ar domhan ag 291 cás in aghaidh 100,000.
Ní raibh an staidéar ag obair, áfach - ar a laghad, ní mar a bhíothas ag súil leis. Dr. Ní raibh Freedman agus Atkins in ann bunús MS a fháil amach toisc nach ndearna aon othair amháin sa staidéar an galar a athfhorbairt. I gcás cuid acu, d'fhan leibhéal na feidhme fisiceach tar éis cóireála mar an gcéanna, tháinig níos measa ar bheagán eile, d'fhéach cuid acu feabhas feidhmíochta imeallach nó meánach, agus, go hiontach, d'fhás cuid acu beagnach na cumais fhisiceacha go léir a bhí acu roimh dhiagnóisiú ach, is cuma cén feabhas feidhmíochta a bhí acu, bhí an galar imithe. Chuir na torthaí iontas seo iallach ar an Dr. Freedman, néarólóg, a bheith ag smaoineamh an bhféadfadh bealaí eile a bheith ann chun bunchill a úsáid chun MS a chóireáil a bheadh níos lú riosca don othar - ceann nach raibh iontu imdhíolú ionsaitheach nó cóireálacha ceimiteiripe.
Téigh isteach sa chill bun mesenchymal. Tá cealla bun mesenchymal, nó MSCanna i bhfocal taighde, rud beag de neamhghnáchas cealla bun. Tá na cealla seo ar nós cealla stromaí marthanna agus cealla stromaí ilchumhachtacha, agus is cosúil go bhfuil siad cosúil le gníomhaire saor ó stéamchill, atá in ann taisteal go díreach le haon orgán sa chorp. Tá siad le fáil i méar cnámh, i pulp fiacla, i matáin, i saill, chomh maith leis an ae agus na scamhóga agus i go leor fíocháin eile. Tá sé ar eolas go bhfuil ról ríthábhachtach acu i laghdú agus rialú athlasadh, ach is cosúil go bhfuil sé de chumas acu an leigheas a spreagadh freisin.
Is é an cumas dúbailte seo a fhágann go bhfuil MSCanna an-chumhachtach, agus a mheallann spéis taighdeoirí atá ag staidéar ar réimse leathan coinníollacha, mar shampla galar croí, stróc agus neamhoird uathmhíochaine lena n-áirítear Sclerosis Ilchríochach.
Má tá an cineál seo éifeacht rialála ag MSCanna, bhíomar ag smaoineamh an bhféadfaimis iad a úsáid le haghaidh one-stop-shopping; is é sin, chun a fheiceáil an bhféadfaimis ionfhabhtú a rialú agus, ag an am céanna, a athshlánú an chórais néarógach a spreagadh, a dúirt an Dr. Freedman.
Is galar athlastach é MS ina ndéanann córas imdhíonachta an chomhlachta ionsaí ar an lárchóras néarógach. Mar thoradh ar an athlasadh, déantar díobháil ar an gcath miolain, a fheidhmíonn mar insliú do na néaróga. Nuair a tharlaíonn sé seo, tá na oligodendrocytes (cealla a dhéanann an mielin) ag dul in olcas, agus na snáithíní néaróige ag tarraingt siar, ag fágáil an inchinn nach féidir leis cumarsáid a dhéanamh go héifeachtach leis na foircinn agus na horgáin. Tá an Dr. Freedman ag cur i gcomparáid é le córas bóithre, áit a bhfuil na bóithre móra mar an córas néarógach a iompróidh comharthaí ar ais agus ar aghaidh. Is iad na oligodendrocytes saibhir i miolín an asfalt ar an mbóthar; nuair a bhíonn sé ag caitheamh síos bíonn an bóthar buartha agus déanaimid é a shocrú. I MS, cuireann an athlasadh cosc ar fhoirne deisiúcháin oibriú agus sa deireadh, bíonn an bóthar neamh-idirthréimhseach nó sa chás seo, ní féidir leis na comharthaí a tharchur níos mó ar fud na néaróg, a dúirt sé.
Creidimid go bhfuil na cealla sa chorp cheana féin a d'fhéadfadh obair dheisiúcháin a dhéanamh ar ár gcóras néaróg ach b'fhéidir nár fuair siad an teachtaireacht chun tús a chur leis an deisiú. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ar scor caife. Má tá sé seo amhlaidh, d'fhéadfaí MSCanna, lena bhfeidhmeanna frith-athlastacha agus athchóirithe, a liostáil mar fhórmán post, in ann a rá leis na cealla oibrí an choirp go bhfuil deireadh le hamanna scor, agus go bhfuil sé in am dul ag obair.
Dr. Thosaigh Freedman agus a chomhghleacaithe staidéar nua a dhearadh ag baint úsáide as MSCanna chun é sin a dhéanamh. Murab ionann agus an obair roimhe seo, ní theastaíonn an staidéar nua seo an córas imdhíonachta nó ceimiteiripe a scriosadh. Ina áit sin, ba cheart MSCanna a bhaint as méar cnámh an othair, a fhás agus a leathnú sa saotharlann agus ansin iad a phlandú ar ais isteach sa othar go hinmheánach.
"Is é an fíor-mhian atá againn sa chéad thriail seo", a dúirt an Dr. Atkins, hematologist a bheidh i gceannas ar bhailiú fíochán méir cnámh ó na hothair, "feiliúnacht agus sábháilteacht. Ba mhaith linn a fheiceáil an bhfuil aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil freagra bitheolaíoch ann - nó i rialú an chórais imdhíonachta, nó i ndeisiú fíocháin inchinn - is féidir linn a chur leis na MSCanna. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith linn a fheiceáil conas is féidir linn éifeachtaí an chóireála a thástáil, ós rud é go bhfuil an-bheag eolais againn faoi cé acu agus conas a d'fhéadfadh na MSCanna oibriú. Tá muid i ndáiríre ag tús an turais seo.
Is staidéar cros-aistriú randamach, dúbailte-dall, placebo- rialaithe é an triail, ar a dtugtar MESCAMS (teiripe Céilí Stáinne MEsenchymal do othair MS CAnadian), rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaighidh na hothair go léir an MSCs agus placebo sa dá chéim sé mhí dá gcóireáil, cé nach mbeidh a fhios acu an bhfuair siad na cealla bun sa chéad bhabhta nó sa dara. Beidh na daoine a fhaigheann na MSCanna sa chéad bhabhta ag fáil an phláibéide sa dara bhabhta, agus a mhalairt. Déanfaidh an fhoireann taighde monatóireacht ar fhreagraí gach rannpháirtí ar an MSC agus ar an phláibéabó, d'fhonn éifeacht an dá cheann ar athlasadh agus ar dheisiú a chinneadh. Má léiríonn na MSCanna éifeacht bitheolaíoch ag deireadh an staidéir, cabhróidh na torthaí le cúrsa triail chéim III a chinneadh chun éifeachtacht agus prótacail chóireála a shainiú agus a thuiscint níos fearr sa todhchaí.
Tá an triail mar chuid de staidéar idirnáisiúnta níos mó, comhordaithe ina bhfuil prótacail maidir le táirgeadh, trasphlandú agus cuimsiú othair á gcomhoiriúnú chomh dlúth agus is féidir. I gcatagóir na n-eagraíochtaí, beidh idir 160 agus 200 othar rannpháirteach chomh mór le 40 i mbeirt ionaid Cheanada, Ottawa agus Winnipeg.
Ní hé na hothair incháilithe an fachtóir teoranta i líon na n-othair is féidir a chlárú; is é an cumas chun an líon riachtanach cealla a íonú agus a fhás, rud nach féidir a dhéanamh ach i saoráidí speisialaithe. Níl ach dornán acu i gCeanada -- ceann in Ottawa agus ceann a bheidh ar líne go luath i Winnipeg. Fiú le rochtain ghearr ar na háiseanna, tógann na cealla féin thart ar sé seachtaine chun a bheith cultúrtha agus ullmhaithe le haghaidh trasphlandú ar ais isteach sa othar.
Beidh an chéad rannpháirtí sa triail ag clárú an mhí seo agus táthar ag súil go dtosóidh sé ar chóireáil i mí Lúnasa.
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(For details on growing many other vegetables and fruits, visit our Crop at a Glance collection page.)
For centuries, aromatic celery has flavored soups and added crunch to salads. But today’s commercial, non-organic celery continuously ranks near the top of the list of vegetables known to carry chemical residues, with some samples tainted with more than 60 pesticides.
That’s a great reason to buy organic or start growing celery yourself, cutting celery and celeriac — three different forms of celery’s parent species, Apium graveolens. Native to Greece, celery is easy to grow if given a long head start indoors and rich, moist soil.
Celery Types to Try
Stalk celery is the supermarket version most people recognize. Commercial stalk celery is grown by following an intricate regimen of fertilizers and flood irrigation. Even under perfect growing conditions, stalk celery stays in good picking condition for only a few days. If you're growing celery in moist garden soil, stalk celery can be handled as a cut-and-come-again crop — just harvest a few outer stalks at a time.
Cutting celery is like a primitive form of stalk celery. The bushy plants produce numerous small stalks with strong flavor. Established plants are hardy to Zone 5 or 6. Cutting celery that survives winter will bolt in spring and produce heavy crops of edible seeds, and it will reseed itself with slight encouragement.
Celeriac slowly develops a rounded, knobby root that has a crisp texture and mild, nutty flavor. While in the ground, you’ll see thin, celery-like stalks growing from the rounded top of the edible root. Celeriac harvested in fall will store for weeks in a cold root cellar or refrigerator.
For more information about types of celery and our recommended varieties, see our Celeries at a Glance chart.
When to Plant Celery
Celery seeds of all types are small and may germinate erratically. Start them in doors or in a greenhouse 10 to 12 weeks before your last spring frost and give them bright light. Seedlings that have more than five leaves can be hardened off and set out when average night temperatures are above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Exposure to cold for more than a week can trigger plants to bolt and produce seeds. In hot summer areas with mild winters, start seeds indoors in late summer and set them out in early fall. Plants should be ready to harvest about 90 days after you put your seedlings in the ground.
How to Plant Celery
Choose a sunny site that is convenient to water, because celery requires constant moisture. If possible, allow space between rows for a shallow trench that can be flooded with water in dry weather. Dig in a 1-inch layer of rich compost and a standard application of a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer, such as dried poultry manure, and water well. Wait at least three days before planting seedlings 12 to 14 inches apart. Before hot weather comes, mulch between plants with grass clippings or another organic mulch to keep the soil cool and moist.
Growing Celery: Tips and Tricks
Celery and celeriac seedlings should show vigorous new growth a few weeks after they have been transplanted. Plants that are making little progress should be drenched with fish emulsion or another organic liquid fertilizer. Try to keep the plants’ roots moist at all times, and don’t worry about excessive rain — celery and celeriac tolerate waterlogged soil better than other vegetables.
To encourage stalk celery to develop a pale, mild-flavored heart, use an elastic hair scrunchie or strips of soft cloth to secure the stalks into a bunch after the plants have been growing in the garden for eight to 10 weeks. Blanching — excluding light from the stalks to prevent chlorophyll production — for one to two weeks is necessary to grow celery that looks lighter and tastes milder (think supermarket celery).
Harvesting and Storage
Cut high, 1 to 2 inches from the ground, when harvesting celery hearts. A new stalk (and sometimes two or three) will sprout from the stump left behind. Trim off excess leaves and tough outer stalks before storing celery in the refrigerator. Freeze blemished celery and the outside stalks that are dark and coarse for flavoring broths and stocks. Include bits of celery or cutting celery in packets of frozen garden veggies. Blanch and dry a bumper crop of stalk celery or cutting celery. Dried celery makes a great addition to homemade soup mixes.
Celeriac plants shed their lowest, oldest leaves naturally beginning in midsummer. Low, hollow stems in good condition can even be used as novel drinking straws. Harvest celeriac before hard freezes damage the roots. Clip off all leaves and roots before storing celeriac in the refrigerator or packed in damp sand in your root cellar.
Celery is a biennial plant capable of producing large amounts of seed for eating and replanting in climates where plants survive winter (Zones 5 and 6, depending on exposure). Cutting celery in particular will reseed itself to become a welcome volunteer crop. To grow a crop of celery seed, lightly mulch over the crowns of 1-year-old plants in early winter, after they have been killed back by cold. Or, protect them with a dome or tipi made from scraps of row cover. Remove mulch or covers in early spring, and allow the plants to grow until they produce tiny white flowers followed by dark brown seeds. Collect seed-bearing stems in a paper bag and allow them to dry indoors for a few days. The ripe seeds will accumulate at the bottom of the bag.
Celeriac seed can be grown this way as well, or you can start seeds indoors in late winter and set out the plants under row covers while the weather is still cold. Exposure to cold triggers bolting, making it possible to grow a seed crop of celeriac (or other celery) in one growing season.
Final Recommendations for Growing Celery
Commercial celery crops suffer from a long list of insect and disease problems, but garden celery is often trouble-free when grown in rich, moist soil. Be sure to rotate celery with unrelated vegetables to prevent the buildup of soilborne diseases that flourish in wet soil.
Stems that seem dry and have hollow channels did not receive enough water. The best crops come in rainy years. Celery and celeriac benefit from frequent drenches with a liquid organic fertilizer.
In the Kitchen
Low in calories yet high in fiber, celery is a good source of vitamins A, C and K. Chop stalk celery into salads, soups and main dishes to impart flavor and texture. You can do the same with cutting celery by choosing young stalks and cutting them into small pieces. If any garden celery tastes so strong it’s almost bitter (a side effect of strong sun), blanch pieces for a minute or two in boiling water before adding to cooked dishes. Peel celeriac with a sharp knife, and cook the nutty flesh like potatoes. If you’ve never tasted celeriac, you’ll become a devotee after you’ve sampled it braised in butter with a little salt.
If you buy organic celery, immediately cut off the bottom inch of the bunch and plant it to half its depth in a pot of moist soil. By the time you have used the celery you bought, a small new bunch of two or three stalks should appear in the pot. Harvest it when they are about 8 inches tall, because the minimally rooted base won’t be able to support a full-sized plant. Trimmed celery stalks will keep for weeks in the refrigerator if wrapped in aluminum foil.
Contributing editor Barbara Pleasant gardens in southwest Virginia, where she grows vegetables, herbs, fruits, flowers and a few lucky chickens. Contact Barbara by visiting her website or finding her on Google+.
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(Le haghaidh sonraí maidir le go leor glasraí agus torthaí eile a fhás, tabhair cuairt ar ár leathanach bailiúcháin Crop at a Glance.)
Le blianta fada anuas, tá an seilearín cumhra ag cur blas ar an bhruith agus ag cur crunch ar saillte. Ach tá an seilear neamh-orgánach tráchtála atá againn inniu i gcónaí gar don cheann is airde ar liosta na nglasraí a bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfuil iarmhar ceimiceacha iontu, agus tá níos mó ná 60 pesticide in aon samplaí de.
Is cúis iontach é sin a cheannach orgánach nó a thosú ag fás seilear féin, ag gearradh seilear agus seilear trí fhoirm éagsúla de speicis mháthair seilear, Apium graveolens. Tá sé éasca an seilear a fhás, a bhfuil a dúchasach sa Ghréig, má thugtar tús fada dó laistigh agus má thugtar ithir saibhir agus taise dó.
Cineálacha Ceiliúradh a Thriail
Is é an stálseiléir an leagan sa bhfarr-mhargadh a aithníonn an chuid is mó daoine. Tá séiléar stíl tráchtála á fhás trí chóras casta leasacháin agus uisciú tuilte a leanúint. Fiú amháin i ndálaí fáis foirfe, ní bhíonn an seilearín stiall in staid mhaith a phiocadh ach ar feadh cúpla lá. Má tá tú ag fás seilear i ithir cónn taise, is féidir seilear stiall a láimhseáil mar chultúr gearradh-agus-a-chuairte ach cúpla stiall seachtrach a bhaint ag an am.
Is cosúil go bhfuil an seilearín a ghearradh mar fhoirm primitive de seilearín stiall. Tá go leor stiallacha beaga le blas láidir ag na plandaí bushy. Tá plandaí bunaithe resistant do Limistéar 5 nó 6. Beidh séiléar gearr a mhaireann an gheimhreadh ag fás go mór san earrach agus ag táirgeadh barra mór síolta inite, agus beidh sé ag athséanadh é féin le beagán spreagadh.
Déantar an clóirín a fhorbairt go mall mar bhunán cruinn, cnónach a bhfuil struchtúr garbh agus blas milis, nutty aige. Nuair a bheidh sé sa talamh, feicfidh tú stiallacha tanaí cosúil le ceiliúr ag fás ó bharr cruinn an fhoraigh in-ithe. Coimeádfar an ceiléar a bhaintear sa titim ar feadh seachtainí i gcilléar fréamhacha fuar nó i reoiteoir.
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi chineálacha an chléire agus na cineálacha a mholtar, féach ár Cléireanna ag cairt Breathnú.
Nuair a Planntófar Seiliúr
Tá síolta ceiliúradh de gach cineál beag agus d'fhéadfadh go n-éireodh siad go neamhrialta. Tosaíonn siad i dtigh nó i bhfuinneog glas 10 go 12 seachtaine roimh do gheimhreadh earraigh dheireanach agus tabhair solas láidir dóibh. Is féidir síolta a bhfuil níos mó ná cúig duilleog acu a cruachadh agus a chur ar bun nuair a bhíonn meánteochtaí oíche os cionn 55 céim Fahrenheit. Má bhíonn an plandaí i láthair na fuara níos mó ná seachtain, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtosódh siad ag cur báistí agus ag táirgeadh síolta. I gceantair atá te i rith an tsamhraidh agus a bhfuil geimhreadh measartha orthu, tosaigh síolta taobh istigh i ndeireadh an tsamhraidh agus cuir amach iad go luath san earrach. Ba chóir go mbeadh plandaí réidh le feithid thart ar 90 lá tar éis duit do síolta a chur sa talamh.
Conas Seiléar a Chlúdach
Roghnaigh suíomh gréine atá áisiúil le huisce, toisc go dteastaíonn taise leanúnach ó chléire. Má tá sé indéanta, lig spás idir na sraitheanna le haghaidh tránc cluthar a d'fhéadfadh uisce a shárú i aimsir tirim. Déan cúlchiste 1 orlach de choimpiste saibhir agus feithid orgánach ard-nitrigine a chur i bhfeidhm de ghnáth, mar shampla boilg éan triomaithe, agus uisce go maith. Fan trí lá ar a laghad sula ndéantar síolta a phlandáil 12 go 14 orlach óna chéile. Sula dtagann aimsir theth, mulch idir plandaí le gearrthóga féir nó mulch orgánach eile chun an ithir a choinneáil fionnuar agus taise.
Cléirí a Chothú: Leideanna agus Tricks
Ba cheart go mbeadh fás láidir nua ag síolta ceiliúradh agus ceiliúradh cúpla seachtain tar éis iad a phlandáil. Ba cheart plandaí nach bhfuil ag déanamh dul chun cinn beag a shéideadh le heamhlú iasc nó le leasachán orgánach leachtach eile. Déan iarracht na plandaí a choinneáil fréamhacha taise i gcónaí, agus ná bíodh imní ort faoi thréimhse ró-uisce fhulaingíonn sílear agus sílear ithir uisceach níos fearr ná glasraí eile.
Chun an ceiliúr a spreagadh chun croí liath, milis-blas a fhorbairt, bain úsáid as scrunchie gruaige elastic nó stiallacha de éadach bog chun na ceiliúr a dhaingniú i bpunann tar éis na plandaí a bheith ag fás sa ghairdín ar feadh ocht go deich seachtaine. Tá sé riachtanach an t-eileabhrán a fhású ar feadh seachtaine nó dhó chun go mbeidh cuma níos éadroime agus blas níos milis air (smaoinigh ar eileabhrán sa mhármhargadh).
Beatha agus Stóráil
Gearr go hard, 1 go 2 orlach ón talamh, nuair a bhíonn croí seilearín á bhailiú. Beidh stíl nua (agus uaireanta beirt nó triúr) ag fás as an stíl a fhágfar ar chúl. Déan an iomarca duilleoga agus na stiallacha seachtracha crua a ghearradh amach sula stórálann tú an seilear i an reoiteoir. Cuir celery neamhchlaonta agus na stiallacha lasmuigh atá dorcha agus garbh i ngrian chun blas a chur ar bhróga agus ar stoic. Cuir píosaí seilearaí nó seilearaí gearr i bpacáistí glasraí gairdín reoite. Blanc agus triomú barra barra de celery stalk nó celery gearrtha. Is é an seilear tirim an rud is fearr le meascáin súp sa bhaile.
Caitheann plandaí celeriac a gcuid duilleoga is ísle, is sine go nádúrtha ag tosú i lár an tsamhraidh. Is féidir crainn íseal, folctha atá i riocht maith a úsáid mar straws óil nua. Glac celeriac sula ndéanann fuar crua damáiste do na fréamhacha. Cliceáil amach gach duilleog agus fréamhacha sula stóráil celeriac sa chuisneoir nó pacáilte i gaineamh taise i do sheomra fréamhacha.
Is planda dhá bhliain é an seilear atá in ann méideanna móra síolta a tháirgeadh le hithe agus le hathshuí i gclimaí ina maireann plandaí an gheimhreadh (Zónaí 5 agus 6, ag brath ar nochtadh). Beidh séilire gearrála go háirithe ag ath-séaladh é féin chun a bheith ina chultúr deonach fáilte. Chun barra síolta seilearaí a fhás, mulch a dhéanamh ar choróin phlandaí 1 bliana d'aois go héasca go luath sa gheimhreadh, tar éis dóibh a bheith maraithe ar ais ag fuar. Nó, cosc a chur orthu le domh nó tipi déanta as scraps de chlúdach sreang. Tóg mulch nó clúdach go luath san earrach, agus lig do na plandaí fás go dtí go dtáirgeann siad bláthanna beaga bána agus síolta donn dorcha ina dhiaidh sin. Bailí a bhfuil síolta acu i mála páipéir agus lig dóibh triomú laistigh ar feadh cúpla lá. Beidh na síolta aibí ag cruinniú ag bun an mála.
Is féidir síolta celeriac a fhás ar an mbealach seo freisin, nó is féidir leat síolta a thosú laistigh i ndeireadh an gheimhridh agus na plandaí a chur amach faoi chlúdach sreangacha agus an aimsir fós fuar. Trí bheith in ann a bheith i láthair le fuar, bíonn sé in ann an cló a chur ar bun, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé indéanta feirme síolta de chléir (nó de chléir eile) a fhás i séasúr fáis amháin.
Molacháin Deiridh maidir le Seiliúr a Dhéanamh
Bíonn liosta fada fadhbanna insctí agus galair ag na barraí seilearaí tráchtála, ach is minic nach mbíonn fadhbanna ag seilearaí gairdín nuair a fhásann sé i dtalamh saibhir agus taise. Bí cinnte go ndéanann tú an seilear a rothlú le glasraí neamhghaolta chun cosc a chur ar ghalar a iompraítear tríd an ithir a fhásann i ithir fliuch.
Ní raibh go leor uisce faighte ag na stiallacha a bhfuil an chuma orthu go bhfuil siad tirim agus go bhfuil bealaí folctha acu. Tagann na barra is fearr i mblianta báistí. Baineann séiléar agus seiléarín tairbhe as drenches go minic le leasachán orgánach leachtach.
Sa Chistin
Tá an seilear íseal calraí ach ard-fiber, is foinse mhaith vitimíní A, C agus K é. Déan seilear a ghearradh i saladaí, i súp agus i bpríomh-earraí chun blas agus uigeacht a chur leis. Is féidir leat an rud céanna a dhéanamh le ceiliúradh a ghearradh trí stiallacha óga a roghnú agus iad a ghearradh ina gcodanna beaga. Má tá blas an-láidir ag aon chléirín gairdín, tá sé beagnach searbh (taobh-éifeacht na gréine láidir), cuir na píosaí sin i uisce fiuchta ar feadh nóiméad nó dhó sula gcuirtear isteach i miasa cócaráilte. Peel celeriac le scian géar, agus cócaireacht an flesh nutty cosúil le prátaí. Má tá tú riamh tasted celeriac, beidh tú a bheith ina devotee tar éis tú a bhfuil sampled sé braised i im le salann beag.
Má cheannaíonn tú seilear orgánach, ghearr an inch is ísle den chnapán láithreach agus plandáil sé go leath a dhomhain i bpóta ithir taise. Nuair a bheidh an seilear a cheannaigh tú in úsáid agat, ba chóir go mbeadh cnuasach beag nua de dhá nó trí stíl ag teacht isteach sa phota. Déan é a bhaint nuair a bhíonn siad thart ar 8 orlach ar airde, toisc nach mbeidh an bonn a bhfuil fréamhacha íseal aige in ann plandaí lánmhéide a thacú. Coimeádfar crainn seilearaí gearr le seachtainí sa chuisneoir má chuirtear iad i bpíosa alúmanaim.
Gartanna Barbara Pleasant i ndeisceart Virginia, áit a bhfásann sí glasraí, luibheanna, torthaí, bláthanna agus cúpla sicín fortún. Déan teagmháil le Barbara trí chuairte a dhéanamh ar a shuíomh Gréasáin nó í a aimsiú ar Google+.
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Life cycle: Embryos hatch into free-swimming planktotrophic larvae and later metamorphose into tiny brittle stars which sink down the bottom where they grow into adult form.
Ophioderma panamensis can be found under rocks and on sand, may inhabit rocks, corals and algae. Juveniles curled their arms over the dorsal side of the disk which is white in most individuals. This behavior camouflages juveniles on the white sand under the rocks.
Two variations in body colors: brown or grey. Some specimens with white spots on the disk and all specimens with bands on the dorsal side of the arms.
Ophiocryptus granulosus Nielsen, 1932 (synonymized by H.L. Clark (1940))
Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859
Ophiura panamensis (Lütken, 1859)
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Timthriall saoil: Éiríonn na hinbhriotaí ina larbhaí planctotrophic atá ag snámh saor agus ina dhiaidh sin déanann siad meitibileacht ina réaltaí beaga brittle a shroicheann an bun áit a bhfásann siad isteach i bhfoirm fásta.
Is féidir Ophioderma panamensis a fháil faoi charraigí agus ar ghaineamh, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chónaí i gcarraigí, i gcoróin agus i nglúin. Chuir na daoine óga a gcuid lámha ar chúl taobh dorsail an diosca atá bán i bhformhór na ndaoine aonair. Déanann an iompar seo na daoine óga a camouflage ar an gaineamh bán faoi na carraigeacha.
Dhá athrú i dhath an choirp: donn nó liath. Tá roinnt speiceas le spotaí bána ar an diosca agus gach speiceas le bannaí ar thaobh dorsail na n-arm.
Ophiocryptus granulosus Nielsen, 1932 (a bhfuil comhchiallaithe ag H.L. Clark (1940))
Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859
Ophiura panamensis (Lütken, 1859)
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Signals are most simplest way to notify a process with an information code. This code number is signal number. Each signal has different meaning and there are default action defined for each signals. Default action for every signal is to terminate the process. Signal is a type of interprocess communication. These can come from operation system kernel to notify process has one or more critical errors. This is used by shell to inform a process to take some actions or these can be sent by process itself.
Applications often execute valuable section and any type of interruptions are not desirable. It is possible that user can interrupt a process with Ctrl+C which sends SIGINT and Ctrl+Break which sends SIGBRK. Programmer installs a signal handler and prints a warning message and this prevents unexpected exit. Alternatively programmer can set handler as SIG_IGN for those signals which programmer wants to ignore.
void signal(int, void (__cdecl *)(int)); int raise(int);
- SIGINT - Interrupt signal received by shell or user(Ctrl+C)*
- SIGILL - Illegal instruction executed by CPU and task scheduler sets this signal
- SIGFPE - Encountered floating point exception in FPU and
- SIGSEGV - segment violation
- SIGTERM - Software termination signal from kill
- SIGBREAK - Break signal received by shell or user (Ctrl-Break)
- SIGABRT - Abnormal termination triggered by abort call
Defined signal action codes
- SIG_DFL(0) - default signal action
- SIG_IGN(1) - ignore signal
- SIG_SGE(3) - signal gets error
- SIG_ACK(4) - acknowledge
signal() is the C library routine to install signal handler for a particulate signal. First argument is the signal code and next is the function pointer of the user handler. User has options to install user defined handler or handler to ignore the signal or revert original signal to default action.
raise() is a library function to send a signal code to its own. It takes signal code as argument and sends the signal to the same process id. C library does not have any function to send a signal to other process. Kill is a system to send a signal to a specific process id.
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Is iad comharthaí an bealach is simplí chun próiseas a chur in iúl le cód faisnéise. Is é an uimhir chód seo uimhir an chomhartha. Tá brí éagsúil ag gach comhartha agus tá gníomh réamhshocraithe sainithe do gach comhartha. Is é an gníomh réamhshocraithe le haghaidh gach comhartha an próiseas a chríochnú. Is cineál cumarsáide idirphróiseas é comhartha. Is féidir leo seo a bheith ó chroí an chórais oibriúcháin chun fógra a thabhairt go bhfuil earráid chriticiúil amháin nó níos mó ag an bpróiseas. Úsáidtear é seo ag an gcraiceann chun próiseas a chur ar an eolas chun roinnt gníomhartha a dhéanamh nó is féidir iad seo a sheoladh ag an bpróiseas féin.
Is minic a dhéanann iarratais rannán luachmhar agus ní inmhianaithe aon chineál scoir. Is féidir go bhféadfaidh úsáideoir próiseas a chur ar ceal le Ctrl+C a sheolann SIGINT agus Ctrl+Break a sheolann SIGBRK. Cláraitheoir suiteáil láimhseálaí comhartha agus priontáil teachtaireacht rabhaidh agus cosc a chur ar an imeacht gan choinne. Ina ionad sin, is féidir leis an gcláróir láimhseálaí a shocrú mar SIG_IGN do na comharthaí sin ar mian leis an gcláróir neamhaird a dhéanamh.
comhartha void ((int, void (__cdecl *) ((int)); int raise ((int);
- SIGINT - Signal cur isteach a fhaigheann craiceann nó úsáideoir ((Ctrl+C) *
- SIGILL - Instruction neamhdhleathach a fhorghníomhú ag CPU agus tasc sceidealaitheoir a shocraíonn an comhartha seo
- SIGFPE - Eisceacht pointí seolta a tharla i FPU agus
- SIGSEGV - sáruithe ar an rannán
- SIGTERM - Signal críochnaithe bogearraí ó mharú
- SIGBREAK - Signal briseadh a fhaigheann an craiceann nó an t-úsáideoir (Ctrl-Break)
- SIGABRT - críochnú neamhghnácha a spreagadh ag glaoch a chur ar ceal
Códanna gníomhaíochta comharthaithe sainithe
- SIG_DFL(0) - gníomhaíocht comhartha réamhshocraithe
- SIG_IGN ({1) } - neamhaird a dhéanamh ar an gcomhartha
- SIG_SGE ((3) - faigheann an comhartha earráid
- SIG_ACK ((4) - a aithint
Is é signal() an rialta leabharlann C chun láimhseálaí comhartha a shuiteáil le haghaidh comhartha cáithníní. Is é an chéad argóint an cód comhartha agus is é an pointeoir feidhme de láimhseálaí an úsáideora an chéad argóint eile. Tá roghanna ag an úsáideoir chun láimhseálaí a shainmhínítear ag an úsáideoir nó láimhseálaí a shuiteáil chun an comhartha a neamhaird nó an comhartha bunaidh a chur ar ais go gníomh réamhshocraithe.
raise (() is feidhm leabharlainne é chun cód comhartha a sheoladh chuig a chuid féin. Glacann sé cód comhartha mar argóint agus seolann sé an comhartha chuig an id próisis chéanna. Níl aon fheidhm ag leabharlann C chun comhartha a sheoladh chuig próiseas eile. Is córas é Kill chun comhartha a sheoladh chuig id próisis ar leith.
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This Saturday, June 28, kicks off the four-day ISTE 2014 conference and we’re happy to share some exciting stories about how people are using OneNote in education. Today we take a look at how the teachers at Cary Academy in Cary, North Carolina, seamlessly integrate OneNote into their classrooms to elevate the education of students through presentation, organization, and real-time collaboration with both students and other educators.
Leslie Williams, a seventh grade mathematics teacher, uses OneNote extensively in her classroom. It serves as her main presentation tool. She projects her OneNote notebook directly onto her classroom’s smart board so students can follow along as she works out problems using the inking feature on her all-in-one device. During class, students have the same OneNote notebook open on their devices and work the problems alongside their teacher. After class, she shares her notebook – with the completed problems – with the students so they can refer to the day’s work as they’re completing homework or reviewing for tests.
In addition to sharing their OneNote notebooks with students, teachers have access to all their students’ OneNote notebooks for class. Homework collection has become a thing of the past at Cary Academy. Now, students complete assignments in OneNote, and teachers at can simply access their notebook, check that the work was completed, and provide immediate feedback.
The ability to see students’ notebooks also allows teachers to keep an unobtrusive eye on any student who is having trouble. The teacher can easily access the student’s notebook at any time, in class, or at home, to check on progress, offer encouragement and guidance, and correct problems. It serves as a great way to help students who are struggling without making their peers aware.
OneNote is also an amazing tool for the faculty to use amongst itself. Sixth grade teachers Katie Moore and Matthew Ripley-Moffit teach a shared history and social studies curriculum. OneNote allows them to collaborate on lesson plans and assignments, put together reviews, and tests.
If they are developing a new lesson on China’s Silk Road, for example, Ms. Moore can create and insert a lesson framework with in-class presentations and reading assignments. Mr. Ripley-Moffit can instantly see what she’s done, and offer his thoughts about in-class activities and group projects, which are automatically saved in the shared notebook. The teachers can continue to collaborate on developing the final parts of the plan together, in real time, from their own classrooms or homes.
OneNote is a great tool for one-to-one learning environments but teachers in more traditional classrooms can use OneNote as well. Having lesson plans together in a single, easily editable format lets teachers spend less time recreating the wheel week after week, year after year and more time teaching and inspiring students.
Watch the video to see how the faculty at Cary Academy is using OneNote to enhance their classrooms and make learning more engaging, inclusive, and responsive. Then, visit OneNote.com to try using OneNote to do some of the things shown in the video and described here.
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Dé Sathairn seo, 28 Meitheamh, tosaíonn comhdháil ISTE 2014 ceithre lá agus tá áthas orainn roinnt scéalta spreagúla a roinnt faoi conas a bhfuil daoine ag úsáid OneNote san oideachas. Sa lá atá inniu táimid ag féachaint ar conas na múinteoirí ag Acadamh Cary i Cary, Carolina Thuaidh, a chomhtháthú go réidh OneNote ina seomraí ranga chun an oideachas na mac léinn a ardú trí chur i láthair, eagraíocht, agus comhoibriú fíor-ama leis an dá mhic léinn agus oideachasóirí eile.
Úsáideann Leslie Williams, múinteoir matamaitice sa seachtú grád, OneNote go forleathan ina seomra ranga. Is é an t-earra an phríomh-uirlis a úsáideann sí chun cur i láthair. Déanann sí a leabhar nótaí OneNote a phroijectáil go díreach ar an mbord cliste sa seomra ranga ionas gur féidir le mic léinn leanúint léi agus í ag obair ar fhadhbanna ag baint úsáide as an ghné inbhéartaithe ar a gléas uile-i-aon. Le linn na ranganna, bíonn an leabhar nótaí OneNote céanna ar oscailt ag na mic léinn ar a bhfeistí agus oibríonn siad ar na fadhbanna in éineacht lena múinteoir. Tar éis an ranga, roinnfidh sí a leabhar nótaí leis na fadhbanna críochnaithe leis na mic léinn ionas gur féidir leo tagairt a dhéanamh do obair an lae agus iad ag críochnú obair bhaile nó ag athbhreithniú le haghaidh tástálacha.
Chomh maith le a gcuid nótaí OneNote a roinnt le scoláirí, tá rochtain ag múinteoirí ar a gcuid scoláirí go léir nótaí OneNote don chlas. Tá bailiú na háite déanta mar rud den am atá caite ag Acadamh Cary. Anois, déanann mic léinn a gcuid tascanna a chomhlánú i OneNote, agus is féidir le múinteoirí a gcuid nótaí a rochtain go simplí, seiceáil go raibh an obair críochnaithe, agus aiseolas láithreach a thabhairt.
De bharr go bhfuil an cumas chun nótaí mic léinn a fheiceáil, tugann sé deis do mhúinteoirí súil neamh-imní a choinneáil ar aon mhac léinn a bhfuil deacrachtaí aige. Is féidir leis an múinteoir rochtain a fháil go héasca ar leabhar nótaí an mhic léinn ag am ar bith, sa rang nó sa bhaile, chun dul chun cinn a sheiceáil, spreagadh agus treoir a thairiscint, agus fadhbanna a cheartú. Is bealach iontach é chun cabhrú le mic léinn atá ag streachailt gan a gcomhghleacaithe a chur ar an eolas.
Is uirlis iontach é OneNote freisin le húsáid ag an bhfoireann féin. Múinteoirí séú grád Katie Moore agus Matthew Ripley-Moffit múineann cúrsa teagaisc stair agus staidéir shóisialta comhroinnte. Ligeann OneNote dóibh comhoibriú ar phleananna ceachta agus tascanna, athbhreithnithe agus tástálacha a chur le chéile.
Má tá siad ag forbairt ceacht nua ar Bhóthar na Síle na Síne, mar shampla, is féidir le Ms. Moore creat ceacht a chruthú agus a chur isteach le cur i láthair sa rang agus tascanna léitheoireachta. Is féidir leis an Uasal Ripley-Moffit a fheiceáil láithreach cad a rinne sí, agus a chuid smaointe a thairiscint faoi ghníomhaíochtaí sa rang agus tionscadail ghrúpa, a sábhálfar go huathoibríoch sa leabhar nótaí comhroinnte. Is féidir leis na múinteoirí leanúint ar aghaidh ag comhoibriú le chéile chun na codanna deiridh den phlean a fhorbairt, i bhfíor-am, óna seomraí ranga nó óna dteach féin.
Is uirlis iontach é OneNote d'iompar foghlama duine le duine ach is féidir le múinteoirí i seomraí ranga níos traidisiúnta OneNote a úsáid freisin. Ag pleanáil ceachtanna le chéile i bhformáid amháin, éasca le hithe, tugann sé deis do mhúinteoirí níos lú ama a chaitheamh ag athchruthú an roth seachtain i ndiaidh seachtaine, bliain i ndiaidh bliana agus níos mó ama ag múineadh agus ag spreagadh daltaí.
Féach ar an bhfíseán chun a fheiceáil conas a úsáideann an fhoireann ag Acadamh Cary OneNote chun a seomraí ranga a fheabhsú agus foghlaim a dhéanamh níos tarraingtí, cuimsitheach agus freagartha. Ansin, tabhair cuairt ar OneNote.com chun triail a bhaint as OneNote chun cuid de na rudaí a thaispeántar sa físeán agus a thuairiscítear anseo a dhéanamh.
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As Theodor Adorno famously said shortly after World War II, "To write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric.” That challenge continues to confront artists who attempt to depict the Holocaust.
How do you portray the Shoah? Do you create a literal description or work in the abstract? And as the actual survivors die off, can we do their memory justice – can we imagine their pain -- are we in fact obliged to do so? Do we trivialize the holocaust by talking about it and portraying it ad infinitum or do we use the conversation to prevent it from happening again, to Jews or to others?
Charles Goldstein, a French artist and poet, grapples with these specific issues. Born in Paris in 1938, Goldstein spent the war years hidden in Southern France along with his immediate family, not knowing that an extended family remained in Poland, where most of them were killed. His parents never spoke about their murdered parents, siblings and cousins; Goldstein grew up aware of a void but unaware of its source.
In more recent years, Goldstein was able to partially unearth his family’s history: 84 members of his family were killed, either executed in the woods of Wisznice or deported to concentration camps. Believing that figurative painting couldn’t describe the unspeakable, Goldstein chose to define his identity and pay tribute to those who became “ashes and dust” through abstraction.
His paintings focus on a past that he did not know and a history that was not his own. The canvasses with their Rothkoesque gashes of stark color are somber windows into a black hole of nothingness with only an occasional faded photograph or torn Hebrew text providing hints of emotion and background. The painful abstractions are used to engage and exorcise his particular Holocaust history, bearing witness to something that he did not see but that haunts his soul.
As Goldstein says, “I'm working on nothingness, on the dust, on the smoke. I handle a topic that I do not understand, that I do not know, because I do not have memory."
Paintings by Charles Goldstein are on view at the Agora Gallery’s “The Essence of Abstraction” show through March 25, at 530 West 25th Street, Manhattan.
Gloria Kestenbaum is a corporate communications consultant and freelance writer.
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Mar a dúirt Theodor Adorno go cáiliúil go gairid tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, "Is barbaróideach filíocht a scríobh tar éis Auschwitz. Tá an dúshlán sin fós ag tabhairt aghaidh ar ealaíontóirí a dhéanann iarracht an t-Iolchoisc a léiriú.
Conas a léiríonn tú an Shoah? An ndéanann tú cur síos liteartha nó an oibríonn tú san abstracht? Agus de réir mar a bháisíonn na mairbh, an féidir linn a gcuimhne a dhéanamh ceartas an féidir linn a gcuid pian a shamhlú - an bhfuil sé de dhualgas orainn é sin a dhéanamh? An ndéanaimid trivialize an holocaust trí labhairt faoi agus a léiriú ad infinitum nó a úsáid muid an comhrá a chosc ó tharla sé arís, do Giúdaigh nó do dhaoine eile?
Tá Charles Goldstein, ealaíontóir agus filí na Fraince, ag streachailt leis na saincheisteanna sonracha seo. Rugadh Goldstein i bPáras i 1938, chaith sé na blianta cogaidh i bhfolach i ndeisceart na Fraince chomh maith lena theaghlach díreach, gan a fhios go raibh teaghlach leathnaithe fágtha sa Pholainn, áit ar maraíodh an chuid is mó acu. Níor labhair a thuismitheoirí riamh faoina dtuismitheoirí, a dheartháireacha agus a gcolúnaigh a maraíodh; d'fhás Goldstein suas ar an eolas faoi bhfolach ach gan a fhoinse a bheith ar eolas aige.
Le blianta níos déanaí, bhí Goldstein in ann stair a theaghlaigh a nochtadh go páirteach: maraíodh 84 ball dá theaghlach, a bhí curtha chun báis i bhforaoisí Wisznice nó a dhíbirt chuig campaí cónaithe. Ag creidiúint nach bhféadfadh péintireacht fhigearach an rud nach féidir a mhíniú a mhíniú, roghnaigh Goldstein a shainaithint a shainiú agus ómós a thabhairt dóibh siúd a tháinig chun bheith ina "scarraig agus deannach" trí shruthlaíocht.
Díríonn a phictiúir ar am atá caite nach raibh ar eolas aige agus ar stair nach raibh aige féin. Is fuinneoga dorcha iad na canvases lena n-ghairteanna Rothkoesque de dhath géar isteach i dúl dubh an ganfhiosach gan ach grianghraf faded ó am go ham nó téacs Eabhrais scoilte a sholáthraíonn leideanna mothúcháin agus cúlra. Úsáidtear na haistrithe pianmhar chun a stair Holocaust ar leith a chur i bhfeidhm agus a exorcise, ag tabhairt fianaise ar rud nach bhfaca sé ach a bhíonn ag cur báis ar a anam.
Mar a deir Goldstein, "Táim ag obair ar an neamhní, ar an deannach, ar an deatach. Déileálann mé le hábhar nach dtuigeann mé, nach bhfuil a fhios agam, toisc nach bhfuil mé cuimhne. "
Tá pictiúir le Charles Goldstein le feiceáil ag taispeántas Gailearaí Agora The Essence of Abstraction go dtí an 25 Márta, ag 530 West 25th Street, Manhattan.
Is comhairleoir cumarsáide corparáideach agus scríbhneoir neamhspleách í Gloria Kestenbaum.
Ceangailte & Moladh
Creideann Seachtain na nGiúdach go gcruthóidh tuairimí comhrá luachmhar agus ba mhaith leo do chuid smaointe a chur ar ár suíomh Gréasáin. Chun go mbraitheann gach duine fáilte roimh, ní fhoilseoimid tráchtanna atá mí-bhrí, neamhábhartha, fógraíochta nó a dhéanann ionsaithe pearsanta.
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The first person from Turkik China to visit Europe, Bar Sauma (c. 1225–1294) was a Christian monk also known by the honorific Rabban Sauma. Sauma traveled to Rome and Paris on a diplomatic mission to attempt an alliance between western European monarchs and Mongols in Iran. His writings about his travels serve as a historical counterpart to those of his contemporary, Venetian merchant Marco Polo.
Bar Sauma was born in or around 1225, near the site of present-day Beijing, China. Sauma's parents were wealthy Christians whose ancestry traced back to the Uighurs, a nomadic people hailing from Turkistan. His name, Bar Sauma, meant “the son of the fast.” Rabban, which means “master,” was a title that would be granted to him later in life.
At age 23, Sauma reneged on an arranged marriage and became a monk in the Nestorian church. The Nestorians, Christians who believed in a distinction between Jesus the son of God and Jesus the man, had adherents across Asia at the time. A gifted teacher, he soon became well-known in his region, and students of Nestorian Christianity gathered at his home in the Fang Mountains seeking his instruction. One such student, Marcus, arrived in 1260 at age 15, after traveling for two weeks. Although Marcus became a monk under Sauma's tutelage, he changed the course of Sauma's life by convincing his instructor, after years of discussion, to leave the monastic life. Sometime between 1275 and 1278, Sauma and Marcus left the Fang Mountains and set out on what became an epic pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
Sauma and Marcus's caravan was sponsored by the Mongol emperor of China, Kublai Khan and included camels as well as interpreters and guards. The two men and their entourage navigated the challenging of mountainous western China, often stopping for extended visits in towns and villages. Along the way, Sauma kept a travel journal, portions of which still survive. They entered what is now Iraq and traveled through the Ilkhanate of Persia. (An ilkhan was a regional khan, or king—a local ruler who was installed in regions conquered by the Mongols.) In early 1280, after an extended visit at a Nestorian monastery on the outskirts of the town of Tus, the group traveled on to Maragha, in present-day Azerbaijan. There, Sauma and Marcus met the Patriarch Mar Denha, supreme leader of the Nestorian Church, and received permission to visit some of the holiest Nestorian sites, in and near Baghdad.
Mar Denha was impressed that his visitors carried credentials from Kublai Khan, and he asked them to carry a message to the Ilkhan of Persia, Abagha, asking the ruler to confirm his status as the Nestorians’ supreme leader. Sauma and Marcus agreed to do so, as long as they could send back the confirmation with an escort while they continued on to Jerusalem. They traveled to the Ilkhanate in Tabriz (also located in Azerbaijan). Abagha, likely impressed by their association with Kublai Khan, granted the credentials for Mar Denha and ordered his officials to aid Sauma and Marcus in their journey to Jerusalem.
However, Sauma and Marcus never made it to Jerusalem. When they reached Armenia, several local monks warned them not to travel farther due to dangers posed by robbers as well as by several local rulers who, located on the road to Jerusalem, were opposed to Kublai Khan. Instead, the two travelers returned to the Ilkhanate, arriving at Maragha in late 1280.
While visiting Mar Denha, the Nestorian patriarch offered them both positions of significant authority within the Nestorian Church. He appointed Marcus as a metropolitan, the church's representative in East Asia, and Sauma a visitor-general to China, a position similar to that of an archdeacon. He also gave both men the title of Rabban. During the appointment ceremony, the ilkhan, Abagha, gave Marcus a new name, Mar Yaballaha, and this is the name by which he is now best known. Although Agabha wanted the two men to return to China as his representatives, war had broken out there, making a return too dangerous. Instead, Sauma and Marcus spent several months living at a monastery.
Mar Denha's death in February of 1281 again changed the course of the two friends’ lives. Nestorian church leaders chose to name Marcus as the new patriarch, calculating that his knowledge of the Mongol language and society would help him protect the church and allow it to build strong relationships with the Mongol rulers of Asia. In November of 1281, at age 36, Sauma's disciple became Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III. Sauma became the manager of his friend's household.
In 1286, Abagha's son, Arghun, the new Ilkhan of Persia, asked Sauma to travel to Europe on a diplomatic mission: Arghun wanted the Christian kings of western Europe to ally with him in a military effort to drive Muslims from the Holy Land. The ilkhan gave Sauma letters and oral messages to deliver to the Byzantine emperor, the kings of France and England, and the Roman Catholic pope.
Sauma sailed from Constantinople to Italy, witnessing the June 18, 1287, eruption of Sicily's Mount Etna, “from which smoke ascended all the day long, and in the night time fire showed itself on it,” according to his travel journal (as quoted by Morris Rossabi in Voyager from Xanadu). He landed in Naples, where he was put up in a mansion by the ruling House of Anjou. Standing on the building's roof on June 24, 1287, he witnessed a battle between the naval forces of Naples and Aragon, then engaged in the Bay of Naples. In his journal, Sauma noted that he and his companions were impressed that the warriors from Aragon only attacked combatants, sparing civilians.
From Naples, Sauma traveled by horse to Rome and, after so much travel in barren lands, marveled at how the entire route was lined with buildings. He intended to speak to Pope Honorius IV, but that pope died just prior to his arrival in the city. Instead, Sauma got an audience with the Catholic Church's College of Cardinals. Presented with Arghun's proposal, the cardinals had little interest in forming a military alliance, perhaps because Honorius IV had tried and failed to convince Europe's kings to mount another crusade to take Jerusalem. Instead, they grilled Sauma on his theology. The traveling diplomat described Nestorianism with some vagueness, aware that European Christians considered his beliefs to be heretical. Graciously, the cardinals accepted Sauma's answers and granted his request to visit Rome's churches and monasteries. After a tour, Sauma left Rome and headed to France.
Arriving in Paris in August of 1287, Sauma met King Philip IV and was a guest at the French court for a month, honored by several banquets. He visited several churches in the city and was struck by the number of university students there. Philip gave Sauma the impression that he would be willing to ally with Arghun and launch another crusade. He showed him religious relics that he claimed had been brought from the Holy Land to Europe during previous crusades. When Sauma left, Philip sent an envoy along with him, carrying a letter for Arghun.
When Sauma learned that England's king, Edward I, was visiting Gascony, his domain in France, he set out to meet him in Bordeaux. Edward, too, showed great initial interest in Arghun's idea of launching another crusade. He invited Sauma to celebrate a Syriac version of the Christian Eucharist, or communion, in his royal court, and he held a large banquet to honor him. Edward also helped fund Sauma's return trip to Persia.
In November of 1287, Sauma returned to Italy, believing that he had secured commitments from England and France to join the ilkhan in a war to conquer Jerusalem. Also requiring the approval of Rome, he arrived in Genoa in December, and waited there until the cardinals elected a new pope. His journal notes his amazement at the city's mild Mediterranean climate. “When we arrived there we saw a garden like Paradise, where the winter is not cold, nor the summer hot,” Sauma wrote in his travel journal, as translated by James M. Montgomery in The History of Yaballaha III, “and where green vegetation is found all the year long, and trees which do not shed their leaves nor are without fruits. There is there one kind of vine that bears seven crops in the year, but wine is not pressed from the grapes.”
In February of 1288, Nicholas IV, one of the cardinals Sauma had met a year earlier, was now elected pope. Sauma traveled to Rome to see him and was invited to stay for Easter and lead celebrations of the Eucharist. Sauma's journal recounts the church's Easter Week ceremonies in great detail, including the Palm Sunday service. There, Pope Nicholas offered communion to Sauma before anyone else, an honor that brought his visitor to tears.
In April of 1288, Pope Nicholas gave Sauma letters to carry home to Arghun and Yaballaha III. Unfortunately, his letter to Arghun did not accept the offer of an alliance, but instead advised Arghun to convert to Catholicism. The pope's letter to Yaballaha asserted that the Nestorians should accept the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity. Despite the pope's ambivalent response, Sauma exchanged a cordial goodbye with the pope and headed back to Persia, arriving in September of 1288.
Arghun celebrated Sauma's return with a three-day banquet, promised to provide for him in his old age, and made him the chaplain of the Nestorian church next to his palace. Despite Sauma's efforts, an alliance between the Persian Mongols and the Western kings never materialized: Arghun proposed to invade the Holy Land in 1291, but King Edward demured by noting that the pope's approval would be needed before such an action. Arghun soon became preoccupied by threats from another Mongol khanate, the Golden Horde, which was growing in strength in the area to Persia's north. His death in March of 1291 ended the prospect of an alliance.
Meanwhile, Sauma built a church in Maragha with assistance from Mar Yaballaha III and Arghun's brother, Geikhatu, who became the new ilkhan on Arghun's death. The church was completed in October of 1293. Sauma, who had fallen ill, then traveled to Baghdad to see his friend, Mar Yaballaha.
Montgomery, James A., The History of Yaballaha III, Columbia University Press, 1927.
Budge, E.A. Wallis, The Monks of Kublai Khan, The Religious Tract Society, 1928.
Rossabi, Morris, Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West, Kodansha International, 1992.❑
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Ba é an chéad duine ó tSín Tuircigh a thug cuairt ar an Eoraip, Bar Sauma (c. 12251294) monach Críostaí ar a dtugtar an Rabban Sauma onóirúil freisin. Thaistil Sauma go dtí an Róimh agus go dtí Páras ar mhisean taidhleoireachta chun iarracht a dhéanamh comhghuaillíocht a dhéanamh idir monarcaí na hEorpa thiar agus na Mongóil san Iaráin. Tá a chuid scríbhinní faoina chuid taistil mar chomhghleacaí stairiúil le scríbhinní a chomhshaoil, an trádálaí Venezianacha Marco Polo.
Rugadh Bar Sauma i 1225 nó timpeall air, in aice le suíomh Beijing, an tSín atá ann faoi láthair. Ba Chríostaithe saibhir a raibh tuismitheoirí Sauma a raibh a n-antóir le teacht ar ais go dtí na Uighurs, daoine nómaidí a tháinig ó Turkistan. Ba é a ainm, Bar Sauma, a chiallaigh mac an ghasta. Rabban, a chiallaíonn máistir, teideal a d'eagraíodh dó níos déanaí sa saol.
Ag 23 bliain d'aois, d'fhág Sauma pósadh socraithe agus tháinig sé ina mhaon sa eaglais Nestorian. Bhí lucht leanúna ar fud na hÁise ag an am sin ag na Nestorians, Críostaithe a chreid i dtríothú idir Íosa mac Dé agus Íosa an fear. Mar mhúinteoir cumasach, bhí cáil air go luath ina réigiún, agus chruinnigh mic léinn den Chríostaíocht Nestórach ina theach i Sléibhte Fang ag iarraidh a theagasc. Tháinig Marcus, mac léinn den sórt sin, i 1260 ag aois 15, tar éis dó taisteal ar feadh dhá sheachtain. Cé gur tháinig Marcus ina mhaonín faoi theagasc Sauma, d'athraigh sé cúrsa shaol Sauma trína chur ina luí ar a theagascóir, tar éis blianta plé, an saol maonaisteach a fhágáil. Am éigin idir 1275 agus 1278, d'fhág Sauma agus Marcus Sléibhte Fang agus chuir siad ar an rud a tháinig chun bheith ina philgrimage epic go Iarúsailéim.
Bhí caravan Sauma agus Marcus urraithe ag impire Mongóil na Síne, Kublai Khan agus bhí camels chomh maith le haistriúcháin agus gardaí san áireamh. Bhí an dá fhear agus a lucht leanúna ag dul ar aghaidh tríd an tSín thiar shléibheach, ag stad go minic le haghaidh cuairteanna fada i mbailte agus i sráidbhailte. Ar an mbealach, choinnigh Sauma dialann taistil, a bhfuil codanna de fós ann. Chuaigh siad isteach sa tír atá anois mar an Iaráic agus thaistil siad trí Ilkhanate na Peirsí. (Ba é ilkhan khan réigiúnach, nó rí - rialóir áitiúil a cuireadh i bhfeidhm i réigiúin a bhuaigh na Mongóil.) Go luath i 1280, tar éis cuairt fhada a thabhairt ar mhonastóir Nestorian ar imeall bhaile Tus, thaistil an grúpa ar aghaidh go Maragha, san Aserbaidján reatha. Anseo, bhuail Sauma agus Marcus leis an bPatriarch Mar Denha, ceannaire uachtarach Eaglais Nestorian, agus fuair siad cead cuairt a thabhairt ar roinnt de na suíomhanna is naofa Nestorian, i mBaghdad agus in aice leis.
Bhí an-tóir ar Mar Denha go raibh creidmheasanna ó Kublai Khan ag a chuid cuairteoirí, agus d'iarr sé orthu teachtaireacht a thabhairt chuig Ilkhan na Peirsie, Abagha, ag iarraidh ar an rialóir a stádas a dhearbhú mar cheannaire uachtarach na Nestorians. D'aontaigh Sauma agus Marcus é sin a dhéanamh, chomh fada agus a d'fhéadfaidís an deimhniú a sheoladh ar ais le scórd agus iad ag leanúint ar aghaidh go Iarúsailéim. Chuaigh siad chuig an Ilkhanate i Tabriz (atá suite san Aserbaidján freisin). Thug Abagha, a raibh tionchar aige ar a gcaidreamh le Kublai Khan, na creidiúnachtaí do Mar Denha agus d'ordaigh sé dá chuid oifigeach cuidiú le Sauma agus Marcus ar a gcuid turas go Iarúsailéim.
Mar sin féin, níor éirigh le Sauma agus Marcus go Iarúsailéim. Nuair a shroich siad an Airméin, thug roinnt manaigh áitiúla rabhadh dóibh gan taisteal níos faide mar gheall ar na contúirtí a bhí ag robálaithe chomh maith le roinnt rialóirí áitiúla a bhí i gcoinne Kublai Khan, a bhí suite ar an mbóthar go Iarúsailéim. Ina áit sin, d'fhill an dá thaistealaí ar Ilkhanate, ag teacht go Maragha ag deireadh 1280.
Agus é ag tabhairt cuairte ar Mar Denha, thairg an patriarch Nestorian post údarás suntasach dóibh araon laistigh den Eaglais Nestorian. Ceapadh Marcus mar mhéitropoil, ionadaí na heaglaise in Oirthear na hÁise, agus Sauma mar chuairteoir ginearálta sa tSín, post cosúil le ceann ard-diocáin. Thug sé an teideal Rabban do na fir araon freisin. Le linn an tsearmanas ceapacháin, thug an ilkhan, Abagha, ainm nua do Marcus, Mar Yaballaha, agus is é seo an t-ainm is fearr a bhfuil aithne air anois. Cé gur theastaigh ó Agabha go dtiocfadh an bheirt fhear ar ais go dtí an tSín mar a ionadaí, bhí cogadh tar éis teacht amach ann, rud a rinne an filleadh ró-chontúirteach. Ina áit sin, chaith Sauma agus Marcus roinnt míonna ag maireachtáil i mhonastóir.
D'athraigh bás Mar Denha i mí Feabhra 1281 cúrsa na mbeirt chairde arís. Roghnaigh ceannairí eaglais Nestorian Marcus mar phatriarch nua, ag ríomh go gcabhródh a chuid eolais ar theanga agus ar shochaí na Mongóile leis an eaglais a chosaint agus ligfeadh sé dó caidreamh láidir a thógáil le rialtóirí Mongóil na hÁise. I mí na Samhna 1281, ag aois 36, tháinig Mac Léinn Sauma mar Phatríoc Mar Yaballaha III. Tháinig Sauma mar bhainisteoir teaghlaigh a chara.
Sa bhliain 1286, d'iarr mac Abagha, Arghun, Ilkhan nua na Peirsí, ar Sauma taisteal go dtí an Eoraip ar mhisean taidhleoireachta: Bhí Arghun ag iarraidh ar ríthe Críostaí an Iarthair a chomhghuaillithe leis i iarracht mhíleata Moslamaigh a thiomáint as an Talamh Naofa. Thug an ilkhan litreacha agus teachtaireachtaí ó bhéal do Sauma chun iad a sheachadadh chuig impire na Byzantine, rí na Fraince agus na Sasana, agus an Pápa Caitliceach Rómhánach.
Seol Sauma ó Constantinople go dtí an Iodáil, ag tabhairt fianaise ar 18 Meitheamh, 1287, ar thit Mount Etna na Sicíle, as a raibh deatach ag éirí an lá ar fad, agus san oíche bhí tine ar an gcruinniú, de réir a dhánta taistil (mar a luaigh Morris Rossabi in Voyager ó Xanadu). D'éirigh sé i Naples, áit a cuireadh i dtithe ag an Teach rialaithe de Anjou é. Ag seasamh ar díon an fhoirgnimh ar an 24 Meitheamh, 1287, chonaic sé cath idir fórsaí cabhlaigh Naples agus Aragon, a bhí ag obair i mBá Naples. Ina dhánal, thug Sauma faoi deara go raibh sé féin agus a chompánaigh faoi deara nach raibh ionsaí ag na cogairí ó Aragon ach ar chomhracóirí, ag sábháil sibhialtaigh.
Ó Naples, thaistil Sauma ar chonair go dtí an Róimh agus, tar éis an oiread sin turais i dtír neamhtháir, bhí iontas air conas a bhí an bealach ar fad líonta le foirgnimh. Bhí sé beartaithe aige labhairt leis an bPápa Honorius IV, ach fuair an pápa bás díreach sula raibh sé sa chathair. Ina áit sin, fuair Sauma éisteacht le Coláiste na gCardinal den Eaglais Chaitliceach. Nuair a cuireadh togra Arghun os comhair na gcardinalí, ní raibh mórán spéise acu i gcomhghuaillíocht mhíleata a bhunú, b'fhéidir toisc gur rinne Honorius IV iarracht agus nár éirigh leis rí na hEorpa a chur ina luí go ndéanfaí croiséad eile chun Iarúsailéim a ghlacadh. Ina áit sin, rinne siad grill Sauma ar a theolaíocht. Chuir an taidhleoir taistil cur síos ar an Neistóraisíocht le roinnt neamhchomhfhiosach, agus é ar an eolas go measann Críostaithe na hEorpa go raibh a chreideamh heretical. Ghlac na cairdíní le freagraí Sauma agus d'eisigh siad a iarraidh cuairt a thabhairt ar eaglaisí agus ar mhainistir na Róimhe. Tar éis turas, d'fhág Sauma an Róimh agus chuaigh sé go dtí an Fhrainc.
Ag teacht go Páras i mí Lúnasa 1287, bhuail Sauma le Rí Philip IV agus bhí sé ina óstach ag cúirt na Fraince ar feadh míosa, agus é á onóir ag roinnt feistí. Thug sé cuairt ar roinnt eaglaisí sa chathair agus chuir líon na mac léinn ollscoile ann iontas air. Thug Philip an tuiscint do Sauma go mbeadh sé toilteanach comhghuaillíocht a dhéanamh le Arghun agus croiséad eile a sheoladh. Léirigh sé dó relics reiligiúnacha a dúirt sé a bhí curtha ó na Tíre Naofa go dtí an Eoraip le linn crusades roimhe. Nuair a d'fhág Sauma, chuir Philip toscaire leis, ag iompar litir do Arghun.
Nuair a chuala Sauma go raibh rí Shasana, Edward I, ag tabhairt cuairte ar Ghascóin, a réimeas sa Fhrainc, chuaigh sé chun bualadh leis i mBordó. Léirigh Edward, freisin, spéis mhór ar dtús i smaoineamh Arghun ar chrosáid eile a sheoladh. Thug sé cuireadh do Sauma leagan Siriach an Eocharist Chríostaí, nó an comhchoimhlint, a cheiliúradh ina chúirt ríoga, agus rinne sé féile mhór chun onóir dó. Chabhraigh Edward freisin le turas ar ais Sauma go dtí an Phairséala a mhaoiniú.
I mí na Samhna 1287, d'fhill Sauma go hIodáil, ag creidiúint go raibh tiomantais á n-áirithe aige ó Shasana agus ón bhFrainc chun dul i ngleic leis an ilkhan i gcogadh chun Iarúsailéim a shárú. Agus cead Rómha ag teastáil uaidh freisin, tháinig sé go Genoa i mí na Nollag, agus d'fhan sé ann go dtí go raibh an pápa nua tofa ag na cardinalacha. Tugann a dhántair faoi deara go raibh iontas air faoi aeráid mhaol na Meánmhara sa chathair. "Nuair a tháinig muid ann chonaic muid gairdín cosúil le Paradise, áit nach bhfuil an gheimhreadh fuar, ná an samhradh te",Sauma scríobh ina dhán taistil, mar a aistríodh ag James M. Montgomery i The History of Yaballaha III, "agus áit a bhfuil plandaíocht glas le fáil ar feadh na bliana, agus crainn nach gcaillfidh a gcuid duilleoga ná nach bhfuil gan torthaí. Tá cineál fíonchaora amháin ann a thugann seacht dtorthaí sa bhliain, ach ní phriontáiltear fíon ó na fíonchaora.
I mí Feabhra 1288, toghadh Nicholas IV, ceann de na cardinals a bhuail Sauma bliain roimhe sin, mar phapa anois. Thaistil Sauma go dtí an Róimh chun é a fheiceáil agus cuireadh dó fanacht le haghaidh na Cásca agus ceiliúradh na hOigríche a threorú. Insíonn iris Sauma searmanais Seachtain na Cásca na heaglaise go mion, lena n-áirítear an tseirbhís Dé Domhnaigh. Ansin, thug an Pápa Nicholas comhchoimíneo do Sauma roimh aon duine eile, onóir a thug deoraí ar a chuairteoir.
I mí Aibreáin 1288, thug an Pápa Nicholas litreacha do Sauma chun iad a thabhairt abhaile chuig Arghun agus Yaballaha III. Ar an drochuair, níor ghlac a litir chuig Arghun leis an tairiscint chun comhghuaillíocht a dhéanamh, ach ina ionad sin mhol sé do Arghun tiontú go Caitliceachas. Dúirt litir an phapa chuig Yaballaha gur cheart do na Nestorians glacadh le teagasc na Caitliceach ar an Tríonóide. In ainneoin freagra an phapa a bhí diathúil, rinne Sauma bronntanas cordial leis an phapa agus d'fhill sé ar ais go Peirsis, ag teacht i Meán Fómhair 1288.
Cheiliúradh Arghun filleadh Sauma le bancéad trí lá, gheall sé go gcuirfí ar fáil dó ina sheanbhlianta, agus rinne sé sé ina chaplain ar an eaglais Nestorian in aice lena phálás. In ainneoin iarrachtaí Sauma, níor tharla riamh comhghuaillíocht idir na Mongóil Peirsis agus na ríthe Thiar: mhol Arghun cur isteach ar an Talamh Naofa i 1291, ach chuir Rí Eideard bac air ag tabhairt faoi deara go mbeadh ceadú an phapa ag teastáil sula ndéanfaí gníomh den sórt sin. Go luath, bhí imní ar Arghun faoi bhagairtí ó khanate Mongólach eile, an Golden Horde, a bhí ag fás i neart sa cheantar ó thuaidh de Persia. Chuir a bhás i mí an Mhárta 1291 deireadh leis an ionchas a bhí ann go ndéanfaí comhghuaillíocht.
Idir an dá linn, thóg Sauma eaglais i Maragha le cabhair ó Mar Yaballaha III agus deartháir Arghun, Geikhatu, a tháinig chun bheith ina ilkhan nua ar bhás Arghun. Cuireadh an séipéal i gcrích i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1293. Sauma, a bhí tinn, ansin thaistil sé go Bagdad chun a chara, Mar Yaballaha, a fheiceáil.
Montgomery, James A., The History of Yaballaha III, Columbia University Press, 1927.
Budge, E.A. Wallis, The Monks of Kublai Khan, The Religious Tract Society, 1928.
Rossabi, Morris, Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West, Kodansha International, 1992.❑
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Should the kind of art created by many traditional tribes be considered genuine art, at all? This is a question that a number of philosophers have pondered. It seems just bizarre to say “no.” We should say that tribal art IS art.
Some philosophers have argued that anything that is art must be the work of an artist who made it to be appreciated aesthetically. Even more, they say, the artist must have intended that an audience would look at the work (or listen to it, if it is music) outside of any utilitarian, practical context. So imagine an axe with beautiful carvings on its handle. But suppose that the axe was made to be used, and the artist never intended for it to be looked at while it wasn’t being swung at a tree. Then a number of philosophers would say the beautiful carvings are not truly a work of art, in the full sense of the word “art.” Works of art, they say, are the kinds of things we take out just to look at. So suppose we learn that a specific tribe’s members only ever used their music as part of religious rituals, or only ever used their beautiful objects as tools or ritual objects. Suppose that the tribe’s members never take out beautiful objects just to see them, or listen to the music solely for its own sake. Suppose their music and objects were never intended to be used that way. Then, according to these theorists, we would have to say that they do not have art, in our full sense of the word “art.”
But this simply cannot be the correct way to understand art! Sure, the kinds of things many people consider “art” are those things that we hang on walls just to look at, or play on musical instruments just to listen to. But even if every piece of art we have ever seen or heard were like this, why should we say that every piece of art in the world must be this way? Why say that this is an essential quality of art? If all we do is observe with our senses the way things actually are, we could not say anything about the way those things must necessarily be. If we could judge what is necessary based on what we currently observe, then absurd results would follow. Fifty years ago, people could have said that no one would ever be able to play videos on their phones (which they do), and that no machine could ever win a chess match against a professional chess player (which it has). Even worse, imagine a society that is isolated from the rest of the world. A philosopher there might say that since every human the society has ever seen has white skin, humans must necessarily have white skin. And, when the society first comes in contact with people of other skin colors, the philosopher might say that, because those people aren’t white, they aren’t human either! Clearly, just because everyone in the societies the philosopher knows is white, it does not follow that all humans everywhere are white. Likewise, even if all of the art in our society was created to be appreciated outside of practical contexts, it would not follow that art, everywhere, is like that! I see no good reason to think that the quality of “being-appreciated-outside-of-practical-contexts” must be an essential quality of art.
Suppose we, totally hypothetically, came to learn that the famous paintings of the Italian artist Giotto were, while he lived, only ever viewed during religious ceremonies. Suppose they were considered backdrops for those ceremonies. Suppose they were never just looked at, outside of that context. No doubt, Giotto’s paintings are excellent. But suppose their audience appreciated his paintings more than they appreciated the work of even better artists because of his paintings’ religious content. That is, suppose they were appreciated and viewed more as religious objects than they were as aesthetic ones. If we learned all this, would we want to say that his paintings were not art, in the full sense of the word? No! That’s preposterous. So too, suppose we learn that certain tribespeople only ever used beautiful objects in religious contexts, and appreciated them more for religion than for aesthetics. That should not rule those objects out as genuine art, either!
Some art might be woven into the fabric of our day-to-day lives. We might never take it out and just look at it, but we might continue to find it beautiful whenever we use it. As we live with our art objects, and use them as tools and as objects in rituals, their aesthetic, artistic features might please us, make us feel better, and inspire us to live better. We might aesthetically appreciate such objects, and know they are art in the full sense of the word. We might know such objects are art even if our aesthetic appreciation of them is never divorced from their everyday practical use. We might know they are art, in the full sense, even if we never hang them on a wall, look at them, and say “hmmmmmmm”!
I believe that something very distantly similar is going on with #TAKEMEANYWHERE. LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner lived their art. Consider the month, from May 23rd to June 23rd, 2016, during which #TAKEMEANYWHERE took place. During that month, there was absolutely no way to disentangle the artists’ lives from their art or their art from their lives. #TAKEMEANYWHERE was woven into the fabric of their lives. There was no way to disentangle it from the practical contingencies and purposes of day to day existence, and look at it like you would look at a painting in a museum. But it is nonetheless art in the fullest sense of the word. It is art that is lived or lived-with. Its participants, who also lived in and engaged in #TAKEMEANYWHERE, responded positively to its aesthetic features, whether they were conscious of them or not. Its beauty and art made their lives better and more interesting. And it inspired many, like Rachel, Jacky, and Robert, to live better.
Philosophers have found it incredibly difficult to define the term “art.” In particular, it is difficult, if not impossible, to specify the essential qualities of art. What must every work of art be like? Try to fill in the blank: Anything that is art must be ________. It seems like, with few exceptions, any answer will be hugely problematic. We might be able to say that anything that is art must be the product of an action taken by a being with a mind that thinks about the world. That might be okay. Even if we grant that driftwood, displayed in a museum, is art, we might say that it became art as a result of the act of being selected for display by a human. But saying that art must be the product of intentional action isn’t saying much. Think about how many other things are also the products of action like this: baseball, tables, tools, Snuggies, the presidential campaign of that idiot on TV . . .
Anything that is art must be ______. Try to fill in the blank with something substantial. Any way you try you will inevitably rule out huge numbers of projects that we know, in our heart, are artworks. Above, we discussed theorists who claim that anything that is art must be made to be appreciated aesthetically outside of practical or ritual contexts. But we saw that defining art this way would rule out any wonderful painting as soon as we learn that the painting was only intended to be seen as part of a religious ceremony. We also saw that defining art this way could rule a great deal of tribal art, like the beautiful designs on the handles of certain axes. More decisively, we saw that theorists simply have no good reason to fill in the blank this way. Simply because the art we know is often like this does not mean that it needs to be. There is a great plurality of art! There is conceptual art, found art, outsider/folk art, mass art, and religious art. It would be wrong to fill in the blank in any way that would exclude any of them. If we want a definition of art, we want it to respect the great plurality.
Perhaps every work of art has certain basic properties. For example, every artwork is the product of intentional action. But perhaps we should say that, besides these basic properties, there simply ARE NO ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF ART. Some theorists think there is no good way to fill in the blank, above. Some think it is impossible to fill in the blank well while respecting the plurality of art. Perhaps there are many different concepts of art. Or instead, perhaps there is one single concept of art, but that concept is complicated, assigns no essential qualities to art, and is vastly plural itself. Perhaps there are many unique, though overlapping, sets of properties an object could have that makes it a work of art. So if something is beautiful, expressive, original, complex, and coherent then it is a work of art. But perhaps something could also be art even if it is not complex, provided it is intellectually challenging. Or perhaps something could be art even if it is not intellectually challenging, complex, or original, provided the person who made it intended for it to belong to a traditional artistic form (like painting) and a particular tradition within that form. Perhaps there are hundreds of different ways something can be art. Perhaps we should define art like this: Anything that is a work of art must either have the first set of qualities or the second set of qualities, or the third set of qualities or the fourth set of qualities . . .
Without doubt, one of the many ways to be a work of art is certainly to be a work of tribal art. Theorists note that many tribal people decorate certain tools and practical items in order to give them aesthetic qualities. Those tools and items were made to look striking, beautiful, or grotesque. Often, these tools and their decorations are meant to be experienced perceptually, and appreciated aesthetically even in their everyday use. Often they are also meant to enhance experience, and to improve life. Theorists note that, when these objects have special meaning to the tribespeople as a culture, their artists are often meticulous about their construction, and they develop standards of excellence by which their work is judged.
I consider the participants and artists involved in #TAKEMEANYWHERE to be a tribe. This is my metaphor. And, distantly, I consider #TAKEMEANYWHERE to be, metaphorically and roughly, a work of tribal art. No doubt, saying this might sound like a bit of a stretch. What I mean is that #TAKEMEANYWHERE might not be art like unthoughtful people think of art. It is not something that can be hung on a wall or listened to in a concert hall. Instead, it is art that was lived. It is art that was experienced and breathed, and was absolutely unremovable from the fabric of the artist’ and participants’ lives. It was – and is – the artwork of a tribe, of #TribeLRT. And that is all I mean, when I say, metaphorically and in the most distant sense, that #TAKEMEANYWHERE is tribal art.
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An chóir an cineál ealaíne a chruthaigh go leor treibheanna traidisiúnta a mheas mar ealaín fíor, ar chor ar bith? Is ceist í seo a bhfuil roinnt fealsamh ag smaoineamh air. Is cosúil go bhfuil sé ach aisteach a rá níl. Ba chóir dúinn a rá go bhfuil ealaín treibhe ealaín.
Tá roinnt fealsúnaithe ag argóint go gcaithfidh aon rud atá ina ealaín a bheith ina obair d'ealaíontóir a rinne é a bheith measartha go héadrom. Níos mó fós, a deir siad, ní mór go raibh sé i gceist ag an ealaíontóir go mbeadh lucht féachana ag féachaint ar an obair (nó ag éisteacht léi, má tá sé ceol) lasmuigh de chuntas úsáideach, praiticiúil. Mar sin, samhlaigh cneastach le greamailtí áille ar a láimhseáil. Ach a shamhlú go raibh an axe déanta le húsáid, agus an t-ealaíontóir riamh ceaptha chun é a bheith ag breathnú ar cé nach raibh sé ag swung ag crann. Ansin bheadh roinnt fealsúna ag rá nach saothar ealaíne i ndáiríre iad na carbaithe áille, i bhfianaise iomlán an fhocail art. Is iad saothar ealaíne, a deir siad, na cineálacha rudaí a thógann muid amach ach féachaint orthu. Mar sin, má fhoghlaimímid go raibh baill treibhe áirithe riamh a n-amhrán a úsáid ach mar chuid de na deasghnátha reiligiúnacha, nó a n-amhrán a úsáid ach riamh a n-ábhar álainn mar uirlisí nó rudaí deasghnátha. Measann go bhfuil na trioblóidí riamh a chur amach rudaí áille ach a fheiceáil orthu, nó éisteacht leis an ceol go heisiach ar a son féin. Measann a gcuid ceoil agus rudaí riamh a bhí ceaptha a bheith in úsáid ar an mbealach sin. Ansin, de réir na teoiricithe seo, bheadh orainn a rá nach bhfuil ealaín acu, i gcúis iomlán an fhocail art.
Ach ní féidir go simplí é seo a bheith ar an mbealach ceart chun ealaín a thuiscint! Cinnte, is iad na cineálacha rudaí a mheasann go leor daoine mar "ealaín" na rudaí sin a chroíomar ar bhallaí ach chun breathnú orthu, nó a imríonn muid ar uirlisí ceoil ach chun éisteacht leo. Ach fiú dá mbeadh gach píosa ealaíne a chonaic nó a chuala muid riamh mar seo, cén fáth a deirimid go gcaithfidh gach píosa ealaíne ar domhan a bheith mar seo? Cén fáth a deirimid go bhfuil sé seo ina cháilíocht riachtanach d'ealaín? Má dhéanann muid ach breathnú lenár n-impí ar an gcaoi a bhfuil rudaí i ndáiríre, ní féidir linn a rá rud ar bith faoi an gcaoi a gcaithfidh na rudaí sin a bheith. Dá bhféadfaimis a mheas cad is gá bunaithe ar an méid a fheicimid faoi láthair, ansin leanfadh torthaí absurd. Cúig bliana déag ó shin, d'fhéadfadh daoine a rá nach mbeadh aon duine in ann físeáin a imirt ar a gcuid fóin (a dhéanann siad), agus nach bhféadfadh aon mheaisín cluiche fichille a bhuachan i gcoinne imreoir fichille gairmiúil (a bhfuil sé). Níos measa fós, samhlaigh sochaí atá scoite ó chuid eile den domhan. D'fhéadfadh fealsamh a rá go bhfuil gach duine a chonaic an tsochaí riamh craiceann bán, ní mór go mbeadh craiceann bán ag daoine. Agus, nuair a thagann an tsochaí i dteagmháil le daoine de dhath craiceann eile den chéad uair, d'fhéadfadh an fealsamh a rá, toisc nach daoine bána iad na daoine sin, nach daoine iad freisin! Is léir, toisc go bhfuil gach duine sna sochaithe a bhfuil a fhios ag an fealsamh bán, ní leanann sé go bhfuil gach duine i ngach áit bán. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, fiú dá mbeadh an ealaín go léir inár sochaí cruthaithe chun meas a bheith air lasmuigh de chomhthéacsanna praiticiúla, ní leanfadh sé go bhfuil an ealaín, i ngach áit, mar sin! Ní fheicim aon chúis mhaith le smaoineamh gur gá go mbeadh cáilíocht bhunúsach ealaíne ag an gcáilíocht "a bheith á meas lasmuigh de chomhthéacsanna praiticiúla".
Measamar go bhfuair muid, go hipoitéiseach go hiomlán, go raibh pictiúir cáiliúla an ealaíontóra Iodálach Giotto, agus é beo, gan am a fheiceáil ach le linn searmanais reiligiúnacha. Measann siad go raibh siad a mheas backdrops do na searmanais. Glac leis nach raibh siad riamh díreach ag breathnú, lasmuigh den chomhthéacs sin. Gan amhras, tá pictiúir Giotto iontach. Ach má cheapann a lucht féachana gur thug siad níos mó meas ar a chuid pictiúir ná mar a thug siad meas ar obair ealaíontóirí níos fearr fós mar gheall ar ábhar reiligiúnach a chuid pictiúr. Is é sin, má mheasadh go raibh meas agus meas níos mó orthu mar earraí reiligiúnacha ná mar earraí áilleachta. Má fhoghlaim muid seo go léir, ba mhaith linn a rá nach raibh a chuid pictiúir ealaíne, i sásamh iomlán an fhocail? Níl! Tá sé sin preposterous. Mar an gcéanna, má fhoghlaimímid go raibh daoine treibhe áirithe ag úsáid rudaí áille i gcomhthéacsanna reiligiúnacha amháin, agus gur thug siad meas orthu níos mó le haghaidh reiligiúin ná le haghaidh áilleachta. Níor cheart go gcuirfeadh sé sin na rudaí sin amach mar ealaín fíor, freisin!
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid den ealaín i ndréacht ár saol ó lá go lá. B'fhéidir nach nglacfaimid amach é agus ní fhéachfaimid air ach b'fhéidir go leanfaimid ag teacht go hálainn air nuair a úsáideann muid é. De réir mar a bhíonn muid ag maireachtáil lenár n-earraí ealaíne, agus iad a úsáid mar uirlisí agus mar earraí i rithimí, d'fhéadfadh a gcuid gnéithe ealaíne, ealaíne a bheith taitneamhach dúinn, a dhéanamh go mbraitheann muid níos fearr, agus a spreagadh chun maireachtáil níos fearr. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh meas álainn againn ar rudaí den sórt sin, agus go mbeadh a fhios againn gur ealaín iad i gceart-mhíle an fhocail. B'fhéidir go mbeadh a fhios againn go bhfuil rudaí den sórt sin ina ealaín fiú mura bhfuil ár meas áisiúil orthu riamh scartha óna n-úsáid phraiticiúil laethúil. B'fhéidir go mbeadh a fhios againn gur ealaín iad, sa chiall iomlán, fiú mura gcuirfimid iad ar bhalla, agus a fhéachfaimid orthu, agus a ráimis "hmmmmmmm"!
Creidim go bhfuil rud éigin an-fhorleathan cosúil ag tarlú le #TAKEMEANYWHERE. Bhí LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner ina gcónaí ar a gcuid ealaíne. Smaoinigh ar an mí, ó 23 Bealtaine go 23 Meitheamh, 2016, a tharla #TAKEMEANYWHERE le linn. Le linn na míosa sin, ní raibh aon bhealach ann chun saol na n-ealaíontóirí a dhíspreagadh óna gcuid ealaíne nó a gcuid ealaíne óna saol. Bhí #TAKEMEanywhere ina thréimhse dá saol. Ní raibh aon bhealach ann chun é a dhíspreagadh ó na contingencies praiticiúla agus cuspóirí an lá go lá a bheith ann, agus féachaint air mar a bheadh tú ag breathnú ar phictiúr i músaem. Ach is ealaín é i bhfianaise an fhocail is iomláine. Is ealaín é a bhfuil cónaí air nó a bhfuil cónaí air leis. D'fhreagair a rannpháirtithe, a bhí ina gcónaí agus a bhí páirteach i #TAKEMEANYWHERE, go dearfach lena ghnéithe ealaíne, cibé acu a bhí siad ar an eolas faoi nó nach raibh. Rinne a áilleacht agus a ealaín a saol níos fearr agus níos suimiúla. Agus spreag sé go leor, cosúil le Rachel, Jacky, agus Robert, chun maireachtáil níos fearr a dhéanamh.
Tá sé deacair go hiontach ar phictiúróirí an téarma art a shainiú. Go háirithe, tá sé deacair, mura bhfuil sé dodhéanta, cáilíochtaí bunúsacha na healaíne a shonrú. Cad ba chóir gach saothar ealaíne a bheith cosúil? Déan iarracht an folúntas a líonadh: Caithfidh aon rud atá ina ealaín a bheith ________. Is cosúil, le cúpla eisceacht, go mbeidh aon fhreagra an-tromchúiseach. B'fhéidir go mbeimid in ann a rá gur gá go mbeadh aon rud atá ina ealaín mar thoradh ar ghníomh a rinne duine a bhfuil intinn aige a smaoiníonn ar an domhan. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ceart go leor. Fiú má cheadaímid gur ealaín é an adhmad drifeáilte, atá ar taispeáint i músaem, d'fhéadfaimis a rá gur ealaín é mar thoradh ar an ngníomh a roghnaigh duine chun a thaispeáint. Ach ní leor a rá nach gá go mbeadh ealaín mar thoradh ar ghníomh intinn. Smaoinigh ar cé mhéad rud eile atá mar tháirgí gníomhaíochta mar seo: baseball, táblaí, uirlisí, Snuggies, feachtas uachtaránachta an amadán sin ar an teilifís. . . go deo . . . go deo .
Caithfidh aon rud atá ina ealaín a bheith ______. Déan iarracht an folúntas a líonadh le rud éigin substaintiúil. Cibé bealach a dhéanfaidh tú iarracht, ní bheidh tú in ann líon mór tionscadal a chur ar ceal a bhfuil a fhios againn, inár gcroí, gur saothair ealaíne iad. Ar a bharr, phléamar teoiricithe a mhaíonn gur chóir aon rud atá ina ealaín a dhéanamh chun meas a bheith air go hálainn lasmuigh de chomhthéacsanna praiticiúla nó deasghnátha. Ach chonaic muid go mbeadh an sainmhíniú seo ar ealaín ag cur aon phictiúr iontach as an áireamh a luaithe a fhoghlaimímid nach raibh an phictiúr beartaithe ach a fheiceáil mar chuid de shearmanas reiligiúnach. Chonaic muid freisin go bhféadfadh an sainmhíniú seo ar ealaín a bheith ina riail ar mhórchuid ealaíne treibhe, cosúil leis na dearaí áille ar láimhseálacha hais áirithe. Níos cinntithe, chonaic muid nach bhfuil aon chúis mhaith ag teoiricithe an folúntas a líonadh ar an mbealach seo. Ní chiallaíonn an rud go bhfuil an ealaín a bhfuil aithne againn air mar seo go minic go gcaithfidh sé a bheith mar seo. Tá ilchineál ealaíne mór ann! Tá ealaín coincheapa, ealaín le fáil, ealaín eachtrannach / tíre, ealaín mais, agus ealaín reiligiúnach. Bheadh sé mícheart an folúntas a líonadh ar bhealach ar bith a chuirfeadh aon cheann acu ar ceal. Más mian linn sainmhíniú ar ealaín, ba mhaith linn go n-urramódh sé an iomadaíocht mhór.
B'fhéidir go bhfuil airíonna bunúsacha áirithe ag gach saothar ealaíne. Mar shampla, is táirge gníomhaíochta intinne gach saothar ealaíne. Ach b'fhéidir gur chóir dúinn a rá, seachas na hairíonna bunúsacha seo, nach bhfuil AN-BHÍOCHTACH GINNEARNA AR ARTA ann. Measann roinnt teoiricithe nach bhfuil aon bhealach maith ann chun an folúntas thuas a líonadh. Measann cuid acu nach féidir an tobar bán a líonadh agus plurality na healaíona á urramú. B'fhéidir go bhfuil go leor coincheapa éagsúla ealaíne ann. Nó ina ionad sin, b'fhéidir go bhfuil coincheap amháin ealaíne ann, ach tá an coincheap sin casta, ní thugann sé aon cháilíochtaí bunúsacha don ealaín, agus tá sé i bhfad níos mó féin. B'fhéidir go bhfuil go leor tacair airíonna uathúla, cé go bhfuil siad ag dul in éineacht, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag réad a dhéanann saothar ealaíne de. Mar sin, má tá rud éigin álainn, léiriúcháin, bunaidh, casta, agus comhsheasmhach ansin is saothar ealaíne é. Ach b'fhéidir go bhféadfadh rud éigin a bheith ina ealaín fiú mura bhfuil sé casta, ar choinníoll go bhfuil sé dúshlánach go intleachtúil. Nó b'fhéidir go bhféadfadh rud éigin a bheith ina ealaín fiú mura bhfuil sé dúshlánach go intleachtúil, casta, nó bunaidh, ar choinníoll go raibh sé i gceist ag an duine a rinne é a bheith ina chuid de fhoirm ealaíne traidisiúnta (cosúil le péintéireacht) agus traidisiún ar leith laistigh den fhoirm sin. B'fhéidir go bhfuil na céadta bealaí éagsúla ann ar féidir le rud a bheith ina ealaín. B'fhéidir gur cheart dúinn ealaín a shainiú mar seo: Aon rud is saothar ealaíne é ní mór an chéad sraith cáilíochtaí nó an dara sraith cáilíochtaí, nó an tríú sraith cáilíochtaí nó an ceathrú sraith cáilíochtaí a bheith aige. . . go deo . . . go deo .
Gan amhras, is cinnte gurb é ceann de na bealaí go leor chun bheith ina shaothar ealaíne ná a bheith ina shaothar ealaíne treibhe. Tugann teoiricithe faoi deara go ndéanann go leor daoine treibhe uirlisí áirithe agus earraí praiticiúla a mhaisiú chun cáilíochtaí áilleachta a thabhairt dóibh. Bhí na huirlisí agus na rudaí sin déanta chun breathnú suntasach, álainn, nó grotesque. Is minic a bhíonn sé i gceist go mbainfear taithí ar na huirlisí seo agus ar a gcuid maisiúcháin go braite, agus go ndéanfar meas a bheith acu go hálainn fiú ina n-úsáid laethúil. Is minic a bhíonn sé i gceist acu freisin taithí a fheabhsú, agus saol a fheabhsú. Tugann teoiricithe faoi deara, nuair a bhíonn brí speisialta ag na rudaí seo leis na treibheanna mar chultúr, go minic bíonn a n-ealaíontóirí mionsonraithe maidir lena ndéantúsaíocht, agus déanann siad caighdeáin feabhais a fhorbairt trína ndéantar a gcuid oibre a mheas.
Measann mé go bhfuil na rannpháirtithe agus na healaíontóirí a bhfuil baint acu le #TAKEMEANYWHERE ina threibh. Is é seo mo mheiteal. Agus, go ciallmhar, is dóigh liom go bhfuil #TAKEMEanywhere, go meáforach agus go garbh, ina shaothar ealaíne treibhe. Gan amhras, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé seo ag éirí beagán ró-fhada. Is é an rud atá i gceist agam ná nach ealaín é #TAKEMEANYWHERE mar a cheapann daoine gan smaoineamh ar ealaín. Ní rud é is féidir a chrochadh ar bhalla nó a éisteacht leis i halla ceoil. Ina áit sin, is ealaín é a bhí beo. Is ealaín é a bhí taithí agus anailís air, agus a bhí go hiomlán do-ghlactha ó fhéabra na beatha an ealaíontóra agus na rannpháirtithe. Bhí sé agus tá sé ina saothar ealaíne de threibh, de #TribeLRT. Agus sin go léir a chiallaíonn mé, nuair a deirim, go meáite agus sa chiall is faide ó thaobh, go bhfuil #TAKEMEANYWHERE ealaín treibhe.
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Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Panama
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution (STRI) in Panama, is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution based outside of the United States, is dedicated to understanding biological diversity. What began in 1923 as small field station on Barro Colorado Island, in the Panama Canal Zone, has developed into one of the leading research institutions of the world. STRI’s facilities provide a unique opportunity for long-term ecological studies in the tropics, and are used extensively by some 900 visiting scientists from academic and research institutions in the United States and around the world every year. The work of our resident scientists has allowed us to better understand tropical habitats and has trained hundreds of tropical biologists. STRI aims to offer research facilities that allow staff scientists, fellows, and visiting scientists to achieve their research objectives. The 38 staff scientists reside in the tropics and are encouraged to pursue their own research priorities without geographic limitations. The continuity of their long-term programs enables in-depth investigations that attract an elite group of fellows and visitors. Active support for fellows and visitors leverages resources further and attracts more than 900 scientists to STRI each year. Although STRI is based in Panama, research is conducted throughout the tropics. STRI's Center for Tropical Forest Science uses large, fully enumerated forest plots to monitor tree demography in 14 countries located in Africa, Asia and the Americas. More than 3,000,000 individual trees representing 6,000 species are being studied. STRI's Biological Diversity of Forest Fragments project created experimental forest fragments of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 km 2 to study the consequences of landscape transformation on forest integrity in the central Amazon region. STRI marine scientists are conducting a global survey of levels of genetic isolation in coral reef organisms.
The Galeta Marine Laboratory
The Galeta Marine Laboratory is located on the Caribbean coast of Panama in the Province of Colon. It was established in 1964. The main priority is research, but we also value communicating the results of this research to non-scientific audiences in order to increase awareness and understanding of the natural world. Our Educational Program offers guided visits to students, tourists and the general public. In these visits, we explain the unique ecosystems and wildlife of Galeta and emphasize the importance of conserving the environment we share.
VIDEO: "Punta Galeta: Many Places in One"
|Description: Galeta Point Marine Laboratory is a field station of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal. Panamanian film maker Enrique Castro captures the story of Galetas research, education and public outreach programs using the narrative of Dr. Stanley Heckadon-Moreno. For fifty years scientists have studied local coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangrove forests. The camera follows Dr. Wayne Sousa, University of California at Berkley, as he studies his long term mangrove plots. Ricardo Thompson describes the scientific instruments that record key physical data that determine if the Caribbean is changing. Heckadon recalls Galetas environmental education program that has built bridges between the scientific research and the Panamanian classrooms; and the public outreach programs, one with the fishermen of the barrio of La Playita; the other The Smithsonian Talk of the Month were STRI scientist explain to the community the nature of their research. The film shows the current threats facing Galeta given the ongoing destructive style of economic development.|
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Institiúid Taighde Trópaiceach Smithsonian, Panama
Is oifig de chuid Institiúid Smithsonian atá bunaithe lasmuigh de na Stáit Aontaithe, an Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution (STRI) i bPanamá, atá tiomanta do éagsúlacht bhitheolaíoch a thuiscint. Is é an rud a thosaigh i 1923 mar stáisiún réimse beag ar Oileán Barro Colorado, i gCeantar Chanáil Phána, a d'fhorbair ina cheann de na hinstitiúidí taighde is mó sa domhan. Soláthraíonn áiseanna STRI deis uathúil le haghaidh staidéir éiceolaíocha fadtéarmacha sna trópaiceacha, agus úsáideann thart ar 900 eolaí ó institiúidí acadúla agus taighde sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain iad go forleathan gach bliain. Tá obair ár n-eolaithe cónaitheacha tar éis ligean dúinn maireachtáil thrópaiceach a thuiscint níos fearr agus tá na céadta bitheolaí thrópaiceacha oiliúnaithe acu. Tá sé mar aidhm ag STRI áiseanna taighde a thairiscint a ligeann do eolaithe foirne, do dhaoine a bhfuil comhaltaí acu, agus do eolaithe cuairteoirí a gcuspóirí taighde a bhaint amach. Tá na 38 eolaí foirne ina gcónaí sna trópaiceanna agus spreagtar iad chun a tosaíochtaí taighde féin a shaothrú gan teorainneacha geografacha. Cuireann leanúnachas a gclár fadtéarmach ar chumas imscrúduithe domhain a mheallann grúpa mionlach comhaltaí agus cuairteoirí. Cuireann tacaíocht ghníomhach do chomhaltaí agus do chuairteoirí acmhainní chun cinn agus tarraingíonn sé níos mó ná 900 eolaí chuig STRI gach bliain. Cé go bhfuil STRI lonnaithe i bPanamá, déantar taighde ar fud na trópaice. Úsáideann Ionad Eolaíochta na Foraoise Trópaiceach STRI píolótaí foraoise móra, atá liostáilte go hiomlán chun déimeagrafaíocht crainn a mhonatóireacht i 14 tír atá lonnaithe san Afraic, san Áise agus sna Meiriceánaigh. Tá níos mó ná 3,000,000 crann aonair a léiríonn 6,000 speiceas á staidéar. Cruthaíodh le tionscadal Biological Diversity of Forest Fragments de chuid STRI codanna trialacha foraoise 0.01, 0.1, agus 1.0 km 2 chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar iarmhairtí an athraithe tírdhreacha ar shláine an fhoraoise i réigiún lárnach na hAmaisíne. Tá eolaithe mara STRI ag déanamh suirbhé domhanda ar leibhéil na leithlithe géiniteacha in orgánaigh chraobhchrutha.
Saotharlann Mhuirí Galeta
Tá an Galéta Marine Laboratory suite ar chósta na Caráibí i bPanamá i gCúige Colón. Bunaíodh é i 1964. Is é an taighde an príomhthosaíocht, ach is mór dúinn torthaí na taighde sin a chur in iúl do lucht féachana neamh-eolaíocha d'fhonn feasacht agus tuiscint ar an saol nádúrtha a mhéadú. Cuireann ár gClár Oideachais cuairteanna treoraithe ar fáil do mhic léinn, do thurasóirí agus don phobal i gcoitinne. Sna cuairteanna seo, mínímid éiceachórais uathúla agus fiadhúlra Galeta agus béim ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le caomhnú an chomhshaoil a roinneann muid.
FÍDEO: "Punta Galeta: Go leor Áiteanna i gceann amháin"
☐Tuairisc: Is stáisiún réimse é Galeta Point Marine Laboratory de chuid Institiúid Taighde Trópaiceach Smithsonian ar iontráil na Cairibeach i gCanáil Phánaima. Glacann an scannánóir Panamánach Enrique Castro scéal taighde, oideachais agus cláir amach-chuardaigh phoiblí Galetas ag baint úsáide as scéal an Dr. Stanley Heckadon-Moreno. Le cúig bliana déag, tá eolaithe ag déanamh staidéir ar na criosanna corail áitiúla, ar na leapacha féar mara agus ar na foraoisí mangrove. Leanann an ceamara an Dr. Wayne Sousa, Ollscoil California ag Berkley, agus é ag staidéar a phlátaí mangrove fadtéarmacha. Déanann Ricardo Thompson cur síos ar na hionstraimí eolaíocha a thaifeadann príomh-dhátaí fisiciúla a chinneann an bhfuil an Mhuir Chairib ag athrú. Is é Heckadon a mheabhraíonn clár oideachais comhshaoil Galetas a thóg droichead idir an taighde eolaíoch agus seomraí ranga na Pánaime; agus na cláir amach-chuardaigh phoiblí, ceann le hiascairí bairrio La Playita; an ceann eile The Smithsonian Labhair na Míne bhí eolaí STRI ag míniú do phobal nádúr a dtaighde. Taispeánann an scannán na bagairtí reatha atá os comhair Galeta mar gheall ar an stíl scriosach leanúnach forbartha eacnamaíochta.
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Holy Spirit in Christianity
For the majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person (hypostasis) of the Trinity: the Triune God manifested as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; each person itself being God.
Some Christian theologians identify the Holy Spirit with the Ruach Hakodesh (Holy Breath) in Jewish scripture, and with many similar names including: the Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God), Ruach YHWH (Spirit of Yahweh), Ruach Hakmah (Spirit of Wisdom); In the New Testament it is identified, among others, with the Spirit of Christ, the Spirit of Truth, the Paraclete and the Holy Spirit.
The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry. The Gospels of Matthew and Luke and the Nicene Creed state that Jesus was "conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary". The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus like a dove during his baptism, and in his Farewell Discourse after the Last Supper Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his disciples after his departure.
The theology of the Holy Spirit is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as "the Lord, the Giver of Life" in the Nicene Creed, which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): "make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit," and "For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them." Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the trinitarian formula "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, absolution and benediction.
- 1 Etymology and usage
- 2 Names
- 3 Biblical portrayal
- 4 Mainstream doctrines
- 5 Denominational variations
- 6 Symbolism and art
- 7 See also
- 8 Further reading
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Etymology and usage
The Koine Greek word pneûma (πνεῦμα, pneuma) is found around 385 times in the New Testament, with some scholars differing by three to nine occurrences. Pneuma appears 105 times in the four canonical gospels, 69 times in the Acts of the Apostles, 161 times in the Pauline epistles, and 50 times elsewhere. These usages vary: in 133 cases, it refers to "spirit" in a general sense and in 153 cases to "spiritual".[clarification needed] Around 93 times, the reference to the Holy Spirit, sometimes under the name pneuma and sometimes explicitly as the pneûma tò Hagion (Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean wind or life.) It was generally translated into the Vulgate as Spiritus and Spiritus Sanctus.
The English terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the Old English gast and the other from the Latin loanword spiritus. Like pneuma, they both refer to the breath, to its animating power, and to the soul. The Old English term is shared by all other Germanic languages (compare, e.g., the German Geist) and is older, but the King James Bible used both interchangeably, and 20th-century translations of the Bible overwhelmingly prefer "Holy Spirit", probably because the general English term "ghost" has increasingly come to refer only to the spirit of a dead person.
Jewish Scriptures - Old Testament
- וְר֣וּחַ קָדְשׁ֑וֹ (Ruah qadesow) - Holy Spirit (Is 63,10)
- וְר֣וּחַ קָ֝דְשְׁךָ֗ (Ruah qadseḵa) - Holy Spirit (Ps 51,11)
- וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים (Ruah Elohim) - Spirit of God (Gen 1,2)
- נִשְׁמַת־ר֨וּחַ חַיִּ֜ים (Nismat Ruah hayyim) - The Breath of the Spirit of Life (Gen 7, 22)
- ר֣וּחַ יְהוָ֑ה (Ruah YHWH) - Spirit of YHWH (Is 11-2)
- ר֧וּחַ חָכְמָ֣ה וּבִינָ֗ה (Ruach hakmah ubinah) - Spirit of Wisdom (Is 11-2)
- ר֤וּחַ עֵצָה֙ וּגְבוּרָ֔ה (Ruah esah ugeburah) - Spirit of Counsel and Might (Is 11-2)
- ר֥וּחַ דַּ֖עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְהוָֽה (Ruah daat weyirat YHWH) - Spirit of Understanding and Fear of YHWH (Is 11-2)
- πνεύματος ἁγίου (Pneumatos Hagiou) - Holy Spirit (Mt 1, 18)
- πνεύματι θεοῦ (Pneumati Theou) - Spirit of God (Mt 12,28)
- ὁ παράκλητος (O Paracletos) - The Intercesor (Jn 16,7)
- πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας (Pneuma tis Haletheias) - Spirit of Truth (Jn 16, 13)
- Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ (Pneuma Christou) - Spirit of Christ (1 Pt, 11)
Depending on context:
- πνεῦμα (Pneuma) - Spirit (Jn 3,8)
- Πνεύματος (Pneumatos) - Spirit (Jn 3,8)
The term Holy Spirit appears at least 90 times in the New Testament. The sacredness of the Holy Spirit is affirmed in all three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 12:30–32, Mark 3:28–30 and Luke 12:8–10) which proclaim that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is the unforgivable sin. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): "Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".
|This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (June 2014)|
What the Hebrew Bible calls "Spirit of God" and "Spirit of Elohim" is called in the Talmud and Midrash "Holy Spirit" (ruacḥ ha-kodesh). Although the expression "Holy Spirit" occurs in Ps. 51:11 and in Isa. 63:10–11, it had not yet acquired quite the same meaning which was attached to it in rabbinical literature: in the latter it is equivalent to the expression "Spirit of the Lord". In Gen.1:2 God's spirit hovered over the form of lifeless matter, thereby making the Creation possible. Although the ruach ha-kodesh may be named instead of God, it was conceived of as being something distinct; and, like everything earthly that comes from heaven, the ruach ha-kodesh is composed of light and fire. The most characteristic sign of the presence of the ruach ha-kodesh is the gift of prophecy. The use of the word "ruach" (Hebrew: "breath," or "wind") in the phrase ruach ha-kodesh seems to suggest that Judaic authorities believed the Holy Spirit was a kind of communication medium like the wind. The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice; the word ruacḥ is both masculine and feminine.
The Holy Spirit does not simply appear for the first time at Pentecost after the resurrection of Jesus, but is present in the Gospel of Luke (in 1–2) prior to the birth of Jesus. In Luke 1:15, John the Baptist was said to be "filled with the Holy Spirit" prior to birth, and the Holy Spirit came upon the Virgin Mary in Luke 1:35. In Luke 3:16 John the Baptist stated that Jesus baptized not with water but with the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus during his baptism in the Jordan River. In Luke 11:13 Jesus provided assurances that God the Father would "give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him".
Mark 13:11 specifically refers to the power of the Holy Spirit to act and speak through the disciples of Jesus in time of need: "be not anxious beforehand what ye shall speak: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye; for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Spirit." Matthew 10:20 refers to the same act of speaking through the disciples, but uses the term "Spirit of your Father".
The sacredness of the Holy Spirit is affirmed in all three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 12:30–32, Mark 3:28–30 and Luke 12:8–10) which proclaim that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is the unforgivable sin.
Three separate terms, namely Holy Spirit, Spirit of Truth and Paraclete are used in the Johannine writings. The "Spirit of Truth" in used in John 14:17, 15:26 and 16:13. The First Epistle of John then contrasts this with the "spirit of error" in 1 John 4:6. 1 John 4:1–6 provides the separation between spirits "that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God" and those who in error refuse it—an indication of their being evil spirits.
In John 14:26 Jesus states: "But the Comforter, [even] the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things". The identity of the "Comforter" has been the subject of debate among theologians, who have proposed multiple theories on the matter.
The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Pauline epistles; and the Apostle Paul's pneumatology is closely connected to his theology and Christology, to the point of being almost inseparable from them.
The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, which was likely the first of Paul's letters, introduces a characterization of the Holy Spirit in 1:6 and 4:8 which is found throughout his epistles. In 1 Thessalonians 1:6 Paul refers to the imitation of Christ (and himself) and states: "And ye became imitators of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Spirit", whose source is identified in 1 Thessalonians 4:8 as "God, who giveth his Holy Spirit unto you".
These two themes of receiving the Spirit "like Christ" and God being the source of the Spirit persist in Pauline letters as the characterization of the relationship of Christians with God. For Paul the imitation of Christ involves readiness to be shaped by the Holy Spirit, as in Romans 8:4 and 8:11: "But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwelleth in you, he that raised up Christ Jesus from the dead shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his Spirit that dwelleth in you."
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles has sometimes been called the "Book of the Holy Spirit" or the "Acts of the Holy Spirit". Of the seventy or so occurrences of the word Pneuma in Acts, fifty-five refer to the Holy Spirit.
From the start, in Acts 1:2, the reader is reminded that the ministry of Jesus, while he was on earth, was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the "acts of the apostles" continue the acts of Jesus and are also facilitated by the Holy Spirit. Acts presents the Holy Spirit as the "life principle" of the early Church and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in 2:1–4, 4:28–31, 8:15–17, 10:44 and 19:6.
References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts, for example Acts 1:5 and 8 stating towards the beginning: "For John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit ... ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you" referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of John the Baptist in Luke 3:16: "he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit".
Jesus and the Holy Spirit
The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry. The Apostles' Creed echoes the statements in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, stating that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of Mary.
- Baptism of Jesus, with the Holy Spirit descending on him as a dove in Matthew 3:13–17, Mark 1:9–11 and Luke 3:21–23
- Temptation of Jesus, in Matthew 4:1 the Holy Spirit led Jesus to the desert to be tempted
- The Spirit casting out demons (Matthew 12:28), in Exorcising the blind and mute man miracle
- Rejoice the Spirit in Luke 10:21 where seventy disciples are sent out by Jesus
- In Matthew 26:41 during the Agony in the Garden before his crucifixion, Jesus tells his disciples to watch and pray, in order not to fall into temptation for "the Spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak"
- Acts 1:2 states that until his death and resurrection, Jesus "had given commandment through the Holy Spirit unto the apostles"
- Referring to the sacrifice of Jesus to be crucified out of obedience to the father, the Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews 9:14 states that Jesus "through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish unto God"
In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth ... shall bear witness of me".
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The theology of spirits is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as the Lord and Giver of Life in the Nicene creed. He is The Creator Spirit, present before the creation of the universe and through his power everything was made in Jesus Christ, by God the Father. Christian hymns such as Veni Creator Spiritus reflects this belief.
In early Christianity, the concept of salvation was closely related to the invocation of the "Father, Son and Holy Spirit". and since the first century, Christians have called upon God with the name "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, baptism, communion, exorcism, hymn-singing, preaching, confession, absolution and benediction. This is reflected in the saying: "Before there was a 'doctrine' of the Trinity, Christian prayer invoked the Holy Trinity".
For the majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Holy Trinity—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and is Almighty God. The Holy Spirit is understood to be one of the three persons of the Trinity. As such he is personal and also fully God, co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and Son of God. He is different from the Father and the Son in that he proceeds from the Father (and, according to Roman Catholics, Old Catholics, Anglicans, and Protestants, from the Father and the Son) as described in the Nicene Creed. The Triune God is thus manifested as three Persons (Greek hypostases), in One Divine Being (Greek: Ousia), called the Godhead (from Old English: Godhood), the Divine Essence of God.
In the New Testament, by the power of the Holy Spirit Jesus was conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary, while maintaining her virginity. The Holy Spirit descended over Jesus in a corporeal way, as a dove, at the time of his baptism, and a voice from Heaven was heard: "This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased." He is the Sanctifier of souls, the Helper, Comforter, the Giver of graces, he who leads souls to the Father and the Son.
The Holy Spirit is credited inspiring believers and allowing for them to interpret all the sacred scripture and leads prophets, both in Old Testament and New Testament. Christians receive the Fruits of the Holy Spirit by means of his mercy and grace.
God the Holy Spirit
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The belief in the Holy Trinity among many Christians includes the concept of God the Holy Spirit, along with God the Son and God the Father. Theologian Vladimir Lossky has argued that while in the act of the Incarnation, God the Son became manifest as the Son of God, the same did not take place for God the Holy Spirit which remained unrevealed. Yet, as in 1 Corinthians 6:19 God the Spirit continues to dwell in bodies of the faithful.
In Christian theology the Holy Spirit is believed to perform specific divine functions in the life of the Christian or the church. The action of the Holy Spirit is seen as an essential part of the bringing of the person to the Christian faith. The new believer is "born again of the Spirit". The Holy Spirit enables Christian life by dwelling in the individual believers and enables them to live a righteous and faithful life. The Holy Spirit also acts as comforter or Paraclete, one who intercedes, or supports or acts as an advocate, particularly in times of trial. And he acts to convince the unredeemed person both of the sinfulness of their actions, and of their moral standing as sinners before God. Another faculty of the Holy Spirit is the inspiration and interpretation of scripture. The Holy Spirit both inspires the writing of the scriptures and interprets them to the Christian and/or church. The Holy Spirit also empowers the believers to act on Jesus behalf today here on earth operating in signs, wonders, and miracles like Jesus did and released his disciples to do in the Gospels; Luke 10, Matthew 10, and Mark 6. John 14:12 are the words of Jesus encouraging his disciples that they can do as he did. John 14–17 you can read the words Jesus spoke regarding sending his Spirit the Holy Spirit to live in those who believe in him empowering us to carry forth his commission given in Matthew 28:18–20.
Fruit and Gifts of the Spirit
The "fruit of the Holy Spirit" consists of "permanent dispositions" (in this similar to the permanent character of the sacraments), virtuous characteristics engendered in the Christian by the action of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 5:22–23 names 9 aspects and states:
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control; against such there is no law.
In the Epistle to the Galatians these nine characteristics are in contrast to the "works of the flesh" and highlight the positive manifestations of the work of the Holy Spirit in believers.
The "gifts of the Holy Spirit" are distinct from the Fruit of the Spirit, and consist of specific abilities granted to the individual Christian. They are frequently known by the Greek word for gift, charisma, in English charism, from which the term charismatic derives. There is no generally agreed upon exhaustive list of the gifts, and various Christian denominations use different lists, often drawing upon 1 Corinthians 12, Romans 12 and Ephesians 4. Pentecostal denominations and the charismatic movement teach that the absence of the supernatural gifts was due to the neglect of the Holy Spirit and his work by the major denominations. Believers in the relevance of the supernatural gifts sometimes speak of a Baptism with the Holy Spirit or Filling with the Holy Spirit which the Christian needs to experience in order to receive those gifts. However, many Christian denominations hold that the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is identical with conversion, and that all Christians are by definition baptized in the Holy Spirit.
The "seven gifts of the Holy Spirit" pour out on a believer at baptism, and are traditionally derived from Isaiah 11:1–2, although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1–2 regarding these gifts. These 7 gifts are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude (strength), knowledge, piety and fear of the Lord. This is the view of the Catholic Church and many other mainstream Christian groups.
Christian denominations have doctrinal variations in their beliefs regarding the Holy Spirit. A well-known example is the Filioque controversy regarding the Holy Spirit – one of the key differences between the teachings of the Western Church and Eastern Orthodox beliefs, ranking at the level of the disagreement about the papal primacy.
The Filioque debate centers around whether the Nicene Creed should state that the Spirit "proceeds from the Father" and then have a stop, as the creed was initially adopted in Greek (and followed thereafter by the Eastern Church), or should say "from the Father and the Son" as was later adopted in Latin and followed by the Western Church, filioque being "and the Son" in Latin.
Towards the end of the 20th century, discussions took place about the removal of Filioque in the Nicene Creed from Anglican prayer books along the lines of the Eastern Orthodox approach, but these still have not reached a state of final implementation.
The majority of mainstream Protestantism hold similar views on the theology of the Holy Spirit as the Roman Catholic Church, but there are significant differences in belief between Pentecostalism and the rest of Protestantism. Pentecostalism has a focus on "Baptism with the Spirit", relying on Acts 1:5 which refers to "now you will baptize with the Holy Spirit". The more recent Charismatic movements have a focus on the "gifts of the Spirit" (such as healing, prophecy, etc.) and rely on 1 Corinthians 12 as a scriptural basis, but often differ from Pentecostal movements.
Non-trinitarian views about the Holy Spirit differ significantly from mainstream Christian doctrine.
Jehovah's Witnesses view the Holy Spirit, not as an actual person separate from God the Father, but as God's eternal "energy" or "active force", that he uses to accomplish his will in creation and redemption.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Mormons believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the Godhead. He is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones. He is often referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter.
Symbolism and art
The Holy Spirit is frequently referred to by metaphor and symbol, both doctrinally and biblically. Theologically speaking these symbols are a key to understanding of the Holy Spirit and his actions, and are not mere artistic representations.
- Water – signifies the Holy Spirit's action in Baptism, such that in the manner that "by one Spirit [believers] were all baptized", so they are "made to drink of one Spirit".[1Cor 12:13] Thus the Spirit is also personally the living water welling up from Christ crucified[Jn 19:34] [1 Jn 5:8] as its source and welling up in Christians to eternal life. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, item 1137, considers the Water of Life reference in the Book of Revelation (21:6 and 22:1) "one of most beautiful symbols of the Holy Spirit".
- Anointing – The symbolism of bless with oil also signifies the Holy Spirit, to the point of becoming a synonym for the Holy Spirit. The coming of the Spirit is referred to as his "anointing".[2Cor 1:21] In some denominations anointing is practiced in Confirmation; ("chrismation" in the Eastern Churches). Its full force can be grasped only in relation to the primary anointing accomplished by the Holy Spirit, that of Jesus. The title "Christ" (in Hebrew, messiah) means the one "anointed" by God's Spirit.
- Fire – symbolizes the transforming energy of the Holy Spirit's actions. In the form of tongues "as of fire", the Holy Spirit rested on the disciples on the morning of Pentecost.
- Cloud and light – The Spirit comes upon the Virgin Mary and "overshadows" her, so that she might conceive and give birth to Jesus. On the mountain of transfiguration, the Spirit in the "cloud came and overshadowed" Jesus, Moses and Elijah, Peter, James and John, and "a voice came out of the cloud, saying, 'This is my Son, my Chosen; listen to him!'"[Lk 9:34–35]
- The dove – When Christ comes up from the water of his baptism, the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, comes down upon him and remains with him.[Mt 3:16]
- Wind – The Spirit is likened to the "wind that blows where it will,"[Jn 3:8] and described as "a sound from heaven like the rush of a mighty wind."[Acts 2:24]
Art and architecture
The Holy Spirit has been represented in Christian art both in the Eastern and Western Churches using a variety of depictions. The depictions have ranged from nearly identical figures that represent the three persons of the Holy Trinity to a dove to a flame.
The Holy Spirit is often depicted as a dove, based on the account of the Holy Spirit descending on Jesus like a dove when he was baptized in the Jordan. In many paintings of the Annunciation, the Holy Spirit is shown in the form of a dove, coming down towards Mary on beams of light, as the Archangel Gabriel announces Jesus Christ's coming to Mary. A dove may also be seen at the ear of Saint Gregory the Great─as recorded by his secretary or other church father authors, dictating their works to them. The dove also parallels the one that brought the olive branch to Noah after the deluge, as a symbol of peace.
The book of Acts describes the Holy Spirit descending on the apostles at Pentecost in the form of a wind and tongues of fire resting over the apostles' heads. Based on the imagery in that account, the Holy Spirit is sometimes symbolized by a flame of fire.
Ray of light representation in Russian icon of the Pentecost, 15th century
Holy Spirit Cathedrals
- Cult of the Holy Spirit
- Holy Spirit
- Holy Spirit (Islam)
- Holy Spirit (Judaism)
- Intercession of the Spirit
- Seven Spirits of God
- Charles Williams, The descent of the Dove: a short history of the Holy Spirit in the church (1950) Faber, London
- Millard J. Erickson (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Baker Book House. p. 103.
- T C Hammond, Revised and edited by David F Wright (1968). In Understanding be Men:A Handbook of Christian Doctrine. (sixth ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 54–56 and 128–131.
- Grudem, Wayne A. 1994. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. page 226.
- Catechism of the Catholic Church: Expectation of the Messiah and his Spirit (nos. 711–712).
- Parsons, John. "Hebrew names for God".
The Holy Spirit as revealed in the Brit Chadashah
- Acts and Pauline writings by Watson E. Mills, Richard F. Wilson 1997 ISBN 0-86554-512-X, pages xl–xlx
- Grabe, Petrus J. The Power of God in Paul's Letters 2008 ISBN 978-3-16-149719-3, pp. 248–249
- Spirit of Truth: The origins of Johannine pneumatology by John Breck 1990 ISBN 0-88141-081-0, pages 1–5
- Jesus in Trinitarian Perspective: An Introductory Christology by Scott Horrell, Donald Fairbairn, Garrett DeWeese and Bruce Ware (Oct 1, 2007) ISBN 0-8054-4422-X pages 208–213
- Millard J. Erickson (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Baker Book House. pp. 267–268.
- John by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2004 ISBN 0-8010-2644-X, page 442
- The Gospel of John: Question by Question by Judith Schubert 2009 ISBN 0-8091-4549-9, pages 112–127
- Lord, giver of life by Jane Barter Moulaison 2006 ISBN 0-88920-501-9 page 5
- Vickers, Jason E. Invocation and Assent: The Making and the Remaking of Trinitarian Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-8028-6269-1, pages 2–5
- The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity by Peter C. Phan 2011 ISBN 0-521-70113-9, pages 3–4
- Companion Bible–KJV–Large Print by E. W. Bullinger, Kregel Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-8254-2099-7. Page 146.
- Robin W. Lovin, Foreword to the English translation of Karl Barth's The Holy Spirit and the Christian Life (1993 ISBN 0-664-25325-3), page xvii
- Millard J. Erickson, L. Arnold Hustad, Introducing Christian Doctrine (Baker Academic 2001 ISBN 978-0-8010-2250-0), p. 271
- "Norfolk schools told Holy Ghost 'too spooky'". The Guardian. London. 2005-04-11. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3, page 280
- Matthew 28:19
- "Holy Spirit", Jewish Encyclopedia
- The Gospel of Luke by Luke Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington 1992 ISBN 0-8146-5805-9, page 195
- 1, 2, and 3 John by John Painter, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 ISBN 0-8146-5812-1, page 324
- The anointed community: the Holy Spirit in the Johannine tradition by Gary M. Burge 1987 ISBN 0-8028-0193-5, pages 14–21
- Theology of Paul the Apostle by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-567-08958-4, pages 418–420
- A Concise Dictionary of Theology by Gerald O'Collins, Edward G. Farrugia 2004 ISBN 0-567-08354-3 page 115
- Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 3 by Phyllis G. Jestice 2004 ISBN 1-57607-355-6, pages 393–394
- 1 & 2 Thessalonians by Jon A. Weatherly 1996 ISBN 0-89900-636-1, pages 42–43
- The Acts of the Apostles by Luke Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington 1992 ISBN 0-8146-5807-5, pages 14–18
- A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles by Mal Couch 2004 ISBN 0-8254-2391-0, pages 120–129
- Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles by Charles H. Talbert 2005 ISBN 1-57312-277-7, pages 24–25
- Karl Barth (1949). Dogmatics in Outline. New York Philosophical Library. p. 95.
- The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary by Colin G. Kruse (Jun 2004) ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, page 123
- The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine by Colin E. Gunton (Jun 28, 1997) ISBN 0-521-47695-X, pages 280–285
- "Catholic Encyclopedia:Holy Spirit".
- Pope Pius XII (1943). Mystici Corporis Christi.
- See discussion in Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Person". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- CCC: The Dogma of the Holy trinity.
- Luke 1:35
- Harrington, Daniel J., SJ. "Jesus Goes Public." America, Jan. 7–14, 2008, p. 38
- [Mt 3:17] [Mk 1:11] [Lk 3:21–22]
- John 15:26
- John 14:16
- Theology for the Community of God by Stanley J. Grenz (Jan 31, 2000) ISBN 0-8028-4755-2 page 380
- Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries by Everett Ferguson (Mar 29, 2009) ISBN 0-8028-2748-9, page 776
- Systematic Theology by Lewis Sperry Chafer 1993 ISBN 0-8254-2340-6, page 25
- The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete New Testament by Warren W. Wiersbe 2007 ISBN 978-0-7814-4539-9, page 471
- The mystery of the Triune God by John Joseph O'Donnell 1988 ISBN 0-7220-5760-1 page 75
- Millard J. Erickson (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Baker Book House. pp. 265–270.
- Though the term "born again" is most frequently used by evangelical Christians, most denominations do consider that the new Christian is a "new creation" and "born again". See for example the Catholic Encyclopedia
- The Holy Spirit and His Gifts. J. Oswald Sanders. Inter-Varsity Press. chapter 5.
- T C Hammond, Revised and edited by David F Wright (1968). In Understanding be Men:A Handbook of Christian Doctrine. (sixth ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. p. 134.
- CCC nos. 1830–32.
- The Epistle to the Galatians (The New International Commentary on the New Testament) by Ronald Y. K. Fung (Jul 22, 1988) Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-2509-5, pages 262–263
- Erickson, Millard J. (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8010-3215-8. 2nd ed. 2001. Chapter Thirty – "The work of the Holy Spirit" (pp. 275ff.). ISBN 978-0-8010-2250-0.
- Shaw, Russell; Stravinskas, Peter M. J. (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-87973-669-9.
- Kasper, Walter. The Petrine ministry. Catholics and Orthodox in Dialogue: Academic Symposium Neld at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. Paulist Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-8091-4334-4.
- Kinnamon, Michael; Cope, Brian E. (1997). The Ecumenical Movement: An Anthology of Key Texts and Voices. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8028-4263-3.
- The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (May 19, 2009) Wiley ISBN 1-4051-3623-5, page 81
- Introduction to Theology by Owen C. Thomas and Ellen K. Wondra (Jul 1, 2002) ISBN 0-8192-1897-9, page 221
- David Watson (1973). One in the Spirit. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 39–64.
- Encyclopedia of Protestantism by J. Gordon Melton 2008 ISBN 0-8160-7746-0, page 69
- Encyclopedia of Protestantism by J. Gordon Melton 2008 ISBN 0-8160-7746-0, page 134
- "Is the Holy Spirit a Person?". Awake!: 14–15. July 2006.
In the Bible, God's Holy Spirit is identified as God's power in action. Hence, an accurate translation of the Bible's Hebrew text refers to God's spirit as "God's active force."
- "True to the Faith", p. 81 http://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/36863_eng.pdf
- Selected Teachings on The Holy Ghost Will Eventually Receive a Body
- David Watson (1973). One in the Spirit. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 20–25.
- CCC: Symbols of the Holy Spirit (nos. 694–701).
- Vatican website: Catechism item 1137
- Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary by Irene Earls 1987 ISBN 0-313-24658-0, page 70
- Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective by Fred S. Kleiner ISBN 0-495-57355-8, page 349
- Vladimir Lossky, 1999 The Meaning of Icons ISBN 0-913836-99-0, page 17
- We Believe in the Holy Spirit (Ancient Christian Doctrine, No. 4) by Joel C. Elowsky (Jul 13, 2009) InterVarsity ISBN 0-8308-2534-7, page 14
- The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (May 19, 2009) Wiley ISBN 1-4051-3623-5, pages 121–123
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Spiorad Naomh sa Chríostaíocht
I gcás formhór na n-ainmníochtaí Críostaí, is é an Spiorad Naomh nó an Spiorad Naomh an tríú duine (hypostasis) den Tríonóide: an Dia Triune a léirigh mar Athair, Mac, agus Spiorad Naomh; gach duine féin a bheith ina Dhia.
Aithníonn roinnt teolaithe Críostaí an Spiorad Naomh leis an Ruach Hakodesh (An Spiorad Naomh) i scrioptúr Giúdach, agus le go leor ainmneacha comhchosúla lena n-áirítear: an Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God), Ruach YHWH (Spirit of Yahweh), Ruach Hakmah (Spirit of Wisdom); Sa Tiomna Nua, aithnítear é, i measc rudaí eile, le Spiorad Chríost, Spiorad na Fírinne, an Paraclete agus an Spiorad Naomh.
Déanann an Tiomna Nua sonraí maidir le dlúthchaidreamh idir an Spiorad Naomh agus Íosa le linn a shaol agus a theachtaireachta ar an talamh. Deir soiscéal Mátha agus Soiscéal Lucais agus Creideamh Nicéach go raibh Íosa "ag glacadh leis an Spiorad Naomh, a rugadh ó Mhaighdean Mhuire". Thit an Spiorad Naomh ar Íosa mar tholuibh le linn a bhaiste, agus ina Theachtaireacht Fadaigh tar éis an Cháisc Dheireanach gheall Íosa an Spiorad Naomh a sheoladh chuig a dheisceabail tar éis dó imeacht.
Tugtar pneumatology ar theolaíocht an Spioraid Naoimh. Tugtar "an Tiarna, an t-Aonóir Beo" ar an Spiorad Naomh sa Chreidmheas Nicéach, a thugann achoimre ar roinnt príomhchreidimh a bhfuil a lán ainmníochtaí Críostaí ina gcónaí iontu. Tá rannpháirtíocht an Spioraid Naoimh sa nádúr triphárta den tiontú le feiceáil i dtreoir dheireanach Íosa i ndiaidh a aiséirí dá dheisceabail ag deireadh Soiscéal Mátha (28:19): "déan múinteoirí de na náisiúin go léir, ag baisteadh iad in ainm an Athar agus an Mhac agus an Spioraid Naoimh", agus "Óir áit a bhfuil beirt nó triúr cruinnithe le chéile i m'ainm, tá mé ina measc". Ón gcéad bliain, d'iarr Críostaithe ar Dhia freisin leis an bhfoirmle trítheanach "Athair, Mac agus Spiorad Naomh" i n-arnaí, in absolution agus i bhéannacht.
- 1 Eitimeolaíocht agus úsáid
- 2 Ainm
- 3 Léargas Bíobla
- 4 Dlúth-theagasc
- 5 Athruithe ainmníochta
- 6 Siombalachas agus ealaín
- 7 Féach freisin
- 8 Léitheoireacht bhreise
- 9 Tagraíochtaí
- 10 naisc sheachtracha
Eitimeolaíocht agus úsáid
Tá an focal Gréagach Koine pneûma (πνεῦμα, pneuma) le fáil thart ar 385 uair sa Tiomna Nua, agus tá difríocht ag roinnt scoláirí trí nó naoi n-ocsaintí. Tá Pneuma le feiceáil 105 uair sna ceithre soiscéal canúnacha, 69 uair in Gníomhartha na nApostal, 161 uair in eipistí Póline, agus 50 uair in áiteanna eile. Tá na húsáidí seo éagsúil: i 133 cás, tagraíonn sé do "sprioc" i bhfianaise ghinearálta agus i 153 cás do "spiritúil". [soiléiriú ag teastáil] Timpeall 93 uair, tagraíonn sé don Spiorad Naomh, uaireanta faoin ainm pneuma agus uaireanta go sainráite mar an pneûma tò Hagion (Πνεῦμα τὸ γιον). (I roinnt cásanna úsáidtear é go ginearálta chun gaoth nó saol a chiallaíonn.) Ba ghnách go raibh sé aistrithe sa Vulgate mar Spiritus agus Spiritus Sanctus.
Tá na téarmaí Béarla "Holy Ghost" agus "Holy Spirit" ina n-aonfhocail go hiomlán: tagann ceann ó gast an Sean-Béarla agus an ceann eile ó spiritus an Laidineach. Cosúil le pneuma, tagraíonn an dá fhocal don anail, don chumhacht a thugann beatha, agus don anam. Tá an téarma Béarla Sean-Old ag gach teanga Gearmánach eile (comparáid, mar shampla, an Geist Gearmáinis) agus tá sé níos sine, ach d'úsáid an Bíobla Rí Seumas an dá rud go hidirmhalartaithe, agus is fearr le haistriúcháin an 20ú haois den Bíobla "Spirit Naofa", is dócha toisc go bhfuil an téarma ginearálta Béarla "spéis" tagtha chun tagairt a dhéanamh go méadaitheach ach d'anam duine marbh.
Scríbhinní Giúdacha - an Sean-Tiomna
- וְרוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ (Ruah qadesow) - Spiorad Naomh (Is 63,10)
- (Ruah qadsea) - Spiorad Naomh (Ps 51,11)
- וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים (Ruah Elohim) - Spiorad Dé (Gen 1,2)
- נִשְׁמַת־רוּחַ חַיִּים (Nismat Ruah hayyim) - An Spiorad na Breath na Beo (Gen 7, 22)
- רוּחַ יְהוָה (Ruah YHWH) - Spiorad YHWH (Is 11-2)
- רוּחַ חָכְמָ֣ה וּבִינָ֔ה (Ruach hakmah ubinah) - Spiorad na hEagna (Is 11-2)
- רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָ֔ה (Ruah esah ugeburah) - Spiorad na Comhairle agus na Cumhachta (Is 11-2)
- רוּחַ דַּעַת וְיִרְאַת יְהוָֽה (Ruah daat weyirat YHWH) - Spiorad Tuisceana agus eagla YHWH (Is 11-2)
- spiorad γίου (Pneumatos Hagiou) - Spiorad Naomh (Mt 1, 18)
- spiorad Dé (Mt 12,28)
- ὁ παράκλητος (O Paracletos) - An t-Iontrálaí (Jn 16,7)
- spiorad na fírinne (Jn 16, 13)
- Spiorad Chríost (Pneuma Christou) - Spiorad Chríost (1 Peit, 11)
Ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs:
- spiorad (Jn 3,8)
- Pneumatos - Spiorad (Ioin 3,8)
Tá an téarma Spiorad Naomh le feiceáil ar a laghad 90 uair sa Tiomna Nua. Dearbhaítear naofacht an Spioraid Naoimh sna trí soiscéal Sínoptach (Matha 12:3032, Márc 3:2830 agus Lucais 12:810) a fhógairt gur peaca nach féidir a maitheadh é blasphemy i gcoinne an Spioraid Naoimh. Tá rannpháirtíocht an Spioraid Naoimh sa nádúr triphárta den tiontú le feiceáil i dtreoir dheireanach Íosa dá dheisceabail i ndiaidh a aiséirí ag deireadh Soiscéal Mátha (28:19): "Téigh, dá bhrí sin, agus déanaigí deisceabail de na náisiúin go léir, ag baisteadh iad in ainm an Athar agus an Mhac agus an Spioraid Naoimh".
Tá an chuid seo ag brath go mór nó go hiomlán ar fhoinse amháin. (Meitheamh 2014)
An rud a ghlaonn an Bíobla Eabhrais "Spirit of God" agus "Spirit of Elohim" ar a dtugtar sa Talmud agus sa Midrash "Spirit Holy" (ruacḥ ha-kodesh). Cé go bhfuil an abairt "Spiorad Naomh" le feiceáil i Salm. 51:11 agus in Isa. 63:1011, ní raibh an bhrí chéanna aige fós a bhí ceangailte leis sa litríocht raibíneach: sa dara ceann tá sé coibhéiseach leis an abairt "Spirit of the Lord". I Gn.1:2 bhí spiorad Dé ag dul thar an bhfoirm ábhar gan bheatha, agus dá bhrí sin, bhí an Cruthú indéanta. Cé go bhféadfaí an ruach ha-kodesh a ainmniú in ionad Dé, ceapadh é mar rud ar leith; agus, cosúil le gach rud talún a thagann ón spéir, tá an ruach ha-kodesh comhdhéanta de sholas agus tine. Is é an comhartha is saintréithe de láithreacht an ruach ha-kodesh an bronntanas na fáidh. Is cosúil go léiríonn úsáid an fhocail "ruach" (Eabhrais: "anam", nó "gaoth") sa abairt ruach ha-kodesh go gcreideann údaráis Giúdacha go raibh an Spiorad Naomh ina mheán cumarsáide cosúil leis an gaoth. Labhraíonn an spiorad uaireanta le guth fireann agus uaireanta le guth baineann; tá an focal ruacḥ fireann agus baineann araon.
Ní thaispeánann an Spiorad Naomh go simplí den chéad uair ag Pentecost tar éis aiséirí Íosa, ach tá sé i láthair i Soiscéal Lucais (i 12) roimh bhreith Íosa. I Lucais 1:15, dúirt sé go raibh Eoin Baiste "líonta leis an Spiorad Naomh" roimh a bhreith, agus tháinig an Spiorad Naomh ar an Maighdean Mhuire i Lucais 1:35. I Lucais 3:16 dúirt Eoin Baiste nach baisteadh Íosa le huisce ach leis an Spiorad Naomh; agus tháinig an Spiorad Naomh síos ar Íosa le linn a bhaisteadh sa Abhainn Iordáin. I Lucais 11:13 thug Íosa ráthaíochtaí go dtabharfadh Dia an tAthair "an Spiorad Naomh dóibh siúd a iarrann air".
Tagraíonn Márta 13:11 go sonrach do chumhacht an Spioraid Naoimh chun gníomhú agus labhairt trí dheisceabail Íosa i am riachtanas: "ná bíodh imní ort roimh ré faoi cad a labhróidh tú: ach cibé rud a thugfar duit san uair sin, labhair tú; mar ní tusa atá ag labhairt, ach an Spiorad Naomh". Tagraíonn Máide 10:20 don ghníomh céanna ag labhairt trí na deisceabail, ach úsáideann sé an téarma "Spirit of your Father".
Dearbhaítear naofacht an Spioraid Naoimh sna trí soiscéal Sínoptach (Matha 12:3032, Márc 3:2830 agus Lucais 12:810) a fhógairt gur peaca nach féidir a maitheadh é blasphemy i gcoinne an Spioraid Naoimh.
Úsáidtear trí théarmaí ar leithligh, is é sin Spiorad Naomh, Spiorad na Fírinne agus Paraclete sna scríbhinní Ioannanacha. An "Spiorad na Fírinne" a úsáidtear i Eoin 14:17, 15:26 agus 16:13. Ansin déanann an Chéad Eipistíle de chuid Eoin an t-idirdhealú seo leis an "spiorad earráide" in 1 Eoin 4:6. Soláthraíonn 1 Eoin 4:16 an scaradh idir spiorad "a admhaíonn go bhfuil Íosa Críost tagtha sa flesh is ó Dhia" agus iad siúd a dhiúltaíonn é go mícheart - léiriú go bhfuil siad ina spiorad olc.
I Eoin 14:26 deir Íosa: "Ach an Cúntóir, an Spiorad Naomh, a chuirfidh an tAthair i m'ainm, múinfidh sé gach rud daoibh". Tá an "Comhchóir" ina ábhar díospóireachta i measc na n-eolaithe, a mhol teoiricí éagsúla ar an ábhar.
Tá ról lárnach ag an Spiorad Naomh sna litreacha Pauline; agus tá pneumatology an Apostolach Paul nasctha go dlúth lena theolaíocht agus Christology, go dtí go bhfuil sé beagnach inscoilte óna chéile.
An Chéad Eipistíle chuig na Tesalonaicigh, a bhí b'fhéidir an chéad cheann de na litreacha a scríobh Pól, cuireann sé cur síos ar an Spiorad Naomh i 1:6 agus 4:8 a fhaightear ar fud a chuid litreacha. I 1 Theasalonicigh 1:6 tagraíonn Pól ar an aithris ar Chríost (agus air féin) agus deir sé: "Agus tháinig sibhse chun bheith ina n-imreoirí againn, agus den Tiarna, tar éis duit an focal a ghlacadh i dtruacht mhór, le lúcháir an Spioraid Naoimh", a bhfuil a fhoinse aitheanta i 1 Theasalonicigh 4:8 mar "Dia, a thugann a Spiorad Naomh daoibh".
Tá an dá théama seo maidir leis an Spiorad a fháil "mar Chríost" agus gur Dia foinse an Spioraid, leanann siad ar aghaidh i litreacha Pól mar shainmhíniú ar chaidreamh na Críostaithe le Dia. Maidir le Pól, baineann an t-iompú ar Chríost le toilteanas a bheith i bhfoirm ag an Spiorad Naomh, mar atá i Rómhánaigh 8:4 agus 8:11: "Ach má tá spiorad an té a d'ardaigh Íosa ó mhairbh ina chónaí ionaibh, tabharfaidh an té a d'ardaigh Críost Íosa ó mhairbh beatha do bhur gcorp bháis freisin trína Spiorad a chónaíonn ionaibh".
Gníomhartha na nApostal
Uaireanta tugtar "Leabhar an Spioraid Naoimh" nó "Gníomhartha an Spioraid Naoimh" ar Gníomhartha na nApostal. As na seachtú uair nó mar sin a tharlaíonn an focal Pneuma in na hAchtanna, tagraíonn cúig cinn déag agus cúig déag don Spiorad Naomh.
Ón tús, in na hAchtanna 1:2, cuirtear i gcuimhne don léitheoir gur le cumhacht an Spioraid Naoimh a rinneadh teachtaireacht Íosa, agus é ar an talamh, agus go leanann "gníomhartha na n-abstol" de ghníomhartha Íosa agus go gcuireann an Spiorad Naomh ar fáil dóibh freisin. Léiríonn na hAchtanna an Spiorad Naomh mar "prionsabal saoil" na hEaglaise luath agus tugann sé cúig chás ar leith agus drámatúil de a shliocht ar chreidimh i 2:14, 4:2831, 8:1517, 10:44 agus 19:6.
Tá tagairtí don Spiorad Naomh le feiceáil ar fud na hAchtanna, mar shampla na hAchtanna 1:5 agus 8 ag rá i dtreo an tús: "Toisc go ndearna Eoin baisteadh le huisce i ndáiríre; ach baisteofar sibh san Spiorad Naomh ... gheobhaidh tú cumhacht, nuair a thiocfaidh an Spiorad Naomh oraibh" ag tagairt do chomhlíonadh fáidh Eoin Baiste i Luc 3:16: "baisteoidh sé sibh san Spiorad Naomh".
Íosa agus an Spiorad Naomh
Déanann an Tiomna Nua sonraí maidir le dlúthchaidreamh idir an Spiorad Naomh agus Íosa le linn a shaol agus a theachtaireachta ar an talamh. Tá Creideamh na nApostal ag teacht le ráitis i soiscéal Lucais agus Matha, ag rá go raibh Íosa inghlactha ag an Spiorad Naomh agus go raibh Máire ina mháthair air.
- Baisteadh Íosa, leis an Spiorad Naomh ag teacht síos air mar tholuba i Maite 3:1317, Márc 1:911 agus Lucais 3:2123
- Temptation of Jesus, in Matthew 4:1 an Spiorad Naomh iompú Íosa go dtí an Desert a tempted
- An Spiorad ag cur amach deamhain (Matha 12:28), in Exorcising the blind and mute man miracle
- Réibhidh an Spiorad i Luke 10:21 áit a seacht déagóirí deisceabail a sheoladh amach ag Íosa
- I Matthew 26:41 le linn an Agony sa Ghardainn roimh a crucifixion, deir Íosa a dheisceabail a faire agus guí, d'fhonn nach titim i temptation for "an spiorad go deimhin sásta, ach tá an flesh lag"
- Deir na hAchtanna 1:2 go dtí a bháis agus a aiséirí, go raibh Íosa "ag tabhairt orduithe trína Spiorad Naomh do na hAspal"
- Ag tagairt do íobairt Íosa a chroíosú as obedience a athair, an Litir Pól go dtí na Héibreoigh 9:14 deir go bhfuil Íosa "trí an Spiorad síoraí féin a thairiscint gan locht do Dhia"
Ina Theachtaireacht Fadaigh dá dheisceabail, gheall Íosa go 'scaoilfeadh sé an Spiorad Naomh' orthu tar éis dó imeacht, i Eoin 15:26 ag rá: "an té a chuirfidh mé chugaibh ó Athair, [an] Spiorad na fírinne ... déanfaidh sé fianaise domsa".
Cuid de shraith ar "D'fhág mé"
Tugtar pneumatology ar theolaíocht na n-anam. Tagraítear don Spiorad Naomh mar an Tiarna agus mar an Tógálaí Saoil sa chreideamh Nicéach. Is é an Spiorad Cruthaitheoir, atá i láthair roimh chruthaithe na cruinne agus trína chumhacht rinneadh gach rud i Íosa Críost, ag Dia an Athar. Léiríonn himneacha Críostaí mar Veni Creator Spiritus an creideamh seo.
Sa Chríostaíocht luath, bhí an coincheap slánú nasctha go dlúth le glaoch ar an "Athair, an Mhac agus an Spiorad Naomh". agus ó na chéad céad bliain, d'iarr Críostaithe ar Dhia leis an ainm "Athair, Aongh agus Spiorad Naomh" i n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár Léirítear é seo sa rá: "Sular tháinig 'teagasc' na Tríonóide, d'iarr na Críostaithe ar an Tríonóide Naofa a bheith i gceist sa urnaí".
I gcás formhór na n-ainmníochtaí Críostaí, is é an Spiorad Naomh an tríú Pearsa den Tríonóide Naofa - Athair, Mac, agus Spiorad Naomh, agus is é Dia Uilechumhachtach é. Tuigtear go bhfuil an Spiorad Naomh ar cheann de thrí dhuine den Tríonóid. Mar sin tá sé pearsanta agus go hiomlán Dia, comhionann agus co-éagúil le Dia an tAthair agus Mac Dé. Tá sé difriúil ón Athair agus ón Mhac sa mhéid go dtagann sé ón Athair (agus, de réir Caitlicigh Rómhánacha, Sean-Caitlicigh, Aingilíneach, agus Phrotastúnach, ón Athair agus ón Mhac) mar a thuairiscítear i gCreidmheas Nicéach. Is é an Triune Dia mar sin léirithe mar thrí Pearsaí (Gréigis hypostases), i Aon Divine Being (Gréigis: Ousia), ar a dtugtar an Godhead (ó Sean Béarla: Godhood), an Essence Divine Dé.
Sa Tiomna Nua, trí chumhacht an Spioraid Naoimh, ceapadh Íosa i mbroinn na Mairí Naomh, agus í ag coinneáil a maighdeanas. Thit an Spiorad Naomh ar Íosa ar bhealach corprach, mar tholuibh, ag am a bhaiste, agus chuala guth ó Neamh: "Is é seo mo Mhac grámhar, a bhfuil mo thoileachas air". Is é an Sanctifier na n-anam, an Cabhrach, Comfort, an Giver grásta, an ceann a thugann anam don Athair agus an Mac.
Creidtear go spreagann an Spiorad Naomh creidimh agus go gceadaíonn sé dóibh an scrioptúr naofa go léir a léiriú agus go dtreoraíonn sé fáithe, san Sean-Tiomna agus san Tiomna Nua araon. Faigheann Críostaithe torthaí an Spioraid Naoimh trína thrócaire agus a ghrásta.
Dia an Spiorad Naomh
fadhbanna ag imirt an chomhad seo? Féach cabhair ó na meáin.
I measc go leor Críostaithe, tá an coincheap de Dhia an Spiorad Naomh, chomh maith le Dia an Mhac agus Dia an tAthair, san áireamh sa chreideamh sa Tríonóid Naofa. D'áitigh an teolaí Vladimir Lossky cé go raibh Dia an Mac i láthair mar Mhac Dé i ngníomh an Incarnation, ní tharla an rud céanna do Dhia an Spiorad Naomh a d'fhan gan nochtadh. Ach, mar atá i 1 Corantaigh 6:19 leanann Dia an Spiorad ag maireachtáil i gcorp na gcreidmheach.
Sa teolaíocht Chríostaí creidtear go ndéanann an Spiorad Naomh feidhmeanna diaga sonracha i saol an Chríostaí nó na heaglaise. Feictear gníomh an Spioraid Naoimh mar chuid riachtanach den duine a thabhairt chuig an gcreideamh Críostaí. Tá an creidmheach nua 'a rugadh arís den Spiorad.' Cuireann an Spiorad Naomh ar chumas an saol Críostaí trí chónaí i gcreidmheach aonair agus cuireann sé ar a gcumas saol ceart agus dílis a chaitheamh. Feidhmíonn an Spiorad Naomh freisin mar chóntaitheoir nó Paraclete, duine a idirghabhálann, nó a thacaíonn nó a ghníomhaíonn mar abhcóide, go háirithe i bhfianaise thriail. Agus oibríonn sé chun an duine neamh-réitithe a chur ina luí ar pheacacht a ngníomhartha, agus ar a seasamh morálta mar pheacach os comhair Dé. Is é an cumas eile den Spiorad Naomh an inspioráid agus an léirmhíniú scrioptúr. Cuireann an Spiorad Naomh an dá chuid de scríbhneoireacht na scrioptúir agus a léirmhíníonn iad don Chríostaí agus / nó don eaglais. Tugann an Spiorad Naomh cumhacht freisin do chreidimh gníomhú thar ceann Íosa inniu anseo ar an talamh ag feidhmiú i gcomharthaí, iontas agus iontas mar a rinne Íosa agus a scaoileadh a dheisceabail a dhéanamh sna Soiscéil; Luc 10, Matthew 10, agus Mark 6. Is é Eoin 14:12 focail Íosa ag spreagadh a dheisceabail gur féidir leo a dhéanamh mar a rinne sé. John 1417 is féidir leat a léamh na focail a labhair Íosa maidir le a Spiorad a sheoladh an Spiorad Naomh chun cónaí i measc na ndaoine a chreideann ann a chumhachtú dúinn a chomhairle a thabhairt amach a thabhairt i Matthew 28:1820.
Frucht agus Dea-oidhreacht an Spioraid
Is éard atá i "táirge an Spioraid Naoimh" ná "toirmeascanna buan" (ar an gcuma chéanna le carachtar buan na sacramintí), tréithe virtuous a ghintear sa Chríostaí ag gníomh an Spioraid Naoimh. Ainmníonn Galataigh 5:2223 9 ghné agus deir sé:
Ach is é toradh an Spioraid an grá, an lúcháir, an tsíocháin, an fad-fhulang, an trócaire, an dea-ghnóthacht, an dílseacht, an mhaolú, an smacht. Níl aon dlí in aghaidh na n‐ábhar sin.
Sa Sliocht do na Galataigh tá na naoi gcineál tréithe seo i gcodarsnacht leis na "oibreacha na bhfeoil" agus leagann siad béim ar na léiriúí dearfacha a bhaineann le hoibre an Spioraid Naoimh i gcreidmheach.
Tá na "díonaí an Spioraid Naoimh" ar leith ó Fhrith an Spioraid, agus is cumais shonracha iad a thugtar don Chríostaí aonair. Is minic a aithnítear iad leis an bhfocal Gréagach le haghaidh bronntanas, carisma, i nGaeilge charism, as a dtagann an téarma carismatach. Níl aon chomhaontú ginearálta ann maidir le liosta iomlán na n-aitheanta, agus úsáideann na seandain Chríostaí éagsúla liostaí éagsúla, go minic ag tarraingt ar 1 Corantaigh 12, Rómhánaigh 12 agus Eifisigh 4. Múineann na seandainí Peinteacostaí agus an gluaiseacht charismatic go raibh an easpa na n-aitheanta thar-nádúrtha mar gheall ar an neamhaird a rinne na mór-seandainí ar an Spiorad Naomh agus a chuid oibre. Creideann daoine i ábharthacht na n-aistí uamhnach uaireanta go bhfuil Baisteadh leis an Spiorad Naomh nó Líonadh leis an Spiorad Naomh a chaithfidh an Críostaí a fháil chun na bronntanais sin a fháil. Mar sin féin, coinníonn go leor ainmníochtaí Críostaí go bhfuil Baisteadh leis an Spiorad Naomh comhionann le tiontú, agus go bhfuil gach Críostaí baisteadh san Spiorad Naomh de réir sainmhíniú.
Tá na "seacht bronntanas an Spioraid Naoimh" ag titim ar chreidmheach ag baisteadh, agus de réir traidisiúnta díorthaítear iad ó Isaiah 11:12, cé nach dtagraíonn an Tiomna Nua go Isaiah 11:12 maidir leis na bronntanais seo. Is iad na 7 bhronntanas seo: eagna, tuiscint, comhairle, fortitude (neart), eolas, dílseacht agus eagla an Tiarna. Is é seo an dearcadh atá ag an Eaglais Chaitliceach agus ag go leor grúpaí Críostaí eile atá ar an mórshruth.
Tá éagsúlachtaí teagaisc ag na seandain Chríostaí ina gcreideamh maidir leis an Spiorad Naomh. Sampla maith ar eolas ná an conspóid Filioque maidir leis an Spiorad Naomh ceann de na príomh-idirdhealachtaí idir teagasc na hEaglaise Thiar agus creidimh na nOirtheangach, ag rangú ar leibhéal an easaontais faoi phríomhshruthacht an phapa.
Tá díospóireacht Filioque dírithe ar an gcaoi ar chóir don Chrío Nicéach a rá go "tógann an Spiorad ón Athair" agus ansin stop a chur leis, mar a glacadh leis an gcrío sa Ghréig ar dtús (agus a lean an Eaglais Oirthear ina dhiaidh sin), nó ba cheart a rá "ó an Athair agus an Mac" mar a glacadh leis sa Laidin ina dhiaidh sin agus a lean an Eaglais Thiar, filioque a bheith "agus an Mac" sa Laidin.
I dtreo dheireadh an 20ú haois, bhí plé ar an gcinneadh Filioque sa Chreidimh Nicéach ó leabhair urnaí Anglicanach de réir na cur chuige Oirtheordachais an Oirthir, ach níor tháinig na pléite seo go fóill ar staid cur chun feidhme deiridh.
Tá tuairimí den chuid is mó den phríomhshrutha Protastúnachta ar an teolaíocht an Spioraid Naoimh cosúil leis an Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach, ach tá difríochtaí suntasacha ann i gcreideamh idir Pentecostalism agus an chuid eile den Phrotastúnachtacht. Tá fócas ag an Pentecostalism ar "Baisteadh leis an Spiorad", ag brath ar Gníomhartha 1:5 a thagraíonn do "tá tú anois baisteadh leis an Spiorad Naomh". Tá an fócas ag gluaiseachtaí Charismatic níos déanaí ar "díolaí an Spioraid" (mar leigheas, fáidh, srl.) agus ag brath ar 1 Corantaigh 12 mar bhonn scrioptúrtha, ach go minic a bheith difriúil ó ghluaiseachtaí Pentecostal.
Tá tuairimí neamh-thríúchánacha faoin Spiorad Naomh go suntasach difriúil ó phríomh-theagasc na Críostaíochta.
Ní mheasann na finnéithe ar an Spiorad Naomh go bhfuil sé ina dhuine iarbhír ar leith ó Dhia an tAthair, ach mar "fhuinneamh" nó "chumhacht ghníomhach" síoraí Dé, a úsáideann sé chun a thoil a chur i gcrích i gcruthú agus i dtríomú.
Eaglais Íosa Críost na Naomh na Laethanta Deireanacha
Creideann na Mormóin gurb é an Spiorad Naomh an tríú ball den Dé. Is duine spioradálta é, gan corp feola agus cnámha. Is minic a thugtar air mar an Spiorad, an Spiorad Naomh, Spiorad Dé, Spiorad an Tiarna, nó an Cúntóir.
Siombalachas agus ealaín
Is minic a luaitear an Spiorad Naomh trí mheiteagraf agus siombail, go teagasc agus go bíobla. Go teolaíoch, is eochair iad na siombailí seo chun tuiscint a fháil ar an Spiorad Naomh agus ar a chuid gníomhartha, agus ní léiriú ealaíne amháin iad.
- Léiríonn uisce gníomh an Spioraid Naoimh i mBiaiste, ar an mbealach sin go bhfuil "le Spiorad amháin [creideamh] baisteadh gach duine", mar sin tá siad "deoch de Spiorad amháin". [1 Cor 12:13] Dá bhrí sin, is é an Spiorad go pearsanta an t-uisce beo a thagann as Críost croise[Jn 19:34] [1 Jn 5:8] mar fhoinse agus a thagann suas i gCríostaithe go saol síoraí. Measann Caiteagism na hEaglaise Caitliceach, mír 1137, go bhfuil an t-uisce beatha a luaitear i Leabhar an nochta (21:6 agus 22:1) "ar cheann de na siombailí is áille den Spiorad Naomh".
- Uachtar Is é an siombalachas bless le ola a léiríonn an Spiorad Naomh, go dtí go bhfuil sé ina chiallmhar leis an Spiorad Naomh. Tagraítear do theacht an Spioraid mar a "onú". [2Cor 1:21] I roinnt ainmníochtaí, cleachttar an ungadh i gComhdháileadh; ("chrismation" sna hEaglaisí an Oirthir). Ní féidir a neart iomlán a thuiscint ach amháin i ndáil leis an chéad ungadh a rinneadh leis an Spiorad Naomh, an ceann de Íosa. Ciallaíonn an teideal "Críost" (sa Eabhrais, messiah) an duine a bhfuil "urmhlactha" aige ag Spiorad Dé.
- Tá an tine ina siombail ar fhuinneamh athraitheach ghníomhartha an Spioraid Naoimh. I bhfoirm teangacha "mar thine", bhí an Spiorad Naomh ar na deisceabail ar maidin na Peinctide.
- Cloud agus solas Tagann an Spiorad ar an Maighdean Mhuire agus "scáth" uirthi, ionas go bhféadfadh sí a conceive agus breith Íosa. Ar shléibhe an athshéamuinithe, "tháinig an Spiorad sa scamall agus chuir sé scáth ar" Íosa, ar Mhaois agus ar Eilias, ar Peadar, ar Iacób agus ar Eoin, agus "táinig guth as an scamall, ag rá, 'Is é seo mo Mhac, mo Roghnaithe; éist leis! '"[Lk 9:3435]
- An colm Nuair a thagann Críost suas as an uisce dá bhaisteadh, téann an Spiorad Naomh, i bhfoirm colm, síos air agus fanann sé leis. [Mt 3:16]
- Gaoth Tá an Spiorad cosúil leis an "gaoth a bhuilleann áit a mbeidh sé, " [Jn 3:8] agus a thuairiscítear mar" fuaim ó neamh cosúil le rush gaoth cumhachtach. "Conair na nAchtanna 2:24
Ealaín agus ailtireacht
Tá an Spiorad Naomh á léiriú san ealaín Chríostaí sa Eaglais an Oirthir agus an Iarthair ag baint úsáide as éagsúlacht léaráidí. Tá na léaráidí idir figiúirí beagnach comhionann a léiríonn na trí dhuine den Tríonóide Naofa go colm go lasair.
Is minic a léirítear an Spiorad Naomh mar throm, bunaithe ar an scéal go ndeachaigh an Spiorad Naomh síos ar Íosa mar throm nuair a bhaisteadh é sa Iordáin. I go leor pictiúir den Fógraíocht, léirítear an Spiorad Naomh i bhfoirm colm, ag teacht síos i dtreo Mhuire ar bhraiteacha solais, mar a fhógair an tArd-aingeal Gabriel teacht Íosa Críost chuig Muire. Is féidir colm a fheiceáil ag cluaise Naomh Gregory an Mór freisin - mar a thaifead a rúnaí nó údarí eile athair na heaglaise, ag insint a gcuid saothar dóibh. Tá an colm chomh maith leis an gceann a thug an brainse olóige chuig Noah tar éis an dúlra, mar shiombail síochána.
Déanann Leabhar na nAchtanna cur síos ar an Spiorad Naomh ag titim ar na hapostolaí ar Pentecost i bhfoirm gaoithe agus teangacha tine ag fanacht os cionn na n-apostolaí. Bunaithe ar na samhlacha sa scéal sin, déantar an Spiorad Naomh a shamhlú uaireanta le lasadh tine.
Léargas solais ar íocán Rúisis de Phéinteagóiste, an 15ú haois
Cathedrals an Spioraid Naoimh
- Cult an Spioraid Naoimh
- Spiorad Naomh
- Spiorad Naomh (Ioslam)
- Spiorad Naomh (Iúdachas)
- Idirghabháil an Spioraid
- Seacht Spiorad Dé
- Charles Williams, The descent of the Dove: a short history of the Holy Spirit in the church (1950) Faber, Londain
- Millard J. Erickson (1992). Ag tabhairt isteach an Dochtúir Chríostaí. Teach Leabhair Baker. p. 103.
- T C Hammond, Athbhreithnithe agus eagarthógtha ag David F Wright (1968). I dTuiscint a bheith Fir: A Leabharlainne ar an Doctrine Críostaí. (Seachtú heagrán). Phríomh-Achtanna Idir-Varsity. pp. 5456 agus 128131.
- Grudem, Wayne A. 1994. Teolaíocht Chórasúil: Tús Cúrsa le Dochtúr na Bíobla. Leicester, Sasana: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. leathanach 226.
- Catechism of the Catholic Church: Expectation of the Messiah and his Spirit (nos. 711712).
- Parsons, John. - Tá sé ceart. "Heabhrais ainmneacha do Dhia".
An Spiorad Naomh mar a nochtadh i Brit Chadashah
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- Matthew 28:19
- "Spirit Naofa", Eolaire Giúdach
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- A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles le Mal Couch 2004 ISBN 0-8254-2391-0, leathanaigh 120129
- Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles le Charles H. Talbert 2005 ISBN 1-57312-277-7, leathanaigh 2425
- Karl Barth (1949). Dogmatics in Outline. (Dogmatics in Outline.) - Tá an t-eagrán seo ann. Leabharlann Fealsúnachta Nua Eabhrac. p. 95.
- An Soiscéal De réir Eoin: Tús agus Míniú ag Colin G. Kruse (Meitheamh 2004) ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, leathanach 123
- The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine le Colin E. Gunton (28 Meitheamh, 1997) ISBN 0-521-47695-X, leathanaigh 280285
- "Einseiclopóid Chaitliceach: Spiorad Naomh".
- Pápa Pius XII (1943). Mystici Corporis Christi.
- Féach an plé i Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913) a chur i bhfeidhm. "Person". An t-Einscríbhinn Caitliceach. Nua Eabhrac: Cuideachta Robert Appleton.
- CCC: an Dogma na Tríonóide Naofa.
- Lucais 1:35
- Harrington, Daniel J., SJ. - Tá sé ar an mbord. "Tógann Íosa Go poiblí". Meiriceá, Jan. 714, 2008, p. 38
- [Mt 3:17] [Mar 1:11] [Lk 3:2122]
- Eoin 15:26
- Eoin 14:16
- Theology for the Community of God le Stanley J. Grenz (Jan 31, 2000) ISBN 0-8028-4755-2 leathanach 380
- Baisteadh sa Chríostaíocht Chéad-Eaglaise: Stair, Teolaíocht, agus Liturgy sna Cúig Séasúr Chéad, le Everett Ferguson (Mar 29, 2009) ISBN 0-8028-2748-9, leathanach 776
- Systematic Theology le Lewis Sperry Chafer 1993 ISBN 0-8254-2340-6, leathanach 25
- The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete New Testament le Warren W. Wiersbe 2007 ISBN 978-0-7814-4539-9, leathanach 471
- The mystery of the Triune God by John Joseph O'Donnell 1988 ISBN 0-7220-5760-1 leathanach 75
- Millard J. Erickson (1992). Ag tabhairt isteach an Dochtúir Chríostaí. Teach Leabhair Baker. pp. 265 270.
- Cé go n-úsáideann Críostaithe soiscéalacha an téarma "a rugadh arís" go minic, measaíonn an chuid is mó de na hainmníochtaí go bhfuil an Críostaí nua ina "cruthú nua" agus "a rugadh arís". Féach mar shampla an Catholic Encyclopedia
- An Spiorad Naomh agus a chuid bronntanais. J. Oswald Sanders. Phríomh-Achtanna Idir-Varsity. caibidil 5.
- T C Hammond, Athbhreithnithe agus eagarthógtha ag David F Wright (1968). I dTuiscint a bheith Fir: A Leabharlainne ar an Doctrine Críostaí. (Seachtú heagrán). Phríomh-Achtanna Idir-Varsity. p. 134.
- CCC nó. 183032.
- The Epistle to the Galatians (The New International Commentary on the New Testament) le Ronald Y. K. Fung (22 Iúil, 1988) Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-2509-5, leathanaigh 262263
- Erickson, Millard J. - Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach. (1992) agus Ag tabhairt isteach an Dochtúir Chríostaí. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Grúpa Foilsitheoireachta Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-3215-8. 2ú heagrán. 2001. an t-am. Caibidil Tríocha "Oibre an Spioraid Naoimh" (pp. 275ff.). ISBN 978-0-8010-2250-0.
- Shaw, Russell; Stravinskas, Peter M. J. (1998) agus Ár Cuairteoir Dé Domhnaigh Encyclopedia Caitliceach. Huntington, Indiana: Ár Foilsitheoireacht Cuairteoir Dé Domhnaigh. 457. ISBN 978-0-87973-669-9.
- Kasper, Walter. - Tá mé. An teachtaireacht Petrine. Caitlicigh agus Orthodacaigh i dTárlann: Siompóisiam Acadúil a reáchtáladh ag an gComhairle Phópaideach chun Aontú na gCríostaí a Chur chun Móra. Phríomhfhoilseachán Paulist. Leathanach 188. ISBN 978-0-8091-4334-4.
- Kinnamon, Michael; Cope, Brian E. (1997). An Gluaiseacht Eacnamaíoch: An Antology of Key Texts and Voices. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Leathanach 172. ISBN 978-0-8028-4263-3.
- The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (Meitheamh 19, 2009) Wiley ISBN 1-4051-3623-5, leathanach 81
- Introduction to Theology le Owen C. Thomas agus Ellen K. Wondra (1 Iúil, 2002) ISBN 0-8192-1897-9, leathanach 221
- David Watson (1973). Ceann sa Spiorad. Hodder agus Stoughton. pp. 3964.
- Encyclopedia of Protestantism le J. Gordon Melton 2008 ISBN 0-8160-7746-0, leathanach 69
- Encyclopedia of Protestantism le J. Gordon Melton 2008 ISBN 0-8160-7746-0, leathanach 134
- "An bhfuil an Spiorad Naomh ina Pearsa?". Éirigh! : 1415. Iúil 2006.
Sa Bhíobla, tugtar aitheantas do Spiorad Naomh Dé mar chumhacht ghníomhach Dé. Dá bhrí sin, tagraíonn aistriúchán cruinn de théacs Eabhrais na Bíobla d'anam Dé mar "chumhacht ghníomhach Dé".
- "True to the Faith", p. 81 http://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/36863_eng.pdf
- Múinteanna Roghnaithe ar an Spiorad Naomh a Gheobhaidh Corp sa Chríoch
- David Watson (1973). Ceann sa Spiorad. Hodder agus Stoughton. pp. 20 go 25.
- CCC: Siombailí an Spioraid Naoimh (nos. 694701).
- Suíomh gréasáin na Vataice: Catechism item 1137
- Ealaín an Athbheochana: Foclóir Topach ag Irene Earls 1987 ISBN 0-313-24658-0, leathanach 70
- Ealaín Gardner Tríd na Aoiseanna: An t-ionchas an Iarthair le Fred S. Kleiner ISBN 0-495-57355-8, leathanach 349
- Vladimir Lossky, 1999 The Meaning of Icons ISBN 0-913836-99-0, leathanach 17
- Creidimid sa Spiorad Naomh (Ancient Christian Doctrine, No. 4) le Joel C. Elowsky (Iúil 13, 2009) InterVarsity ISBN 0-8308-2534-7, leathanach 14
- The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings by Eugene F. Rogers Jr. (Meitheamh 19, 2009) Wiley ISBN 1-4051-3623-5, leathanaigh 121123
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The first mutual fund in the United States was created by the The Boston Personal Property Trust 1893. This fund was more real estate based and its structure more closely resembled what we think of today as a hedge fund rather than a mutual fund. The Alexander Fund that came out of Philadelphia in 1907 resembles the structure of what, today, we know as a publically traded mutual fund. The Alexander Fund had “semi-annual issues” (which means that you would only be able to buy twice a year); however, the investor would be able to withdraw the money whenever it was needed.
In the 1960s, Mutual Funds gained popularity to serve an untapped population of investors – middle-income earners who did not have a large chunk of money to properly invest in a balance investment portfolio. Say you have saved $10,000.00 and want to invest it in the market; you would have a limited amount of stocks and bonds to choose from due to the price of the stock. Additionally, since you only have a few stocks in your portfolio, your portfolio is at a greater risk if one stock goes down. Mutual Funds pooled the money of a bunch of smaller investors together in order to create one large portfolio and then manage the group as one well balanced portfolio. These traditional mutual funds were managed by one manager (like me) who would pick the stocks based on his or her personal economic philosophy and/ or expertise. At the end of the day, managers would tally up the amount in the portfolio, divide it by the number of shares and Voilà – you have the price of a share of the mutual fund (or what is most commonly called the NAV). The advisor charged an annual management fee for service.
The traditional mutual fund was a great financial product that allowed smaller investors to be diversified and managed by an established advisor. With the birth of 401Ks, smaller investors not only wanted to invest, but they wanted the ability to customize their investments. They did not want to all have the same investments and to be subject to the same returns as every other employee. There are many different kinds of investors – there are young aggressive investors, older conservative investors looking towards retirement, and risk adverse accountants. Each individual needs a fund that can fulfill his or her risk objectives and financial goals.
The solution for this need was the Index Mutual Fund. Index Mutual Funds have the same format as a traditional mutual fund but the manager is restricted to a certain group of stocks in an index, such as the S&P index. Naturally, since there are only a certain amount of stocks, there is less research to do, and the ‘managers’ do not have to be as “established”. Managers, (if hired at all) are generally younger and less experienced; they are hired to overlook the portfolio, rather than directly manage it. In exchange, they receive the same management fee. These days, there usually is not a manager at all, but just a computerized algorithm generating stock picks. If no manager is hired, the fee goes directly to the institution that provides the mutual fund. As you can see, today there are thousands of mutual funds to choose from through several different institutions. The fees on all these funds are very high and no one is really watching the money. So the smaller investor has a legitimate complaint. “If no one is watching my money and I have to determine my own asset allocation, why am I paying management fees?” The smaller investor wants the ability to diversify at his/her own risk level without having to pay a management fee.
ETF or Exchange Traded Funds are the solution to that problem. ETF’s are computer managed index funds. They follow specific indexes; they have much lower fees than the traditional mutual funds. They also have an added benefit; since they are traded like a stock, you can put stops on them, sell them short, or buy them on margin. They act like a stock, fluctuating as the market fluctuates throughout a trading day. Although ETF’s are a great tool for smaller investors, they have inherent risks. I think of ETF’s as the DIY-Home Depot of the financial product world. As an investor, you need to know the quality of the stocks in your ETF, your risk tolerance, and what your financial goals are. Also, you need to know how to relate these questions to each other to determine which ETF to pick. If you do not know the answers to these questions you need to find out the answers, or contact your financial advisors before buying these funds. Since the ETF is computerized and an algorithm creates the buying and selling of shares, if the market fluctuates due to an unforeseen event, the algorithm may immediately sell a stock, or a bunch of stocks (this depends on the algorithm). That can create a lot of volatility in the market. Also, due to the investors’ ability to sell at any part of the day, fear becomes a major risk in ETF’s. Smaller investors who may scare easily can sell their ETF’s immediately. This can also create a lot of fluctuation in the market.
Now that I have discussed the history and the nuts and bolts of these funds, it will be much easier to understand the strategies behind picking some for your portfolio. Until next week…..
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Cruthaigh an Boston Personal Property Trust an chéad chiste frithpháirteach sna Stáit Aontaithe i 1893. Bhí an ciste seo níos mó bunaithe ar eastát réadach agus bhí a struchtúr níos cosúla leis an méid a cheapann muid inniu mar chiste cothroime seachas ciste frithpháirteach. An Ciste Alexander a tháinig amach as Philadelphia i 1907 cosúil leis an struchtúr a bhfuil, inniu, a fhios againn mar chiste comhaontaithe trádála poiblí. Bhí "eisiúintí leathbhliana" ag Ciste Alexander (a chiallaíonn nach bhféadfá ach dhá uair sa bhliain a cheannach); áfach, bheadh an t-infheisteoir in ann an t-airgead a tharraingt siar aon uair a bhí gá leis.
Sna 1960idí, fuair Cistí Múchúla tóir chun freastal ar dhaonra neamh-úsáidte infheisteoirí earcaitheoirí meán-ioncaim nach raibh cuid mhór airgid acu chun infheistíocht cheart a dhéanamh i bpunch tairbhí infheistíochta cothromaíochta. Deir tú go bhfuil $ 10,000.00 a shábháil agus ba mhaith leat é a infheistiú sa mhargadh; bheadh méid teoranta stoic agus bannaí agat le roghnú as mar gheall ar phraghas na stoic. Ina theannta sin, ós rud é nach bhfuil ach cúpla stoic i do phoirtchlár, tá do phoirtchlár ag riosca níos mó má thiteann stoc amháin. Chuir Cistí Múchúla airgead le chéile ó ghrúpa infheisteoirí níos lú le chéile d'fhonn punann mór a chruthú agus ansin an grúpa a bhainistiú mar phortfóil chothrom. Ba é an bainisteoir amháin (cosúil liomsa) a bhainistiú na cistí frithpháirteacha traidisiúnta seo a roghnaigh na stoic bunaithe ar a fhealsúnacht eacnamaíoch pearsanta agus/nó ar a saineolas. Ag deireadh an lae, ba chóir do bhainisteoirí an méid sa phoirtchlár a chomhaireamh, é a roinnt ar líon na scaireanna agus Voilà tá praghas scaireanna an chiste fhrithpháirteacha agat (nó an méid is coitianta a dtugtar NAV). Bhí táille bainistíochta bliantúil á ghearradh ag an gcomhairleoir as an tseirbhís.
Ba táirge airgeadais iontach é an ciste múchasaigh thraidisiúnta a thug deis d'infheisteoirí níos lú a bheith éagsúil agus a bhainistiú ag comhairleoir bunaithe. Le breith 401Ks, ní hamháin gur theastaigh ó infheisteoirí níos lú infheistíocht a dhéanamh, ach theastaigh uathu an cumas a gcuid infheistíochtaí a shaincheapadh. Ní raibh siad ag iarraidh go mbeadh na hinfheistíochtaí céanna ag gach duine acu agus go mbeadh siad faoi réir na dtáirgí céanna le gach fostaí eile. Tá go leor cineálacha éagsúla infheisteoirí ann - tá infheisteoirí ionsaitheacha óga ann, infheisteoirí coimeádach níos sine ag féachaint i dtreo na scor, agus cuntasaithe neamh-dhíobhálach riosca. Tá gá le ciste a chomhlíonann a spriocanna riosca agus a spriocanna airgeadais.
Ba é an t-ionad a d'éirigh leis an ngá sin ná an Ciste Iomaíochta Innéacs. Tá an fhoirm chéanna ag Cistí Inmheasa Inmheasa Innéacs le ciste comhpháirteach traidisiúnta ach tá an bainisteoir teoranta do ghrúpa áirithe stoic in innéacs, mar shampla innéacs S&P. Ar ndóigh, ós rud é nach bhfuil ach méid áirithe stoic ann, ní bhíonn níos lú taighde le déanamh, agus ní gá go mbeadh na "bainisteoirí" chomh "bhunaithe" sin. Tá bainisteoirí, (más fostaítear iad) níos óige agus níos lú taithí de ghnáth; glactar leo chun an punann a sháraigh, seachas é a bhainistiú go díreach. I malartú, faigheann siad an táille bainistíochta céanna. Na laethanta seo, is gnách nach bhfuil bainisteoir ar chor ar bith, ach ach ach algartam ríomhaireachta a ghiniúint stoc picks. Mura n-aontaítear aon bhainisteoir, téann an táille go díreach chuig an institiúid a sholáthraíonn an ciste frithpháirteach. Mar a fheiceann tú, sa lá atá inniu ann tá na mílte cistí frithpháirteacha a roghnú as trí roinnt institiúidí éagsúla. Tá na táillí ar na cistí seo go léir an-ard agus níl aon duine ag faire ar an airgead i ndáiríre. Mar sin tá gearán dlisteanach ag an infheisteoir níos lú. Mura bhfuil aon duine ag faire ar mo chuid airgid agus má tá orm mo leithdháileadh sócmhainní féin a chinneadh, cén fáth a bhfuil táillí bainistíochta á íoc agam?Ba mhaith leis an infheisteoir níos lú an cumas a bheith aige/aici éagsúlacht a chur ar a leibhéal riosca féin gan táille bainistíochta a íoc.
Is iad ETFanna nó Cistí Trádála Eacnamaíochta an réiteach ar an bhfadhb sin. Is cistí innéacs atá á mbainistiú ag ríomhaire iad ETF. Leanann siad innéacsanna sonracha; tá táillí i bhfad níos ísle acu ná na cistí frithpháirteacha traidisiúnta. Tá buntáiste breise acu freisin; ós rud é go ndéantar iad a thrádáil cosúil le stoc, is féidir leat stop a chur orthu, iad a dhíol go gearr, nó iad a cheannach ar mhaolú. Gníomhóidh siad cosúil le stoc, ag athrú de réir mar a athraíonn an margadh i rith lá trádála. Cé gur uirlis iontach iad ETFanna d'infheisteoirí níos lú, tá rioscaí bunúsacha acu. Sílim go bhfuil ETFanna mar an DIY-Home Depot ar domhan na dtáirgí airgeadais. Mar infheisteoir, ní mór duit cáilíocht na stoic i do ETF, do tholais riosca, agus cad iad do spriocanna airgeadais a fhios. Chomh maith leis sin, ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas na ceisteanna seo a nascadh lena chéile chun a chinneadh cén ETF a roghnú. Mura bhfuil freagraí na gceisteanna seo ar eolas agat, ní mór duit na freagraí a fháil amach, nó teagmháil a dhéanamh le do chomhairleoirí airgeadais sula gceannaíonn tú na cistí seo. Ós rud é go bhfuil an ETF ríomhairithe agus algaram a chruthaíonn an ceannach agus díol scaireanna, má tá an margadh a athrú mar gheall ar imeacht gan choinne, is féidir leis an algaram a dhíol láithreach stoc, nó a bunch de stoic (tá sé seo ag brath ar an algaram). Is féidir leis sin a lán luaineachta a chruthú sa mhargadh. Chomh maith leis sin, mar gheall ar chumas na n-infheisteoirí díol a dhéanamh ag am ar bith den lá, bíonn eagla ina riosca mór i ETFanna. Is féidir le hinfheistithe níos lú a d'fhéadfadh eagla a chur orthu a ETFanna a dhíol láithreach. Is féidir leis seo a lán luaineacht a chruthú sa mhargadh freisin.
Anois go bhfuil mé ag plé leis an stair agus na nuts agus boltaí na gcistí seo, beidh sé i bhfad níos éasca a thuiscint na straitéisí taobh thiar de roghnú roinnt do phoirtchlár. Go dtí an tseachtain seo chugainn...
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Alert Your Admin if You See Misleading Manufacturer Labels
You'll hear about ways to avoid med errors due to product label confusion.
Total dose. Double-check the total amount of drug in each package...to prevent compounding and dispensing errors.
In a recent case, a patient got DOUBLE the intended dose of potassium chloride oral liquid. The label stated 20 mEq/15 mL in bold lettering...leading a nurse to believe each cup contains 20 mEq. But the cups actually contain 40 mEq...since they hold a TOTAL of 30 mL.
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Cuir do Riarthóir ar an eolas má fheiceann tú lipéid mhalairt
Beidh tú ag éisteacht faoi bhealaí chun earráidí leighis a sheachaint mar gheall ar mheabhrúchán ar lipéad táirge.
Dáileog iomlán. Déan an méid iomlán drugaí i ngach pacáiste a sheiceáil arís... chun earráidí comhdhéanta agus seachadta a sheachaint.
I gcás le déanaí, fuair othair DOUBLE an dáileog beartaithe de leacht liathróid chailciam ó bhéal. Dúirt an lipéad 20 mEq / 15 mL i litreacha buí ... ag tabhairt le altra a chreidiúint go bhfuil 20 mEq i ngach cupán. Ach tá 40 mEq sa chupaí i ndáiríre... ós rud é go bhfuil TOTAL 30 mL iontu.
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Bugs in the gut may be causing many allergy symptoms felt in the head, from runny noses to trouble breathing, researchers said on Wednesday.
And antibiotics could be to blame, the researchers told a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
The findings could help explain the puzzling rise in asthma and allergies across the developed world in recent decades, the University of Michigan researchers said.
Antibiotics kill bacteria, but they can kill beneficial bacteria living in the intestines and colon. Many doctors recommend that patients taking antibiotics also eat "live" yogurt to replace some of these helpful microbes.
"We all have a unique microbial fingerprint-- a specific mix of bacteria and fungi living in our stomach and intestines," said Dr. Gary Huffnagle, an associate professor of internal medicine and of microbiology and immunology at the University of Michigan.
"Antibiotics knock out bacteria in the gut, allowing fungi to take over temporarily until the bacteria grow back after the antibiotics are stopped. Our research indicates that altering intestinal microflora this way can lead to changes in the entire immune system, which may produce symptoms elsewhere in the body."
Experiments on mice suggest that altering the balance of these so-called intestinal flora can affect the immune system.
"After antibiotics changed the mix of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract, the mice developed an allergic response in the lungs when exposed to common mold spores," Huffnagle said in a statement. "Mice that didn't receive the antibiotics were able to fight off the mold spores."
Huffnagle told the meeting that if the findings also hold true in people, they could help explain why asthma and allergies are on the rise.
"Anything you inhale, you also swallow," Huffnagle said in a statement.
"So the immune cells in your GI (gastrointestinal) tract are exposed directly to airborne allergens and particulates. This triggers a response from immune cells in the GI tract to generate regulatory T-cells, which then travel through the bloodstream searching the body for these antigens."
The immune system cells then block the development of allergic responses.
When antibiotics wipe out the bacterial population in the GI tract, yeast and fungi move in and multiply.
Fungi may secrete compounds called oxylipins, which can control the type and intensity of immune responses, Huffnagle told the meeting, being held in New Orleans.
Having too many oxylipins may prevent the development of the regulatory T-cells, in turn allowing for a hyperactive immune response against allergens such as pollen, he proposed.
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D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baicéid sa bhéal ag cur le go leor siombailí ailléirge a bhraitheann sa cheann, ó shnáitheanna a ritheann go deacracht a bheith ag anailís, a dúirt taighdeoirí Dé Céadaoin.
Agus d'fhéadfadh na antaibheathaigh a bheith ina gcúis, a dúirt na taighdeoirí ag cruinniú de Chomhlacht Mheiriceá um Mhiocrbíolaíocht.
D'fhéadfadh na torthaí seo cabhrú leis an méadú mícheart a tharla ar asthma agus ailléirgí ar fud an domhain forbartha le blianta beaga anuas, a dúirt taighdeoirí Ollscoil Michigan.
Maraíonn antaibheathaigh baictéir, ach is féidir leo baictéir shochair a chónaíonn sa intestines agus sa chollón a mharú. Molann go leor dochtúirí go n-itheann othair a bhfuil antaibheathaigh á nglacadh acu iogart "bheo" freisin chun cuid de na micreabaí cabhrach seo a chur ina n-ionad.
"Tá fingerprint microbial uathúil againn go léir - meascán sonrach baictéir agus fungais a chónaíonn inár stamag agus inár n-intinn", a dúirt an Dr. Gary Huffnagle, ollamh comhlánaithe i leigheas inmheánach agus i micreabhiolaíocht agus imdhíonlathas in Ollscoil Michigan.
"Déanann na frithbhithghinicíochtaí baictéir sa bhéal a dhíothú, rud a ligeann do fungais uathach a dhéanamh go sealadach go dtí go bhfásfaidh na baictéir arís tar éis na frithbhinicíochtaí a stopadh. Léiríonn ár dtaighde gur féidir le hathrú microflora intestinal ar an mbealach seo athruithe a dhéanamh ar an gcóras imdhíonachta ar fad, rud a d'fhéadfadh comharthaí a chur ar fáil in áiteanna eile sa chorp".
Tugann turgnaimh ar fhóraim le fios go bhféadfadh athrú ar chothromaíocht na flóra intestinal sin tionchar a bheith aige ar an gcóras imdhíonachta.
"Tar éis do na antaibheathaigh meascán na micreabí a athrú sa chonair gastrointestinal, d'fhorbair na lucha freagairt ailléirgeach sna scamhóga nuair a bhí siad nochtaithe do spóirí móide coitianta", a dúirt Huffnagle i ráiteas. "Bhí na lucha nach bhfuair na antaibheathaigh in ann na spóirí múnla a chomhrac".
Dúirt Huffnagle leis an gcruinniú má tá na torthaí fíor i ndaoine freisin, d'fhéadfadh siad cabhrú le míniú a thabhairt ar an gcúis go bhfuil asthma agus ailléirgí ag ardú.
"Is féidir leat aon rud a inhale, a shlogadh freisin", Huffnagle dúirt i ráiteas.
"Mar sin, bíonn na cealla imdhíonachta i do thrácht GI (gastrointestinal) nochtaithe go díreach do ailléirgíní agus do phéirtíní a bhíonn san aer. Cuireann sé seo freagra ar fáil ó chealla imdhíonachta sa chonair GI chun cealla T rialála a ghiniúint, a théann ansin tríd an sruth fola ag cuardach na n-antíine seo sa chorp".
Ansin cuireann cealla an chórais imdhíonachta bac ar fhorbairt fhreagraí ailléirgeacha.
Nuair a scriosann antaibheathaigh an pobal baictéarach sa chonair GI, bogann giosta agus fungais isteach agus déanann siad iompar.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comhdhúile ar a dtugtar oxylipins ag fungais, a d'fhéadfadh cineál agus déine na bhfreagraí imdhíonachta a rialú, a dúirt Huffnagle leis an gcruinniú, a bhí ar siúl i New Orleans.
D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh an iomarca oxylipins cosc ar fhorbairt na gcealla T rialála, rud a fhágfaidh go mbeidh freagra imdhíonachta hipeartach i gcoinne ailléirgíní mar pholláin, mhol sé.
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'Inflamm-aging”: Monocytes, Cytokines, and Susceptibility to Pneumonia
The chronic state of low-level inflammation seen in many elderly people (sometimes called “inflamm-aging”), is associated with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and dementia, as well as susceptibility to infections, especially pneumonia. A study published on January 14th in PLOS Pathogens reveals a crucial role of monocytes in the immune system changes that occur with age, and may help explain why older people are more susceptible to pneumonia.
A release from the publisher notes that acute inflammation is part of a healthy immune response to infection or tissue injury but that chronic inflammation –ongoing heightened activity of the immune system– has been linked to many diseases, including asthma, diabetes, and heart disease. In the aging immune system, healthy responses are weaker, and chronic inflammation is common.
Dawn Bowdish, from McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and colleagues, are interested in how the immune system ages. In this study, they focus on monocytes, immune cells that are central to the process of inflammation. Monocytes multiply and mature in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood stream. They are recruited to sites of injury or infection and there turn into macrophages (literally “large eaters”) that ingest pathogens, infected cells, or cellular debris. Monocytes are also potent producers of pro-inflammatory cytokines, small molecules that promote an inflammatory immune response.
Comparing younger and older mice, the researchers found that the latter have higher numbers of monocytes both in the bone marrow and in the blood. They also saw higher levels of TNF and IL-6, two pro-inflammatory cytokines, in blood from older mice and blood from older human donors. Studying mouse monocytes in more detail, the researchers found that the increase in TNF levels that occurs with age causes premature release of immature monocytes from the bone marrow into the blood stream. When stimulated with bacterial products, these immature monocytes themselves produce more inflammatory cytokines, thus further increasing levels in the blood.
The researchers then infected younger and older mice with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes so-called pneumococcal pneumonia. They found that, although the older mice had higher numbers of monocytes in the blood and at the sites of infection, their monocytes were not able to clear the bacteria and successfully fight the infection. However, when the researchers used drugs or mouse mutations that reduced the number of monocytes or removed TNF, they were able to restore antibacterial immunity in aged mice.
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'Inflamm-aging: Monocytes, Cytokines, and Susceptibility to Pneumonia
Tá an staid ainsealach d'athlasadh ísealleibhéil a fheictear i go leor daoine scothaosta (ar a dtugtar "inflamm-aging" uaireanta), bainteach le coinníollacha mar ghalar cardashoithíoch agus díomhaoin, chomh maith le so-ghabhálacht d'ionfhabhtuithe, go háirithe nimhiú. Léiríonn staidéar a foilsíodh ar an 14 Eanáir i PLOS Pathogens ról ríthábhachtach monocytes i dtimpeallachtaí an chórais imdhíonachta a tharlaíonn le haois, agus d'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú a mhíniú cén fáth go bhfuil daoine scothaosta níos so-ghabhálacha le nimhiú.
Tugann scaipeadh ón bhfoilsitheoir faoi deara go bhfuil athlasadh géarmhíochaine mar chuid de fhreagairt sláintiúil imdhíonachta ar ionfhabhtaíocht nó ar ghortú fíocháin ach go bhfuil nasc idir athlasadh ainsealach - gníomhaíocht mhéadaithe leanúnach an chórais imdhíonachta - agus go leor galair, lena n-áirítear asthma, diaibéiteas, agus galar croí. Sa chóras imdhíonachta atá ag dul in aois, bíonn freagraí sláintiúla níos laige, agus tá athlasadh ainsealach coitianta.
Tá suim ag Dawn Bowdish, ó Ollscoil McMaster i Hamilton, Ceanada, agus a chomhghleacaithe, i gcaoi a n-aoisíonn an córas imdhíonachta. Sa staidéar seo, dírigh siad ar mhonóití, cealla imdhíonachta atá lárnach do phróiseas an athlasadh. Tá an t-aonchill ag iomadú agus ag aibíocht sa mheirníocht chnámh agus ag scaipeadh sa sruth fola. Déantar iad a earcú chuig suíomhanna díobhála nó ionfhabhtaithe agus ansin déantar iad a bheith ina macrophages (go litriúil big eaters) a ingíonn paiteogainí, cealla ionfhabhtaithe, nó díbhreitheanna ceallacha. Is léiritheoirí cumhachtach cytokines pró-athlastacha iad monocytes freisin, móilíní beaga a chuireann freagra imdhíonachta athlastach chun cinn.
Agus iad ag comparáid na luch níos óige agus níos sine, fuair na taighdeoirí go raibh líon níos mó monocytes ag na luch sin sa mhear chnámh agus sa fhuil araon. Chonaic siad leibhéil níos airde de TNF agus IL-6, dhá chitoicín pro-athlasta, i nd fhuil ó fhuaimíní níos sine agus i nd fhuil ó dheontóirí daonna níos sine. Ag staidéar níos mionsonraithe ar monocytes luch, fuair na taighdeoirí amach go mbíonn an méadú ar leibhéil TNF a tharlaíonn le dul in aois ag cur le scaoileadh roimh am monocytes neamh-aosta ó mhearóg na cnámh isteach sa sruth fola. Nuair a spreagtar iad le táirgí baictéaracha, déanann na monocítí neamhbheaga seo féin níos mó cytokines athlastacha a tháirgeadh, rud a mhéadaíonn leibhéil sa fhuil.
Ansin, chuir na taighdeoirí baictéir Streptococcus pneumoniae, a chuireann an t-éanmhíneacht pneumococcal ar na lucha óga agus sean, ina measc. Fuair siad, cé go raibh líon níos mó monocytes sa fhuil agus ag na háiteanna ionfhabhtaithe ag na lucha níos sine, nach raibh a monocytes in ann na baictéir a ghlanadh agus an t-ionfhabhtaíocht a chomhrac go rathúil. Mar sin féin, nuair a d'úsáid na taighdeoirí drugaí nó mutations luch a laghdaigh líon na monocytes nó a bhaint TNF, bhí siad in ann díolúine frithbhictéarach a athbhunú i luch d'aois.
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To the person who spoke another language the phonograph assumed a more important role. In a country with strange customs and values, where other people spoke an unfamiliar language, a phonograph could and did provide a means of emotional retreat to one’s homeland. Records of familiar songs reinforced traditional values and an immigrant’s sense of self-worth…It meant that at least one American business was soliciting his patronage by recognizing, respectfully, who he was. — Richard K. Spottswood, “Commercial Ethnic Recordings in the United States,” in Ethnic Recordings in America. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1982.
Earlier in the blog I posted some Polish-American village music, so today I’m offering up a nice example of Ukrainian-American village music, complete with strong fiddle playing by Michal Thomas, recorded in New York City in March of 1931. Thomas, on the lead fiddle, is accompanied by a second fiddle, piano, tuba (I believe) and percussion in the form of bells.
The Kolomyjka (or kolomyika) is a well-known, traditional folk dance from the western Ukraine, getting its name from the Carpathian city of Kolomyia. Like many folk dances, it can be danced in a circle, and is usually performed on special occasions, such as weddings.
Columbia ruled the Ukrainian-American market in the late 1920s and early 1930s, recording approximately 430 Ukrainian records beginning in 1925. Interestingly, very few recordings were made by the major labels’ counterparts in Europe during the 1920s, making Columbia’s series especially important, musically and historically.
For more Michal Thomas, you can find a track on Arhoolie’s Ukrainian Village Music CD, and a track on the out-of-print LP on New World, Song of the Shepherd: Songs of the Slavic Americans.
Issue Number: 27296-F
Matrix Number: 112873 (1A-1)
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Maidir leis an duine a labhair teanga eile ghlac an gramafón ról níos tábhachtaí. I dtír a bhfuil sainchultúir agus luachanna annamh, áit a raibh teanga neamhchoitianta ag daoine eile, d'fhéadfadh gramafón a bheith ina mhodh chun aisghabháil mothúchánach a sholáthar do thír dhúchais duine agus rinne sé amhlaidh. Chuir taifid de amhráin a bhí ar eolas leo luachanna traidisiúnta agus mothú féinluach na n-imircigh a neartú...Bhí sé le rá go raibh gnó Meiriceánach amháin ar a laghad ag iarraidh a phátrúnacht trí aithint, go measúil, cé hé. Richard K. Spottswood, Comharthanacht Eitneach Taifeadtaí sna Stáit Aontaithe, in Taifeadtaí Eitneach i Meiriceá. Washington, DC: Leabharlann na Comhdhála, 1982.
Níos luaithe sa bhlag chuir mé roinnt ceol sráidbhaile Polainnis-Meiriceánach, mar sin inniu tá sampla deas de cheol sráidbhaile Ucraíneach-Meiriceánach á thairiscint agam, le seinm fíodáil láidir ag Michal Thomas, a taifeadadh i gCathair Nua Eabhrac i Márta 1931. Tá Thomas, ar an fhileog luaidhe, in éineacht le dara fhileog, piana, tuba (de réir mo thuairim) agus buille i bhfoirm cloigíní.
Is damhsa tíre traidisiúnta aitheanta é an Kolomyjka (nó kolomyika) ó iarthar na hÚcráine, a fhaigheann a ainm ó chathair na Carpathian Kolomyia. Cosúil le go leor damhsa tíre, is féidir é a damhsa i gciorcal, agus de ghnáth déantar é ar ócáidí speisialta, mar shampla póstaí.
Bhí Columbia i gceannas ar an margadh Úcráinis-Mheiriceánach i ndeireadh na 1920idí agus go luath sna 1930idí, ag taifeadadh thart ar 430 taifead Úcráinis ag tosú i 1925. Is suimiúil go ndearna na mór-léibéil i dTír Eoghain an-bheagán taifeadtaí sna 1920idí, rud a rinne sraith Columbia a bheith tábhachtach go háirithe, ó thaobh ceoil agus stairiúil de.
Le haghaidh níos mó Michal Thomas, is féidir leat rian a fháil ar CD Ceol Sráidbhaile na hÚcráine Arhoolie, agus rian ar an LP atá as cló ar New World, Song of the Shepherd: Songs of the Slavic Americans.
Uimhir Eisiúna: 27296-F
Uimhir Mhatríce: 112873 (1A-1)
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How Reliable is Genetic Sensitivity Research for Application in Practice?
15th September 2020 - By Dr Gabriel L. Schlomer
About the authors
Dr Schlomer’s research interests center on polygenic and DNA methylation approaches to studying gene-environment interplay. Recent research activities include gene-by-environment studies on father absence and age at menarche, gene-by-intervention research on adolescent substance use and aggression/delinquency, and DNA methylation as a mechanism for the association between childhood stressors and pubertal development.
Intervention research has recently started to focus on genetic differences in order to explain why interventions work better for some than others. However, establishing the reliability of such genetic research is fundamental. Results from a genetic study conducted by my colleagues and I replicated previous findings, but more research is needed before such findings can be responsibly applied to intervention practices.
Differences in sensitivity have a partial genetic basis with several studies reporting that specific regions of certain genes (described as candidate genes) are related to sensitivity. One example is the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), a genetic variation found in the SLC6A4 gene.
The 5-HTTLPR region is typically characterized as either a short or a long version, referred to as allelic variants. The short allelic variant, compared to the long allelic variant, has been associated with increased Environmental Sensitivity, such as a stronger response to the positive effects of psychological interventions.
However, research that focuses on individual candidate genes has been criticized regarding its reliability. Replicating these research is therefore fundamental to determine the reliability of these kinds of studies that investigate genetic sensitivity.
Research replication is the bedrock of science. To be confident that research discoveries are real, and not the result of some quirk of the data or other unintended factors, published research studies should be conducted multiple times. If the same results are obtained again and, hopefully, several times over, there is confidence that the original findings are reliable.
In 2015, the Open Science Collaboration published a study where they attempted to replicate 100 original studies and, unfortunately, found that less than half reached the criteria to be considered a successful replication, setting off the “replication crisis” in psychology.
Perhaps in no other area of psychological research have issues with replication been highlighted as research that utilizes measured genes (DNA derived genotypes), and in particular candidate gene-by-environment interaction (cGxE) research. These concerns have developed in parallel with intervention research that has increasingly incorporated DNA to help understand why interventions work better for some than others. Given that this genetically informed research has direct implications for intervention programming, assessing the reliability of this research is critical.
To help address replication issues in genetically informed intervention research, my colleagues and I conducted a study to replicate and extend one of the first gene-by-intervention interaction studies , which showed intervention efficacy was modified by adolescents’ genetic differences (i.e., short versus long gene variants) in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR).
How the study was conducted
The replication we conducted was based on the genetic subsample data from the PROSPER project, a community-university evidence-based system designed to deliver prevention-intervention programs, in the USA. The PROSPER project included 28 rural and small town communities in Iowa and Pennsylvania randomized into 14 intervention and 14 control units.
Data were collected on students when they were approximately 11-12 years old and annually until the age of 17-18 years. Intervention programing, consisting of a classroom-based and family-group format component, were delivered when adolescents were approximately 11-13 years old, and were designed to enhance personal goal setting, social norms, decision making, and navigating peer contexts. Detailed information on the PROSPER project can be found here (http://helpingkidsprosper.org/).
In attempting to replicate the findings reported by Brody and colleagues , we sought to stay as close to the original study as possible. Brody and colleagues examined change in risk behavior initiation, which was defined as the onset of alcohol and marijuana use as well as sexual behavior. We had similar measures in PROSPER but not exact, so we created a substance misuse initiation measure that quantified onset of alcohol intoxication, marijuana use, and prescription drug use.
Brody and colleagues found 1) that adolescents who participated in the intervention program (Strong African American Families; https://cfr.uga.edu/saaf-programs/saaf/) showed lower risk initiation, 2) that having at least one copy of the 5-HTTLPR short genetic variant was related to higher risk initiation, and 3) that adolescents in the control group with at least one copy of the 5-HTTLPR short genetic variant had the highest risk initiation compared to adolescents with the 5-HTTLPR long variant in either the intervention or control groups as well as 5-HTTLPR short variant adolescents in the intervention.
Using our substance misuse initiation measure and a similar analytic model, we found 1) that adolescents in the intervention showed lower substance misuse initiation, similar to the Brody study , 2) we did not find differences based on 5-HTTLPR genotype, inconsistent with the Brody findings., and 3) we found the same group differences reported by Brody and colleagues : 5-HTTLPR short gene variant adolescents in the control group showed the highest substance misuse initiation but other adolescents with the same gene variant showed considerably lower substance misuse initiation. This pattern was consistent with a vulnerability model where adolescents were at higher risk for substance misuse if they had the 5-HTTLPR short variant, but the interventions delivered in the PROSPER project were able to mitigate that risk.
Based on the results of this and other research, arguments have been made that valuable resources could be saved if we could identify adolescents who would benefit most from one or another intervention program and provide the programming for them and not others. There are some merits to this argument. For example, it might not make sense to provide a writing intervention that was designed for children with autism to all children in a school.
However, when it comes to deciding who gets what resources based directly on genotypes, things get much more precarious. For example, issues with racism can become apparent pretty quickly. Research on 5-HTTLPR is a case-in-point given the short gene variant is much more frequent among a European ancestry populations compared to African ancestry. In addition, the results reported in the PROSPER study were the result of intervention programming that was delivered universally, that is all 11-13 years old students in each community were invited to participate (and 90% did so at wave 1).
Providing resources in the form of intervention programming to a selection of adolescents – based on genotype and presumed sensitivity – has the potential to generate stigma or other unforeseen undesirable outcomes that could undermine the efficacy of the program and potentially cause other problems. Last, even with reliability evidence as demonstrated by my colleagues and I and the more recent advances in how genotypes are being studied (e.g., polygenic scores), the science is nowhere near to where it would need to be to use such findings for intervention selection processes.
1. Schlomer, G.L., et al., Extending Previous cGxI Findings on 5-HTTLPR’s Moderation of Intervention Effects on Adolescent Substance Misuse Initiation. Child Dev, 2017. 88(6): p. 2001-2012.
2. Open Science, C., PSYCHOLOGY. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 2015. 349(6251): p. aac4716.
3. Brody, G.H., et al., Prevention effects moderate the association of 5-HTTLPR and youth risk behavior initiation: gene x environment hypotheses tested via a randomized prevention design. Child Dev, 2009. 80(3): p. 645-61.
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Cé chomh iontaofa is atá taighde ar íogaireacht ghineiteach le haghaidh cur i bhfeidhm i gcleachtas?
15 Meán Fómhair 2020 - Le Dr Gabriel L. Schlomer
Maidir leis na húdair
Tá spéis taighde an Dr Schlomer i gcur chuige poligineach agus meitiliú DNA chun idirghníomhaíocht géin-chomhshaoil a staidéar. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí taighde le déanaí tá staidéir géin-le-chomhshaol ar easpa athair agus aois ag menarche, taighde géin-le-idirghabháil ar úsáid substaintí agus ionsaithe / coiriúlacht óige, agus meitiliú DNA mar mheicníocht don chomhpháirtíocht idir strusóirí óige agus forbairt pubertal.
Tá taighde idirghabhála tar éis díriú le déanaí ar dhifríochtaí géiniteacha d'fhonn a mhíniú cén fáth go n-oibríonn idirghabhálacha níos fearr do chuid daoine ná do dhaoine eile. Tá sé ríthábhachtach, áfach, iontaofacht taighde géiniteach den sórt sin a bhunú. Tá torthaí ó staidéar géiniteach a rinne mo chomhghleacaithe agus mé ag athdhéanamh torthaí roimhe seo, ach tá gá le tuilleadh taighde sula bhféadfar torthaí den sórt sin a chur i bhfeidhm go freagrach ar chleachtais idirghabhála.
Tá bunús géiniteach páirteach ag difríochtaí i ndíbhríocht le roinnt staidéir ag tuairisciú go bhfuil réigiúin shonracha de ghéiní áirithe (a thuairiscítear mar ghéiní iarrthóirí) bainteach le ndíbhríocht. Sampla amháin is ea an réigiún polymorphic a bhaineann le hiompróir serotonin (5-HTTLPR), éagsúlacht ghineatach a fhaightear sa ghine SLC6A4.
Is gnách go bhfuil an réigiún 5-HTTLPR carachtaráilte mar leagan gearr nó fada, dá ngairtear éagsúlachtaí allelach. Tá baint ag an leagan gearr allélach, i gcomparáid leis an leagan allélach fada, le Feasacht Chomhshaoil mhéadaithe, mar shampla freagra níos láidre ar éifeachtaí dearfacha idirghabhálacha síceolaíocha.
Mar sin féin, tá cáineadh déanta ar thaighde a dhíríonn ar ghéiní iarrthóirí aonair maidir lena iontaofacht. Tá sé ríthábhachtach, dá bhrí sin, na taighde sin a athdhéanamh chun iontaofacht na gcineálacha staidéir seo a dhéanann imscrúdú ar íogaireacht ghéiniteach a chinneadh.
Is é an t-athchóiriú taighde bunús na heolaíochta. Chun a bheith cinnte go bhfuil fionnachtana taighde fíor, agus ní mar thoradh ar roinnt quirk na sonraí nó fachtóirí neamhbheartaithe eile, ba cheart staidéir taighde foilsithe a dhéanamh go minic. Má fhaightear na torthaí céanna arís agus, tá súil againn, arís agus arís eile, tá muinín ann go bhfuil na torthaí bunaidh iontaofa.
I 2015, d'fhoilsigh an Open Science Collaboration staidéar inar iarracht siad 100 staidéar bunaidh a athdhéanamh agus, ar an drochuair, fuair siad amach go raibh níos lú ná leath na gcritéar a bhaint amach chun a bheith ina athdhéanamh rathúil, ag cur an "aicme athdhéanamh" sa síceolaíocht.
B'fhéidir nach bhfuil aon réimse eile de thaighde síceolaíoch ina bhfuil saincheisteanna le hathchóiriú curtha i bhfios mar thaighde a úsáideann géiní tomhaiste (gineitíopaí díorthaithe DNA), agus go háirithe taighde idirghníomhaíochta géin-ag-timpeallacht iarrthóra (cGxE). Tá na hábhair imní seo forbartha i gcomhthráth le taighde idirghabhála a bhfuil DNA ionchorpraithe go méadaithe chun cabhrú le tuiscint a fháil ar cén fáth go n-oibríonn idirghabhálacha níos fearr do chuid áirithe ná do chuid eile. Ós rud é go bhfuil impleachtaí díreacha ag an taighde seo a bhfuil eolas géiniteach aige maidir le cláir idirghabhála, tá sé ríthábhachtach iontaofacht an taighde seo a mheas.
Chun cabhrú le saincheisteanna athdhéanamh a réiteach i dtaighde idirghabhála a bhfuil faisnéis ghineiteach aige, rinne mé féin agus mo chomhghleacaithe staidéar chun ceann de na chéad staidéir idirghníomhaíochta géin-trí-idirghabháil a athdhéanamh agus a leathnú , a léirigh go ndearnadh éifeachtúlacht idirghabhála a mhodhnú ag difríochtaí géiniteacha óigeanna (ie, cineálacha géin ghearr i gcoinne cineálacha géin fada) sa ghéin iompróir serotonin (5-HTTLPR).
Conas a rinneadh an staidéar
Bhí an t-athdhéanamh a rinneamar bunaithe ar na sonraí fo-samplaithe géiniteacha ó thionscadal PROSPER, córas bunaithe ar fhianaise coimhearsnachta-ollscoile atá deartha chun cláir chosc-idirghabhála a sheachadadh, sna Stáit Aontaithe. I measc an tionscadail PROSPER bhí 28 pobal tuaithe agus baile beag in Iowa agus Pennsylvania a randamú i 14 aonad idirghabhála agus 14 aonad rialaithe.
Bailíodh sonraí ar mhic léinn nuair a bhí siad thart ar 11-12 bliana d'aois agus go bliantúil go dtí aois 17-18 bliana. Cuireadh cláir idirghabhála, a bhí comhdhéanta de chomhpháirt formáid bunaithe ar an seomra ranga agus ar an ngrúpa teaghlaigh, ar fáil nuair a bhí na déagóirí thart ar 11-13 bliana d'aois, agus bhí siad deartha chun socrú spriocanna pearsanta, nósanna sóisialta, cinnteoireacht, agus nascleanúint chomhthéacsanna comhghleacaithe a fheabhsú. Is féidir faisnéis mhionsonraithe faoin tionscadal PROSPER a fháil anseo (http://helpingkidsprosper.org/).
Agus muid ag iarraidh na torthaí a thuairiscigh Brody agus a chomhghleacaithe a athdhéanamh, rinneamar iarracht fanacht chomh gar don staidéar bunaidh agus is féidir. Scrúdaigh Brody agus a chomhghleacaithe athrú ar thionscnamh iompraíochta riosca, a shainmhíníodh mar thús úsáid alcóil agus marijuana chomh maith le hiompraíocht ghnéasach. Bhí tomhais den chineál céanna againn i PROSPER ach ní raibh siad cruinn, mar sin chruthaigh muid tomhas tosaithe mí-úsáid substaintí a rinne tomhas ar thús alcóil, úsáid marijuana, agus úsáid drugaí oideas.
Fuair Brody agus a chomhghleacaithe 1) go raibh tús riosca níos ísle ag déagóirí a ghlac páirt sa chlár idirghabhála (Fhoirne Afracacha Mheiriceánacha Cumhachtacha; https://cfr.uga.edu/saaf-programs/saaf/), 2) go raibh baint ag cóip amháin ar a laghad den athraitheach géiniteach gearr 5-HTTLPR le tús riosca níos airde, agus 3) go raibh tús riosca is airde ag déagóirí sa ghrúpa rialaithe a raibh cóip amháin ar a laghad den athraitheach géiniteach gearr 5-HTTLPR acu i gcomparáid le déagóirí a raibh an athraitheach fada 5-HTTLPR acu sa ghrúpa idirghabhála nó sa ghrúpa rialaithe chomh maith le déagóirí athraitheach gearr 5-HTTLPR sa idirghabháil.
Ag baint úsáide as ár tomhas mí-úsáid substainte agus samhail anailíseach den chineál céanna, fuair muid 1) go raibh níos lú mí-úsáid substainte ag na déagóirí sa idirghabháil, cosúil le staidéar Brody, 2) níor aimsigh muid difríochtaí bunaithe ar ghineo-chineál 5-HTTLPR, neamhsheasmhach le torthaí Brody, agus 3) fuair muid na difríochtaí grúpa céanna a thuairiscigh Brody agus a chomhghleacaithe: léirigh déagóirí éagsúlacht gheine 5-HTTLPR gearr sa ghrúpa rialaithe an tús mí-úsáid substainte is airde ach léirigh déagóirí eile leis an ngine éagsúlacht níos ísle go mór mí-úsáid substainte. Bhí an patrún seo comhoiriúnach le samhail leochaileachta ina raibh déagóirí i mbaol níos airde mí-úsáid substaintí má bhí an leagan gearr 5-HTTLPR acu, ach bhí na hidirghabhálacha a tugadh isteach i dtionscadal PROSPER in ann an baol sin a mhaolú.
Bunaithe ar thorthaí an taighde seo agus taighde eile, rinneadh argóintí go bhféadfaí acmhainní luachmhara a shábháil dá bhféadfaimis déagóirí a aithint a d'fhéadfadh tairbhe a bhaint as clár idirghabhála amháin nó eile agus an clár a sholáthar dóibh agus ní do dhaoine eile. Tá roinnt buntáistí ag an argóint seo. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir nach mbeadh sé ciallmhar idirghabháil scríbhneoireachta a bhí deartha do leanaí le huile leanaí sa scoil a sholáthar.
Mar sin féin, nuair a thagann sé chun cinneadh a dhéanamh cé a fhaigheann na hacmhainní a bhfuil bunaithe go díreach ar ghineitíopaí, bíonn rudaí i bhfad níos measa. Mar shampla, is féidir le saincheisteanna maidir le ciníochas a bheith soiléir go han-tapa. Is cás-i-phointe é taighde ar 5-HTTLPR mar go bhfuil an leagan géin ghearr i bhfad níos minice i measc daonra sinsearacha na hEorpa i gcomparáid le sinsearacha na hAfraice. Ina theannta sin, ba é toradh na gclárúcháin idirghabhála a tugadh go hidirnáisiúnta na torthaí a tuairiscíodh i staidéar PROSPER, is é sin go cuireadh cuireadh do gach mac léinn 11-13 bliana d'aois i ngach pobal páirt a ghlacadh (agus rinne 90% amhlaidh ag tonn 1).
Tá an cumas ag acmhainní a sholáthar i bhfoirm clárúcháin idirghabhála do roghnú de dhéagóirí bunaithe ar ghineo-chineáil agus íogaireacht bhéite stiogma nó torthaí neamh-inmhianaithe eile a ghiniúint a d'fhéadfadh éifeachtúlacht an chláir a chur faoi dhroim agus fadhbanna eile a chur i gcúis. Ar deireadh, fiú le fianaise iontaofachta mar a léirigh mo chomhghleacaithe agus mé féin agus na dul chun cinn níos déanaí maidir le conas a bhíonn genotypes á staidéar (e.g., scóir ilghineach), níl an eolaíocht in aice le háit ina mbeadh sé riachtanach a bheith ag baint úsáide as torthaí den sórt sin le haghaidh próisis roghnúcháin idirghabhála.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Schlomer, G.L., et al., Extending Previous cGxI Findings on 5-HTTLPRs Moderation of Intervention Effects on Adolescent Substance Abuse Initiation, a bhfuil a fhios ag an ollscoil go bhfuil an-chuid daoine óga ag baint úsáide as substaintí agus go bhfuil siad ag cur isteach ar dhaoine óga a d'úsáid substaintí mí-úsáidte. Leanaí Dev, 2017. 88 ((6): l. 2001-2012.
2. Seachadadh. Eolaíocht Oscailte, C., PSÍOCÓLAGÁIS. Measúnú a dhéanamh ar in-ath-tharraingtheacht na heolaíochta síceolaíoch. Eolaíocht, 2015. 349 (6251): p. aac4716.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Brody, G.H., et al., Eifeachtaí coscála a mhaolú ar an gcaidreamh idir 5-HTTLPR agus tionscnamh iompair riosca óige: hipitéisí timpeallachta géine x a thástáil trí dhearadh coscála randamaithe. Leanaí Dev, 2009. 80 (3): pp. 645-61.
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A major benefit of increasingly advanced automation and artificial intelligence technology is decreased workload and greater safety for humans – whether it’s driving a vehicle, piloting an airplane, or patrolling a dangerous street in a deployed location with the aid of autonomous ground and airborne squad mates. But when there’s a technology glitch and machines don’t function as designed, human partners in human-machine teams may quickly become overwhelmed trying to understand their environment at a critical moment – especially when they’ve become accustomed to and reliant on the machine’s capabilities. Without situational awareness of the system and environment, the human team member may be unable to adapt, reducing safety and threatening mission success. This reality played out in crashes of modern jetliners in recent years killing hundreds, because advanced automated systems failed in flight and pilots weren’t able to assess the situation and respond appropriately in time. Such examples underscore the need to design human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that allow humans to maintain situational awareness of highly automated and autonomous systems so that they can adapt in the face of unforeseen circumstances.
DARPA today announced its Enhancing Design for Graceful Extensibility (EDGE) program, which aims to create a suite of HMI design tools to be integrated into systems design processes. By prioritizing and orienting these tools towards quantifying, supporting, and testing situational awareness – rather than on cognitive load at the expense of situational awareness – EDGE will help create HMI systems that allow operators to not just monitor autonomous systems but also adapt their use to meet the needs of unanticipated situations.
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Is é an buntáiste is mó a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht uathoibrithe agus intleachta shaorga atá ag éirí níos airde ná laghdú ar an ualach oibre agus sábháilteacht níos mó do dhaoine - cibé acu tá sé ag tiomáint feithicle, ag píolótach eitleáin, nó ag patróil ar shráid contúirteach i suíomh imscaradh le cabhair ó chómhachtairí talún uathrialacha agus aerloingseoireachta. Ach nuair a bhíonn botún teicneolaíochta ann agus nach n-oibríonn meaisíní mar a ceapadh iad, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an-chuid oibre ag comhpháirtithe daonna i bhfoirne daonna-mheaisín ag iarraidh a dtimpeallacht a thuiscint ag nóiméad criticiúil - go háirithe nuair a bhíonn siad cleachtaithe agus ag brath ar chumas na meaisíní. Gan feasacht staidúil ar an gcóras agus ar an gcomhshaol, d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh an comhalta foirne daonna in ann oiriúnú, ag laghdú sábháilteachta agus ag bagairt rath na misean. Bhí an réaltacht seo i gcraosanna eitiltí nua-aimseartha le blianta beaga anuas ag maraíodh na céadta, toisc go ndearna córais uathoibrithe chun cinn botún i rith eitilte agus nárbh fhéidir le píolótaí an staid a mheas agus freagairt go cuí in am. Tá an méid sin le rá go bhfuil gá le comhéadan duine-mheaisín (HMIanna) a dhearadh a cheadaíonn do dhaoine feasacht staidúil a choinneáil ar chórais ard-uathoibrithe agus uathrialacha ionas gur féidir leo oiriúnú i bhfianaise imthosca gan choinne.
D'fhógair DARPA inniu a chlár Dearadh Feabhsaithe le haghaidh Fhealaitheacht Gráineach (EDGE), a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige sraith uirlisí dearadh HMI a chruthú le comhtháthú i bpróisis dearadh córais. Trí na huirlisí seo a chur ar thús agus a dhíriú ar fhógraíocht staidúil a chainníochtú, a thacú agus a thástáil seachas ar ualach cognaíoch ar chostas na fhógraíochta staidúla cuideoidh EDGE le córais HMI a chruthú a ligfidh d'oibreoirí ní amháin monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chórais uathrialacha ach a n-úsáid a oiriúnú chun freastal ar riachtanais staidreamh gan choinne.
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Washington Like a hummingbird following fragrance to a flower, the male sperm follows chemical attractants to find the female egg.
Researchers now have identified a key part of the process and say the discovery could lead to a new form of contraception that does not depend on hormones, or to help for infertility.
In laboratory tests, the researchers have found that human sperm has a receptor, or chemical sensor, that causes the sperm to swim vigorously toward concentrations of a natural attractant.
The precise compound present in the human female reproductive tract has not been identified, the researchers said. But the new study, using a laboratory compound called bourgeonal, proves that sperm does respond to a chemical signal by swimming toward the source, said Richard K. Zimmer, a professor of biology at UCLA and a co-author of the study appearing today in the journal Science.
Zimmer said the researchers also identified another compound, called undecanal, that shuts down the sperm receptor and keeps it from responding to an attractant.
Although much more research must be done, Zimmer said the twin discoveries could lead to new drugs that could, depending on their use, overcome some fertility problems or inhibit conception.
Some human reproduction researchers said the study by Zimmer and his co-authors was a significant advance in understanding how the sperm and egg find each other.
"This is a landmark piece of work," said Dr. Donner F. Babcock, a researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle. "The holy grail in reproductive biology has been to find the sperm attractant and to understand how it works.
"This is the strongest evidence we have so far that the egg signals its location to the sperm and the sperm responds by swimming toward the egg," Babcock said.
In the study, Zimmer and his co-authors at UCLA and the Ruhr University Bochum in Germany demonstrate that the surface of human sperm has a receptor that causes the sperm to navigate in a specific direction when it detects bourgeonal.
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Washington Cosúil le hummingbird ag leanúint cumhrán a bhláth, leanann an sperm fireann tarraingteoirí ceimiceacha chun uibheacha na mban a aimsiú.
Tá cuid lárnach den phróiseas aithnithe ag taighdeoirí anois agus deir siad go bhféadfadh an fionnachtanas sin a bheith ina chúis le foirm nua coscghiniúna nach bhfuil ag brath ar hormóin, nó chun cabhrú le neamhtháirgiúlacht.
I dtástálacha saotharlainne, fuair na taighdeoirí amach go bhfuil gabhdóir, nó braiteoir ceimiceach, ag sperm an duine a chuireann an sperm ag snámh go láidir i dtreo tiúchan de mhealltóir nádúrtha.
Ní raibh an comhdhúil beacht atá i láthair i gcanúintí na mban daonna aitheanta, a dúirt na taighdeoirí. Ach léiríonn an staidéar nua, ag baint úsáide as comhdhúil saotharlainne ar a dtugtar bourgeonal, go bhfreagraíonn sperm le comhartha ceimiceach trí shnámh i dtreo an fhoinse, a dúirt Richard K. Zimmer, ollamh bitheolaíochta ag UCLA agus comh-údar an staidéir a nochtadh inniu sa iris Science.
Dúirt Zimmer gur aithin na taighdeoirí comhdhúil eile freisin, ar a dtugtar undecanal, a dhúnann an gabhdóir sperm agus a choinníonn é ó fhreagairt do mhealltóir.
Cé go gcaithfear go leor taighde a dhéanamh, dúirt Zimmer go bhféadfadh na fionnachtana dúbailte go dtiocfadh drugaí nua chun cinn a d'fhéadfadh, ag brath ar a n-úsáid, dul thar roinnt fadhbanna torthúlachta nó bac a chur ar ghreim.
Dúirt roinnt taighdeoirí atáirgthe daonna gur dul chun cinn suntasach é staidéar Zimmer agus a chomh-údar i dtuiscint conas a fhaigheann an sperm agus an ubh a chéile.
"Is cuid thábhachtach den obair é seo", a dúirt an Dr. Donner F. Babcock, taighdeoir in Ollscoil Washington i Seattle. "Is é an t-eagla naofa i bitheolaíocht atáirgthe ná an sperm a aimsiú tarraingteach agus a thuiscint conas a oibríonn sé.
"Is é seo an fhianaise is láidre atá againn go dtí seo go dtugann an ubh comhartha ar a shuíomh don sperm agus go bhfreagraíonn an sperm trí shnámh i dtreo an ubh", a dúirt Babcock.
Sa staidéar, léiríonn Zimmer agus a chomh-údair ag UCLA agus Ollscoil Ruhr Bochum sa Ghearmáin go bhfuil gabhdóir ag dromchla sperm daonna a fhágann go ndéanann an sperm nascleanúint i dtreo ar leith nuair a bhraitheann sé bourgeonal.
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The German who invented the red and white safety tape died at the age of 93.
His company B.A.S. announced this on Saturday on their website.
“With great gratitude we bid farewell to a good-hearted person, our company founder, mentor and a great personality”
Werner Sporleder invented a large number of issues in the areas of transport and safety, including the red-and-white safety tape that is used to screen off accidents or construction sites, for example.
Sporleder said in an interview with the German press agency dpa in 2015 that he got the idea for his invention when one day he was hanging up the laundry.
He attached two colored plastic ribbons to a washing thread, thus creating the first safety ribbon.
The company B.A.S., founded in the 1950s in Hanover, is the German market leader in securing local construction sites.
The company takes care of up to 3,000 construction sites simultaneously.
Today about 600 employees work for B.A.S.
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Fuair an Ghearmáinis a chruthaigh an téip sábháilteachta dearg agus bán bás ag aois 93.
A chuideachta B.A.S. D'fhógair siad é seo Dé Sathairn ar a láithreán gréasáin.
Le buíochas mór, déanaimid bronntanas ar dhuine dea-chroí, bunaitheoir ár gcuideachta, meantóir agus pearsantachta iontach
D'fhorbair Werner Sporleder líon mór saincheisteanna i réimsí iompair agus sábháilteachta, lena n-áirítear an téip sábháilteachta dearg-agus-béar a úsáidtear chun timpistí nó láithreáin tógála a scáileán, mar shampla.
Dúirt Sporleder in agallamh leis an ngníomhaireacht nuachta Gearmánach dpa in 2015 go bhfuair sé an smaoineamh ar a aireagán nuair a bhí sé ag crochadh an níocháin lá amháin.
Chuir sé dhá ribín plaisteach datha le snáitheanna níocháin, agus sa tslí sin chruthaigh sé an chéad ribín sábháilteachta.
Is é an chuideachta B.A.S., a bunaíodh sna 1950idí i Hannover, ceannaire margaidh na Gearmáine i gcosaint láithreáin tógála áitiúla.
Bíonn an chuideachta ag tabhairt aire do suas le 3,000 láithreán tógála ag an am céanna.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá thart ar 600 fostaí ag obair le haghaidh B.A.S.
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The story of the death of King Saul as told by archaeology and the Bible
The most famous episode featuring Beth Shean in the Bible follows the death of King Saul on Mt. Gilboa:
The Philistines came to strip the slain, and they found Saul and his three sons lying on Mt. Gilboa. They cut off his head and stripped him of his armor … They placed his armor in the temple of Ashtaroth, and they impaled his body on the wall of Beth Shean. When the men of Jabesh-Gilead heard about it—what the Philistines had done to Saul—all their stalwart men set out and marched all night. They removed the bodies of Saul and his sons from the wall of Beth Shean and came to Jabesh and burned them there. Then they took the bones and buried them under the tamarisk tree in Jabesh, and they fasted for seven days (1 Samuel 31:8–13; cf. 1 Chronicles 10:8–12).
Archaeology seeks to uncover an even broader picture of a site’s past. In the Bible, Beth Shean is a major administrative center in Solomon’s kingdom, but excavations show that the site was an important one long before (and after) the kings of Israel reigned over it. Even so, can archaeology and the Bible corroborate the same historical event?
Multiple excavations at Beth Shean in the past century have revealed a 6,000-year history of settlement at the site. Located near the intersection of two well-traveled ancient routes, Beth Shean proved to have important strategic value as early as the fifth millennium B.C.E., when it was first settled. Civilizations rose and fell at the site throughout the Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age. Some of the most impressive finds at Beth Shean came from the Late Bronze Age, when Egyptian pharaohs ruled over much of Canaan and used Beth Shean as a crucial administrative center to rule over its vassal kingdoms.
Unfortunately, due in part to later Roman and Byzantine construction at the base of the mound, excavators have not yet revealed any portion of the Beth Shean city wall from the 11th century B.C.E., when the Biblical story about King Saul’s death most likely occurred. And although the city was certainly occupied at this time, there is no evidence of a Philistine presence at the site then. So archaeology has not confirmed the Bible’s stories, but it has shed light on an even richer past at Beth Shean.
For more about the death of King Saul and the aftermath at Beth Shean in the Bible, as well as the extent to which archaeology and the Bible agree about Beth Shean’s past, read “Was King Saul Impaled on the Wall of Beth Shean?” by Amihai Mazar in Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 2012.
BAS Library Members: Read “Was King Saul Impaled on the Wall of Beth Shean?” by Amihai Mazar as it appeared in the March/April 2012 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review.
Not a BAS Library member yet? Join the BAS Library today.
This Bible History Daily feature was originally published on February 23, 2012.
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An scéal ar bhás an Rí Sól mar a dúradh leis an seandálaíocht agus leis an mBíobla
An t-eachtra is cáiliúla a bhaineann le Beth Shean sa Bhíobla tar éis bhás an Rí Saul ar Mt. Gilboa:
Tháinig na Filistínigh chun na marbh a dhíbirt, agus fuair siad Saul agus a thrí mhac ina luí ar Mt. Gilboa. Rinne siad a cheann a ghearradh agus a armúr a dhíghalrú ... Chuir siad a armúr i teampall Ashtaroth, agus chuir siad a chorp ar bhalla Beth Shean. Nuair a chuala fir Jabesh-Ghilad é, cad a rinne na Filistínigh le Saul, d'éirigh a gcuid fir láidir go léir agus shiúil siad an oíche ar fad. Thóg siad corp Shaol agus a mhac ó bhalla Bhéathsean, agus thug siad go Iabéis iad agus dóiteadar iad ann. Ansin thóg siad na cnámha agus adhlacadh iad faoi chrann tamarisc i Jabesh, agus rinne siad fasting ar feadh seacht lá (1 Samuel 31: 8 13; cf. 1 Chronic 10:812).
Tá sé mar aidhm ag seandálaíocht pictiúr níos leithne a nochtadh de thréimhse atá caite na háite. Sa Bhíobla, is ionad riaracháin mór é Beth Shean i ríocht Solomon, ach léiríonn tochailtí go raibh an suíomh tábhachtach fada sula raibh rí na hIosrael ag rialú air (agus ina dhiaidh sin). Cé go bhfuil, an féidir leis an seandálaíocht agus leis an mBíobla an ócáid stairiúil céanna a dhearbhú?
Tá roinnt tochailtí ag Beth Shean le linn na haoise seo caite tar éis stair 6,000 bliain de chónaithe sa suíomh a nochtadh. Bhí luach straitéiseach tábhachtach ag Bet Shean, atá suite in aice le crochadh dhá bhealach a raibh an-siubhal orthu san am atá caite, chomh luath leis an cúigiú míle bliain RC, nuair a bhí an chéad áit chónaithe aici. D'ardaigh agus thit sibhialtachtaí ar an suíomh i rith na tréimhse Chalcolithic agus na hIonlaith. Tháinig cuid de na fionnachtana is suntasaí ag Beth Shean ó Aos na Bronce Déanach, nuair a bhí pharaohs na hÉigipte ag rialú cuid mhór de Chanáin agus a d'úsáid Beth Shean mar ionad riaracháin ríthábhachtach chun rialú a dhéanamh ar a ríochtaí vassal.
Ar an drochuair, de bharr tógáil Rómhánach agus Byzantine ina dhiaidh sin ag bun an moill, ní raibh aon chuid de bhalla cathrach Beth Shean ón 11ú haois RC, nuair a tharla an scéal Bíobla faoi bhás an Rí Saul is dóichí, nochtaithe ag tochailtithe go fóill. Agus cé go raibh an chathair á áitiú go cinnte ag an am seo, níl aon fhianaise ann go raibh láithreacht Philistineach san áit sin ag an am. Mar sin, ní dheimhnigh seandálaíocht scéalta na Bíobla, ach chuir sí solais ar an am atá caite níos saibhre i mBéith Shean.
Chun tuilleadh a fháil faoi bhás an Rí Saul agus na hiarmhairtí i Beth Shean sa Bhíobla, chomh maith leis an méid a aontaíonn seandálaíocht agus an Bíobla faoi Beth Sheans am atá caite, léigh Amihai Mazar in Biblical Archaeology Review, Márta / Aibreán 2012.
Baill Leabharlainne BAS: Léigh "An raibh Rí Saul Impaled ar Mhur Beth Shean?" le Amihai Mazar mar a bhí sé i dtionól Márta / Aibreán 2012 de Athbhreithniú Archéolaíochta Bíobla.
Níl ball de Leabharlann BAS agat go fóill? Bí ar Chumann Leabharlainne BAS inniu.
Foilsíodh an t-alt seo den bhFóram Laethúil um Stair an Bhíobla ar dtús ar an 23 Feabhra, 2012.
Clárú chun ár nuachtlitir ríomhphoist a fháil agus ná caill aon nuashonrú.
Seol é seo chuig cara
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Non-current assets are assets for long-term use, generally speaking, for more than one year. Capital expenditures that have been capitalised (i.e. recognised in the balance sheet) appear on the face of the balance sheet as non-current assets.
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Déan do phróifíl OpenLearn a phearsanú, sábháil do chuid ábhar is fearr leat agus faigh aitheantas as do chuid foghlama
Tosaigh an cúrsa saor in aisce seo anois. Ní gá ach cuntas a chruthú agus síniú isteach. Cláraigh agus comhlánaigh an cúrsa chun ráiteas rannpháirtíochta nó léarscáil dhigiteach saor in aisce a fháil má tá siad ar fáil.
Is ionann sócmhainní fadtéarmacha agus sócmhainní le húsáid fadtéarmach, go ginearálta, ar feadh níos mó ná bliain amháin. Caipiteal-chaiteachas a caipitlithe (i.e. Is é an t-ábhar is mó atá le feiceáil sa chomhad (agus is é an t-ábhar is mó atá le feiceáil sa chomhad) ná an t-ábhar is mó atá le feiceáil sa chomhad.
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What is vitamin C?
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. Vitamin C cannot be stored in the body, so you need it in your diet every day. You should be able to get all the vitamin C you need from your daily diet.
One large orange could provide all the vitamin C you need to meet your daily needs; the same goes for kiwi fruit and raw peppers.
The recommended nutritional intake for adults is 40mg a day.*
What does it do?
Vitamin C is a vital nutrient and antioxidant, required for the growth and repair of cells and tissues. Vitamin C is needed to form collagen, an essential component of the connective tissue that gives support and structure for other tissue and organs. Vitamin C is therefore important for healing.
Good sources of vitamin C
Good sources include: oranges, limes, kiwi fruit, peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, brussel sprouts, mangos, sweet potatoes and a variety of other fruits and vegetables!
Did you know?
Vitamin C can help absorb iron from iron-rich foods. You can enhance your body's absorption of iron by drinking citrus juice or eating other foods rich in vitamin C at the same time as eating high-iron foods. For example: have a freshly squeezed glass of orange juice with an iron-rich type of breakfast cereal.
A long time ago seamen were called ‘limeys’, because they ate lots of citrus fruit to help prevent them getting scurvy!
* Department of Health, Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, HMSO, 1991
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Cad é vitimín C?
Tá vitimín C ar a dtugtar aigéad ascorbic freisin. Ní féidir vitimín C a stóráil sa chorp, mar sin ní mór duit é a fháil i do aiste bia gach lá. Ba chóir go mbeadh tú in ann an vitimín C go léir a theastaíonn uait a fháil ó do aiste bia laethúil.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an vitimín C go léir a theastaíonn uait a fháil ó aon oráiste mór amháin chun do riachtanais laethúla a chomhlíonadh; is amhlaidh atá le torthaí kiwi agus piobar amh.
Is é an t- iontógáil chothaitheach molta d' aosach 40 mg in aghaidh an lae. *
Cad a dhéanann sé?
Tá vitimín C ina chothaitheach ríthábhachtach agus ina antaibheathach, a theastaíonn chun cealla agus fíocháin a fhás agus a dheisiú. Tá gá le vitimín C chun collagen a fhoirmiú, comhpháirt riachtanach den fhíochán nasctha a thugann tacaíocht agus struchtúr do fhíocháin agus orgáin eile. Tá vitimín C tábhachtach dá bhrí sin le haghaidh leigheas.
Foinsí maithe vitimín C
I measc na bhfoinsí maithe: oráiste, limes, torthaí kiwi, piobar, trátaí, brocailí, spléasanna Brúiseal, mangó, prátaí milis agus éagsúlacht torthaí agus glasraí eile!
An raibh a fhios agat?
Is féidir le vitimín C cabhrú le haer a ionsú ó bhianna saibhir iarainn. Is féidir leat an iarainn a ionsú i do chorp a fheabhsú trí shú i citris nó trí bhia eile a ithe atá saibhir i vitimín C ag an am céanna le bia ard-iarainn a ithe. Mar shampla: glainne sú oráiste úr-scríofa a ithe le cineál gráin bricfeasta saibhir iarainn.
Roimhe seo bhí seoltóirí ar a dtugtar "Limeys", toisc go raibh siad ag ithe go leor torthaí citris chun cabhrú leo cosc a chur orthu scorbuigh a fháil!
* Department of Health, Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, HMSO, 1991 (Department of Health, Luachanna Tuairisceola Dietary do Fuinneamh Bia agus do Chothaithigh don Ríocht Aontaithe, HMSO, 1991)
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This week’s Torah portion is Noah. We are told that Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation. (Genesis 6:9) The rabbis of the Talmud debate the meaning of the qualifier “in his generation.” On the one hand, it can mean that he was better than everyone else, but since the whole world was wicked and deserving of being destroyed, it isn’t that impressive. On the other hand, it could mean that in spite of the depravity of his peers, he was still an outstanding individual. That’s no small feat; we all know how hard it is to make good decisions when surrounded by friends making bad choices. We want to be accepted, we want to fit in, we want to be a part of things even when those things are not right and we know it.
When we think of Noah and the ark, we think of the animals coming two by two and 40 days and 40 nights of flooding rain. Most people are less familiar with what happened afterwards. For those of you who have not read your Bible for a while, Noah plants a vineyard, makes some wine, and gets drunk. Not exactly the vision of our hero that we like to bring to mind. His behavior while inebriated is less than exemplary, and it leads to a breakdown in his family structure.
Sadly, today we know well how destructive drinking can be not only to the individual but to the family and to the community. For many years the accepted wisdom was that drinking was not a problem in the Jewish community. The Jewish community was slow to accept that alcoholism exists in our ranks, but now we know that it does. We are not immune to the peer pressure that influences us to make bad decisions. We can succumb to addictions the same as any other religious or ethnic or cultural group. However, the first step in solving a problem is recognizing that it exists in the first place.
Even today, it is not easy to overcome the stigma of alcoholism in the Jewish community. Besides not wanting to admit to ourselves that we have a problem, our immediate and our extended families think it can’t happen to us. The Jewish community does not like to acknowledge that problems like alcoholism exist in our midst. But over time, we have worked to change things, to be more open and accepting.
Today there are so many community resources to assist one with an addiction within the Jewish community beyond what exists in society at large. First of all, one can turn to one’s rabbi, who we hope will have educated him/herself to be in a position to provide support and help both the individual and the family to get the help that they need. No longer do we try to hide from the truth and pretend that it is not so. We have finally, painfully, learned the importance of acknowledging and dealing with the problem. Problems don’t just go away on their own; you have to work at them to resolve them.
Beyond the rabbi/synagogue, within the Jewish community we have institutions like Jewish Family Service (JFS). JFS provides counseling services to help with an array of issues that challenge us in life. There are two JFS centers in our community – one in Teaneck and one in Wayne. Both have qualified staff available to help. Beyond JFS there is also JACS – Jewish Alcoholics, Chemically Dependent Persons, and Significant Others – an Alcoholics Anonymous for Jews. AA is a tremendous program, but it does have a spiritual component, and some Jews feel more comfortable in a JACS setting than in a regular AA meeting. Of course, help can be found beyond the bounds of the Jewish community at AA, Al-Anon, Alateen, and other groups dedicated to assisting those struggling with alcohol addiction.
Alcohol is a chemical, chemicals can be addictive, Jews are not immune, and so we need to be both vigilant and supportive. We need to educate ourselves to the signs and symptoms of alcoholism and we need to be there for the benefit of anyone and everyone trying to overcome their addiction. Overcoming the obstacles that are presented to us in life is never easy, but with the help of family, friends, and community, working together, so much can be accomplished.
So when we read Parshat Noah and we encounter the rainbow, remember that it is a promise of a better tomorrow. It has its own special blessing, “Praised are You, Lord our God, Sovereign of the universe who remembers the Covenant, is faithful to it, and keeps promises.” Let us all promise to do what we can to help one another!
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Is é an chuid Torah an tseachtain seo Noah. Deirtear linn go raibh Noah ina dhuine fíréan agus gan locht ina ghlúin. (Genesis 6:9) Tá díospóireacht ag rábai an Talmadaigh ar an bhrí atá leis an gcáilíocht in his generation. Ar thaobh amháin, d'fhéadfadh sé a chiallaíonn go raibh sé níos fearr ná gach duine eile, ach ós rud é go raibh an domhan ar fad olc agus gur chóir dó a scriosadh, ní chuireann sé sin an-iontas air. Ar an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh sé a chiallaíonn go raibh sé fós ina dhuine den scoth, in ainneoin an éagóir a bhí ag a chomhghleacaithe. Ní hé sin feachtas beag; tá a fhios againn go léir cé chomh deacair is atá sé cinntí maithe a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn cairde ag déanamh roghanna mícheart timpeall ort. Ba mhaith linn glacadh, ba mhaith linn a oireann isteach, ba mhaith linn a bheith mar chuid de rudaí fiú nuair nach bhfuil na rudaí ceart agus a fhios againn é.
Nuair a smaoinímid ar Noah agus ar an áirc, smaoinímid ar na hainmhithe ag teacht beirt beirt agus 40 lá agus 40 oíche de bháisteach tuilte. Tá an chuid is mó daoine níos lú eolach ar an méid a tharla ina dhiaidh sin. I gcás na ndaoine agaibh nach bhfuil a léamh do Bíobla ar feadh tamaill, Noah planntach fíonghort, a dhéanann roinnt fíon, agus a fháil drunk. Ní go díreach an fhís ar ár laoch gur mhaith linn a thabhairt chun cuimhne. Ní bhíonn a iompar nuair a bhíonn sé ag ól inbhéasach ar aon nós, agus bíonn an struchtúr a theaghlaigh ag titim.
Ar an drochuair, tá a fhios againn go maith inniu cé chomh tubaisteach is féidir le ól a bheith ní amháin don duine aonair ach don teaghlach agus don phobal. Ar feadh blianta fada, bhí an t-eagna a glacadh ná nach raibh fadhb ag ól i bpobal na nGiúdach. Bhí an pobal Giúdach mall a ghlacadh go bhfuil alcóilism i measc ár sraitheanna, ach anois tá a fhios againn go bhfuil sé. Ní féidir linn a bheith saor ó bhrú comhghleacaithe a bhfuil tionchar acu orainn cinntí mícheart a dhéanamh. Is féidir linn dul i ngleic le andúil mar a dhéanann aon ghrúpa reiligiúnach nó eitneach nó cultúrtha eile. Mar sin féin, is é an chéad chéim chun fadhb a réiteach ná a aithint go bhfuil sí ann ar an gcéad dul síos.
Fiú sa lá atá inniu ann, ní bhíonn sé éasca an stigma de alcóilíocht a shárú i bpobal na nGiúdach. Chomh maith le nach bhfuil muid ag iarraidh a admháil dúinn féin go bhfuil fadhb againn, ní dóigh lenár dteaghlaigh dhíreach agus leathnaithe nach féidir é a tharlóidh dúinn. Ní maith leis an bpobal Giúdach a admháil go bhfuil fadhbanna cosúil le halcólism i measc dúinn. Ach le himeacht ama, d'oibríomar chun rudaí a athrú, chun a bheith níos oscailte agus níos glactha.
Sa lá atá inniu ann tá an oiread sin acmhainní pobail chun cabhrú le duine le andúil laistigh den phobal Giúdach thar an méid atá ann sa tsochaí go ginearálta. Ar dtús, is féidir le duine dul chuig a raibín féin, a bhfuil súil againn go mbeidh oideachas tugtha aige/aici féin chun go mbeidh sé/sí in ann tacaíocht a sholáthar agus cabhrú leis an duine aonair agus leis an teaghlach an cabhair a theastaíonn uathu a fháil. Ní dhéanaimid iarracht níos mó an fhírinne a cheilt agus a dhéanamh nach bhfuil sé mar sin. Tá a fhios againn, ar deireadh, go pianmhar, an tábhacht a bhaineann le aitheantas a thabhairt don fhadhb agus déileáil léi. Ní fhadaíonn fadhbanna go héasca; ní mór duit obair a dhéanamh orthu chun iad a réiteach.
Taobh amuigh den raibín/sinagóg, laistigh den phobal Giúdach tá institiúidí againn mar Sheirbhís Teaghlaigh Giúdach (JFS). Soláthraíonn JFS seirbhísí comhairle chun cuidiú le sraith de cheisteanna a chuireann dúshlán orainn sa saol. Tá dhá ionad JFS inár bpobal - ceann i Teaneck agus ceann i Wayne. Tá foirne cáilithe ar fáil chun cabhrú leis an dá cheann. Seachas JFS tá JACS ann freisin Alcóiliceacha Giúdach, Daoine Ag brath ar Cheimiceach, agus Daoine Mórmhéide Alcóiliceacha Aineolacha do Giúdaigh. Is clár iontach é AA, ach tá comhpháirt spioradálta ann, agus is fearr le roinnt Giúdaigh a bheith i suíomh JACS ná i gcruinniú rialta AA. Ar ndóigh, is féidir cabhair a fháil lasmuigh de theorainneacha an phobail Giúdach ag AA, Al-Anon, Alateen, agus grúpaí eile atá tiomanta chun cabhrú leo siúd atá ag streachailt le andúil alcóil.
Is ceimiceán é alcól, is féidir le ceimiceáin a bheith addictive, ní bhíonn Giúdaigh díolmhaithe, agus mar sin ní mór dúinn a bheith dáiríre agus tacaíochta. Ní mór dúinn a oideachas féin ar na comharthaí agus na hairíonna de alcóil agus ní mór dúinn a bheith ann chun tairbhe aon duine agus gach duine ag iarraidh a n-diúscairt a shárú. Ní bhíonn sé éasca riamh na constaicí a chuirtear i láthair dúinn sa saol a shárú, ach le cabhair ó theaghlach, cairde, agus an phobail, ag obair le chéile, is féidir an oiread sin a bhaint amach.
Mar sin nuair a léimid Parshat Noah agus a thagann an t-amhrán orainn, cuimhnigh go bhfuil sé ina ghealltanas ar thodhchaí níos fearr. Tá a bheannacht speisialta féin aige, Moladh duit, a Thiarna ár nDia, Soberano an chruinne a chuimhníonn ar an gComhaontú, atá dílis dó, agus a choinníonn gealltanas. Déanaimis uile gealltanas a dhéanamh cad is féidir linn chun cabhrú lena chéile!
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Potassium is an alkali metal, found in group 1 in the periodic table. With the atomic number 19 it is heavier than Sodium (Na) that sits above it in the periodic table (with atomic number 11) and lighter than Rubidium (Rb) that has the atom number 37 sitting below it. Potassium (shorthand K), when becoming an ion, loses an electron from its outer shell (4s1), becoming K+. Due to the outer electron being further from the nucleus it is more reactive than sodium and reacts faster in water to produce potassium hydroxide, however it reacts slower than Rubidium.
It plays an important role in neurones where it is pumped into the neurone in exchange for sodium.
Potassium also contributes to the physiological process of hormone secretion and action.
- ↑ http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter44/sodium-potassium_exchange_pump.html , 22/10/2015
- ↑ Mount DB, Zandi-Nejad K. Disorders of potassium balance. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Skorecki KL, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. The kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012:640-688
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Is miotail alcaileach é potaisiam, a fhaightear i ngrúpa 1 sa tábla tréimhsiúil. Le uimhir adamhach 19 tá sé níos troime ná Sódam (Na) atá ina shuí os a chionn sa tábla tréimhsiúil (le uimhir adamhach 11) agus níos éadroime ná Rubidium (Rb) a bhfuil uimhir adamhach 37 ina shuí thíos. Cailleann potaisiam (scortchrutha K), nuair a bhíonn sé ina ion, leictreon óna chraiceann seachtrach (4s1), ag éirí ina K + . Mar gheall ar an leictreon seachtrach a bheith níos faide ón núicléas tá sé níos imoibríocha ná an sóidiam agus imoibríonn sé níos tapúla in uisce chun hidreacsaíd potaisiam a tháirgeadh, áfach, imoibríonn sé níos moille ná Rubidium.
Tá ról tábhachtach aige i néaróin áit a ndéantar é a phumpáil isteach sa néaróin mar mhalairt ar an sodam.
Cuidíonn potaisiam freisin le próiseas fiseolaíoch secretion hormóin agus gníomhaíochta.
↑ http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter44/sodium-potassium_exchange_pump.html , 22/10/2015
- ↑ Mount DB, Zandi-Nejad K. Athruithe ar chothromaíocht potaisiam. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Skorecki KL, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. An duáin. 9ú heagrán. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012:640-688
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Being safe with social media
This activity is intended for upper high school students to create a YouTube video for lower high school students on how to be safe when navigating use of social media, specifically, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat. While exploring and sharing experience and knowledge in peer groups about the best practice in the use of social media, students also learn about production processes and roles involved in creating audio-visual material, via the YouTube platform, and how to present to a specific audience.
- Social Media
- Create and modify audio-visual productions
- Use filming and editing tools
- Search, select, and download
- Manage content archives
- Coordinate and lead
NARRATIVE AND AESTHETIC
- Evaluate and reflect
- Religion and Ethics
- Social Sciences
- Phone or video camera
- Computers with editing software
- Materials for creating a storyboard
- What information is relevant to effective and sensible social media use?
- How can this be communicated effectively?
- Who is my intended audience?
- What roles are needed to create video content?
- What kind of language will I use to explain the content?
- The teacher explains the nature of the task – delivering useful information to a younger audience on how to use social media effectively and safely – possible title of exercise “What should my younger self know about using social media?”
- Whole class discussion on the value of social media and how to be confident, comfortable and safe while using it.
- Show examples of YouTube videos where relevant issues are explored to support discussion (Social media use in resources)
Producing a YouTube video
- Whole class discusses the elements necessary for creating a YouTube video (audience, equipment, ideas/content, roles, storyboarding)
- Show examples of YouTube videos to support discussion (Making YouTube videos in resources)
Organize students into groups (3-4), allow them time to begin brainstorming ideas for creating their own videos incorporating elements from the earlier discussion. (40 – 60’).
Students continue exploring story ideas and produce a storyboard. (40 – 60’).
The students record and edit the video. The teacher provides support throughout the preparation of the video, indicating when the content is not clear or inappropriate for the particular audience and helping them to resolve their doubts (40' – 60’).
NB: If the students do not have time to finish the videos during class they need to finish them outside of class ready for the next session.
Each group presents their video to the rest of class explaining both the structure of the video and production process and any problems they encountered.
The teacher and the rest of the students comment on the videos. (40 – 60’),
The teacher should evaluate:
- The ability to understand the development and sequence of the activity;
- Planning and organization of the work within the team;
- The ability to transmit specific content to an intended audience;
- The ability to choose their own methods and didactic approaches to teach others;
- The wealth of sources used to explain the information;
- The capacity for synthesis and verbal expression of the final piece.
We suggest using a rubric to evaluate the activity.
Social media use:
Making YouTube videos:
List of equipment:
luke gaspard. RMIT University (Australia), [email protected]
- Social Media
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| 0.842581 | 813 | 4.25 | 4 |
A bheith sábháilte le meáin shóisialta
Tá an ghníomhaíocht seo ceaptha do mhic léinn ardscoile ard chun físeán YouTube a chruthú do mhic léinn ardscoile íseal ar conas a bheith sábháilte agus iad ag nascleanúint úsáid na meán sóisialta, go sonrach, Facebook, Instagram agus Snapchat. Agus iad ag iniúchadh agus ag roinnt taithí agus eolais i ngrúpaí piaraí faoi na cleachtais is fearr i dtaca le húsáid na meán sóisialta, foghlaimíonn mic léinn freisin faoi phróisis táirgthe agus ról a bhaineann le ábhar closamhairc a chruthú, trí ardán YouTube, agus conas é a chur i láthair do lucht féachana ar leith.
- Meáin Shóisialta
- Tarraingtí closamhairc a chruthú agus a mhodhnú
- Úsáid uirlisí scannáin agus eagarthóireachta
- Cuardaigh, roghnaigh agus íoslódáil
- Cuntas ar chártaí ábhar a bhainistiú
- Coordú agus ceannaireacht
Tuairisc agus Eisteach
- Measúnú agus machnamh a dhéanamh
- Reiligiún agus Eitic
- Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta
- Fón nó ceamara físe
- Ríomhairí le bogearraí eagarthóireachta
- Ábhair chun scéalta a chruthú
- Cén fhaisnéis atá ábhartha d'úsáid éifeachtach agus ciallmhar na meán sóisialta?
- Conas is féidir é seo a chur in iúl go héifeachtach?
- Cé a bhfuil mo lucht féachana a bhfuil sé beartaithe?
- Cad iad na róil a theastaíonn chun ábhar físe a chruthú?
- Cén cineál teanga a úsáidfidh mé chun an t-ábhar a mhíniú?
- Míníonn an múinteoir nádúr an tasc faisnéis úsáideach a sheachadadh do lucht féachana níos óige maidir le conas na meáin shóisialta a úsáid go héifeachtach agus go sábháilte teideal féideartha na hoibre Cad ba cheart a bheith ar eolas ag mo chuid féin níos óige faoi úsáid na meáin shóisialta?
- Díospóireacht ranga ar fad ar luach na meán sóisialta agus conas a bheith muiníneach, compordach agus sábháilte agus é á úsáid.
- Taispeáin samplaí de fhíseáin YouTube ina ndéantar plé ar shaincheisteanna ábhartha chun tacú le plé (úsáid na meán sóisialta i acmhainní)
Físeán YouTube a tháirgeadh
- Déileálann an rang ar fad leis na heilimintí is gá chun físeán YouTube a chruthú (pobail, trealamh, smaointe/ábhar, róil, scéalta)
- Taispeáin samplaí de fhíseáin YouTube chun tacú le plé (Físeáin YouTube a dhéanamh i acmhainní)
Cuir na daltaí i ngrúpaí (3-4), lig am dóibh smaointe a chur le chéile chun a gcuid físeáin féin a chruthú a chuimsíonn eilimintí ón bplé roimhe seo. (Féadfaidh 40 60 ).
Leanann na mic léinn ag iniúchadh smaointe scéalta agus ag táirgeadh scáileán scéalta. (Féadfaidh 40 60 ).
Déanann na mic léinn an físeán a thaifeadadh agus a chur in eagar. Tugann an múinteoir tacaíocht ar feadh ullmhú an fhíseáin, ag léiriú nuair nach bhfuil an t-ábhar soiléir nó míchuí don lucht féachana áirithe agus ag cabhrú leo a gcuid amhras a réiteach (40' 60).
NB: Mura bhfuil am ag na mic léinn na físeáin a chríochnú le linn na ranganna, ní mór dóibh iad a chríochnú lasmuigh den rang réidh don chéad seisiún eile.
Cuireann gach grúpa a gcuid físeáin i láthair don chuid eile den rang ag míniú struchtúr an fhíseáin agus an phróisis táirgthe agus aon fhadhbanna a d'éirigh leo.
Tugann an múinteoir agus an chuid eile den scoláire tuairimí ar na físeáin. (40 60 ),
Ba cheart don mhúinteoir measúnú a dhéanamh ar:
- An cumas forbairt agus seicheamh na gníomhaíochta a thuiscint;
- Pleanáil agus eagraíocht na hoibre laistigh den fhoireann;
- an cumas ábhar sonrach a tharchur chuig lucht féachana atá beartaithe;
- An cumas a gcuid modhanna agus cur chuige didachtach féin a roghnú chun daoine eile a theagasc;
- an saibhreas foinsí a úsáidtear chun an fhaisnéis a mhíniú;
- An cumas chun an píosa deiridh a shintéisiú agus a chur in iúl go briathra.
Moltar go n-úsáidfí rúibric chun an ghníomhaíocht a mheas.
Úsáid na meán sóisialta:
Físeáin YouTube a dhéanamh:
Liosta trealaimh:
Luke Gaspard. Ollscoil RMIT (an Astráil), [email protected]
- Meáin Shóisialta
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As flu season slowly approaches, some of you may be considering getting those yearly flu shots out of the way. However, recently the demand for such vaccinations has plummeted. Over the past decade, hundreds of different vaccinations have been introduced to the public. Whether they are meant to prevent something as simple as the flu to something as serious as cervical cancer, they have advanced far beyond what anyone could have expected. Modern science and its many recent discoveries have provided the past couple generations with the knowledge and resources needed to reach such medical milestones.
Although there are a plethora of benefits these forms of preventative medical procedures offer, there is still controversy surrounding them. Despite all the hype, we have to ask ourselves, are vaccinations as necessary and helpful to our bodies as the public seems to claim? In the past few years, statistics show that more and more people are choosing to not get vaccinated.
One of the major disadvantages largely centers around young children and infants, making the controversy behind any possible risks that much greater. Arguments against vaccination are much more appealing when the most vulnerable of our population is brought into consideration. Cases of brain inflammation along with cases where the disease meaning to be suppressed actually develops in the patient have both been reported due to live vaccines. These side effects are most common in the first year of an infant’s life, when the child receives a whopping grand total of 26 vaccines. When one considers that many chemicals being put into a human body the size of a one-year-old, 26 shots seems awful extreme. Another common effect claimed to be linked to vaccinations are the diagnosis of diseases such as autism and diabetes. When the public hears of diseases as serious as those being possibly caused by the use of vaccinations, there is obviously a huge amount of dispute on whether or not the risk is actually worth it.
We should consider how true these claims are before making any final conclusions. No factual proof has really been provided to prove that vaccines are the direct cause of things such as autism diagnoses, however. Although there are side-effects to the vaccinations, perhaps we should begin comparing those minor symptoms with the actual disease they are preventing. Though arguments against vaccines seem plausible in their cause, the overall outcome of preventable diseases seems to override the possible danger. While the overwhelming amount of vaccines that are given to us at such a young age may very well be over the line and unnecessary, the main purpose of vaccines and the aid they provide to our society should not be ignored. Vaccines have brought an end to a number of epidemics that plagued the world, including polio, the measles, pertussis, and tuberculosis. Though a few have had harmful side-effects, we should recognize how many lives the vaccines save compared to that number of those they have harmed. The medical advances that are constantly being made everyday may very well improve the low points of the vaccines to eventually make them safer for humans anyway.
Changes could be made about vaccine routines, perhaps decreasing the amount one receives during childhood or in a period of short time; but who are we to say they have absolutely no benefits? Though vaccinations have suffered a great deal of controversy, especially recently, it is wrong to state that they have done nothing good for humankind. Why has the public chosen to emphasize the negative aspects of vaccinations when the reasons we remain immune to such life-threatening diseases are because of them? Vaccines save millions of lives every year. That fact is undeniable.
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| 0.975496 | 692 | 3.140625 | 3 |
De réir mar a bhíonn séasúr an fhliú ag teacht go mall, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid agaibh ag smaoineamh ar na lámhaigh bliantúla a fháil amach as an mbealach. Ach, le déanaí tá an t-éileamh ar vacsaíní den sórt sin tar éis titim go mór. Le deich mbliana anuas, tugadh na céadta vacsaínithe éagsúla isteach sa phobal. Cibé an bhfuil sé i gceist acu cosc a chur ar rud chomh simplí le haire nó ar rud chomh tromchúiseach le hailse cainéil an uterus, tá dul chun cinn déanta acu i bhfad níos faide ná mar a d'fhéadfadh duine ar bith a bheith ag súil leis. Thug an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha agus a lán fionnachtana le déanaí na heolas agus na hacmhainní a bhí ag teastáil chun na mionscéalta leighis sin a bhaint amach do na glúine atá imithe thart.
Cé go bhfuil go leor buntáistí ag na cineálacha seo nósanna imeachta leighis choscála, tá conspóid fós ina dtimpeallacht. In ainneoin an hype go léir, ní mór dúinn a iarraidh orainn féin, an bhfuil vacsaíní chomh riachtanach agus chomh cabhrach dár gcorp mar a d'fhéadfadh an pobal a éileamh? Le cúpla bliain anuas, léiríonn staitisticí go bhfuil níos mó agus níos mó daoine ag roghnú gan a bheith vacsaínithe.
Tá ceann de na míbhuntáistí móra dírithe go mór ar leanaí óga agus ar naíonáin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an chonspóid taobh thiar de na rioscaí féideartha sin i bhfad níos mó. Tá argóintí i gcoinne vacsaínithe i bhfad níos tarraingtí nuair a chuirtear na daoine is leochailí inár ndaonra san áireamh. Tuairiscíodh cásanna d' athlasadh inchinn mar aon le cásanna ina bhforbrófar an galar a bhí i gceist a chur faoi chois i ndáiríre sa othair mar gheall ar vacsaíní beo. Tá na fo-iarsmaí seo is coitianta sa chéad bhliain de shaol naíonáin, nuair a fhaigheann an leanbh iomlán ollmhór 26 vacsaín. Nuair a mheasann duine go bhfuil go leor ceimiceáin á chur isteach i gcorp an duine ar mhéid bliain d'aois, 26 shots cosúil uamhnach uamhnach. Is é éifeacht choitianta eile a éilítear a bheith nasctha le vacsaínithe ná diagnóis a dhéanamh ar ghalair amhail uathachas agus diaibéiteas. Nuair a chloiseann an pobal faoi ghalair chomh tromchúiseach sin agus iad siúd a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar vacsaínithe, is léir go bhfuil díospóid mhór ann maidir le cibé an bhfuil an riosca fiú é nó nach bhfuil.
Ba cheart dúinn a mheas cé chomh fíor is atá na héilimh seo sula ndéanaimid aon chonclúidí deiridh. Ní raibh aon fhianaise fíoraithe i ndáiríre a chur ar fáil chun a chruthú go bhfuil vacsaíní an chúis dhíreach de rudaí cosúil le diagnóisí autism, áfach. Cé go bhfuil fo-iarsmaí ag na vacsaíní, b'fhéidir gur chóir dúinn tosú ag comparáid na hairíonna beaga sin leis an ngalar iarbhír atá á chosc acu. Cé go bhfuil argóintí i gcoinne vacsaíní cosúil go bhfuil siad plausible ina gcúis, is cosúil go bhfuil toradh foriomlán na ngalar in-chosainithe níos mó ná an riosca a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Cé go bhféadfadh an méid mór vacsaíní a thugtar dúinn ag aois chomh óg a bheith thar an líne agus gan gá, níor cheart neamhaird a dhéanamh ar phríomhchuspóir na vacsaíní agus ar an gcabhrach a chuireann siad ar fáil dár sochaí. Chuir vacsaíní deireadh le roinnt eipidéim a bhí ag plácadh an domhain, lena n-áirítear póilíneo, an rubair, pertussis, agus an tuirse. Cé go raibh fo-iarsmaí díobhálacha ag cúpla duine, ba cheart dúinn a aithint cé mhéad saol a shábhálann na vacsaíní i gcomparáid leis an líon a ndearna siad díobháil dóibh. Is féidir leis na dul chun cinn leighis atá á ndéanamh go leanúnach gach lá pointí lag na vacsaíní a fheabhsú go maith chun iad a dhéanamh níos sábháilte do dhaoine sa deireadh.
D'fhéadfaí athruithe a dhéanamh ar na gnáthamh vacsaínithe, b'fhéidir go laghdófaí an méid a fhaigheann duine le linn na linbh nó i dtréimhse ghearr ama; ach cé muid a rá nach bhfuil aon tairbhe acu ar chor ar bith? Cé go bhfuil an-dlúth-dlúth agóidí ann faoi vacsaíní, go háirithe le déanaí, tá sé mícheart a rá nach ndearna siad aon rud maith don chine daonna. Cén fáth go bhfuil an pobal roghnaithe chun béim a chur ar na gnéithe diúltacha na vacsaínithe nuair a na cúiseanna a bhfuil muid fós díolmhaithe ó na galair a bhagairt ar shaol mar sin mar gheall orthu? Sábhálann vacsaíní na milliúin saol gach bliain. Níl aon amhras ar an bhfíric sin.
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| Amanda Herzberg
The Great Barrier Reef has recently gained some attention for the widespread bleaching of its warm water coral.
As lovers of the outdoors, we’ve been exploring this topic for a few years, but we always appreciate when the conversation resurfaces. It’s a reminder of why we choose to be oxybenzone-free and reef-friendly—both as a brand, and as individuals.
Staying Sun Safe Isn't As Simple As It Seems
Whether it’s protecting against sunburn, aging, or melanoma, we generally apply sunscreen with the best intentions. Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen is smart, if not imperative, while outside.
But you may not know that chemical sunscreens could be doing a lot of damage. Not just to our skin, but to the environment.
Much of the damage the reefs are experiencing points to a chemical called oxybenzone, which is used in a slew of health and beauty products for it’s ability to absorb UV radiation.
According to the Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, “Oxybenzone is an emerging contaminant of concern to the marine environment.” It’s a chemical that’s significantly contributing to widespread coral bleaching around the world.
Coral bleaching may not strike you as alarming, but the impact of the damage is just that.
Here's what happens:
Algae lives in the coral’s tissues, providing food and nutrients essential to its survival. When oxybenzone is released into our oceans, the coral begins to eject the algae that sustains its life, causing the coral to become white, or “bleached.” If the oxybenzone isn’t removed from the environment, the algae won’t be reabsorbed, and the coral won’t thrive.
Not only does it sacrifice the life of the coral, but it sacrifices the lives of 25% of marine species, and entire ecosystems which call coral their home.
It doesn’t take much, either--just one drop of oxybenzone in an Olympic-sized swimming pool to disrupt coral growth. … That’s a concentration of 62 parts per trillion. Or one dollop of sunscreen in the volume of 6 long-course swimming pools.
Every Drop Counts
--The statistics are shocking, but you may assume that one person can’t make a difference.
Let’s think about it in the context of a beach vacation:
You apply one dollop of sunscreen with oxybenzone in the morning. Assuming you’re reapplying correctly, you’re adding another dollop every 90 minutes, plus after swimming or toweling off. If you spend 6 hours at the beach, that’s four times the amount of chemicals with the ability to damage our reefs.
That’s just one person on a beach trip. Multiply that number by each day you’re on vacation. Perhaps an entire summer. Or year round if you live near the beach. Not to mention 7 billion others on the planet using similar products. With over 14,000 tons of sunscreen that ends up in the ocean every year, the amount of oxybenzone present in the ocean is startling.
Swimming is an obvious cause of oxybenzone related coral damage, but the pollution isn't limited to products that directly enters ocean water. Factor in runoff from showers, swimming pools, and sprinklers--all of this oxybenzone-tainted water is eventually dumped back into our oceans, and all of it contributes to the ongoing damage.
Coral? Why Is Coral Important?
Why should we, as humans, care about coral?
From an animal rights perspective, coral supports more species per unit than any other marine environment, and that’s only the organisms we know of. Scientists estimate that there are an additional 1 to 8 million undiscovered organisms that rely on coral to survive.
It also affects the future of 21st century medicine. According to scientists, the biodiversity found in coral’s ecosystems could hold the answer to a variety of human diseases. Coral and coral-reliant organisms are currently being used in medicines for cancer, bacterial infections, and other diseases.
Healthy coral also helps to slow global warming. Although coral takes up less than 1% of the earth’s surface, it’s responsible for absorbing one quarter of the ocean’s carbon dioxide. Without it, that CO2 would be released into our atmosphere, contributing heavily to global warming.
You're Free to be Free (of Oxybenzone)
The good news is that oxybenzone is entirely avoidable when it comes to sun protection. Mineral based sunscreens—like Sunology—protect your skin and don’t harm marine life.
“Reef friendly” sunblocks protect your skin by using titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are natural ingredients, and not found to pose a threat to coral. While many international beach ocean beaches ban chemical sunscreen, they permit natural, oxybenzone-free sun protection.
Choose oxybenzone-free, reef-friendly (not to mention, good karma) sunscreen alternative for all creatures. Questions? Post in the comments section!
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| 0.917907 | 1,092 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Amanda Herzberg
Tá aird áirithe tugtha le déanaí ar an gCarraig Mhór Cothroime mar gheall ar an bhláthú forleathan ar a chorrál uisce te.
Mar lucht grá na heolas, tá muid ag iniúchadh an ábhair seo le cúpla bliain, ach is mór dúinn i gcónaí nuair a thagann an comhrá ar ais. Is meabhrúchán é cén fáth a roghnaímid a bheith saor ó oxybenzone agus cairdiúil do na criosanna - mar bhranda agus mar dhaoine aonair araon.
Ní chomh simplí is a léiríonn sé é fanacht sábháilte ó ghrian
Cibé an bhfuil sé ag cosaint ó dhóiteáin ghrian, ó dul in aois, nó ó mheilánóim, déanaimid coscáin ghrian a chur i bhfeidhm de ghnáth leis na bearta is fearr. Tá sé cliste, mura bhfuil sé riachtanach, scátháin ghréasáin speictrim leathan a úsáid nuair atá tú amuigh.
Ach b'fhéidir nach bhfuil a fhios agat go bhféadfadh go leor damáiste a bheith ag baint le cosaintí ceimiceacha ón ngrian. Ní amháin dár gcraiceann, ach don chomhshaol.
Tá go leor de na damáistí a bhíonn ag na criosanna ag pointeáil chuig ceimiceán ar a dtugtar oxybenzone, a úsáidtear i go leor táirgí sláinte agus áilleachta mar gheall ar a chumas radaíocht UV a ionsú.
De réir na gCartlann maidir le Lárú Comhshaoil agus Toxicology, Is truailleoir atá ag teacht chun cinn é Oxybenzone a bhfuil imní air maidir leis an gcomhshaol mhuirí.Is ceimiceán é a chuireann go suntasach le bleaching corail forleathan ar fud an domhain.
B'fhéidir nach bhfuil an coral ag bleaching mar rud a chuireann imní ort, ach is é an tionchar a bhíonn ag an damáiste.
Seo an méid a tharlaíonn:
Tá algaí ina gcónaí i bhfíocháin na corail, ag soláthar bia agus cothaithigh atá riachtanach dá maireachtáil. Nuair a scaoiltear oxybenzone isteach inár n-aigéan, tosaíonn an corail ag eisiúint na algaí a choinníonn a shaol, rud a fhágann go mbíonn an corail bán, nó 'leabtha'. Má tá an oxybenzone gan a bheith ar shiúl ón timpeallacht, ní dhéanfar na algaí a ath-ionsú, agus ní bheidh an corail ag fás.
Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé ag íobairt an saol an chorral, ach íobairt sé na saol de 25% de speicis mhuirí, agus éiceachórais iomlána a ghlaonn ar chorral a n-áit chónaithe.
Ní thógann sé go leor, nó - ach amháin titim de oxybenzone i linn snámha Olympian-mhéid a chur isteach ar fhás corail. ... Is é sin tiúchan de 62 chuid in aghaidh an trilliún. Nó dollop amháin de scátháin ghréasáin i méid 6 linn snámha fad-chúrsa.
Tá gach titim tábhachtach
--Tá na staitisticí scanrúil, ach is féidir leat a mheas nach féidir le duine amháin difríocht a dhéanamh.
Déanaimis smaoineamh air i gcomhthéacs saoire tránna:
Cuirfidh tú 1 dollop de ghrianchealla le oxybenzone ar maidin. Má tá tú ag ath-iompú i gceart, cuirfidh tú dollop eile gach 90 nóiméad, chomh maith le tar éis snámha nó tuáille a bhaint. Má chaitheann tú 6 uair an chloig ar an trá, is é sin ceithre huaire an méid ceimiceán a bhfuil an cumas acu ár n-aibhneacha a mhilleadh.
Is é sin ach duine amháin ar thuras trá. Déan an uimhir sin a iolrú le gach lá a bheidh tú ar saoire. B'fhéidir an samhradh ar fad. Nó ar feadh na bliana má tá cónaí ort in aice leis an trá. Gan trácht ar 7 billiún eile ar an bpláinéad ag baint úsáide as táirgí den chineál céanna. Le breis is 14,000 tonna de ghrianchosaint a thagann chun na farraige gach bliain, tá an méid oxybenzone atá i láthair san aigéan ionadh.
Is cúis shoiléir í snámh do mhilleadh corail a bhaineann le ocsaibínsón, ach ní bhíonn an truailliú teoranta do tháirgí a théann isteach go díreach in uisce na farraige. Factor i runoff ó showershots, linnte snámha, agus sprinklers - go léir an t-uisce oxybenzone-tainted ar deireadh thiar dumped ar ais isteach inár aigéin, agus go léir de chuid leis an damáiste leanúnach.
Coral? Cén Fáth go bhfuil Coral tábhachtach?
Cén fáth ar chóir dúinn, mar dhaoine, cúram a thabhairt do chorrál?
Ó thaobh chearta ainmhithe de, tá níos mó speiceas in éineacht le corail ná aon timpeallacht mhuirí eile, agus níl ann ach na heintitis a bhfuil a fhios againn. Measann eolaithe go bhfuil 1 go 8 mhilliún orgánach eile nach bhfuil le fáil fós a bhfuil muinín acu as corail chun maireachtáil.
Bíonn tionchar aige freisin ar thodhchaí leigheas an 21ú haois. De réir eolaithe, d'fhéadfadh an bithéagsúlacht a fhaightear in éiceachórais na gcoróin freagra a thabhairt ar éagsúlacht galair an duine. Tá orgánaigh chorrall agus a bhfuil spleáchas orthu á n-úsáid faoi láthair i gcógas le haghaidh ailse, ionfhabhtuithe baictéaracha, agus galair eile.
Cuidíonn corail shláintiúil freisin le téamh domhanda a mhoilliú. Cé go nglacann corail níos lú ná 1% de dhromchla na talún, tá sé freagrach as ceathrú cuid de dhia-ocsaíd charbóin na farraige a ionsú. Gan é, go mbeadh an CO2 scaoilte isteach inár atmaisféar, cur go mór le téamh domhanda.
Tá tú Saor in Aisce a bheith Saor in Aisce (de Oxybenzone)
Is é an dea-scéal ná gur féidir oxybenzone a sheachaint go hiomlán nuair a thagann sé chun cosaint na gréine. Cosnaíonn coscairí gréine a bhfuil mianach mar bhunús acu, cosúil le Sunology, do chraiceann agus ní dhéanann siad dochar don bheatha mhuirí.
Cosnaíonn coscáin ghrian 'réifí-chairdiúil' do chraiceann trí dhia-ocsaíde tíotáiniam agus ocsaíde sinc a úsáid, is comhábhair nádúrtha iad, agus ní fhaightear go bhfuil siad ina mbagairt do chorail. Cé go bhfuil cosc ar chriosanna farraige idirnáisiúnta cosc ar ghrianchruthú ceimiceach, ceadaíonn siad cosaint nádúrtha ó ghrian gan oxybenzone.
Roghnaigh rogha cosanta gréine saor ó oxybenzone, atá cairdiúil don charraig (gan trácht ar karma maith) do gach créatúr. Ceisteanna? Post sa rannán tuairimí!
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The Federal Register is a daily journal of federal government activity that includes presidential documents, proposed and final rules, and public notices. It is a common measure of an administration’s regulatory activity.
During the week of February 18 to February 22, the number of pages in the Federal Register increased by 1,274 pages, bringing the year-to-date total to 5,950 pages. A total of 540 documents were included in the week’s Federal Register, including 456 notices, three presidential documents, 31 proposed rules, and 50 final rules.
Three final rules were deemed significant under E.O. 12866—meaning that they may have large impacts on the economy, environment, public health, or state or local governments. Significant actions may also conflict with presidential priorities or other agency rules.
During the same week in 2018, the number of pages in the Federal Register increased by 1,058 pages. As of February 22, the 2019 total trailed the 2018 total by 2,214 pages.
The Trump administration has added an average of 744 pages to the Federal Register each week in 2019 as of February 22. In 2018, the Trump administration added an average of 1,301 pages to the Federal Register each week. Over the course of the Obama administration, the Federal Register increased by an average of 1,658 pages per week.
According to government data, the Federal Register hit an all-time high of 95,894 pages in 2016.
Ballotpedia maintains page counts and other information about the Federal Register as part of its Administrative State Project. The project is a neutral, nonpartisan encyclopedic resource that defines and analyzes the administrative state, including its philosophical origins, legal and judicial precedents, and scholarly examinations of its consequences. The project also monitors and reports on measures of federal government activity.
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Is iris laethúil é an Clár Cónaidhme de ghníomhaíocht an rialtais cónaidhme lena n-áirítear doiciméid uachtaránachta, rialacha molta agus deiridh, agus fógraí poiblí. Is tomhas coitianta é ar ghníomhaíocht rialála riaracháin.
Le linn na seachtaine ó Feabhra 18 go Feabhra 22, tháinig 1,274 leathanach ar líon na leathanaigh sa Chlár Cónaidhme, rud a thug an t-iomláine bliantúil go 5,950 leathanach. Cuireadh 540 doiciméad san iomlán san Chlár Feidearálach an tseachtain, lena n-áirítear 456 fógra, trí doiciméad uachtaránachta, 31 rialacha beartaithe, agus 50 rialacha deiridh.
Measadh go raibh triúr rialacha deiridh suntasach faoi E.O. 12866a chiallaíonn go bhféadfadh tionchar mór a bheith acu ar an ngeilleagar, ar an gcomhshaol, ar shláinte phoiblí, nó ar rialtais stáit nó áitiúla. D'fhéadfadh gníomhaíochtaí suntasacha a bheith contrártha freisin le tosaíochtaí uachtaránachta nó rialacha gníomhaireachta eile.
Le linn na seachtaine céanna i 2018, tháinig 1,058 leathanach níos mó ar líon na leathanaigh sa Chlár Cónaidhme. Faoi 22 Feabhra, bhí an líon iomlán 2019 2,214 leathanach níos lú ná an líon iomlán 2018.
Chuir rialtas Trump meán 744 leathanach leis an gClár Cónaidhme gach seachtain in 2019 amhail an 22 Feabhra. Sa bhliain 2018, chuir rialtas Trump 1,301 leathanach ar an meán leis an gClár Cónaidhme gach seachtain. Le linn riarachán Obama, tháinig 1,658 leathanach ar an meán in aghaidh na seachtaine ar an gClár Feidearálach.
De réir sonraí an rialtais, bhuail an Clár Cónaidhme ard-am ar fad de 95,894 leathanach in 2016.
Coinníonn Ballotpedia líon leathanaigh agus faisnéis eile faoin gClár Cónaidhme mar chuid dá Thionscadal Riaracháin Stáit. Is acmhainn inscríbhneoireachta neamhspleách neamhpharteasach é an tionscadal a shainmhíníonn agus a anailíseann an stát riaracháin, lena n-áirítear a bhunús fealsúnachta, a réamhtheachtaí dlíthiúla agus breithiúnacha, agus scrúduithe eolaíocha ar a iarmhairtí. Déanann an tionscadal faireachán agus tuarascálacha freisin ar bhearta gníomhaíochta an rialtais cónaidhme.
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For most of us, social media is an inescapable part of our everyday lives and it doesn’t look like it’s going anywhere soon. We’re all too familiar with the negative impact that social media can have on our mental health if used excessively and unhealthily. However this doesn’t have to be the case. When used sensibly, social media offers a great way to stay connected with others as well as providing a platform for positive change. If you’re looking to stay in control of your social media usage the following guide might be just what you need…
- Declutter your feed
Take the time to consider your emotional reactions to your feed and use this to unfollow the accounts that have a negative impact upon your mood. Posts that leave you feeling insecure or irritated don’t need to be on your newsfeed so take control of your account by unfollowing or deleting them. Think about who you really want to stay connected with and consider unfollowing the people you never speak to anymore. Removing negative accounts in this way will make your overall experience of social media a lot more positive going forward.
- Follow inspiring accounts instead
Amongst all the negatives, there are a huge number of inspiring people using social media as a positive force for change. Follow accounts that you find inspiring and that have a positive impact on your mental health. Use social media to follow great people doing great things whether that’s a social campaigner, a comedian, adventure blogger– you decide. Think about what inspires you and follow accounts that align with your values and goals.
- Limit Your Social Media Time
We spend a lot of time on our phones and it can be all too easy to waste hours scrolling through Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. If you’re concerned about how much time you’re spending on social media, limit your social media usage by scheduling allotted social media time, such as one hour per day. Gradually you’ll feel less reliant upon reaching for your phone and you’ll also free up more time to do other more productive activities.
- Be active not passive
Research has suggested that social media users who ‘lurk’ through their newsfeed passively without commenting or interacting with posts are much more likely to have a negative experience of social media than users who comment and engage with posts. Scrolling without commenting is like being an outsider to a conversation which can cause feelings of isolation. By engaging you can make the most of the social powers of social media and use it to share positive comments with others.
- Don’t be afraid to take a break
When you feel like you need a complete break from social media, don’t be afraid to log out from or even delete your accounts for a day, a week or a month. Use the time you would have been spending on social media to reconnect with the real world. It can be really refreshing to step away from the screen for a bit and you might be surprised at how much you enjoy having the extra time to do other things.
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I gcás an chuid is mó againn, is cuid dochloíte dár saol laethúil na meáin shóisialta agus ní cosúil go bhfuil sé ag dul áit ar bith go luath. Tá a fhios againn go léir an tionchar diúltach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag na meáin shóisialta ar ár sláinte mheabhrach má úsáidtear iad go hiondúil agus go míshláintiúil. Ní gá go mbeadh sé seo mar sin. Nuair a úsáidtear go ciallmhar, cuireann na meáin shóisialta bealach iontach ar fáil chun fanacht ceangailte le daoine eile chomh maith le hardán a sholáthar le haghaidh athraithe dearfach. Má tá tú ag iarraidh smacht a choinneáil ar do úsáid ar na meáin shóisialta d'fhéadfadh an treoir seo a leanas a bheith díreach mar a theastaíonn uait...
- Declutter do bheathú
Tóg am chun do imoibrithe mothúchánach ar do bheathú a mheas agus bain úsáid as seo chun na cuntais a bhfuil tionchar diúltach acu ar do mhothú a sheachaint. Ní gá go mbeadh postanna a fhágann go mbraitheann tú neamhshláintiúil nó irritated ar do nuachtlitir mar sin glac smacht ar do chuntas trí iad a sheachaint nó a scriosadh. Smaoinigh ar cé leis ar mhaith leat fanacht i dteagmháil agus smaoinigh ar stopadh ag leanúint na ndaoine nach labhraíonn tú leo a thuilleadh. Cuirfidh deireadh leis na cuntais dhiúltacha ar an mbealach seo do thaithí iomlán ar na meáin shóisialta i bhfad níos dearfacha ag dul ar aghaidh.
- Lean cuntais spreagúla ina ionad sin
I measc na ndíobhálacha go léir, tá líon mór daoine spreagtha ag baint úsáide as na meáin shóisialta mar fhórsa dearfach le haghaidh athraithe. Lean scéalta a fhaigheann tú spreagúil agus a bhfuil tionchar dearfach acu ar do shláinte mheabhrach. Úsáid na meáin shóisialta chun daoine iontacha a leanúint ag déanamh rudaí iontacha cibé acu sin - feachtas sóisialta, greannmhar, blagálaí eachtraíochta - a shocraíonn tú. Smaoinigh ar an méid a spreagann tú agus lean scéalta a bhfuil a chéile leo le do luachanna agus do spriocanna.
- Srian a chur le do chuid ama ar na meáin shóisialta
Caithimid go leor ama ar ár bhfónanna agus is féidir go mbeadh sé ró-éasca uaireanta a chaitheamh ag scrollaíocht trí Facebook, Instagram nó Twitter. Má tá imní ort faoin méid ama a chaitheann tú ar na meáin shóisialta, déan do úsáid meáin shóisialta a theorannú trí am a leithdháileadh ar na meáin shóisialta a sceidealú, mar shampla uair an chloig in aghaidh an lae. De réir a chéile, ní bheidh tú chomh dílis sin le do ghuthán a bhaint agus beidh níos mó ama agat freisin chun gníomhaíochtaí níos táirgiúla eile a dhéanamh.
- Bí gníomhach, ní éagórach
Tá taighde le rá go bhfuil úsáideoirí meán sóisialta a "lorg" trína nuachtáin go passively gan trácht nó idirghníomhú le poist i bhfad níos dóchúla go mbeidh taithí dhiúltach acu ar na meáin shóisialta ná úsáideoirí a dhéanann trácht agus a théann i ngleic le poist. Tá scrúdú gan trácht cosúil le bheith mar dhuine seachtrach i gcomhrá a d'fhéadfadh mothúcháin inscoilte a chur faoi deara. Trí bheith páirteach is féidir leat an chuid is mó de chumhachtaí sóisialta na meán sóisialta a bhaint amach agus iad a úsáid chun tuairimí dearfacha a roinnt le daoine eile.
- Ná bíodh eagla ort sos a ghlacadh
Nuair a bhraitheann tú go dteastaíonn uait sos iomlán a bhaint as na meáin shóisialta, ná bíodh eagla ort logáil amach nó fiú do chuntais a scriosadh ar feadh lá, seachtaine nó míosa. Bain úsáid as an am a bheadh tú ag caitheamh ar na meáin shóisialta chun athcheangal a dhéanamh leis an saol fíor. Is féidir leis a bheith an-sásta céim a ghlacadh amach ón scáileán ar feadh tamaill agus b'fhéidir go gcuirfidh sé iontas ort cé chomh mór is a thaitníonn leat an t-am breise a bheith agat chun rudaí eile a dhéanamh.
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How to use Fatimite in a sentence
Of the many pretenders to this dignity known in all periods of Moslem history the most famous was the first caliph of the Fatimite dynasty in North Africa, `Obaidallah al-Mandi, who reigned 909-933.
Not only was Syria thus weakened by being detached from the body of the Seljukian empire; it was divided by dissensions within, and assailed by the Fatimite caliph of Egypt from without.
A great religious difference divided the Fatimite caliph of Cairo, the head of the Shiite sect, from the Abbasid caliph of Bagdad, who was the head of the Sunnites.
After his death, however, they quarrelled with the Fatimite rulers of Egypt (969) and began to lose their influence.
When the seat of the Fatimite Empire was removed to Egypt, the Zirites, a house of the Sanhaja Berbers, ruled as their lieutenants at Mandia, and about 1050 Mo`izz the Zirite, in connexion with a religious movement against the Shiites, transferred his very nominal allegiance to the Abbasid caliphs.Advertisement
In the 10th century it suffered severely, being repeatedly pillaged in the wars of the Fatimite caliphs Al-Qaim and Abu Tahir Ismail el Mansur with the Sunnite leader Abu Yazid and the Zenata Berbers.
In 1171 on the death of the Fatimite caliph he was powerful enough to substitute the name of the orthodox caliph in all Egyptian mosques.
Seven princes of the Rustamite house succeeded Abdul Wahab at Tiaret, but in 909 the dynasty was overthrown by the Fatimite general al Shi`i.
The principal bazaar, the Khan-el-Khalil, marks the site of the tombs of the Fatimite caliphs.
Jauhar (Gohar) el-Kaid, the conqueror of Egypt for the Fatimite caliph El-Moizz, founded a new capital, A.D.Advertisement
That following the old Tanitic channel is called the canal of Al-Moizz, the first Fatimite caliph who ruled in Egypt, having been dug by his orders, and the latter bears the name of the canal of Abu-l-Muneggi, a Jew who executed this work, under the caliph Al-Amir, in order to water the province called the Sharkia.
In 969 the country was conquered by Jauhar for the Fatimite caliph Moizz, who transferred his capital from Mahdia in the Maghrib to Cairo.
In the middle of the year 914 Egypt was invaded for the first time by a Fatimite force sent by the caliph al-Mahdi Obaidallah, now established at Kairawan.
The favor afterwards shown to Ibn Raiq at Bagdad nearly threw the Ikshid into the arms of the Fatimite caliph, with whom he carried on a friendly correspondence, one letter of which is preserved.
He is even said to have given orders to substitute the name of the Fatimite caliph for that of the Abbasid in public prayer, but to have been warned of the unwisdom of this course.Advertisement
The Fatimite general Jauhar (variously represented as of Greek, Slav and Sicilian origin), who enjoyed the complete confidence of the Fatimite sovereign, was placed at the head of an army of 100,000 menif Oriental numbers are to be trustedand started from Rakkada at the beginning of March 969 with the view of seizing Egypt.
His North African possessions were maintained and extended by Ali, son of Bulukkin, whom Moizz had left as his deputy; but the recognition of the Fatimite caliph in this region was little more than nominal.
The contentions between the Abbasid and Fatimite caliphs continued till 1072, when Palestine suffered its next invasion.
Next year Mecca was taken and plundered; even the sacred Black Stone was transported to Lahsa, where it remained till 339 (950), when by the express order of the Imam, the Fatimite caliph, it was restored to the Ka`ba.
But in the following year, 450, during his absence, the Shiites made themselves masters of the metropolis, and proclaimed the Caliphate of the Fatimite prince Mostansir.Advertisement
Yemen had been subjected, and at Mecca and Medina his name was substituted in the public prayers for that of the Fatimite caliph.
The greatest event towards the end of his Caliphate was the conquest of Egypt by the army of Nureddin, the overthrow of the Fatimite dynasty, and the rise of Saladin.
It was refounded in 912 by the first Fatimite caliph, 'Obaidallah-al-Mandi, after whom it was named.
He has made himself known to men by successive incarnations, of which the last was Hakim, the sixth Fatimite caliph.
Some allowance, too, must be made for the probability that Hamza's system owed something to doctrines Christian and other, with which the metropolitan position of Cairo brought Fatimite society into contact.Advertisement
After renouncing his tribute to the Fatimite caliphs, he sent an expedition to Sicily under Nicetas (964-65), but was forced by defeats on land and sea to evacuate that island completely.
The Fatimite caliph 'Obaidallah (see Fatimites), to whom Abu Tahir professed allegiance, publicly wrote to him to restore the stone, but there is some reason to believe that he secretly encouraged him to retain it.
On the fall of the Omayyad dynasty at Damascus, the title was assumed by the Spanish branch of the family who ruled in Spain at Cordova (75510 3 1), and the Fatimite rulers of Egypt, who pretended to descent from Ali, and Fatima, Mahomet's daughter, also assumed the name (see Fatimites).
At this time the power of Qaim, the Abbasid caliph of Bagdad (see Caliphate, section C, § 26), was reduced to a mere shadow, as the Shiite dynasty of the Buyids and afterwards his more formidable Fatimite rivals had left him almost wholly destitute of authority.
His son and successor al-Mostadi' biamri'llah ("he who seeks enlightenment by the orders of God"), though in Egypt his name was now substituted in public prayers for that of the Fatimite caliph, was unable to obtain any real authority.
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Conas Fatimite a úsáid i bpreas
As na go leor éilimh ar an dínit seo a bhí ar eolas i ngach tréimhse de stair Moslamach, ba é an ceann is cáiliúla an chéad caliph den fhine Fatimite i dTuaisceart na hAfraice, ∀Obaidallah al-Mandi, a bhí i réimeas ó 909-933.
Ní hamháin go ndearnadh an tSiria lagú dá bhrí sin trí bheith dícheangailte ó chorp na himpireachta Seljukian; roinnte ag díospóireachtaí laistigh, agus ionsaí caliph Fatimite na hÉigipte ón taobh amuigh.
Bhí difríocht mhór reiligiúnach idir caliph Fatimite na Caire, ceann an sceite Shiite, agus caliph Abbasid na Bagdad, a bhí ina cheann na Sunnites.
Tar éis a bháis, áfach, bhí troid acu le rialóirí Fatimite na hÉigipte (969) agus thosaigh siad ag cailliúint a n-tionchar.
Nuair a aistríodh suíochán na hImpireacht Fatimite go hÉigipte, rialaigh na Zirites, teach na Sanhaja Berbers, mar a luitenants i Mandia, agus thart ar 1050 d'aistrigh Mo`izz an Zirite, i ndáil le gluaiseacht reiligiúnach i gcoinne na Shiites, a dílseacht ainmniúil go mór do na caliphs Abbasid.
Sa 10ú haois d'fhulaing sé go mór, agus é á phléasc arís agus arís eile i gcogadh na caliphs Fatimite Al-Qaim agus Abu Tahir Ismail el Mansur leis an ceannaire Sunni Abu Yazid agus na Berbers Zenata.
I 1171 ar bhás an caliph Fatimite bhí sé cumhachtach go leor chun ainm an caliph orthodox a chur in ionad na moscaí Éigipteacha go léir.
D'éirigh seacht prionsa den teach Rustamite le Abdul Wahab ag Tiaret, ach i 909 thit an gcathaoirleach Fatimite al Shi`i.
Is é an príomh-bhasar, an Khan-el-Khalil, suíomh na tuamaí de na caliphs Fatimite.
Bhunaigh Jauhar (Gohar) el-Kaid, conqueror na hÉigipte don caliph Fatimite El-Moizz, príomhchathair nua, AD.
Go leanann an sean-chanáil Tanitic ar a dtugtar an chanáil Al-Moizz, an chéad caliph Fatimite a rialaigh san Éigipt, tar éis a bheith tugtha ag a orduithe, agus tá an ceann deireanach ainm an chanáil Abu-l-Muneggi, Giúdach a chuir an obair seo i gcrích, faoi an caliph Al-Amir, d'fhonn an chúige a dtugtar an Sharkia a uisce.
Sa bhliain 969 bhuaigh Jauhar an tír don caliph Fatimite Moizz, a d'aistrigh a chaipiteal ó Mahdia sa Maghrib go Cairo.
I lár na bliana 914 ionsaí fórsa Fatimite an caliph al-Mahdi Obaidallah, atá bunaithe anois i Kairawan, an Éigipt den chéad uair.
An fabhra a thaispeántar ina dhiaidh sin do Ibn Raiq i mBaigéad chaith an Ikshid beagnach i ngrúpaí an caliph Fatimite, a raibh comhfhreagras cairdiúil aige leis, litir amháin a caomhnaítear.
Deirtear go ndearna sé orduithe fiú ainm an caliph Fatimite a chur in ionad ainm an Abbasid i n-ár n-urnaí poiblí, ach gur tugadh rabhadh dó faoi neamhchinnteacht an chúrsa seo.
Cuireadh an t-airdhealbhóir Fatimite Jauhar (a léiríodh go éagsúla mar bhunús Gréagach, Slav agus Sicilí), a raibh muinín iomlán aige as an uachtaránachta Fatimite, i gceannas ar arm de 100,000 duine, agus thosaigh sé ó Rakkada ag tús mhí an Mhárta 969 d'fhonn Éigipt a ghabháil.
Coinnigh agus leathnaigh Ali, mac Bulukkin, a d'fhág Moizz mar a leas-fheidhmeannach, a chuid seilbh san Afraic Thuaidh; ach ní raibh aitheantas an caliph Fatimite sa réigiún seo ach beag níos mó ná ainmniúil.
Lean na contúirtí idir caliphs Abbasid agus Fatimite go dtí 1072, nuair a d'fhulaing an Phailistín a chéad ionradh eile.
An bhliain dár gcionn tógadh Mecca agus loiscíodh é; ionduch an Chloch Dubh naofa aistríodh go Lahsa, áit a d'fhan sé go dtí 339 (950), nuair a d'athchóirigh sé go Ka ̇ba ar ordú sainráite an Imam, caliph Fatimite.
Ach sa bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, 450, le linn a easpa, rinne na Shiites iad féin mar mháistir ar an mhetrópól, agus d'fhógair siad Caliphate an phrionsa Fatimite Mostansir.
Bhí an Iéimín faoi réir, agus i Mecca agus Medina cuireadh a ainm in ionad ainm an caliph Fatimite sna h-árduithe poiblí.
Ba é an t-imeacht is mó i dtreo dheireadh a Chilfeachta ná conquest na hÉigipte ag arm Nureddin, titim na dynasty Fatimite, agus ardú Saladin.
Athbhunaigh an chéad caliph Fatimite, 'Obaidallah-al-Mandi, é i 912, agus ainmníodh é ina dhiaidh sin.
Tá sé féin a bheith ar eolas ag na fir trí incarnations i ndiaidh a chéile, de na a bhí ar an deireanach Hakim, an séú Fatimite caliph.
Ní mór roinnt liúntas a dhéanamh freisin ar an dóchúlacht go raibh córas Hamza ag dul i ngleic le dochtúir Chríostaí agus eile, a thug seasamh metropolitan Cairo le sochaí Fatimite i dteagmháil.
Tar éis dó a thogra do na caliphs Fatimite a dhiúltú, chuir sé turas go Sicilia faoi Nicetas (964-65), ach cuireadh iallach air trí throid ar thalamh agus ar muir an t-oileán sin a ghlanadh go hiomlán.
Scríobh caliph Fatimite 'Obaidallah (féach Fatimites), a raibh dílseacht ag Abu Tahir dó, go poiblí dó an cloch a athbhunú, ach tá cúis ann a chreidiúint gur spreag sé go rúnda é chun é a choinneáil.
Ar titim na dynasty Omayyad ag Damascus, ghlac brainse na Spáinne den teaghlach a rialaigh sa Spáinn ag Cordova (75510 3 1), agus ghlac rialtóirí Fatimite na hÉigipte, a rinne ionann agus gur tháinig siad ó Ali, agus Fatima, iníon Mahomet, an t-ainm freisin (féach Fatimites).
Ag an am seo, laghdaíodh cumhacht Qaim, caliph Abbasid Bagdad (féach Caliphate, alt C, § 26), go scáth amháin, mar a d'fhág dynasty Shiite na Buyids agus ina dhiaidh sin a chuid iomaitheoirí Fatimite níos uafásaí é beagnach go hiomlán díthreochta údaráis.
Bhí a mhac agus a chomharba al-Mostadi' biamri'llah ("an té a chuardaíonn soiléiriú ag orduithe Dé"), cé go raibh a ainm in ionad ainm an caliph Fatimite anois in áiteanna poiblí, ní raibh sé in ann aon údarás fíor a fháil.
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In April the World Bank governors endorsed two historic goals: to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to ensure that prosperity is shared. It will take a lot to end poverty: strong growth, more infrastructure investments, increased agricultural productivity, better business environments, jobs, good education, and quality health care. We have to do more of this in tough places, particularly those that are fragile and conflict-affected. But it also takes overcoming institutional weaknesses and zero tolerance for corruption. Without improving governance it will not be possible to lift the 1.2 billion people who still live of $1.25 a day or less out of poverty and to ensure that economic growth will benefit all citizens.
Good governance and the role it plays in fighting poverty is complex. A finance minister from a resource rich but otherwise poor country told me recently that the fuel subsidies in that country, designed to protect the most vulnerable from high prices, are ultimately “anti-poor” because the rich benefit most, they are wasteful and ineffective. And another official from a middle income country described achieving shared prosperity as tough because a growing middle class has high expectations and becomes disillusioned by corruption and lack of services, making them less willing to support the state.
The first issue is a spending problem and trying to fix it comes often with high political costs. Yemen, Nigeria, Jordan and my country, Indonesia, have all experienced riots over fuel subsidy reforms. While limited public finances should leave no room for waste, blanket subsidies do exactly that: they squander spare resources, they are expensive and ineffective. One World Bank analysis notes that only an estimated 8 percent of the $409 billion spent on fossil fuel subsides throughout the developing world in 2010 went to the poorest 20 percent of the population. In seven African countries the richest 20 percent receive six times more in fuel subsidy benefits then the poorest because they consume more.
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I mí Aibreáin, ghlac baill an Bhainc Domhanda le dhá chuspóir stairiúla: deireadh a chur le bochtaineacht mhór faoi 2030 agus a chinntiú go roinntear rathúnas. Beidh go leor le déanamh chun deireadh a chur le bochtaineacht: fás láidir, níos mó infheistíochtaí bonneagair, táirgiúlacht níos mó talmhaíochta, timpeallachtaí gnó níos fearr, poist, dea-oideachas, agus cúram sláinte ar ardchaighdeán. Ní mór dúinn níos mó a dhéanamh de seo i gcásanna deacra, go háirithe iad siúd atá leochaileach agus a bhfuil coinbhleacht orthu. Ach ní mór dul thar laigí institiúideacha agus aon fhulaingt a bheith ann do chraobhscaoileadh. Gan feabhas a chur ar an rialachas ní bheidh sé indéanta na 1.2 billiún duine a bhfuil cónaí orthu fós ar $1.25 sa lá nó níos lú a bhaint as an mbochtaineacht agus a chinntiú go mbainfidh fás eacnamaíoch tairbhe as gach saoránach.
Tá dea-rialachas agus an ról a imríonn sé i ngéarchéim na bochtaineachta casta. Dúirt Aire Airgeadais ó thír atá saibhir i acmhainní ach atá bocht ar a mhalairt dom le déanaí go bhfuil na fóirdheontais breosla sa tír sin, a ceapadh chun na daoine is leochailí a chosaint ó phraghsanna arda, i ndeireadh na dála "ag dul i gcoinne na mbochta" toisc go mbaineann na daoine saibhre leas as, tá siad mídhílis agus neamhéifeachtach. Agus dúirt oifigeach eile ó thír le hioncam meánach go bhfuil sé deacair rathúnas comhroinnte a bhaint amach toisc go bhfuil ionchais arda ag an mbratach atá ag fás agus go bhfuil díomá orthu as éilliú agus easpa seirbhísí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos lú toilteanach tacú leis an stát.
Is é an chéad cheist ná fadhb chaiteachais agus is minic go mbíonn costais ard polaitiúla ag baint leis an iarracht é a réiteach. Tá eachtraí tagtha ar Iéimín, an Nigéir, an Iordáin agus mo thír féin, an Indinéis, i dtaca le hathchóirithe ar thacaíocht breosla. Cé nach chóir go mbeadh aon spás ag an maoiniú poiblí teoranta le haghaidh dramhaíola, is é sin go díreach a dhéanann fóirdheontais ghloine: dramhaíolaíonn siad acmhainní breise, tá siad costasach agus neamhéifeachtach. Deir anailís amháin ó Bhainc an Domhain nach ndeachaigh ach thart ar 8 faoin gcéad den $409 billiún a chaitear ar bhreoslaí iontaise ar fud an domhain atá ag forbairt in 2010 chuig an 20 faoin gcéad is boichte den daonra. I seacht dtír san Afraic, faigheann an 20 faoin gcéad is saibhre sé huaire níos mó de thabhálacha fóirdheontais breosla ná na daoine is boichte toisc go n-itheann siad níos mó.
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Travel along the coast up north of Barcelona, and you’ll notice three absolutely massive towers standing alone in vast stretches of empty fields. They’re the Tres Xemeneies (Three Chimneys), and they have a long, complicated past that led to them being abandoned and almost torn down.
These roughly 650-foot-tall chimneys were constructed in the 1970s as part of a thermal power station. Even before it opened, the industrial structure was plagued by controversy.
Locals objected to the station’s construction, disliking its appearance as much as the environmental implications. When workers building the station in 1973 went on strike in a bid for better working conditions, the police responded with lethal force, killing one of the workers. Decades later, the company managing the site would go to court over accusations of black rain and pollution.
The plant shut down in 2011, and the company that owned it wanted to tear it down and get rid of the structure that had caused so many issues. But oddly enough, the locals had grown attached to it. Sure, the chimneys aren’t the most aesthetically pleasing fixtures, but they are the most dominating part of the skyline for miles around. A local coalition even formed in a bid to save the towers as a monument to the workers who built it. And in a spur of charity, the company gave the property to the local government in 2015 after years of lawsuits and tension.
Now, these chimneys are a monument to the people who built them; a symbol of something unwanted but summarily accepted and treasured for its complicated past. The local council hopes to one day use the site for homes and retail, or perhaps a museum.
For now though, the chimneys exist only to marvel at from a distance. You can’t enter the property to see them, as a large, possibly electrified fence wraps around it. Looking up at these imposing feats of engineering, it’s no wonder why locals refer to them as “la Sagrada Familia de los obreros,” or “the Sagrada Familia of the workmen.”
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https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/tres-xemeneies-three-chimneys
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Taisteal ar feadh an chósta ó thuaidh de Barcelona, agus beidh tú a thabhairt faoi deara trí túir go hiomlán ollmhór seasamh ina n-aonar i réimsí ollmhóra de réimsí folamh. Is iad na Tres Xemeneies (Thrí Chimmíne), agus tá am atá caite fada, casta acu a thug orthu a bheith tréigthe agus beagnach a scriosadh.
Tógadh na ciminíní seo atá thart ar 650 troigh ar airde sna 1970idí mar chuid de stáisiún cumhachta teirmeach. Fiú sula dtosódh sé, bhí an struchtúr tionsclaíoch faoi choinbhleacht.
Bhí agóidí ag muintir na háite i gcoinne tógáil an stáisiúin, gan a chuma a bheith maith leo chomh maith leis na himpleachtaí comhshaoil. Nuair a rinne oibrithe a bhí ag tógáil an stáisiúin i 1973 stailc i ndícheall dálaí oibre níos fearr a fháil, d'fhreagair na póilíní le fórsa marfach, ag marú duine de na hoibrithe. Deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, rachadh an chuideachta a bhainistiú an suíomh chun cúirte faoi chúiseamh ar bháisteach dubh agus truailliú.
Dúnadh an gléasra i 2011, agus theastaigh ón gcuideachta a bhí ina úinéir é a scriosadh agus an struchtúr a bhí mar thoradh ar an oiread sin fadhbanna a scriosadh. Ach go hiontach go leor, bhí na daoine áitiúla tar éis fás ceangailte leis. Cinnte, ní hé na ciminíní na trealaimh is taitneamhach ó thaobh na háilleachta de, ach is iad an chuid is mó a bhíonn i gceannas ar an spéirlíne ar feadh míle timpeall. Bunaíodh comhghuaillíocht áitiúil fiú i iarracht na túir a shábháil mar oidhreacht do na hoibrithe a thóg é. Agus mar spreagadh carthanachta, thug an chuideachta an mhaoin don rialtas áitiúil in 2015 tar éis blianta de cháis agus teannas.
Anois, is séadchomhartha iad na ciminíní seo do na daoine a thóg iad; siombail de rud éigin nach raibh ag teastáil ach a glacadh go géar agus a cháilíodh mar gheall ar a thréimhse casta. Tá súil ag an gcomhairle áitiúil go mbainfidh siad úsáid as an suíomh lá amháin le haghaidh tithe agus miondíola, nó b'fhéidir músaem.
Ach, faoi láthair, níl na ceimiceanna ann ach chun ionadh a dhéanamh orthu ó chúl. Ní féidir leat dul isteach sa mhaoin chun iad a fheiceáil, mar fál mór, b'fhéidir leictreach a bhíonn timpeall air. Ag féachaint suas ar na hionsaithe impisiúnacha innealtóireachta seo, ní haon ionadh go dtugann muintir na háite iad mar la Sagrada Familia de los obreros, nó the Sagrada Familia of the workers.
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Embedded and embedding Ch Example of PSIM powered by Embedded ChC Compiler Block Diagram - Block Diagram using Integrator (Linear Systems Theory - Hespanha) Ask Question This Not sure what to do. At first I ignored what is said about using an integrator and drew the block diagram of the system, which looked a little complicated. So now, using just integrators I am stuck. What does the C++ compiler do to ensure that different. How compiler works is not easy to explain in one sentence. The best way is to use an example. A compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a high-level programming language into a lower level language.. Graphical block-diagram based programming environment for a DSP silicon compiler L.-G. Jeng D.-Y. Bai L.-G. Chen Idexjng term: Digital -1 processing, X-window, Graphic user interfnce, Circuit design, Silicon compile* Abstract: The paper presents a graphical block- diagram based programming.
Block Diagram PROGRAMMABLE INTERCONNECT AND COMBINATORIAL LOGIC ARRAY LOGIC OPTION (UP T0 20 FLIP-FLOPS) OUTPUT OPTION -55°C to +125°C *NOTICE: Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute logic compiler device selection menu. Please refer to the software compiler. After type propagation, the VI is first converted from the model used by the block diagram editor into the DFIR used by the compiler. Once converted to the DFIR, the compiler executes several transforms on the DFIR graph to decompose it, optimize it, and prepare it for code generation.. It is composed of a standard library of coding tools written in RVC-CAL language and a dataflow configuration — block diagram — of a decoder. Jade The LDC compiler uses the frontend from the reference compiler combined with LLVM as backend to produce efficient native code. How to Write Your Own Compiler..
Overview of the TLC Process This top-level diagram shows how the target language compiler fits in with the Real-Time Workshop Code generation process. As an integral component of Real-Time Workshop, the Target Language Compiler transforms an intermediate form of a Simulink block diagram, called model .rtw , into C or Ada code.. synthesis from block-diagram specifications of DSP applica-tions. Conventionally, no assumption is made about when during the execution of a functional block (actor), the associated data values (tokens) are actually consumed and produced. However, BLOCK-DIAGRAM COMPILERS FOR DSP. In this lab you will be using the Filter Compiler block to generate optimized filters for the Virtex4 architecture. Note: There is a completed example in lab7/solutions folder Open up the Simulink diagram “lab7.mdl” shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 – Simulink Filter Model 3..
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter No Compiler Interpreter 1 Compiler Takes Entire program as input Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input . 2 Intermediate Object Code is Generated No Intermediate Object Code is Generated 3 Conditional Control Statements are Executes faster Conditional Control Statements are Executes slower 4 Memory Requirement : More (Since. Like in C, if I dont want the compiler to see few lines of code I just // or /* them. Is there a way to do same thing for a loop on a block diagram in Labview. Kind Regards . Austin. 0 Kudos Message 1 of 3 (281 Views) Reply.. CodeBlocks is an open-source, cross-platform (Windows, Linux, MacOS), and free C/C++ IDE.It supports many compilers, such as GNU GCC (MinGW and Cygwin) and MS Visual C++..
A block diagram is a diagram, in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines, that show the relationships of the blocks. Not to confuse with: Category:Block diagrams (cartography). The compilation and execution process of C can be divided in to multiple steps: Preprocessing - Using a Preprocessor program to convert C source code in expanded source code..
Figure 2.1 from 2. Overview of the Impact C Compiler ... Figure 2.1: Block diagram of the IMPACT C compiler.
Install CodeBlocks, GCC compiler & run your first C program - Windows 10 How to run your first C program in CodeBlocks?
Language Tutorial: Block Diagram of Execution of 'C' program Block Diagram of Execution of 'C' program
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Léargas Bloc Chompiléara ChC Cuimsithe agus Cuimsithe Ch Sampla de PSIM a thacaíonn le Léargas Bloc Chompiléara ChC Cuimsithe - Léargas Bloc ag baint úsáide as Comhtháthaitheoir (Teoiric Córais Líneacha - Hespanha) Cuir ceist air seo Níl mé cinnte cad atá le déanamh. Ar dtús rinne mé neamhaird ar an méid a dúirt faoi úsáid a bhaint as comhtháthú agus tharraing mé an diagram bloc den chóras, a d'fhéach beagán casta. Mar sin anois, ag baint úsáide as ach comhtháthóirí tá mé i mo dhúnadh. Cad a dhéanann an C ++ compilator a dhéanamh chun a chinntiú go difriúil. Níl sé éasca a mhíniú i abairt amháin conas a oibríonn an comhlánaitheoir. Is é an bealach is fearr ná sampla a úsáid. Is clár ríomhaire é an comhdaitheoir a athraíonn cód foinse a scríobhadh i dteanga cláir ardleibhéil go teanga níos ísle. Bai L.-G. Chen Idexjng term: Digital -1 processing, X-window, Graphic user interface, Circuit design, Silicon compile* Abstract: Cuireann an páipéar cláir grafach bunaithe ar an bplean-diagram i láthair.
Diagram Bloc INAISCHEADH INAISCHEADH AG ACHTÚRLACHTÚ agus ARRAI LOGIC COIMHLACHTA OPTION LOGIC (UP T0 20 FLIP-FLOPS) OPTION TÚIRT -55°C go +125°C *NÓTA: Stresses thar na cinn atá liostaithe faoi Aithrí roghnúcháin gléas comhlánaitheora loighic iomlán. Féach ar an gcumraitheoir bogearraí. Tar éis an cineál a leathadh, déantar an VI a thiontú ar dtús ón tsamhail a úsáideann eagarthóir an scéime bhloc isteach sa DFIR a úsáideann an comhdaitheoir. Nuair a thiontú go dtí an DFIR, déanann an comhlánaitheoir roinnt trasfhoirmiú ar an gclár DFIR chun é a dhialú, a bharrfheabhsú, agus é a ullmhú le haghaidh gineadh cód. Tá sé comhdhéanta de leabharlann caighdeánach uirlisí códaithe a scríobhadh i dteanga RVC-CAL agus cumraíocht shreabhadh sonraí bloic-scéal de dhíchódóir. Jade Úsáideann an comhlánaitheoir LDC an ceann tosaigh ón comhlánaitheoir tagartha i dteannta le LLVM mar chúlchúl chun cód dúchasach éifeachtach a tháirgeadh. Conas do Chuimiltéir Féin a Scríobh
Léargas ar an bPróiseas TLC Léiríonn an léargas ar an leibhéal is airde seo conas a oireann an comhtháthóir teanga sprioc isteach i bpróiseas giniúna Cód Seomra Oibre I bhfíor-am. Mar chomhpháirt lárnach de Real-Time Workshop, déanann an Comhlánaitheoir Teanga Sprioc cruth eatramhach de dhialann bloc Simulink, ar a dtugtar samhail .rtw, a athrú go cód C nó Ada .. sintéis ó shonraíochtaí bloc-díalann d'iarratais DSP. De ghnáth, ní dhéantar aon bhéim faoi nuair a dhéantar bloic fheidhmiúil (aisteoir) a chur i gcrích, déantar na luachanna sonraí a bhaineann leis (tócain) a ídiú agus a tháirgeadh i ndáiríre. Mar sin féin, COIMÍLÍÓIR BLOC-CHÁIRLÍÓR DÁ DSP. Sa saotharlann seo beidh tú ag úsáid an bloc Comhlánaitheoir Sceidealú chun scagairí optamaithe a ghiniúint don ailtireacht Virtex4. Tabhair faoi deara: Tá sampla comhlánaithe i mholta lab7/solutions Oscail an diagram Simulink lab7.mdl a thaispeántar i bhfigiúr 1. Figiúr 1 Samhail Sceideal 3
Difríocht idir Comhlánaitheoir agus Interpreter Gan Comhlánaitheoir Interpreter 1 Glacann Comhlánaitheoir an clár iomlán mar ionchur Glacann Interpreter Instruction aonair mar ionchur . 2 Cód Object Idirmheánach a Ghiniúint Ní ghiniúint aon Chód Object Idirmheánach 3 Tá ráitis rialaithe coinníollach a fhorghníomhú níos tapúla Tá ráitis rialaithe coinníollach a fhorghníomhú níos moille 4 Riachtanas Cuimhne: Níos mó (Ós rud é go bhfuil an t-am a bhí ag an am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am a bhí an t-am. Cosúil le C, más rud é nach mian liom an comhlánaitheoir a fheiceáil cúpla líne cód mé ach // nó / * iad. An bhfuil bealach ann an rud céanna a dhéanamh le haghaidh lúb ar diagram bloc i Labview. Beannachtaí . Austin. - Tá sé. 0 Kudos Message 1 of 3 (281 Views) Reply.. Is é CodeBlocks foinse oscailte, tras-ardán (Windows, Linux, MacOS), agus saor in aisce C / C ++ IDE. Tacaíonn sé le go leor comhlánaithe, mar shampla GNU GCC (MinGW agus Cygwin) agus MS Visual C ++..
Is diagrama é an bloic-diagram, ina léirítear na príomhpháirteanna nó na príomhfheidhmeanna trí bhlocanna atá nasctha le línte, a léiríonn caidreamh na mblocanna. Ní le meabhrú leis: Catagóir:Scéimeanna bloc (cartagrafaíocht). Is féidir an próiseas comhlánaithe agus cur chun feidhme C a roinnt ina céimeanna éagsúla: Réamhríomh - Clár Réamhríomh a úsáid chun cód foinse C a thiontú i gcód foinse leathnaithe.
Figiúr 2.1 ó 2. Léargas foriomlán ar an gComhdhlúiteoir Tionchair C ... Figiúr 2.1: Léaráid bhloc de chomhlánaitheoir IMPACT C.
Install CodeBlocks, comhlánaí GCC & rith do chéad chlár C - Windows 10 Conas do chéad chlár C a rith i CodeBlocks?
Teagasc Teanga: Clár Bloc de Chur Chun Feidhme Clár 'C' Clár Bloc de Chur Chun Feidhme Clár 'C'
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How can the Army create a more environmentally friendly organizational culture? (or similar) focus on first 3 steps from Leading change by kotter.
Hook, thesis, analysis and conclusion with recomendations.
Analysis in this format:
The Assertion – Support – Analysis (A-S-A) model is an effective way to structure paragraphs.
See Appendix F under Course Paper.
• Assertion: A statement of a key point that supports your thesis, or argument. It serves
as the topic sentence and is the student’s own thinking. It is typically one sentence.
• Support: Evidence, documentation, or examples that add credence to an assertion.
Typically two or three sentences. Cite your sources.
• Analysis: Explains how the support connects to the assertion or how your audience
should interpret the evidence, relating it back to the thesis. Reaffirms the initial assertion
by expanding upon the evidence; directly tie the evidence to the thesis; include what you
think about the evidence; and demonstrate evidence validity in support of the argument.
Advance a clear conclusion, addressing takeaway implications of the supporting
evidence. The key is for students to show what YOU think about the evidence. This is
one of the most critical parts of any submission that USAWC graders are looking for.
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Conas is féidir leis an Arm cultúr eagraíochta níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol a chruthú? (nó a leithéid) díriú ar na chéad 3 chéim ó Leading change by kotter.
Hook, téis, anailís agus conclúid le moltaí.
Anailís sa fhormáid seo:
Is modh éifeachtach é an tsamhail A-S-A (Asertion Support Analysis) chun míreanna a struchtúrú.
Féach Iarscríbhinn F faoi Phléasc Cúrsa.
• Dearbhú: Ráiteas ar phríomhphointe a thacaíonn le do théama, nó le do argóint. Tá sé ag freastal
mar an abairt ábhar agus is é an mac léinn féin ag smaoineamh. Is gnách go bhfuil sé ina abairt amháin.
• Tacaíocht: Fianaise, doiciméad nó samplaí a chuireann creidiúnacht leis an ráiteas.
De ghnáth dhá nó trí abairt. Luaigh do fhoinsí.
• Anailís: Míníonn sé conas a bhaineann an tacaíocht leis an éileamh nó conas a bhaineann do lucht éisteachta leis an éileamh
Ba cheart an fhianaise a léiriú, ag baint leis an téis. Athdhearbhaíonn sé an deimhniú tosaigh
trí leathnú ar an fhianaise; na fianaise a cheangal go díreach leis an téis; a chur san áireamh cad a bhfuil tú
smaoineamh ar an fhianaise; agus fírinneacht an fhianaise a léiriú chun tacú leis an argóint.
Torthaí socraithe a chur chun cinn, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar impleachtaí na
fianaise. Is é an eochair do dhaltaí a thaispeáint cad a cheapann tú faoi na fianaise. Is é seo
ceann de na codanna is criticiúla de aon aighneacht go bhfuil USAWC graders ag lorg.
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3 + 25, 3 + 53, and 3 + 77. These examples are plus
stations of station 3 + 00.
Line (or alignment) stakes mark the horizontal
location of the earthwork to be completed and give the
Figure 15-24.Combined alignment and grade stake.
Figure 15-25.Centerline stake
Figure 15-26.Station numbers.
direction of the proposed construction. Running over
stakes or otherwise damaging the stakes before they
have served their purpose results in many hours of
extra work to replace them and delay in the completion
of the project. Rough alignment stakes are placed far
ahead of the clearing crew to mark boundaries of the
area to be cleared and grubbed. These stakes, or
markers, are not of a control nature and their loss is
expected. On some stakes, the alignment information
and the grade requirement are combined on the same
stake (fig. 15-24).
Stakes set along the center line of a project are
known as centerline stakes and are identified by letters,
as shown in figure 15-25. Most stakes are marked on
both the front and back.
On centerline stakes, the station number is written
on the front of the stake, such as 0 + 00, 1 + 00, 4 + 75,
and 5 + 25 (fig. 15-26).
The required grade is always established at the
center line of the project. The amount of change in
elevation is written on the back of the centerline stake
with a cut- or- fill symbol, which is known as the crow-
foot (fig. 15-27). The crowfoot is the reference point
of the vertical measure or grade.
Figure 15-27.Cut-and-fill crowfoot symbol.
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en
| 0.915932 | 379 | 3.34375 | 3 |
3 + 25, 3 + 53, agus 3 + 77. Tá na samplaí seo ina bplús
stáisiúin stáisiúin 3 + 00.
Tá na píosaí líne (nó ailíniú) marc an cothrománach
suíomh an obair talún a bheidh le críochnú agus an
Figiúr 15-24.Ailíneáil agus píosaí grád comhcheangailte.
Figiúr 15-25.Cúl an tslí
Figiúr 15-26. Uimhreacha stáisiúin.
treo an tógála atá beartaithe. Ag rith thar
na páirceanna nó damáiste eile a dhéanamh do na páirceanna sula ndéanann siad
Tá an t-ábhar a bhí ag an gcineál seo de chuid an phobail i bhfad níos faide ó na
obair bhreise chun iad a athsholáthar agus moill a chur ar an gcríochnú
an tionscadail. Tá piollaí ailíniú garbh curtha i bhfad
roimh an criú glanadh chun teorainneacha na
limistéar atá le glanadh agus le cur as. Na stailceanna sin, nó
marcóirí, nach bhfuil de chineál rialaithe agus tá a gcailliúint
ag súil leis. Ar roinnt stailc, an fhaisnéis ailíniú
agus an ceanglas grád a chomhcheangal ar an
an píosa (fig. 15-24).
Is iad na staic a leagtar ar feadh líne lárnach tionscadail
ar a dtugtar stakes lárlínte agus a shainaithnítear le litreacha,
mar a léirítear i bhfigiúr 15-25. Tá an chuid is mó de na geallta marcáilte ar
an dá tosaigh agus ar ais.
Ar na stailceanna lárlínte, tá uimhir na stáisiúin scríofa
ar thaobh tosaigh an tslabhra, amhail 0 + 00, 1 + 00, 4 + 75,
agus 5 + 25 (fig. 15-26).
Déantar an grád is gá a bhunú i gcónaí ag an
líne lár an tionscadail. An méid athraithe i
Tá an airde scríofa ar chúl an pholl lárlín
le siombail ghearradh nó líonadh, ar a dtugtar an crow-
an t-airgead (fig. 15-27). Is é an crowfoot an pointe tagartha
an tomhas nó an grád ingearach.
Figiúr 15-27.Simból croftheochta a ghearradh agus a líonadh.
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Regular nerves getting you down? Why not try a bionic nerve? According to reports, researchers at the University of Michigan have developed an artificial nerve which could have the ability to bring damaged limbs and organs back to life. In a study published in the medical rag Experimental Neurology, Dr. Paul Kingham and his team at the UK Centre for Tissue Regeneration managed to take fat tissue from adult animals and differentiate them into nerve cells to be used for repair and regeneration. The team will repeat the study with human volunteers, and then develop an artificial nerve constructed from a biodegradable polymer. The "bio-material" will be rolled into a tube-like structure and inserted between two cut nerves, so that regrowing nerve fibers can spread from one end to the other. Next, the researchers hope to create a species of tyrannical man-bots called the Borg, whom they hope will move outward through the galaxy, assimilating all who stand in their way.
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en
| 0.95249 | 196 | 2.9375 | 3 |
An bhfuil na néaróg rialta ag cur síos ort? Cén fáth nach iarracht nerve bionic? De réir tuairiscí, tá taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Michigan tar éis néaróg shaorga a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann gaolta agus orgáin a ndearnadh damáiste dóibh a thabhairt ar ais chun beatha. I staidéar a foilsíodh sa iris leighis Experimental Neurology, d'éirigh leis an Dr. Paul Kingham agus a fhoireann ag Ionad na Ríochta Aontaithe um Athghiniúint Fhuiseáin fíochán saille a thógáil ó ainmhithe fásta agus iad a dhifreáil i gcealla néaróg le húsáid chun a dheisiú agus a athghiniúint. Athróidh an fhoireann an staidéar le hoibrithe deonacha daonna, agus ansin déanfaidh siad nerve saorga a fhorbairt a thógfar ó pholaiméir bith-imdhíonachta. Cuirfear an "bith-ábhar" i struchtúr cosúil le feadán agus cuirfear é idir dhá néaróg a ghearradh, ionas gur féidir le snáithíní néaróg atá ag fás arís scaipeadh ó cheann amháin go ceann eile. Ina dhiaidh sin, tá súil ag na taighdeoirí speiceas de dhaoine-bots tiranach a chruthú ar a dtugtar na Borg, a bhfuil súil acu go rachaidh siad amach tríd an réaltra, ag cur isteach ar gach duine a sheasann ina mbealach.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An ISO image is a disk image of an optical disc. In other words, it is an archive file that contains everything that would be written to an optical disc, sector by sector, including the optical disc file system. ISO image files bear the .iso filename extension. The name ISO is taken from the ISO 9660 file system used with CD-ROM media, but what is known as an ISO image might also contain a UDF (ISO/IEC 13346) file system (commonly used by DVDs and Blu-ray Discs).
|Internet media type|
|Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)||public.iso-image|
|Type of format||Disk image|
|Standard||ISO 9660, UDF|
ISO images can be created from optical discs by disk imaging software, or from a collection of files by optical disc authoring software, or from a different disk image file by means of conversion. Software distributed on bootable discs is often available for download in ISO image format. And like any other ISO image, it may be written to an optical disc such as CD or DVD.
There is no standard definition for ISO image files. ISO disc images are uncompressed and do not use a particular container format; they are a sector-by-sector copy of the data on an optical disc, stored inside a binary file. ISO images are expected to contain the binary image of an optical media file system (usually ISO 9660 and its extensions or UDF), including the data in its files in binary format, copied exactly as they were stored on the disc. The data inside the ISO image will be structured according to the file system that was used on the optical disc from which it was created.
ISO files store only the user data from each sector on an optical disc, ignoring the control headers and error correction data, and are therefore slightly smaller than a raw disc image of optical media. Since the size of the user data portion of a sector (logical sector) in data optical discs is 2,048 bytes, the size of an ISO image will be a multiple of 2,048.
The .iso file extension is the one most commonly used for this type of disc images. The .img extension can also be found on some ISO image files, such as in some images from Microsoft DreamSpark; however, IMG files, which also use the .img extension, tend to have slightly different contents. The .udf file extension is sometimes used to indicate that the file system inside the ISO image is actually UDF and not ISO 9660.
Any single-track CD-ROM, DVD or Blu-ray disc can be archived in ISO format as a true digital copy of the original. Unlike a physical optical disc, an image can be transferred over any data link or removable storage medium. An ISO image can be opened with almost every multi-format file archiver. Native support for handling ISO images varies from operating system to operating system.
Hybrid disc formats include the ability to be read by different devices, operating systems, or hardware. In the past, one example of this use was for a disc that supported both Microsoft Windows and Macintosh installations from a single disk image (by containing several file systems).
An ISO can be "mounted" with suitable driver software, i.e. treated by the operating system as if it were a physical optical disc. Most Unix-based operating systems, including Linux and macOS, have built-in capability to mount an ISO. Versions of Windows beginning with Windows 8 also have such capability. For other operating systems software drivers can be installed to achieve the same objective.
Since there is no standard defining the ISO disc image file format, the term "ISO image" is sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to any disc image file of an optical disc, independent of the format it uses.
A CD can have multiple tracks, which can contain computer data, audio, or video. File systems such as ISO 9660 are stored inside one of these tracks. Since ISO images are expected to contain a binary copy of the file system and its contents, there is no concept of a "track" inside an ISO image, since a track is a container for the contents of an ISO image. This means that CDs with multiple tracks can't be stored inside a single ISO image; at most, an ISO image will contain the data inside one of those multiple tracks, and only if it is stored inside a standard file system.
This also means that audio CDs, which are usually composed of multiple tracks, can't be stored inside an ISO image. Furthermore, not even a single track of an audio CD can be stored as an ISO image, since audio tracks do not contain a file system inside them, but only a continuous stream of encoded audio data. This audio is stored on sectors of 2352 bytes different from those that store a file system and it is not stored inside files; it is addressed with track numbers, index points and a CD time code that are encoded into the lead-in of each session of the CD-Audio disc.
Formats such as CUE/BIN, CCD/IMG and MDS/MDF formats can be used to store multi-track disc images, including audio CDs. These formats store a raw disc image of the complete disc, including information from all tracks, along with a companion file describing the multiple tracks and the characteristics of each of those tracks. This would allow an optical media burning tool to have all the information required to correctly burn the image on a new disc. For audio CDs, one can also transfer the audio data into uncompressed audio files like WAV or AIFF, optionally reserving the metadata (see CD ripping).
Most software that is capable of writing from ISO images to hard disks or recordable media (CD / DVD / BD) is generally not able to write from ISO disk images to flash drives. This limitation is more related to the availability of software tools able to perform this task, than to problems in the format itself. However, since 2011, various software has existed to write raw image files to USB flash drives.
.ISO files are commonly used in emulators to replicate a CD image. Emulators such as Dolphin (emulator) and PCSX2 use .iso files to emulate Wii and GameCube games, and PlayStation 2 games, respectively.
- Fisher, Tim (24 April 2018). "What Is an ISO File?". Lifewire.
- "Windows 8 Explorer will support native mounting of ISO and VHD". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- "ISO image to USB conversion". ISO to USB burning tool. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- "How to Setup Windows 7 or Windows 8 from USB drive?". PowerISO. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
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en
| 0.915722 | 1,425 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Tá gá le hairíonna breise don alt seo chun a fhíorú. (Lúnasa 2011) (Féach conas agus cathain a bhaint an teimpléad teachtaireachta seo)
Is í íomhá ISO íomhá diosca de diosc optúil. Is comhad cartlann é, i bhfocail eile, ina bhfuil gach rud a scríobhfaí ar diosca optúil, earnáil ar earnáil, lena n-áirítear an córas comhad diosca optúil. Tá síneadh ainm comhaid ISO ar chomhaid íomhá ISO. Tógtar an t-ainm ISO ó chóras comhaid ISO 9660 a úsáidtear le meáin CD-ROM, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh córas comhaid UDF (ISO / IEC 13346) (a úsáidtear go coitianta ag DVDanna agus Blu-ray Discs) i gceist leis an méid ar a dtugtar íomhá ISO.
☐ Meán-chineál Idirlín
☐Chuntais a bhaineann le sonraí pearsanta
│Céim na formáid │││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││
Is féidir íomhánna ISO a chruthú ó dioscaí optúla le bogearraí íomháithe diosca, nó ó bhailiúchán comhaid le bogearraí eagarthóireachta diosca optúla, nó ó chomhad íomhá diosca difriúil trí mhodh tiontaithe. Is minic a bhíonn bogearraí a dháileadh ar dioscaí bootable ar fáil le híoslódáil i bhformáid íomhá ISO. Agus cosúil le haon íomhá ISO eile, is féidir é a scríobh ar diosca optúil mar CD nó DVD.
Níl aon sainmhíniú caighdeánach ann do chomhaid íomhá ISO. Níl íomhánna diosca ISO cumpaithe agus ní úsáideann siad formáid coimeádáin ar leith; is cóip earnáil-le-earnáil iad de na sonraí ar diosca optúil, a stóráiltear laistigh de chomhad dénártha. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh íomhánna ISO i gceist le híomhánna déag de chóras comhaid meán optúil (de ghnáth ISO 9660 agus a leathnú nó UDF), lena n-áirítear na sonraí ina comhaid i bhformáid déag, a chóipeáil go díreach mar a stóráladh iad ar an diosca. Déantar na sonraí laistigh den íomhá ISO a struchtúrú de réir an chórais chomhad a úsáideadh ar an diosca optúil as a cruthaíodh é.
Ní stórálann comhaid ISO ach sonraí an úsáideora ó gach earnáil ar diosca optúil, gan aird a thabhairt ar na ceannteidil rialaithe agus ar shonraí ceartaithe earráide, agus dá bhrí sin tá siad beagán níos lú ná íomhá diosca amh de mheán optúil. Ós rud é go bhfuil méid an chuid sonraí úsáideora de earnáil (ranna loighciúil) i dticí optúla sonraí 2,048 baite, beidh méid íomhá ISO ina iomad de 2,048.
Is é an síneadh comhaid .iso an ceann is coitianta a úsáidtear le haghaidh íomhánna diosca den chineál seo. Is féidir an síneadh .img a fháil freisin ar roinnt comhaid íomhá ISO, mar shampla i roinnt íomhánna ó Microsoft DreamSpark; áfach, tá inneachar beagán difriúil ag comhaid IMG, a úsáideann síneadh .img freisin. Úsáidtear an síneadh comhaid .udf uaireanta chun a léiriú go bhfuil an córas comhaid taobh istigh den íomhá ISO i ndáiríre UDF agus ní ISO 9660.
Is féidir aon CD-ROM, DVD nó diosca Blu-ray aon-sraic a stóráil i bhformáid ISO mar chóip dhigitigh fhíor den bhunús. Murab ionann agus diosca optúil fisiciúil, is féidir íomhá a aistriú thar aon nasc sonraí nó meán stórála in-athnuaite. Is féidir íomhá ISO a oscailt le beagnach gach archivóir comhad ilfhoirmithe. Athraíonn tacaíocht dhúchasach le haghaidh íomhánna ISO a láimhseáil ó chóras oibriúcháin go córas oibriúcháin.
I measc formáidí diosca hibrideacha tá an cumas a bheith le léamh ag feistí, córais oibriúcháin nó crua-earraí éagsúla. San am atá caite, bhí sampla amháin den úsáid seo le haghaidh diosca a thacaigh le suiteálacha Microsoft Windows agus Macintosh ó íomhá diosca amháin (trí roinnt córais comhaid a bheith ann).
Is féidir ISO a "mount" le bogearraí tiománaí oiriúnach, i.e. a dhéileálann an córas oibriúcháin leis amhail is dá mba diosca optúil fisiciúil é. Tá cumas ionsuite ag formhór na gcóras oibriúcháin atá bunaithe ar Unix, lena n-áirítear Linux agus macOS, ISO a chur ar bun. Tá an cumas sin ag leaganacha de Windows ag tosú le Windows 8. Is féidir tiománaithe bogearraí a shuiteáil do chórais oibriúcháin eile chun an cuspóir céanna a bhaint amach.
Ós rud é nach bhfuil aon chaighdeán ann a shainmhíníonn formáid comhad íomhá diosca ISO, úsáidtear an téarma "íomhá ISO" uaireanta i bhfocail níos leithne chun tagairt a dhéanamh do aon chomhad íomhá diosca de diosca optúil, neamhspleách ar an bhformáid a úsáideann sé.
Is féidir le CD a bheith i gceann de na rianta, a d'fhéadfadh sonraí ríomhaire, fuaime nó físe a bheith iontu. Tá córais comhaid mar ISO 9660 stóráilte taobh istigh de cheann de na rianta seo. Ós rud é go bhfuilthar ag súil go mbeidh cóip dhánach den chóras comhaid agus a chuid ábhar i íomhánna ISO, níl coincheap "sreang" taobh istigh d'íomhánna ISO, ós rud é gur coimeádán é sreang do shonraí íomhánna ISO. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach féidir CDanna le rianta iomadúla a stóráil taobh istigh de íomhá ISO amháin; ar a mhéad, beidh an t-ábhar ar íomhá ISO taobh istigh de cheann de na rianta iomadúla sin, agus amháin má stóráiltear é taobh istigh de chóras comhad caighdeánach.
Ciallaíonn sé seo freisin nach féidir CDanna fuaime, a bhíonn comhdhéanta de thrácaí iomadúla de ghnáth, a stóráil taobh istigh de íomhá ISO. Ina theannta sin, ní féidir fiú rian amháin de CD fuaime a stóráil mar íomhá ISO, ós rud é nach bhfuil córas comhaid istigh i rianta fuaime, ach sruth leanúnach sonraí fuaime códaithe. Tá an fuaime seo stóráilte ar earnálacha 2352 baiteanna difriúil ó na cinn a stórálann córas comhaid agus ní stóráiltear é laistigh de chomhaid; déantar aghaidh a thabhairt air le huimhreacha rianta, pointí innéacs agus cód ama CD a chódáiltear i gceannas gach seisiúin den diosca CD-Fuaime.
Is féidir formáidí amhail CUE/BIN, CCD/IMG agus MDS/MDF a úsáid chun íomhánna diosca il-raon a stóráil, lena n-áirítear CDanna fuaime. Stórálann na formáidí seo íomhá crua diosca den diosca iomlán, lena n-áirítear faisnéis ó na rianta go léir, mar aon le comhaid chairde a thuairiscíonn na rianta iomadúla agus na tréithe a bhaineann le gach ceann de na rianta sin. Ligfeadh sé seo d'uirlis dóiteáin optúla an fhaisnéis uile a theastaíonn chun an íomhá a dhó i gceart ar diosca nua a bheith aige. Maidir le CDanna fuaime, is féidir na sonraí fuaime a aistriú go comhaid fuaime neamh-chomhshúite mar WAV nó AIFF, agus na meiteadat a choimeád de rogha (féach ripping CD).
Ní féidir leis an gcuid is mó de na bogearraí atá in ann íomhánna ISO a scríobh chuig dioscaí crua nó meáin in-chláraithe (CD / DVD / BD) a scríobh ó íomhánna diosca ISO chuig tiománaí flash. Tá an teorainn seo bainteach níos mó le fáil uirlisí bogearraí atá in ann an tasc seo a dhéanamh, ná le fadhbanna sa fhormáid féin. Ó 2011, áfach, tá bogearraí éagsúla ann chun comhaid íomhá amh a scríobh chuig tiománaí flash USB.
Úsáidtear comhaid .ISO go coitianta in éimiléirí chun íomhá CD a athdhéanamh. Úsáideann eisitheoirí mar Dolphin (emulator) agus PCSX2 comhaid .iso chun cluichí Wii agus GameCube, agus cluichí PlayStation 2 a eisíniú, faoi seach.
- Fisher, Tim (24 Aibreán 2018). "What Is an ISO File?". Lifewire.
- "Tacaíonn Windows 8 Explorer le mountadh dúchasach ISO agus VHD". ExtremeTech. Arna óstáil 2012-05-21.
- "Íomhá ISO a USB a thiontú". uirlis dó ISO go USB. Archaithe ón bhunachar ar 15 Feabhra 2015. Faighte ar 15 Feabhra 2015.
- "Conas a chur ar bun Windows 7 nó Windows 8 ó thiomáint USB?". PowerISO. Faighte ar 15 Feabhra 2015.
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Field Trip - African Burial Ground - Week 2
Neither the snow, the cold or the 2 hours commute stop me to be at the meeting point, in front of the Museum of the American Indian, downtown New York. At the starting point we learned about the marble sculptures that are placed in front of the American Indian museum, commissioned by artist Gilbert Cass, Four Continents, which represent the character and history of each continent: Asia, America, Europe, and Africa as seen by the artist.
We continued walking toward the African Burial Ground Museum and learning about slavery's history in early New York during the 17th and 18th century. Places like the Fraunces Tavern a patriotic shrine were Samuel Fraunces hosted meeting of the radical Sons of Liberty, or the 18th century cistern, a repository that provided water to the inhabitants of the area.
The African Burial Ground Museum is a National Historic Landmark that commemorates the life and death of the free and slaved Africans of New York. In the 18th Century slaves' work force was considered one of the colonies' largest slave-holding urban centers.
The site was rediscovery in 1991 during the construction of the Ted Weiss Federal Building were 419 human skeletal remains were exhume. It constitutes one of the most significant archaeological finds of the 20th century.
A memorial sculpture designed by Rodney Leon, honour the memory of those who died in slavery "A Place of remembrance"
At the exhibition it caught my attention a quote by Maya Angelou ( 1928-2014) an extraction of one of her poems Still I Rise which inspires the spirit of this historical burial ground.
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| 0.957094 | 332 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Taistil Feirme - Tír adhlactha san Afraic - Seachtain 2
Ní stopann an sneachta, an fuar ná an 2 uair an chloig a bheith ag an bpointe cruinnithe, os comhair an Músaem de na hIndiaigh Mheiriceá, i lár New York. Ag an bpointe tosaigh d'fhoghlaim muid faoi na deilbh marmair atá suite os comhair an mhúsaeim Indiach Mheiriceá, arna choimisiúnú ag an ealaíontóir Gilbert Cass, Ceithre Chontae, a léiríonn carachtar agus stair gach mór-roinn: an Áise, Meiriceá, an Eoraip, agus an Afraic mar a fheiceann an t-ealaíontóir iad.
Lean muid ar aghaidh ag siúl i dtreo Músaem na Talún Fhéile Afracach agus ag foghlaim faoi stair na sclábhaíochta i dtosach Nua-Eabhrac le linn an 17ú agus an 18ú haois. Áiteanna cosúil le Fraunces Tavern a shrine patriotic bhí Samuel Fraunces cruinniú óstáil na Sons radacach na Saoirse, nó an 18ú haois cistern, stóráil a sholáthraíonn uisce do na háitritheoirí na ceantair.
Is Táscaire Stairiúil Náisiúnta é Músaem na Talún Tuilte Tuilte na hAfraice a chomórann saol agus bás na nAfraiceanna saor in aisce agus sclábhaithe i Nua-Eabhrac. Sa 18ú haois, measadh go raibh lucht oibre na sclábhaithe ar cheann de na hionaid uirbeacha is mó a bhí ag gabháil le sclábhaithe sna coilíneachtaí.
Athfhuair an suíomh i 1991 le linn tógáil Foirgneamh Chónaidhme Ted Weiss agus exhumed 419 fágtha cnámh daonna. Is é an t-eachtra seo ceann de na fionnachtana seandálaíochta is suntasaí sa 20ú haois.
Scultúr cuimhneacháin a dhear Rodney Leon, chun cuimhne na ndaoine a fuair bás sa sclábhaíocht a onóir "Áit chuimhneacháin"
Ag an taispeántas, tharraing sé mo aird ar luachan de Maya Angelou (1928-2014) a tharraing sé as ceann dá dánta Still I Rise a spreagann spiorad an charnóg stairiúil seo.
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National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
14390 Air and Space Museum Parkway
The invention of the balloon struck the men and women of the late 18th century like a thunderbolt. From August to December 1783 enormous crowds gathered to watch one balloon after another rise above the Paris rooftops, carrying the first human beings into the air. The excitement spread as daring aeronauts took to the sky in cities across Europe. The balloon was proof that the twin enterprises of science and technology could produce what looked very much like a miracle.
The objects in this exhibition represent a portion of the rich collection of Evelyn Way Kendall and her husband, Henry Plimpton Kendall. The Kendalls were among the great American collectors of their generation. From the early 1920s to the 1960s, Mrs. Kendall amassed over 1,000 works of art, prints, posters, objects, manuscripts, and books documenting the history of flight. The treasures in her collection provide a sense of the wonder and excitement experienced by those who witnessed the birth of flight over two centuries ago.
The Evelyn Way Kendall Ballooning and Early Aviation Collection is a generous gift of the Norfolk Charitable Trust, which also supported the exhibition.
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Músaem Náisiúnta Aer agus Spáis Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
14390 Páircbhealach Músaem Aer agus Spáis
Bhuail an balún le fir agus le mná de dheireadh an 18ú haois mar thunderbolt. Ó Lúnasa go Nollaig 1783 chruinnigh sluaite ollmhóra chun féachaint ar an mbalún amháin tar éis an ceann eile ag ardú os cionn díon na bPáras, ag iompar na chéad dhaoine san aer. Bhí an-áthas ar dhaoine mar a bhí aeradóirí a bhí ag eitilt ar spéir i gcathracha ar fud na hEorpa. Bhí an balún cruthúnas go bhféadfadh na fiontair dhúbailte eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta a tháirgeadh a d'fhéach an-mhór cosúil le míorúilt.
Léiríonn na rudaí sa taispeántas seo cuid de bhailiúchán saibhir Evelyn Way Kendall agus a fear céile, Henry Plimpton Kendall. Bhí na Kendalls i measc na bailitheoirí Mheiriceá móra dá ghlúin. Ó na 1920idí go dtí na 1960idí, chruinnigh Mrs. Kendall os cionn 1,000 saothar ealaíne, priontaí, póstairí, rudaí, lámhscríbhinní, agus leabhair a thaifeadann stair na eitilte. Tugann na haiscí ina bhailiúchán tuiscint ar an iongnadh agus ar an spreagadh a bhí ag na daoine a bhí i láthair nuair a rugadh eitilt níos mó ná dhá chéad bliain ó shin.
Is bronntanas mór ó Chiste Carthanachta Norfolk é Bailíneacht agus Bailíneacht Luath Evelyn Way Kendall, a thacaigh leis an taispeántas freisin.
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The complexities of life as revealed throughout Robert Frost's poetry, use ordinary, physical journeys in nature to demonstrate how journeys often reach beyond the physical sense in which they are composed.
Similarly, the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and the short film, “Harvie Krumpet,” present the plight of ordinary people and the life changing possibilities of journeys.
An equally prominent theme is the occurrence of the need for changing paths as obstacles arise and the effect such change has upon the arrival. These texts demonstrate how the intended destination is often not the final destination.
The composers, through the use of a variety of literary and filmic techniques show these similar themes throughout the texts. Consequently, the composers are able to present their understanding of the concept of journeys Frost's poem, “The Road Not Taken,” is an extended metaphor for lost possibilities or missed opportunities. The persona reflects upon the impacts of a decision and, perchance, what may have been. This is evident in, “I shall be telling this with a sigh/ Somewhere ages and ages hence.” Thus, the responder can conceive the persona is dubious as to whether the right decision has been made. Furthermore, the text contains repetition of the image of two roads diverging. This symbolises the arising of pivotal moments where decision are required. This aids the responder to connect with the persona as in every part of life decisions are required and choices are often difficult to arrive at.
Frost also conveys the idea that journeys have a tendency to flow smoothly whether the outcomes are positive or negative. This is portrayed through the consistent rhyme scheme throughout the stanzas. The flowing rhyme...
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An castacht na beatha mar a nochtadh ar fud Robert Frost's filíocht, úsáid gnáth, turas fisiciúil i nádúr a thaispeáint conas turais go minic a bhaint amach thar an ciall fisiciúil ina bhfuil siad comhdhéanta.
Ar an gcaoi chéanna, léiríonn an úrscéal Thirteen Reasons Why le Jay Asher agus an scannán gearr, Harvie Krumpet, an t-aimsir atá ag daoine coitianta agus na féidearthachtaí a athraíonn saol na dturas.
Téama atá chomh suntasach céanna ná an gá atá le bealaí a athrú nuair a thagann constaicí chun cinn agus an éifeacht a bhíonn ag an athrú sin ar an bhfigiúr. Léiríonn na téacsanna seo nach minic gurb é an ceann scríbe a bhí beartaithe an ceann scríbe deiridh.
Léiríonn na hachomhlaitheoirí, trí úsáid a bhaint as teicnící litritheacha agus scannánacha éagsúla na téamaí den chineál céanna seo ar fud na téacsanna. Dá bhrí sin, tá na hailtirí in ann a dtuiscint ar choincheap na dturas a chur i láthair. Is maitéar leathnaithe é an dán Frost, "The Road Not Taken", le haghaidh féidearthachtaí caillte nó deiseanna caillte. Smaoiníonn an duine ar thionchar cinneadh agus, b'fhéidir, cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Tá sé seo le feiceáil i, "Beidh mé ag insint seo le sighs / Áit éigin aoiseanna agus aoiseanna ó seo". Dá bhrí sin, is féidir leis an freagróir a shamhlú go bhfuil amhras ar an duine an cinneadh ceart a rinneadh. Ina theannta sin, tá an téacs ina athdhéanamh ar an íomhá de dhá bhóthar a théann ar shiúl óna chéile. Is siombail é seo de thús na nóiméad ríthábhachtacha ina n-éilítear cinneadh. Cabhraíonn sé seo leis an fhreagróir nascadh leis an duine mar go bhfuil cinntí ag teastáil i ngach cuid den saol agus is minic go bhfuil sé deacair teacht ar roghanna.
Cuireann Frost an smaoineamh i bhfolach freisin go mbíonn claonadh ag taisteal a reáchtáil go réidh cibé acu is torthaí dearfacha nó diúltacha iad. Tá sé seo léirithe trí scéim réime comhsheasmhach ar fud na strans. An rím sreabhach...
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eso1418 — Science Release
Gigantic Explosions Buried in Dust
ALMA probes environment around dark gamma-ray bursts
11 June 2014
Observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have for the first time directly mapped out the molecular gas and dust in the host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) — the biggest explosions in the Universe. In a complete surprise, less gas was observed than expected, and correspondingly much more dust, making some GRBs appear as “dark GRBs”. This work will appear in the journal Nature on 12 June 2014 and is the first ALMA science result on GRBs to appear. It shows ALMA’s potential to help us to better understand these objects.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense bursts of extremely high energy observed in distant galaxies — the brightest explosive phenomenon in the Universe. Bursts that last more than a couple of seconds are known as long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) and are associated with supernova explosions — powerful detonations at the ends of the lives of massive stars.
In just a matter of seconds, a typical burst releases as much energy as the Sun will in its entire ten-billion-year lifetime. The explosion itself is often followed by a slowly fading emission, known as an afterglow, which is thought to be created by collisions between the ejected material and the surrounding gas.
However, some gamma-ray bursts mysteriously seem to have no afterglow — they are referred to as dark bursts. One possible explanation is that clouds of dust absorb the afterglow radiation.
In recent years, scientists have been working to better understand how GRBs form by probing their host galaxies. Astronomers expected that the massive stars that were GRB progenitors would be found in active star-forming regions in these galaxies, which would be surrounded by a large amount of molecular gas — the fuel for star formation. However, there had been no observational result to back up this theory, leaving a long-standing mystery.
For the first time, a Japanese team of astronomers led by Bunyo Hatsukade from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, have used ALMA to detect the radio emission from molecular gas in two dark LGRB hosts — GRB 020819B and GRB 051022 — at about 4.3 billion and 6.9 billion light-years, respectively. Although such radio emission had never been detected in the GRB host galaxies, ALMA made it possible with its unprecedentedly high sensitivity .
Kotaro Kohno, a professor at the University of Tokyo and a member of the research team, said, “We have been searching for molecular gas in GRB host galaxies for over ten years using various telescopes around the world. As a result of our hard work, we finally achieved a remarkable breakthrough using the power of ALMA. We are very excited with what we have achieved.”
Another remarkable achievement made possible by the high resolution of ALMA was uncovering the distribution of molecular gas and dust in GRB host galaxies. Observations of the GRB 020819B revealed a remarkably dust-rich environment in the outskirts of the host galaxy, whereas molecular gas was found only around its centre. This is the first time that such a distribution among GRB host galaxies has been revealed .
“We didn’t expect that GRBs would occur in such a dusty environment with a low ratio of molecular gas to dust. This indicates that the GRB occurred in an environment quite different from a typical star-forming region,” says Hatsukade. This suggests that massive stars that die as GRBs change the environment in their star-forming region before they explode.
The research team believes that a possible explanation for the high proportion of dust compared to molecular gas at the GRB site is the difference in their reactions to ultraviolet radiation. Since the bonds between atoms which make up molecules are easily broken by ultraviolet radiation, molecular gas cannot survive in an environment exposed to the strong ultraviolet radiation produced by the hot, massive stars in its star-forming region, including the one that would eventually explode as the observed GRB. Although a similar distribution is also seen in the case of GRB 051022, this has yet to be confirmed due to the lack of resolution (as the GRB 051022 host is located further away than the GRB 020819B host). In any case, these ALMA observations support the hypothesis that it is dust that absorbs the afterglow radiation, causing the dark gamma-ray bursts.
“The results obtained this time were beyond our expectations. We need to carry out further observations with other GRB hosts to see if this could be general environmental conditions of a GRB site. We are looking forward to future research with the improved capability of ALMA,” says Hatsukade.
Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), bursts lasting for over two seconds, account for about 70% of observed GRBs. Developments over the past decade have recognised a new class of GRBs with bursts of less than two seconds, the short-duration GRBs, likely due to merging neutron stars and not associated with supernovae or hypernovae.
The sensitivity of ALMA in this observation was about five times better than other similar telescopes. Early scientific observations with ALMA began with a partial array in 2011 (eso1137). These observations were done with an array only consisting of 24–27 antennas with separations of up to only 125 metres. The completion of the last of the 66 antennas (eso1342) offers great promise of what ALMA may be capable of revealing in the near future, as the antennas can be arranged in different configurations, with maximum distances between antennas varying from 150 metres to 16 kilometres.
The proportion of dust mass to molecular gas mass is about 1% in the interstellar medium in the Milky Way and nearby star-forming galaxies, but it is ten or more times higher in the region surrounding GRB 020819B.
The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan. ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI) and on behalf of East Asia by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA.
This research was presented in a paper in Nature (12 June 2014) as an article titled “Two gamma-ray bursts from dusty regions with little molecular gas”, by B. Hatsukade et al.
The team is composed of B. Hatsukade (NAOJ, Tokyo, Japan), K. Ohta (Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan), A. Endo (Kavli Institute of NanoScience, TU Delft, The Netherlands), K. Nakanishi (NAOJ; JAO, Santiago, Chile; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Tokyo, Japan), Y. Tamura (Institute of Astronomy [IoA], University of Tokyo, Japan ), T. Hashimoto (NAOJ) and K. Kohno (IoA; Research Centre for the Early Universe, University of Tokyo, Japan).
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It is supported by 15 countries: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope, the world’s most advanced visible-light astronomical observatory and two survey telescopes. VISTA works in the infrared and is the world’s largest survey telescope and the VLT Survey Telescope is the largest telescope designed to exclusively survey the skies in visible light. ESO is the European partner of a revolutionary astronomical telescope ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. ESO is currently planning the 39-metre European Extremely Large optical/near-infrared Telescope, the E-ELT, which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.
- Research paper
- More about ALMA
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- The movie ALMA — In Search of our Cosmic Origins
- The ALMA Photo Book In Search of our Cosmic Origins – The Construction of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
- More press releases with ALMA
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Tel: +81-422-34-3900 (ext. 3173)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Lars Lindberg Christensen
ESO education and Public Outreach Department
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Tel: +49 89 3200 6761
Cell: +49 173 3872 621
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eso1418 Sceideal Eolaíochta
Léarscáileanna Mór-Ghaeilge a Dúnadh i Dlúthchruth
Déantar ALMA a scrúdú ar an timpeallacht timpeall ar bhrisí dorcha gamma
11 Meitheamh 2014
Tá breathnuithe ón Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) tar éis an chéad uair a léarscáileadh go díreach an ghás agus an deannach móilíneach sna réaltraí óstach de bhris gamma-ghathanna (GRBanna) na pléascadh is mó sa Cruinne. Iontas iomlán, breathnaíodh níos lú gáis ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leis, agus i gcomhréir le go leor deannaigh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil roinnt GRBanna le feiceáil mar GRBanna dorcha . Beidh an obair seo le feiceáil sa iris Nature an 12 Meitheamh 2014 agus is é seo an chéad toradh eolaíochta ALMA ar GRBanna a bheidh le feiceáil. Léiríonn sé acmhainn ALMA chun cabhrú linn na rudaí seo a thuiscint níos fearr.
Is éard atá i ráigí gamma (GRBanna) ná ráigí dian fuinnimh an-ard a breathnaítear i réaltraí i bhfad i gcéin - an feiniméan pléasctha is geal sa Cruinne. Tugtar ráigí gamma fada-thréimhse (LGRBanna) ar ráigí a mhaireann níos mó ná cúpla soicind agus tá baint acu le pléascadh supernovaí d'fhéachadh cumhachtach ag deireadh shaol réaltaí ollmhóra.
I gceann cúpla soicind amháin, scaoileann rást tipiciúil an oiread fuinnimh agus a scaoilfidh an Ghrian ina shaolré deich billiún bliain ar fad. Is minic a leanann an pléasc féin astaíocht a éiríonn go mall, ar a dtugtar afterglow, a mheastar a bheith cruthaithe ag timpistí idir an t-ábhar a chuirtear amach agus an ghás timpeall air.
Mar sin féin, is cosúil nach bhfuil aon iar-ghlua ag roinnt rátaí gamma go mistéireach tugtar rátaí dorcha orthu. Is é an míniú is féidir ná go nglacann scamaill deannaigh an radaíocht iarglow.
Le blianta beaga anuas, tá eolaithe ag obair chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhformheann GRBanna trí shuiteáil a gcuid réaltraí óstach. Bhí súil ag réalteolaithe go bhfaigheadh na réaltaí ollmhóra a bhí ina gcúisithe GRB i réigiúin ghníomhacha réalta-chruthaithe sna réaltraí seo, a bheadh timpeallaithe ag méid mór gáis mhóilíneach - an breosla le haghaidh foirmiú réaltaí. Mar sin féin, ní raibh aon toradh breathnóireachta ann chun tacú leis an teoiric seo, rud a fhágann rúndiamhair fada.
Don chéad uair, d'úsáid foireann réalteolaithe Seapánacha faoi stiúir Bunyo Hatsukade ó Obhservatóireacht Réalteolaíoch Náisiúnta na Seapáine ALMA chun an astaíocht raidió ó ghás móilíneach a bhrath i dhá óstach LGRB dorcha GRB 020819B agus GRB 051022 ag thart ar 4.3 billiún agus 6.9 billiún bliain solais, faoi seach. Cé nár aimsíodh astaíochtaí raidió den sórt sin riamh sna réaltraí óstach GRB, rinne ALMA é a dhéanamh indéanta lena íogaireacht ard gan fasach .
Dúirt Kotaro Kohno, ollamh in Ollscoil Tóiceo agus ball den fhoireann taighde, "Tá muid ag lorg gáis mhóilíneach i réaltraí óstach GRB ar feadh níos mó ná deich mbliana ag baint úsáide as teileascóp éagsúla ar fud an domhain. Mar thoradh ar ár n-obair chrua, bainimid amach go mór faoi dheireadh ag baint úsáide as cumhacht ALMA. Tá an-áthas orainn faoin méid atá bainte amach againn.
Ba é éacht suntasach eile a rinneadh indéanta ag an réiteach ard de ALMA ná d'fhoilsigh sé dáilte gás agus deannach móilíneach i réaltraí óstach GRB. Léirigh breathnóireachtaí ar GRB 020819B timpeallacht atá an-saibhir i stob i mbruachbhailte an réaltra óstach, ach níor aimsíodh gáis mhóilíneach ach timpeall a lár. Is é seo an chéad uair a nochtadh dáileadh den sórt sin i measc réaltraí óstach GRB .
Níor shíl muid go dtarlódh GRBanna i dtimpeallacht chomh duslach sin le cóimheas íseal gáis mhóilíneach le deannach. Léiríonn sé seo gur tharla an GRB i dtimpeallacht atá go leor difriúil ó thír tipiciúil a chruthaíonn réaltaí, a deir Hatsukade. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go n-athraíonn réaltaí ollmhóra a fhaigheann bás mar GRBanna an timpeallacht ina réigiún réalta-fhoirmithe sula ndéanann siad pléascadh.
Creideann an fhoireann taighde go bhfuil míniú féideartha ar an gcaighdeán ard de dhúshláin i gcomparáid le gáis mhóilíneach ag an suíomh GRB ná an difríocht ina n-imoibrithe ar radaíocht ultraivialait. Ós rud é go ndéantar na bannaí idir adamh a dhéanann móilíní a bhriseadh go héasca ag radaíocht ultraivialait, ní féidir le gáis mhóilíneach maireachtáil i dtimpeallacht a nochtar don radaíocht ultraivialait láidir a tháirgtear ag na réaltaí te, ollmhóra ina réigiún réaltach, lena n-áirítear an ceann a d'fhulaingfeadh sa deireadh mar an GRB a breathnaíodh. Cé go bhfuil dáileadh den chineál céanna le feiceáil i gcás GRB 051022, ní mór é seo a dhearbhú go fóill mar gheall ar easpa réitigh (mar tá an óstach GRB 051022 suite níos faide i gcéin ná an óstach GRB 020819B). Ar aon chuma, tacaíonn na breathnithe ALMA seo leis an hipitéis go bhfuil an deannach ag ionsú an radaíochta iar-glow, ag cúis leis na ráflaí gamma dorcha.
Na torthaí a fuarthas an uair seo bhí thar ár n-ionchais. Ní mór dúinn tuilleadh breathnóireachta a dhéanamh le hóstach GRB eile chun a fheiceáil an bhféadfadh na coinníollacha comhshaoil ghinearálta seo a bheith ag suíomh GRB. Tá súil againn go ndéanfar taighde sa todhchaí le cumas feabhsaithe ALMA", a deir Hatsukade.
Is ionann rátaí gamma fada (LGRBanna), rátaí a mhaireann níos mó ná dhá soicind, agus thart ar 70% de na GRBanna a breathnaíodh. Tá forbairtí le deich mbliana anuas tar éis rang nua de GRBanna a aithint le rástálacha níos lú ná dhá soicind, na GRBanna gearrthréimhseacha, is dócha mar gheall ar réaltaí neodrón a chumasc agus nach bhfuil baint acu le supernovae nó hypernovae.
Bhí íogaireacht ALMA sa bhreathnú seo thart ar chúig huaire níos fearr ná teileascóp eile den chineál céanna. Thosaigh breathnuithe eolaíochta luath le ALMA le sraith páirteach i 2011 (eso1137). Rinneadh na breathnuithe seo le sraith nach raibh ann ach 2427 antenna le scaradh suas le 125 méadar amháin. Tá an ceann deireanach de na 66 antenna (eso1342) críochnaithe agus tá súil mhór ann go mbeidh ALMA in ann a nochtadh sa todhchaí, toisc gur féidir na antennas a shocrú i gcomhdhéanamh éagsúla, agus is féidir an t-achar is mó idir na antennas a bheith idir 150 méadar agus 16 ciliméadar.
Tá an cóimheas idir mais deannaigh agus mais gáis mhóilíneach thart ar 1% sa mheán idirthréadaigh sa Bhóthar Bainne agus sna réaltraí réaltach in aice láimhe, ach tá sé deich n-uaire nó níos mó níos airde sa réigiún timpeall GRB 020819B.
Is comhpháirtíocht é Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), saoráid réalteolaíochta idirnáisiúnta, de chuid na hEorpa, Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus Oirthear na hÁise i gcomhar le Poblacht na Sile. Tá ALMA maoinithe san Eoraip ag an Observatóir Eorpach Theas (ESO), i Meiriceá Thuaidh ag an gCiste Náisiúnta Eolaíochta (NSF) i gcomhar le Comhairle Náisiúnta Taighde Cheanada (NRC) agus Comhairle Náisiúnta Eolaíochta Taiwan (NSC) agus in Oirthear na hÁise ag Institiúidí Náisiúnta Eolaíochtaí Nádúrtha (NINS) na Seapáine i gcomhar leis an Academia Sinica (AS) i Taiwan. Tá tógáil agus oibríochtaí ALMA faoi stiúir ag ESO thar ceann na hEorpa, thar ceann Mheiriceá Thuaidh ag an Oscailtireacht Rádiosréaltóireachta Náisiúnta (NRAO), a bhainistíonn Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI) agus thar ceann Oirthear na hÁise ag Oscailtireacht Rádiosréalta Náisiúnta na Seapáine (NAOJ). Soláthraíonn an Comhar-Ramhad ALMA (JAO) ceannaireacht agus bainistíocht aontaithe ar thógáil, coimisiúnú agus oibriú ALMA.
Cuireadh an taighde seo i láthair i bpáipéar in Nature (12 Meitheamh 2014) mar alt dar teideal Two gamma-ray bursts from dusty regions with little molecular gas, le B. Hatsukade et al.
Tá an fhoireann comhdhéanta de B. Hatsukade (NAOJ, Tóiceo, an tSeapáin), K. Ohta (Roinn Eolaíocht, Ollscoil Kyoto, Kyoto, an tSeapáin), A. Endo (Institiúid Kavli NanoScience, TU Delft, an Ísiltír), K. Nakanishi (NAOJ; JAO, Santiago, an tSile; Ollscoil Graduate for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Tóiceo, an tSeapáin), Y. Tamura (Institiúid Eolaíocht [IoA], Ollscoil Tóiceo, an tSeapáin ashim), T. Hoto (NAOJ) agus K. Kohno (IoA; Ionad Taighde don Cruinne Luath, Ollscoil Tóiceo, an tSeapáin).
Is é ESO an eagraíocht réalteolaíochta idir-rialtasach is mó san Eoraip agus is é an faireolas réalteolaíoch talún-bhunaithe is táirgiúla ar domhan. Tacaíonn 15 tír leis: an Ostair, an Bheilg, an Bhrasaíl, Poblacht na Seice, an Danmhairg, an Fhrainc, an Fhionlainn, an Ghearmáin, an Iodáil, an Ísiltír, an Phortaingéil, an Spáinn, an tSualainn, an Eilvéis agus an Ríocht Aontaithe. Tá clár uaillmhianach á chur i gcrích ag ESO a dhírigh ar dhearadh, ar thógáil agus ar oibriú áiseanna móra breathnóireachta ar an talamh a chuireann ar chumas réalteolaithe fionnachtana eolaíocha tábhachtacha a dhéanamh. Tá ról ceannaireachta ag ESO freisin maidir le comhar i dtaighde réalteolaíoch a chur chun cinn agus a eagrú. Tá trí shuíomh urramúcháin uathúil den scoth ag ESO sa tSile: La Silla, Paranal agus Chajnantor. Ag Paranal, oibríonn ESO an Very Large Telescope, an réadlann réalteolaíoch solais infheicthe is airde ar domhan agus dhá réadlann suirbhé. Oibríonn VISTA san infridhearg agus is é an teileascóp suirbhéireachta is mó ar domhan agus is é an VLT Survey Telescope an teileascóp suirbhéireachta is mó a ceapadh chun an spéir a suirbhé i solas infheicthe go heisiach. Is é ESO an comhpháirtí Eorpach de réalteascóip réalteolaíoch réabhlóideach ALMA, an tionscadal réalteolaíoch is mó atá ann. Tá ESO ag pleanáil an 39-méadar European Extremely Large optical/near-infrared Telescope, an E-ELT, a bheidh mar 'an tsúil is mó ar domhan ar an spéir'.
- Páipéar taighde
- Níos mó faoi ALMA
- Grianghraif de ALMA
- Físeáin de ALMA
- Leabhrán ALMA
- An scannán ALMA In Search of our Cosmic Origins
- The ALMA Photo Book In Search of our Cosmic Origins The Construction of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
- Tuilleadh preasráitis le ALMA
Spéireannaigh na hÉireann
Tel: +81-422-34-3900 (ext. 3173)
Spéireannaigh na hÉireann
Lars Lindberg Christensen
Roinn Oideachais agus Teorainn Phoiblí ESO
Garching bei München, an Ghearmáin
Tel: +49 89 3200 6761
Cill: +49 173 3872 621
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Long range goals of US healthcare information technology that were adopted during the Bush administration included all of the following except_____. Electronic medical records in medical offices Electronic medical records in hospitals A national information network for public health monitoring and population statistics a digital gene pool
Provide a succinctly explanation of each of the following assessments and why it so importance to nurses within the context of your nursing practice: o Assessing violence, culture, spirituality and religious practices, and nutritional Status). Make sure you mentioned each one of the assessment Follow your rubric criteria when completing your written assignment. Provide at least two APA peer reviewed references.
Create a care plan for a patient with visually impaired problem related to a history of diabetes: Make sure you include all the phases of the nursing process Provide a brief discharge planning Give some teaching examples correlating with the teaching plan (e.g. Visual impairment). Provide NANDA nursing diagnosis only. Provide appropriate definition for the following terminology: Vision acuity Glaucoma Retinal detachment Macular deterioration Cataracts Explained the treatmen
Mrs. Gutierrez, age 52, arrives at the clinic for diabetic teaching. She appears distracted and sad, uninterested in the teaching. She is unable to focus, and paces back and forth in the clinic wringing her hands. The nurse suspects that Mrs. Gutierrez is upset by her diagnosis of diabetes. 1. apply the phases of the nursing process to Mrs. Gutierrez’s case study; Make sure you correctly identify each phase with the information provided. 2. Provide a 500 words written APA formatting paper. 3.. Briefly explained diabetes. 4. Provide a NANDA nursing diagnosis appropriate for this case. 5. Follow your rubric […]
Develop a nursing care plan for a patient with cholecystitis. 1. Make sure you include all the phases of the nursing process 2. Provide a brief discharge planning 3. Give some teaching examples correlating with the teaching plan (e.g. cholecystitis.). 4. Provide NANDA nursing diagnosis only. 5. Provide a teaching plan for this pathology.
Create a care plan for the following nursing diagnosis: Risk for Dysfunctional Family Processes. 1. Make sure you include all the phases of the nursing process 2. Provide a brief discharge planning 3. Give some teaching examples correlating with the nursing diagnosis 4. Provide a teaching plan for nursing diagnosis.
For this week’s discussion, you are the network executive responsible for several physician practices which are owned by the hospital that employs you. Three of the physician practices are on different electronic medical record (EMR) systems. The fourth practice was just acquired and the well-respected physician does all of his charting manually. The physicians are all reluctant to implement the new EMR system that the hospital’s IT director selected for them. They have voiced concerns about lost productivity if they implement the new system. Productivity is important because their pay is currently 100% volume based. What potential problems do you […]
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I measc na spriocanna fadtéarmacha a bhí ag teicneolaíocht faisnéise cúraim sláinte na Stát Aontaithe a glacadh le linn riarachán Bush bhí na nithe seo a leanas go léir seachas_____. Taifid leighis leictreonacha i gclárlanní Leighis leictreonacha in ospidéil Líonra faisnéise náisiúnta le haghaidh faireachán ar shláinte phoiblí agus staitisticí daonra poil géin dhigitigh
Tabhair míniú achoimre ar gach ceann de na measúnuithe seo a leanas agus cén fáth go bhfuil siad chomh tábhachtach do na hoibritheacha i gcomhthéacs do chleachtais altranais: Déan cinnte go luaigh tú gach ceann de na measúnuithe a leanas do chritéir rubric nuair a chríochnaíonn tú do thasc scríofa. Cuir dhá thagairt ar a laghad a rinne athbhreithniú peer-réitithe APA ar fáil.
Plean cúraim a chruthú do dhuine a bhfuil fadhbanna dearfacha aige a bhaineann le stair diaibéiteas: Bí cinnte go gcuimsíonn tú gach céim den phróiseas altranais. Truailliú amhairc). Tabhair diagnóis altraíochta NANDA amháin. Déan sainmhíniú cuí ar an téarmaíocht seo a leanas: Tromchúis le géarchéim na súl Glaucoma Díthréimhseáil retinal Meath macúil Cataracts Míníodh na modhanna cóireála
Tagann an tUasal Gutierrez, 52 bliana d'aois, chuig an gclinic le haghaidh teagaisc diaibéiteas. Tá sí ag breathnú ar a cuid smaointe agus ar a cuid mothúcháin, gan aon spéis sa theagasc. Ní féidir léi díriú, agus téann sí ar ais agus ar aghaidh sa chlinic ag cur a lámha. Creideann an t-iníon go bhfuil imní ar an mBan Gutierrez mar gheall ar a diagnóis diaibéiteas. 1. na céimeanna den phróiseas altranais a chur i bhfeidhm ar chás-staidéar Mrs. Gutierrez; Bí cinnte go n-aithníonn tú gach céim i gceart leis an bhfaisnéis a chuirtear ar fáil. 2. Seachadadh. Cuir páipéar formáidithe APA 500 focal i láthair. Tríú. Míniú gairid ar diaibéiteas. 4. Tá an t-am Tabhair diagnóis altranais NANDA a oireann don chás seo. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Lean do chuid rubric [...]
Déan plean cúraim altranais a fhorbairt do dhuine a bhfuil colecystitis air. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan cinnte go gcuimsíonn tú gach céim den phróiseas altranais 2. Déan pleanáil scaoilte gearr a sholáthar 3. Tabhair roinnt samplaí teagaisc a bhaineann leis an bplean teagaisc (m.sh. choilcystitis.). 4. Tá an t-am Tabhair diagnóis altraíochta NANDA amháin. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Cuir plean teagaisc ar fáil don phaiteolaíocht seo.
Déan plean cúraim a chruthú don diagnóis altranais seo a leanas: Riosca do phróisis teaghlaigh neamhoibritheacha. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan cinnte go gcuimsíonn tú gach céim den phróiseas altranais 2. Déan pleanáil scaoilte gearr a sholáthar 3. Tabhair roinnt samplaí teagaisc a bhaineann leis an diagnóis altraíochta. Plean teagaisc a chur ar fáil le haghaidh diagnóis na n-iníonachta.
I gcomhair plé an tseachtain seo, is tú an t-eagraí líonra atá freagrach as roinnt cleachtais dochtúirí atá faoi úinéireacht na hoibidle a fhostaíonn tú. Tá trí cinn de na cleachtais dochtúireachta ar chórais éagsúla taifead leictreonach leighis (EMR). An ceathrú cleachtas a bhí ach a fuarthas agus an dochtúir dea-sprioc a dhéanann a chuid charting go léir de láimh. Tá na dochtúirí go léir diúltach an córas EMR nua a roghnaigh stiúrthóir TF na hospidéil dóibh a chur i bhfeidhm. Tá imní ar an gcúram seo faoi thorthaí a chailleadh má chuireann siad an córas nua i bhfeidhm. Tá táirgiúlacht tábhachtach toisc go bhfuil a gcuid pá 100% bunaithe ar mhéid faoi láthair. Cad iad na fadhbanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat [...]
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Born Oct. 9: Winfield Scott Schley
Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, born near Frederick, Md., on Oct. 9, 1839, was honored on March 23, 1937, when his portrait was included with those of Admirals William T. Sampson and George Dewey on a gray 4¢ stamp paying tribute to heroes of the United States Navy (Scott 793), and in particular, prominent leaders during the Spanish-American War.
Schley graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1860 and served during the Civil War with the West Gulf blockading squadron, reaching the rank of lieutenant in 1862.
After the war, he served as a Naval Academy instructor before fulfilling assignments to the Chincha Islands off the coast of Peru, and to El Salvador, Korea and the Arctic.
He was among the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society in 1888. Ten years later, he was promoted to commodore, and took command of the Flying Squadron in the 1898 Battle of Santiago in the Spanish-American War, after which he was promoted to rear admiral. He died Oct. 2, 1911, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
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Rugadh 9 Deireadh Fómhair: Winfield Scott Schley
Tugadh onóir don Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, a rugadh in aice le Frederick, Md., ar 9 Deireadh Fómhair, 1839, an 23 Márta, 1937, nuair a cuireadh a phortáiste le iad siúd de Admirals William T. Sampson agus George Dewey ar stampa liath 4 ¢ ag tabhairt ómós do laochra Cabhlach na Stát Aontaithe (Scott 793), agus go háirithe, ceannairí suntasacha le linn Chogadh na Spáinne-Mheiriceánach .
Chríochnaigh Schley ó na Stáit Aontaithe Acadamh Cabhlaigh i 1860 agus d'fhóin sé le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta leis an scáileán blocála i Mhullach an Iarthair, ag teacht ar rang leifteanant i 1862.
Tar éis an chogaidh, d'fhóin sé mar theagascóir Acadamh Náisiúnta sula gcomhlíonann sé cúraimí chuig Oileáin Chincha ó chósta na Peiru, agus go dtí El Salvador, an Chóiré agus an tArtach.
Bhí sé i measc na 33 bhunaitheoir ar an National Geographic Society i 1888. Deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, cuireadh chun cinn é go commodore, agus ghlac sé ceannas an Squadron eitilte i gCath Santiago i gCogadh na Spáinne-Mheiriceánach i 1898, tar éis a bhí ardú céime air go dtí an t-airdmharaí. Fuair sé bás ar 2 Deireadh Fómhair, 1911, agus tá sé curtha i gCimistéar Náisiúnta Arlington.
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The Guatemala BOOST expenditure database was constructed on the basis of data provided to the World Bank by the Guatemalan Ministry of Finance. Having a strong tradition of fiscal transparency, Guatemala was the first Latin American country to join the Open Budgets Portal.
This dataset presents five different stages of the budget cycle dissected in seven levels of economic classification, three levels of functional classification, three levels of source of financing, two levels of program classification and three levels of administrative classifications broken down at central government level (ministries, departments and individual spending units) and local level (regions and municipalities). It features data from 2004 onwards for central level and 2008 onwards for municipal data. The creation of this database was the first systematic exercise to reconcile the data presented in SICOIN and in SIAF, the systems that capture expenditures by the central and the local governments respectively. With the guidance of the country authorities, World Bank technicians created a reconciled economic chart of accounts to allow comparisons among the different levels of government.
A particular feature of the Guatemala BOOST is that, thanks to recent innovations introduced in the SICOIN in 2010, the majority of central spending can be tagged to regions and municipalities. As a result, the dataset provides a fairly comprehensive picture of spending data at the sub-national level. The figures presented in this database, and even information updated on a daily basis, can be accessed through the data links offered in this page as well as those provided in the country resource page. Users are encourage to visit the country portals for more updated information.
Database users should be aware of the potential limitations of the datasets. We urge users to consult the users’ manuals to learn more about these limitations and take them into account when analyzing their countries’ budgets.
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Tógadh bunachar sonraí caiteachais Guatemala BOOST ar bhonn sonraí a chuir an Aireacht Airgeadais Guatemalan ar fáil don Bhainc Domhanda. Ós rud é go bhfuil traidisiún láidir trédhearcachta fioscach aige, ba é Guatemala an chéad tír Mheiriceá Laidineach a chuaigh isteach sa Phoirt Buiséid Oscailte.
Taispeánann an tacar sonraí seo cúig chéim éagsúla den timthriall buiséid a scagadh i seacht leibhéal aicmithe eacnamaíochta, trí leibhéal aicmithe feidhmiúla, trí leibhéal foinse maoinithe, dhá leibhéal aicmithe clár agus trí leibhéal aicmithe riaracháin arna scagadh ar leibhéal an rialtais lárnach (aireacht, ranna agus aonad caiteachais aonair) agus ar leibhéal áitiúil (réigiúin agus bardais). Tá sonraí ann ó 2004 ar aghaidh don leibhéal lárnach agus ó 2008 ar aghaidh do shonraí cathrach. Ba é an bunachar sonraí seo a chruthú an chéad fheidhmiú córais chun na sonraí a chuirtear i láthair i SICOIN agus i SIAF a chomhtháthú, na córais a ghabháil caiteachas ag an rialtas lárnach agus na rialtais áitiúla faoi seach. Le treoir ó údaráis na tíre, chruthaigh teicnící an Bhainc Domhanda clár eacnamaíoch chomhréiteach cuntais chun comparáidí a dhéanamh idir na leibhéil éagsúla rialtais.
Is gné speisialta de BOOST na Gátámeile é, a bhuíochas le nuálaíochtaí a tugadh isteach le déanaí sa SICOIN in 2010, gur féidir an chuid is mó de chaiteachas lárnach a chur i leith réigiún agus bardais. Mar thoradh air sin, soláthraíonn an tacar sonraí pictiúr sách cuimsitheach de shonraí caiteachais ar an leibhéal fo-náisiúnta. Is féidir teacht ar na figiúirí atá i láthair sa bhunachar sonraí seo, agus fiú ar fhaisnéis a nuashonraítear go laethúil, trí na naisc sonraí a chuirtear ar fáil ar an leathanach seo chomh maith leis na cinn a chuirtear ar fáil ar an leathanach acmhainní tíre. Moltar d'úsáideoirí cuairt a thabhairt ar na tairseacha tíre chun tuilleadh faisnéise nuashonraithe a fháil.
Ba cheart d'úsáideoirí bunachair sonraí a bheith ar an eolas faoi theorainneacha féideartha na suímh sonraí. Iarrann muid ar úsáideoirí dul i gcomhairle leis na lámhleabhair úsáideora chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na teorainneacha seo agus iad a chur san áireamh nuair a bhíonn buiséid a dtíortha á n-anailís.
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Top 10 Bizarre Animal Mating Rituals
Here is a topic about the birds and the bees – as it relates to the animal kingdom. This is a selection of 10 of the most bizarre mating rituals known to man.
These snakes are small and poisonous, and live in Canada and the Northwestern United States. Their highly unusual mating takes place during an enormous orgy. Hundreds snakes slither together in a large den, eager to copulate. In that pile, one female may have as many as 100 males vying for her. These ‘nesting balls’ grow as large as two feet high. Now and then a female is crushed under the heavy mound.
Interesting Fact: Some male garter snakes are able to release the same scent that females release, causing them to be mounted by hundreds of other snakes. Scientists believe this may be for warmth and protection.
Argonauts exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism in size and lifespan. Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm, while males rarely surpass 2 cm. The males only mate once in their short lifetime. The males lack the dorsal tentacles used by the females to create their eggcases. The males use a modified arm, the hectocotylus, to transfer sperm to the female. For fertilization, the arm is inserted into the female’s pallial cavity, then is detached from the male.
Interesting Fact: Argonauts are capable of altering their color. They can blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators.
The whiptail lizard is an all-female species. It reproduces through a method called parthenogenesis. Each Whiptail lizard has an ovarian cycle of 21 to 28 days. When two are placed in a cage together, they synchronize their cycles so they are opposite. For 10 to 14 days, one of the females will act male, which means she mounts the other. The remaining Whiptail takes the female role by receiving; then they switch roles. This is unusual as neither is truly male. The resulting offspring of this method of mating is a perfect clone of its mother.
Interesting Fact: In the lab, through genetic manipulation, scientists have been able to artifically create true male whiptail lizards.
The Anglerfish has one of the most unique mating methods. When a male is born, it has no digestive system so it needs to find a female (all of which do have digestive systems) quickly. When it finds a suitable female, it latches on to the side of her by biting her and it releases an enzyme that melts her skin causing the two to fuse together. The male then wastes away and the female has a permanent supply of sperm to fertilize her eggs on demand.
Interesting Fact: The anglerfish is a culinary speciality in certain Asian countries. In Japan, each fish sells for as much as $150 USD.
Bedbugs mate by “traumatic insemination” – what this means is that the male doesn’t even bother with the female sexual organs – it simply stabs the female with its own sword like sexual organ in any part of her body. Lovely. This form of mating is thought to have evolved as a way for males to overcome female mating resistance.
Interesting Fact: Bedbugs are generally active only at dawn, with a peak attack period about an hour before dawn.
Giant Pandas are famously difficult to get to mate in captivity – at least until some bright spark in China discovered that showing them panda porn seems to help increase their libido! In 1998 the result of showing panda porn lead to the population of pandas in Wolong zoo to more than double.
Interesting Fact: Two of President Theodore Roosevelt’s sons were the first Westerners to shoot a giant panda for sport.
4. Percula Clownfish
The star fish in Finding Nemo is a clownfish. What most people don’t know, is that Nemo was neither a boy nor a girl – s/he was both! Clownfish can change gender! They will normally live together in a small group – the largest is the female, the second largest is the male, and the rest are non-mating males. If the female dies, the largest male will become the female, and the largest of the non-mating males will be promoted to the mating male.
Interesting Fact: Clownfish and damselfish are the only fish that can avoid the potent stings of an anemone.
Female giraffes associate in groups of a dozen or so members, occasionally including a few younger males. Males tend to live in “bachelor” herds, with older males often leading solitary lives. Reproduction is polygamous, with a few older males impregnating all the fertile females in a herd. Male giraffes determine female fertility by nudging the females backside until she urinates in his mouth – he uses the taste to determine whether the female is in heat.
Interesting Fact: Giraffes have extremely long tongues – often up to 45cm.
Female porcupines are only interested in sex for 8-12 hours per year. Interested males will stand on their hind legs and spray a female with urine. If she is ready and interested, she will expose her quill-less belly to the male and they will mate until they are both exhausted. if the male tires before the female, she will seek another male to take his place. If a female is not ready or interested in a male, she will make a screaming noise and shake the males urine off herself.
Interesting Fact: Porcupine meat is valued as a food for humans in parts of Africa, Italy, and Vietnam.
1. The Spotted Hyena
Unlike most other hyenas, the female spotted hyena has a pseudo-penis (enlarged clitoris). Female hyenas give birth, copulate, and urinate through their protruding genitalia, which stretches to allow the male penis to enter for copulation, and it also stretches during birth. The anatomical position of the genitalia gives females total sexual control over who is allowed to mate with them. The female is also larger than the male. In the spotted hyena family, the female really does wear the pants.
Interesting Fact: Hyenas, unlike other canids, do not raise their leg when urinating.
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Na 10 Rithíocht Chóireála Ainmhithe Weird
Seo ábhar faoi na héin agus na beacha mar a bhaineann sé leis an ríocht ainmhithe. Seo rogha de 10 de na deasghnátha páirteacha is aisteach ar a bhfuil aithne ag an duine.
Tá na nathracha seo beag agus nimhiúil, agus maireann siad i gCeanada agus i dTuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe. Tarlaíonn a lán páirteach an-neamhghnách le linn orgy ollmhór. Tá na céadta nathracha ag sleamhnú le chéile i mbéal mór, ag iarraidh copáil. Sa chonair sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 100 fear ag dul i ngleic le baineann amháin. Fásann na 'liathróidí neadaíochta' seo chomh mór le dhá shléag ar airde. Uaireanta, bíonn baineann á briseadh faoin mboll trom.
Fíric Suimiúil: Tá sé de chumas ag roinnt nathracha garter fireann an boladh céanna a scaoileadh a scaoileadh na mban, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na céadta nathracha eile ag teacht orthu. Creideann eolaithe go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith le haghaidh teas agus cosaint.
Taispeánann argonauts diomorfism ghnéasach mhór i méid agus i saolré. Fásann mná suas le 10 cm agus déanann siad craiceann suas le 30 cm, agus is annamh a théann fir thar 2 cm. Ní bhíonn na fir ach ag péireáil uair amháin ina saolré gearr. Níl na tentáclaí dorsacha ag na fir a úsáideann na mná chun a gcuid uibheacha a chruthú. Úsáideann na fir lámh mhodhnaithe, an hectocotylus, chun sperm a aistriú chuig an mbean. Chun torthú, cuirtear an lámh isteach i gcamlach pallial na mban, ansin déantar é a scaradh ón bhfear.
Fíric Suimiúil: Tá argonauts in ann a gcuid dath a athrú. Is féidir leo a bheith chomh maith lena dtimpeallacht chun dílseoirí a sheachaint.
Is speiceas uilebhean í an liathróid whiptail. Táirgeann sé trí mhodh ar a dtugtar parthenogenesis. Tá timthriall ováireach de 21 go 28 lá ag gach liathróid Whiptail. Nuair a chuirtear beirt i gcas le chéile, déanann siad a gcuid timthriallta a shíncronacht ionas go mbeidh siad os coinne. Le haghaidh 10 go 14 lá, beidh ceann de na mná gníomhú fireann, rud a chiallaíonn go ritheann sí an ceann eile. Glacann an Whiptail atá fágtha an ról baineann trí ghlao; ansin déanann siad róil a mhalartú. Tá sé seo neamhghnách mar nach bhfuil an dá fíor-fhear. Is clón foirfe dá mháthair é an tarbh a thagann as an modh seo páirte.
Fíric Suimiúil: Sa saotharlann, trí mheabhrúchán géiniteach, bhí eolaithe in ann fíor-bhratán whiptail fireann a chruthú go saorga.
Tá ceann de na modhanna páirteacha is uathúla ag an Anglerfish. Nuair a rugadh fear, níl aon chóras díleá aige agus mar sin ní mór dó bean a aimsiú (a bhfuil córais díleá acu go léir) go tapa. Nuair a fhaigheann sé bean oiriúnach, glacann sé ar thaobh di trí cheilt agus scaoilfidh sé ensím a leagann a craiceann ag cur an dá cheann le chéile. Ansin, scaoileann an fear agus tá soláthar buan sperm ag an mbean chun a uibheacha a fhéilleadh de réir mar a éilítear.
Fíric Suimiúil: Is bia speisialta é an t-eiscín i dtíortha áirithe san Áise. Sa tSeapáin, díoltar gach iasc ar chomh mór le $ 150 USD.
Tá an t-eagla ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis agus tá sé ag dul i ngleic le beithis. Is breá. Meastar go ndearnadh an cineál seo páirteachais a fhorbairt mar bhealach do na fir dul thar friotaíocht páirteachais na mban.
Fíric Suimiúil: De ghnáth ní bhíonn na cnaipí gníomhach ach ag an am a thagann an ghrian, agus is é an tréimhse is mó a mbíonn siad ag ionsaí ná uair an chloig roimh an am a thagann an ghrian.
Tá sé ar eolas go bhfuil sé deacair pandaí ollmhóra a fháil chun pá i ngéibheann ar a laghad go dtí go bhfaca roinnt spártha geal sa tSín go bhfuil sé cosúil go gcuireann porn pandaí a thaispeáint dóibh cabhrú lena libido a mhéadú! I 1998 mar thoradh ar porn panda a thaispeáint bhí níos mó ná dúbailt ar líon na pandaí i bhfásach Wolong.
Fíric Suimiúil: Ba iad beirt de mhic an Uachtaráin Theodore Roosevelt na chéad Thiar a lámhaigh panda ollmhór mar spórt.
4. Tá an t-am Iasc clown Percula
Is é an t-iasc réalta i Finding Nemo clownfish. Cad a fhios ag an chuid is mó daoine, is é nach raibh Nemo ná buachaill ná cailín - bhí sé araon! Is féidir le clownfish inscne a athrú! De ghnáth maireann siad le chéile i ngrúpaí beaga is é an baineann an ceann is mó, is é an fear an dara ceann is mó, agus is fir neamh-phósta iad an chuid eile. Má fhaigheann an baineann bás, beidh an fear is mó a bheith ina baineann, agus beidh an ceann is mó de na fir neamh-chruinniú a chur chun cinn go dtí an fear a chur in éineacht.
Fíric Suimiúil: Is iad an t-iasc clown agus an t-iasc damselfish na hiasc amháin a d'fhéadfadh na stings láidir an anemone a sheachaint.
Bíonn na girafaí baineann ag teacht le chéile i ngrúpaí de dhúisín nó mar sin de bhaill, uaireanta lena n-áirítear cúpla fir níos óige. Is gnách go maireann fir i dtrá bachelor, agus is minic a bhíonn fir níos sine ina gcónaí ina n-aonar. Tá an t-airgeadadh poligam, le cúpla fir níos sine ag impregnating na mban torthúla go léir i dtrá. Déantar an fhéile a chinneadh trí chúl an mhná a chur go dtí go n-uisceann sí ina bhéal úsáideann sé an blas chun a chinneadh an bhfuil an baineann i teas.
Fíric Suimiúil: Tá teanga an-fhada ag na girafaí go minic suas le 45cm.
Níl suim ag mná porcupines ach i ngrá 8-12 uair an chloig in aghaidh na bliana. Seasfaidh fir a bhfuil suim acu ina gcosa chúl agus spraeálfaidh siad feithidí le miotal. Má tá sí réidh agus suim aici, beidh sí a nochtadh a belly quill-leamh don fhir agus beidh siad páirteach go dtí go bhfuil siad ag an dá tuirseach. Má tá an fear ag tuirseach roimh an mban, beidh sí a lorg fear eile a ghlacadh ina áit. Mura bhfuil baineann réidh nó gan suim i bhfear, déanfaidh sí fuaim screadála agus scaoilfidh sí an t-uisce fireann as í féin.
Fíric Suimiúil: Tá luach ar fheoil porcupine mar bhia do dhaoine i gcodanna den Afraic, san Iodáil, agus sa Vítneam.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. An Hyena Spotted
Murab ionann agus an chuid is mó de na hyenaí eile, tá pseudo-penis (clitoris méadaithe) ag an hyena spotted baineann. Bíonn hienaí baineann ag breith, ag cóipeáil, agus ag urinate trína gníomhairí gnéis atá ag dul amach, a shíneann chun ligean don phingin fhir dul isteach le haghaidh cóipeála, agus shíneann sé freisin le linn an bhreith. Tugann suíomh anatamaíoch na gníomhairí gnéis rialú iomlán gnéis do mhná ar a gceadaítear a lánúineacht leo. Tá an baineann níos mó ná an fear freisin. Sa teaghlach spotted hyena, an baineann i ndáiríre a chaitheamh ar na pants.
Fíric Suimiúil: Murab ionann agus canids eile, ní thógann hyenaí a cosa nuair a bhíonn siad ag urinate.
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Plants with large, aggressively spreading root systems can damage the leach field of your septic system. The best plants to use in or near a septic system's leach field have relatively small root systems that do not aggressively seek water sources. The best plants to use near septic fields are grasses, flowers and ground covers that can prevent erosion without disrupting the function of the leach field.
In most cases, the drainage lines in your septic leach field are buried at least 6 inches below the surface. If you use plants that have thick woody root systems that penetrate deeper than 6 inches, the roots can enter the perforated holes in the drain lines and clog or crack them. Although it may take years for their roots to breach the buried lines in your leach field, trees and other large plants are not suitable for planting directly above your leach field.
The best plants to use directly above the drainpipes of any septic leach field are herbaceous plants that have a shallow root system. Most types of grass, ground covers and flowering annual or perennial plants provide effective protection against erosion without clogging or damaging the pipes in your yard. Avoid using species of large ornamental grass, such as giant feather grass (Stipa gigantea), with deep root systems that can clog your drain lines. You can safely use a ground cover species such as thyme (Thymus spp.) directly above drain lines. Thyme species grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 to 9.
In most cases, the bulk of your tree and shrub root systems extend out from the plant's base for roughly the same distance as the mature height of the tree. The best trees and shrubs to use around septic fields grow poorly in wet soils and have root systems that do not aggressively seek water. You can plant small ornamental trees such as dogwood (Cornus spp.), hardy in USDA zones 5 through 9a, close to septic fields.
Large species of trees with aggressive spreading root systems planted near your septic field will eventually damage your septic lines. Some of the more commonly used landscaping species that can damage septic systems includes red maple (Acer rubrum), silver maple (Acer saccharinum) and birch trees (Betula spp.). Silver maple and red maple trees are commonly grown in USDA hardiness zones 5 to 9, while some species of birch are hardy in USDA zones 4 to 9a.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
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Is féidir le plandaí a bhfuil córais fhréamhacha móra, scaipeadh ionsaitheach acu damáiste a dhéanamh do réimse leach do chóras septic. Tá córais fréamhacha réasúnta beaga ag na plandaí is fearr le húsáid i réimse leach córas septic nó in aice leis nach ndéanann foinsí uisce a lorg go hionraic. Is iad na plandaí is fearr le húsáid in aice le páirceanna septic ná féitheacha, bláthanna agus clúdach talún a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chosc ar éadóis gan cur isteach ar fheidhm an réimse leach.
I bhformhór na gcásanna, tá na línte dránaithe i do réimse leach séiptic curtha ar a laghad 6 orlach faoi bhun an dromchla. Má úsáideann tú plandaí a bhfuil córais fréamhacha tiubh adhmaid acu a théann níos doimhne ná 6 orlach, is féidir leis na fréamhacha dul isteach sna poill phoráilte sna línte draenála agus iad a chlúdach nó a chraic. Cé go bhféadfadh sé blianta a thógáil go dtiocfadh a gcuid fréamhacha isteach sna línte curtha i do réimse leach, níl crainn agus plandaí móra eile oiriúnach le síniú díreach os cionn do réimse leach.
Is iad na plandaí luibheacha a bhfuil córas fréamhacha cothroime acu is fearr a úsáid díreach os cionn píopaí dránaithe aon réimse leach séipteach. Soláthraíonn an chuid is mó de chineálacha féir, clúdaigh talún agus plandaí bliantúla nó ilbhliantúla bláthanna cosaint éifeachtach i gcoinne creimeadh gan na píopaí i do ghairdín a chlúdach nó a mhilleadh. Seachain speiceas de ghráis mhór ornáideach a úsáid, mar shampla grás feather ollmhór (Stipa gigantea), le córais fréamhacha domhain a d'fhéadfadh do línte draenála a chlúdach. Is féidir leat speiceas clúdach talún a úsáid go sábháilte mar thym (Thymus spp.) díreach os cionn línte dránaithe. Fásann speiceas thyme i limistéir daingean plandaí Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe 5 go 9.
I bhformhór na gcásanna, síneann an chuid is mó de chórais fréamhacha do chrainn agus do chrainn amach ó bhun an phlanda ar feadh thart ar an méid céanna ama agus a bhíonn airde aibí an chrainn. Tá na crainn agus na crannóga is fearr le húsáid timpeall réimsí seipteacha ag fás go dona i ithir fliuch agus tá córais fréamhacha acu nach ndéanann iarracht uisce a lorg go hionraic. Is féidir leat crainn bheaga ornáideacha a phlandaí mar chnoic (Cornus spp. ), a bhíonn i bhfad níos láidre i limistéir USDA 5 go 9a, in aice le réimsí seipteacha.
Déanfaidh speicis mhóra crainn le córais fréamhacha scaipeadh ionsaitheach a phlandaítear in aice le do réimse septic do línte septic a mhilleadh sa deireadh. I measc na speiceas tírdhreacha is coitianta a úsáidtear a d'fhéadfadh damáiste a dhéanamh do chórais septic tá maple dearg (Acer rubrum), maple airgid (Acer saccharinum) agus crainn birch (Betula spp.). Tá crainn maple airgid agus maple dearg a fhás go coitianta i limistéir inbhuanaitheachta USDA 5 go 9, agus tá roinnt speiceas birch inbhuanaithe i limistéir USDA 4 go 9a.
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In our recently accepted paper, we examined the black hole-neutron star merger called GW200115, second observed by LIGO and Virgo in January 2020. Curiously, GW200115’s black hole could have been spinning rapidly, with its spin misaligned with respect to the orbital motion. This is strange because it implies that the system would have formed in pretty unexpected ways.
So, is there something we’re missing? In our paper we show that the puzzling black hole spin is probably due to something that was added to the LIGO-Virgo measurements instead. It has to do with things called ‘priors’ which encode assumptions about the population of black hole-neutron star binaries based on our current knowledge. We argue that a better explanation for the GW200115 merger is that the black hole was not spinning at all, and consequently, we place tighter constraints on the black hole and neutron star masses.
What is a prior?
Imagine you want to know the probability of having drawn an Ace from a deck of cards, given that the card is red. You’d need to know the separate probabilities of drawing an Ace and a red card. The probability of drawing an Ace, independent of the data (“the card is red”) is the ‘prior’ probability of drawing an Ace. Astronomy is similar to a game of cards: we can think of observed gravitational-wave signals as having been dealt to us randomly by the Universe from a cosmic deck of cards. The prior should express our current best knowledge of this deck before we make a measurement, because it‘s used to calculate the probability of each possible black hole spin. In the LIGO-Virgo analysis of GW200115, it was assumed that all black hole spins are equally likely. This is fine if we have no strong preference for any value, but we do: observation and theory tell us we shouldn’t expect a rapidly spinning black hole to be paired with a neutron star. This information is key to accurately measuring the properties of GW200115.
In our paper, we begin by demonstrating that if GW200115 originated from a black hole-neutron star binary with zero spin, the unrealistic LIGO-Virgo prior (which assumes the black hole can equally likely spin with any magnitude and direction) generates preference for a large misaligned black hole spin. We do this by simulating a gravitational-wave signal from a non-spinning binary, placing it into simulated (but realistic) LIGO-Virgo noise, and inferring its properties assuming any spin value is equally likely. Our simulated experiment yields a similar spin measurement to LIGO-Virgo’s and we’re able to explain analytically why signals from black hole-neutron star binaries with zero spin will generically yield such measurements when very broad spin priors are assumed. While this doesn’t prove that GW200115 is non-spinning, it suggests that the puzzling LIGO-Virgo spin measurement is probably due to their unrealistic priors.
Next, we look to astrophysics to figure out a more realistic prior. We use current theoretical modelling to suggest that there’s roughly a 95% probability that black hole-neutron star binaries do not spin at all, and only around 5% do spin. We use this astrophysical prior to update the LIGO-Virgo measurements of GW200115’s spins and masses. When we do this, we find that there is almost zero probability that the black hole had any spin at all. While this might seem circular at first glance—after all, we’re giving zero-spin almost 20 times more weight than non-zero spin—it’s also a reflection of the fact that the data don’t strongly support a rapidly spinning black hole. Additionally, we show that our prior reduces the uncertainty on the black hole and neutron star masses by a factor of 3. Reassuringly, the mass of the neutron star looks significantly more like those found in double neutron star systems in the Milky Way.
Written by Rory Smith and Ilya Mandel, Monash University
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Iár n-aipéar a glacadh le déanaí, scrúdaigh muid an cumasc réalta neodrón-poll dubh darb ainm GW200115, an dara ceann a breathnaíodh ag LIGO agus Virgo i mí Eanáir 2020. Go hiontach, d'fhéadfadh go raibh poll dubh GW200115 ag casadh go tapa, agus a spín míshlíneáilte i ndáil leis an ghluaiseacht orbital. Tá sé seo aisteach toisc go léiríonn sé go mbeadh an córas a bheith déanta i bealaí go leor gan choinne.
Mar sin, tá rud éigin nach bhfuil muid ag fulaingt? I ár n-aipéar léiríonn muid go bhfuil an spín puzzling poill dubh is dócha mar gheall ar rud éigin a cuireadh leis an LIGO-Virgo tomhais ina ionad. Tá sé a dhéanamh le rudaí ar a dtugtar "priors" a chódáil tuairimí faoi an daonra de blackhole-neutrón réalta déine bunaithe ar ár n-eolas reatha. Deirimid go bhfuil míniú níos fearr ar an gcruinniú GW200115 go raibh an poll dubh nach raibh rothlú ar chor ar bith, agus dá bhrí sin, a shuiteáil againn srianta níos daingean ar an poll dubh agus réalta neodrón maisí.
Cad é a priori?
Samhlaigh gur mhaith leat an dóchúlacht a fháil go bhfuil Ace tarraingthe ó dún cártaí, agus an cárta dearg á thabhairt. Ba chóir duit a fhios a bheith agat na dóchúlachtaí ar leithligh a tharraingt Ace agus cárta dearg. Is é an dóchúlacht Ace a tharraingt, neamhspleách ar na sonraí ( an cárta dearg) an dóchúlacht Ace a tharraingt roimhe seo. Tá réalteolaíocht cosúil le cluiche cártaí: is féidir linn smaoineamh ar shínithe tonn-ghlúthúcháin a bhreathnaíodh mar a bhí á ndéileáil againn go randamach ag an Cruinne ó chárta cártaí cosmaí. Ba chóir go léireofaí an t-aistriúchán is fearr atá againn faoi láthair faoin deic seo sula ndéanaimid tomhas, toisc go n-úsáidtear é chun dóchúlacht gach rothlaíochta poill dubh a ríomh. Sa anailís LIGO-Virgo ar GW200115, glacadh leis go bhfuil gach spín poill dhubh chomh dóchúil. Tá sé seo go maith mura bhfuil rogha láidir againn d'aon luach, ach tá: deir breathnóireacht agus teoiric dúinn nár cheart go mbeadh súil againn go mbeadh poll dubh a bhíonn ag casadh go tapa páirteach le réalta neodrón. Tá an fhaisnéis seo ríthábhachtach chun na hairíonna GW200115 a thomhas go cruinn.
Sa pháipéar, tosaímid ag léiriú má tháinig GW200115 ó dhúshlán dubh-réalta neodrón le spín nialasach, go ndéanann an réamh-LIGO-Virgo neamhréalaíoch (a ghlacann leis gur féidir leis an poll dubh spín a dhéanamh le haon mhéid agus treo) rogha a chruthú do spín mór-réalta mí-ailíniú dubh. Déanaimid é seo trí chomhartha tonn-ghlúthannaigh a shamhlú ó dhúbailte neamh-thréimhseála, é a chur i dtruach LIGO-Virgo samhlaithe (ach réalaíoch), agus a airíonna a léiriú ag glacadh leis go bhfuil aon luach spín chomh dóchúil. Tugann ár dturgnamh samhlaithe tomhas spín den chineál céanna le LIGO-Virgos agus táimid in ann a mhíniú go anailíseach cén fáth go dtabharfaidh comharthaí ó dhúshláiní dorchla dubh-réalta neodrón le spín nialasach tomhais den sórt sin go ginearálta nuair a ghlacfar priors spín an-leathan. Cé nach gcruthóidh sé seo go bhfuil GW200115 neamh-thréimhseach, tugann sé le fios gur dócha go bhfuil tomhas LIGO-Virgo a bhí míréasúnta mar gheall ar a priors neamhréalaíoch.
Ansin, féachann muid ar aistrífeice chun réamhshocrú níos réalaíocha a fháil amach. Úsáidimid samhlaíocht theoiriciúil reatha chun a mholadh go bhfuil thart ar dóchúlacht 95% nach bhfuil dhá cheann de na hoileáin dhubh-réalta neodrón ag casadh ar chor ar bith, agus ní dhéanann ach thart ar 5% casadh. Bainimid úsáid as an réalteolaíocht seo chun méideanna LIGO-Virgo de spins agus mais GW200115 a nuashonrú. Nuair a dhéanaimid seo, faighimid go bhfuil beagnach aon dóchúlacht ann go raibh aon rothar ag an poll dubh ar chor ar bith. Cé go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ciorclach ar an gcéad amharc, tar éis an tsaoil, táimid ag tabhairt spín nialasach beagnach 20 uair níos mó meáchain ná spín neamh-nialasach, is léiriú é freisin ar an bhfíric nach dtacaíonn na sonraí go láidir le poll dubh a bhíonn ag casadh go tapa. Ina theannta sin, léiríonn muid go laghdaíonn ár réamh-easnamh an éagmais ar an poll dubh agus mais réalta neodrón ag fachtóir 3. Go suaimhneach, tá mais na réalta neodrón ag breathnú i bhfad níos mó cosúil leis na cinn a fhaightear i gcórais réalta neodrón dúbailte sa Bhóthar Bainne.
Scríobh Rory Smith agus Ilya Mandel, Ollscoil Monash
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Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been progressing over the last few decades as a widely used technique to operate on a patient with less damage and pain to the body along with shorter hospital stays and fewer complications. There are several procedures for the extraction of tissues in the human body such as aspiration-based devices, flexible graspers, and stent-retrievers. Currently, aspiration-based devices are widely considered the “golden standard” because of the use of a pressure differential for tissue transportation that facilitates fast extraction and prevents debris from pilling up. Research into the miniaturization of MIS techniques for remote locations in the body and aspiration-based devices falls short due to the inability to create high-pressure differentials in long tubes.
The reduction in the diameter of the tissue transportation system has been a necessity in recent times. According to an analysis, in a study of , the reason why the clots could not be aspirated is the combination of insufficient pressure differential, the large size of the clots, and the clot composition. Another problem associated with aspiration-based devices is that clogging and tissue lumps that are aspirated in the tube can be damaged. The goal of the study from the team affiliated with the Department of Biomechanical Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, was to devise a bio-inspired transportation system based on the egg-laying structure of some species of parasitic wasps .
In the research paper titled, “Development of a Novel Wasp-Inspired Friction-Based Tissue Transportation Device,” the team proposed a patented transportation mechanism based on the egg-laying needle, also called an ovipositor. Generally, the purpose of the ovipositor is the deposition of eggs in a host to provide the wasp’s progeny with nutrition during the early stages of the development. The developed technique consists of an outer tube with six reciprocating semi-cylindrical blades while the tissue is transported using a friction differential between the blades. These six blades are similar to the valves of the wasp that are held together with the outer tube.
“The wasp’s ovipositor is so thin that it can’t actually fit any muscles within it, allowing us to develop an ultrathin effective extraction device,” as we explained in the research paper. “Inside this delicate organ is a series of tiny valves that join together with a tongue-and-groove mechanism, similar to how puzzle pieces fit together. The valves can slide independently of each other to create friction forces that facilitate the movement of the ovipositor itself and the egg inside the egg canal.”
For tissue transport, the blades use an electromotor with each blade controlled and moved in the axial direction. Once the tissue enters the “self-propelling” needle, extraction will begin by axially translating the blades in a consecutive manner. The motion sequences were developed in two phases– in 1-5 motion sequences, one blade moves forward while others move backward, and in 2-4 motion sequences, four blades move backward and two blades forward. This process results in 5x higher friction in the direction of retreating blades.
As part of the experiment, the team evaluated the prototype using different samples of different elasticities and heterogeneities. The experiment was performed to investigate the effects of tissue elasticity, tissue heterogeneity, and the motion sequence on the tissue transportation rate. The experiments also helped in figuring out several solutions to the problems such as increasing the transportation rate and minimizing the dependency on tissue elasticity. The solution is to increase the rotational velocity of the electromotor, which can be increased by removing the gearbox from the actuator.
“In order to incorporate the proposed prototype into a future medical instrument, there are some key improvements which warrant further investigation,” our team notes. “The prototype design and manufacturing processes need to be optimized in the near future.”
The team confirmed that the proposed method of extraction does not depend on the length effects such as pressure loss associated with the suction. The device aims to allow tissue and object removal from remote locations in the human body while reducing trauma from surgery and recovery time in patients. “The prototype has shown that the friction-based transportation principle has the potential to become a viable and reliable alternative to aspiration as a transportation method within MIS,” the team concludes.
The research was published in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology under open-access terms. Two videos of the bio-inspired wasp-ovipositor tissue transport device are available for public viewing.
Madjidyar, J., Vidal, L. P., Larsen, N., and Jansen, O. (2019). Influence of thrombus composition on thrombectomy: ADAPT vs. balloon guide catheter and stent retriever in a flow model. Rofo 192, 257–263. DOI: 10.1055/a-0998-4246.
A. Sakes, I. A. van de Steeg, E. P. de Kater, P. Posthoorn, M. Scali, and P. Breedveld, "Development of a Novel Wasp-Inspired Friction-Based Tissue Transportation Device," Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Sept. 8, 2020.
Wevolver, in partnership with Mouser Electronics and Ansys, is excited to announce the launch of the University Technology Exposure Program 2022. The program aims to recognize and reward innovation from engineering students and researchers across the globe. Learn more about the program here.
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https://www.wevolver.com/article/bio-inspired-tissue-transportation-system-an-alternative-to-aspiration-based-devices-in-mis
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Tá an t-alt seo mar chuid dár gClár nochtadh teicneolaíochta Ollscoile. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an gclár nuálaíocht ó mhic léinn innealtóireachta agus taighdeoirí ar fud an domhain a aithint agus a bhuíochas a thabhairt dóibh.
Tá vótáil an phobail beo anois. Vótáil ar do chuid is fearr leat trí chuairte a dhéanamh ar: Vótáil Phobail Clár nochtadh Teicneolaíochta Ollscoile.
Tá an máinliacht íosta ionrach (MIS) ag dul chun cinn le cúpla bliain anuas mar theicníc a úsáidtear go forleathan chun oibríocht a dhéanamh ar othair le níos lú damáiste agus pian ar an gcomhlacht chomh maith le fanacht níos giorra san ospidéal agus níos lú deacrachtaí. Tá roinnt nósanna imeachta ann chun fíocháin a bhaint i gcorp an duine mar fheistí atá bunaithe ar dhíshuiteáil, greimirí solúbtha, agus stent-retrievers. Faoi láthair, meastar go forleathan gurb iad na feistí atá bunaithe ar an dúil an "chaighdeán órga" mar gheall ar an difríocht bhrú a úsáidtear chun fíocháin a iompar a éascaíonn eisiúint tapa agus a chosnaíonn go gcuirfidh miotail suas. Tá taighde ar mhion-imní ar theicnící MIS le haghaidh áiteanna iargúlta sa chorp agus feistí atá bunaithe ar dhíshuiteáil gan a bheith in ann difríochtaí ardbhrú a chruthú i mblaoscáin fada.
Tá gá le laghdú ar thoraim an chórais iompair fíocháin le déanaí. De réir anailíse, i staidéar de , is é an chúis nárbh fhéidir na clots a bheith ag gabháil ná an teaglaim de dhifríocht brú neamhleor, méid mór na clots, agus comhdhéanamh na clots. Is fadhb eile a bhaineann le feistí atá bunaithe ar an tsúil ná go bhféadfadh clogging agus cnapanna fíocháin a chuirtear isteach sa tshub a bheith damáiste. Ba é aidhm an staidéir ó fhoireann a bhí cleamhnaithe le Roinn na hInnealtóireachta Bithmhionlaigh in Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Delft, córas iompair bhitheolaíoch spreagtha a cheapadh bunaithe ar struchtúr uibheacha a leagan ar roinnt speiceas de bhéasc paraisítí .
Sa pháipéar taighde dar teideal, "Forbairt Feiste Iompair Fhuiseáin Nua atá bunaithe ar Fhrith-Spioraí", mhol an fhoireann meicníocht iompair phaitinnithe bunaithe ar an ingne uibheacha, ar a dtugtar ovipositor freisin. De ghnáth, is é cuspóir an ovipositor uibheacha a thaisceadh i hóstach chun cothú a sholáthar do shliocht an bhéaspáin le linn chéim luath an fhorbairt. Is éard atá sa teicníc forbartha ná tiúb seachtrach le sé sclábhaí leath-silindéarach a bhíonn ag casadh agus an fíochán á iompar ag baint úsáide as difríocht frith-aontais idir na sclábhaí. Tá na sé scáthán seo cosúil le comhlaí an bhéarla a choinnítear le chéile leis an tiúb seachtrach.
Tá ovipositor an bhéile chomh tanaí nach féidir leis aon matáin a chur ina chónaí, rud a ligeann dúinn feiste eisiata ultra-fhana a fhorbairt, mar a mhínigh muid sa pháipéar taighde. Tá sraith de bhalbáin bheaga taobh istigh den orgán íogair seo a thagann le chéile le meicníocht teanga-agus-groove, cosúil leis an gcaoi a oireann píosaí pháisle le chéile. Is féidir leis na comhlaí sleamhnú go neamhspleách ar a chéile chun fórsaí frithghéalaithe a chruthú a éascaíonn gluaiseacht an ovipositor féin agus an ubh laistigh den chainéal uibhe.
Chun fíochán a iompar, úsáideann na sciatháin leictreamotor agus gach sciathán á rialú agus á bhogadh sa treo oisiúil. Nuair a théann an fíochán isteach sa tsnáthaid " féin- ghluaiseachta ", tosóidh an t- eisiúint trí na sciatháin a aistriú go haisiúil ar bhealach comhleanúnach. Forbraíodh na seicheamh gluaiseachta i dhá chéim - i seicheamh gluaiseachta 1-5 gluaiseann sciath amháin ar aghaidh agus gluaiseann daoine eile ar ais, agus i seicheamh gluaiseachta 2-4, gluaiseann ceithre sciath ar ais agus dhá sciath ar aghaidh. Mar thoradh ar an bpróiseas seo tá frith-bhreathnú 5x níos airde i dtreo na mblacaí atá ag éirí ar ais.
Mar chuid den turgnamh, rinne an fhoireann meastóireacht ar an bpróta-amhrán ag baint úsáide as samplaí éagsúla de elasticities agus heterogeneities éagsúla. Rinneadh an turgnamh chun na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le hailsteacht fíocháin, heitearógineacht fíocháin, agus an seicheamh gluaiseachta ar ráta iompair fíocháin a imscrúdú. Chabhraigh na turgnaimh freisin le roinnt réitigh a fháil ar na fadhbanna amhail an ráta iompair a mhéadú agus an spleáchas ar elasticity fíocháin a íoslaghdú. Is é an réiteach ná luas rothlach an leictreamótar a mhéadú, is féidir é a mhéadú trí bhosca gear a bhaint ón gcumhachtóir.
Chun an fhréamhshamhail atá beartaithe a ionchorprú i gléas leighis sa todhchaí, tá roinnt feabhsuithe tábhachtacha ann a thugann údar le tuilleadh taighde, a deir ár bhfoireann. Ní mór na próisis dearaidh agus déantúsaíochta fréamhshamhla a bharrfheabhsú sa todhchaí.
Dheimhnigh an fhoireann nach bhfuil an modh eisiúna atá beartaithe ag brath ar na héifeachtaí fad mar chaillteanas brú a bhaineann leis an suction. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an bhfeiste fíochán agus rudaí a bhaint ó áiteanna iargúlta i gcorp an duine agus trauma ó mháinliacht agus am téarnaimh i n-othair a laghdú. 'Tá sé léirithe ag an bpróta-amhail go bhfuil an cumas iompair atá bunaithe ar fhritháireamh ina rogha inmharthana agus iontaofa in ionad an gháire mar mhodh iompair laistigh de MIS,' a deir an fhoireann.
Foilsíodh an taighde i Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology faoi théarmaí rochtana oscailte. Tá dhá fhíseán den fheiste iompair fíocháin bhia-inspioráilte óibí-osp ar fáil don phobal le feiceáil.
Madjidyar, J., Vidal, L. P., Larsen, N., agus Jansen, O. (2019) Tionchar comhdhéanamh an thrombus ar thrombectomy: ADAPT vs catheter treoraithe balún agus aisghabhálaí stent i múnla sreabhadh. Rofo 192, 257263. DOI: 10.1055/a-0998-4246.
A. Sakes, I. A. van de Steeg, E. P. de Kater, P. Posthoorn, M. Scali, agus P. Breedveld, "Forbairt gléas iompair fíocháin nua atá bunaithe ar fhrith-bhunaithe ag Wasp", Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8 Meán Fómhair, 2020.
Tá Wevolver, i gcomhpháirtíocht le Mouser Electronics agus Ansys, sásta an Clár nochtadh Teicneolaíochta Ollscoile 2022 a sheoladh. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an gclár nuálaíocht ó mhic léinn innealtóireachta agus taighdeoirí ar fud an domhain a aithint agus a bhuíochas a thabhairt dóibh. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoin gclár anseo.
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The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) Wheeling-Pittsburgh Subdivision is a partially abandoned railroad between Wheeling, West Virginia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The Wheeling, Pittsburgh & Baltimore Railroad (WP&B) was incorporated on August 5, 1887 as the successor to the Hempfield and Baltimore & Ohio Short Line railroads.
The origination of the WP&B started at the incorporation of the Hempfield Railroad on May 15, 1850, which was projected to run between Wheeling and Greensburg, Pennsylvania. The railroad was constructed from Wheeling east to Washington, a distance of 32 miles, by 1857. The Hempfield was sold at foreclosure in February 1857 and reorganized as the WP&B on January 15, 1872.
For much of the 20th century, the B&O from Glenwood Yard in Pittsburgh south to Washington and west to Benwood Yard at Wheeling was operated as the Wheeling-Pittsburgh Subdivision. The route was extremely congested with traffic from steel mills and coal mines that dotted the region.
By the 1970ís, many of the coal mines had closed and by the 1980ís, many of the local steel mills had been idled or abandoned. Instead of a line full of trains, the B&O had just two through movements each way per day and a local switcher that served local industries from Pittsburgh to Washington.
In November 1985, the B&O made the decision to abandon the Wheeling-Pittsburgh Subdivision west of Washington to Wheeling. A section was left intact from Taylorstown east to Washington for car storage, and the segment from Washington north to Glenwood Yard was left in daily use.
Sherman,at the end of the line near Claysville i saw a tunnel via satellite imagery.Might be worth checking out if it's not already on Bridgehunters.
Thank you! I have not yet completed the accompanying article. There are many more tunnels left to photograph on this route.
Nice find! Photographing tunnels is addictive.
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Is é an Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) Wheeling-Pittsburgh Subdivision iarnród a fhágtar go páirteach idir Wheeling, West Virginia agus Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Cuireadh an Wheeling, Pittsburgh & Baltimore Railroad (WP&B) i gcomharbacht ar 5 Lúnasa, 1887 mar chomharba ar iarnróid Hempfield agus Baltimore & Ohio Short Line.
Thosaigh bunús an WP&B ag ionchorprú Iarnróid Hempfield ar 15 Bealtaine 1850, a bhí beartaithe a reáchtáil idir Wheeling agus Greensburg, Pennsylvania. Tógadh an iarnród ó Wheeling soir go Washington, fad 32 míle, faoi 1857. Díoladh an Hempfield ag forclosure i mí Feabhra 1857 agus athorgáil mar an WP & B ar 15 Eanáir, 1872.
Le haghaidh cuid mhór den 20ú haois, oibríodh an B&O ó Glenwood Yard i Pittsburgh ó dheas go Washington agus ó thuaidh go Benwood Yard ag Wheeling mar an Fhoras Wheeling-Pittsburgh. Bhí an bealach an-chlóite le trácht ó mhillianna cruach agus mianraí guail a bhí ar fud na réigiúin.
Faoi na 1970idí, bhí go leor de na mianaigh guail dúnta agus faoi na 1980idí, bhí go leor de na mianaigh cruach áitiúla imithe ar neamhfheidhmiú nó tugtha ar ceal. In ionad líne lán traenacha, ní raibh ach dhá ghluaiseacht trí gach bealach in aghaidh an lae ag an B&O agus comhlánaitheoir áitiúil a d'fhóin tionscail áitiúla ó Pittsburgh go Washington.
I mí na Samhna 1985, rinne an B&O an cinneadh an t-aimsir Wheeling-Pittsburgh ó dheas ó Washington a tharchur go Wheeling. D'fhág an chuid ó Taylorstown ó thuaidh go Washington go dtí stóráil gluaisteán, agus d'fhág an chuid ó thuaidh go dtí Glenwood Yard le húsáid laethúil.
Sherman, ag deireadh an líne in aice le Claysville chonaic mé tollán trí íomhánna satailíte. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith fiú seiceáil amach mura bhfuil sé cheana féin ar Bridgehunters.
Go raibh maith agat! Níor chríochnaigh mé an t-alt a ghabhann leis fós. Tá go leor túnneáin eile fágtha le grianghraf a thógáil ar an mbóthar seo.
Fuaim mhaith! Tá sé ina chleithiúnas dul i ngleic le tonnáin a phictiúrú.
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Filozoficzno-przyrodnicza koncepcja cudu u Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza i G. W. Leibniz, Polemika z S. Clarke’iem, [w:] tegoż, Wyznanie wiary filozofa. Rationality at Stake: Leibniz and the Beginnings of Newton’s Era G.W. Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary filozofa () oraz inne pisma filozoficzne, ser. His principal adversaries here are Newton and Leibniz. Physical monadology is Leibniz – G. W. Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary filozofa, tłum.
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When this rationalistic strategy is applied to the philosophy of space and time, it leads to their radically relational conception.
Grotowski — Peibniz. White, Roger Josip Boscovich S.
To choose a logically ordered sequence from a random or almost random stream of thoughts is a difficult and energy consuming task. Insofar as they were necessary for his alternative system, Kant considered problems that had not been taken up by his predecessors. Defining the notion of ether made it possible to decide whether matter was punctual or not and to establish the nature of the mutual influence of the material elements. Just as linguistic or conceptual units are at the basis of the charactersistica universalishis monads are responsible for physical activity of material bodies.
Koch — L. Kant developed his protophysics mainly during his precritical period.
Rationality at Stake: Leibniz and the Beginnings of Newton’s Era
Descartes — R. Witkiewicz [b] — S. The most important task of the Physical monadology is to ground the connection between metaphysics and geometry.
Gill, Roger Boscovich, S.
Filozofia oświecenia by Monika Dziubek on Prezi
Published Sep 1, Newton — I. Weyl — H.
Copleston, Historia filozofii, t. De Risi, Geometry and Monadology: Leibniz, Polemika z S.
Fragments of Immanuel Kant’s protophysical conception
Nedeljkovic — D. Quick jump to page content.
Fragments of Immanuel Kant’s protophysical conception | Diametros
Witkiewicz [a] — S. Metaphysic and Language, New York An Introduction, Cambridge Philipp, Das Zeitalter der Aufklarung, Bremmen fikozofa For example, in his Meditations of fire he tried to point out what the ether was, something which Newton had not considered, while in his Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces he attempted to establish a law for measuring living forces, which Leibniz, in turn, had not taken up.
Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary filozofa … oraz inne pisma wiwry, ser. Downloads Download data is not yet available. This notion was thus crucial for organizing the system.
Boscovich, Theoria philosophiae naturalis, transl. Kant — I. Dadic, Ruder Boskovic, Zagreb References Boscovich — R.
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Filozoficzno-przyrodnicza koncepcja cudu u Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza i G. W. Leibniz, Polemika z S. Clarkeiem, [w:] tegoż, Wyznanie wiary filozofa. Réasúnacht ar an mbonn: Leibniz agus Tús Ré Newton G.W. Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary filosofa () agus inne pisma filosoficzne, ser. Is iad a phríomh-ionsaitheoirí anseo Newton agus Leibniz. Is é an monaidolaíocht fhisiceach Leibniz G. W. Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary filozofa, tłum.
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Nuair a chuirtear an straitéis réasúnaithe seo i bhfeidhm ar fhealsúnacht an spás agus an ama, tugann sé a gcoincheap gaolmhara go radacach.
Grotowski Peibniz. Bán, Roger Josip Boscovich S.
Is tasc deacair agus fuinnimh-saothraithe é ordú loighciúil a roghnú ó shreabhadh smaointe randamach nó beagnach randamach. Sa mhéid a bhí siad riachtanach dá chóras malartach, mheas Kant fadhbanna nach raibh a réamhtheachtaí tar éis glacadh leo. De réir a shainmhínithe, bhí sé indéanta cinneadh a dhéanamh an raibh ábhar tráthúil nó nach raibh agus cineál tionchair fhrithpháirteach na n-eilimintí ábhartha a bhunú. Díreach mar atá aonad teanga nó coincheapa ag bun na charactersistica universalishis tá monads freagrach as gníomhaíocht fhisiciúil chomhlachtaí ábhartha.
D'fhorbair Koch L. Kant a chuid próifíse go príomha le linn a thréimhse réamh-chríocha.
Réasúnacht ar an mbonn: Leibniz agus Tús Ré Newton
Descartes R. Witkiewicz [b] S. Is é an tasc is tábhachtaí atá ag an mhonadolaíocht Fhisiceach an nasc idir meiteaphysics agus geoiméide a talamhú.
Gill, Roger Boscovich, S.
Filozofia oświecenia le Monika Dziubek ar Prezi
Foilsithe Sep 1, Newton I. Weyl H.
Copleston, Historia filosofii, t. De Risi, Geometry and Monadology: Leibniz, Polemika z S.
Scaipthe de choincheap protophysical Immanuel Kant
Nedeljkovic D. Siúl go tapa chuig ábhar na leathanaigh.
Fragments of Immanuel Kant's protophysical conception. Diametros (Díametros)
Witkiewicz [a] S. Metaphysic and Language, New York An Introduction, Cambridge Philipp, Das Zeitalter der Aufklarung, Bremmen fikozofa Mar shampla, ina Meditations of fire rinne sé iarracht a chur in iúl cad é an eitir, rud nár mheas Newton, agus ina Smaointe ar an Fíor-mheasúnú ar Fhorsaí Beo rinne sé iarracht dlí a bhunú chun fórsaí beo a thomhas, rud nár ghlac Leibniz, ina dhiaidh sin.
Leibniz, Wyznanie wiary philosfa ... agus inne pisma wiwry, ser. Íoslódálacha Níl sonraí íoslódála ar fáil go fóill. Bhí an coincheap seo ríthábhachtach dá bhrí sin chun an córas a eagrú.
Boscovich, Theoria philosophiae naturalis, aistriúchán. Kant I. Dadic, Ruder Boskovic, Zagreb References Boscovich R.
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All colleges and universities get their money from six main sources:
* Other education. Everything from child care to cooking courses.
* Auxiliary services. Think dorms, food, athletics, and swag sales.
* Government. Your tax dollars at work.
* Gifts. Alums, foundations, corporations, etc..
* Investment. Many schools have an “endowment” which is a big pot of money that is supposed to earn more money.
The distribution between these categories varies widely for different kinds of institutions. There is no “best” distribution, but it’s usually not a good idea to be too reliant on any single category.
When you hear that college tuition nationwide has gone up dramatically in the last few decades, it’s in large part because the other categories have been drying up, particularly government and gifts. That means state schools have had tuition go up a lot, while liberal arts colleges have had smaller increases.
Sarah Lawrence: Sources of Financial Information
Where can you get information on Sarah Lawrence’s finances? There are three particularly good sources:
The College’s Annual Report, available on its website. For some reason, this hasn’t been updated in two and a half years, so it’s a bit out of date, but has a nice summary from the 2010-2011 school year.
The IPEDS data center. This is information collected by the federal government from all colleges and universities, so it’s standardized from one school to the next–no funny business! This information takes a while to process and release, so the most recent is from the end of the 2010-2011 school year.
Form 990’s. These are tax forms for nonprofits that are required to be made public. Because it’s a tax form, the accounting is a little too careful–it’s not quite in the normal form for schools. But it’s often the most recent information available, and it contains some details that the other sources don’t. The most recent is from the 2011-2012 school year.
2010-2011 Revenue by Source
Using the Annual Report, which is the simplest source, I’ve created the pie chart labeled “2010-2011 Gross Revenue by Source.” The total happens to be very close to one hundred million dollars, so you can also read the percentages as millions of dollars.
But this pie chart can be a little misleading. For example, it treats every student as if they are paying the full price tuition, making financial aid an “expense.” But another way to look at it is that the College never takes that money in–financial aid is then thought of as a discount off the price.
Since the mission of the College is to provide students an education, it’s also possible to think of housing and feeding students as a kind of sideline business that brings in profits that we use for our main mission. Seen that way, the expenses to the College of food and lodging should be subtracted from the revenues from those programs, to give a net profit which is then used to subsidize the main mission of education.
Finally, investment income bounces around as financial markets go up and down. A better practice is to figure that the endowment can generate the same average rate over the long run, and use that rate year after year even though it generates more in boom times and may even lose money during recessions. Sarah Lawrence uses 6% for budgeting purposes.
Using those three assumptions, I’ve created a second pie chart under the label “2010-2011 Net Revenue by Source.” The total this way is about 63 million dollars, so you need to do some arithmetic if you want to turn the percentages in to dollar figures.
We all know the College is facing challenging times financially. While next week we’ll look at where the money goes, it’s good to first think about where it comes from. Tuition is the largest slice by far. That number could be increased in any of four ways, or by a combination of more than one: bringing in more students (but that also increases expenses), recruiting a class that needs less financial aid (if we could go back to the level of need SLC students had in 2007, we would have no financial difficulties), cutting the financial aid of current students, or raising the full price tuition.
While this week’s column has been mostly informational, let me say that Coyote Don thinks that cutting the financial aid of current students is a terrible idea! It represents a broken promise, and would cause us to lose students who are already here…and so wouldn’t save as much as it might seem, in addition to being a reprehensible bait and switch.
The next biggest slice after tuition, at least on the net revenue chart, is gifts. You might think this comes mainly from small to medium size donations from alums, but that doesn’t add up. With roughly 10,000 living alums, even if each one gave $100 per year, that would only add up to one million dollars, out of a total of 12 million. So where does the rest come from? Mainly the Trustees and a few wealthy alums, along with an occasional gift from a foundation. That part of our revenue is dependent on the “1%.”
That doesn’t mean that small contributions from alums aren’t important. Potential big donors look at the fraction of alums who give to help decide if the College is worth giving to. If very few of the recent, relatively poor alums are shelling out $20 per year, then the rich donors worry they are giving money to something that recent students don’t themselves support. For that reason, it actually means more to the College if you give $20 per year every year than if you give $100 every other year. The second may be more money, but the first serves as a more consistent vote of confidence.
As for the other categories of revenue, there’s not much that can be done about the endowment in the short term, except for trying to secure donations to make it bigger.
Higher enrollment might raise some revenue in auxiliary services, but at some point we run out of space to put people (or even to feed them).
“Other education” is a possible area for expansion–are we do everything we can with local high school students in the summers, for instance?
The tiny little slice that is “government” is also interesting. It includes overhead the federal government pays on grants awarded to faculty, and at some liberal arts colleges that slice is considerably bigger.
So much for where the money comes from. Next week Coyote Don will look at where it goes.
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Faigheann na coláistí agus na hollscoileanna go léir a gcuid airgid ó sé phríomhfhoinse:
* Oideachas eile. Gach rud ó chúram leanaí go cúrsaí cócaireachta.
* Seirbhísí cúnta. Smaoinigh dorms, bia, lúthchleasaíocht, agus díolacháin swag.
* Rialtas. Do chuid airgid cánach ag obair.
* Bronntanas. Alums, bunaíochtaí, corparáidí, etc..
* Infheistíocht. Tá "deontais" ag go leor scoileanna, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil airgead mór ann a bhfuiltear ag súil go mbainfidh níos mó airgid as.
Tá an dáileadh idir na catagóirí seo éagsúil go mór do chineálacha éagsúla institiúidí. Níl aon dáileadh 'is fearr' ann, ach de ghnáth ní smaoineamh maith é bheith ró-bhreá le haon chatagóir amháin.
Nuair a chloiseann tú go bhfuil an teagasc coláiste ar fud na tíre tar éis méadú go suntasach le cúpla bliain anuas, tá sé i bhfad i gcodanna toisc go bhfuil na catagóirí eile ag triomú, go háirithe an rialtas agus na bronntanais. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil an teagasc ar ardú go mór ag scoileanna stáit, agus go bhfuil méadú níos lú ag coláistí ealaíon liobrálacha.
Sarah Lawrence: Foinsí Faisnéise Airgeadais
Cá bhfaighidh tú faisnéis faoi mhaoin Sarah Lawrence? Tá trí fhoinse an-mhaith ann:
Tuarascáil Bhliantúil na Coláiste, atá ar fáil ar a shuíomh gréasáin. Ar chúis éigin, ní dhearnadh é seo a nuashonrú le dhá bhliain go leith, mar sin tá sé beagán as dáta, ach tá achoimre deas aige ó scoilbhliain 2010-2011.
Ionad sonraí IPEDS. Is faisnéis é seo a bhailíonn an rialtas cónaidhme ó gach coláiste agus ollscoil, mar sin tá sé caighdeánaithe ó scoil amháin go dtí an chéad cheann eile - gan aon ghnó greannmhar! Tógann an fhaisnéis seo tamall chun í a phróiseáil agus a scaoileadh, mar sin is ón deireadh na bliana scoile 2010-2011 an ceann is déanaí.
Foirm 990s. Seo foirmeacha cánach d'eagraíochtaí neamhbhrabúis a cheanglaítear a bheith ar fáil go poiblí. Toisc gur foirm chánachais í, tá an cuntasaíocht beagán ró-chúramach - níl sé i bhfoirm gnáth do scoileanna. Ach is minic gurb í an fhaisnéis is déanaí atá ar fáil í, agus tá roinnt sonraí ann nach bhfuil sna foinsí eile. Is é an ceann is déanaí ón mbliain scoile 2011-2012.
Ioncam 2010-2011 de réir Foinse
Ag baint úsáide as an Tuarascáil Bhliantúil, is é an fhoinse is simplí, tá an cairt phéire curtha ar bun agam le lipéadú 2010-2011 Gross Revenue by Source. Is é an t-iomláine a tharlaíonn a bheith an-ghar do céad milliún dollar, mar sin is féidir leat na céatadáin a léamh mar na milliúin dollar.
Ach is féidir leis an gcairt phéire seo a bheith beagán míthreorach. Mar shampla, déileálann sé le gach mac léinn amhail is dá mba í an costas iomlán teagaisc a íocann siad, rud a fhágann go bhfuil cúnamh airgeadais ina "chostas".
Ós rud é go bhfuil misean na Coláiste chun oideachas a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn, is féidir smaoineamh ar chóiríocht agus ar bhia na mac léinn mar chineál gnó seachtrach a thugann brabús a úsáideann muid dár phríomhmhisean. Ar an mbealach sin, ba cheart na costais a bhaineann leis an gColáiste maidir le bia agus lóistín a bhaint as ioncam na gclár sin, chun glanbhrabús a fháil a úsáidtear ansin chun an phríomhmhisean oideachais a thacú.
Ar deireadh, déanann ioncam infheistíochta bounce timpeall mar a théann margaí airgeadais suas agus síos. Is é an cleachtas is fearr ná a fháil amach gur féidir leis an deontais an ráta meán céanna a ghiniúint thar an fhadtéarma, agus an ráta sin a úsáid bliain i ndiaidh bliana cé go ghiniúint sé níos mó i amanna booma agus d'fhéadfadh sé airgead a chailleadh fiú le linn géarchéime. Baineann Sarah Lawrence úsáid as 6% chun críocha buiséadaíochta.
Ag baint úsáide as na trí choinníoll, tá mé a cruthaíodh an dara cairt phéinte faoi an lipéad 2010-2011 Líon-ioncam de réir Foinse. Is é an t-iomláine ar an mbealach seo thart ar 63 milliún dollar, mar sin ní mór duit a dhéanamh ar roinnt aritmeitic más mian leat a casadh ar na céatadáin i figiúirí dollar.
Tá a fhios againn go léir go bhfuil an Coláiste ag tabhairt aghaidh ar amanna dúshlánacha ó thaobh airgeadais de. Cé go bhféachfaimid ar an áit a dtéann an t-airgead, tá sé go maith smaoineamh ar dtús ar an áit a dtagann sé. Is é an teagasc an slice is mó go dtí seo. D'fhéadfaí an líon sin a mhéadú ar aon cheann de cheithre bhealach, nó trí chomhcheangal níos mó ná ceann amháin: níos mó mac léinn a thabhairt isteach (ach méadaíonn sé sin caiteachas freisin), rang a earcú a bhfuil níos lú cabhrach airgeadais ag teastáil uaidh (má d'fhéadfaimis dul ar ais go dtí an leibhéal riachtanas a bhí ag mic léinn SLC in 2007, ní bheadh aon deacrachtaí airgeadais againn), cabhair airgeadais na mac léinn reatha a ghearradh, nó an costas iomlán teagaisc a ardú.
Cé go raibh colún an tseachtain seo go príomha eolaíoch, lig dom a rá go gceapann Coyote Don gur smaoineamh uafásach é cabhair airgeadais na mac léinn reatha a ghearradh! Léiríonn sé gealladh briste, agus ba chúis leis go gcaillfimid mic léinn atá anseo cheana féin...agus dá bhrí sin ní shábhálfadh sé an oiread agus a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith, chomh maith le bheith ina mheall agus iompórtáil inghlactha.
Is é an chéad chuid eile is mó tar éis an teagaisc, ar a laghad ar an gcairt ioncaim glan, ná bronntanais. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tú ag smaoineamh go dtagann sé seo go príomha ó dheonaíochtaí beaga go meánmhéide ó alumna, ach ní chuireann sé sin le chéile. Le thart ar 10,000 alum beo, fiú dá dtabharfadh gach duine $100 in aghaidh na bliana, ní bheadh ach milliún dollar ann, as 12 milliún san iomlán. Mar sin cá as a dtagann an chuid eile? Go príomha na Cothabhálaithe agus cúpla alum saibhir, chomh maith le bronntanas ó am go ham ó bhunús. Tá an chuid sin dár n-ioncam ag brath ar an 1%.
Ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach bhfuil ranníocaíochtaí beaga ó alumna tábhachtach. Breathnaíonn na deontóirí móra féideartha ar an gcodán de alumna a thugann chun cabhrú le cinneadh a dhéanamh an bhfuil an Coláiste fiú a thabhairt dó. Má tá an-bheagán de na alúmanam nua-aimseartha, réasúnta bochta ag caitheamh $ 20 in aghaidh na bliana, ansin bíonn imní ar na deontóirí saibhre go bhfuil siad ag tabhairt airgead do rud nach dtacaíonn na mic léinn nua-aimseartha leo féin. Ar an gcúis sin, ciallaíonn sé i ndáiríre níos mó don choláiste má thugann tú $ 20 in aghaidh na bliana gach bliain ná má thugann tú $ 100 gach bliain eile. B'fhéidir go mbeidh níos mó airgid sa dara ceann, ach is é an chéad cheann vóta muiníne níos comhsheasmhaí.
Maidir leis na catagóirí eile ioncaim, níl mórán le déanamh faoin ndeontas sa ghearrthéarma, ach amháin iarracht a dhéanamh deontais a fháil chun é a mhéadú.
D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh go mbeadh ioncam ag ardú an chláraithe i seirbhísí cúnta, ach ag pointe éigin ní bhíonn spás againn chun daoine a chur (nó fiú iad a chothú).
Oideachas eile réimse is féidir le leathnúAn ndéanaimid gach rud is féidir le mic léinn ardscoile áitiúla i rith an tsamhraidh, mar shampla?
Tá an slice beag beag go bhfuil rialtas suimiúil freisin. Áirítear leis an gcostas a íocann an rialtas cónaidhme ar dheontais a thugtar do chomhaltaí, agus i roinnt coláistí ealaíon liobrálacha tá an slice sin i bhfad níos mó.
An oiread sin le haghaidh cá as a dtagann an t-airgead. An tseachtain seo chugainn Coyote Don beidh breathnú ar an áit a théann sé.
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What Is Data Lineage
What is data lineage and why it is important. Data lineage is nothing but its origins and transformation that data goes through with time. Data lineage can also be expressed as the life cycle and end to end flow the data. This lifecycle includes the origin of the data, how it moves from source to destination (or one point to another) and where the data currently resides. Using the data lineage organizations can get a better understanding of what is happening with the data, as it flows through different pipelines (DataLake, ETL, reports etc.), and provides more visibility for the analysis purpose, which can play the vital role in making important business decisions. In general, data lineage shows the pictorial representation of the flow of the data from the origin to the destination.
Data lineage enables the companies to trace sources of specific business data, which enables them to track errors, implementing the changes in process, and implement the system migration to save the significant amount of the time.
Family Tree vs Data Lineage
The best way to understand the concept of data lineage is to think about a family tree. Having a family tree means that you know family relationships. You need to know where you come from and who your ancestors are really. A persons family lineage can prove to be a source of valuable information for you. How? Not only does it provide you with more knowledge about your origin, it contributes to genealogy, helps you discover the death and birth rates in the family and can also be useful in identifying your medical history. While the latter is a secondary benefit of knowing your family lineage, it can have huge benefits.
Data Lineage & Debugging Challenges
Since data lineage enables the tracing from origin to source, it helps & enables data analytics and business team to replay a specific portion of data flow for step wise debugging and to regerate lost output. Traditional database systems & data warehouse ETL tools uses such information using a concept called "Data Provenance" to addreass similar validation/debugging process as part of ETL process. Lineage is simple type of why provenance.
Is Data Lineage Complicated & How visual representation helps?
It is difficult task to trace data sources. Large enterprises are created with large and small applications and system and in their desire to keep up with technology, they rapidly continued to acquire new data sources. The variety and varicity data sources have interacted with each other and the systems are now bound together. The problem is that it is difficult to understand the complicated data maze and get a simple visual flow. This is where data lineage has to be tracked and it can play a vital role in a businesss operation.
What data lineage brings into the table?
The first area where data lineage has its impact is the existence of the business itself. For instance, the planning & forecasting team considers the demographics and customer behavior for setting sales forecasts and the senior management also makes decisions based on the growth and performance statistics of a business. If there is no data, all these functions are rendered irrelevant. Therefore, it makes sense for a business to have a clear understanding of where the data is coming from, who is using it and how it is transformed.
Data lineage is also important because specific sources of data can have prominent implications. For instance, when IT teams are starting a new software development process, they will need to understand the requirements. This means they have to know about the data sources they will have access to. Locating data sources can be immensely difficult without data lineage. Therefore, a lot of businesses often use a data lineage tool for extracting data. If they dont, they have to create new data, which doesnt just need extra time but also leads to added expense.
For many enterprise and large organizations changes on a yearly basis. One way that it can change is that you have begun to accumulate different types of data, either in the form of product or customer data that hasnt been collected previously or in the form of data you have bought from other sources. It is also possible that your internal data analysts have come up with ways of deriving new insights from the data you already have. This innovation could be helpful for management in making decisions or for generating a new revenue stream.
Thus, when a business gets insight into data lineage, it is able to stay updated with the changing data environment that has a lot of impact on its operations and can practice data governance.
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Cad é Lineage Sonraí
Cad é líneáil sonraí agus cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach. Níl linne sonraí ach a bhunús agus an t-athrú a théann sonraí tríd le himeacht ama. Is féidir líneáil sonraí a chur in iúl freisin mar an timthriall saoil agus mar shreabhadh sonraí ó cheann go ceann. Áirítear leis an saolré seo bunús na sonraí, an chaoi a dtéann siad ó fhoinse go ceann scríbe (nó ó phointe amháin go pointe eile) agus an áit a bhfuil na sonraí i láthair na huaire. Ag baint úsáide as na línte sonraí, is féidir le heagraíochtaí tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar a bhfuil ag tarlú leis na sonraí, de réir mar a shreabhann siad trí phíblíneanna éagsúla (DataLake, ETL, tuarascálacha srl. ), agus soláthraíonn sé níos mó infheictheachta don chuspóir anailíse, ar féidir leis an ról ríthábhachtach a imirt i gcinntí tábhachtacha gnó a dhéanamh. Go ginearálta, léiríonn líníocht sonraí léiriú pictiúrtha ar shreabhadh na sonraí ón tionscnamh go dtí an ceann scríbe.
Cuireann líníocht sonraí ar chumas na gcuideachtaí foinsí sonraí gnó sonracha a rianú, rud a chuireann ar a gcumas earráidí a rianú, na hathruithe ar phróiseas a chur i bhfeidhm, agus an imirce córais a chur i bhfeidhm chun an méid suntasach ama a shábháil.
Crann teaghlaigh vs Lineage Sonraí
Is é an bealach is fearr chun tuiscint a fháil ar choincheap na línte sonraí smaoineamh ar chrann teaghlaigh. Ciallaíonn crann teaghlaigh a bheith agat go bhfuil eolas agat ar chaidrimh teaghlaigh. Ní mór duit a fhios a bheith agat cá as a dtagann tú agus cé iad do shinsir i ndáiríre. Is féidir le glíné teaghlaigh duine a bheith ina fhoinse faisnéise luachmhar duit. Conas? Ní amháin go soláthraíonn sé níos mó eolais duit faoi do bhunús, cuireann sé le ginealaíocht, cabhraíonn sé leat rátaí báis agus breithe sa teaghlach a fháil amach agus is féidir é a bheith úsáideach freisin chun do stair leighis a aithint. Cé gur buntáiste dara leibhéal é an ceann deireanach de bheith ar an eolas faoi do shliocht teaghlaigh, is féidir go mbeadh buntáistí ollmhóra ann.
Lineage Sonraí & Dúshláin Debugging
Ós rud é go gcuireann líníocht sonraí an rianú ó bhunús go foinse ar fáil, cabhraíonn sé agus cuireann sé ar chumas anailíse sonraí agus foireann ghnó cuid shonrach den sreabhadh sonraí a athsheinm chun deabáil céimeanna a dhéanamh agus toradh caillte a athchruthú. Baineann córais bunachar sonraí traidisiúnta agus uirlisí ETL stórála sonraí úsáid as faisnéis den sórt sin ag baint úsáide as coincheap ar a dtugtar "Túsú Sonraí" chun próiseas bailí / deibhiú den chineál céanna a chur leis mar chuid de phróiseas ETL. Is cineál simplí de cén fáth a dtagann an líníocht.
An bhfuil Lineage Sonraí Iompraite & Conas a Chabhraíonn Ionadaíocht Amhairc?
Is tasc deacair foinsí sonraí a rianú. Cruthaítear fiontair mhóra le hiarratais agus le córas mór agus beag agus ina dteangmháil le teicneolaíocht, lean siad ar aghaidh go tapa chun foinsí sonraí nua a fháil. Tá na foinsí sonraí éagsúlachta agus éagsúlachta idirghníomhaithe lena chéile agus tá na córais ceangailte le chéile anois. Is é an fhadhb ná go bhfuil sé deacair an labyrinth sonraí casta a thuiscint agus sreabhadh amhairc shimplí a fháil. Is é seo an áit a gcaithfear líníocht sonraí a rianú agus is féidir ról ríthábhachtach a imirt i ngníomhaíocht ghnó.
Cad é an sonraí a thugann linne isteach sa tábla?
Is é an chéad réimse ina bhfuil tionchar ag líníocht sonraí ná go bhfuil an gnó féin ann. Mar shampla, déanann an fhoireann pleanála agus réamhaisnéisithe cur san áireamh ar an déimeagrafaíocht agus iompar an chustaiméara chun réamhaisnéisí díolacháin a shocrú agus déanann an barrbhainistíocht cinntí freisin bunaithe ar staitisticí fáis agus feidhmíochta gnó. Mura bhfuil aon sonraí ann, ní bhíonn aon bhaint ag na feidhmeanna seo. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ciallmhar do ghnó tuiscint shoiléir a bheith aige ar an áit a bhfuil na sonraí ag teacht uaidh, ar a bhfuil siad á n-úsáid agus ar an gcaoi a ndéantar iad a athrú.
Tá líneáil sonraí tábhachtach freisin toisc gur féidir le foinsí sonracha sonraí impleachtaí suntasacha a bheith acu. Mar shampla, nuair a bhíonn foirne TF ag tosú ar phróiseas nua forbartha bogearraí, beidh orthu na ceanglais a thuiscint. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh siad a bheith ar an eolas faoi na foinsí sonraí a mbeidh rochtain acu orthu. Is féidir le foinsí sonraí a aimsiú a bheith an-deacair gan líníocht sonraí. Dá bhrí sin, is minic a úsáideann a lán gnólachtaí uirlis líníochta sonraí chun sonraí a bhaint. Mura ndéanann siad amhlaidh, ní mór dóibh sonraí nua a chruthú, rud nach gá ach am breise a chur leis ach a fhágann go bhfuil caiteachas breise ann freisin.
I gcás go leor fiontair agus eagraíochtaí móra athraíonn sé ar bhonn bliantúil. Is é an bealach amháin ar féidir leis athrú a dhéanamh ná go bhfuil tú ag tosú ag carnadh cineálacha éagsúla sonraí, i bhfoirm sonraí táirge nó sonraí custaiméirí nach mbaintear le chéile roimhe seo nó i bhfoirm sonraí a cheannaigh tú ó fhoinsí eile. Is féidir freisin go bhfuil modhanna le teacht ag do anailísithe sonraí inmheánacha chun léargas nua a bhaint as na sonraí atá agat cheana féin. D'fhéadfadh an nuálaíocht seo a bheith cabhrach don bhainistíocht chun cinntí a dhéanamh nó chun sreabhadh ioncaim nua a ghiniúint.
Mar sin, nuair a fhaigheann gnó léargas ar líneáil sonraí, tá sé in ann fanacht cothrom le dáta leis an timpeallacht sonraí atá ag athrú a bhfuil tionchar mór aige ar a chuid oibríochtaí agus is féidir leis rialachas sonraí a chleachtadh.
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In the year and a half since the flight of the first manned balloon in 1783, an Italian has flown, a Scot has flown, a woman has flown, even a sheep has flown. But no one has flown from one country to another. John Jeffries, an Englishman, and his pilot, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, a Frenchman, want to be the first. On January 7, 1785, they set out to cross the English Channel to France in a balloon. All seemed to be going fine, until Jeffries decides the balloon looks too fat and adjusts the air valve—how hard could it be? Too bad he drops the wrench over the side of the aerial car. With no way to adjust the valve, the balloon begins to sink. Jeffries and Blanchard throw as much as they can overboard—until there is nothing left, not even their clothes. Luckily, they come up with a clever (and surprising) solution that saves the day. A VOYAGE IN THE CLOUDS from Matthew Olshan and Sophie Blackall is a journey that will keep kids laughing the whole way.
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en
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Sa bhliain go leith ó eitilt an chéad bhallún daonna i 1783, tá Iodáilis ar eitilt, tá Scot ar eitilt, tá bean ar eitilt, tá fionnachtain ar eitilt fiú. Ach ní raibh aon duine ag eitilt ó thír amháin go tír eile. John Jeffries, Sasanach, agus a phíolóta, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, Fraincis, ag iarraidh a bheith ar an gcéad. Ar 7 Eanáir 1785, chuir siad ar bun dul trasna na Mhanaille go dtí an Fhrainc i balún. Bhí an chuma ar fad go raibh ag dul go maith, go dtí go gcinnfidh Jeffries an balún Breathnaíonn ró-tall agus a choigeartú an comhla aer cé chomh deacair is féidir é a bheith? Is mór an trua go gcaitheann sé an eochair ar thaobh an charr aer. Gan aon bhealach chun an comhla a choigeartú, tosaíonn an balún ag dul i mbun. Jeffries agus Blanchard a chaitheamh mar is féidir leo thar bord go dtí go bhfuil rud ar bith ar shiúl, ní fiú a gcuid éadaí. Ar an dea-shásamh, tagann siad le réiteach cliste (agus iontas) a shábhálann an lá. 'A VOYAGE IN THE CLOUDS' ó Matthew Olshan agus Sophie Blackall is turas é a fhágfaidh go mbeidh leanaí ag gáire an bealach ar fad.
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Fossil range: Middle Jurassic–Late Cretaceous, 167–65 Ma
Deinonychus (large) and Buitreraptor (small), at Field Museum of Natural History.
| Scientific classification
Dromaeosauridae is a family of extinct bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were small to medium-sized, feathered carnivores that flourished during the Cretaceous Period. In informal usage they are often called "raptors" (after Velociraptor), a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park. The name Dromaeosauridae means 'running lizards', from Greek dromeus (δρομευς) meaning 'runner' and sauros (σαυρος) meaning 'lizard'.
Dromaeosaurid fossils have been found in North America, Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, Mongolia, Madagascar, Argentina, and Antarctica. They first appeared in the mid-Jurassic Period (Bathonian stage, 167 million years ago) and survived until the end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage, 65.5 ma), existing for over 100 million years, up until the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The presence of dromaeosaurs as early as the Middle Jurassic has been confirmed by the discovery of isolated fossil teeth, though no dromaeosaurid body fossils have been found from this epoch.
The distinctive dromaeosaurid bauplan helped to rekindle theories that dinosaurs may have been active, fast, and closely related to birds. Robert Bakker’s illustration for John Ostrom’s 1969 monograph, showing the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus in a fast run, is among the most influential paleontological reconstructions in history. The dromaeosaurid body plan includes a relatively large skull, serrated teeth, narrow snout, and forward-facing eyes which indicate some degree of binocular vision. Dromaeosaurids, like most other theropods, had a moderately long S-curved neck, and their trunk was relatively short and deep. Like other maniraptorans, they had long arms that could be folded against the body in some species, and relatively large hands with three long fingers (the middle finger being the longest and the first finger being the shortest) ending in large claws. The dromaeosaurid hip structure featured a characteristically large pubic boot projecting beneath the base of the tail. Dromaeosaurid feet bore a large, recurved claw on the second toe. Their tails were slender, with long, low, vertebrae lacking transverse process and neural spines after the 14th caudal vertebra.
It is now known that at least some, and probably all, dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers, including large, vaned, wing and tail feathers. This development, first hypothesized in the mid-late 1980s and confirmed by fossil discoveries in 1999, represents a significant change in the way dromaeosaurids have historically been depicted in art and film (see “Feathers” below).
Dromaeosaurs are diagnosed by the following features; short T-shaped frontals that form the rostral boundary of the supratemporal fenestra; a caudolateral overhanging shelf of the squamosal; a lateral process of the quadrate that contacts the quadratojugal; raised, stalked, parapophyses on the dorsal vertebrae, a modified pedal digit II; chevrons and prezygapophyses of the caudal vertebrae elongate and spanning several vertebrae; the presence of a subglenoid fossa on the coracoid.
The dromaeosaurid footEdit
Like other theropods, dromaeosaurids were bipedal; that is, they walked on their hind legs. However, whereas other theropods walked with three toes contacting the ground, fossilized footprint tracks show that dromaeosaurids apparently held the second toe off the ground in a hyperextended position, with only the third and fourth toes bearing the weight of the animal. This is called functional didactyly. The "retracted" second toe bore an unusually large, curved sickle-shaped claw, which is thought to have been used in killing prey (see "Predatory behavior" below).
The dromaeosaurid tailEdit
Dromaeosaurids had long tails. Most of the tail vertebrae bear bony, rod-like extensions, as well as bony tendons in some species. In his study of Deinonychus, Ostrom proposed that these features stiffened the tail so that it could only flex at the base, and the whole tail would then move as a single, rigid, lever. However, one well – preserved specimen of Velociraptor mongoliensis (IGM 100/986) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved laterally in a long S – shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could bend from side to side with a substantial degree of flexibility. It has been proposed that this tail was used as a stabilizer and/or counterweight while running or in the air; in Microraptor and a possible specimen of Sinornithosaurus (specimen NGMC 91, nicknamed "Dave"), elongate diamond-shaped fans of feathers are preserved on the end of the tail. In Microraptor, this may have been used as an aerodynamic stabilizer and rudder during gliding and/or powered flight (see "Flight and gliding" below).
The most primitive dromaeosaurid ever described, Mahakala, is also among the smallest, at just 70 cm long. This evidence, combined with the small size of other primitive relatives indicates that the common ancestor of dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and birds – which is called the ancestral paravian (‘’Paraves’’) – may have been very small, at around 65 cm in length and 600 to 700 grams of mass.
Relationship with birdsEdit
Dromaeosaurids share many features with early birds (clade Avialae or Aves). The precise nature of their relationship to birds has undergone a great deal of study, and hypotheses about that relationship have changed as large amounts of new evidence became available. As late as 2001, Mark Norell and colleagues analyzed a large survey of coelurosaur fossils and produced the tentative result that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to birds, with troodontids as a more distant outgroup. they even suggested that Dromaeosauridae could be paraphyletic relative to Avialae. In 2002, Hwang and colleagues utilized the work of Norell et al., including new characters and better fossil evidence, to determine that birds (avialans) were better thought of as cousins to the dromaeosaurids and troodontids. The current consensus among paleontologists agrees with the findings of Hwang et al. (2002); that dromaeosaurids are most closely related to the troodontids, and together with the troodontids form the clade Deinonychosauria. Deinonychosaurians in turn are the sister taxon to avialans, and therefore the closest relatives of avialan birds. A consensus of paleontologists has concluded that there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether any dromaeosaurs could fly or glide, or whether they evolved from ancestors that could.
Alternative theories and flightlessnessEdit
Dromaeosaurids are so birdlike that they have led some researchers to argue that they would be better classified as birds. First, since they had feathers, dromaeosaurs (along with many other coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs) are “birds” under traditional definitions of the word “bird”, or “Aves”, that are based on the possession of feathers. However, other scientists, such as Lawrence Witmer, have argued that calling a theropod like Caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning. (See the article Avialae for a discussion about the definitions of the clades Aves and Avialae.)
At least two schools of researchers have proposed that dromaeosaurs may actually be descended from flying ancestors. Hypotheses involving a flying ancestor for dromaeosaurs are sometimes called "Birds Came First" (BCF). George Olshevsky is usually credited as the first author of BCF. In his own work, Gregory S. Paul pointed out numerous features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton that he interpreted as evidence that the entire group had evolved from flying, dinosaurian, ancestors, perhaps something like Archaeopteryx. In that case, the larger dromaeosaurids were secondarily flightless, like the modern ostrich. In 1988, Paul suggested that dromaeosaurids may actually be more closely related to modern birds than to Archaeopteryx. By 2002, however, Paul placed dromaeosaurs and Archaeopteryx as the closest relatives to one another.
In 2002, Hwang et al. found that Microraptor was the most primitive dromaeosaur. Xu and colleagues in 2003 cited the basal position of Microraptor, along with feather and wing features, as evidence that the ancestral dromaeosaur could glide. In that case the larger dromaeosaurs would be secondarily terrestrial - having lost the ability to glide later in their evolutionary history.
Also in 2002, Steven Czerkas described Cryptovolans, though it is a probable junior synonym of Microraptor. He reconstructed the fossil inaccurately with only two wings and thus argued that dromaeosaurs were proper birds, rather than possible gliders. He later issued a revised reconstruction in agreement with that of Microraptor
Other researchers, like Larry Martin believe that dromaeosaurs, along with all maniraptorans are not dinosaurs at all. Martin asserted for decades that birds were unrelated to maniraptorans, but in 2004 he changed his position, and now he agrees that the two are the closest of relatives. Martin believes that maniraptorans are secondarily flightless birds, and that birds evolved from non–dinosaurian archosaurs, so that most of the species formerly called theropods would now not even be classified as dinosaurs.
In 2005, Mayr and Peters described the anatomy of a very well preserved specimen of Archaeopteryx, and determined that its anatomy was more like non-avian theropods than previously understood. Specifically, they found that Archaeopteryx had a primitive palatine, unreversed hallux, and hyper-extendable second toe. Their phylogenetic analysis produced the controversial result that Confuciusornis was closer to Microraptor than to Archaeopteryx, making the Avialae a paraphyletic taxon. They also suggested that the ancestral paravian was able to fly or glide, and that the dromaeosaurs and troodontids were secondarily flightless (or had lost the ability to glide). Corfe and Butler criticized this work on methodological grounds.
A challenge to all of these alternative scenarios came when Turner and colleagues in 2007 described a new dromaeosaurid, Mahakala, which they found to be the most basal and most primitive member of the Dromaeosauridae, more primitive than Microraptor. Mahakala had short arms and no ability to glide. Turner et al. also inferred that flight evolved only in the Avialae, and these two points suggested that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly. Based on this cladistic analysis, Mahakala suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids is non-volant.
The authorship of the family Dromaeosauridae is credited to W.D. Matthew and Barnum Brown, who erected it as a subfamily (Dromaeosaurinae) of the now-defunct family Deinodontidae in 1922, containing only the new genus Dromaeosaurus. Dromaeosauridae, along with Troodontidae, make up the infraorder Deinonychosauria.
The subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis, but typically consist of the following groups. A number of dromaeosaurids have not been assigned to any particular subfamily, often because they are too poorly preserved to be placed confidently in phylogenetic analysis (see section Phylogeny below), or because they are basal relative to the primary subdivisions of Dromaeosauridae (Mahakala, for example, is the most primitive known dromaeosaurid and falls outside any named sub-group). The most basal subfamily of dromaeosaurids is often found to be the Unenlagiinae. This enigmatic group is the most poorly-supported subfamily of dromaeosaurs and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of Dromaeosauridae. The larger, ground-dwelling members like Buitreraptor and Unenlagia show strong flight adaptations, although they were probably too large to 'take off'. One member of this group, Rahonavis, is very small, with well-developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs (the attachment points for flight feathers) and it is very likely that it could fly. The next most primitive clade of dromaeosaurs is the Microraptoria. This group includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurs, which show adaptations for living in trees. All known dromaeosaur skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well-developed wings. Like the unenlagiines, some species may have been capable of active flight. The subfamily Velociraptorinae has traditionally included Velociraptor, Deinonychus, and Saurornitholestes, and while the discovery of Tsaagan lent support to the this grouping, the inclusion of Saurornitholestes is still uncertain. The Dromaeosaurinae is usually found to consist of medium to giant-sized species, with generally box-shaped skulls (the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts).
The following classification of the various genera of dromaeosaurids is based on studies by Sereno (2005), Senter (2004), Makovicky et al. (2005), Norell et al. (2006), and Turner et al. (2007).
- Family Dromaeosauridae
- Subfamily Dromaeosaurinae
- Subfamily Microraptorinae
- Subfamily Saurornitholestinae
- Subfamily Unenlagiinae
- Subfamily Velociraptorinae
Dromaeosauridae was first defined as a clade by Paul Sereno in 1998, as the most inclusive natural group containing Dromaeosaurus but not Troodon, Ornithomimus or Passer. The various "subfamilies" have also been re-defined as clades, usually defined as all species closer to the groups namesake than to Dromaeosaurus or any namesakes of other sub-clades (for example, Makovicky defined the clade Unenlagiinae as all dromaeosaurids closer to Unenlagia than to Velociraptor). The Microraptoria is the only dromaeosaurid sub-clade not converted from a subfamily. Senter and colleagues expressly coined the name without the subfamily suffix -inae to avoid perceived issues with erecting a traditional family-group taxon, should the group be found to lie outside dromaeosauridae proper. Sereno offered a revised definition of the sub-group containing Microraptor to ensure that it would fall within Dromaeosauridae, and erected the subfamily Microraptorinae, attributing it to Senter et al., though this usage has only appeared on his online TaxonSearch database and has not been formally published.
There is currently disagreement about the function of the enlarged "sickle claw" on the second toe. When John Ostrom described it for Deinonychus in 1969, he interpreted the claw as a blade-like slashing weapon, much like the canines of some saber-toothed cats, used with powerful kicks to cut into prey. Adams (1987) suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs. The interpretation of the sickle claw as a killing weapon applied to all dromaeosaurids. However, Manning et al. argued that the claw instead served as a hook, reconstructing the keratinous sheath with an elliptical cross section, instead of the previously inferred inverted teardrop shape. In Manning's interpretation, the second toe claw would be used as a climbing aid when subduing bigger prey and also as stabbing weapon.
Ostrom compared Deinonychus to the ostrich and cassowary. He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe. The cassowary has claws up to 125 millimetres (4.9 in) long. Ostrom cited Gilliard (1958) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man. Kofron (1999 and 2003) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed, but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals. Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves, to attack threatening animals, and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display. The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw, and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing.
Pack hunting and trackwayEdit
Deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore Tenontosaurus, a larger ornithischian dinosaur. This had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurs hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals. However, not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive, and a subsequent study published in 2007 by Roach and Brinkman suggests that the Deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior. Modern diapsids, including birds and crocodiles (the closest relatives of dromaeosaurs), display minimal cooperative hunting; instead, they are usually either solitary hunters, or are drawn to previously-killed carcasses, where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species. For example, in situations where groups of komodo dragons are eating together, the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller komodo dragons that attempt to feed; if the smaller animal dies, it is usually cannibalized. When this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack-hunting behavior in dromaeosaurs, it appears somewhat consistent with a komodo- or crocodile-like feeding strategy.Deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults, with missing parts that may have been eaten by other Deinonychus, which a study by Roach et al. presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt.
In 2007, scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaur trackway, in Shandong, China. In addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle-claw was held retracted off the ground, the trackway (made by a large, Achillobator-sized species) showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline. The individuals were spaced about one meter apart, and retained the same direction of travel, walking at a fairly slow pace. The authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurs lived in groups. While the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior, the idea that groups of dromaeosaurs may have hunted together could not be ruled out.
There is a large body of evidence showing that dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers. Some dromaeosaurid fossils preserve long, pennaceous feathers on the hands and arms (remiges) and tail (rectrices), as well as shorter, down-like feathers covering the body. Other fossils, which do not preserve actual impressions of feathers, still preserve the associated bumps on the forearm bones where long wing feathers would have attached in life. Overall, this feather pattern looks very much like Archaeopteryx.
The first known dromaeosaur with definitive evidence of feathers was Sinornithosaurus, reported from China by Xu et al. in 1999. Many other dromaeosaurid fossils have been found with feathers covering their bodies, some with fully-developed feathered wings. Several even show evidence of a second pair of wings on the hind legs, including Microraptor and Cryptovolans. While direct feather impressions are only possible in fine-grained sediments, some fossils found in coarser rocks show evidence of feathers by the presence of quill knobs, the attachment points for wing feathers possessed by some birds. The dromaeosaurids Rahonavis and Velociraptor have both been found with quill knobs, showing that these forms had feathers despite no impressions having been found. In light of this, it is most likely that even the larger ground-dwelling dromaeosaurids bore feathers, since even flightless birds today retain most of their plumage, and relatively large dromaeosaurids, like Velociraptor, are known to have retained pennaceous feathers. Though some scientists had suggested that the larger dromaeosaurids lost some or all of their insulatory covering, the discovery of feathers in Velociraptor specimens has been cited as evidence that all members of the family retained feathers.
Flying and glidingEdit
The ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least two dromaeosaurid species. The first, Rahonavis ostromi (originally classified as avian bird, but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies) may have been capable of powered flight, as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers. The forelimbs of Rahonavis were more powerfully built than Archaeopteryx, and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight. Luis Chiappe concluded that, given these adaptations, Rahonavis could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds.
Another species of dromaeosaurid, Microraptor gui, may have been capable of gliding using its well-developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs. A 2005 study by Sankar Chatterjee suggested that the wings of Microraptor functioned like a split-level "biplane", and that it likely employed a phugoid style of gliding, in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a 'U' shaped curve, then lift again to land on another tree, with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed. Chatterjee also found that Microraptor had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding.
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- Dromaeosauridae at DinoData.
- The Dromaeosauridae: The Raptors!, from the University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.
- Dromaeosauridae, by Justin Tweet from Thescelosaurus.
- Dinosaurs - Complete and free online edition of the book "Dinosaurs" as written by W. D. Matthew (cited in this article with authorship of the family Dromaeosauridae), and former Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York; Originally published in 1915
- Dromaeosauridae, Dinosaur-world reference with in-depth description and pictures of many dromaeosauridae dinosaurs
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Raon na bhfóisíní: Meán-Jurassic Cretaceous Deireadh, 167 65 Ma
Deinonychus (mhór) agus Buitreraptor (bheag), ag Field Museum of Natural History.
Aicmiú Eolaíoch
Is teaghlach de dhinoisúir theropod cosúil le héin atá imithe in éag é Dromaeosauridae . Bhí siad beag go meánmhéide, feathered carnivores a throsnaigh le linn na tréimhse Cretaceous. I úsáid neamhfhoirmiúil is minic a thugtar "raptors" orthu (tar éis Velociraptor), téarma a rinne an scannán Jurassic Park a shainmhíniú. Ciallaíonn an t-ainm Dromaeosauridae 'saighdiúirí rith', ó dromeus na Gréige (δρομευς) a chiallaíonn 'reabhlóir' agus sauros (σαυρος) a chiallaíonn 'saighdiúirí'.
Fuarthas iontaise dromaeosauride i Meiriceá Thuaidh, san Eoraip, i dTuaisceart na hAfraice, sa tSeapáin, sa tSín, sa Mhongóil, i Maidagascar, san Airgintín, agus san Antártaic. Bhí siad le feiceáil den chéad uair i lár na tréimhse Jurassic (chéim Bathónach, 167 milliún bliain ó shin) agus mhair siad go dtí deireadh an Cretaceous (chéim Maastricht, 65.5 mya), a bhí ann ar feadh níos mó ná 100 milliún bliain, suas go dtí an ócáid extinction Cretaceous-Paleogene. Deimhníodh go raibh dromaeosaurs ann chomh luath leis an Meán-Jurassic trí dhiagnóis fiacla iontaise scoite, cé nach bhfuarthas aon fhóisí comhlacht dromaeosaurid ón tréimhse seo.
Chabhraigh an bauplan dromaeosaurid sainiúil le teoiricí a athbheochan go bhféadfadh dinosaurs a bheith gníomhach, tapa, agus a bhí dlúthbhainte le héin. Tá léargas Robert Bakker do mhonagraf John Ostrom i 1969, ag taispeáint an Deinonychus dromaeosaurid i rith tapa, i measc na n-athchóirithe pailintolaíochta is mó tionchair sa stair. Áirítear ar phlean an chomhlachta dromaeosaurid cranium réasúnta mór, fiacla serrated, snout caol, agus súile a bhíonn os comhair na tosaigh a léiríonn méid áirithe de radharc déagúil. Bhí muineál measartha fada S-chruthaithe ag Dromaeosaurids, cosúil le formhór na dtearopóidí eile, agus bhí a gcorp sách gearr agus domhain. Cosúil le maniraptorans eile, bhí lámha fada acu a d'fhéadfaí a phlé leis an gcorp i roinnt speiceas, agus lámha réasúnta móra le trí mhéar fada (an mhéar lár is faide agus an chéad mhéar is giorra) ag críochnú i gcláir mhóra. Bhí bunús mór pubic tréithúil ag struchtúr cnámh dromaeosaurid a bhí ag titim faoi bhun an eireaball. Bhí greim mhór, athchóirithe ar chosanna dromaeosauride ar an dara tobar. Bhí a n-eireaball caol, le vertebrae fada, íseal, gan próiseas tras tras trasnach agus spine néaróg tar éis an 14ú vertebra caudal.
Tá a fhios anois go raibh plúir clúdaithe ar chuid de na dromaeosaurids, agus is dócha go léir, lena n-áirítear plúir móra, fál, sciath agus eireaball. Léirítear an forbairt seo, a bhí tuartha den chéad uair i lár na 1980idí agus a deimhníodh le fionnachtana iontaise i 1999, mar athrú suntasach ar an mbealach a léiríodh dromaeosaurids go stairiúil san ealaín agus sa scannán (féach Feathers thíos).
Déantar Dromaeosaurs a dhiagnóisiú leis na gnéithe seo a leanas; frontals gearr T-chruthach a chruthaíonn teorainn rostral an fenestra supratemporal; seilf caudolateral os cionn an squamosal; próiseas taobh den cheathrú a théann i dteagmháil leis an ceathrú-cheathrú; ardaithe, stalked, parapophyses ar na vertebrae dorsalacha, digit peadail mhodhnaithe II; chevrons agus prezygapophyses na vertebrae caudal elongate agus ag sroichint roinnt vertebrae; láithreacht fossa subglenoid ar an coracoid.
An chos dromaeosauridEdit
Cosúil le theropods eile, bhí dromaeosaurids bipedal; is é sin, shiúil siad ar a gcosa chúl. Mar sin féin, cé go raibh theropods eile ag siúl le trí mhéar ag teagmháil leis an talamh, léiríonn rianta caighdeánaithe na n-ailtí go raibh an dara mhéar ar an talamh i riocht hiperextended, agus ní raibh ach an tríú agus an ceathrú mhéar ag iompar meáchan na hainmhithe. Tugtar didactyly feidhmiúil air seo. Bhí cló neamhghnách mór, cromtha i bhfoirm cló, a mheastar a bheith in úsáid chun díl a mharú (féach "Iompar dílse" thíos).
An dromaeosaurid tailEdit
Bhí eireaball fada ag Dromaeosaurids. Tá síneadh cnámhach, cosúil le slat, ag formhór na bhfithis chlé, chomh maith le tendons cnámhach i roinnt speiceas. Ina staidéar ar Deinonychus, mhol Ostrom go ndearna na gnéithe seo an eireaball a stiffen ionas nach bhféadfaí é a shleamhnú ach ag an mbonn, agus go mbeifeá ag gluaiseacht an eireaball ar fad mar leabhrán amháin, rigid. Mar sin féin, tá cnámhchlaon eireaball articulated ag speiceam amháin de Velociraptor mongoliensis (IGM 100/986) atá coillte go taobh i gcruth S fada. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go bhféadfadh an eireaball, sa saol, dul ó thaobh go taobh le leibhéal suntasach solúbthachta. Tá sé beartaithe go raibh an eireaball seo a úsáidtear mar chobhsaitheoir agus / nó contraweight agus ag rith nó san aer; i Microraptor agus samplaí féideartha de Sinornithosaurus (speiceas NGMC 91, a thugtar "Dave"), lucht leanúna elongated diamond-chruthach de plúirí a chaomhnú ar an deireadh an eireaball. I Microraptor, d'fhéadfaí é seo a úsáid mar chobhsaitheoir aerdainéamaíoch agus mar ruder le linn eitilt gliú agus / nó eitilt chumhacht (féach "Eitilt agus gliú" thíos).
Tá an dromaeosaurid is primitive a thuairiscíodh riamh, Mahakala, ar cheann de na cinn is lú, ag ach 70 cm ar fhad. Léiríonn an fhianaise seo, in éineacht le méid beag na gcairde primitive eile, go bhféadfadh sé go raibh sinsear coiteann na dromaeosaurids, na troodontids, agus na n-éan ar a dtugtar an paravian sinsearach (Paraves) an-bheag, ag thart ar 65 cm ar fhad agus 600 go 700 gram ar mhais.
Caidreamh le héinEdit
Tá go leor gnéithe ag Dromaeosaurids le linnte luath (clade Avialae nó Aves). Tá staidéar mór déanta ar nádúr beacht a gcaidreamh le héin, agus tá hipoteis faoin gcaidreamh sin athraithe de réir mar a tháinig méideanna móra fianaise nua ar fáil. Go déanach i 2001, rinne Mark Norell agus a chomhghleacaithe anailís ar suirbhé mór de fhóisí coelurosaur agus d'éirigh leis an toradh sealadach go raibh na dromaeosaurids bainteach go dlúth le héin, le troodontids mar sheachtrach níos faide. mhol siad fiú go bhféadfadh Dromaeosauridae a bheith paraphyletic i ndáil le Avialae. Sa bhliain 2002, d'úsáid Hwang agus a chomhghleacaithe obair Norell et al., lena n-áirítear carachtair nua agus fianaise iontaise níos fearr, chun a chinneadh go raibh na héin (avialans) níos fearr a mheas mar choismitheoirí do na dromaeosaurids agus troodontids. Aontaíonn an comhthoil reatha i measc na paileantólaithe le torthaí Hwang et al. (2002); go bhfuil na dromaeosaurids an-dlúthbhainte leis na troodontids, agus le troodontids cruthaíonn siad an clade Deinonychosauria. Is iad na Deinonychosaurs ar a láimh an táicsin deirfiúr do avialans, agus dá bhrí sin is iad na gaolta is gaire d'eascairí avialan. Tháinig comhthoil na paleontologists ar an gconclúid nach bhfuil fianaise go leor ann fós chun a chinneadh an bhféadfadh aon dromaeosaurs eitilt nó gliú, nó an raibh siad ag teacht chun cinn ó shinsir a d'fhéadfadh.
Teoiric mhalartacha agus neamh-eitilt
Tá na dromaeosaurids chomh cosúil le héin go bhfuil roinnt taighdeoirí ag argóint gur fearr iad a aicmiú mar éin. Ar dtús, ós rud é go raibh plúir acu, is é an dromaeosaur (i dteannta le go leor dinosaur theropod coelurosaurian eile) einmneacha faoi shainmhínithe traidisiúnta an fhocail einmneacha, nó einmneacha, atá bunaithe ar shealbhú plúir. Mar sin féin, tá eolaithe eile, amhail Lawrence Witmer, ag argóint go bhféadfadh an focal a bheith níos faide ná aon chiall úsáideach ag glaoch ar théaróipod cosúil le Caudipteryx mar éan toisc go bhfuil plúirí aige. (Féach an t-alt Avialae le haghaidh plé ar shainmhínithe na gcláid Aves agus Avialae.)
Tá dhá scoil taighde ar a laghad tar éis a mholadh go bhféadfadh dromaeosaurs a bheith ina sliocht i ndáiríre d'fhás sinsear. Uaireanta tugtar "Céad a Tharla ar dtús" (BCF) ar fhéidearthachtaí a bhaineann le sinsear eitilte do dromaeosaurs. De ghnáth, tugtar creidiúint do George Olshevsky mar an chéad údar ar BCF. Ina chuid oibre féin, thug Gregory S. Paul le fios go leor gnéithe den chnámh dromaeosaurid a léirigh sé mar fhianaise go raibh an grúpa iomlán tagtha chun cinn ó sinsear eitilte, dineasúracha, sinsear, b'fhéidir rud éigin cosúil le Archaeopteryx. Sa chás sin, bhí na dromaeosaurids níos mó ina dara ceann gan eitilt, cosúil leis an strutríce nua-aimseartha. I 1988, mhol Paul go bhféadfadh dromaeosaurids a bheith níos dlúithe i ndáiríre le héin nua-aimseartha ná le Archaeopteryx. Faoi 2002, áfach, chuir Paul dromaeosaurs agus Archaeopteryx mar na gaolmhara is gaire lena chéile.
Sa bhliain 2002, Hwang et al. Fuair sé go raibh Microraptor an dromaeosaur is primitive. D'iarr Xu agus a chomhghleacaithe i 2003 seasamh bunúsach Microraptor, mar aon le gnéithe plum agus sciatháin, mar fhianaise go bhféadfadh an dromaeosaur sinsearach gliú. Sa chás sin bheadh na dromaeosaurs níos mó ina dtír-thír sa dara háit - tar éis dóibh an cumas gluaiseachta a chailleadh níos déanaí ina stair éabhlóideach.
Chomh maith leis sin i 2002, thuairiscigh Steven Czerkas Cryptovolans, cé gur comhchiall íseal dóchasach é de Microraptor. D'athchóiriú sé an fósil go míchruinn le dhá sciathán amháin agus dá bhrí sin mhaígh sé gur éin cheart iad dromaeosaurs, seachas gluaiseoirí féideartha. D'eisigh sé athchóiriú athbhreithnithe ina dhiaidh sin i gcomhaontú le Microraptor
Creideann taighdeoirí eile, cosúil le Larry Martin nach dinosaurs iad dromaeosaurs, mar aon le gach maniraptorans ar chor ar bith. Dúirt Martin le blianta fada nach raibh baint ag éin le maniraptorans, ach i 2004 d'athraigh sé a sheasamh, agus anois aontaíonn sé go bhfuil an dá cheann is gaire d'chairde. Creideann Martin gur éanlaith neamh-eitilte iad na maniraptorans, agus gur tháinig éanlaith ó archosaurs neamh-dinosaurian, ionas nach rachadh an chuid is mó de na speicis a bhí ar a dtugtar theropods roimhe seo a aicmiú mar dinosaurs.
Sa bhliain 2005, mhínigh Mayr agus Peters anatamaíocht speiceam an-mhaith coimeádta de Archaeopteryx, agus chinn siad go raibh a anatamaíocht níos mó cosúil le theropods neamh-eivíola ná mar a thuigtear roimhe seo. Go sonrach, fuair siad go raibh palate primitive ag Archaeopteryx, hallux neamh-athraithe, agus an dara déanach láimhe atá i bhfad níos mó in oiriúint. Mar thoradh ar a n-anailís phylogenetic, tháinig an toradh conspóideach go raibh Confuciusornis níos gaire do Microraptor ná do Archaeopteryx, rud a fhágann go raibh an Avialae ina thacsain paraphyletic. Mhol siad freisin go raibh an paravian sinsearach in ann eitilt nó gliú, agus go raibh na dromaeosaurs agus na troodontids ina dara leibhéal neamh-eitilte (nó go raibh an cumas gliú caillte acu). Rinne Corfe agus Butler cáineadh ar an obair seo ar bhonn modheolaíoch.
Tháinig dúshlán do na cásanna malartacha seo go léir nuair a thuairiscigh Turner agus a chomhghleacaithe i 2007 dromaeosaurid nua, Mahakala, a fuair siad a bheith ar an bhall is bunúsaí agus is primitive de na Dromaeosauridae, níos primitive ná Microraptor. Bhí arm ghearr ag Mahakala agus ní raibh aon chumas aige sleamhnú. Turner et al. chomh maith leis sin gur tháinig eitilt ar aghaidh ach amháin sna Avialae, agus mhol na dhá phointe seo nach bhféadfadh an dromaeosaurid sinsearach gliú nó eitilt. Bunaithe ar an anailís cladistic seo, tugann Mahakala le fios go bhfuil an riocht sinsearach do dromaeosaurids neamh-volant.
Creidtear go bhfuil W.D. Matthew agus Barnum Brown, a d'ardaigh é mar fho-theaghlach (Dromaeosaurinae) den teaghlach Deinodontidae atá imithe ó shin i 1922, nach bhfuil ann ach an ghéineas nua Dromaeosaurus. Is iad Dromaeosauridae, mar aon le Troodontidae, an t-ordú Deinonychosauria.
Is minic a athraíonn fo-fhine Dromaeosauridae a n-ábhar bunaithe ar anailís nua, ach is gnách go bhfuil na grúpaí seo a leanas ann. Ní chuirtear roinnt dromaeosaurids in aon fho-fhine ar leith, go minic toisc go bhfuil siad ró-dhorbtha chun iad a chur go muiníneach i anailís phylogenetic (féach an chuid Phylogeny thíos), nó toisc go bhfuil siad bunleibhéal i gcomparáid le fo-roinn phríomhúla Dromaeosauridae (Mahakala, mar shampla, is é an dromaeosaurid is primitive a bhfuil aithne air agus tagann sé lasmuigh de aon fho-ghrúpa ainmnithe). Is minic a fhaightear gurb iad na Unenlagiinae an fho-teaghlach is bunúsaí de dromaeosaurids. Is é an grúpa enigmatic seo an fho-theaghlach is meanglaí de dromaeosaurs agus is féidir go mbaineann cuid dá chomhaltaí nó iad go léir lasmuigh de Dromaeosauridae. Léiríonn na baill níos mó, talún mar Buitreraptor agus Unenlagia oiriúnaithe eitilte láidre, cé go raibh siad ró-mhór is dócha chun 'tógáil as'. Tá ball amháin den ghrúpa seo, Rahonavis, an-bheag, le sciatháin dea-fhorbartha a léiríonn fianaise ar phúnóg quill (na pointí greamaithe do phéireacha eitilte) agus is dócha go bhféadfadh sé eitilt. Is é an chéad clade eile is primitive de dromaeosaurs na Microraptoria. Áirítear sa ghrúpa seo go leor de na dromaeosaurs is lú, a léiríonn oiriúnaithe chun maireachtáil in crainn. Tagann na léarscáileanna craiceann dromaeosaur go léir a bhfuil aithne orthu ón ngrúpa seo agus léiríonn siad go léir clúdach fairsing plúirí agus sciatháin dea-fhorbartha. Cosúil leis na unenlagiines, d'fhéadfadh go raibh roinnt speiceas in ann eitilt ghníomhach. Tá Velociraptor, Deinonychus, agus Saurornitholestes san áireamh go traidisiúnta sa fho-teaghlach Velociraptorinae, agus cé gur thacaigh fionnachtanas Tsaagan leis an ngrúpa seo, tá sé fós éiginnte go gcuirfí Saurornitholestes san áireamh. Is gnách go bhfaightear go bhfuil speicis mheánmhéide go ollmhór ar an Dromaeosaurinae, le crúbaí de chineál bosca de ghnáth (is gnách go mbíonn snouts níos conaí ag na fo-fhine eile).
Tá an aicmiú seo a leanas de na cineálacha éagsúla dromaeosaurids bunaithe ar staidéir a rinne Sereno (2005), Senter (2004), Makovicky et al. (2005), Norell et al. (2006), agus Turner et al. (2007).
- Dromaeosauridae teaghlaigh
- Fo-theaghlach Dromaeosaurinae
- Microraptorinae fo-theaghlach
- Fo-theaghlach Saurornitholestinae
- Fo-theaghlach Unenlagiinae
- Fo-theaghlach Velociraptorinae
Sainmhínigh Paul Sereno Dromaeosauridae den chéad uair mar chlada i 1998, mar an grúpa nádúrtha is cuimsithí ina raibh Dromaeosaurus ach ní Troodon, Ornithomimus nó Passer. Athshainmhíníodh na "fo-teaghlaigh" éagsúla mar clades, de ghnáth sainmhínítear iad mar na speicis go léir atá níos gaire don ainmnígh grúpaí ná do Dromaeosaurus nó aon ainmnígh de fho-clades eile (mar shampla, shainmhínigh Makovicky an clade Unenlagiinae mar gach dromaeosaurids níos gaire do Unenlagia ná do Velociraptor). Is é Microraptoria an t-aon fho-chlaide dromaeosaurid nach n-aistríodh ó fho-teaghlach. Rinne Senter agus a chomhghleacaithe an t-ainm a chumadh go sainráite gan an fho-fhine -inae chun fadhbanna a mheastar a sheachaint le tacson traidisiúnta teaghlaigh-grúpa a thógáil, má aimsítear go bhfuil an grúpa lasmuigh de dromaeosauridae ceart. D'fhorbair Sereno sainmhíniú athbhreithnithe ar an bhfo-ghrúpa ina raibh Microraptor chun a chinntiú go dtiocfadh sé faoi Dromaeosauridae, agus d'ardaigh sé an fho-teaghlach Microraptorinae, ag cur leis Senter et al., cé nach bhfuil an úsáid seo le feiceáil ach ar a bhunachar sonraí TaxonSearch ar líne agus nár foilsíodh go foirmiúil é.
Tá easaontas faoi láthair maidir le feidhm an "cláir sicle" méadaithe ar an dara tobar. Nuair a thuairiscigh John Ostrom é do Deinonychus i 1969, léirigh sé an cnag mar arm slashing cosúil le scian, cosúil le canines roinnt cait seabhainte, a úsáidtear le ciorcail chumhachtacha chun preas a ghearradh. Mhol Adams (1987) gur úsáideadh an talún chun dinosaur mór-ceratopsian a dhíbirt. Baineann léirmhíniú an cló cló mar arm marfach le gach dromaeosaurids. Mar sin féin, Manning et al. Dúirt an t-eolaí go raibh an cnag mar chois, ag athchóiriú an sheath keratinous le trasghearradh elliptical, in ionad an fhoirm teardrop inverte roimhe seo. De réir léirmhíniú Manning, ba cheart an dara cnag a úsáid mar chúnamh claochlaithe agus é ag cur preas níos mó faoi smacht agus mar arma stailce freisin.
Chuir Ostrom Deinonychus i gcomparáid leis an strut agus leis an cassowary. Thug sé faoi deara gur féidir leis an speiceas éan díobháil thromchúiseach a dhéanamh leis an gclaí mór ar an dara déanach. Tá claí suas le 125 miliméadar (4.9 in) ar fhad ag an casúirí. D'aistrigh Ostrom Gilliard (1958) agus é ag rá gur féidir leo lámh a ghearradh nó fear a dhíbirt. Rinne Kofron (1999 agus 2003) staidéar ar 241 ionsaí cáisóire atá cáipthe agus fuair sé amach go raibh duine amháin agus dhá mhadra maraithe, ach ní raibh aon fhianaise ann gur féidir le cáisóirí ainmhithe eile a dhíbirt nó a dhíbirt. Úsáideann cassowaries a n-clawanna chun iad féin a chosaint, chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar ainmhithe bagairt, agus i taispeántais agonistic mar an Taispeántas bagairt bowed . Tá cló leathnaithe ag an séireama freisin, agus úsáideann sé é chun míreanna beaga díola a scriosadh le haithint.
Caitheamh i bpacáiste agus rianú
Fuarthas iontaise Deinonychus i ngrúpaí beaga in aice le fágtha an Tenontosaurus luibheolaí, dinosaur ornitischian níos mó. Bhí sé seo léirithe mar fhianaise go raibh na dromaeosaurs seo ag fiach i bpacáistí comhordaithe cosúil le roinnt mamaigh nua-aimseartha. Mar sin féin, níor aimsigh gach paileantolaí an fhianaise ina dhúnmharc, agus léiríonn staidéar ina dhiaidh sin a d'fhoilsigh Roach agus Brinkman i 2007 gur féidir leis an Deinonychus iompar mobbing neamh-eagraithe a thaispeáint i ndáiríre. Léiríonn diapsids nua-aimseartha, lena n-áirítear éin agus crocodileanna (an gaol is gaire le dromaeosaurs), sealg cómhaoiriúil íosta; ina ionad sin, is sealgairí aonair iad de ghnáth, nó tarraingthear chuig carcasaigh a maraíodh roimhe seo, áit a dtarlaíonn coinbhleacht go minic idir daoine aonair den speiceas céanna. Mar shampla, i gcásanna ina bhfuil grúpaí de dragons komodo ag ithe le chéile, itheann na daoine is mó ar dtús agus d'fhéadfadh siad ionsaí a dhéanamh ar dragons komodo níos lú a dhéanann iarracht a ithe; má fhaigheann an t-ainmhí níos lú bás, de ghnáth déantar é a cannibalize. Nuair a chuirtear an fhaisnéis seo i bhfeidhm ar na suíomhanna ina bhfuil iompar ceaptha cainte paicte i dromaeosaurs, is cosúil go bhfuil sé comhsheasmhach le straitéis itheanna cosúil le komodo nó crocodile. Is as fo-dhlúthóirí atá iarsmaí cnámh Deinonychus a fuarthas sna suíomhanna seo, agus tá codanna atá ar iarraidh a d'fhéadfadh Deinonychus eile a ithe, rud a rinne staidéar ag Roach et al. a chuirtear i láthair mar fhianaise i gcoinne an smaoineamh go raibh na hainmhithe ag comhoibriú sa tóir.
Sa bhliain 2007, thuairiscigh eolaithe an chéad bhealach dromaeosaur fairsing a bhí ar eolas, i Shandong, an tSín. Chomh maith le fíoraíocht a thabhairt don hipitéis go raibh an cló-cló á choinneáil ar ais ón talamh, léirigh an rian (a rinne speiceas mór, Achillobator-mhéid) fianaise ar shé duine aonair de mhéid thart ar an gcéanna ag bogadh le chéile ar chósta. Bhí na daoine aonair ar fad thart ar méadar óna chéile, agus choinnigh siad an treo céanna taistil, ag siúl ag luas sách mall. D'aistriúigh údar na páipéir a thuairiscigh na cosa seo na rianta mar fhianaise go raibh roinnt speiceas dromaeosaurs ina gcónaí i ngrúpaí. Cé nach léiríonn na rianta go soiléir iompar fiach, ní féidir an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh grúpaí dromaeosaurs a bheith ag fiach le chéile a chur as an áireamh.
Tá comhlacht mór fianaise ann a léiríonn go raibh dromaeosaurids clúdaithe i plúirí. Coinníonn roinnt fóisíní dromaeosaurid plúirí fada, pennaceous ar na lámha agus na lámha (remiges) agus ar an eireaball (rectrices), chomh maith le plúirí níos giorra, cosúil le plúirí a chlúdaíonn an corp. Fóslaí eile, nach bhfuil léargas iarbhír na mbéal á gcur i gcóir, fós a chaomhnú na bumps a bhaineann ar na cnámha forearm áit a mbeadh plátaí sciathán fada ceangailte sa saol. Ar an iomlán, tá an patrún plumha seo an-chosúil le Archaeopteryx.
Ba é Sinornithosaurus an chéad dromaeosaur ar a dtugtar le fianaise cinntitheach ar plúdaí, a thuairiscigh Xu et al ón tSín. i 1999. Fuarthas go leor iontaise dromaeosauride eile le plúirí a chlúdaíonn a gcorp, cuid acu le sciatháin plúrtha a bhí forbartha go hiomlán. Léiríonn roinnt fiú fianaise ar dara péire sciatháin ar na cosa cúl, lena n-áirítear Microraptor agus Cryptovolans. Cé nach féidir léarscáileanna plumaí a dhéanamh go díreach ach i sedimintí grinn-fhiú, léiríonn roinnt fóisíní a fuarthas i carraigeacha níos garbh fianaise plumaí trí bhrúcaí plumaí a bheith i láthair, na pointí ceangail do plumaí sciatháin a bhfuil roinnt éin acu. Fuarthas na dromaeosaurids Rahonavis agus Velociraptor le cnaipe pláta, ag taispeáint go raibh plúir ag na foirmeacha seo in ainneoin nach bhfuarthas aon imprisean. I bhfianaise seo, is dóichí go raibh plúirí fiú ar na dromaeosaurids níos mó a bhí ina gcónaí ar an talamh, ós rud é go bhfuil an chuid is mó dá plumaí fós ag na héin nach féidir leo eitilt inniu, agus tá a fhios go raibh plúirí pennaceous ag dromaeosaurids réasúnta móra, cosúil le Velociraptor. Cé gur mhol roinnt eolaithe go raibh cuid dá chlúdach inslitheach caillte ag na dromaeosaurids níos mó nó go léir, luaitear fionnachtana na ndúnra i speiceas Velociraptor mar fhianaise go raibh na mairteanna coimeádta ag gach ball den teaghlach.
Ag eitilt agus ag sleamhnúEdit
Tuairiscíodh go raibh an cumas eitilt nó gliú ag dhá speiceas dromaeosaurid ar a laghad. Is féidir go raibh an chéad cheann, Rahonavis ostromi (a aicmitheadh mar éan éan, ach a fuarthas i staidéir níos déanaí gur dromaeosaurid é) in ann eitilt chumhacht, mar a léirítear ag a chuid gaolta fada tosaigh le fianaise ar cheangail phéinteanna péinteanna eitilte fada daingean. Bhí foirgnimh tosaigh Rahonavis níos cumhachtaí ná Archaeopteryx, agus léiríonn siad fianaise go raibh ceangaltáin ligamant láidir acu a bhí riachtanach chun eitilt a phlé. Chinn Luis Chiappe, ag féachaint ar na hoiriúnaithe seo, gur dócha go bhféadfadh Rahonavis eitilt ach go mbeadh sé níos cliste san aer ná éin nua-aimseartha.
D'fhéadfadh go raibh speiceas eile de dromaeosaurid, Microraptor gui, in ann sleamhnú ag baint úsáide as a sciatháin a bhí forbartha go maith ar na foirne tosaigh agus ar na foirne cúlra araon. Léirigh staidéar a rinne Sankar Chatterjee i 2005 go raibh sciathán Microraptor ag feidhmiú mar "bíplán" dhá leibhéal, agus gur dócha go raibh stíl sleamhnáin phugoid aige, ina dtosódh sé ó phéarch agus ina rabhfadh sé síos i gcúlú 'U', ansin é a ardú arís chun talamh a fháil ar chrann eile, agus an eireaball agus na sciatháin chúl ag cabhrú lena seasamh agus a luas a rialú. Fuair Chatterjee freisin go raibh na riachtanais bhunúsacha ag Microraptor chun eitilt tiomána leibhéal a chothú chomh maith le sleamhnú.
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- ^ Prum, R., agus Brush, A.H. (2002). "Tús agus éagsúlacht na plumaí de réir éabhlóide". An Athbhreithniú Ceathrú Bliana ar Bithéolaíocht, 77: 261-295.
- ^ Forster, Catherine A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Chiappe, Luis M. & Krause, David W. (1998a). "Scéal Theropod na n-éan: Fianaise Nua ó Chréatach Déanach Madagascar". Eolaíocht (5358): pp. 19151919. doi:10.1126/science.279.5358.1915. (Astracht HTML).
- ^ Chiappe, L.M. Dinosaurs Glorified: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Sydney: UNSW Press.
- ^ Feduccia, Alan, Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten, Hinchliffe, J. Richard. "An bhfuil dineasáir feathered ann? "Tástáil ar an hipitéis ar fhianaise neontology agus paleontological" "Iarscríbhinn na Morphology" 266:125-166
- Dromaeosauridae ag DinoData.
- The Dromaeosauridae: The Raptors!, ó Mhúsaem Paleontology Ollscoil California Berkeley.
- Dromaeosauridae, ag Justin Tweet ó Thescelosaurus.
- Dinosaurs - Ediíocht iomlán agus saor in aisce ar líne den leabhar "Dinosaurs" mar a scríobh W. D. Matthew (a luaitear san alt seo le húdarú an teaghlaigh Dromaeosauridae), agus iar-Cúirteoir na Palaeontology Vertebrate ag an Músaem Meiriceánach Stair Dúlra i Nua Eabhrac; Foilsíodh ar dtús i 1915
- Dromaeosauridae, Tuairisc ar Domhan na Dinosaur le tuairisc agus grianghraif mhionsonraithe ar go leor dinosaurí dromaeosauridae
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James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
responsibility that was not clearly his, probably prevented him from urging his President to negotiate a peace; but, if the memories of private conversation may be believed, he had lost all hope of success. It was Jefferson Davis who in this matter imposed his will on all his subordinates and it was he more than anybody else who stood in the way of an attempt to secure favorable terms for the South in a reconstruction of the Union.
If Davis, Lee and the Confederate Congress could have made up their minds to sue for peace, the contemporaneous occurrences in Washington reveal the magnanimous spirit in which they would have been met by Abraham Lincoln.
Two days after the Hampton Roads Conference, on Sunday evening, February 5, the President called his Cabinet together to consult them in regard to a message he proposed to send recommending that Congress empower him to pay to the eleven slave States of the Southern Confederacy then in arms against the Union and to the five Union slave States four hundred million dollars as compensation for their slaves provided that all resistance to the national authority should cease on April first next. The Cabinet unanimously disapproved this project and Lincoln with a deep sigh said, You are all opposed to me and I will not send the message. Such a proposal to the Southern Confederacy, tottering to her fall, only sixty-three days before Lees surrender to Grant would have shown magnanimous foresight. Had the Confederate States accepted it, there would have been an immediate fraternal union after the Civil War. Had they rejected it, the President and Congress would have made a noble record. The offer, however, was too wise and too generous to be widely approved of men; Lincoln of all those in authority had reached a moral height where he must dwell alone and impotent. But when reflecting on the
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James Ford Rhodes (1848-1927). Stair na Cogadh Cathartha, 18611865 1917.
Ní raibh sé de cheart ag an Aire, ar a dtugtar an tUachtarán, a bheith ag caint leis an Uachtarán ar an gComhphobal Eorpach, ach, má chreideann tú na cuimhní cinn a bhí agam faoi na cainteanna príobháideacha, ní raibh aon dóchas aige go n-éireoidh leis. Ba é Jefferson Davis a chuir a thoil ar gach duine dá fhoireann sa chás seo agus ba é níos mó ná aon duine eile a sheas ar bhealach iarracht téarmaí fabhracha a chinntiú don Deisceart i atógáil an Aontais.
Dá bhféadfaí Davis, Lee agus an Comhdháil Chónaidhme a dhéanamh suas a n-intinn chun achainí a dhéanamh ar son na síochána, nochtann na himeachtaí comhaimseartha i Washington an spiorad magnanimous a bheadh siad ag bualadh le Abraham Lincoln.
Dhá lá tar éis Chomhdháil Bhóithre Hampton, tráthnóna Dé Domhnaigh, 5 Feabhra, d'iarr an tUachtarán a chuid Caibinéid le chéile chun dul i gcomhairle leo maidir le teachtaireacht a mhol sé a sheoladh ag moladh go gcumhachtódh an Comhdháil dó íoc leis na h-aon Stát sclábhaí déag den Chónaidhm Theas a bhí san arm i gcoinne an Aontais agus leis na cúig Stát sclábhaí an Aontais ceithre chéad milliún dollar mar chúiteamh dá sclábhaithe ar choinníoll go gcuirfí deireadh le gach friotaíocht leis an údarás náisiúnta an chéad Aibreán eile. D'eisigh an tAire ar an tionscadal seo agus dúirt Lincoln le sighs domhain, Tá sibh go léir i gcoinne mé agus ní chuirfidh mé an teachtaireacht. D'fhéadfadh togra den sórt sin a dhéanamh don Chónaidhm Theas, ag titim go dtí a titim, ach trí lá is sia a trí sula raibh Lee ag tabhairt faoi dhámhachtain do Grant, réamhamharc mórmholta a thaispeáint. Dá nglacfadh na Stáit Chónaidhme leis, bheadh aontas frádrach ann láithreach tar éis an Chogaidh Shibhialta. Dá mbeadh siad diúltaithe é, an tUachtarán agus an Comhdháil a bheadh déanta taifead uasal. Bhí an tairiscint, áfach, ró-chiallmhar agus ró-shásta le bheith ceadaithe go forleathan ag fir; bhí Lincoln de na daoine go léir i n-údarás tar éis airde morálta a bhaint amach áit ar chóir dó maireachtáil ina aonar agus impotent. Ach nuair a léiríonn ar an
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Harnessing soil microbes to enhance crop performance
28 March 2019
A recently-isolated soil microbe could be used to modify crops and protect them against fungal diseases, researchers say. Researchers at the Agriculture and Food Development Authority (TEAGASC) have identified a novel bacterium which can modify plant characteristics and provide beneficial traits, such as resistance to diseases.
This is not the first time scientists have used a bacteria to genetically modify plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, sometimes referred to as ‘the world’s plant engineer’, has been genetically transforming plants for millennia, and has been harnessed for many years to generate genetically modified crops around the world. Over 180 million hectares of crops that have been modified using Agrobacterium are grown around the world each year.
There are limitations to using Agrobacterium to modify crops, including patents and technical challenges. In an effort to overcome this, researchers started to hunt for alternative microbes which may have the same effect.
Dr Ewen Mullins, Head of Crop Science at TEAGASC, and colleagues, have found an alternative to Agrobacterium, which may even be able to modify a wider range of crops more effectively. This alternative bacterium, called Ensifer adherens, is collected from the rhizosphere – the diverse microbial community that lives in the soil around plant roots.
E. adherens can be used to change the genetic material of the plant by a process called Ensifer-mediated transformation (EMT) whereby the plant genome is engineered by the bacteria, and characteristics are modified.
Agrobacterium is recognised as a pest by many plants, meaning they unleash a defence response against the bacteria. Conversely, E. adherens is recognised by plants as a friendly symbiotic bacterium and so provokes a reduced response from treated plants. Thus, E. adherens may be more successful in treating elite plant varieties. EMT has already been used to transform a number of important crops, including tobacco, oilseed rape, rice, safflower and cassava.
The team have already demonstrated the potential of EMT to generate potato varieties with late blight resistance. Late blight is well-known for being the cause of the 1845 potato famine, during which over 1 million people starved to death in Ireland. The disease, caused by a fungus-like mould called Phytophthora infestans, still causes major losses in global food production, costing the €7bn EU potato industry over €1bn in chemical usage and yield losses each year.
Using genes isolated and characterised from wild potato species, EMT can generate potato lines resistant to late blight in around 12 months. The time it would take to achieve a similar effect with traditional breeding practices is around 12 years.
The current method for P. infestans control is fungicides, which are expensive. In order to manage the disease, farmers must use multiple applications of chemical fungicides on their crops throughout the growth season, with applications exceeding 10 per year. It is hoped that introducing novel genetic resistance such as this to crops will reduce the need for fungicides in agriculture.
The main function of the rhizosphere is to regulate soil composition around the roots of a plant, making it an important part of the plant ecosystem. The rhizosphere contains a huge number of microbes, mostly bacteria, which aid in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The microbes present in the rhizosphere are influenced by the secretions emitted from the plant root, including proteins, sugars and shedded cells.
Dr Mullins predicts there are many more bacteria in the rhizosphere which may be able to modify plants in the same way as Ensifer and Agrobacterium and may even be able to transform a wider range of crops. Most importantly, crop-specific rhizobia can be identified with the capacity to support crop productivity further against the wide range of challenges currently facing food production systems.
Notes to Editors:
Dr Mullins will present his data at the Microbiology Society Annual Conference at ICC Belfast, in one of Europe’s most accessible, vibrant and flourishing cities. His talk will take place during the session ‘Global food security: the challenges for microbiology’ and is titled Harvesting the rhizosphere with the goal of reducing chemical inputs and supporting sustainable crop management practices. The talk will take place at 11:45 on Monday 8 April in the Studio of the ICC Belfast.
The Microbiology Society’s Annual Conference attracts over 1,400 attendees for the UK’s largest annual gathering of microbiologists. Annual Conference is designed to cover the breadth of microbiology research and its comprehensive scientific programme has over 30 sessions taking place over four days.
In the five years between 2018 and 2022, the Microbiology Society’s principle goal is to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities. The impacts from this will drive us towards a world in which the science of microbiology provides maximum benefit to society. Find out more at microbiologysociety.org
For more information, please contact: [email protected]
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Micribí talún a úsáid chun feidhmíocht na bptí a fheabhsú
28 Márta 2019
D'fhéadfaí micrib talún a leithligh le déanaí a úsáid chun barra a mhodhnú agus iad a chosaint ar ghalair fungais, a deir taighdeoirí. Tá baictéir nua a aithníodh ag taighdeoirí ag an Údarás um Fhorbairt Talmhaíochta agus Bia (TEAGASC) a d'fhéadfadh tréithe plandaí a mhodhnú agus tréithe tairbheacha a sholáthar, mar shampla friotaíocht in aghaidh galair.
Ní hé seo an chéad uair a úsáideann eolaithe baictéir chun plandaí a mhodhnú go géiniteach. Tá Agrobacterium tumefaciens, dá ngairtear "innealtóir plandaí an domhain" uaireanta, ag athrú plandaí go géiniteach le mílte bliain, agus tá sé á shaothrú le blianta fada chun barra a mhodhnaítear go géiniteach a ghiniúint ar fud an domhain. Tá breis agus 180 milliún heicteár de chothracha a mhodhnaíodh ag baint úsáide as Agrobacterium á bhfás ar fud an domhain gach bliain.
Tá teorainneacha ann maidir le Agrobacterium a úsáid chun barra a mhodhnú, lena n-áirítear paitinní agus dúshláin theicniúla. Chun iarracht a dhéanamh é seo a shárú, thosaigh taighdeoirí ag lorg micribí malartacha a d'fhéadfadh an éifeacht chéanna a bheith acu.
Tá Dr Ewen Mullins, Ceann Eolaíochta na n-Fhorthaí ag TEAGASC, agus a chomhghleacaithe, tar éis malartacht a fháil ar Agrobacterium, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann raon níos leithne de chultúir a mhodhnú níos éifeachtaí. Bailítear an baictéar malartach seo, ar a dtugtar Ensifer adherens, ón rhizosphere an pobal microbiúil éagsúil a chónaíonn sa ithir timpeall fréamhacha plandaí.
Is féidir E. adherens a úsáid chun ábhar géiniteach an phlanda a athrú trí phróiseas ar a dtugtar trasfhoirmiú trí mheán Ensifer (EMT) inar ndéanann na baictéir an géinm phlanda a innealtóireacht, agus déantar tréithe a mhodhnú.
Aithníonn go leor plandaí agrobacterium mar phéist, rud a chiallaíonn go scaoileann siad freagra cosanta i gcoinne na baictéir. Is féidir an baictéar a úsáid chun an baictéar a athsholáthar agus a chóireáil. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó rath ar E. adherens i gcóireáil cineálacha plandaí mionlach. Tá EMT in úsáid cheana féin chun roinnt barra tábhachtacha a phróiseáil, lena n-áirítear tobac, raps olach, rís, safflower agus cassava.
Tá sé léirithe ag an bhfoireann cheana féin go bhfuil sé de chumas ag EMT cineálacha prátaí a ghiniúint a bhfuil friotaíocht déanach acu i gcoinne an bhréag. Tá an bristeadh tar éis an lae ar eolas go maith mar gheall ar an ngorta prátaí i 1845, agus i rith na tréimhse sin fuair níos mó ná 1 mhilliún duine bás as ocras in Éirinn. Tá an galar, a bhíonn mar thoradh ar mhúnla cosúil le haingil ar a dtugtar Phytophthora infestans, fós ina chúis le caillteanais mhóra i dtáirgeadh bia domhanda, ag costas €7 billiún do thionscal prátaí an AE os cionn €1 billiún i gcaitheamh ceimiceán agus caillteanais toraidh gach bliain.
Ag baint úsáide as géiní a leithligh agus a cháilíodh ó speicis prátaí fiáine, is féidir le EMT línte prátaí atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne an bhréag tar éis na mblianta a ghiniúint i thart ar 12 mhí. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-am a thógfadh sé chun éifeacht den chineál céanna a bhaint amach le cleachtais chlóisithe traidisiúnta thart ar 12 bliana.
Is iad na fungicides, atá costasach, an modh reatha chun P. infestans a rialú. Chun an galar a bhainistiú, ní mór d'fheirmeoirí go leor iolrúcháin fungicides ceimiceacha a úsáid ar a bpíosaí i rith an tséasúir fhás, agus ní mór níos mó ná 10 iolrúchán a úsáid in aghaidh na bliana. Táthar ag súil go laghdóidh an gá le fungicides san talmhaíocht trí fóntacht ghéiniteach nua a thabhairt isteach ar nós seo i bpraghsanna.
Is é príomhfheidhm an rhizosphere comhdhéanamh ithreach timpeall fréamhacha plandaí a rialáil, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé ina chuid thábhachtach den éiceachóras plandaí. Tá líon mór micreabí sa rhizosphere, baictéir den chuid is mó, a chabhraíonn le dí-chomhlánú agus le timthriall cothaithigh sa ithir. Bíonn tionchar ag na secretions a eisítear ó fhréamh na plandaí, lena n-áirítear próitéiní, siúcraí agus cealla scartha, ar na miocróbanna atá i láthair sa rhizosphere.
Tá an Dr Mullins ag tuar go bhfuil go leor baictéir eile sa rhizosphere a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann plandaí a mhodhnú ar an mbealach céanna le Ensifer agus Agrobacterium agus d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann raon níos leithne de chultúir a athrú fiú. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná gur féidir rhizobia sonrach don chultúr a shainaithint a bhfuil sé de chumas acu tacú le táirgiúlacht na gcultúr i gcoinne an raon leathan dúshláin atá os comhair chórais táirgthe bia faoi láthair.
Nótaí do Eagarthóirí:
Beidh an Dr Mullins ag cur a chuid sonraí i láthair ag Comhdháil Bhliantúil an Chumann Microbiology ag ICC Belfast, i gceann de na cathracha is inrochtana, is beoga agus is rathúla san Eoraip. Beidh a chuid cainte ar siúl le linn na seisiúin "Slándáil bia domhanda: na dúshláin do mhicrobiolaíocht" agus tá an teideal "An rhizosphere a bhaint amach" leis an gcuspóir ionchur ceimiceach a laghdú agus cleachtais inbhuanaithe bainistíochta barra a thacú. Beidh an cainte ar siúl ag 11.45 ar an Luan 8 Aibreán i Stiúideo an ICC i mBéal Feirste.
Tarraingíonn Comhdháil Bhliantúil an Chomhlachta Microbiology níos mó ná 1,400 duine le chéile don chruinniú bliantúil is mó de mhicrobiolaithe sa RA. Tá an Chomhdháil Bhliantúil deartha chun raon leathan taighde microbiolaíochta a chlúdach agus tá níos mó ná 30 seisiún a bheidh ar siúl ar feadh ceithre lá ina chlár eolaíoch cuimsitheach.
Sa chúig bliana idir 2018 agus 2022, is é príomhchuspóir an Chumann Miocrbíolaíochta na líonraí atá ar fáil dár mball a fhorbairt, a leathnú agus a neartú ionas gur féidir leo eolas nua a ghiniúint faoi mhiocróibí agus a chinntiú go roinntear é le pobail eile. Beidh tionchar na n-eachtra seo ag cur orainn i dtreo domhan ina soláthróidh eolaíocht na micreabhiolaíochta an leas is mó don tsochaí. Faigh tuilleadh eolais ag microbiologysociety.org
Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise, déan teagmháil le: [email protected]
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Hobbyists use both basswood and balsa wood, although for widely different types of crafts. Considerable differences also exist in the habitat of the trees and the general physical traits of the wood. Do-it-yourselfers can find both woods in craft outlets. Understanding the differences allows crafters to choose the right materials for their projects.
The basswood is native to North America, while the balsa tree is native to South America. Basswood is also grown as an ornamental landscape tree, while the balsa has a spiny trunk and is of limited use other than for lumber. Both have large trunks formed into straight columns.
Balsa wood is known for its light weight and buoyancy. Basswood is also relatively light, when compared to other woods, but is known for its light and even texture and grain, as well as its lack of taste.
The most common use of balsa wood is in mode-making. The lightweight wood is shaped into wings and other components for model aircraft that are light enough to fly. Crafters also use balsa for other model projects because of its weight and straight grain that can be painted to look like any item. Basswood is used for furniture and woodcarving projects. The texture allows the wood to be formed with carving knives into any shape. Basswood is also used for musical instruments and, because of its lack of taste, for wooden cooking utensils.
Basswood is sometimes called the "bee tree" because of its attraction to the insect. The honey produced from the nectar of the basswood is considered a premium product. Bark is also used for ropes and mats. The seeds of the balsa wood tree are known as kapok, and have been used as filling for life vests in the past.
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Baineann lucht na hoibríochta úsáid as adhmad bass agus adhmad balsa araon, cé go bhfuil cineálacha ceardaíochta an-difriúla ann. Tá difríochtaí suntasacha ann freisin i gnáthóg na gcrann agus i ngnéithe fisiceacha ginearálta an adhmaid. Is féidir le do-it-yourselfers an dá adhmad a fháil i ndíolacháin ceardaíochta. Trí na difríochtaí a thuiscint, cuireann sé ar chumas na n-ealaíontóirí na hábhair cheart a roghnú dá dtionscadail.
Tá an basswood dúchasach i Meiriceá Thuaidh, agus tá an crann balsa dúchasach i Meiriceá Theas. Tá an basswood fás freisin mar chrann tírdhreacha ornáideach, agus tá an balsa a thrian spiny agus tá úsáid teoranta seachas le haghaidh adhmad. Tá stáblaí móra acu araon a chruthaigh colúin dhíreacha.
Tá an t-uainín balsa ar eolas mar gheall ar a meáchan éadrom agus a shoilse. Tá Basswood réasúnta éadrom freisin, i gcomparáid le coillte eile, ach tá cáil air as a éadrom agus fiú a uigeacht agus a ghráin, chomh maith lena easpa blas.
Is é an úsáid is coitianta a bhaineann le adhmad balsa ná i ndéanamh faisean. Déantar na sciatháin agus comhpháirteanna eile a dhéanamh de na crainn éadroma atá éasca le eitilt as an adhmad éadroma éadroma. Baineann croiteoirí úsáid as balsa freisin le haghaidh tionscadal samhlacha eile mar gheall ar a mheáchan agus a ghráin dhíreach ar féidir a phéintáil chun breathnú cosúil le haon earra. Úsáidtear Basswood le haghaidh troscáin agus le haghaidh tionscadal carbaireachta adhmaid. Ligeann an struchtúr don adhmad a bheith déanta le scileanna carving i bhfoirm ar bith. Úsáidtear an basswood freisin le haghaidh ionstraimí ceoil agus, mar gheall ar a easpa blas, le haghaidh uirlisí cócaireachta adhmaid.
Uaireanta tugtar "crann na mbéala" ar an mbás mar gheall ar a mhealladh don insct. Meastar go bhfuil an mil a tháirgtear ó nectar an basswood ina tháirge préimhe. Úsáidtear craiceann freisin le haghaidh rópaí agus matáin. Tugtar kapok ar síolta an chrainn adhmaid balsa, agus úsáidtear iad mar líonadh do ghiotaí saoil san am atá thart.
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Maps of Air Quality Across Scotland
NO2 maps for 2010
2010 annual mean NO2 concentrations were modelled for Scotland at background and roadside locations. The Scottish modelling methodology is based on the UK Pollution Climate Mapping (PCM) approach, used to model the annual mean background and roadside NO2 concentrations for the UK as a whole.
The Scotland specific-model differs from the UK-PCM model as it uses Scottish NO2 monitoring data and Scottish meteorological data exclusively to model the annual mean background and roadside NO2 concentrations for Scotland. Maps of the modelled annual mean NO2 concentration at background and roadside locations throughout Scotland for 2010 are shown in Figure 1and 2, respectively.
Scotland-specific annual mean background NO2 projections for 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030
Maps showing the projected annual mean background concentrations of NO2 for 2010, 2015 and 2020, from a base year of 2010, are presented below in Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. The projected background annual mean NO2 concentrations were produced using the UK methodology, but as with the modelled Scottish annual mean concentrations for 2010, these were prepared using Scotland-specific data.
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Léarscáileanna ar Cháilíocht an Aeir ar fud na hAlban
léarscáileanna NO2 do 2010
Rinneadh meán-láidir NO2 bliantúil 2010 a mhodhnú don Albain ag áiteanna cúlra agus ar thaobh na mbóithre. Tá modheolaíocht múnlaithe na hAlban bunaithe ar chur chuige Mapping Pollution Climate (PCM) na Ríochta Aontaithe, a úsáidtear chun an meánbhuntáiste bliantúil agus tiúchan NO2 ar bhóithre a múnlú don Ríocht Aontaithe ina iomláine.
Tá difríocht idir an tsamhail shonrach don Albain agus samhail an RA-PCM toisc go n-úsáideann sé sonraí faireacháin NO2 na hAlban agus sonraí meitéareolaíocha na hAlban go heisiach chun an meánbhuntáiste bliantúil agus tiúchan NO2 ar bhóithre don Albain a múnlú. Tá léarscáileanna den mheán-ionaid NO2 bliantúil múnlaithe i gcúlra agus i láthair ar thaobh na mbóithre ar fud na hAlban i 2010 le feiceáil i bhfigiúr 1 agus 2, faoi seach.
Meán-fhiosach bliantúil na n-ionad NO2 a bheidh sonrach do Albain do 2015, 2020, 2025 agus 2030
Tá léarscáileanna a léiríonn na tiúchan cúlra meánbhliana measta NO2 do 2010, 2015 agus 2020, ó bhliain bhunúsach 2010, le feiceáil thíos i bhfigiúirí 3, 4, 5 agus 6, faoi seach. Tá an t-ionad meánach bliantúil cúlra NO2 a bhí beartaithe déanta ag baint úsáide as modheolaíocht na Ríochta Aontaithe, ach mar a tharla le meán-ionad bliantúil múnlaithe na hAlban do 2010, ullmhaíodh iad ag baint úsáide as sonraí a bhaineann go sonrach le hAlban.
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A topological sorting of nodes in a graph is an ordering of the nodes in the graph where every node appears only after all the nodes pointing to it have appeared.
For example, for a graph with 4 nodes and these relations:
c→d, there are two acceptable topological sorts:
a, b, c, d and
a, c, b, d.
Topological order of the nodes is defined only for directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). See below for the expected result for graphs with cycles.
Topological ordering of the nodes is beneficial when you want to guarantee a node will only be consumed after its dependencies were consumed.
Running the algorithm on a graph with cycles will cause the omitting of part of the nodes from the sorting. The omitted nodes are:
Nodes that are part of a cycle (including self cycles)
Nodes that are dependent on a cycle. It means nodes that are reachable from another node which is part of a cycle
All the other nodes in the graph will be ordered in a valid topological order.
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Is ordú de na nóid sa ghraf é rangú topológach nóid i gclár ina bhfuil gach nóid le feiceáil ach amháin tar éis na nóid go léir a léiríonn é a bheith le feiceáil.
Mar shampla, le haghaidh graif le 4 nóid agus na caidrimh seo:
c→d, tá dhá chineál topológa inghlactha ann:
a, b, c, d agus
a, c, b, d.
Ní shainmhínítear ord topolaíoch na ngnóid ach amháin le haghaidh grafaí aclaíocha dírithe (DAGanna). Féach thíos le haghaidh an toradh a bhfuiltear ag súil leis do ghraf le timthriallta.
Tá ordú topological na nóid tairbheach nuair is mian leat a ráthú nach n-úsáidfear nóid ach amháin tar éis a spleáchas a ithe.
Má ritheann an algartam ar ghraf le timthriallta, cuirfear cuid de na nóid as an tsortú. Is iad na nóid a fhágtar as:
Nóid atá mar chuid de timthriall (lena n-áirítear féintimthriall)
Nóid atá ag brath ar timthriall. Ciallaíonn sé nóid atá inrochtana ó nóid eile atá mar chuid de thimthriall
Déantar na nóid eile go léir sa ghraf a ordú in ord topolaíoch bailí.
An raibh an leathanach seo cabhrach?
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Added Health Benefits To Kicking That Smoking Habit
By now, the large majority of the population knows about the many dangers of smoking. From nicotine to arsenic, one single solitary cigarette is filled with enough chemicals and carcinogens to do some significant damage to a multitude of different areas of the human body.
Aside from better all around health, many people do not realize the many benefits of kicking the habit of smoking for good. In fact, if more people knew just how many benefits there are to taking smoking out of their lives, the number of regular smokers would probably plummet drastically. In an effort to keep you healthy, aware and alive, take a look at some of the reasons as to why giving up smoking for good can help your health.
Many smokers pick up the habit to help ease the tension and stress felt within themselves, but in actuality, studies have shown that smoking doesn't do much for calming nerves at all. In fact, quitting helps to relieve anxiety in the long term. This who are able to reach full abstinence experience a much larger reduction in anxiety when compared to those who fail to quit.
Quitting is known to specifically decrease the overall risk of dental issues, such as cavities and gum disease, and even more serious conditions like oral cancer, according to studies produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smokers have almost two times the risk of developing at least three oral health conditions.
Smoking is widely known to negatively affect your natrual skin tone, and even causes the skin to sag prematurely in younger smokers. Quitting for good can help your body to naturally rstore the colegen in the skin and leave you looking more youthful.
Researchers at Brown University have found that smokers that quit for good, are far happier in their lives than those who have tried to quit and relapsed.
Smoking changes the make up of your taste buds, and in doing so, it leaves you with a lowered ability to taste foods, leaving most things you eat to be referred to as flat, dull and bland.
Even the most mild cold symptoms tend to take on a more serious form for smokers, according to a study from Yale University. Smoking causes an overreaction of the immune systems especially when exposed to a virus similar to the flu.
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Sochair Sláinte A Thairisceann an Gnáthamh Tobac a Chosc
Faoi láthair, tá a fhios ag an bhformhór mór den daonra faoi na contúirtí go leor a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac. Ó nicotine go arsenaic, tá ceimiceáin agus carcanaigíní go leor i gceann amháin de na toitíní aonair chun damáiste suntasach a dhéanamh do mhóithreacht limistéar éagsúla de chorp an duine.
Seachas sláinte níos fearr ar fud an domhain, ní thuigeann go leor daoine na buntáistí a bhaineann le caitheamh an ghnéas tobac a chur ar ceal go deo. Go deimhin, dá mbeadh a fhios ag níos mó daoine cé mhéad buntáiste atá ann tobac a chaitheamh a fhágáil as a saol, is dócha go dtiocfadh laghdú mór ar líon na ndaoine a chaitheann tobac go rialta. I dtreo go mbeidh tú sláintiúil, mothaithe agus beo, féach ar roinnt de na cúiseanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chabhair do do shláinte má scoirfidh tú as caitheamh tobac go deo.
Glacann go leor tobacálaithe an cleachtadh chun cabhrú leis an teannas agus an strus a bhraitheann siad ina n-aonar a mhaolú, ach i ndáiríre, léirigh staidéir nach ndéanann tobacáil mórán chun na néaróga a shlánú ar chor ar bith. Go deimhin, cabhraíonn sé le stop a chur le imní ar feadh i bhfad. Tá laghdú i bhfad níos mó ar an imní ag na daoine seo a bhfuil cumas acu a bheith ar an iomláine a bhaint amach ó dhroch-ghníomh i gcomparáid leo siúd nach bhfuil ag cur stop leis an ngrá.
Tá a fhios go laghdaíonn scoir go sonrach an baol foriomlán de cheisteanna fiacla, mar shampla cavites agus galar gingham, agus fiú coinníollacha níos tromchúisí mar ailse béil, de réir staidéir a tháirg na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC). Tá an baol go mbeidh trí riocht sláinte béil ar a laghad ag tobacóirí beagnach dhá oiread.
Tá a fhios go forleathan go mbíonn tionchar diúltach ag caitheamh tobac ar do thonn craiceann nádúrtha, agus go gcuireann sé fiú go dtéann an craiceann go luath i measc caitheamh tobac níos óige. Is féidir le stopadh go maith cabhrú le do chorp an collagen a stóráil go nádúrtha sa chraiceann agus tú a fhágáil ag breathnú níos óige.
Fuair taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Brown amach go bhfuil daoine a scoir go maith i bhfad níos sona ina saol ná iad siúd a rinne iarracht scoir a fhágáil agus a d'athraigh.
Athraíonn caitheamh tobac comhdhéanamh do bhróga blas, agus ag déanamh amhlaidh, fágann sé go bhfuil cumas laghdaithe agat bia a bhlaiseadh, ag fágáil go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na rudaí a itheann tú dá ngairtear go bhfuil siad pláta, dorcha agus neamhghnách.
De réir staidéir ó Ollscoil Yale, bíonn sé de ghnáth go nglacann na comharthaí is éadroime de ghalar fuar foirm níos tromchúisí i gcás tobacóirí. Déantar an córas imdhíonachta a chur i bhfeidhm go ró-mhaith ag caitheamh tobac, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe do víreas cosúil leis an nglaoch.
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Science is a weekly peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). It was founded by New York journalist John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell. Because of limited success the journal ceased publication in March 1882, only to be reestablished a year later by entomologist Samuel H. Scudder who was able to keep the journal going until 1894, when it was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500.
Science became the journal of AAAS in 1900, and in 1944 when Cattell died, ownership of Science was transferred to AAAS. The journal has featured articles from notable scientists such as Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble. The journal (along with Nature) received the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for Communications and Humanity. As of May 2012, the editor-in-chief is Bruce Alberts.
The journal mainly focuses on publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and those interested in the aspects of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science covers all aspects of science in all scientific fields.
While Science has become a significant journal and is one of the top science journals in the world, it has not been without controversy. In 2002, Science withdrew eight papers authored by Jan Hendrik Schön after it was discovered that he had fabricated much of his data. And another article published in 2002 on the neurotoxicity of the drug MDMA caused controversy when a mix-up of vials caused the paper to be retracted the following year. Papers published in 2006 by Hwang Woo-suk on cloning of human embryos were withdrawn by Seoul National University due to apparent scientific fraud.
Full-text articles are available online to AAAS members from the journal’s website. Online versions of full-text archive articles are not generally available to the public. However, the Science website also gives free access to some articles a year after their publication. Access to all articles on the Science website is free if the request comes from an IP address of a subscribing institution. Articles older than 5 to 6 years are available via JSTOR and recent articles older than 12 months are available via ProQuest.
The website features a ScienceNow section with “up-to-the-minute news from science,” and access to the Science of Aging Knowledge Environment. Knowledge Environments are an attempt to utilize Internet-based technologies to enhance access to scientific information and improve the effectiveness of information transfer. The former Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) is now known as Science Signaling.
Image Caption: 2010 cover of the journal Science. Credit: Wikipedia
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Is iris acadúil a athbhreithnítear ag piaraí de chuid Chumann Mheiriceá um Fheabhsú Eolaíochta (AAAS) é an t-eolaíocht. Bunaigh an t-iriseoir John Michaels i 1880 le tacaíocht airgeadais ó Thomas Edison agus níos déanaí ó Alexander Graham Bell. Mar gheall ar rath teoranta, scoir an iris foilseachán i Márta 1882, ach amháin a athshocrú bliain ina dhiaidh sin ag entomologist Samuel H. Scudder a bhí in ann a choinneáil ar an iris ag dul go dtí 1894, nuair a bhí sé díolta chuig síceolaí James McKeen Cattell ar $ 500.
Tháinig an eolaíocht ina iris de AAAS i 1900, agus i 1944 nuair a fuair Cattell bás, aistríodh úinéireacht na Sains chuig AAAS. Tá ailt le feiceáil sa iris ó eolaithe suntasacha mar Albert Einstein agus Edwin Hubble. Fuair an iris (in éineacht le Nature) Gradam Prionsa Asturias i 2007 as Cumarsáid agus Daonnacht. Ó mhí na Bealtaine 2012, is é Bruce Alberts an príomh-eagarthóir.
Díríonn an iris go príomha ar fhoilsiú taighde eolaíoch bunaidh agus athbhreithnithe taighde, ach foilsíonn sé nuacht a bhaineann le heolaíocht, tuairimí ar bheartas eolaíochta agus ábhair eile a bhfuil spéis acu i n-eolaithe agus i ndaoine a bhfuil suim acu in ghnéithe eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta. Murab ionann agus an chuid is mó de na irisí eolaíochta, a dhíríonn ar réimse ar leith, clúdaíonn Eolaíocht gach gné den eolaíocht i ngach réimse eolaíochta.
Cé gur iris thábhachtach é Science agus go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na irisí eolaíochta is fearr ar domhan, ní raibh sé gan chonspóid. Sa bhliain 2002, tharraing an eolaíocht siar ocht bpáipéar arna n-údarú ag Jan Hendrik Schön tar éis a fháil amach go raibh cuid mhór dá chuid sonraí déanta aige. Agus d'eascair ábhar eile a foilsíodh i 2002 ar neiro-tocsaineacht an druga MDMA conspóide nuair a bhí mícheart ar phléascáin ag cúis leis an bpáipéar a tharraingt siar an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. D'éirigh le hOllscoil Náisiúnta Seoul páipéir a d'fhoilsigh Hwang Woo-suk i 2006 maidir le clónáil embryos daonna mar gheall ar chalaois eolaíochta follasach.
Tá na hailt i dteanga iomlán ar fáil ar líne do chomhaltaí AAAS ó shuíomh Gréasáin an iris. Ní bhíonn leaganacha ar líne d'ailt chartlann téacs iomlán ar fáil don phobal de ghnáth. Mar sin féin, tugann suíomh Gréasáin na hEolaíochta rochtain saor in aisce ar roinnt alt bliain tar éis a bhfoilsithe. Tá rochtain saor in aisce ar gach alt ar shuíomh gréasáin na hEolaíochta má thagann an t-iarratas ó sheoladh IP institiúide a shíníonn. Tá ailt níos sine ná 5 go 6 bliana ar fáil trí JSTOR agus tá ailt le déanaí níos sine ná 12 mhí ar fáil trí ProQuest.
Tá rannóg ar an suíomh Gréasáin ar ScienceNow le na nuacht is déanaí ó eolaíocht, agus rochtain ar an gComhshaol Eolais um Eolaíocht na nAoise. Is iarracht é timpeallachtaí eolais teicneolaíochtaí bunaithe ar an Idirlíon a úsáid chun rochtain ar fhaisnéis eolaíoch a fheabhsú agus éifeachtúlacht aistrithe faisnéise a fheabhsú. Tá an t-iar-Scéal Aistrithe Eolais Comhshaol (STKE) ar a dtugtar anois mar Scileanna Signála.
Teideal íomhá: Clúdach 2010 den iris Science. Creidmheas: Wikipedia
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The practice of homeopathic medicine uses only one principle to treat all diseases: the Law of Similars. The Law of Similars appears to be a law of nature in that, when correctly applied, always results only in healing.
The Law of Similars can be used to heal any living being. Healing, according to the Law of Similars, does not require belief in it or understanding of it to bring about healing. It need only be applied according to the rules covered below.
The Law of Similars states: those symptoms that a substance is able to cause to appear in a person when exposed to it, that same substance also has the ability to cure those same symptoms in a person where they occur naturally as part of a disease process.
Leonard Torok, M.D. has been able to use the Law of Similars to heal people, animals and plants. The better a patient understands the Law of Similars and participates fully in applying it, the more successful results are achieved.
How to Apply The Law of Similars
In order to heal as surely and quickly as possible, it is necessary for practitioners of homeopathic medicine to learn how to correctly apply the Law of Similars. We have two hundred years of history with homeopathic medicine that clearly outline consistent rules for applying the Law of Similars.
An onion provides a simple example of how to apply the Law of Similars. If you would chop up onions for a long time, an onion has the ability to cause a specific set of symptoms to appear anew in any person due to its natural ability to interact with the human being. The onion causes an itchy, stinging sensation to appear in the eyes. The eyes will become reddened. After a time the eyes will start to produce tears. If you continue to chop up onions, next will appear sneezing and a runny nose.
The Law of Similars tells us that if the onion has the ability to cause these symptoms to appear, it also can cure these same symptoms when they are present as a disease. So, the homeopathic form of the onion is a quite common remedy to use for people who have either a head cold or have hay fever where their symptoms are a close match to those that the onion can cause. In either of these two situations, the homeopathic form of the onion will bring about a prompt relief of the cold symptoms or the hay fever symptoms.
Holism and the Law of Similars
The concept of a patient as being a holistic being is necessary to be successful in applying the Law of Similars. The match between the remedy’s symptoms and the patient’s symptoms must be a close match for the Law of Similars to be able to work. In treating any disease, all of the patient’s symptoms must be taken into account in the matching process. The more chronic the disease process, the more exact the match must be between the patient’s symptoms and those that the substance can cause.
The success rate of homeopathic practice depends upon two things: one, knowing the full range of symptoms that a substance can cause to appear anew in anyone exposed to it, and two: being able to get a clear and complete picture of all of the patient’s signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms include all physical expressions of all organ systems of the body as well as all symptoms relating to the emotions and the mind. This means that the homeopathic interview will include many symptom questions beyond questions about the patient’s main complaint.
The benefits that come from applying a holistic form of therapy will be further explained in the section on Holism and health and disease.
One important point to be emphasized is the nature of the healing result that is achieved by applying the Law of Similars. The seemingly peculiar reality is that when you give an ill patient something that could cause the same symptoms of their illness to appear in anyone, he will in fact not suffer more, but will heal. This seems paradoxical, but is a fact demonstrated repeatedly for two hundred years. The implications of this fact turn the conventional meaning of disease on its head. The ramifications of this alternative experience of reality will be further explored in other sections.
Matching Homeopathic Remedies To Symptoms
The homeopathic remedy acts as a dynamic or energetic influence to the patient. This puts the actions of the remedy more in concert with the actions of the Vital Force in contrast to the physical-chemical actions that drugs or herbal preparations have. In the pharmaceutical process of making a homeopathic remedy, the original substance is routinely diluted past the point where any of the original physical substance remains. Interestingly, as the remedy is further diluted and becomes progressively more immaterial, it induces a stronger or deeper healing response. The physical science behind this is difficult to understand, but the reality of it is reproducibly observed in homeopathic practice.
In homeopathic medicine there is no one remedy for any one disease. Each person will have a somewhat different experience of their disease through their symptoms as well as have many other unique characteristics that make them the individual they are. Though this makes the history-taking process more time consuming, it enhances the result of treatment because when the law of similars is applied any symptom that has been identified and included in the matching process has the potential to be healed along with the primary complaint. Homeopathic healing is not limited to one part or function of the body, but includes all of them.
If no closely matching remedy can be found for a patient’s disease symptoms, then no healing will occur, as the Law of Similars will not apply. Fortunately, applying the Law of Similars can do no harm. Homeopathic remedies do not cause side effects in patients because they do not have a physical-chemical interaction with the body as do drugs, herbs or supplements.
When there is no match between the remedy and the patient, there will be no response at all to giving a remedy. Fortunately, hundreds of homeopathic remedies have been tested over time and there is a good likelihood of finding an acceptable match for most symptom complexes. The development of more homeopathic remedies in the future and more specific information about the remedies we already have will decrease the incidence of not being able to find a remedy for a patient’s problem.
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Ní úsáideann cleachtas na míochaine homeopathic ach prionsabal amháin chun gach galar a chóireáil: Dlí na nDúil. Is cosúil gur dlí nádúrtha é an Dlí na n-Ionann, sa mhéid go mbíonn leigheas ar fáil i gcónaí nuair a chuirtear i bhfeidhm go ceart é.
Is féidir an Dlí na nDúil a úsáid chun aon duine a leigheas. Ní éilíonn leigheas, de réir Dlí na nDomhná, creideamh ann nó tuiscint air chun leigheas a thabhairt. Ní gá é a chur i bhfeidhm ach de réir na rialacha a chuirtear faoi deara thíos.
Deir Dlí na nDúil: na hairíonna sin a bhfuil substaint in ann a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhuine nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe dó, tá an cumas ag an substaint chéanna na hairíonna céanna sin a leigheas i duine nuair a tharlaíonn siad go nádúrtha mar chuid de phróiseas galar.
Leonard Torok, M.D. Tá sé in ann an Dlí na n-Ionann a úsáid chun daoine, ainmhithe agus plandaí a leigheas. An níos fearr a thuigeann an t-othar an Dlí na nDíonán agus a ghlacann sé páirt go hiomlán i bhfeidhm a chur air, is mó na torthaí rathúla a baintear amach.
Conas an Dlí Comhionannas a chur i bhfeidhm
D'fhonn leigheas a dhéanamh chomh cinnte agus chomh tapa agus is féidir, tá sé riachtanach do chleachtóirí leigheas homeopathic foghlaim conas an Dlí na gCeart a chur i bhfeidhm i gceart. Tá dhá chéad bliain de stair againn le leigheas homeopathic a thugann léargas soiléir ar rialacha comhsheasmhacha chun an Dlí na nDlíshúil a chur i bhfeidhm.
Soláthraíonn oinniún sampla simplí de conas an Dlí na gCeannaigh a chur i bhfeidhm. Má ghearrann tú ceapaire ar feadh i bhfad, tá cumas ag ceapaire chun sraith sonrach comharthaí a chur i láthair arís i ngach duine mar gheall ar a chumas nádúrtha idirghníomhú leis an duine. Cuireann an uibheacha mothú gríosach, stinging i súile. Beidh na súile a bheith dearg. Tar éis tamaill, tosóidh na súile ag déanamh deora. Má leanann tú ag gearradh ar oinniúin, beidh sneaking agus srón ag teacht amach ina dhiaidh sin.
Deir an Dlí na nDúil dúinn má tá an cumas ag an oinniún na hairíonna seo a chur i láthair, is féidir leis na hairíonna céanna seo a leigheas nuair a bhíonn siad i láthair mar ghalair. Mar sin, is leigheas coitianta é foirm homeopathic an oinniúin a úsáid do dhaoine a bhfuil fuaraithe cinn acu nó a bhfuil fiabhras féirín acu ina bhfuil a gcuid comharthaí gar do na comharthaí a d'fhéadfadh an oinniún a chur faoi deara. I gceann de na dá chás seo, tabharfaidh an fhoirm homeopathic an oinniún faoiseamh tapa ar na hairíonna fuar nó na hairíonna fiabhras féar.
Holism agus an Dlí na nDúil
Tá an coincheap go bhfuil an t-othar ina bheith ina bheith iomlánach riachtanach chun a bheith rathúil i bhfeidhm an Dlí na Similars. Ní mór go mbeadh an comhoiriúnacht idir na hairíonna leigheas agus na hairíonna othair gar do chomhoiriúnacht le go n-oibreoidh an Dlí na nDúil. Agus aon ghalar á chóireáil, ní mór na hairíonna uile a bhíonn ag an othar a chur san áireamh sa phróiseas comhoiriúnaithe. An níos mealltach a bheidh próiseas an ghalair, is amhlaidh a bheidh an comhoiriúnacht níos cruinne idir na hairíonna atá ag an othar agus na hairíonna a d'fhéadfadh an tsubstaint a chur faoi deara.
Braitheann ráta rathúlachta na cleachtais homeopathic ar dhá rud: ceann amháin, an raon iomlán comharthaí a fhios go bhféadfadh substaint a bheith ag teacht chun cinn arís i ngach duine a nochtadh dó, agus an dara ceann: a bheith in ann pictiúr soiléir agus iomlán a fháil de na comharthaí agus na hairíonna go léir a bhaineann leis an othar. Áirítear leis na comharthaí agus na hairíonna seo gach léiriú fisiceach de gach córas orgánach den chorp chomh maith le gach comhartha a bhaineann leis na mothúcháin agus an intinn. Ciallaíonn sé seo go mbeidh go leor ceisteanna comharthaí san agallamh homeopathic seachas ceisteanna faoi phríomh-iarmhairt an othair.
Déanfar na buntáistí a bhaineann le foirm iomlánaíoch teiripe a chur i bhfeidhm a mhíniú níos mó sa chuid ar Holism agus sláinte agus galar.
Is é pointe tábhachtach a bhfuil béim á leagan air ná nádúr na torthaí leighis a baintear amach trí Dlí na gCeart Comhionann a chur i bhfeidhm. Is é an réaltacht a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé ar leith go bhfuil nuair a thugann tú do dhuine tinn rud éigin a d'fhéadfadh a chur ar na comharthaí céanna a n-aigne a bheith le feiceáil i duine ar bith, ní bheidh sé i ndáiríre a fhulaingt níos mó, ach beidh leigheas. Is cosúil go bhfuil sé seo frith-dhuineach, ach is fíric é a léirítear arís agus arís eile le dhá chéad bliain. Cuireann na himpleachtaí a bhaineann leis an bhfíric seo an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach atá ag galar ar a cheann. Déantar tuilleadh iniúchta ar na brainsí a bhaineann leis an taithí mhalartach seo ar réaltacht i rannáin eile.
Leigheas Homeopathic a Chóiriú le Hairíonna
Gníomhaíonn an leigheas homeopathic mar thionchar dinimiciúil nó fuinneamh don othar. Cuireann sé seo gníomhartha an leigheas níos mó i gcomhar le gníomhartha na Fórsa Vital i gcodarsnacht leis na gníomhartha fisiceacha-cheimiceacha a bhíonn ag drugaí nó ullmhúcháin luibheanna. Sa phróiseas cógaisíochta chun leigheas homeopathic a dhéanamh, déantar an tsubstaint bhunaidh a dhíchur go rialta thar an bpointe ina bhfuil aon cheann den tsubstaint fhisiciúil bhunaidh fágtha. Is suimiúil go bhfuil sé mar a dhéantar an leigheas a dhíleá tuilleadh agus a éiríonn níos neamhghnéithe de réir a chéile, go gcuireann sé freagra leigheas níos láidre nó níos doimhne ar fáil. Tá sé deacair an eolaíocht fhisiceach atá taobh thiar de seo a thuiscint, ach breathnaítear an fhírinne a bhaineann leis go h-athbhunaithe i gcleachtas homeopathic.
I leigheas homeopathic níl aon leigheas amháin le haghaidh aon galar amháin. Beidh taithí beagán difriúil ag gach duine ar a ghalair trína hairíonna chomh maith le go leor tréithe uathúla eile a dhéanann an duine aonair atá acu. Cé go ndéanann sé seo an próiseas a bhaineann le stair a thógáil níos amhlaoithe, cuireann sé feabhas ar thoradh an chóireála toisc nuair a chuirtear dlí na cosúlachta i bhfeidhm go bhfuil sé de chumas ag aon chomhartha a aithníodh agus a chuirtear san áireamh sa phróiseas comhoiriúnaithe a leigheas chomh maith leis an ngearán príomhúil. Ní bhíonn leigheas homeopathic teoranta do chuid amháin nó d'fheidhm an choirp, ach cuimsíonn sé iad go léir.
Mura féidir leigheas a luíonn go dlúth le hairíonna galar othair a fháil, ní tharlaíonn aon leigheas, mar ní bheidh feidhm ag an Dlí na nDúil. Ar an dea-uair, ní féidir le Dlí na gCeart Comhionanna a chur i bhfeidhm aon dochar a dhéanamh. Ní bhíonn fo-iarsmaí ag leigheasanna homeopathic i ndaoine toisc nach mbíonn idirghníomhaíocht fhisiceach-cheimiceach acu leis an gcomhlacht mar a dhéanann drugaí, luibheanna nó forlíontaí.
Nuair nach bhfuil comhoiriúnacht idir an leigheas agus an t-othar, ní bheidh aon fhreagra ar chor ar bith ar leigheas a thabhairt. Ar an dea-uair, tá na céadta leigheas homeopathic tástáilte thar am agus tá dóchúlacht mhaith ann go bhfaighidh siad comhoiriúnú inghlactha do chuid is mó de na comharthaí casta. Le forbairt níos mó leigheasanna homeopathic sa todhchaí agus faisnéis níos sainiúla faoi na leigheasanna atá againn cheana féin laghdófar an t-ionfhabhtú nach mbeidh muid in ann leigheas a fháil ar fhadhb othair.
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Bhutan's climate is as varied as its altitudes and, like India's, is affected by monsoons. Western Bhutan is particularly affected by monsoons that bring between 60 and 90 percent of the region's rainfall. The climate is humid and subtropical in the southern plains and foothills, temperate in the inner Himalayan valleys of the southern and central regions, and cold in the north, with year-round snow on the main Himalayan summits.
Temperatures vary according to elevation. Temperatures in Thimphu, located at 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) above sea level in west-central Bhutan, range from approximately 15 to 26 °C (59.0 to 78.8 °F) during the monsoon season of June through September but drop to between about −4 and 16 °C (24.8 and 60.8 °F) in January. Most of the central portion of the country experiences a cool, temperate climate year-round. In the south, a hot, humid climate helps maintain a fairly even temperature range of between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F) year-round, although temperatures sometimes reach 40 °C (104 °F) in the valleys during the summer.
Annual precipitation ranges widely in various parts of the country. In the severe climate of the north, there is only about 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of annual precipitation—primarily snow. In the temperate central regions, a yearly average of around 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) is more common, and 7,800 millimetres (307.1 in) per year has been registered at some locations in the humid, subtropical south, ensuring the thick tropical forest, or savanna. Thimphu experiences dry winter months (December through February) and almost no precipitation until March, when rainfall averages 20 millimetres (0.79 in) a month and increases steadily thereafter to a high of 220 millimetres (8.7 in) in August for a total annual rainfall of nearly 650 millimetres (25.6 in).
Bhutan's generally dry spring starts in early March and lasts until mid-April. Summer weather commences in mid-April with occasional showers and continues through the premonsoon rains of late June. The summer monsoon lasts from late June through late September with heavy rains from the southwest. The monsoon weather, blocked from its northward progress by the Himalayas, brings heavy rains, high humidity, flash floods and landslides, and numerous misty, overcast days. Autumn, from late September or early October to late November, follows the rainy season. It is characterised by bright, sunny days and some early snowfalls at higher elevations. From late November until March, winter sets in, with frost throughout much of the country and snowfall common above elevations of 3,000 metres (9,843 ft). The winter northeast monsoon brings gale-force winds down through high mountain passes.
October to December is the ideal time to visit Bhutan as the air is clear and fresh with sunny skies. January and February are colder, but from then until April the climate remains dry and pleasant and in late spring the famous rhododendrons bloom spectacularly, flooding the valleys with colour. Heat and humidity increase from May, and from June to September the monsoon rains cover the mountains. If you're interested in seeing the rare black-necked cranes, we recommend visiting the Phobjikha Valley between late October and mid-February.
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Tá aeráid Bhutan chomh éagsúil agus a airde agus, cosúil le India, bíonn tionchar ag monsoons air. Bíonn tionchar ag na monsoons ar Bhutan Thiar go háirithe a thugann idir 60 agus 90 faoin gcéad de thithis an réigiúin. Tá an aeráid taise agus fo-thrópaiceach sna pláin agus ag fo-chnoc na ndeisceart, measartha sna gleannta hinmheánacha Himalayan sna réigiúin dheas agus lárnacha, agus fuar sa tuaisceart, le sneachta ar feadh na bliana ar phríomh-chruinn Himalayan.
Athraíonn an teocht de réir an airde. Tá teocht i Thimphu, atá suite ag 2,200 méadar (7,218 troigh) os cionn leibhéal na farraige i lár-thuaisceart Bhutan, idir thart ar 15 agus 26 ° C (59.0 go 78.8 ° F) le linn shéasúr na monsoon ó Meitheamh go Meán Fómhair ach titim go dtí thart ar -4 agus 16 ° C (24.8 agus 60.8 ° F) i mí Eanáir. Tá aeráid fuar, measartha ann i bhformhór lár na tíre ar feadh na bliana. Sa deisceart, cabhraíonn aeráid te, taise le raon teochta réasúnta cothrom a choinneáil idir 15 agus 30 °C (59 agus 86 °F) i rith na bliana, cé go sroicheann teochtaí 40 °C (104 °F) sna gleannta uaireanta i rith an tsamhraidh.
Tá an báisteach bliantúil éagsúil go mór i gcodanna éagsúla den tír. Sa chlima crua sa tuaisceart, níl ach thart ar 40 miliméadar (1.6 in) de thithíocht bhliantúil, go príomha sneachta. Sna réigiúin lárnacha measartha, tá meán bliantúil de thart ar 1,000 miliméadar (39.4 in) níos coitianta, agus tá 7,800 miliméadar (307.1 in) in aghaidh na bliana cláraithe in áiteanna áirithe sa deisceart taise, fo-theochrach, ag cinntiú an fhoraois thrópaiceach tiubh, nó savanna. Tá míonna tirim geimhridh ag Thimphu (Deireadh Fómhair go Feabhra) agus beagnach aon thitim go dtí Márta, nuair a bhíonn meán-réitigh 20 milliméadar (0.79 in) in aghaidh na míosa agus méadaíonn sé go seasta ina dhiaidh sin go dtí 220 milliméadar (8.7 in) i mí Lúnasa le haghaidh báistí bliantúla beagnach 650 milliméadar (25.6 in).
Tosaíonn earrach tirim Bhutan go ginearálta go luath i mí an Mhárta agus maireann sé go dtí lár mhí Aibreáin. Tosaíonn aimsir an tsamhraidh i lár mhí Aibreáin le báistí ó am go ham agus leanann sé ar aghaidh trí na báistí réamh-monsaeonacha ag deireadh mhí an Mheithimh. Maireann an monsoon samhraidh ó dheireadh mhí an Mheithimh go deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair le báistí trom ó an iarthuaisceart. Cuireann an aimsir monsoon, a bhacann na Himalaigh óna dhul chun tosaigh ó thuaidh, báistí tromchúiseacha, taise ard, tuilte tobann agus sleamhnáin talún, agus go leor laethanta misty, clúdach. Tar éis an tséasúir báistí, tagann an fhómhar, ó dheireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair nó tús mhí Dheireadh Fómhair go deireadh mhí na Samhna. Tá sé tréitheithe le laethanta geal, ghrinn agus roinnt sneachta luath ag airde níos airde. Ó dheireadh mhí na Samhna go dtí Márta, bíonn an gheimhreadh ann, le haithrín ar fud cuid mhór den tír agus sneachta a bhíonn coitianta os cionn airde 3,000 méadar (9,843 troigh). Tugann an monsoon an gheimhridh ó thuaidh gaotha foréigneacha síos trí phasanna ardbhealaigh.
Is é Deireadh Fómhair go Nollaig an t-am idéalach chun cuairt a thabhairt ar Bhutan mar go bhfuil an t-aer soiléir agus úr le spéir shona. Tá Eanáir agus Feabhra níos fuar, ach ó sin go dtí Aibreán fanann an aeráid tirim agus taitneamhach agus ag deireadh an earra bíonn na rhododendrons cáiliúla ag bláthú go suntasach, ag tuilte na dtuilleoga le dath. Méadaíonn teas agus taise ó mhí na Bealtaine, agus ó mhí an Mheithimh go Meán Fómhair cuireann na báistí monsoon na sléibhte. Má tá suim agat sna cranna collaí dubh neamhchoitianta a fheiceáil, molaimid cuairt a thabhairt ar Ghleann Phobjikha idir deireadh mhí Dheireadh Fómhair agus lár mhí Feabhra.
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Today, Detroit became the largest American city to file for bankruptcy, a rare occurence. Despite attempts to fix the city’s finances and some success in attracting new businesses, a declining industrial base, high crime in some areas, fixed expenses, and allegedly rampant corruption have all brought large deficits. The move was made by the city’s emergency manager, Kevin Orr, appointed by Governor Rick Snyder, to deal with $2.5 billion in unsecured debt and a deficit estimated at $380 million; Orr claimed that total long term debt was likely over $17 billion.
The emergency-manager law, criticized by some after other managers appeared to be rewarding campaign donors at the cost of the cities they managed, allows the governor to appoint a single city leader with wide powers. The law essentially removes all power from elected councils and mayors. Mr. Orr has, however, generally been seen as sincere, and tried to convince creditors to agree to take less money than they were owed, to avoid a bankruptcy. He staged a bus tour of the city’s devastated areas, empty lots, burned-out houses, and abandoned factories, to try to convey the situation to the financial leaders. Before being put in charge of Detroit, he represented Chrysler during its own bankruptcy.
The move comes after a coalition of local businesses donated money and vehicles to help Detroit stay afloat (including the police cars shown above), and after numerous other cost cutting measures. However, over the course of ten years, from the 2000 census to the 2010 census, the population dropped by around 250,000 people; the city once held nearly two million residents, but has dropped to 700,000. Some neighborhoods of Detroit were well known for their high crime; restaurants served food through bulletproof glass.
The city is likely to slash pensions for retired policemen, firemen, and other employees; assets are likely to be sold. Under Orr’s June proposal to unions, pension funds, long underfunded, would become even more so, taking under 10 cents on the dollar. Technically, pension and retiree benefits are guaranteed under state law, but Mr. Orr said that bankruptcy law would take over, rendering benefits void. This may make it harder to attract qualified emergency personnel, and is likely to result in at least some retirees losing their homes, as the bankruptcy court judge could divert remaining pension funds to other creditors.
Finance experts said both that the filing would not affect other cities, and that other cities would need to pay a hazard premium on their loans.
General Motors issued a statement saying that the bankruptcy would not affect their operations. Chrysler, which operates two assembly plants and two component plants in the city (Conner Ave./Viper, Jefferson Ave./Grand Cherokee and Durango, Mack Ave./engines, Outer Drive/tools and dies), has not yet done so, but is likely to do the same.
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Sa lá atá inniu ann, Detroit tháinig ar an chathair Mheiriceá is mó a chur ar aghaidh le haghaidh féimheacht, ar tharla neamhchoitianta. In ainneoin iarrachtaí chun airgeadas na cathrach a shocrú agus roinnt rath a bheith acu ar ghnólachtaí nua a mhealladh, tá bunús tionsclaíoch ag titim, coireacht ard i roinnt ceantair, caiteachas seasta, agus éilliú líomhnaithe go bhfuil sé ag dul i méid, tar éis easnaimh mhóra a thabhairt. Rinne bainisteoir éigeandála na cathrach, Kevin Orr, a ceapadh ag an Rialtóir Rick Snyder, an t-aistriú chun déileáil le $ 2.5 billiún i ndolúb neamh-urraithe agus easnamh measta $ 380 milliún; D'éiligh Orr go raibh dól fadtéarmach iomlán níos mó ná $ 17 billiún.
Ceadaíonn an dlí bainisteoir éigeandála, a rinne cuid acu cáineadh tar éis do bhainisteoirí eile a bheith ag luacháil deontóirí feachtais ar chostas na gcathracha a bhain siad, don rialtóir ceann amháin a cheapadh le cumhachtaí fairsinge. Go bunúsach, cuireann an dlí an chumhacht go léir as comhairlí agus mairnéal tofa. Mar sin féin, feictear go ginearálta go raibh an tUasal Orr dílis, agus rinne sé iarracht creidmheasaithe a chur ina luí chun glacadh le níos lú airgid ná mar a bhí dlite orthu, chun féimheacht a sheachaint. Rinne sé turas bus ar cheantair scriosta na cathrach, ar pháirtithe folamh, ar thailte dóite agus ar mhonarcha thréigthe, chun iarracht a dhéanamh an staid a chur in iúl do na ceannairí airgeadais. Sula ndearnadh é a chur i gceannas ar Detroit, bhí ionadaíocht aige ar Chrysler le linn a féimheachta féin.
Tagann an t-aistriú tar éis do chomhghuaillíocht de ghnólachtaí áitiúla airgead agus feithiclí a bhronnadh chun cabhrú le Detroit fanacht ar snámh (lena n-áirítear na gluaisteáin póilíní a thaispeántar thuas), agus tar éis go leor bearta laghdaithe costais eile. Mar sin féin, le deich mbliana anuas, ó dhaonáireamh 2000 go dtí daonáireamh 2010, thit an daonra thart ar 250,000 duine; bhí beagnach dhá mhilliún cónaitheoir sa chathair uair amháin, ach tá siad tar éis titim go 700,000. Bhí cáil ar roinnt ceantair i Detroit mar gheall ar a ndroch-choireacht; bhí bianna á n-earraí a bhí ar fáil ag bianna trí ghloine gunnabhlaiste.
Is dócha go laghdóidh an chathair pinsean do phoilíní, dóiteoirí agus fostaithe eile atá ar scor; is dócha go ndíolfar sócmhainní. Faoi thogra Orr i mí an Mheithimh do na ceardchumainn, bheadh cistí pinsin, a raibh maoiniú acu le fada, níos mó fós, ag glacadh faoi 10 cent ar an dollar. Go teicniúil, tá sochair phinsin agus scoirthithe ráthaithe faoi dhlí stáit, ach dúirt an tUasal Orr go nglacfadh dlí na féimheachta an ceannas, ag cur na sochair ar neamhní. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith níos deacra foireann éigeandála cáilithe a mhealladh, agus is dócha go mbeidh cuid de na pinseanóirí ar a laghad ag cailliúint a dtithe, toisc go bhféadfadh an breitheamh cúirte féimheachta cistí pinsin atá fágtha a atreorú chuig creidiúnaithe eile.
Dúirt saineolaithe airgeadais nach mbeadh tionchar ag an gcomhdú ar chathracha eile, agus go mbeadh ar chathracha eile préimhe riosca a íoc ar a n-iasachtaí.
D'eisigh General Motors ráiteas ag rá nach mbeadh tionchar ag an féimheacht ar a gcuid oibríochtaí. Ní raibh Chrysler, a oibríonn dhá mhonarcha comhcheangail agus dhá mhonarcha comhpháirteanna sa chathair (Conner Ave./Viper, Jefferson Ave./Grand Cherokee agus Durango, Mack Ave./engin, Outer Drive/tools and dies), déanta fós, ach is dócha go ndéanfaidh sé an rud céanna.
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10 Fascinating Facts About Airports
Posted On 04 Feb 2015
Tag: airport, international, travel, travel hacks, vacation
Traveling with kids can be hard. Help relieve the boredom by teaching your child more on airports, flights, and airplanes. Longest flights, lowest elevation, there is plenty of information you can learn to help keep your trip entertaining. Try one of these 10 quick and interesting facts about flying and showcase just how far flying has come since the Wright Brothers first flight.
- The world’s highest airport is the Daocheng Yading Airport located in Sangdui Township, China, or 14,471 feet above sea level.
- Amsterdam Airport Schipol is the world’s lowest airport, and is located in Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands, which is 9.8 feet below sea level.
- The longest (distance) non-stop flight offered travels from Sydney, Australia to Dallas, Texas (USA). The flight lasts 15 hours and 35 minutes while you travel 8,574 miles.
- The longest flight based on airtime flies from Johannesburg, South Africa to Atlanta, GA which takes 17 hours.
- In Turkey, there is an airport named Batman Airport; while the official Australian airport in New South Wales, Australia is named Wagga Wagga Airport.
- To help combat superstitious flyers, most airlines have removed the number 13, 17, and 666 from gate numbers and flight numbers.
- According to a poll conducted by SleepingInAirports.Net, Pakistan’s Islamabad Benazir Bhutto International Airport takes the prize for world’s worst airport. The poll results were based on how limited travelers were in terms of: comfort, conveniences, cleanliness, and customer service. World’s best airport not only went to Singapore Changi International Airport in Singapore for 2014, but has been for the last 18 years!
- The shortest commercial flight is 27 seconds. That’s shorter than the first recorded flight by the Wright Brothers which lasted 59 seconds!
- To help prevent all pilots from being effected by a food illness, many airlines require each of their pilots to eat a different meal.
- The Boeing 747 aircraft consists of six million different parts.
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10 Fíricí Suimiúla Maidir le hÁit Aerfoirt
Postáilte ar 04 Feabhra 2015
Tag: aerfort, idirnáisiúnta, taisteal, hacks taistil, saoire
Is féidir le taisteal le páistí a bheith deacair. Cabhraigh leis an t-easpa torann a mhaolú trí níos mó a mhúineadh do do leanbh faoi aerfoirt, eitiltí, agus eitleáin. Tá an-chuid faisnéise ann is féidir leat a fhoghlaim chun cabhrú leat do thuras a choinneáil suimiúil. Bain triail as ceann de na 10 fíricí tapa agus suimiúla seo faoi eitilt agus taispeánann siad cé chomh fada agus a tháinig eitilt ó chéad eitilt na Bráithre Wright.
- Is é an t-aerfort is airde ar domhan Aerfort Daocheng Yading atá suite i gCathair Sangdui, an tSín, nó 14,471 troigh os cionn leibhéal na farraige.
- Is é Aerfort Amstardam Schipol an t-aerfort is ísle ar domhan, agus tá sé suite i Haarlemmermeer, an Ísiltír, atá 9.8 troigh faoi bhun leibhéal na farraige.
- Is é an eitilt gan stad is faide (an fad) a thairgtear taisteal ó Sydney, an Astráil go Dallas, Texas (SAM). Maireann an eitilt 15 uair an chloig agus 35 nóiméad agus tú ag taisteal 8,574 míle.
- An eitilt is faide bunaithe ar an aer am eitiltí ó Johannesburg, an Afraic Theas go Atlanta, GA a thógann 17 uair an chloig.
- Sa Tuirc, tá aerfort ann darb ainm Aerfort Batman; agus is é Aerfort oifigiúil na hAstráile i Nua-Ghaeilge, an Astráil ainm Aerfort Wagga Wagga.
- Chun cabhrú le eitiltí superstitious a chomhrac, tá an chuid is mó de na haerlínte tar éis na huimhreacha 13, 17, agus 666 a bhaint as uimhreacha geata agus uimhreacha eitilte.
- De réir vótaíocht a rinne SleepingInAirports.Net, is é Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Benazir Bhutto in Islamabad sa Phacastáin a ghlacann an duais don aerfort is measa ar domhan. Bhí torthaí an vótaíochta bunaithe ar cé chomh teoranta a bhí na taistealaithe i dtéarmaí: compord, áiseanna, glantachán, agus seirbhís do chustaiméirí. Ní amháin go ndeachaigh Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Changi Singeapór i Singeapór ar an aerfort is fearr ar domhan in 2014, ach bhí sé le 18 bliain anuas!
- Is é an eitilt tráchtála is giorra 27 soicind. Is gearr é sin ná an chéad eitilt taifeadta ag na Bráithre Wright a mhair 59 soicind!
- Chun cabhrú le cosc a chur ar gach píolóta a bheith faoi thionchar galar bia, go leor aerlínte ag teastáil gach ceann dá píolótaí a ithe béile difriúil.
- Tá an Boeing 747 aerárthach comhdhéanta de sé milliún páirteanna éagsúla.
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What is Engineering Analysis?
Another important application of CAD software is carrying out engineering analysis. Checking the designed object for its functionality is called as engineering analysis. In almost all the engineering design related projects some or the other analysis is required. It can be stress-strain calculations, heat transfer measurements, or using differential equations to find the dynamic behavior of the system, which is being designed.
What is Finite Element Analysis?
One of the most common examples of engineering analysis is finite element analysis or FEA. FEA is one of the most commonly used and powerful feature of the CAD software. To carry out the analysis of object by using FEA, the object is divided into finite number of small elements of shapes like rectangular or triangular. These objects form the interconnected network of the concentrated nodes.
To carry out the analysis of whole object each and every node of the network is analyzed and their results are synthesized to get the complete analysis of the object. Each and every node can be analyzed for various properties like stress-strain, heat transfer or any other characteristics depending upon the type of application. The interrelating behavior of all the nodes gives the behavior of the whole object.
The CAD software has the option of defining the nodes and network structure as per the designers requirements or automatically. In the automatic method the user has to merely define certain elements for finite the finite element model, while the CAD software does the job of computations.
The output of the finite element analysis can be seen on the monitor. If the user finds that the output results are undesirable, they can change the shape and dimensions of the object and carry out FEA again.
Some of the most popular CAD software used for FEA are ANSYS from ANSYS, Inc. ANSYS offers a number of FEA products, which can be seen here.
Reference: Book: CAD/CAM: Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing by Mikell P. Groover and Emory W. Zimmers
This post is part of the series: Applications of CAD
- Applications of the CAD Software – What is Geometric Modeling?
- Applications of CAD Software: Engineering Analysis: FEA
- Applications of CAD Software: Design Review and Evaluation
- Applications of CAD Software – Automated CAD Drafting
- Applications of CAD Software: CAD/CAM Database
- Applications of CAD Software: What is Solid Modeling?
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Cad é Anailís Innealtóireachta?
Baineann feidhm thábhachtach eile le bogearraí CAD le hanailís innealtóireachta a dhéanamh. Tugtar anailís innealtóireachta ar an réad deartha a sheiceáil ar a fheidhmiúlacht. I mbeagnach gach tionscadal a bhaineann le dearadh innealtóireachta, teastaíonn anailís éigin nó eile. Is féidir é a bheith ina ríomhanna strus-strain, tomhais aistrithe teasa, nó ecuais dhifríochtúla a úsáid chun iompar dinimiciúil an chórais a fháil, atá á dhearadh.
Cad é Anailís Eileamaint Chríochnaithe?
Ceann de na samplaí is coitianta d'anailís innealtóireachta ná anailís eilimintí teoranta nó FEA. Tá FEA ar cheann de na gnéithe is coitianta agus is cumhachtaí atá i mbogearraí CAD. Chun anailís ar réad a dhéanamh trí FEA a úsáid, roinntear an réad ina líon críochnaithe de chuid eile de na heilimintí beaga de shaibhreas cosúil le cearnóg nó triantúil. Is iad na rudaí seo líonra idirnasctha na ngnólaí tiubhaithe.
Chun anailís ar an réad iomlán a dhéanamh déantar anailís ar gach nóid den líonra agus déantar a dtorthaí a shintéisiú chun anailís iomlán an réad a fháil. Is féidir anailís a dhéanamh ar gach nóid ar mhaithe le hairíonna éagsúla cosúil le strus-strain, aistriú teasa nó aon tréithe eile ag brath ar an gcineál feidhmíochta. Tugann iompar idirghaolmhar na n-aicme go léir iompar an réad iomlán.
Tá an rogha ag an bogearraí CAD na nóid agus struchtúr an líonra a shainiú de réir riachtanais na ndearbhóirí nó go huathoibríoch. Sa mhodh uathoibríoch ní mór don úsáideoir ach gnéithe áirithe a shainiú le haghaidh an mhúnla eilimint chríochnaithe, agus déanann an bogearraí CAD an obair ríomh.
Is féidir toradh na hanailíse eiliminte teoranta a fheiceáil ar an scáileán. Má fhaigheann an t-úsáideoir nach bhfuil na torthaí aschuir inmhianaithe, is féidir leo cruth agus tomhais an ábhair a athrú agus FEA a dhéanamh arís.
Is iad ANSYS ó ANSYS, Inc. cuid de na bogearraí CAD is mó a úsáidtear le haghaidh FEA. Cuireann ANSYS roinnt táirgí FEA ar fáil, ar féidir iad a fheiceáil anseo.
Tagraíocht agus Déantúsaíocht le Cabhair Ó Ríomhaire ag Mikell P. Groover agus Emory W. Zimmers
Tá an post seo mar chuid den tsraith: Iarratas ar CAD
- Feidhmeanna na bogearraí CAD Cad é an Múnlaíocht Gheoimeatrach?
- Feidhmchláir CAD: Anailís Innealtóireachta: FEA
- Feidhmchláir CAD: Athbhreithniú agus Measúnú ar Thionscadal
- Feidhmchláir CAD Dhréachtáil uathoibrithe CAD
- Feidhmchláir CAD: Bunachar Sonraí CAD/CAM
- Feidhmchláir de Bogearraí CAD: Cad é Samhlaíocht Dhomhchruinn?
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A firewall is, by definition, a system of one or more devices developed to implement the access control policy of the network. Firewalls can be implemented in hardware devices, software features, or a combination of both. In the simplest scenario, a firewall could be the access router running a firewall feature set for a telecommuter, home user, small business network, or smaller branch office when they connect to the Internet. Router and firewall features are often built into the devices used to connect to DSL or cable services.
In larger implementations, the firewall might refer to multiple devices and technologies working together to protect the organization from the outside world, and within the network to provide internal security for specific network segments. As you learned in the preceding two chapters, even protecting a single perimeter connection often includes two or more devices working together to provide multiple layers of defense. This avoids the single point of failure that might expose the organization’s digital resources to catastrophic losses.
While a single device might be a firewall, it could also be just a part of a larger system that is the firewall. For clarity, using the terms “firewall device” and “firewall system” might be helpful. A firewall device could be a router running a firewall feature set, in addition to its other activities, or it could be a dedicated appliance like a PIX box.
Whether working between Internet users and an organization’s internal networks or providing internal security within the company network, firewalls examine all messages passing through and blocks those that don’t meet the specified security criteria. For our purposes, we can divide firewall techniques into three categories:
Stateful packet filter
In practice, many firewalls incorporate two or more of these techniques.
Packet filters are access control lists that look at each packet entering or leaving the network. They accept or reject the packet, based on user-defined rules. As you saw earlier, ACLs can base these decisions on any or all of the following criteria:
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Packet filtering can be fairly effective and is generally transparent to users. While recognizing the usefulness of ACL Layer 3 and Layer 4 filtering in many cases, it’s important to recognize the following limitations in a situation where you might consider relying exclusively on them.
Because application layer information isn’t used or stored, each new packet session must be fully tested.
Without stateful capabilities, ACLs can’t deal with port number changes or multiple session channels required by some applications.
Fragmented packets will be forwarded, even if the initial packet was denied, thus allowing certain types of DoS attacks.
Complex ACLs can be difficult to configure and implement.
ACLs can be susceptible to IP address spoofing.
A proxy server stands between the internal network and the outside networks. An internal user wanting to browse a web site creates a session with the proxy server that typically requires authentication. This connection to the proxy might or might not be invisible to the internal user. The proxy can then compare the requested destination URL and/or IP address against a list of blocked sites. Assuming the site isn’t on the blocked list, the proxy then establishes a session with the destination. The proxy continues to work as a relay between the user and the outside world. Then, the proxy can apply application layer filtering against any packets. This hides the internal user from the external site and affords a level of content protection. This enhanced screening comes at the cost of reduced end-to-end performance.
Other features some proxies can provide include storing downloaded content, which can then be forwarded to the next interested user. This creates a perception of faster network performance and reduces traffic across WAN links (caching). Many proxies can create detailed access logs, making it possible for network administrators to review and add URLs to the blocked list.
Common problems in using proxy filtering include the following:
Slower end-to-end performance on true connections to the outside.
Because proxies are typically servers, any vulnerabilities inherent in that server operating system (OS) could be well known to hackers and easily exploited.
A proxy can provide a single point of failure, effectively blocking access to the outside world.
Stateful packet filtering systems provide a best-of-both-worlds solution that offers greater performance and reduced exposure to attack. By storing complete session state information for each session based on Layer 3, Layer 4, and application layer information, the device can provide more intelligent filtering than packet filters and faster performance than proxy filters.
PIX devices use stateful packet filtering to establish and secure TCP and UDP connections, as well as many common applications. This stateful decision-making allows PIX devices to deal with port number changes or multiple session channels required by some applications.
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Is córas de ghléas amháin nó níos mó é balla dóiteáin, de réir sainmhíniú, a fhorbraíodh chun beartas rialaithe rochtana an líonra a chur i bhfeidhm. Is féidir ballaí dóiteáin a chur i bhfeidhm i bhfeistí crua-earraí, i ngnéithe bogearraí, nó i meascán den dá cheann. Sa chás is simplí, d'fhéadfadh firewall a bheith mar an ródaire rochtana a reáchtálann gné firewall atá socraithe do theileacmhaoir, úsáideoir tí, líonra gnó beag, nó oifig bhrainse níos lú nuair a nascann siad leis an Idirlíon. Is minic a thógtar gnéithe ródaire agus balla dóiteáin isteach sna feistí a úsáidtear chun nasc a dhéanamh le seirbhísí DSL nó cábla.
I gcur i bhfeidhm níos mó, d'fhéadfadh an tinebhalla tagairt a dhéanamh do ghléasanna agus teicneolaíochtaí éagsúla a oibríonn le chéile chun an eagraíocht a chosaint ón domhan lasmuigh, agus laistigh den líonra chun slándáil inmheánach a sholáthar do chuid líonra ar leith. Mar a d'fhoghlaim tú sna dá chaibidil roimhe seo, is minic a bhíonn dhá ghléas nó níos mó ag obair le chéile chun sraitheanna éagsúla cosanta a sholáthar fiú amháin chun nasc imlíne amháin a chosaint. Is féidir leis seo an pointe aonair easpa a sheachaint a d'fhéadfadh acmhainní digiteacha na heagraíochta a nochtadh do chaillteanais tubaisteacha.
Cé go bhféadfadh feiste amháin a bheith ina bhalla dóiteáin, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chuid de chóras níos mó is ea an bhalla dóiteáin. Chun a bheith soiléir, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach na téarmaí feiste balla dóiteáin agus córas balla dóiteáin a úsáid. D'fhéadfadh gur gléas tinebhalla a bheith ina ródaire a reáchtálann tacar gné tinebhalla, chomh maith lena ghníomhaíochtaí eile, nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina fheiste tiomnaithe cosúil le bosca PIX.
Cibé an bhfuil sé ag obair idir úsáideoirí Idirlín agus líonraí inmheánacha eagraíochta nó ag soláthar slándála inmheánacha laistigh de líonra na cuideachta, déanann ballaí dóiteáin scrúdú ar na teachtaireachtaí go léir a théann tríd agus bacann siad orthu siúd nach gcomhlíonann na critéir slándála sonraithe. Chun ár gcuspóirí, is féidir linn teicnící balla dóiteáin a roinnt ina dtrí chatagóir:
Filter pacáiste stáit
I gcleachtas, cuimsíonn go leor ballaí dóiteáin dhá cheann nó níos mó de na teicnící seo.
Is liostaí rialaithe rochtana iad scagairí pacáiste a fhéachann ar gach pacáiste a théann isteach nó a fhágann an líonra. Glacann siad nó diúltaíonn siad don phacáiste, bunaithe ar rialacha a shainmhíníonn an t-úsáideoir. Mar a chonaic tú roimhe seo, is féidir le ACLanna na cinntí seo a bhunú ar aon cheann de na critéir seo a leanas nó ar na critéir seo a leanas go léir:
Seoladh IP foinse
Seoladh IP cinn scríbe
Is féidir le scagaire pacáiste a bheith sách éifeachtach agus tá sé trédhearcach go ginearálta d'úsáideoirí. Cé go bhfuil an úsáid a bhaineann le scagaire ACL Layer 3 agus Layer 4 i go leor cásanna aitheanta, tá sé tábhachtach na teorainneacha seo a leanas a aithint i gcás ina mb'fhéidir go mbreathnófaí ort brath go heisiach orthu.
Toisc nach n-úsáidtear ná nach stóráiltear faisnéis faoi shraith na n-iarratas, ní mór gach seisiún pacáiste nua a thástáil go hiomlán.
Gan acmhainní stateful, ní féidir le ACLanna déileáil le hathruithe ar uimhir chalafoirt nó le cainéil seisiúin iolracha a éilíonn roinnt feidhmchláir.
Cuirfear pacáistí sracfhillte ar aghaidh, fiú má dhiúltaíodh an pacáiste tosaigh, rud a cheadaíonn cineálacha áirithe ionsaithe DoS.
Is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair ACLanna casta a chumrú agus a chur i bhfeidhm.
Is féidir le ACLanna a bheith so-ghabhálach do spoofing IP.
Seasann freastalaí ionadaí idir an líonra inmheánach agus na líonraí seachtracha. Cruthaíonn úsáideoir inmheánach atá ag iarraidh suíomh gréasáin a bhrabhsáil seisiún leis an bhfreastalaí ionadaí a éilíonn fíordheimhniú de ghnáth. D'fhéadfadh an nasc seo leis an proxy a bheith dofheicthe don úsáideoir inmheánach nó nach mbeadh. Is féidir leis an proxy ansin an URL agus/nó seoladh IP a iarrtar a chur i gcomparáid le liosta suíomhanna blocáilte. Má ghlacann sé leis nach bhfuil an suíomh ar an liosta blocáilte, bunóidh an proxy seisiún leis an gceann scríbe. Leanann an proxy ag obair mar athsheachadadh idir an t-úsáideoir agus an domhan lasmuigh. Ansin, is féidir leis an proxy scagadh sraith iarratais a chur i bhfeidhm i gcoinne aon phacáistí. Cuireann sé seo cosc ar an úsáideoir inmheánach ón suíomh seachtrach agus cuireann sé leibhéal cosanta ábhar ar fáil. Tá an scagadh feabhsaithe seo ag costais laghdú ar fheidhmíocht deireadh go deireadh.
I measc na ngnéithe eile a d'fhéadfadh roinnt proxies a sholáthar tá stóráil ábhar íoslódáilte, ar féidir é a chur ar aghaidh ansin chuig an gcéad úsáideoir eile a bhfuil suim aige ann. Cruthaíonn sé seo tuiscint ar fheidhmíocht líonra níos tapúla agus laghdaíonn sé trácht ar naisc WAN (caching). Is féidir le go leor proxies loganna rochtana mionsonraithe a chruthú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé indéanta do riarthóirí líonra URLanna a athbhreithniú agus a chur leis an liosta blocáilte.
I measc na bhfadhbanna coitianta a bhaineann le scagaire proxy a úsáid tá na rudaí seo a leanas:
Feidhmíocht imeall-go-imeall níos moille ar na fíor-cheangail go dtí an taobh amuigh.
Toisc gur freastalaithe iad na hionadaithe de ghnáth, d'fhéadfadh hackers a bheith ar an eolas faoi aon leochaileachtaí atá i bhfianaise an chórais oibriúcháin freastalaí sin (OS) agus d'fhéadfaí iad a shaothrú go héasca.
Is féidir le hiontrálaí pointe amháin easpa a sholáthar, ag bac go héifeachtach ar rochtain ar an domhan lasmuigh.
Soláthraíonn córais scagthriallta pacáiste stáit an réiteach is fearr den dá shaol a thairgeann feidhmíocht níos fearr agus a laghdaíonn nochtadh do ionsaí. Trí fhaisnéis choirp seisiúin iomlán a stóráil do gach seisiún bunaithe ar fhaisnéis Ciseal 3, Ciseal 4 agus Ciseal iarratais, is féidir leis an bhfeiste scagaire níos cliste a sholáthar ná scagairí pacáiste agus feidhmíocht níos tapúla ná scagairí ionadaí.
Úsáideann feistí PIX scagaire phacáiste stáit chun naisc TCP agus UDP a bhunú agus a slándáil, chomh maith le go leor feidhmchláir choitianta. Ligeann an cinneadh staidúil seo do ghléasanna PIX déileáil le hathruithe ar uimhir chalafoirt nó le cainéil seisiúin iolracha a éilíonn roinnt feidhmchláir.
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. See pennywort.
- n. Any of various Eurasian plants of the genus Omphalodes, having one-sided cymes of usually blue flowers.
- n. See water pennywort.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A European perennial succulent herb with round, peltate leaves with a central depression.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A European perennial succulent herb (Cotyledon umbilicus), having round, peltate leaves with a central depression; -- also called pennywort, and kidneywort.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A plant of the genus Cotyledon, chiefly C. Umbilicus: so called from the shape of the leaf. See Cotyledon, 2, jack-in-the-bush, 2, and kidneywort, 1.
- n. A plant of the genus Omphalodes: so called from the form of the nutlets. O. verna is the blue or spring navelwort, O. linifolia the white navelwort; both are garden-flowers.
From the navellike depression on its leaves.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
navel + wort (Wiktionary)
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ó The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4ú hIonú
- n. Féach pennywort.
- n. Aon cheann de phlandaí Eurachacha éagsúla den ghéineas Omphalodes, a bhfuil cymes aon-taobhach de fhlúir gorma de ghnáth acu.
- n. Féach uisce pennywort.
ó Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. Gléas suculent ilbhliantúil Eorpach le duilleoga babhta, peltate le dúshlán lárnach.
ó leagan GNU den Fhoras Idirnáisiúnta Comhoibritheach Béarla
- n. Gléas suculent dabhbhbhliantúil Eorpach (Cotyledon umbilicus), a bhfuil duilleoga babhta, peltate acu le dúlagar lárnach; -- ar a dtugtar pennywort, agus kidneywort freisin.
ó The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Plannta den ghéineas Cotyledon, go príomha C. Umbilicus: mar sin ar a dtugtar ó chruth na duille. Féach Cotyledon, 2, jack-in-the-bush, 2, agus kidneywort, 1.
- n. Plannta den ghéineas Omphalodes: mar sin ar a dtugtar ó fhoirm na n-uachracha. Is é O. verna an navelwort gorm nó earraigh, agus O. linifolia an navelwort bán; is bláthanna gairdín iad an dá cheann.
Óna bhfolach navellike ar a duilleoga. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, an Ceathrú Heagrán)
navel + wort (Wiktionary)
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Five Functions Of Language (Leech, 1974)
|✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: English Language|
|✅ Wordcount: 1014 words||✅ Published: 22nd Jul 2021|
Language plays a very important role in human lives. It is a social phenomenon. One of the main goals of language is to communicate with people and to understand them. When someone speaks, he intends a specific purpose. He wants to convey a message through that language. A person uses his language to many different purposes for example, to express his feelings, to ask for help and to apologize.
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In fact, we use language in many different ways, some of these are, the informational, the expressive, the directive, the phatic, the aesthetic. We use language and that language is a part of society. Actually, any language varies according to , the nature of the society, what kind of people, and their attitudes. People use language according to their situation. The social background of any person can play an important role in the kind of language he has.
I am going to discuss these functions and take some examples of each one. I will explain the relationship between language and social organization.
Language is very important factor of communication among society. Using language has some functions. We need to use language to fulfill our needs. It is a crucial part in our life. If a person uses his language, he chooses words that matches his needs.
People use some functions to say a sentence, to ask, to reply, to greet and etc. In fact, forms are important part of our discussion because they are related to functions. A person who says, What is your name? he is showing a form of a question. Let us take another example, I want to play football, functions as a statement.
Five functions of language:
Actually, Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). Mentioned that language has five functions. They are:
I am going to discuss every function. “Informational function which every one tends to assume is most important” Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). In fact, this function concentrates on the message. It is used to give new information. It depends on truth and value. Let us look at this example, the car is big, the bus is crowded.
” language can have an expressive function: that is, it can be used to express its originator’s feelings and attitudes – swear words and exclamations are the most obvious instance of this”. Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). The speaker or writer of this function tries to express his feelings. He or she reflexes his or her impression. This function could give a clear image for the personality of the speaker or writer. The best example of this kind is Poetry and literature . In fact, this function evoke certain feelings and express feelings. Examples of this kind are, I am very happy or I spent a wonderful vacation. We can see from the previous examples that they reflex the feelings of the speaker or the writer.
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“The third function of language is the directive function whereby we aim to influence the behavior or attitudes of others. The most straightforward instances of the directive function are commands and requests. This function of social control places emphasis on the receiver’s end, rather than the originator’s end of the message: but it resembles the expressive function in giving less importance, on the whole, to conceptual meaning than to other types of meaning, particularly affective and connotative meaning” Geoffery Leech( 1974 ).
Examples of this kind are, I want a cup of tea or close the door. It is clear hear that, we use the language in a direct way. We ask someone to do something. Some times we can use a sentence to express two functions. For example, I am thirsty. The previous example could be used to show the condition of the speaker or writer or to express the feeling. In a way that a person asks someone to give him water.
The fourth function is the aesthetic function, which is ” the use of language for the sake of the linguistic artifact itself, and for no purpose. This aesthetic function can have at least as much to do with conceptual as with affective meaning” Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). ” The function associated with the message-the vehicle-is the poetic or aesthetic function: the sign taken as an end in itself. All art understood as art is taken to embody this function, and any object valued for its beauty rather than for its ideological value or usefulness-whether a gorgeous car, an elegant teapot, or some acreage of untouched real estate-takes on this function. Although Jakobson, perhaps more precisely than anyone who preceded him, showed how the aesthetic function could hinge on structure, he argues that cultural norms ultimately determine the dominance of this function. As a striking demonstration, he notes that the aesthetic status that one generation accorded only to the poems of Karel Mácha, a subsequent generation accords only to his diaries. Jakobson, R. (1933)”.
According to Leech, the fifth function is the phatic function. ” the function of keeping communication lines open, and keeping social relationships in good repair ( in Britain culture, talking about the weather is a well-known example of this)”. Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). We can say about this function that it is used for normal talks. An example of this, when two people meet each other accidently in a place. They start talking about something unimportant for the sake of communication like, how are you? How is your children? And so on. We can say that it is a kind of daily talking. It is not meaning but is good.
Actually has another classification from what we have discussed. H. Douglas Brown has classified function of language into seven types. “This classification is not much different from that of Leech. The functional approach to describing language is one that has its roots in the traditions of British linguists J,R Firth, who reviewed language as interactive and interpersonal, away of behaving and making others behave” Berns, ( 1984).
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Cúig Fhoinche na Teanga (Leech, 1974)
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✅ Wordcount: 1014 words राख राख राख राख✅ Foilsíodh: 22nd Jul 2021 राख राख राख
Tá ról an-tábhachtach ag teanga i saol an duine. Is feiniméan sóisialta é. Ceann de phríomhchuspóirí na teanga ná cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine agus iad a thuiscint. Nuair a labhraíonn duine, tá sé i gceist le cuspóir ar leith. Ba mhaith leis teachtaireacht a chur in iúl tríd an teanga sin. Úsáideann duine a theanga chun críocha éagsúla, mar shampla, chun a chuid mothúchán a chur in iúl, chun cabhair a iarraidh agus chun leithscéal a iarraidh.
Má theastaíonn cúnamh uait chun do aiste a scríobh, tá ár seirbhís scríbhneoireachta aiste gairmiúil anseo chun cabhrú!Seirbhís Scríbhneoireachta aiste
Go deimhin, úsáidimid teanga ar bhealaí éagsúla, cuid acu, an fhaisnéis, an léiriú, an treoir, an phatic, an áisiúil. Bainimid úsáid as teanga agus is cuid den tsochaí í an teanga sin. Go deimhin, athraíonn aon teanga de réir , nádúr na sochaí, cén cineál daoine, agus a n-ionsaí. Úsáideann daoine teanga de réir a staid. Is féidir le cúlra sóisialta aon duine ról tábhachtach a imirt sa chineál teanga atá aige.
Táim chun na feidhmeanna seo a phlé agus roinnt samplaí a thabhairt de gach ceann acu. Míním an gaol idir teanga agus eagraíocht shóisialta.
Is gné an-tábhachtach cumarsáide idir an tsochaí é an teanga. Tá roinnt feidhmeanna ag baint le teanga a úsáid. Ní mór dúinn teanga a úsáid chun ár riachtanais a chomhlíonadh. Tá sé ina chuid ríthábhachtach dár saol. Má úsáideann duine a theanga, roghnaíonn sé focail a fhreagraíonn dá riachtanais.
Úsáideann daoine roinnt feidhmeanna chun abairt a rá, chun ceist a chur, freagra a thabhairt, fáilte a chur roimh dhaoine agus mar sin de. Go deimhin, tá foirmeacha cuid thábhachtach dár bplé toisc go bhfuil siad a bhaineann le feidhmeanna. Duine a deir, Cad é d'ainm? Tá sé ag taispeáint foirm ceist. Lig dúinn sampla eile a ghlacadh, ba mhaith liom peil a imirt, feidhm mar ráiteas.
Cúig fheidhm sa teanga:
Go deimhin, Geoffery Leech (Ó 1974 i leith). Luaitear go bhfuil cúig fheidhm ag teanga. Is iad seo a leanas:
Tá mé ag dul a phlé gach feidhm. Foncaireacht faisnéise a bhfuil gach duine ag dul a ghlacadh is tábhachtaí Geoffery Leech († 1974). Go deimhin, dírithe ar an teachtaireacht atá sa ghné seo. Úsáidtear é chun faisnéis nua a thabhairt. Braitheann sé ar fhírinne agus ar luach. Lig dúinn breathnú ar an sampla seo, tá an carr mór, tá an bus plódaithe.
is féidir le teanga feidhm léiriúcháin a bheith aici: is é sin, is féidir í a úsáid chun mothúcháin agus dearcadh a thionscnóir a chur in iúl is iad focail mhíchánacha agus exclamations an cás is soiléire de seo . Geoffery Leech (→ 1974 ). Tá an cainteoir nó an scríbhneoir an fheidhm seo ag iarraidh a chuid mothúchán a chur in iúl. Léiríonn sé nó sí a chuid tuairimí. D'fhéadfadh an fheidhm seo íomhá soiléir a thabhairt do phearsantacht an chainteora nó an scríbhneora. Is é an sampla is fearr den chineál seo ná an Bhileog agus an litríocht . Go deimhin, cuireann an fheidhm seo mothúcháin áirithe chun cinn agus léiríonn sé mothúcháin. Is samplaí den chineál seo iad, táim an-sásta nó chaith mé laethanta saoire iontach. Is féidir linn a fheiceáil ó na samplaí thuas go léiríonn siad mothúcháin an chainteora nó an scríbhneora.
Tá ár saineolaithe acadúla réidh agus ag fanacht chun cabhrú le haon tionscadal scríbhneoireachta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat. Ó phleananna aiste simplí, go dtí dírscéalta iomlána, is féidir leat a ráthú go bhfuil seirbhís againn a oireann go foirfe do do chuid riachtanas. Féach ar ár seirbhísí
Is é an tríú feidhm a bhaineann le teanga ná an fheidhm treorach lena n-aidhmíonn muid tionchar a imirt ar iompar nó ar dearcadh daoine eile. Is iad na cásanna is simplí den fheidhm treorach orduithe agus iarratais. Cuireann an fheidhm seo den rialú sóisialta béim ar dheireadh an fhaighteora, seachas ar dheireadh an tionscnóir an teachtaireachta: ach is cosúil leis an fheidhm léiriúcháin í a thabhairt níos lú tábhachta, ar an iomlán, le brí choincheapaíoch ná le cineálacha eile brí, go háirithe brí ghnéasach agus connotative (Geoffery Leech, 1974).
Is samplaí den chineál seo iad, Ba mhaith liom cupán tae nó dún an doras. Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil éisteacht, úsáidimid an teanga ar bhealach díreach. Iarrann muid ar dhuine rud éigin a dhéanamh. Uaireanta is féidir linn abairt a úsáid chun dhá fheidhm a chur in iúl. Mar shampla, tá mé tart. D'fhéadfaí an sampla roimhe seo a úsáid chun staid an chainteora nó an scríbhneora a thaispeáint nó chun an mothúchán a chur in iúl. Ar an mbealach a iarrann duine ar dhuine uisce a thabhairt dó.
Is é an ceathrú feidhm an fheidhm ealaíne, is é sin úsáid na teanga ar mhaithe leis an artefact teanga féin, agus gan aon chuspóir. Is féidir leis an bhfeidhm eisteach seo a bheith ag baint chomh mór leis an gciall coincheapail agus leis an gciall mhothúchánach. - Geoffery Leech († 1974). Is é an fheidhm a bhaineann leis an teachtaireacht - an t-iompar - an fheidhm pholaitiúil nó eisteach: an comhartha a ghlacfar mar chríoch ina n-aonar. Glactar gach ealaín a thuigtear mar ealaín chun an fheidhm seo a chomhlachtú, agus glacann aon rud a bhfuil luach air as a áilleacht seachas as a luach idéalaíoch nó a úsáideacht - cibé acu carr álainn, teapot ealaíne, nó roinnt acra de eastát réadach gan teagmháil - ar an fheidhm seo. Cé gur léirigh Jakobson, b'fhéidir níos cruinne ná aon duine a bhí roimhe, conas a d'fhéadfadh an fheidhm áisiúil a bheith ag brath ar struchtúr, déanann sé a argóint go gcinntíonn nósanna cultúrtha ceannas an fheidhmiúlachta seo sa deireadh. Mar léiriú suntasach, tugann sé faoi deara nach dtugann an stádas ealaíne a thug glúin amháin ach do chuid dánta Karel Mácha, ní thugann gláine ina dhiaidh sin ach do chuid diaries. Jakobson, R. (1933) .
De réir Leech, is é an cúigiú feidhm an fheidhm phatic. an fheidhm a bhaineann le línte cumarsáide a choinneáil oscailte, agus caidreamh sóisialta a choinneáil i riocht maith (i gcultúr na Breataine, is sampla maith é de ag caint faoin aimsir) Geoffery Leech (→ 1974 ). Is féidir linn a rá faoi an fheidhm seo go bhfuil sé a úsáidtear le haghaidh cainteanna gnáth. Sampla de seo, nuair a bhuaileann beirt daoine le chéile go tobann in áit. Tosaíonn siad ag caint faoi rud éigin neamh-tábhachtach ar mhaithe le cumarsáid mar, conas atá tú? Conas atá do leanaí? Agus mar sin de. Is féidir linn a rá gur cineál cainte laethúil é. Níl sé ciall ach tá sé go maith.
Go deimhin tá aicmiú eile ó na bhfuil plé againn. Tá feidhm na teanga aicmithe ag H. Douglas Brown ina seacht gcineál. Ní bhíonn an aicmiú seo i bhfad difriúil ó aicmiú Leech. Tá an cur chuige feidhmiúil chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar theanga ina cheann a bhfuil a fréamhacha i dtrádálacha na teangacha Breataine J.R. Firth, a rinne athbhreithniú ar theanga mar idirghníomhach agus idirphearsanta, ar shiúl ó iompar agus a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile iompar a dhéanamh.
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Some Solitary Bees like Resin Bees will create their nest in small tunnels or grooves and for most of us it’s a mystery what happens inside the tunnels. This observation block allows the nests to be easily viewed without causing any disturbance or damage.
Using Cypress I’ve routed grooves 160mm long in a 200mm wide block. I then covered the surface with some clear acrylic sheet and placed a hinge on the back.
When it’s in place the blocks are closed against each other. The block could be placed flat/horizontally or vertically. I would suggest once the bees have started creating brood cells that you make sure it’s returned to the same exact location and position. The brood cells may be affected if you change the position.
When i want to have a peek i can open up the blocks without disturbing the nests…
Update photo below: 29/09/2019
Below: Some activity!!
Update photo below: 04/01/2020
Below: This looks pretty successful to me. I didn’t realise, but there’s two different species of Resin Bee using this block. Large and small… (‘ll have to find out the species)
Below: The larger Resin Bee, it’s brood cells and larvae taking up the whole tunnel
Below: The smaller Resin Bee, taking up less space in the tunnel and leaving an access track underneath the brood cells / larvae.
Below, you can see the different development stages between the cells
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| 0.908591 | 316 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cruthaíonn roinnt Beacha Solitary cosúil le Beacha Resin a n-áiteanna i túnaillí nó i mbróga beaga agus do chuid is mó againn is rúndiamhair é cad a tharlaíonn taobh istigh de na túnaillí. Is féidir leis an mbloc breathnóireachta seo na nead a fheiceáil go héasca gan aon suaitheadh nó damáiste a dhéanamh.
Ag baint úsáide as Cypress, rinne mé greimí 160mm ar fhad a thrasnú i mbloc 200mm ar leithead. Ansin chlúdaigh mé an dromchla le roinnt bileog acrailice soiléire agus chuir mé hinge ar an gcúl.
Nuair a bheidh sé i bhfeidhm, tá na bloic dúnta lena chéile. D'fhéadfaí an bloc a chur go cothrom/uaslódáil nó go ingearach. Molaim nuair a bheidh na beacha thosaigh a chruthú cealla breed go bhfuil tú a dhéanamh cinnte go bhfuil sé ar ais go dtí an áit chéanna agus seasamh. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tionchar ag na cealla breithe má athraíonn tú an seasamh.
Nuair is mian liom a bheith peek is féidir liom a oscailt suas na bloic gan cur isteach ar na n-áiteanna...
Grianghraf nuashonraithe thíos: 29/09/2019
Faoi bhun: Beagán gníomhaíochta! Tá sé!
Grianghraf nuashonraithe thíos: 04/01/2020
Faoi bhun: Is cosúil go bhfuil an-éacht air seo domsa. Ní raibh mé a thuiscint, ach tá dhá speiceas éagsúla de Resin Bee ag baint úsáide as an bloc. Mór agus beag... (Ní mór dom a fháil amach an speiceas)
Faoi bhun: An Beithín Rósín is mó, a chealla dúch agus a luibheanna ag glacadh an tollán ar fad
Faoi bhun: An Beithín Rósín níos lú, ag glacadh níos lú spáis sa thineal agus ag fágáil cosán rochtana faoi bhun na gcealla / na n-larbhaí.
Anseo thíos, is féidir leat na céimeanna éagsúla forbartha idir na cealla a fheiceáil
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