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poeticalworksed24spengoog_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | But he thereto would by no meanes consent ; But leauing him forth on his iourney far'd : Ne wight with him but onely Talus went. They two enough t*encounter an whole Regiment. CaHLlL FAERIE QVEENE. 171 Cant. 11. ArUgaU biares of Flarimdly Ihe$ with the Pagan figbt: Him tlaieSy drownes Lady Mururoj Does race ber castle quigbt. N Ought is more honorable to a knight, i Ne better doth beseeme braue chcwdry, Then to defend the feeble in their right, And wrong redresse in such as wend awry. Whilome those great Heroes got thereby Their greatest glory, for their rightful! deedes, And place deserued with the Gods on hy. Herein the noblesse of this knight exceedes, Who now to perils great for iustice sake proceedes. To which as he now was vppon the way, u He chaunst to meet a Dwarfe in hasty course; Whom he requir'd his forward hast to stay. Till he of tidings mote with him discourse. Loth was the Dwarfe, yet did he stay perforse. And gan of sundry newes his store to tell. As to his memory they had recourse : ^ But chiefely of the fairest Florimell^ l^How she was found againe, and spousde to Marinell. For this was Donyy Florimels owne Dwarfe, ui Whom hauing lost (as ye haue heard whvleare) And finding in the way the scattred scarie. The fortune of her life long time did feare. But of her health when Artegall did heare, And safe returne, he was full inly glad, r And askt him where, and when her bridale cheare Should be solemnized : for if time he had, (He would be there, and honor to her spousall ad. Ai^. 3 Momera IJ^S, 1609 ; com Hughes ii 7 As] And 1^96 172 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cam. 11. f Within three dales (quoth hee) as I do here, iv V It will be at the Castle of the strond; What time if naught me let, I will be there To doe her seruice, so as I am bond. But in my way a litde here beyond r A cursed cruell Sarazin doth wonnc, (^ That keepes a Bridges passage by strong hond, And many errant Knights hath there fordonne ; That makes all men for feare that passage for to shonne. What mister wight (quoth he) and how far hence v Is he, that doth to trauellers such harmes? He is (said he) a man of great defence ; Expert in battell and in deedes of armes ; And more emboldned by the wicked charmes, With which his daughter doth him still support ; Hauing great Lordships got and goodly farmes. Through strong oppression of his powre extort ; By which he stil them holds, and keepes with strong effort. And dayly he his wrongs encreaseth more, vi For neuer wight he lets to passe that way, Ouer his Bridge, albee he rich or poore, But he him makes his passage-penny pay : Else he doth hold him backe or beat away. Thereto he hath a groome of euill guite, Whose scalp is bare, that bondage doth bewray, Which pols and pils the poore in piteous wize ; But he him selfe vppon the rich doth tyrannize. CHis name is hight PolUntey rightly so vu For that he is so puissant and strong. That with his powre he all doth ouergo. And makes them subiect to his mighty wrong ; And some by sleight he eke doth vnderfong. For on a Bridge he custometh to fight. Which is but narrow, but exceeding long ; And in the same are many trap fals pight. Through which the rider downe doth all through ouersight. iv I hee] slie Jf^6 vi 2 way ; 7/96 vii 9 ouendght if^6 Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. 173 And vnderneath the same a riuer flowes, vui That is both swift and dangerous deepe withall ; Into the which whom so he ouerthrowes, All destitute of heipe doth headlong ^1, But he him selfe, through practise vsuall, Leapes forth into the floud, and there assaies His foe confused through his sodaine ^I, That horse and man he equally dismaies, And either both them drownes, or trayterously slaies. rThen doth he take the spoile of them at will, iz And to his daughter brings, that dwels thereby : Who all that comes doth take, and therewith fill The coffers of her wicked threasury; Which she with wrongs hath heaped vp so hy, That many Princes she in wealth exceeides, And purchast all the countrey lying ny With the reuenue of her plenteous meedes, ^ (Her name is Munerq^ agreeing with her deedes. ( Thereto she is full faire, and rich attired, % With golden hands and siluer feete beside, That manyT/Ords haue her to wife desired : But she them all despiseth for great pride. Now by my life (sayd he) and God to guide. None other way will I this day betake. But by that Bridge, whereas he doth abide : Therefore me thither lead. No more he spake, But thitherward forthright his ready way did make. Vnto the place he came within a while, xi Where on the Bridge he ready armed saw (^The Sarazin, awayting for some spoile. Who as they to the passage gan to draw, A villaine to them came with scull all raw. That passage money did of them require. According to the custome of their law. To whom he aunswerd wroth, Loe there thy hire ; And with that word him strooke, that streight he did expire. xi 4 Who] Tho conj. Church : When Morris 8 loe //jd, lo 1609 174 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. II. Which when the Pagan saw, he wexed wroth, xii And streight him selfe vnto the fight addrest, Ne was Sir Artegall behinde : so both Together ran with ready speares in rest. Right in the midst, whereas they brest to brest Should meete, a trap was letten downe to fall Into the floud : streight leapt the Carle vnblest. Well weening that his foe was falne withall : But he was well aware, and leapt before his fall. There being both together in the floud, zui They each at other tyrannously flew; Ne ought the water cooled their whot bloud. But rather in them kindled choler new. But there the Paynim, who that vse well knew To fight in water, great aduantage had. That oftentimes him nigh he ouerthrew: And eke the courser, whereuppon he rad. Could swim like to a fish, whiles he his backe bestrad. Which oddes when as Sir Artegall espide, xiv He saw no way, but close with him in hast ; And to him driuing strongly downe the tide, Vppon his iron coUcr griped fast. That with the straint his wesand nigh he brast. There they together stroue and struggled long, Either the other from his steede to cast ; Ne euer Artegall his griple strong For any thing wold slacke, but still vppon him hong. As when a Dolphin and a Sele are met, xv In the wide champian of the Ocean plaine : With cruell chaufe their courages they whet. The maysterdome of each by torce to gaine. And dreadfuU battaile twixt them do (krraine : They snuf, they snort, they bounce, they rage, they rore. That all the sea disturbed with their traine. Doth frie with fome aboue the surges hore. Such was betwixt these two the troublesome vprore. xiv 9 would 1609 Cant. IT. FAERIE QVEENE. 175 So ArUgall at length him forst forsake xvi His horses backe, for dread of being drownd, And to his handy swimming him betake. Eftsoones him selfe he from his hold vnbownd, And then no ods at all in him he fownd: For ArtegaU in swimming skilfull was, And durst the depth of any water sownd. So ought each Knight, that vse of perill has, In swimming be expert through waters force to pas. Then very doubtfull was the warres euent, xvii Vncertaine whether had the better side : For both were skild in that experiment, And both in armes well traind and throughly tride. But ArUgaU was better breathed beside, And towxls th*end, grew greater in his might. That his feint foe no longer could abide His puissance, ne beare him selfe vpright. But from the water to the land betooke his flight. But ^rTigyg// pursewd him still so neare, zvui With bright Chrysaor in his cruell hand. That as his head he gan a litle reare Aboue the brincke, to tread vpon the land. He ^smotejtj)flF, that tumbling on the strand It bit the earth for very fell despight, And gnashed with his teeth, as if he band High God, whose goodnesse he despaired quight. Or curst the hand, which did that vengeance on him dight. His corps was carried downe along the Lee, | xu Whose waters with his filthy bloud it stayned : \ But his blasphemous head, that all might see, \ f He pitcht vpon a pole on high ordayned; \[-i ^ i- A. Where many years it afterwards remayned, 1 j ^ To be a mirrour to all mighty men, i . * ^ In whose right hands great power is contayned, j That none of them the feeble ouerren, j But alwaies doe their powre within iust compasse pen, ■ xviii 9 dight /fptf J.- i . ^ 176 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant.IL ^ That done, vnto the Castle he did wend, xx V In which the Paynims daughter did abide, Guarded of many which did her defend : Of whom he entrance sought, but was denide. And with reprochfull blasphemy defide. Beaten with stones downe from the battilment. That he was forced to withdraw aside ; And bad his seruant Talus to inuent Which way he enter might, without endangerment. Eftsoones his Page drew to the Castle gate, sd And with his .iron flale aj: it Jet flie. That alFthe warders it did sore amate, The which erewhile spake so reprochfully, And^made them stoupe, that looked earst so hie. Yet still he bet, and bounst vppon the dore. And thundred strokes thereon so hideouslie, That all the peece he shaked from the flore, And filled all the house with feare and great vprore. With noise whereof the Lady forth appeared nu Vppon the Castle wall, and when she saw The daungerous state, in which she stood, she feared The sad effect of her neare ouerthrow ; rAnd gan entreat that iron man below, ^To cease his outrage, and him faire besought, Sith neither force of stones which they did throw, Nor powr of charms, which she against him wrought, Might otherwise preuaile, or make him cease for ought. But when as yet she saw him to proceede, xxiii Vnmou'd with praiers, or with piteous thought, yr^She ment him to corrupt with goodly meede; i And causde great sackes with endlesse riches fraught, Vnto the battilment to be vpbrought. And powred forth ouer the Casde wall. That she might win some time, though dearly bought Whilest he to gathering of the gold did fall. But he was nothing mou'd, nor tempted therewithall. Cant.IL FAERIE QVEENE. 177 But still continued his assault the more, niv ^ And layd on load with his huge jrron flaile, That at the length he has yrent the dore^^ And made way for his maister to assaile. Who being entred, nought did then auaile For wighty against his powre them selues to reare : Each one didflie; their hearts began to faile. And hid them selues in corners here and there; And eke their dame halfe dead did hide her self for feare* Long they her sought, yet no where could they finde her, nv That sure they ween'd she was escapt away: But TabiSy that could like a limehound winde her, And all things secrete wisely could bewray, At length found out, whereas she hidden lay Vnder an heape of gold. Thence he her drew By the faire lockes, and fowlv did array, Withouten pitty of her goodly hew. That ArtegaU him selfe her seemelesse plight did rew. -^Yet for no pitty would he change the course ssc^ Of Justice, which in J^alui hand did lye ; Who rudely hayld her forth without remorse, I Still holding vp her suppliant hands on hye. And kneeling at his feete submissiuely. But he her suppliant hands, those hands of gold. And eke her reete, those feete of siluer trye, Which sought vnrighteousnesse, and iustice sold, Chopt off, and nayld on high, that all might them behold. Her selfe then tooke he by the sdender wast, /-In vaine loud crying, and into the flood I Ouer the Casde waU adowne her cast, I And there her drowned in the dur^ mud : But the streame washt away her gudty blood» Thereafter all that mucky pelfe he tooke. The spoile of peoples eudl gotten good. The which her sire had scrap*t by hooke and crooke, TAnd burning all to ashes, powr'd it downe the brooke. xxvii I slender /609 pastm N iV§ t«E V. BOOKE OE TM£ CantJl. And lastly all that Castle quite he raced, stvui Euen from the sole of his foundation, - And all the hewen stones thereof defaced, That there mote be no hope of reparation, Nor memory thereof to any nation. All which when Talus throi^hlv had perfourmed, Sir ArtegaU vndid the euill rashion. And wicked customes of that Brieve refourmed. Which done, vnto his former iourney he retourned. In which they measur'd mickle weary way, mx Till that at length nigh to the sea they drew ; By which as they did trauell on a day. They saw before them, far as they could vew, Full many people gathered in a crew ; Whose great assembly they did much admire. For neuer there the like resort they knew. So towardes them they coasted, to enquire What thing so many nations met, did there desire. There they beheld a mighty Grant stand xxx - Vpon a rocke, and holding forth on hie An huge great paire of ballance in his hand, - With which he boasted in his surquedrie, That all the world he would weigh equallie. If ought he had the same to counterpoys. For want whereof he weighed vanity. And fild his ballaunce full of idle toys : Yet was admired much of fooles, women, and boys. He sayd that he would all the earth vptake, sm And all the sea, deuided each from either : So would he of the fire one ballaunce make. And one of th'ayre, without or wind, or wether : Then would he ballaunce heauen and hell together. And all that did within them all containe ; Of all whose weight, he would not misse a fether. And looke what surplus did of each remaine. He would to his owne part restore the same againe. Cant. II. FAERIE QVEENE, 179 xFor why, he sayd they all vnequall wer^ xuu [ And had encroched vppon others share, Like as the sea (which plaine he shewed there) Had worne the earth, so did the fire the aire, So all the rest did others parts empaire. And so were realmes and nations run awry. All which he vndertooke for to repaire, - In sort as they were formed aunciently ; And all things would reduce vnto equality. / Therefore the vulgar did about him flocke, sum ^ And cluster thicke vnto his leasings vame, Like foolish flies about an hony crocke, In hope by him great benefite to gaine. And vncontroUed fi-eedome to obtaine. All which when ArtegaU did see, and heare, How he mis-led the simple peoples traine. In sdeignfull wize he drew vnto him neare, And thus vnto him spake, without regard or feare. Thou that presum*st to weigh the world anew, uziv And all things to an equall to restore, ^ In stead of right me seemes great wrong dost shew, I And far aboue thy forces pitch to sore. r For ere thou limit wh^t is lesse or more In euery thing, thou oughtest first to know. What was the poyse of euery part of yoce: And looke then how much it doth ouerflow. Or faile thereof, so much is more then iust to trow. For at the first they all created were In goodly measure, by their Makers might. And weighed out in ballaunces so nere. That not a dram was missing of their right. The earth was in the middle centre pight. In which it doth' immoueable abide, Hemd in with waters like a wall in sight ; And they with aire, that not a drop can dide: Al which the heauens containe, and in their courses guide, xxxii 4 earth] eare //pd N 2 i8o THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Such heauenly iustice doth among them rain^ zuvi That euety one doe know their certaine bound, In which they doe these many yeares remaine, ^ And mongst them al no change hath yet beene found. But if thou now shouldst weigh them new in pound, We are not sure they would so long renudne: V^ All change is perillous, and all chaunce vnsound. Therefore leaue off to weigh them all againe, Till we may be assured they shall their course retaine. Thou foolishe Elfe (said then the Gyant wroth) zuvii Seest not, how badly all things present bee, And each estate quite out of order goth ? The sea it selfe doest thou not plainely see Encroch vppon the land there vnder thee ; And th 'earth it selfe how daily its increast, By all that dying to it turned be ? Were it not good that wrong were then surceast, And from the most, that some were giuen to the least? Therefore I will throw downe these mountaines hie, mvui And make them leuell with the lowly plaine : These towring rocks, which reach vnto the skic, I will thrust downe into the deepest maine, \ And as they were, them equalize againe. Tyrants that make men subiect to their law, 1 will suppresse, that they no more may raine ; I And Lorclings curbe, that commons ouer-aw; /And all the w^th of rich men to the poore will draw. rOf things vnseene how canst thou deeme aright, ^ Then answered the righteous Arugall^ - Sith thou misdeem'st so much of tfiings in sight ? What though the sea with waues contmuall Doe eate the earth, it is no more at all : Ne is the earth the lesse, or loseth ought, [Tor whatsoeuer from one place doth fell, /^ Is with the tide vnto an other brought : !For there is nothing lost, that may be found, if sought, xxxvti 7 be //ptf xxxviii t those 1609 Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. i8i Likewise the earth is not augmented more, zi By all that dying into it doe fade. For of the earth they formed were of yore. How euer gay their blossome or their blade Doe flourish now, they into dust shall vade. What wrong then is it, if that when they die. They turne to that, whereof they first were made ? All in the powre of their great Maker lie: All creatures must obey the voice of the most hie. I They liue, they die, like as he doth ordaine, / xu I Ne euer any asketh reason why. \ The hils doe not the lowly dales disdaine; i \ The dales doe not the lof^ hils enuy. \ - He maketh Kings to sit in souerainty ; ^ I He maketh subiects to their powre obay; He pulleth downe, he setteth vp on hy; [_ He giues to this, from that he ^es away. For all we haue is his: what he list doe, he may. What euer thing is done, by him is donne, zui Ne any may his mighty will withstand ; Ne any may his soueraine power shonne, V Ne loose that he hath bound with stedfast band. ) In vaine therefore doest thou now take in hand. To call to count, or weigh his workes anew. Whose counsels depth thou canst not vnderstand, \ Sith of things subiect to thy daily vew i Thou doest not know the causes, nor their courses dew.i For take thy ballaunce, if thou be so wise, siui And weigh the winde, that vnder heauen doth blow ; "" » 1 Or weigh the light, that in the East doth rise ; Or weigh the thought, that from mans mind doth flow. But if the weight of these thou canst not show, C Weigh but one word which from thy lips doth fall, il [ For how canst thou those greater secrets know, 1 ^ That doest not know the least thing of them all ? / 111 can he rule the great, that cannot reach the small. / 1 82 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Therewith the Gyant much abashed sayd ; *iiv That he of little things made reckoning light, Yet the least word that euer could be layd Within his ballaunce, he could way aright. r Which is (sayd he) more heauy then in weight, [ The right or wrong, the fiJse or else the trew? He answered, that he would try it streight, .' So he the words into his ballaunce threw, C But streight the winged words out of his ballaunce flew. Wroth wext he then, and sayd, that words were light, xiv Ne would within his ballaunce well abide. But he could iustly weigh the wrong or right. Well then, sayd Artegally let it be tride. rFirst in one ballance set the true aside. I He did so first ; and then the false he layd ^ In th'other scale ; but still it downe did slide. And by no meane could in the weight be stayd. \ For by no meanes the false will with the truth be wayd. Now take the right likewise, sayd Artegaky xwi And counterpeise the same with so much wrong. So first the right he put into one scale ; And then the Gyant stroue with puissance strong r- To fill the other scale with so much wrong. (^ But all the wrongs that he therein could lay. Might not it peise ; yet did he labour long. And swat, and chauf^d, and proued euery way : Yet all the wrongs could not a litle right downe way. Which when he saw, he greatly grew in rage, xivii And almost would his balances haue broken : But Artegall him fairely gan asswage. And said ; Be not vpon thy balance wroken : For they doe nought but right or wrong betoken ; But in the mind the doome of right must bee ; And so likewise of words, the which be spoken. The eare must be the ballance, to decree And iudge, whether with truth or falshood they agree. xlvi 9 way] lay 160^ xlvii 4 be ij^6 L I Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. 183 But set the truth and set the right aside, ^vw For they with wrong or falshood will not fare; And put two wrongs together to be tride, Or else two falses, of each equall share ; And then together doe them both compare. ^ For truth is one, and right is euer one. So did he, and then plame it did appeare, Whether of them the greater were attone. But right sate in the middest of the beame alone. But he the right from thence did thrust away, xiix For It was not the right, which he did seeke; But rather stroue extremities to way, Th*one to diminish, th'other for to eeke. For of the meane he greatly did misleeke. Whom when so lewdfy minded ^alus found, Approching nigh vnto him cheeke by cheeke. He shouldered him from off the higher ground. And down the rock him throwing, in the sea him dround. Like as a ship, whom cruell tempest driues 1 Vpon a rocke with horrible dismay, Her shattered ribs in thousand peeces riues, And spoyling all her geares and goodly ray, Does make her selfe misfortunes piteous pray. So downe the clifFe the wretched Gyant tumbled ; His battred ballances in peeces lay, His timbered bones all broken rudely rumbled, So was the high aspyring with huge ruine humbled. That when the people, which had there about [ u Long wayted, saw his sudden desolation. They gan to gather in tumultuous rout, And mutining, to stirre vp ciuill faction. For certaine losse of so great expectation. For well they hoped to haue got great good. And wondrous, richer by his innouation. Therefore resoluing to reuenge his blood. They rose in arm^ and all in battell order stood. 1 5 makes JJ96 li 6 good ; 1^96 1 84 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Which lawlesse multitude him comming too ui In warlike wise, when Artegall did vew, He much was troubled, ne wist what to doo. For loth he was his noble hands t'embrew In the base blood of such a rascall crew ; And othermse, if that he should retire, He fear*d least they with shame would him pursew. / Therefore he ^alus to them sent, t*inquire tfhe cause of their array, and truce for to desire* But soone as they him nigh approching spide, im 'They gan with all their weapons him assay, V And rudely stroke at him on euery side : Yet nought they could him hurt, ne ought dismay. / But when at them he with his flaile gan lay, / He like a swarme of flyes them ouerthrew ; Ne any of them durst come in his way. But here and there before his presence flew. And hid themselues in holes and bushes from his vew. As when a Faulcon hath with nimble flight uv Flowne at a flush of Ducks, foreby the brooke. The trembling foule dismayd with dreadfull sight Of death, the which them almost ouertooke. Doe hide themselues from her astonying looke. Amongst the flags and couert round about. When Talus saw they all the field forsooke And none appeared of all that raskall rout, To Artegall he turn'd, and went with him throughout. liii 3 strooke 1609 Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 185 Cant III 7b€ spoutids of fairi Flarmdlj where tumey many hnigbts: Tbere Brafgadocbio is vncas*d in all tbe Ladies sigbts, AFter long stormes and tempests ouerblowne, i jCx-Thc sunne at length his ioyous face doth cleare : So when as fortune all her spight hath showne, Some blisfull houres at last must needes appeare ; Else should afflicted wights oftimes despeire. So comes it now to Florimell by tourne, After long sorrowes suffered whyleare, In which captiu'd she many moneths did mourne, To tast of ioy, and to wont pleasures to retourne. Who being freed from Proteus cruell band ii By Marines^ was vnto him aflide, And by him brought againe to Faerie land ; Where he her spous'd, and made his ioyous bride. The time and place was blazed farre and wide ; And solemne feasts and giusts ordain'd therefore. To which there did resort from euery side Of Lords and Ladies infinite great store; Ne any Knight was absent, that braue courage bore. To tell the glorie of the feast that day, iii The goodly seruice, the deuicefuU sights, The bridegromes state, the brides most rich aray. The pride of Ladies, and the worth of knights. The royall banquets, and the rare delights Were worke fit for an Herauld, not for me : But for so much as to my lot here lights. That with this present treatise doth agree. True vertue to aduance, shall here recounted bee. 1 86 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. TIL When all men had with full satietie ly Of meates and drinkes their appetites suffiz'd, To deedes of armes and proofe of cheualrie They gan themselues addresse, fiill rich aguiz*d, As each one had his furnitures deuiz'd. And first of all issu'd Sir Marinelly And with him sixe knights more, which enterpriz'd To chalenge all in right of Fhrimelly And to maintaine, that she all others did excell. The first of them was hight Sir Orimanty ▼ A noble Knight, and tride in hard assayes: The second had to name Sir Bellisontj But second vnto none in prowesse prayse ; The third was Brunei/^ famous in his dayes ; The. fourth Ecastor^ of exceeding might ; The fift Armeddatiy skild in louely layes ; The sixt was Lansack^ a redoubted Knight: All sixe well seene in armes, and prou'd in many a fight. And them against came all that list to giust, vi From cuery coast and countrie vnder sunne : None was debard, but all had leaue that lust. The trompets sound ; then all together ronne. Full many deedes of armes that day were donne. And many knights vnhorst, and many wounded. As fortune fell ; yet lide lost or wonne : But all that day the greatest prayse redounded To Marinelly whose name the Heralds loud resounded. The second day, so soone as morrow light vii Appear'd in heauen, into the field they came, And there all day continew'd cruell fight. With diuers fortune fit for such a game, In which all stroue with perill to winne fame. Yet whether side was victor, note be ghest : But at the last the trompets did prodame That Marinell that day deserued best. So they disparted were, and all men went to rest. Cant.IIL FAERIE QVEENE. 187 The third day came, that should due tryall lend vui Of all the rest, and then this warlike crew Together met, of all to make an end. There Marinell great deeds of armes did shew ; And through the thickest like a Lyon flew, Rashing off helmes, and ryuing plates a sonder. That euery one his daunger did eschew. So terribly his dreadfull strokes did thonder, That all men stood amaz'd, and at his might did wonder. But what on earth can alwayes happie stand? u The greater prowesse greater perils find. So farre he past amongst his enemies band. That they haue him enclosed so behind. As by no meanes he can himselfe outwind. And now perforce they haue him prisoner taken ; And now they doe with captiue bands him bind ; And now they lead him thence, of all forsaken, Vnlesse some succour had in time him ouertaken.. It fortun'd whylest they were thus ill beset, x Sir Artegall into the Tilt-yard came. With BraggadocHoy whom he lately met Vpon the way, with that his snowy Dame. Where when he vnderstood by common feme. What euill hap to Marinell betid. He much was mou'd at so vnworthie shame. And streight that boaster prayd, with whom he rid. To change his shield with him, to be the better hid. So forth he went, and soone them ouer hent, xi Where they were leading Marinell away, Whom he assayld with dreadlesse hardiment. And forst the burden of their prize to stay. They were an hundred knights of that array ; Of which th'one halfe vpon himselfe did set. The other stayd behind to gard the pray. But he ere long the former fiftie bet ; And from the other fiftie soone the prisoner fet. xi 7 Th'other /ypd, 1609 9 th'other /ypd, 160^ 1 88 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. III. So backe he brought Sir MarineU againe ; su Whom hauing quickly arm'd againe anew, They both together ioyned might and maine,. To set afresh on all the other crew. Whom with sore hauocke soone they ouerthrew, And chaced quite out of the field, that none Against them durst his head to perill shew. So were they left Lords of the field alone : So MarineU by him was rescu'd from his fone. Which when he had perform'd, then backe againe xui To Braggadochio did his shield restore : Who all this while behind him did remaine, Keeping there close with him in pretious store That his false Ladie, as ye heard afore. Then did the trompets sound, and ludges rose, And all these knights, which that day armour bore, Gime to the open hall, to listen whose The honour of the prize should be adiudg*d by those. And thether also came in open sight xiv Fayre Florimell^ into the common hall. To greet his guerdon vnto euery knight. And best to him, to whom the best should fall. Then for that stranger knight they loud did call. To whom that day they should the girlond yield. Who came not forth, but for Sir Artegall Came Braggadochio^ and did shew his shield. Which bore the Sunne brode blazed in a golden field. The sight whereof did all with gladnesse fill : <▼ So vnto him they did addeeme the prise Of all that Tryumph. Then the trompets shrill Don Braggadochios name resounded thrise : So courage lent a doke to cowardise. And then to him came fayrest Florimelly And goodly gan to greet his braue emprise, And thousand thankes him yeeld, that had so well Approu'd that day, that she all others did excell. Cam.nL FAERIE QVEENE. 189 To whom the boaster, that all knights did blot, zvi With proud disdaine did scornefiill answere make ; That what he did that day, he did it not For her, but for his owne deare Ladies sake. Whom on his perill he did vndertake. Both her and eke all others to excell : And further did vncomely speaches crake. Much did his words the gentle Ladie quell. And tum'd aside for shame to heare, what he did tell. Then forth he brought his snowy Fhrimeky xvu Whom ^rofi^an had in keeping there beside, G)uered from peoples gazement with a vele. Whom when discouered they had throughly eide. With great amazement they were stupefide ; And said, that surely Fhrimell it was, Or if it were not Fhrimell so tride. That FlmmeU her selfe she then did pas. So feeble skill of perfect things the vulgar has. Which when as Marinell beheld likewise, vrm He was therewith exceedingly dismayd ; Ne wist he what to thinke, or to deuise. But like as one, whom feends had made affirayd. He long astonisht stood, ne ought he sayd, Ne ought he did, but with fast fixed eies He gazed still vpon that snowy mayd ; Whom euer as he did the more auize. The more to be true Florimell he did surmize. As when two sunnes appeare in the azure skye, six Mounted in Phabus charet fierie bright. Both darting forth faire beames to each mans eye, And both adorn'd with lampes of flaming light. All that behold so strange prodigious sight. Not knowing natures worke, nor what to weene. Are rapt with wonder, and with rare affright. So stood Sir Marinelly when he had seene The semblant of this false by his faire beauties Queene. xix I th'azure i6o^ I90 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cam. III. All which when Artegally who all this while » Stood in the preasse close couered, well aduewed, And saw that boasters pride and gracelesse guile, He could no longer beare, but forth issewed. And vnto all himselfe there open shewed, And to the boaster said ; Thou loseU base, That hast with borrowed plumes thy selfe endewed, And others worth with leasings doest deface. When they are all restor'd, thou shalt rest in disgrace. That shield, which thou doest beare, was it indeed, ui Which this dayes honour sau'd to MarineU; But not that arme, nor thou the man I reed. Which didst that seruice vnto FlorimeU. For proofe shew forth thy sword, and let it tell. What strokes, what dreadfull stoure it stird this day : Or shew the wounds, which vnto thee befell ; Or shew the sweat, with which thou diddest sway So sharpe a battell, that so many did dismay. But this the sword, which wrought those cruell stounds, xzu And this the arme, the which that shield did beare. And these the signes, (so shewed forth his wounds) By which that glorie gotten doth appeare. As for this Ladie, which he sheweth here. Is not (I wager) FlorimeU at all ; But some fayre Franion, fit for such a fere. That by misfortune in his hand did fiJL For proote whereof, he bad them FlorimeU forth call. So forth the noble Ladie was ybrought, xxiu Adorn'd with honor and aU comely grace : Whereto her bashfuU shamefastnesse ywrought A great increase in her faire blushing fece ; As roses did with lillies interlace. For of those words, the which that boaster threw. She inly yet conceiued great disgrace. Whom when as all the people such did vew. They shouted loud, and signes of gladnesse all did shew. Cam. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 191 Then did he set her bv that snowy one, xxiv Like the true saint beside the image set, Of both their beauties to make paragone, And triall, whether should the honor get. Streight way so soone as both together met, Th'enchaunted Damzell vanisht into nought : Her snowy substance melted as with heat, Ne of that goodly hew remayned ought, But th*emptie girdle, which about her wast was wrought. As when the daughter of Thaumantes faire, zxv Hath in a watry cloud displayed wide Her goodly bow, which paints the liquid ayre ; That all men wonder at her colours pride ; All suddenly, ere one can looke aside. The glorious picture vanisheth away, Ne any token doth thereof abide: So did this Ladies goodly forme decay. And into nothing goe, ere one could it bewray. Which when as all that present were, beheld, xxvi They stricken were with great astonishment. And their faint harts with senselesse horrour queld. To see the thing, that seem'd so excellent. So stolen from their fancies wonderment ; That what of it became, none vnderstood. And Braggadochio selfe with dreriment So daunted was in his despeyring mood. That like a lifelesse corse immoueable he stood. But Artegall that golden belt vptooke, xxvu The which of all her spoyle was onely left ; Which was not hers, as many it mistooke. But FhrimeUs owne girdle, from her reft, While she was flying, like a weary weft, From that foule monster, which did her compell To perils great ; which he vnbuckling eft, Presented to the fayrest FhrimeU; Who round about her tender wast it fitted well. 192 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant.IIL Full many Ladies often had assayd, nvui About their middles that faire belt to knit ; And many a one suppos'd to be a mayd : Yet it to none of all their loynes would fit, Till Fhrimett about her festned it. Such power it had, that to no womans wast By any skill or labour it would sit, Vnlesse that she were continent and chast, But it would lose or breake, that many had disgrast. Whilest thus they busied were bout Florimellj xxu And boastfull Braggadochio to defame. Sir Guyon as by fortune then befell. Forth from the thickest preasse of people came, His owne good steed, which he had stolne, to dame ; And th'one hand seizing on his golden bit. With th'other drew his sword: for with the same He ment the thiefe there deadly to haue smit : And had he not bene held, he nought had fayld of it. Thereof great hurly burlv moued was wot Throughout the hall, tor that same warlike horse. For Braggadochio would not let him pas ; And Guyon would him algates haue perforse. Or it approue vpon his carrion corse. Which troublous stirre when ArUgall perceiued. He nigh them drew to stay th*auengers forse, And gan inquire, how was that steed bereaued. Whether by might extort, or else by slight deceaued. Who all that piteous storie, which befell aucd About that wofiiU couple, which were slaine. And their young bloodie babe to him gan tell ; With whom whiles he did in the wood remaine. His horse purloyned was by subtill traine : For which he chalenged the thiefe to fight. But he for nought could him thereto constraine. For as the death he hated such despight, And rather had to lose, then trie in armes his right. Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 193 Which Artegall well hearing, though no more xxxii By law of armes there neede ones right to trie, As was the wont of warlike knights of yore, Then that his foe should him the field denie, Yet further right by tokens to descrie, He askt, what priuie tokens he did b^re. If that (said Guyon) may you satisfie, Within his mouth a blacke spot doth appeare, Shapt like a horses shoe, who list to seeke it there. Whereof to make due tryaU, one did take xxzui The horse in hand, within his mouth to looke : But with his heeles so sorely he him strake, That all his ribs he quite in peeces broke, That neuer word from that day forth he spoke. Another that would seeme to haue more wit. Him by the bright embrodered hedstall tooke : But by the shoulder him so sore he bit. That he him maymed quite, and all his shoulder split. Ne he his mouth would open vnto wight, xmiv Vntill that Guyon selfe vnto him spake. And called Brigadore (so was he hight) Whose voice so soone as he did vndertake, Eftsoones he stood as still as any stake. And suffred all his secret marke to see : And when as he him nam'd, for ioy he brake His bands, and followed him with gladfuU glee, And fi-iskt, and flong aloft, and louted low on knee. Thereby Sir Artegall dkd, plaine areed. That vnto him the horse belong'd, and sayd ; Lo there Sir Guyotiy take to you the steed, As he with golden saddle is arayd ; And let that losell, plainely now displayd, Hence fare on foot, till he an horse haue gayned. But the proud boaster gan his doome vpbrayd. And him reuil'd, and rated, and disdayned, That iudgement so vniust against him had ordayned. 194 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. III. Much was the knight incenst with his lewd word, xmth To hauc reuenged that his villeny ; And thrise did lay his hand vpon his sword, To haue him slaine, or dearely doen aby. But Guyon did his choler pacify, Saying, Sir knight, it would dishonour bee To you, that are our iudge of equity. To wreake your wrath on such a carle as hee : It's punishment enough, that all his shame doe see. So did he mitigate Sir ArtegaUy nzvu But ^alus by the backe the boaster hent. And drawing him out of the open hall, Vpon him did inflict this punishment. First he his beard did shaue, and fowly shent : Then from him reft his shield, and it renuerst. And blotted out his armes with falshood blent. And himselfe baflFuld, and his armes vnherst. And broke his sword in twaine, and all his armour sperst. The whiles his guilefull groome was fled away : xzzviu But vaine it was to thinke from him to flie. Who ouertaking him did disaray. And all his face deform'd with infamie. And out of court him scourged openly. So ought all faytours, that true knighthood shame, And armes dishonour with base villanie. From all braue knights be banisht with defame : For oft their lewdnes blotteth good deserts with blame. Now when these counterfeits were thus vncased nzix Out of the foreside of their forgerie. And in the sight of all men cleane disgraced. All gan to iest and gibe full merilie At the remembrance of their knauerie. Ladies can laugh at Ladies, Knights at Knights, To thinke with how great vaunt of brauerie He them abused, through his subtill slights. And what a glorious shew he made in all their sights. xxxvi 8 hee 7/96 Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 195 There leaue we them in pleasure and repast, zi Spending their ioyous dayes and gladfull nights, And taking vsurie of time forepast, With all deare delices and rare delights, Fit for such Ladies and such louely knights : And turne we here to this feire furrowes end Our wearie yokes, to gather fresher sprights. That when as time to Artegall shall tend, We on his first aduenture may him forward send. Cant. nil. Artigdl iiditb right bnwixt two hretbrin that doe striui^ Smut Tirfm$ from tb€ galloa truy and doth from diotb repriug. WHo so ypon him selfe will take the skill True lustice vnto people to diuide, Had neede haue mightie handsj for to fulfill That, which he doth with righteous doome decide. And for to maister wrong and puissant pride. For vaine it is to deeme of things aright. And makes wronj? doers iustice to deride, Vnlessc it be performed with drcadlcssc might, FoiLpaKre.is_lhe jdght hand .of Iustice tnielyJiighL Therefore whylome to knights of great emprise The charge of lustice giuen was in trust, V That they might.fixeciitc her iudgements wise. And with their might beat downe licentious lust. Which proudly did impugne her sentence iust. Whereof no brauer president this day Remaines on earth, preseru*d from yron rust Of rude obliuion, and long times decay, Then this of Artegall^ which here we haue to say. xl 6 we] were ijg6 ii 6 precedent i6oq O 2 S 196 THE V. BOOKE OF THE CanUlIII. Who hauing lately left that louely payre, ui Enlincked fast in wedlockes loyall bond, Bold Marinett with Fhrimell the fayre, With whom great feast and goodly glee he fond. Departed from the Castle of the strond, To follow his aduentures first intent, Which long agoe he taken had in hond : Ne wight with him for his assistance went, But that great yron groome, his gard and gouernment With whom as he did passe by the sea shore, !▼ He chaunst to come, whereas two comely Squires, Both brethren, whom one wombe together bore. But stirred vp with different desires, Together stroue, and kindled wrathfiill fires : And them beside two seemely damzels stood. By all meanes seeking to asswage their ires. Now with faire words ; but words did litde good, (mood. Now with sharpe threats ; but threats the more increast their And there before them stood a Coffer strong, v Fast bound on eucry side with iron bands. But seeming to haue suffred mickle wrong. Either by being wreckt vppon the sands. Or being carried farre from forraine lands. Seemed that for it these Squires at ods did fall. And bent against them selues their cruell hands. But euermore, those Damzels did forestall Their furious encounter, and their fiercenesse pall. But firmely fixt they were, with dint of sword, vi And battailes doubtfull proofe their rights to try, Ne other end their fury would afford, But what to them Fortune would iustify. So stood they both in readinesse thereby. To ioyne the combate with cruell intent ; When Artegall arriuing happily. Did stay a while their greedy bickerment. Till he had questioned the cause of their dissent. vi 5 readinesse : thereby 7/96 CanLlIII. FAERIE QVEENE. 197 To whom the elder did this aunswere frame ; vm Then weete ye Sir, that we two brethren be, To whom our sire, Miksio by name. Did equally bequeath his lands in fee, Two llands, which ye there before you see Not farre in sea ; or which the one appeares But like a little Mount of small degree ; Yet was as great and wide ere many yeares, As that same other Isle, that greater bredth now beares. But tract of time, that all things doth decay, Tiii And this deuouring Sea, that naught doth spare, The most part of my land hath washt away. And throwne it vp vnto my brothers share: So his encreased, out mine did empaire. Before which time I lou'd, as was my lot. That further mayd, hight Philtera the faire, With whom a goodly doure I should haue got. And should haue ioyned bene to her in wedlocks knot. Then did my younger brother AmUas ix Loue that same other Damzell, Lucy bright, To whom but little dowre allotted was; Her vertue was the dowre, that did delight. What better dowre can to a dame be hight? But now when Philtra saw my lands decay. And former liuelod fayle, she left me quight. And to my brother did ellope streight wav: Who taking her from me, his owne loue left astray. She seeing then her selfe forsaken so, % Through dolorous despaire, which she conceyued. Into the Sea her selfe did headlong throw. Thinking to haue her griefe by death bereaued. But see how much her purpose was deceaued. Whilest thus amidst the billowes beating of her Twixt life and death, long to and fro she weaued. She chaunst vnwares to light vppon this coffer. Which to her in that daunger hope of life did offer. 198 THE V. BOOKE OF THE CanLllIL The wretched mayd that earst desir'd to die, zi When as the paine of death she tasted had, And but halfe seene his vgly visnomie, Gan to repent, that she had beene so mad. For any death to chaunge life though most bad : And catching hold of this Sea-beaten chest. The lucky Pylot of her passage sad. After long tossing in the seas distrest. Her weary barke at last vppon mine Isle did rest. Where I by chaunce then wandring on the shore, zu Did her espy, and through my good endeuour From dreadfuU mouth of death, which threatned sore Her to haue swallowed vp, did helpe to saue her. She then in recompence of that great fauour. Which I on her bestowed, bestowed on me The portion of that good, which Fortune gaue her, Together with her selfe in dowry free ; Both goodly portions, but of both the better she. Yet in this coffer, which she with her brought, juu Great threasure sithence we did finde contained ; Which as our owne we tooke, and so it thought. But this same other Damzell since hath fained. That to her selfe that threasure appertained ; And that she did transport the same by sea. To bring it to her husband new ordained, But suftred cruell shipwracke by the way. But whether it be so or no, I can not say. |
github_open_source_100_1_160 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using AgentNetworkManagement.Business.Contracts.Base;
namespace AgentNetworkManagement.Business.Contracts
{
interface IGetService:IGetEnum
{
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_161 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #region File Description
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// InstancedModelMaterialDefinitions.cs
//
// Ben Scharbach - XNA Community Game Platform
// Copyright (C) Image-Nexus, LLC. All rights reserved.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#endregion
using System.Collections.Generic;
using ImageNexus.BenScharbach.TWEngine.InstancedModels.Enums;
using ImageNexus.BenScharbach.TWEngine.InstancedModels.Structs;
namespace ImageNexus.BenScharbach.TWEngine.InstancedModels
{
// 2/8/2010
/// <summary>
/// Stores the mapping between the materials in the 'MaterialShaders.hlsl' file
/// to the parameters in the 'Material' tab of the Properties Tool Form.
/// </summary>
public static class InstancedModelMaterialDefinitions
{
//
/// <summary>
/// stores a reference to the ProceduralMaterialId's <see cref="MaterialDefinition"/>.
/// </summary>
private static readonly Dictionary<int, MaterialDefinition> MaterialDefinitions = new Dictionary<int, MaterialDefinition>();
// static constructor
/// <summary>
/// Static constructor, which calls the <see cref="CreateDefaultMaterialDefinitionsAndSave"/> method to initialize
/// the default materials.
/// </summary>
static InstancedModelMaterialDefinitions()
{
CreateDefaultMaterialDefinitionsAndSave();
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates the initial 12 default procedural materials, and populates
/// into the <see cref="MaterialDefinition"/> dictionary.
/// </summary>
public static void CreateDefaultMaterialDefinitionsAndSave()
{
//
// Recreate all default procedural materials (0->)
//
// MaterialId#0
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 0,
MaterialName = "Blinn Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Specular %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Highlight Eccentricity", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.0001f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(0, material);
}
// MaterialId#1
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 1,
MaterialName = "Metal Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Diffuse %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Reflection %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(1, material);
}
// MaterialId#2
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 2,
MaterialName = "Plastic Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Surface Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Diffuse %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Specular %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "Reflection %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "Fresnel Reflection Scale", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f), new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "Misc Floatx4-6", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "Misc Floatx4-7", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(2, material);
}
// MaterialId#3
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 3,
MaterialName = "Glossy Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Specular %", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "GlossDrop", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "Gloss Top/Bot", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0.2f, 1, 0.005f), new MaterialSpinnerDef(0.05f, 0.95f, 0.005f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "Surface Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(3, material);
}
// MaterialId#4
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 4,
MaterialName = "Phong Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Shininess", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(4, material);
}
// MaterialId#5
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 5,
MaterialName = "PhongRed Lighting",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Shininess", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(5, material);
}
// MaterialId#6
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 6,
MaterialName = "Flash-White",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambience Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Shininess", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(6, material);
}
// MaterialId#7
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 7,
MaterialName = "Color Blend",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Diffuse Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Gloss Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Blend Type", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 10, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(7, material);
}
// MaterialId#8
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 8,
MaterialName = "Fresnel Blend",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Diffuse Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Edge Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "SpecularLevel", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "FresnelPower", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "FresnelScale", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "FresnelBias", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(-100, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(8, material);
}
// MaterialId#9
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 9,
MaterialName = "Saturation",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Diffuse Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambient Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Power of x", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 25, 0.5f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(-100, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(9, material);
}
// MaterialId#10
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 10,
MaterialName = "Custom Metal",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Diffuse Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Ambient Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "POW Constant", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 25, 0.5f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(-100, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(10, material);
}
// MaterialId#11
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 11,
MaterialName = "Reflective Metal",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 25, 0.5f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(-100, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(11, material);
}
// MaterialId#12
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 12,
MaterialName = "Velvety",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "Surface Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Fuzzy Spec Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "SubColor", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "RollOff", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 1, 0.05f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "None", false,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(-100, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "None", false);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(12, material);
}
// 2/12/2010
// MaterialId#13
{
var material = new MaterialDefinition
{
ProceduralMaterialId = 13,
MaterialName = "Wood",
};
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.DiffuseColor, "None", false);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.SpecularColor, "Specular Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscColor, "Amibent Color", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat1, "Lighter Wood Spec", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 2, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat2, "Darker Wood Spec", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 2, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat3, "Specular Exp", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(1, 128, 1));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloat4, "Ring Scale", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0, 10, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx2_5, "Wobbliness/SizeofNoise", true,
new MaterialSpinnerDef(0.01f, 2, 0.01f), new MaterialSpinnerDef(0.01f, 100, 0.01f));
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_6, "WoodColor1", true);
material.AddMaterialParamDef(ProceduralMaterialParameters.MiscFloatx4_7, "WoodColor2", true);
// Add Material to dictionary.
MaterialDefinitions.Add(13, material);
}
}
// 2/8/2010
/// <summary>
/// Retrieves a given Procedural <see cref="MaterialDefinition"/> by its <paramref name="materialId"/>.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="materialId">Material Id to retrieve</param>
/// <param name="materialDefinition">(OUT) <see cref="MaterialDefinition"/> structure</param>
/// <returns>True/False of success</returns>
public static bool TryGetProceduralMaterialDef(int materialId, out MaterialDefinition materialDefinition)
{
// try to retrieve given 'MaterialId'.
return (MaterialDefinitions.TryGetValue(materialId, out materialDefinition));
}
}
}
|
memorialsofrevth00unse_4 | English-PD | Public Domain | How often Cathedrals and Abbeys have rung with the funeral eloquence starting with this same sentence, as kings and states- men, warriors and writers have been lowered to the crypt! And how often the text has been misused on such occasions, through either intentional flattery of the pageanted dead, or gross misap- prehension of the elements which constitute true greatness! Who are the great? Not necessarily the occupants of great positions. We commend not the amount of the stone-mason’s toil on the pedestal, but the exquisiteness of the sculptor’s touch, making the marble face gleam with intelligence, and the muscle to almost move, as if it felt beneath it the play of nerves. So it is not the throne, nor any circumstance, but the man alone whom we must estimate. But not the man as a mere force. We must not estimate him solely as he makes himself felt. The men most noted for what they have seemingly accomplished, are often but the face of the hammer which smites, not the arm which swings it. They occupy points where great movements have culminated, the real force of which has been gathered from the masses of the people, (85) 86 SERMON BY REV. J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. or accumulated in the growing sentiment of generations. Some of the smallest men have thus been enabled to make the deepest cut upon the brazen tablet of history. Nor does the possession of personal ability assure us of real greatness. When all the vigor of the body is drained away to one organ, we call the creature a monster, a deformity. But how often all the vigor of the mind is drained into some one faculty, giving the aspect of unwonted strength in that direction! We are, then, apt to notice only the extraordinary development, and not the withered totality of the man. The great warrior is too often but an intellectualized brute; the suc-— cessful politician, one who has a morbid propensity for seeing the weaknesses of his fellows, and using them; our money kings, the incarnation of greed, or men who have lashed themselves to almost superhuman toil by the most contemptible passion for show; our most applauded literary characters, men who are so carried away with the play of their own fancies, that they have not strength enough left to act with common-sense and fidelity in‘the ordinary spheres of life. The truly great man is he who has the most of the best quali- | ties, and has them in the best combination or mutual adjustment. But such a person is not the most apt to attract the attention of the multitude. One is not greatly impressed with the interior height of the cathedral at Cologne, though there are few steeples in New York which would not stand clear under its roof. This illusion is due to the long vistas and grand sweep of the arches, all lying in such exquisite harmony. .A rough scaffold of the same al- titude, erected in the open field, would impress you more in that one respect. A jagged point of rock astounds you with its mag- nitude. You did not notice the hill, thrice as large, which mod- estly hid its vastness beneath its graceful contour. Thus many eg . a SERMON BY REV. J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. 87 of the greatest men have been unpraised, save in the deep admi- ration of the discerning. I take this text to-day over this draped pulpit, not in mere con- ventional propriety, since it is expected that I should make some _ allusion to that patriarchal man, who has been for so many years the senior, not only in our pastorate, but in many of your hearts ; but because, both in the conviction of community, and in my own appreciation, there is a rare pertinency in the text, “ Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel!” Dr. De Witt was a man of great soul, as displayed in the strength of the moral |principle which always actuated him. Few men’s lives have so manifestly rooted themselves in a: sense of duty, as did his life. In the testimony of those who best knew him, there was no room.in him for the play of expediency be- tween “I ought” and “I will.” His conduct was easily under- stood and anticipated, because it moved in a straight’ line, and that line was projected by a clear conscience, which had not been bleared by the passions of youth, nor by the too common sinister ambitions of middle life. He had thus acquired more than strength of moral principle: he had a depth of moral feeling, which was a state of sublime scorn of everything beneath the highest conception of duty. Thus he did not seem to be personally aware of temptations to which the most of men are subjected. <As the deep, full-flooded river moves on without a ripple over the holes and rocks of the bottom, while the shallow stream is dashed into foam or turned off its course by them, so grandly did he move among the moral obstacles which trouble and often destroy the characters of ordinary men. ) While few took less immediate interest in the details of busi- Sa ; SERMON BY REV. J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. ness, and the more noisy public movements of the day, I doubt if any minister in our city ever had better influence upon busi- ness men than did he. His very aspect to those who knew him, was a more powerful sermon upon honor and integrity than most ministers could preach. To this immobility of principle he added an unusual eguanimi- ty of temper. Perhaps no one ever saw him ruffled. He was never thrown off his balance. Huis quick responses were as can- didly and as complacently given as were his deliberate utterances. The self-possession, exactness, and discrimination for which he was noted as presiding officer in so many-associations, ecclesias- tical and benevolent, were all retained amid the cares and recrea- tions of daily life. tet a And.very remarkably this self-possession was not due to any- _ thing phlegmatic or sluggish in his temperament. He was easily moved by whatever appealed to the generous qualities of the heart. He was deeply sympathetic. He wept with those who wept; and much of the grief at his funeral was in honest repay- ment of the tender feeling others had drawn from him. A phlegmatic temperament would never have swayed audiences by deep heart eloquence, as he used to do when in his prime. Nor was his equanimity due to anything like stoicism, or mere power of will by which he retained self-control. It was too natural for that. Its only explanation, aside from its religious aspect, was in the real greatness and nobleness of his disposition, which made him personally above the ordinary suggestions of selfishness. He seldom showed himself aggrieved or offended, because he was not in the habit of thinking much about himself. He was without that suspiciousness which is the mark of a little mind, and abounded in the charity which “envieth not, seeketh not her own,-. . . thinketh no evil.” His society SERMON BY REV. J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. + BB was thus a resting-place for others in their troubles, as the fretful stream loses its ripples when it mingles with the placid lake. Of late years he was very brief in his calls upon the people, but all felt a benediction from his quiet, dignified presence; his aspect was a sort of “peace be to this house !” and calmed many a vexed heart, of whose trials he knew nothing. Doubtless both these qualities, staunchest integrity and imper- turbable equanimity, were largely due to the third notable trait of his character, viz. : clear and decided belief. His mind could not rest in the vague generalizations of doctrine, which seem to satisfy somany. The objects of his faith were as definite as the language of the Creed. Descended from the old Dutch stock, bearing a name associated with the glory of the Netherlands, quietly boasting that he had no blood in him but what was from the Holland and French Huguenots, he adhered as tenaciously to his ancestral theology. Christian truth lay in his mind sharply cut with the logic of Calvin, yet all aglow with the earnestness of a Holland martyr. He was fascinated with the memories of his Church, and in hearty love for it, mastered, and retained to the end of his life, the Dutch language, and made himself one of the best read men of this country in the details of Dutch history. Yet he was one of the most Catholic spirited men in all the Church. There was not a drop of bigotry in his veins; not even of Protestant bigotry, which, let us confess, does lie in spots of scum on the surface of the otherwise refreshing spring of Protes- tant thought. The dying appointment of bearers for his funeral, selected as representative men from the various Denominations, attesting that his last thoughts were upon the unity of the faith, was a very natural appendix to the story of his more active life. Old Dr. De Witt was one of the best rebukes for the narrow- visioned, narrow-hearted, middle-aged, and young men, who 90 SERMON BY REV. J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. conceive of orthodoxy as a state of obliviousness to everything beyond their own Catechism and Church. We shall best honor the fathers in the Church, not by stubbornly standing where they happened to be when God called them away, but by emu- lating their progressive enterprise and wide-reaching Christian charity, which made the Church a power in the community dur- ing their day. They would not thank us for petrifying the Church as they left it, and calling it their monument; but rather for making it what they tried to make it: most active, most cath- olic, and thus most useful. The Huguenot blood is not like that of St. Januarius, a globule of matter, kept as a memorial of some- thing in the dead past; but is living and flowing to-day through all the veins of our common Protestantism. And he is most loyal to the Church who feels most its generous, liberal spirit, most sympathetically related to the whole brotherhood of | Christ. I must note another feature in the heart lineaments of our venerable pastor, viz.: the deep experimental character of his re- ligious convictions. He not only believed, he lived Christian truth. The articles of faith were the anatomy of his soul-life. Holding the highest conceptions of the sovereignty and all- pervading presence of God, he was made by that thought one of the most reverent of men. He seemed always to move as if conscious of that august Presence; and the glory of the throne at which he looked, hallowed him, and made us reverent in 47s presence. | Holding to that most precious form of Christian doctrine, the covenant relation of believers to God through adoption, he lived in the simplest, most child-like confidence. He was one of the most cheering exemplifications of the Apostle’s statement, that ‘‘ perfect love casteth out fear.” ee se < SERMON BY REV,.J. M. LUDLOW, D.D. gI Conceiving the cross of Jesus to be the necessary centre of the whole system of redemptive truth, the blood of the vicarious sacrifice the only solution of the problem of human justification and life, he was extremely sensitive to its meaning. A deep sense of personal unworthiness was mingled with a joyful P eloryime in the cross.’ “Grace! Grace!” was the “Selah” in his psalm of life. Holding to the doctrine of the still living Headship of Christ over the Church, and His real presence with believers, he com-. muned with Him “ whom having not seen”’ he loved. Those who saw him when a few months since he stood by the grave of his wife, as the precious dust was being committed to the earth, will never forget his testimony to the reality of Divine help, as raising his staff toward heaven he broke the silence, “ Farewell, my beloved and faithful wife! The tie that united us is severed. Thou art with Jesus in glory. He is with me by His grace. I will soon be with you. Farewell!” Holding to the future blessedness of believers, he was always ready to depart and be with Jesus, which was far better; and the most serene moments of his whole life were those during which he waited, watching the last sands run out of the glass of his mor- tality, until it should be reversed, and life begin anew with the full measure of immortality. Let me make a statue beneath which this inscription, A prince and agreat man, might well be written. Let the stalwart and upright form represent integrity ; the massive, serious brow impress the be- holder with the intelligence and earnestness of convictions; the — deep-pupiled eye, resting beyond the horizon, speak of far-reaching hope; the placid countenance tell of a peace which the world can neither give nor take away ; the smile upon the lips show the over- flow of the soul in generous love. Now bow the head, as if it felt 92 SERMON BY REV. J. .M. LUDLOW, D.D. the touch of the light from above, for reverence. Now put // into the whole figure. You easily recognize it. It has walked yourstreets for halfa century. It has stood in this desk. As the patriarch Jacob “ worshiped, leaning upon the top of his staff,” and bless- ed his children of two generations, so that patriarchal figure has worshiped with and blessed us. ; Although a more formal discourse, commemorative of the life of Dr. De Witt, will be pronounced by another at a future day, T have felt that [ could not allow this first Sabbath of our Church’s grief to pass, without this hearty, though hasty, tribute to the memory of our now sainted senior pastor. Yet I am aware that. this seeming eulogy would not be desired by that modest, good man. - Could he have ordered my discourse, he would have said, ‘“Preach not of me, but of Christ, te whom I owe all that I was upon earth, and all I shall be in heaven.” Yes, Christ is the sum- ming up of all the lessons of Dr. De Witt’s noble life and peace- ful death ; all our memories of him, all our affection for him, com- ing up from the past years of his faithful ministry, unite in this one voice to-day, “‘ Come to Jesus!” While we wait for the time of our departure, let us heed the injunction so signally exempli- fied in this beautiful life, “ That ye be not slothful, but followers of them who through faith and patience inherit the promises.” 2:<* oe oe, ea ted, 140 es) + 7 a ” , = 4 i by “yf " ’ —. yy T 5 = a e = ISCENCES. cA ¥ THOMAS DE Wiis “KNOW YE NOT THAT THERE IS A GREAT MAN FALLEN THIS DAY IN ISRAEL?” AH! know ye not that from the earth A light and power are gone? A great man from our midst removed, “One widely known, and well-beloved, Has laid life’s burden down.. A life so grandly beautiful, So guileless, pure and wise, Were less akin to earth, than heaven ; And thus the spirit-wings were given That bore him to the skies. He lived above the world and left A character so bright, So perfect in its harmony Of Christian graces, none could see A spot to dim its light. His name stands out in bold relief, With names that never die; And earth is poorer for his loss, And heaven is richer for the gain Of one who long upheld the Cross, Nor lived his life in vain.” E. BOGERT. NOTE. , were sent in the form of letters to the editor, who, wishing to obtain as many facts as J THESE “ Personal Renniniscences’ possible respecting Dr. De Witt, wrote toa number of his friends among the clergy and laity. Some have simply expressed their approbation of the endeavor to preserve the honorable name as a legacy tothe church. The Rev. Dr. Hutton, in his most kindly note, says: “ My memories of dear Dr. De Witt are, indeed, -among the most cherished of my life. I loved him, respected him, admired him. I never heard him say anything that might ‘not be repeated before the world; but I can recall nothing which would add to the estimation in which he was universally held.” Professor John De Witt, of New Brunswick, says: “ I need not tell you that I am greatly interested in your work; there ought to be such a memorial of Dr. De Witt. I have known him from my childhood, and he was my father’s friend and companion in early years, and yet I could add no incidents to your narrative. I can only dwell on admirable traits of character that others knew more of than I. His life was truly beautiful and grand; and I sincerely loved and admired him.” Similar replies were sent by Professor Tayler Lewis, of Union College, Schenectady ; Dr. Abeel, of Newark; and Dr. A. R. Van Nest, late of Flor- ence, Italy. The editor most gratefully acknowledges the graphic letters which make up the ensuing chapter. They contain those indi- vidual traits that are needed to give life and variety to biog- raphy ; they are like the.different-voiced stops in an organ that give new effects to one simple theme. Be, 7 SEES) A ig oe Sta FROM THE REV. JOHN FORSYTH, D.D., CHAPLAIN AND PROFESSOR OF ETHICS AND LAW, U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT. I WOULD gladly aid you, if I could, in preparing a proper memorial of one whom | so profoundly venerated and loved as I did Dr. De Witt; but all the help which I can render you will _ be slight, compared with that which I am sure you will get from those who had the privilege of almost daily intercourse with him during many years./ Perhaps I might give you as good, though not so finished and artistic, a portrait of him as they, for it did not require a long acquaintance with him to comprehend his character, his sincerity, simplicity, and strength, Evena stranger casually meeting him in any company, could not fail to have been struck with his grand physzque, and to have been impressed with the belief that it was a symbol of the nobler man within. But | take it, from the tenor of your note, that what you wish me to ‘send you is not my estimate of him as a man and a Christian minister, but my personal recollections of him. For my own sake, as well as yours, I am very sorry that I cannot supply you with a greater number of the sort of incidents you want. The first time that I remember to have seen Dr. De Witt, was on the steamboat wharf at New Brunswick, when I was a stu- dent in Rutgers College. He was pointed out to me by some one who knew him, as he and Mrs. De Witt were waiting for their luggage. I looked at him with no little interest, as I had often heard him named as the most eloquent preacher in the Dutch Church of that day; and I had also been told by a vener- able resident of New Brunswick, with whom I was boarding, (97) 98 PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. some amusing stories of the doctor’s absent-mindedness. This ‘gentleman had known Dr. De Witt when he was a student in the Theological Seminary, and I well remember the zest with which he related the story of his young friends’ walking, in all sorts of weather, some four or five miles into the country to visit an humble household, one of whose members was dying of a lin- gering disease. He added that when some of Mr. De Witt’s fellow-students expressed surprise that he should go so far and so frequently simply to see the man, the former replied that he went not only to comfort the sick, but because he there got les- sons in pastoral and practical theology which he could nowhere else so effectually learn. I did not become personally acquainted with Dr. De Witt — until some time after my own entrance into the ministry, and I quickly felt for him a warm affection. Whenever I happened to be in New York of.a Sunday, and to worship, as I generally did, with my wife’s family in the collegiate church, it was ever a special delight to me to see Dr. De Witt ascend the pulpit. During my pastorate in Newburgh he came there to visit me, and to supply the Dutch Church. On Sunday morning, when we parted for the work of the day, I had no expectation of seeing him again until evening, as I knew that he would meet some old New York friends of his in the Dutch Church, and that they would insist upon his going with them to dinner and to tea. They did insist upon his going with them, as I had anticipated, but he replied tothem: “ No. I follow the Scriptural rule, ‘ Into whatsoever house ye enter, there abide.’”” And so I had the pleasure of his company during the whole of that Lord’s day, except while we were occupied with the services of the sanc- tuary. In 1846 Dr. De Witt visited Europe for the first, and, I belteve, q § : ’ PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. 99 the only time, in his life, and it was my privilege to cross and recross the Atlantic with him. We had a very pleasant com- pany on our outward voyage, which included his daughter, Mrs. Cuyler, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Carter, Dr. Wilson (then of Cin- cinnati, now of Louisville), and the late Dr. Polhemus, of New- ark. We reached Liverpool on a Saturday, and the next day Dr. De Witt went with me to hear Dr. Hugh McNeile, then rec- tor of St. James’ Church, now Dean of Ripon. He gave us one of his grandest sermons, afterwards published in the London Pul- gut, and which deeply impressed Dr. De Witt, as he often spoke of it in after years. We parted the next day, and a few weeks afterwards Dr. Polhemus and myself rejoined him in Holland ; but, unfortunately, we did not reach there in time to witness the attentions he received in the land of his ancestors. One thing I noticed, that he was no great sight-seer. He seemed more taken up with Hollanders than with Holland; and I well re- member how heartily he agreed with his old friend, the Hon. Harmanus Bleecker, of Albany—at one time Minister to Holland, whom we met at the Hague—who indignantly denounced the upper classes in Holland for being (seemingly, at least) ashamed of their mother-tongue, the French language being almost ex- clusively used by them in their families and in society. We returned to England by way of the Rhine, Belgium, and France, and reached London in time for the preliminary meet- ings of the Conference, out of which grew the Evangelical Alliance. These meetings were held in Freemason’s Hall, and I am sure that no one who attended them can ever hear the name of that hall without being reminded of the rich spiritual and social enjoyments there experienced, and of the able discus- sions of matters of vital importance to which he listened—some of them of special interest to the American,members. In this I0O PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. Conference were such men as Edward Bickersteth, Baptist Noel, Thomas Binnie, John Howard Hinton, of London; John Angel James, of Birmingham; Dr. Raffles, of Liverpool; Drs. Ward- law and Buchanan, of Glasgow; Dr. A. Monod, of Paris; Pro- fessors Tholuck, of Halle, and Hoffman, of Basle. Among these distinguished men Dr. De Witt was recognized as being every way their peer. He was called upon to second what might be called the great resolution, viz.: the third of the series adopted by the Conference, and which was in these words: “That the members of this Conference are deeply convinced of the desirableness of forming a confederation on the basis of great Evangelical principles held in common by them, which may afford opportunity to the members of the Church of Christ — of cultivating brotherly love, enjoying Christian intercourse, and promoting such other objects as they may agree hereafter to | prosecute together; and they proceed hereby to form such a confederation, under the name of The Evangelical Alliance.” I think you will agree with me that Dr. De Witt’s speech de- serves a place in this memorial volume. “| heartily sympathize, Sir, with the beloved brother who pre- sided over our devotional EXEICiSes, when he said, that the place he then occupied he felt to be the most exalted he could covet or possess. I feel that it is a privilege, indeed, to second the ~ resolution which is now offered to form the Evangelical Alliance. Happy would I have been to have remained in this house un- - noticed and unheard, a silent and gratified spectator and listen- er; but to be allowed the privilege of seconding this motion, is an event the remembrance of which will, I doubt not, remain with me even to my dying bed. In the institution of that Alli- —— sO PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. IOI ance, the formation of which we are now entering upon, I find the realization of long-cherished desires and hopes. Though in great feebleness, I have, in my limited sphere, and with my small measure of influence, sought to cherish the spirit of affection and confidential intercourse with my ministerial brethren, as well -as with private Christians. I have felt the desirableness of breaking down the partition walls which exist not so much in denominations as in spirit; and of visibly meeting, as one in Christ, and as one in our common labors. And when the pro- ject—emanating from this great centre of influence in the Chris- tian world—reached our shores, I greeted it as an omen for the good of our world.) I hailed it as a star which was rising and would culminate. Gladly, when deputed to attend these meet- ings, did I look upon the Atlantic ; and are we not here all pres- ent, prepared to unite in and repeat the chorus, ‘ Blessed are our eyes, for they see what kings and prophets desired to see, yet saw not,’ and ‘ Blessed are our ears, for they hear what kings and prophets desired to hear, and yet heard not.’ And, Sir, I am cheered with a strong and confiding hope that we shall per- feet the work which we have now begun. I was not without my fears—and fears were also expressed by my Christian friends— that in proportion to the exceeding desirableness and magnitude of the object, was the danger, Jest the safeguards of truth should not be united with the cement of love; but these fears have passed away, and have been changed into strong hopes; and these anxieties have yielded to firm confidence. I have watched in the preparatory meetings, and I have listened and have com- pared and have marked what I thought to be the wisdom and the candor displayed in all these assemblies. dependence upon the Spirit of God which have been manifested ; and in that dependence is our strength. “When we are weak then we are strong,’ and I would say in reference to a remark made by the respected Brother who preceded me (Rev. Dr. Buchanan, of Glasgow,) as to trials, and obstacles, and difficulties, let us, instead of looking askance at each other, and repeating our own Shibboleths, look unto Jesus who is the Author and Finisher of our faith. ‘ Behold the Man, whose name is The Branch, for He shall grow up out of His place, and He shall build the temple of the Lord, even He shall build the temple of the Lord, and He shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon His throne.’ “ Let me, Sir, in the name of my American brethren, say, that we greet the commencement of the organization of the Evangeli- cal Alliance. Under the genial influence of your protracted councils, we have found ourselves drawn closer and closer. We thank God on your behalf, that among you has arisen a branch, which, we trust, will spring up in our western soil, and take root and spread itself through that extended field, where there is much land to be possessed—a branch, the leaves of which shall be for the healing of the nations. It is, indeed, good for brethren to dwell together in unity. It is like the holy oil that flows from the great High Priest of our profession, and falls down to the skirts of His garments—every member of the blood-bought and sanctified flock of Christ. And that spirit will assuredly calm and soothe the troubled surges of all religious controversy and ani- mosity. It is good to be here, Sir, for the dew of heaven is fall- ing, and here God commands His blessing, even life forevermore. It is good to be here; but let us build no tabernacles; let us rather go and carry this eternal life to a perishing world.” Of the subsequent discussions in the Conference—and some of them were very earnest and protracted—Dr. De Witt was a con- ee ee ae ee ee ee PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. 103 stant and interested hearer; but he took no active part in them. This was mainly due to the fact, that soon after the opening of the Conference, the sad tidings reached him of the death of his son Thomas. It was a heavy blow to him and Mrs. De Witt, and all the heavier because when it fell, an ocean separated them. Dr. De Witt felt it keenly, and yet those who saw him daily (Drs. Polhemus, Van Zandt, Mr. Carter, and myself) were struck with the calm, Christian fortitude with which he bore it. _ In later years I often met him in his own home, at the meet- ings of Classis, and in one or two General Synods, but I can recall at this moment no incidents of special interest. All that I need say, is that from year to year I felt for him an ever grow- ing veneration and love, and my heart re-echoed the first three words of Dr. Adams’ exquisite address at his funeral, ‘“‘ Dear Dr. De Witt!” WEST POINT, February 12th, 1875. FROM PROF. A. B. VAN ZANDT, D.D., THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. I HAVE endeavored to recall my recollections of Dr. De Witt, to see if I could contribute anything of interest for your pro- jected memorial. I should count it a great honor to have my name associated with his, even thus remotely. But I fear that I have nothing that would be suitable to your purpose. Our brief sojourn together in Holland, left a deep impression, which will always be cherished in grateful memory. But apart from the enjoyment of his personal intercourse in a strange land, 104 PERSONAL REMINISCENCES, its incidents were chiefly the ordinary experiences of travel, which will not bear repetition. It is true, by this closer contact under unusual circumstances, I gained a better and higher esti- mate of his noble character, and learned to admire and reverence the man, even more than I had done before. But others, who have enjoyed his intimacy for many years, can portray his excel- lencies far better than I can. ; There were, however, two occasions in Holland, when he made a public appearance, and acquitted himself with great éclat in the Dutch language.. The one was at a meeting at the residence of the venerable Dr. Capadose, at the Hague, on Sab- bath evening, to a large company assembled there, as was their - custom, for social worship and the study of the Scriptures. Dr. De Witt spoke in Dutch for full half an hour, and what was the more striking, his discourse was chiefly expository. The people were amazed and gratified, and Dr. Capadose complimented the Doctor’s Dutch as being more classic than his own. The other occasion was yet more trying to his nerves and his vocabulary. He was accredited as a delegate from the “ Ameri- can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,” to the Netherlands Missionary Society. The annual meeting of this socicty was held in one of the largest churches in Rotterdam, and it was crowded to excess. The most distinguished men of Holland were present, and her pulpits and universities were largely represented. The Doctor would have been quite excus- able if he had spoken in English, but his friends insisted that it should be in Dutch. Some of us who knew that he was more accustomed to read than to speak the language, were a little ap- prehensive of his faltering. But when once fairly under way, he rolled off the gutturals and the polysyllabic compounds very much as he used to do his vernacular in his own pulpit in Sie ap a Bee Tes es a on ee ae ee a ae a oe eee , PERSONAL. REMINISCENCES. . 105 Fourth Street. There had been an elaborate sermon by a dis- tinguished divine, and there were addresses after his, but the Doctor’s speech was the event of the occasion. As nearly as I am able to recall the line of his remarks, he began with a mod- est expression of the gratification which he enjoyed in visiting _the “ Fatherland,” and those scenes of historic interest, long fa- miliar to his studies. He then made a graceful allusion to the mis- sionary spirit of the Reformed Churches of Holland as manifested in the planting and care of our own Church in America. This led to some notice of the then present condition of our Church, and its missionary work in connection with the American Board. The operations of that Board were then stated at length, and the address closed with one of his impassioned exhortations and ap- peals for continued and enlarged efforts in this cause. The im- mense audience hung in breathless attention upon his words, and when he ceased speaking, there was an audible movement, as when a multitude suddenly seek relief in a change of position. After visiting the chief points of interest in Holland, and a brief trip up the Rhine, we parted company, to meet again in London, at the session of the first “Evangelical Alliance.” In the discussions of that convention, Dr. De Witt did not participate so largely as some others from this side of the water, but his opin- ions had quite as much influence in moulding the organization and shaping its movements. A man of the Doctor’s commanding presence would naturally attract the attention of strangers. But his peculiar manner and gait, as he swung himself along, apparently unconscious of his surroundings, would often’ cause persons to stop in the street and turn to look at him as he passed. But though seemingly absorbed in his own reflections, he was yet keenly _ observant of whatever was worthy of notice, and would often 106 PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. startle his companions by the shrewdness and humor of his remarks. He could relish an innocent jest as well as another, and his raillery was only the more effective for the gravity and dignity of his demeanor. The simplicity of his character was that of utter guilelessness; but they greatly mistook the man who supposed him to be destitute of sagacity. The great kindness of his heart alone rendered him liable to imposition, and to guard his purse from the professional beggars which swarm in foreign cities, was one of the cares of his companions in travel. To sum up my recollections in a single sentence, I could only say, what everybody who knew him knows already, that he was a nobleman of nature, adorned with the diadem of grace. No man in our church has ever left behind him a more enviable reputation, or deserved it better, than Dr. De Witt. If these few hasty lines can be of any service to you, you are welcome to use them in any way you please. I only regret that I could not offer you something worthy of the theme. NEw BRUNSWICK, Fed..8¢h, 1875. FROM REV. HERVEY D. GANSE, PASTOR OF THE MADISON AVENUE REFORMED CHURCH, NEW YORK. I FIND on the most thorough inventory of my memories and impressions concerning “dear Dr. De Witt,” that he gave to his friends so much more occasion for love and veneration than for minute delineation or interesting recital, that it is hard to do justice to him on paper. When one has drawn a large and PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. 107 sweeping outline of a guileless, gifted, spiritual man, preaching the Gospel in its most evangelical form of love to all saints and sinners, and with the eloquence that comes from an experienced heart, a fertile mind, and an unfaltering tongue, and illustrating his preaching with a blameless life and a wise and practical char- ity—when to this picture of his moral and spiritual part is added that of his imposing stature and magnificent head and face, his unstudied gesture and gait, his ringing voice, his absent air; and when to all this is added again the idea of his long life and the circumstances of honor and usefulness in which it was passed, the greater part of the impression which Dr. De Witt made upon his acquaintances and admirers has been described. The very brightest and best things do not require as long description as the faulty ones. By the time you have said that the sun is round, and bright, and warm, and high, and that it attracts all the plan- ets, you have said more about the sun than you could say about many a mean and dangerous thing with ten times as many words. The better a man is, the easier it is to describe him and the harder to paint him. You can describe him in a word by calling him “a saint,” but to paint him you must have idiosyncracies to work on; and human idiosyncracies are pretty sure to have a strain of depravity in them. And so I never knew a man whose character, and history as well, more evaded striking particulari- zation than Dr. De Witt’s; who gave his admirers so much to feel about and so little to tell about. The first that I remember about him was the frequent repeti- tion of his name by my parents, who had moved out of one of his congregations in Dutchess County into New York, when I was a child three years old. They spoke of him so much and with such enthusiastic affection, that | grew into my first intelligence, with Mr. De Witt, as they called him, for a great phenomenal 108 . PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. fact in the religious world, like the union of the States or a repub- lican form of government in the political world. He was the ministerial office in ideal and in perfection—other ministers whom I heard of and saw, being remote and imperfect adumbrations of his completeness. This impression did not come from any disparagement of other men, but from an unaffected love and admiration of him, which left all common praise of others as far below it as a plain is below a mountain. His coming to New York, which took place when I was five years old, was so: im- portant a matter of household talk, that it has left the most defi- nite impression on my memory. I even remember what neigh- bors were present when the news of his expected coming was announced by my parents. Yet the distance at which we were living from the North Church, the nearest of the collegiate churches, kept the family in Dr. Brodhead’s church, to which it had become attached, until the opening of the Ninth Street Church as one of the collegiate churches, and the removal of Dr. Brodhead to the country opened the opportunity, which was gladly seized, of bringing back Dr. De Witt into our home as pastor. Dr. De Witt was about forty-five years old when, asa boy of fourteen, I began to hear him preach. Of the fluency, fervor, richness, imaginativeness, spirituality, eloquence of his preaching in those days, and for many subsequent years, I do not need to remind you. Nothing struck a hearer more than the absolute absence of self-consciousness and contrivance in his sermons. His voice, his attitude, his hands, his words, seemed to go where the affatus put them. He seemed to have no more to do with the whole matter than though God had created him just then, in body and soul, that he might be the recipient and channel of that one communication. I have heard other preach- ers who seemed to be caught away by their theme. Yet there PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. 109 has been with them all, the evident duality of the theme and the man whom it mastered for the time. Dr. |
github_open_source_100_1_162 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div>
<div class="scope-search-section">
<ScopeSelect
:selected="scope"
/>
<SearchSection
:tags="tags"
/>
</div>
<TagsSection
v-if="tags.length"
:tags="tags"
/>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import ScopeSelect from './FilterBlock/ScopeSelect.vue'
import SearchSection from './FilterBlock/SearchSection.vue'
import TagsSection from './FilterBlock/TagsSection.vue'
export default {
name: 'FilterBlock',
components: {
ScopeSelect,
SearchSection,
TagsSection
},
props: {
tags: {
type: Array,
default () {
return []
}
},
scope: String
}
}
</script>
<style lang="sass" scoped>
.scope-search-section
@extend .d-flex, .align-items-center
</style>
|
github_open_source_100_1_163 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2011 Henry Coles and Stefan Penndorf
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.pitest.mutationtest.engine.gregor.mutators.experimental;
import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.pitest.mutationtest.engine.Mutant;
import org.pitest.mutationtest.engine.gregor.MutatorTestBase;
public class SwitchMutatorTest extends MutatorTestBase {
@Before
public void setupEngineToMutateOnlySwitchStatements() {
createTesteeWith(new SwitchMutator());
}
@Test
public void shouldProvideAMeaningfulName() {
assertEquals("EXPERIMENTAL_SWITCH", new SwitchMutator().getName());
}
private static class HasIntSwitchWithDefault implements Callable<Integer> {
private final int value;
private HasIntSwitchWithDefault(final int value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
switch (this.value) {
case 0:
return 1;
default:
return 0;
}
}
}
@Test
public void createsMeaningfulDescription() {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasIntSwitchWithDefault.class);
assertThat(mutant.getDetails().getDescription()).isEqualTo("Changed switch default to be first case");
}
@Test
public void shouldSwapFirstCaseWithDefaultForInt() throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasIntSwitchWithDefault.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasIntSwitchWithDefault(0), mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasIntSwitchWithDefault(1), mutant, 1);
}
private static class HasCharSwitchWithDefault implements Callable<Character> {
private final char value;
private HasCharSwitchWithDefault(final char value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Character call() throws Exception {
switch (this.value) {
case 'a':
return 'z';
default:
return 'a';
}
}
}
@Test
public void shouldSwapFirstCaseWithDefaultForChar() throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasCharSwitchWithDefault.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasCharSwitchWithDefault('a'), mutant, 'a');
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasCharSwitchWithDefault('z'), mutant, 'z');
}
private enum SwitchEnum {
FIRST, SECOND
}
private static class HasEnumSwitchWithDefault implements Callable<Integer> {
private final SwitchEnum value;
private HasEnumSwitchWithDefault(final SwitchEnum value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
switch (this.value) {
case FIRST:
return 2;
default:
return 1;
}
}
}
@Test
public void shouldSwapFirstCaseWithDefaultForEnum() throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasEnumSwitchWithDefault.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasEnumSwitchWithDefault(SwitchEnum.FIRST),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(
new HasEnumSwitchWithDefault(SwitchEnum.SECOND), mutant, 2);
}
private static class HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault implements
Callable<Integer> {
private final int value;
private HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(final int value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
switch (this.value) {
case 0:
return 1;
case 2:
return 2;
case 4:
return 3;
default:
return 0;
}
}
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceOtherCasesWithDefaultForInt() throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(-8),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(0),
mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(1),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(2),
mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(3),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(4),
mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithDefault(8),
mutant, 1);
}
private static class HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault implements
Callable<Integer> {
private final int value;
private HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(final int value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
switch (this.value) {
case 0:
return 1;
case 200:
return 2;
case 40000:
return 3;
}
return 0;
}
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceOtherCasesWithoutDefaultForInt() throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(-1),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(0),
mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(8),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(200),
mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(400),
mutant, 1);
assertMutantCallableReturns(
new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(40000), mutant, 0);
assertMutantCallableReturns(
new HasMultipleArmIntSwitchWithoutDefault(45000), mutant, 1);
}
private static class HasTwoTableSwitchStatements implements Callable<Integer> {
private final int value;
private HasTwoTableSwitchStatements(final int value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int i = 1;
switch (this.value) {
case 0:
i = 10;
}
switch (this.value) {
case 0:
i = i * 2;
}
return i;
}
}
@Test
public void shouldOnlyCreateRequestedMutationForTableSwitches()
throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasTwoTableSwitchStatements.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasTwoTableSwitchStatements(0), mutant, 2);
}
private static class HasTwoLookupSwitchStatements implements
Callable<Integer> {
private final int value;
private HasTwoLookupSwitchStatements(final int value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int i = 1;
switch (this.value) {
case 100:
i = 42;
break;
case 0:
i = 10;
}
switch (this.value) {
case 100:
i = 42;
break;
case 0:
i = i * 2;
}
return i;
}
}
@Test
public void shouldOnlyCreateRequestedMutationForLookupSwitches()
throws Exception {
final Mutant mutant = getFirstMutant(HasTwoLookupSwitchStatements.class);
assertMutantCallableReturns(new HasTwoLookupSwitchStatements(0), mutant, 2);
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_164 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
Licensed to the OpenAirInterface (OAI) Software Alliance under one or more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The OpenAirInterface Software Alliance licenses this file to You under
the OAI Public License, Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file
except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.openairinterface.org/?page_id=698
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about the OpenAirInterface (OAI) Software Alliance:
[email protected]
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "ProtocolDiscriminator.h"
#include "SecurityHeaderType.h"
#include "MessageType.h"
#include "EpsUpdateResult.h"
#include "GprsTimer.h"
#include "EpsMobileIdentity.h"
#include "TrackingAreaIdentityList.h"
#include "EpsBearerContextStatus.h"
#include "LocationAreaIdentification.h"
#include "MobileIdentity.h"
#include "EmmCause.h"
#include "PlmnList.h"
#include "EmergencyNumberList.h"
#include "EpsNetworkFeatureSupport.h"
#include "AdditionalUpdateResult.h"
#ifndef TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_H_
#define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_H_
/* Minimum length macro. Formed by minimum length of each mandatory field */
#define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_MINIMUM_LENGTH ( \
EPS_UPDATE_RESULT_MINIMUM_LENGTH )
/* Maximum length macro. Formed by maximum length of each field */
#define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_MAXIMUM_LENGTH ( \
EPS_UPDATE_RESULT_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
GPRS_TIMER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
EPS_MOBILE_IDENTITY_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
TRACKING_AREA_IDENTITY_LIST_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_STATUS_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
LOCATION_AREA_IDENTIFICATION_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
MOBILE_IDENTITY_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
EMM_CAUSE_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
GPRS_TIMER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
GPRS_TIMER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
PLMN_LIST_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
EMERGENCY_NUMBER_LIST_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
EPS_NETWORK_FEATURE_SUPPORT_MAXIMUM_LENGTH + \
ADDITIONAL_UPDATE_RESULT_MAXIMUM_LENGTH )
/* If an optional value is present and should be encoded, the corresponding
Bit mask should be set to 1.
*/
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3412_VALUE_PRESENT (1<<0)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_GUTI_PRESENT (1<<1)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_TAI_LIST_PRESENT (1<<2)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_STATUS_PRESENT (1<<3)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_LOCATION_AREA_IDENTIFICATION_PRESENT (1<<4)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_MS_IDENTITY_PRESENT (1<<5)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EMM_CAUSE_PRESENT (1<<6)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3402_VALUE_PRESENT (1<<7)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3423_VALUE_PRESENT (1<<8)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EQUIVALENT_PLMNS_PRESENT (1<<9)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EMERGENCY_NUMBER_LIST_PRESENT (1<<10)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EPS_NETWORK_FEATURE_SUPPORT_PRESENT (1<<11)
# define TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_ADDITIONAL_UPDATE_RESULT_PRESENT (1<<12)
typedef enum tracking_area_update_accept_iei_tag
{
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3412_VALUE_IEI = 0x5A, /* 0x5A = 90 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_GUTI_IEI = 0x50, /* 0x50 = 80 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_TAI_LIST_IEI = 0x54, /* 0x54 = 84 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EPS_BEARER_CONTEXT_STATUS_IEI = 0x57, /* 0x57 = 87 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_LOCATION_AREA_IDENTIFICATION_IEI = 0x13, /* 0x13 = 19 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_MS_IDENTITY_IEI = 0x23, /* 0x23 = 35 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EMM_CAUSE_IEI = 0x53, /* 0x53 = 83 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3402_VALUE_IEI = 0x17, /* 0x17 = 23 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_T3423_VALUE_IEI = 0x59, /* 0x59 = 89 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EQUIVALENT_PLMNS_IEI = 0x4A, /* 0x4A = 74 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EMERGENCY_NUMBER_LIST_IEI = 0x34, /* 0x34 = 52 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_EPS_NETWORK_FEATURE_SUPPORT_IEI = 0x64, /* 0x64 = 100 */
TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_ADDITIONAL_UPDATE_RESULT_IEI = 0xF0, /* 0xF0 = 240 */
} tracking_area_update_accept_iei;
/*
Message name: Tracking area update accept
Description: This message is sent by the network to the UE to provide the UE with EPS mobility management related data in response to a tracking area update request message. See table 8.2.26.1.
Significance: dual
Direction: network to UE
*/
typedef struct tracking_area_update_accept_msg_tag
{
/* Mandatory fields */
ProtocolDiscriminator protocoldiscriminator: 4;
SecurityHeaderType securityheadertype: 4;
MessageType messagetype;
EpsUpdateResult epsupdateresult;
/* Optional fields */
uint32_t presencemask;
GprsTimer t3412value;
EpsMobileIdentity guti;
TrackingAreaIdentityList tailist;
EpsBearerContextStatus epsbearercontextstatus;
LocationAreaIdentification locationareaidentification;
MobileIdentity msidentity;
EmmCause emmcause;
GprsTimer t3402value;
GprsTimer t3423value;
PlmnList equivalentplmns;
EmergencyNumberList emergencynumberlist;
EpsNetworkFeatureSupport epsnetworkfeaturesupport;
AdditionalUpdateResult additionalupdateresult;
} tracking_area_update_accept_msg;
int decode_tracking_area_update_accept(tracking_area_update_accept_msg *trackingareaupdateaccept, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t len);
int encode_tracking_area_update_accept(tracking_area_update_accept_msg *trackingareaupdateaccept, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t len);
#endif /* ! defined(TRACKING_AREA_UPDATE_ACCEPT_H_) */
|
github_open_source_100_1_165 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Models\Business;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Requests\StoreBusiness;
use App\Http\Requests\UpdateBusiness;
class BusinessController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*/
public function index() {
$businesses = Business::orderBy('id')->paginate(5);
return view('businesses.index', ['businesses' => $businesses]);
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*/
public function create() {
return view('businesses.create', [ 'business' => new Business]);
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*/
public function store(StoreBusiness $request) {
$requestData = $request->validated();
Business::create($requestData);
return redirect()->action([BusinessController::class, 'index'])->with('status', 'Data saved!');
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*/
public function show(Business $business) {
return view('businesses.show', [ 'business' => $business]);
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*/
public function edit(Business $business) {
return view('businesses.edit', [ 'business' => $business]);
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*/
public function update(UpdateBusiness $request, Business $business) {
$requestData = $request->validated();
$business->update($requestData);
return redirect()->action([BusinessController::class, 'index'])->with('status', 'Data updated!');
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*/
public function destroy(Business $business) {
$business->delete();
return redirect()->action([BusinessController::class, 'index'])->with('status', 'Data deteted!');
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_166 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { objCreator, objCreator2, Connectables, Connectable } from "./core"
const variablePorts = <const>[
"p0",
"p1",
"p2",
"p3",
"p4",
"p5",
"p6",
"p7",
"p8",
"p9",
"p10",
"p11",
"p12",
"p13",
"p14",
"p15"
]
export type VariablePort = (typeof variablePorts)[number]
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// GENERAL
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Output a bang message.
*/
export const Bang = objCreator("bang", <const>["trigger"], <const>["bang"])
/**
* Store and recall a number
*/
export const Float = objCreator(
"float",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["value"]
)
/**
* Store and recall a symbol
*/
export const Symbol = objCreator(
"symbol",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["symbol"]
)
/**
* Store and recall an integer
*/
export const Int = objCreator(
"int",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["symbol"]
)
/**
* Send a message to a named object
*/
export const Send = objCreator("send", <const>["message", "name"], <const>[])
/**
* Catch sent messages
*/
export const Receive = (name: string) =>
objCreator("receive", <const>[], <const>["message"])(undefined, name)
/**
* Test for matchin numbers or symbols
*/
export const Select = objCreator(
"select",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["match", "else"]
)
export const Select2 = objCreator2(
"select",
<const>["value"],
<const>["eq1", "eq2"]
)
// TODO: Lisää variantteja
export const Spigot = objCreator(
"spigot",
<const>["value", "pass"],
<const>["value"]
)
export const Equals = objCreator(
"==",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["result"]
)
export const LessThan = objCreator(
"<",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["result"]
)
export const GreaterThan = objCreator(
">",
<const>["left", "right"],
<const>["result"]
)
export const Or = objCreator("||", <const>["left", "right"], <const>["result"])
export const Osc = objCreator("osc~", <const>["freq$", "phase$"], <const>["$"])
export const Phasor = objCreator(
"phasor~",
<const>["freq$", "phase$"],
<const>["$"]
)
export const DAC = objCreator("dac~", <const>["left$", "right$"], <const>[])
export const Loadbang = objCreator("loadbang", <const>[], <const>[])
export const Multiply = objCreator("*", <const>["left", "right"], <const>["$"])
export const Multiply$ = objCreator(
"*~",
<const>["left$", "right$"],
<const>["$"]
)
export const Divide = objCreator("/", <const>["left", "right"], <const>["$"])
export const Divide$ = objCreator(
"/~",
<const>["left$", "right$"],
<const>["$"]
)
export const Add = objCreator("+", <const>["left", "right"], <const>["$"])
export const Add$ = objCreator("+~", <const>["left$", "right$"], <const>["$"])
export const Subtract = objCreator("-", <const>["left", "right"], <const>["$"])
export const Subtract$ = objCreator(
"-~",
<const>["left$", "right$"],
<const>["$"]
)
export const LPF = objCreator(
"lop~",
<const>["signal$", "freq"],
<const>["signal$"]
)
export const Throw$ = objCreator("throw~", <const>["data"], <const>[])
export const Unpack = objCreator(
"unpack",
<const>["message"],
<const>["v1", "v2"]
)
export const MidiToFreq = objCreator("mtof", <const>["note"], <const>["freq"])
export const MakeNote = objCreator(
"makenote",
<const>["note", "velocity", "duration"],
<const>["note", "velocity"]
)
export const MidiOut = objCreator(
"noteout",
<const>["note", "velocity", "channel"],
<const>[]
)
export const Line$ = objCreator(
"line~",
<const>["message", "rampTime", "grain"],
<const>["value"]
)
export const Trigger = (format: string, input: Connectables) =>
objCreator("t", <const>["value"], variablePorts)(input, format)
export const Pack = (format: string, ...inlets: Array<Connectables>) =>
objCreator("pack", variablePorts, <const>["message"])(
inlets.reduce(
(obj, value, index) => ({ ...obj, [`p${index}`]: value }),
{}
),
format
)
export const Poly = objCreator(
"poly",
<const>["polyphony", "noteStealing"],
<const>["index", "note", "velocity"]
)
export const Route = objCreator("route", <const>["message"], variablePorts)
export const Cos$ = objCreator("cos~", <const>["in$"], <const>["$"])
export const Pow = objCreator("pow", <const>["base", "power"], <const>["value"])
export const Pow$ = objCreator("pow~", <const>["base$", "power$"], <const>["$"])
export const Random = objCreator("random", <const>["n"], <const>["value"])
export const Mod = objCreator(
"mod",
<const>["dividend", "divisor"],
<const>["value"]
)
export const Reverb3 = objCreator(
"rev3~",
<const>[
"left$",
"right$",
"levelDb",
"liveness",
"crossoverFreq",
"hfDamping"
],
<const>["left$", "right$", "out3$", "out4$"]
)
export const Print = objCreator("print", <const>["message"], <const>[])
export const Delay = objCreator(
"delay",
<const>["message", "delay"],
<const>["message"]
)
export const Metronome = objCreator(
"metro",
<const>["message", "rate"],
<const>["tick"]
)
export const Noise$ = objCreator("noise~", <const>[], <const>["out$"])
export const Sin = objCreator("sin", <const>["in"], <const>["out"])
|
github_open_source_100_1_167 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Http\Traits\ValidateAndCreatePatient;
use Carbon\Carbon;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
use Illuminate\Auth\Events\Registered;
class AuthController extends Controller
{
use ValidateAndCreatePatient;
/**
* Inicio de sesión y creación de token
*/
public function login(Request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'email' => 'required|string|email',
'password' => 'required|string',
//'remember_me' => 'boolean'
]);
$credentials = request(['email', 'password']);
if (Auth::attempt($credentials)) {
$user = $request->user();
$tokenResult = $this->generateJwtToken($user);
$jwt = $tokenResult->accessToken;
$success = true;
$data = compact('user', 'jwt');
return response()->json(compact('success', 'data'));
}
$success = false;
$message = 'Invalid credentials';
return response()->json(compact('success', 'message'), 401);
/*
$user = $request->user();
$tokenResult = $user->createToken('Personal Access Token');
$token = $tokenResult->token;
if ($request->remember_me)
$token->expires_at = Carbon::now()->addWeeks(1);
$token->save();
return response()->json([
'access_token' => $tokenResult->accessToken,
'token_type' => 'Bearer',
'expires_at' => Carbon::parse($token->expires_at)->toDateTimeString()
]);*/
}
/**
* Cierre de sesión (anular el token)
*/
public function logout(Request $request)
{
$request->user()->token()->revoke();
$success = true;
$message = 'User successfully logged out';
return response()->json(compact('success', 'message'));
}
public function register(Request $request)
{
$this->validator($request->all())->validate();
event(new Registered($user = $this->create($request->all())));
Auth::login($user);
$tokenResult = $this->generateJwtToken($user);
$jwt = $tokenResult->accessToken;
$success = true;
$data = compact('user', 'jwt');
return response()->json(compact('success', 'data'));
}
private function generateJwtToken($user)
{
$tokenResult = $user->createToken('JWT');
$token = $tokenResult->token;
$token->expires_at = Carbon::now()->addWeeks(1);
$token->save();
return $tokenResult;
}
}
|
153938_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 是一部2004年的美國傳記電影，由马丁·斯科塞斯執導，編劇，莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥、凱特·布蘭琪、凱特·貝琴薩及約翰·C·賴利主演，劇情根據作者的1993年傳記書《Howard Hughes: The Secret Life》改編。講述美國一代富豪霍华德·休斯早年生平的故事。
電影於2004年12月25日在美國發行，全球票房總計2.14億美元，且被提名至11項奧斯卡大獎，並獲得了其中5項獎項，包含最佳攝影、最佳剪輯、最佳美術指導、最佳服裝設計及最佳女配角。
劇情
在1913年的侯斯頓，霍華·休斯的母親給九歲的他洗澡，並告誡他關於在侯斯頓最近的霍亂疫情：「你不安全。」十四年後，他開始執導電影《地獄天使》，並聘請來管理他的商業帝國的日常運作。在第一部部分有聲的電影《爵士歌手》上映後，休斯痴迷於逼真地拍攝他的電影，並決定將電影轉換成一部有聲電影。儘管電影受歡迎，休斯仍然不滿意最終的結果，並命令要在好萊塢首映之後重新剪接電影。他與女演員凱瑟琳·赫本談戀愛，她幫助緩解他惡化的強迫症（OCD）症狀。
1935年，休斯測試飛行H-1型競速飛機，把它推到一個新的速度記錄。三年後，他打破了在四天內飛越全世界的世界紀錄。他後來購買了跨大陸及西部航空|的大部分股權。泛美航空的公司競爭對手兼董事長胡安·特里普獲得他的密友、參議員介紹了社會航空公司議案，這是將泛美航空在國際空中旅行上得到專有權。赫本漸漸厭倦了休斯的怪癖，並為了演員史賓沙·德利西而離開他。休斯很快便找到一個15歲的新歡，以及後來的女演員愛娃·嘉德納。然而，他仍然對赫本有感覺，並脅迫一名記者不要把她與已婚的德利西的新聞報出來。
休斯與美國陸軍航空軍簽訂了兩個項目：建造一部和一部部隊運輸單位。1946年，隨著雲杉之鵝飛行艇仍在建造時，休斯完成了，並拿它作飛行試乘。不過，其中一個引擎在飛行中途故障，飛機在比華利山墜毀，休斯嚴重受傷。隨著第二次世界大戰結束，軍隊取消了H-4大力神的訂單，儘管休斯依然以自己的錢繼續發展項目。當他出院時，他被告知他必須選擇資助航空公司或他的「飛行艇」。休斯命令迪特里希抵押跨大陸及西部航空的資產，以便他繼續發展。
隨著他的強迫症惡化，休斯變得越來越多疑，安放麥克風，並竊聽嘉德納的電話線來跟踪她。聯邦調查局（FBI）搜查他的家來找出的有罪證據，搜查他的財產，而對他的恐懼是，遍及他房子的污垢。布儒斯特私下提出如果休斯賣跨大陸及西部航空給特里普的話，他會放棄起訴，但休斯拒絕了。休斯的強迫症症狀變得極端，而他隱居到一個孤立的「無菌區」三個月。特里普為參議院調查而召見布儒斯特，確信休斯不會出現。嘉德納探望他並親自幫他刷洗和打扮來為聽證會作好準備。
精力充沛的休斯保衛自己來對抗布儒斯特的指控，並指責參議員從特里普中受賄。休斯總結說，他已經承諾完成H-4型飛機，如果他不能令它飛行，他將離開這個國家。議案被立即否決。在成功飛行後，休斯與迪特里希和他的工程師談論一個新的跨大陸及西部航空噴氣式客機。然而，抗菌西裝男士的視線導致休斯恐慌發作。Odekirk在迪特里希呼叫醫生的時候將他藏在洗手間裡，休斯開始回顧起他的童年、他對航空的痴迷，以及他對成功的渴望，重複說了這個短句「未來的路向」。
演員與角色
莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥 飾 侯活·曉治
凱特·布蘭琪 飾 嘉芙蓮·協賓
凱特·貝琴薩 飾 愛娃·嘉德納
約翰·C·賴利 飾
亞當·斯科特 飾 約翰尼·邁爾
艾力·寶雲 飾 胡安·特裡普
亞倫·艾達 飾
關·史蒂芬妮 飾 珍·哈露
威廉·達佛 飾 小報編輯
裘德·洛 飾 埃羅爾·弗林（Errol Flynn）
布伦特·斯派尔 飾 羅伯特·格羅斯
發行
評價
電影收穫了普遍積極的評價。爛番茄新鮮度87%，基於213位影評人的評論，平均分為7.8/10。而在Metacritic上得分77，代表「普遍好評」。
票房
《神鬼玩家》於2004年12月17日在40家劇院中有限上映，首週末共收穫858,021美元。12月25日，電影於美國的1796家劇院廣泛發行，首映當天總票房為420萬美元，該週共收穫860萬美元，排名第4，平均每家劇院收益4,805美元。次週收穫1140萬美元，排名上升至第3，每家劇院6,327美元。這部電影在北美及加拿大的銷售額為1.062億美元，其他地區1.111億美元，全球共計2.137億美元。
榮譽
參見
參考資料
外部連結
2004年美國電影作品
英語電影
马丁·斯科塞斯电影
2000年代劇情片
1927年背景電影
1929年背景電影
1938年背景電影
美国传记剧情片
奧斯卡最佳女配角獲獎電影
奧斯卡最佳攝影獲獎電影
金球獎最佳劇情片
英国电影学院奖最佳影片
加利福尼亞州背景電影
康乃狄克州背景電影
奥斯卡最佳剪辑获奖电影
奧斯卡最佳美術指導獲獎電影
奥斯卡最佳服装设计奖获奖电影
美國演員工會獎電影類最佳女配角獲獎作品
金球獎最佳戲劇類男主角獲獎電影
精神病題材電影.
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congressionalrec129cunit_345 | English-PD | Public Domain | Prior to serving at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, Mr. Adelman was employed at the Departments of Defense, State, and Commerce and worked as a senior political analyst at the Stanford Research Institute. That is not enough. None of Mr. Adelman's earlier Gov- ernment service during the Nixon and Ford administrations related directly to arms control. He has been an Afri- can affairs specialist and writer in his years of non-Government employ- ment. His writings are largely in fields removed from arms control. That is not enough. The President has sug- gested that he is confident of Ambas- sador Adelman. That too, is not enough. By his own testimony, Mr. Adelman has a very limited view of what he sees as his own role if confirmed. He has said that he sees himself as a "contact point" rather than a focal point for arms negotiations. The truest measure of the standards we have set for our ACDA Director can be seen by looking at Mr. Adel- man's predecessors. There have been seven Directors of the ACDA since it was established on September 26, 1961. Without excep- tion, all of the previous Directors have been men of stature and professional- ism who were credible advocates and spokesmen for arms control. Most of them had had significant negotiating experience on arms control matters prior to their appointment as Director. The Agency's first Director, William C. Foster (1961-69) had been Deputy Secretary of Defense shortly before being appointed as Director. In the ca- pacity of Deputy Secretary, he headed the U.S. delegation to the 1958 Geneva Conference of Experts who were fo- cusing on the question of reducing the possibility of surprise attack. When he became ACDA Director, he also became the chief arms control negotia- tor and either negotiated or was inti- mately Involved in the negotiations for the hotline agreement, the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Nuclear Non-Prolif- eration Treaty. He left a distinguished arms control legacy. Gerard Smith, who served from 1969-73, had had even more extensive negotiating experience prior to his ap- pointment. He had worked for nearly 20 years in various capacities in the U.S. Atomic EInergy Commission and the Department of State, and he was a part of the U.S. delegation involved in the first Atoms for Peace Conference in 1957. the Four-Power Conference on Berlin in 1959, and the Paris Summit Meeting of 1960. He is cred- ited as having been instnunental in the negotiation of the hotline agree- ment. As Director, he also left a distin- guished record encompassing the ne- gotiation of the ABM Treaty and the SALT I interim agreement on offen- sive arms. Fred C. Ikle was Director from 1973- 77. He had come from a post at the Rand Corp. where he had written a seminal article entitled "Can deter- rence Last Out the Century?" which had just been published in Foreign Af- fairs magazine. One of his major achievements as Director of ACDA was the negotiation of the protocol to the ABM Treaty which reduced the number of permitted ABM sites. During Director Ikle's term of office the Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaties were ne- gotiated with the Soviet Union. Ikle is also credited with having provided ef- fective guidance to Ambassador U. Alexis Johnson, chairman of the SALT II delegation, and to Ambassa- dor Stanley Resor, who headed the mutual balance force reduction negoti- ations. Paul Wamke was the fourth Direc- tor of the ACDA, serving from 1977- 78. He came to the post from the De- partment of Defense, where he had served as Assistant Secretary of De- fense for International Security Af- fairs in the 1960's. He brought with him significant negotiating experience from that position. George Seignious, who was Director from 1978-80, had negotiating experi- ence gained from serving on the U.S. delegation to the quadripartite negoti- ations on the status of Berlin, and as public member of the U.S. SALT n delegation in 1977-78. During his term as Director, the SALT II negotiations were completed. Ralph W. Earle 11, Director from 1980-81. came to the post from chair- manship of the U.S. SALT U delega- tion. Prior to that, he was deputy chairman of the SALT II delegation from 1977-78, and the ACDA member of the SALT II delegation from 1973- 77. He also served as the defense advis- er at NATO Under Secretary Laird from 1969-73, gaining negotiating ex- perience working with NATO allies. Eugene V. Rostow (1981-83) had had extensive experience in Government prior to his selection as ACDA Direc- tor. As Under Secretary of State from 1966-69. he was in a highly visible policy position. During his term in office, the START and INF negotia- tions commenced. Each of these ACDA Directors had extensive experience and expertise in Government and arms control before assimilng the position of ACDA Direc- tor. Another aspect of the men on this list is that they all had close ties with the various Presidents they served, and there is very little doubt that they could effectively make their case di- rectly to the President for arms con- trol. Ambassador Adelman was a foreign policy adviser to Governor Reagan during the 1980 Presidential campaign and was a member of the President's transition team following the election. He also served as the President's rep- resentative during the release of the U.S. hostages from Iran. But that is not enough. Paul Wamke was the fourth Direc- tor of the ADCA. serving from 1977- 78. He came to the post from the De- partment of Defense, where he had served as Assistant Secretary of De- fense for International Security Af- fairs in the 1960's. He brought with him significant negotiating experience from that position. George Seignious, who was Director from 1978-80, had negotiating experi- ence gained from serving on the U.S. delegation to the quadripartite negoti- ations on the status of Berlin, and as pubUc member of the U.S. SALT II delegation in 1977-78. In the law establishing the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Congress clearly intended the Director of ACDA to be one of the most senior officials in Government and an indi- vidual who could hold his own with the Secretary of Defense or any other official in any contest or dispute on arms control. Mr. Adehnan falls short of the quali- ties and stature we need in our next Director of ACDA. My vote will be "no" against his appointment. I am left with the sense, both from Mr. Adelman's testimony before the Foreign Relations Committee and the other information presented on him, that he is really meant to "fill in" as Director of the ACHDA— to be a "care- taker." In a less troubled time, a time where there was less urgency in ob- taining an end to the nuclear arms race, this in itself would not disqtiallfy a Presidential nominee. We cannot afford a caretaker in this most impor- tant Government position. We must have the best individual we can find. The ACDA Director must be qualified and immediately ready to play a vigor- ous role in developing and pressing for arms control policies which further the national security interests of the United States. This is a job of prime. importance. This is a position of re- sponsibility, of great significance— and ' we must have an individual that fills that description. For all of the people of this country the Senate should vote "no" on this nomination and give the President a second chance on another nomination. I believe we should vote "no" on the nomination. Mr. PERCry. Mr. President. I yield 30 seconds to the Senator from Iowa. Mr. JEPSEIN. Mr. President, I sup-- port the nomination of Kenneth Adel- man to be Director of the Arms Con- trol and Disarmament Agency. I am convinced he has the necessary qualifications for the position, includ- ing clear support of the President's" sound goals for arms reductions. On November 18, 1981, President Reagan outlined three policy guide- lines for future arms control policy. They are: First, substantial, militarily significant arms reductions; second, equal ceilings for similar types of weaponry; and third, adequate provi- sions for verification. Every arms reduction proposal that the President has made since Novem- ber 1981, has embodied those clear first principles. On the occasion of that landmark speech, the President proposed the so- called zero option as an opening U.S. position in the intermediate-range nu- clear force talks that began on Novem- ber 30 of that year. The President cor- rectly focused on the major threat to nuclear stability In the European The- ater: The threat posed by over 300 highly accurate SS-20's deployed by the Soviet Union beginning In the late 1970's. By offering to scrap the planned deployment of Pershing II and ground-launched cruise missiles if the Soviets agreed to dismantle all of their SS-4's, SS-5's and SS-20's, the President had in effect proposed elimi- nating the Soviet margin of superiori- ty in the most critical weapons catego- 8606 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE Apnl U, 1983 ry and restoring a more stable balance in Europe. On Miay 9, 1982. the President once again focused on militarily significant reductions in the one category of stra- tegic nuclear weapons that is curently most destabilizing: intercontinental ballistic missiles. In his commence- ment address to Eureka College, the President presented a plan for the gradual reduction to equal levels of the missile arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union. Last month, the United States sub- mitted a draft treaty for negotiations to provide for a complete ban of chem- ical weapons and production over a 10- year period. The administration has also decided to move forward with the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the Peaceful Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The President has proposed ratifica- tion as soon as new protocols improv- ing verification procedures can be ne- gotiated. The Issue of verification in arms con- trol with the Soviet Union cannot be emphasized too much. The examples of Soviet violations of international treaties are legion. One need only re- flect on the history of the Soviet viola- tions of the Yalta agreements to the recent compelling evidence of the Soviet use of chemical weapons in Af- ghanistan and Laos, to imderstand that the Soviets cannot be trusted to abide by International agreements unless adequate verification provisions are included. In the case of arms con- trol agreements, this must include onsite inspection in some form. The need for guaranteed onsite in- spection is a direct result of the rela- tive openness of U.S. society compared with the very serious restrictions placed on foreigners in the Soviet Union. William F. Scott, in an article entitled, "The Myth of Free Travel in the U.S.S.R.," which was published in the March issue of Air Force maga- zine, has stated: In the U.S., practically every county is crisscrossed by roads over which trained Sovet observers may travel without restric- tion. It is improbable that any sizeable movement of military personnel or equip- ment could take place without detection by a Soviet agent. The travel assymetry be- tween the two nations malces for a serious imbalance in arms control verification. The arms control agreements with onsite inspections are the only means of insuring mutual confidence and trust with the Soviet Union. Despite the propaganda and rhetoric the Soviet Union has responded to the President's initiatives with construc- tive, if inadequate, coimterproposals, as well as providing unprecedented in- formation on the composition of their armed forces. The far-reaching pro- posals of President Reagan, combined with the flexibility shown in his March 30, 1983, interim proposal for intermediate-range nuclear force re- duction proposal, are very likely to result in a long-term stable nuclear balance. Now the Senate must decide If Dr. Adelman's views on arms control are consistent with the very serious ap- proach in this area taken by President Reagan and whether he can be consid- ered, on the basis of education and ex- perience, to be qualified to manage our arms control policy and execution. Senator Laxalt very wisely inserted a series of articles and speeches by Dr. Adelman in the Congressional Record during the debate on Wednes- day. This collection, whiph covers a period from 1979 through the present, is the most reliable source we have of Kenneth Adelman's views on the proper role of arms control in national security policy. It is therefore useful to compare the views expressed in them with those principles which serve as the basis for President Rea- gan's arms control policy. In an article taken from the Ameri- can Spectator, December 1979. Dr. Adelman provided a thorough critique of the thinking that led to the SALT II and the military situation in which the United States found itself as the Senate debated ratification of the treaty. In that piece, he argued force- fully that arms control agreements are not ends in themselves, but that they must be in accord with existing de- fense policies and place restraints on the military buildup of our potential adversary, the Soviet Union. In the siunmer 1981 issue of Policy Review, Dr. Adelman imderscored this point further when he wrote: President Reagan has advocated a "margin of safety" for the United States, in- cluding, of course, the overall strategic bal- ance. But the problem pressing his Adminis- tration is not the development of such a "margin" but, in fact, the removal of the So- viets' looming "margin". .. These views are wholly consistent with the arms control agenda laid out by the President. Mr. President, Kenneth Adelman is equipped by both experience and edu- cation to fill the Arms Control Direc- tor's post. He has behind him 10 years of public service in a wide variety of positions, including serving in the De- partment of Defense, and, most re- cently, as Deputy Permanent Repre- sentative to the United Nations where he has led the U.S. Delegation to the Second Special Session on disarma- ment. Dr. Adelman's career in public service has been supported by exten- sive scholarship in national security and foreign policy issues, including his work as a senior political scientist at the Strategic Studies Center of the Stanford Research Institute. In closing, I would like to point out the final, very important qualification of Dr. Kenneth Adelman. He has the confidence of the President of the United States, whose policies faithfully execute. The people elect the President and the Senate must ratify arms control trea- ties, but it is upon our President, Ronald Reagan, that the negotiation of arms control agreements must rest. Kenneth Adelman should be con- firmed. He is qualified and the Presi- dent has chosen him to carry on his arms control agenda. DR. ADILMAII'S FRIOK ARIU COimOL IfEGOTIATniO EXPERIENCI Mr. SYMMS. Mr. President. I have heard some criticism to the effect that Ambassador Adelman should not be confirmed because he lacks arms con- trol negotiating experience. This is a specious argument on at least three counts. First of all, he does have relevant international experience by virtue of his position as Deputy Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations. This has been es- tablished by Ambassador Kirkpatrlck and by his record. Second, the position for which he was nominated is that of Director of the Agency, not chief ne- gotiator. Third, predecessors with no more arms control negotiating experi- ence have some of the best track records in arms control achievements while serving as Director. The distinction between being nomi- nated Director and being nominated to head a U.S. delegation to a particular arms control negotiation was illustrat- ed by the confirmation debate and vote over Paul Wamke in 1977. In 1977 he was nominated for two differ- ent positions: ACDA Director, and chief negotiator including Chairman of the U.S. SALT II delegation. The Senate vote on these jobs was sepa- rate. He was confirmed as Director by a vote of 70 to 29, but after long debate, he was confirmed as chief ne- gotiator by the much closer vote of 58 to 40. As for the relevance of arms control negotiating experience to being Direc- tor, Fred Ikle was among those exam- ples of a good Director cited by Sena- tor PiXL during Mr. Adelman's confir- mation hearing. Fred Ikle had no prior negotiating experience. Nevertheless, during his incumbency he negotiated, through the Soviet Embassy in Wash- ington, the protocol to the ABM Treaty which reduced the number of permitted ABM sites under the ABM Treaty from two to one. Also while he was Director he gave effective guid- ance to Ambassador U. Alexis John- son, Chairman of the SALT II delega- tion; he also assisted in getting the MBFR negotiations under Ambassa- dor Stanley Resor underway. During Director Ikle's term of office the Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nu- clear Explosions Treaties were negoti- ated with the Soviet Union. ACDA played a major role in supporting these negotiations. Also the negotia- of the Environmental Modifica- Apnl U, 1983 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 8607 tion Treaty was completed in 1976. The U,S. delegation was headed by an ACDA official. FlnaUy, Director Ode was an outstanding spokeman on the Important subject of U.S. nuclear non- proliferation policy. General Seignious, who served effec- tively as Director from 1978 to 1980, had very little prior negotiating expe- rience, and Bill Foster, the first Direc- tor of ACDA, had considerable foreign affairs experience but very little nego- tiating experience prior to becoming Director. Yet under his tenure as Di- rector, Ambassador Poster either ne- gotiated or was intimately involved in the negotiating process that resulted in the "Hot Line" Agreement, the Lim- ited Test Ban Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Mr. President. I submit to you and to my colleagues that Ambassador Adelman has every bit as much, and in some Instances more, experience and backgroimd relevant to being good at the job of Director as many of his predecessors. And some of those pred- ecessors with little or no arms control negotiating experience made some of the most distinguished records of progress during their incumbency. I submit Ambassador Adelman will do the same and deserves our support for confirmation as Director of ACDA. The real question is. Can we afford an- other hiatus in leadership in this key Agency at a time like this, a hiatus that would come if we denied our con- sent to confirmation and another can- didate had to be foimd and put for- ward to run the confirmation course? I put it to you: If arms reduction is so important to national and world secu- rity, and it is so important, can we afford the luxury of a further pro- longed gap in leadership in the Agency this Congress made the focal point in Oovemment for arms controls? I say we do not have that luxury. Mr. LAUTENBERG. Mr. President, the requirement that the Senate con- firm the appointment of the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency is one means we have for shap- ing the arms control and defense poli- cies of the United Stotes. This prerog- ative flows from the law which estab- lished the Agency in 1961. For the last few days, the Senate has been debating the nomination of Ken- neth L. Adelman to be the Director. In doing so, we are exercising our respon- sibility to pass on this Presidential ap- pointment and acting under the larger advice and consent function given the Senate by the Constitution. The Presidential power of appoint- ment is broad, Mr. President, as is his discretion. But neither is to be exer- cised alone. The power of the Senate is narrower, but real, and not to be ab- dicated. It is a check on Presidential power and was intended to be so. Under the 1961 law establishing the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the Director Is to have clear duties as "principal adviser" with "pri- mary responsibility within the Oov- emment for arms control and disarma- ment matters." The Director is not to be just one of many working in this area. He or she is to be the advocate for arms control within the Govern- ment, the counterweight to other na- tional security actors. Background, relevant exi)erlence, In- tegrity, temperament, intellect and good judgment are required for any Director to be successful in fulfilling this broad and difficult mandate. And these are the characteristics we must weigh in the nomination before us. The Committee on Foreign Rela- tions held 3 days of hearings in Janu- ary and February to review the Presi- dent's appointment. The committee reported to the full Senate that Mr. Adelman's initial appearance before it was marked by his lack of information, ambiguity, and confusion. The com- mittee reported that it did not find Mr. Adelman's experience in the arms control sphere to be substantive. The committee reported that Mr. Adelman was less than candid in response to some of the committee's inquiries. A review of Mr. Adelman's responses and comments before the Committee on Foreign Relations and of the com- mittee's unfavorable report must give us pause. But there is a responsibility beyond examining the personal characteristics of a nominee. It is our duty as elected representatives to determine whether a nominee appreciates fully the broad national objectives forged by the Con- gresses and the Presidents of the United States over time. In this case there is a broad national objective that plsuses arms control in the forefront of our national security policy. It is our duty to evaluate whether a nominee, this nominee, shares the commitment of the Ameri- can people to halting and reversing the arms race. Tens of millions of Americans, Mr. President, are raising their voices now— for their fellowmen and for themselves— to bring an end to the fu- tility of the arms race and to make peace more than just an absence of open warfare. We must know whether this nominee would raise his voice. It is regrettable that the committee instead suspected that Mr. Adelman's commitment to arms control was more rhetorical than real. It is regrettable that the committee found Mr. Adelman's voice not strong and clear in support of arms control, but vague and evasive. It is regrettable that Mr. Adelman seems aU too willing to find more logic in proceeding unchecked in the arms race than in furthering the arms con- trol consensus of the decades since the first atomic bomb. Mr. President, I am convinced that the United States must be active in its efforts to end the nuclear arms race. I believe we must negotiate with the Soviet Union wherever progress in this area seems possible. I arrive at these ■ positions as a hard realist. It is the tens of thousands of nuclear weapons on all sides that place the very future of this planet and every person on it at risk. We can only reduce the risk of a nuclear holocaust by reducing the ca- pacity of all states to wage nuclear war. Our need just now is not for a great- er effort to manage public opinion. Our need is not for a redoubled effort to build up the threat from our adver- • saries or to justify new weapons as symbols of our resolve. Our need is for > bold leadership on the issues in a time when we. our allies, and our adversar- ies together are floimderlng. strug- gling for forward movement on arms control. Mr. President, the duties and re- sponsibilities of the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency proceed from the law that es- tablished the Agency in 1961, not from the discretion of the President. The Director has clearly assigned duties to be an advocate. These are duties that require stature, respect, and commit- ment to arms control. A majority on the Committee on Foreign Relations, reviewing these duties and our needs, find Mr. Adle- man to be imqualif led to be the Direc- tor of the Agency. This is true despite the fact that a majority of members of that committee are from the Presi- dent's own party. For me, Mr. Adelman has not dem- onstrated that he could or would as Director "give impetus to the U.S. goals of a world which is free from the scourge of war and the dangers and burdens of armaments." This is what the law requires and this is what the people demand. I will oppose confirmation of Mr. Adelman. If Mr. Adelman is not confirmed. Mr. President. I hope the President of the United States will use his power to nominate the most distinguished and capable person he can find to assist him in shaping a more credible, coordi- nated, and successful arms control policy. If Mr. Adelman is confirmed. I pray that the President will take heed of the clear goals established by law for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and of the deep reservations in the Senate over this nomination. • Mr. HUDDLESTON. Mr. President. I will vote against the nomination of Kenneth L. Adelman to be Director of the Arms Control and Disarmanent Agency. Anfil It 1QR.9 rnNaPFiwiONAL record— senate 8609 8608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE Apnl U, 198S I believe a President is generally en- titled to have his nominees confirmed, to have his choice of men and women to advise and counsel him. But the Senate also has a responsibility over nominations, and perhaps the most important aspect of that responsibility is knowing when to exercise it in order to disapprove a nominee. XJ&. arms control iwllcy is ciirrently in dlsurray. Our Eluropean allies are uncomfortable. n.S. citizens or various poUtiaU persuasions are dissatisified. Twenty years of efforts by both Re- publican and Democratic Presidents to make arms control a central part of strategic policy are threatened. They are threatened at a time, per- haps the last time in the immediate future, when a new agreement is feasi- ble. Technological developments and potential deployments could well take us into an era where controls and veri- fication could become increasingly dif- ficult. In such a climate, the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency can— and must— play a crucial role. The agency is no place for a nominee who demonstrated in a con- firmation hearing an amazing lack of knowledge and opinion on a subject in which he was supposedly versed. The fact that a subsiequent appearance sought to remedy the unfavorable im- pression created at the first does little to erase the initial imprint or to over- ride the fact that Mr. Adelman appar- ently misjudged the level of prepara- tion necessary for that first appear- ance. We in the Senate have the right to have expected more. The agency Is also no place for a nominee swathed in controversy who more than likely would have to spend more time repljrlng to the controversy swirling around him than addressing the substance of arms control. It is time to move ahead with the impor- tant business or arms control and arms reduction. To do so, we need a strong, experienced, and knowledgeable head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mr. Adelman's own appear- ances before the Senate Foreign Rela- tions Committee indicate we need someone else for that task.* • Mr. BIDEN, Mr. President, I deeply regret that this debate is taking place, for this controversy is not helpful to Kenneth Adelman, nor to President Reagan, nor to U.S. foreign policy, nor to the search for effective arms con- trol. When former Director Eugene Rostow was fired, the President had— and still has— an opportunity to name another experienced, well-regarded in- dividual who fully shares his views on the Soviet Union and on arms control. Instead he chose Kenneth Adelman, an obviously bright and articulate in- dividual, well-qualified for any number of foreign policy posts, but who had little background in the complex and demanding issues of arms control. In three appearances before the For- eign Relations Committee, Mr. Adel- man demonstrated uneven competence on arms controls issues and a curious hesitation to express his views. He also failed to show the strength and stat- ure which I believe the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency should have. Congress created ACDA because it wanted that Agency and Its Director to be a powerful advocate for arms control, not a sideline observer or mere contact point. That role is espe- cially important now, since no one else in the key foreign policy positions in this administration has substantial knowledge or experience of arms con- trol issues. I suspect that arms control may have been one of the matters Sec- retary of State Shultz had in mind when he said that he was concerned about the Importance of issues which he did not have time for. Mr. President, good intentions are not enough. In order to reassiue our allies and the American people, we need a serious, sustained, visible com- mitment to negotiations and agree- ments which could reduce the risks of nuclear war. To that, we also need a distinguished and effective Director of ACDA. The Foreign Relations Committee, at my urging, tried to give the Presi- dent a nonconfrontational chance to reconsider his appointment of Mr. Adelman by delaying our formal and negative vote for a week. I still regret that the President did not seize that opportunity. Now we face a no-win situation. If we reject Mr. Adelman's nomination, that action is likely to be construed as a personal rebuff to the nominee and the President, rather than as a warn- ing and an opportunity to name a dif- ferent person who could command widespread bipartisan support. If we confirm Mr. Adelman, it will be a narrow victory, with our lack of confi- dence in the nominee and administra- tion policy painfully evident. Over the years I have given the ben- efit of the doubt to Presidential nomi- nees. Only in rare circumstances have I voted against confirmation. In this case, after careful consideration, I have concluded that Mr. Adelman lacks sufficient background experience and also lacks sufficient unambiguous commitment to the arms control proc- ess to perform the duties of ACDA Di- rector as Congress intended.* Mr. MITCHELL. Mr. President, I oppose the nomination of Kenneth L. Adelman to be Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA). I agree with the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Perot, who, on the first day of Mr. Adelman's confirmation hear- ings, said. The question which must be reqwnslbly addressed with respect to this or my other nomination for the position of ACDA direc- tor, is whether the nominee possesses the specific experience, capabilities, and com- mitment to arms control envisioned by Con- gress when it created the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. In my judgment, the evidence before the Senate establishes clearly and con- vincingly that Mr. Adelman does not possess the requisite experience, capa- bilities, or commitment to arms con- trol. The post for which Mr. Adelman has been nominated is an important one. The Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency sits at National Security Coimcil meetings and pre- sents his views and recommendations directly to the President. He is also the Secretary of State's chief adviser on arms control Issues. ACDA and its Director, however, are supposed to do more than simply advise the President and Secretary of State. The law which established the Agency specifically requires it to per- form a vital and major advocacy func- tion. Senator Pell, who was an author of the law. recently emphasized the importance of this function. He stressed that ACDA was intended "... to play the role of an advocate for arms control as a complement to, and sometimes as a substitute for. arms programs, as a way to enhance our national security." I have carefully reviewed Mr. Adel- man's background and career. That review discloses no famllarlty with the range of arms control issues with which the agency must deal. Nor does it disclose any commitment whatso- ever to arms control; to the contrary. it discloses a hostility to, and cynicism about, arms control. These deficiences were highlighted during the 4 days of hearings on Mr. Adelman's nomination. The hearing record contains numerous passages which support the conclusion that Mr. Adelman. though an intelligent person, is not qualified to advise the President on arms control, to advocate arms control, and to implement the important provisions of the Arms Con- trol Act. Consider Mr. Adelman's re- sponses to the following questions [>osed by members of the Committee on Foreign Relations: When asked if. in the case of a full nuclear exchange, he believed that either the United States or U.S.S.R. could survive in any governable form. Mr. Adelman responded: "I just have no strong opinion on that." When asked by Senator Helms what the U.S. response would be If the Sovi- ets proposed to eliminate nuclear weaponry altogether. Mr. Adelman said: ". . . that is a thought I have Just never thought about in my life. I Apnl U, 198S CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 8609 would have to really look at that and explore it." When asked whether a freeze on the testing and deployment of strategic nuclear weapons is verifiable, he re- plied: "I do not know." When asked if he would consider separating out from negotiations the pursuit of a "confidence-building" measure (in this case, a proposal that each superpower would have to notify the other in advance of all nuclear warhead tests and KTBM tests), Mr. Adelman stated: "You mean separate it out from the START negotiations or something? I just do not know. Sena- tor." When asked the extent to which the President ought to be able, by a unilat- eral course of action, to preclude the involvement of Congress in arms con- trol decisionmaking, Mr. Adelman re- sponded: That is a question I would have to seek legal counsel to answer and look at the precedents in law and the Idnds of legal Judgment that would have to be rendered to answer that liind of question. The questions and answers which I have cited deal with first the objec- tives of arms control, second an under- standing of the ability to verify, third arms control negotiating practice, and fourth the policy making relationship between the executive and legislative branches. The President and Secretary of State's primary arms control advis- er and our Government's primary ad- vocate for arms control should possess substantial knowledge of these sub- jects. Mr. Adelman does not possess that level of knowledge. The transcript of the committee's hearing makes this clear. In more than 20 different in- stances, his answers reveal uncertain- ty, and a lack of basic arms control un- derstanding and experience. We should also be concerned about Mr. Adelman's May 1981 Interview with Mr. Ken Auletta. a New York Post reporter. During that interview, Mr. Adelmsoi said that, first, he could not "• • • think of any negotiations on security or weaporu"y that have done any good"; second, "one reason not to rush into negotiations • • • is that in a democracy, these negotiations tend to discourage money for defense pro- grams"; and third, a major reason to enter into arms control negotiations would be to placate oiu- allies and American public opinion. Mr. Adelman said about arms control: "My policy would be to do it for political reasons • • • I think it's a sham." When the Foreign Relations com- mittee questioned Mr. Adelman about these comments, he did not deny having made them, though he said he could not recall the interview. After reviewing the reporter's notes and questioning the reporter under oath, the committee stated in its report: "The majority of the members con- cluded that Mr. Adelman's denials did not stand up to scrutiny." It seems almost incredible that the United States would appoint, and the Senate would confirm, as the Director of an agency devoted to arms control a person who has expressed views so hostile to. and cynical about, arms control negotiations. We must bear in mind another epi- sode as we consider Mr. Adelman's nomination. At the Januray 27 hear- ing, in response to a question by Sena- tor Pell. Mr. Adelman said that he had not thought about AC^DA person- nel matters. Subsequently, the com- mittee learned that on January 14. Mr. Adelman had sent to Mr. Robin West, another administration official, a memo concerning ACDA personnel written by arms control negotiator Edward Rowny. Attached to the memo was an Adelman note which read: "Ed Rowny's very confidential real views on people." The following day. Mr. Adelman sent a second communication to Mr. West in which he discussed the timing of appointments, kinds of ap- pointments, and the types of people he wanted for ACDA. In light of these communications, it is reasonable to conclude that Mr. Adelman misled the committee in his answers about per- sonnel matters. Finally, the views of the Foreign Re- lations Committee must be given great weight in our deliberations. After lengthy hearings and extensive delib- eration, that committee recommended rejection of this nomination. The vote was not wholly partisan; the majority of the committee is, after all. Republi- can. In this century, the Senate has con- sidered himdreds of thousands of nominations, most of them routine, but surely thousands of them signifi- cant. In only three instances has the Senate failed to accept a negative rec- ommendation from the relevant com- mittee. Ordinarily, protracted delay based upon strong bipartisan opposi- tion has been sufficient to persuade the President to withdraw a nomina- tion. Unfortimately, the President re- fuses to withdraw this nomination. It remains, then, the task of the Senate to reject it. The Senate's history is replete with confirmation battles in which the votes focused not on the nominee's qualifications but on some other sub- ject—some Presidential policy or ap- proach, or the fact that someone else wanted the position. All too often. Senate confirmation proceedings dete- riorate into partisan wrangling. The Senate's role is to gauge qualifi- cations and fitness, and we should not be diverted from this task. In this par- ticular instance, the President's nomi- nee has failed the fitness test, and I therefore urge my colleagues to oppose his nomination. Mr. BRADLEY. Mr. President, today the Senate must decide whether Mr. Kenneth Adelman should be con- firmed as the Director of the Anns Control and Disarmament Agency. This is an important decision: National security policy, of which arms control is one component, is being questioned today from all sides— by the American public, by the Congress, and by our allies. We must strive to reestablish a consensus for a strong national securi- ty policy that is capable of gathering ' the support of these same groups. Is Bir. Adelman the man to play a role in the reestabllshment of that consen- sus? The arms control component of na- tional security policy is extraordinari- ly complex. On the one hand, it ap- peals to our American idealism: We hope to make the world a better place to live by somehow limiting the nucle- ar arms race. We must reduce the number of nuclear weapons on both sides. The nuclear freeze resolution is a syml>ol of this fervent hope. On the other hand, to be effective, we must temper our hopes with realism. Arms control must not be oversold; it is not a panacea for the iUs of the world. It will not make the Soviets less adven- turesome, or less oppressive. It will not eliminate international conflict. We wiU still need to spend national re- sources to maintain a credible nuclear and conventional deterrent. But in the area of nuclear weapons, we continue to hope that a negotiated, verifiable arms control agreement will bound the arms race and make both sides— and hence the world— more secure. Negotiating that agreement is a dif- ficult task for any individual, any team, any govenunent. but it is espe- cially challenging for the U.S. arms control negotiators. They must face their Soviet coimterparts who repre- sent stubborn, sometimes rigid, some- times paranoid, always clever adver- saries. The Soviet negotiators need not worry about Russian public opinion: the U.S. negotiators must always con- sider American public opinion. The Soviet negotiators need not worry about ratification of a treaty; the U.S. negotiators must consider the opinions of the Senate. The Soviet negotiators need not worry too much about the opinions of their allies or even public opinion in Warsaw Pact nations; the U.S. negotiators must consider the in- terests of the NATO Alliance and the strong and volatile public opinion in each NATO country. The U.S. negotia- tors, Mr. President, have an immense- ly difficult job. Arms control policy is further com- plicated by the technical intricacies of weapons systems — current and future— and verification techniques. The negotiator must know what limits on weapons systems can be verified ^ *^r% A rf^rf^m.Trf-^»*T?oo¥rf'^».T A t T%T:^^d^'W%T\ C17KT A TTl? fUA\ 8610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE Apnl U, ms April 11 1983 CONGRESSIONAL RECORI>— SENATE 8611 and which cannot. He must know what level of variance from an agreement can be tolerated, if any, and then de- termine whether the means of verifi- cation is able to detect such a varia- tion. Further, the UJS. negotiator must be prepared to walk away from an agree- ment if it does not pass the crucial test: Is the United States more secure or less secure as a result of this treaty? On the other hand, we should not walk away from an agreement Just be- cause the Soviets refuse to unilaterally disarm. Even if we do not get immedi- ately everything we might desire out of a particular arms control agree- ment, if it increases our security, we should be prepared to sign it. We should not allow the best to be the enemy of the good. The Job of the Director of ACDA at this time in history and in this admin- istration is especially demanding. Since 1962, the Soviet Union has been engaged in a massive arms buildup; so much so that they have essentially caught up with us in overall military capabilities. The Director of ACDA has a difficult task to promote arms control in such an environment. Fur- ther complicating his Job is this ad- ministration's ideological view of Soviet-United States relations. Policy- making in arms control in this admin- istration is indeed a challenge. Does the administration recognize the complexities of national security policy and how arms control fits in? This week's Time cites the "partial vacuum of experience, expertise and interest in arms control that exists at the highest levels of the Government, including the Oval Office." Time goes on to say: Not since World War II has American na- tional security policy been presided over by a group with so little grounding and stand- ing in the field. National Security Adviser William Clark is a transplanted California Judge and loyal Reagan staffman; E>irector of Central Intelligence William Casey is a seasoned businessman and an energetic Re- publican campaigner; Casper Weinberger does not have the background in defense policy to match his zealous commitment to the goal of rearming America. If confirmed, Kenneth Adelman will be the least qualified Director in the 21-year history of the -Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. That is Time magazine speaking. Now, Mr. President, I normally sup- port the prerogative of the President to put his own people in positions of authority. I have not voted against any of this President's more controver- sial appointments. However, this ap- pointment is different in several re- spects. First, unlike every previous nomina- tion, the relevant committee has rec- ommended that this nominee not be confirmed. Second, this administration's nation- al security policy in general— and the arms control component in particu- lar—is in disarray. This week, I have talked to three different officials of the administration, including repre- sentatives from the White House and the Defense Department and lix. Adelman himself. I have heard three different, contradictory descriptions of the role of ACDA in this administra- tion. On one hand, I was told that this nomiiuition is crucial, all or nothing, a part of a seamless web of national se- ciulty policy that all fits together— it includes the MX. the START and INF talks, the defense budget. On the other hand, I was told that ACDA Is not an important player in national se- curity policymaking; the Director does little more than make speeches. One person said that the Secretary of State would be the principal architect of asms control strategy; another told me that the START and INF negotiators would report directly to Mr. Adelman. Support for defense is eroding in the Congress and among American citi- zens. If changes are not made and poli- cies are not clarified, this erosion of support for the Nation's defense threatens to weaken the seciuity of this country. Men and women of the highest stature must be brought in to bring balance and substance back to national security policy and thereby to begin to restore the measure of con- sensus so essential to any foreign and national security policy. We cannot afford to wait. |
github_open_source_100_1_168 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.beam.sdk.extensions.sql.utils;
import org.joda.time.DateTime;
import org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormat;
/** DateTimeUtils. */
public class DateTimeUtils {
public static DateTime parseTimestampWithUTCTimeZone(String str) {
if (str.indexOf('.') == -1) {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").withZoneUTC().parseDateTime(str);
} else {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS").withZoneUTC().parseDateTime(str);
}
}
public static DateTime parseTimestampWithTimeZone(String str) {
// for example, accept "1990-10-20 13:24:01+0730"
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ssZ").parseDateTime(str);
}
public static DateTime parseTimestampWithoutTimeZone(String str) {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").parseDateTime(str);
}
public static DateTime parseDate(String str) {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd").withZoneUTC().parseDateTime(str);
}
public static DateTime parseTime(String str) {
// DateTimeFormat does not parse "08:10:10" for pattern "HH:mm:ss.SSS". In this case, '.' must
// appear.
if (str.indexOf('.') == -1) {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("HH:mm:ss").withZoneUTC().parseDateTime(str);
} else {
return DateTimeFormat.forPattern("HH:mm:ss.SSS").withZoneUTC().parseDateTime(str);
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_169 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #pragma once
#include "Point2D.h"
class TargetNode
{
public:
TargetNode();
TargetNode(int room, Point2D* pos);
~TargetNode();
int GetRoom();
void SetRoom(int room);
Point2D* GetPosition();
bool operator==(const TargetNode* other);
private:
int room;
Point2D* pos;
}; |
9994724_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Viktorin ist ein männlicher Vorname. Er ist abgeleitet vom lateinischen Wort Victor für Sieger und bedeutet etwa der Siegreiche. Die weibliche Form heißt Viktorina oder Viktorine.
Namensträger
Viktorin Beljajew (1903–1990), russisch-orthodoxer Bischof von Wien und Österreich
Viktorin Kornel ze Všehrd (1460–1520), tschechischer Schriftsteller, Rechtsanwalt und Dekan der Prager Universität
Viktorin von Podiebrad (1403–1427), böhmisch-mährischer Adliger
Viktorin (Münsterberg und Troppau) (1443–1500), Herzog von Münsterberg und Troppau
Viktorin Strigel (1524–1569), lutherischer Theologe
Viktorin Weyer (1866–1939), österreichischer Benediktiner, von 1936 bis 1939 Abt der Abtei St. Lambrecht
Namensträgerinnen
Viktorina, Viktorine
Viktorina Kapitonova (* 1985), russische Ballerina
Viktorine von Butler-Haimhausen (1811–1902), deutsche Sozialreformerin, Philanthropin und Schriftstellerin
Viktorine Endler (1853–1932), deutsche Schriftstellerin
Siehe auch
Victorinus (Begriffsklärung)
Männlicher Vorname
Weiblicher Vorname.
|
github_open_source_100_1_170 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.teamacronymcoders.base.items;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import java.util.Map;
public interface IHasOreDict {
@Nonnull
Map<ItemStack, String> getOreDictNames(@Nonnull Map<ItemStack, String> names);
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_171 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
$a = shell_exec("sudo /home/pi/enableusb.sh 2>&1");
#echo $a;
header("Location: http://" . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . "/light/");
header("Content-Type: text/plain");
#http_response_code(200);
echo 'Execution Successful';
die(); |
github_open_source_100_1_172 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env python
# Build or install Shapely distributions
#
# This script has two different uses.
#
# 1) Installing from a source distribution, whether via
#
# ``python setup.py install``
#
# after downloading a source distribution, or
#
# ``pip install shapely``
#
# on a platform for which pip cannot find a wheel. This will most
# often be the case for Linux, since the project is not yet
# publishing Linux wheels. This will never be the case on Windows and
# rarely the case on OS X; both are wheels-first platforms.
#
# 2) Building distributions (source or wheel) from a repository. This
# includes using Cython to generate C source for the speedups and
# vectorize modules from Shapely's .pyx files.
#
# On import, Shapely loads a GEOS shared library. GEOS is a run time
# requirement. Additionally, the speedups and vectorized C extension
# modules need GEOS headers and libraries to be built. Shapely versions
# >=1.3 require GEOS >= 3.3.
#
# For the first use case (see 1, above), we aim to treat GEOS as if it
# were a Python requirement listed in ``install_requires``. That is, in
# an environment with Shapely 1.2.x and GEOS 3.2, the command ``pip
# install shapely >=1.3 --no-use-wheel`` (whether wheels are explicitly
# opted against or are not published for the platform) should fail with
# a warning and advice to upgrade GEOS to >=3.3.
#
# In case 1, the environment's GEOS version is determined by executing
# the geos-config script. If the GEOS version returned by that script is
# incompatible with the Shapely source distribution or no geos-config
# script can be found, this setup script will fail.
#
# For the second use case (see 2, distribution building, above), we
# allow the requirements to be loosened. If this script finds that the
# environment variable NO_GEOS_CHECK is set, geos-config will not be
# executed and no attempt will be made to enforce requirements as in the
# second case.
#
# For both cases, a geos-config not in the environment's $PATH may be
# used by setting the environment variable GEOS_CONFIG to the path to
# a geos-config script.
#
# NB: within this setup scripts, software versions are evaluated according
# to https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/.
import errno
import glob
import itertools as it
import logging
import os
import platform
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
from setuptools import setup
from setuptools.extension import Extension
from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext as distutils_build_ext
from distutils.errors import CCompilerError, DistutilsExecError, \
DistutilsPlatformError
from _vendor.packaging.version import Version
# Get geos_version from GEOS dynamic library, which depends on
# GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH and/or GEOS_CONFIG environment variables
from shapely._buildcfg import geos_version_string, geos_version, \
geos_config, get_geos_config
logging.basicConfig()
log = logging.getLogger(__file__)
# python -W all setup.py ...
if 'all' in sys.warnoptions:
log.level = logging.DEBUG
class GEOSConfig:
"""Interface to config options from the `geos-config` utility
"""
def __init__(self, cmd):
self.cmd = cmd
def get(self, option):
try:
stdout, stderr = subprocess.Popen(
[self.cmd, option],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
except OSError as ex:
# e.g., [Errno 2] No such file or directory
raise OSError("Could not find geos-config script")
if stderr and not stdout:
raise ValueError(stderr.strip())
result = stdout.decode('ascii').strip()
log.debug('%s %s: %r', self.cmd, option, result)
return result
def version(self):
match = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)', self.get('--version').strip())
return tuple(map(int, match.groups()))
# Get the version from the shapely module.
shapely_version = None
with open('shapely/__init__.py', 'r') as fp:
for line in fp:
if line.startswith("__version__"):
shapely_version = Version(
line.split("=")[1].strip().strip("\"'"))
break
if not shapely_version:
raise ValueError("Could not determine Shapely's version")
# Allow GEOS_CONFIG to be bypassed in favor of CFLAGS and LDFLAGS
# vars set by build environment.
if os.environ.get('NO_GEOS_CONFIG'):
geos_config = None
else:
geos_config = GEOSConfig(os.environ.get('GEOS_CONFIG', 'geos-config'))
# Fail installation if the GEOS shared library does not meet the minimum
# version. We ship it with Shapely for Windows, so no need to check on
# that platform.
geos_version = None
if geos_config and not os.environ.get('NO_GEOS_CHECK') or sys.platform == 'win32':
try:
log.info(
"Shapely >= 1.3 requires GEOS >= 3.3. "
"Checking for GEOS version...")
geos_version = geos_config.version()
log.info("Found GEOS version: %s", geos_version)
if (set(sys.argv).intersection(['install', 'build', 'build_ext']) and
shapely_version >= Version("1.3") and geos_version < (3, 3)):
log.critical(
"Shapely >= 1.3 requires GEOS >= 3.3. "
"Install GEOS 3.3+ and reinstall Shapely.")
sys.exit(1)
except OSError as exc:
log.warning(
"Failed to determine system's GEOS version: %s. "
"Installation continuing. GEOS version will be "
"checked on import of shapely.", exc)
with open('VERSION.txt', 'w') as fp:
fp.write(str(shapely_version))
with open('README.rst', 'r') as fp:
readme = fp.read()
with open('CREDITS.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
credits = fp.read()
with open('CHANGES.txt', 'r') as fp:
changes = fp.read()
long_description = readme + '\n\n' + credits + '\n\n' + changes
extra_reqs = {
'test': ['pytest', 'pytest-cov'],
}
extra_reqs['all'] = list(it.chain.from_iterable(extra_reqs.values()))
# Make a dict of setup arguments. Some items will be updated as
# the script progresses.
setup_args = dict(
name = 'Shapely',
version = str(shapely_version),
description = 'Geometric objects, predicates, and operations',
license = 'BSD',
keywords = 'geometry topology gis',
author = 'Sean Gillies',
author_email = '[email protected]',
maintainer = 'Sean Gillies',
maintainer_email = '[email protected]',
url = 'https://github.com/Toblerity/Shapely',
long_description = long_description,
packages = [
'shapely',
'shapely.geometry',
'shapely.algorithms',
'shapely.examples',
'shapely.vectorized',
],
classifiers = [
'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
'Intended Audience :: Developers',
'Intended Audience :: Science/Research',
'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
'Operating System :: OS Independent',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10',
'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: GIS',
],
cmdclass = {},
python_requires = '>=3.6',
extras_require = extra_reqs,
package_data={
'shapely': ['shapely/_geos.pxi']},
include_package_data=True
)
# Add DLLs for Windows.
if sys.platform == 'win32':
try:
os.mkdir('shapely/DLLs')
except OSError as ex:
if ex.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
if '(AMD64)' in sys.version:
for dll in glob.glob('DLLs_AMD64_VC9/*.dll'):
shutil.copy(dll, 'shapely/DLLs')
else:
for dll in glob.glob('DLLs_x86_VC9/*.dll'):
shutil.copy(dll, 'shapely/DLLs')
setup_args['package_data']['shapely'].append('shapely/DLLs/*.dll')
setup(**setup_args)
|
53612_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Mechelen (Frans: Malines) is 'n Belgiese stad in die suidweste van die Vlaamse provinsie Antwerpen, aan die grens met die provinsie Vlaams-Brabant. Die munisipale gebied het 'n oppervlakte van 65 km² en sowat 82 000 inwoners (2011).
Mechelen lê aan die Dyle-rivier en grens aan die munisipaliteite Willebroek, Rumst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Bonheiden, Boortmeerbeek, Zemst en Kapelle-op-den-Bos. Die stad beskik oor 'n spoorwegstasie wat verbindings na Antwerpen, Brussel, Leuven, Dendermonde en Gent bied.
Die historiese huise langs die Dyle, die IJzerenleen (straat) en die Groot Markplein in die historiese stadsentrum lok besoekers. Die stad het baie besienswaardighede. Die Middeleeuse Lakenhal en Sint-Rombouts-katedraal is deur UNESCO as wêrelderfenis aangewys, terwyl die museum vir die kulturele genot van besoekers is.
Daar is verskeie hotelle en restaurante.
Die Sint-Rombouts-katedraal se toring is 97,28 meter hoog. Mechelen is die setel van 'n Rooms-Katolieke aartsbiskop.
In die 9de eeu word die streek van Mechelen deur die Wikings geplunder. Die stad het eers in die 11de eeu ontstaan. Karel die Stoute, hertog van Boergondië, vestig in 1473 die rekenkamer en die parlement (groot raad) in die stad.
Besienswaarighede
Sint-Rombouts-katedraal met skildery van Antoon Van Dyck
Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-over-de-Dijlekerk met skildery De wonderbare visvangst van Peter Paul Rubens
Museum Schepenhuis uit die 14de eeu
Hof van Busleyden
Stadhuis (UNESCO-wêrelderfenis)op die Groot Markplein
Op die Groot Markplein staan die huis In het Haentien (1773) met gewel in Lodewyk XV-styl met 'n vergulde haan op die spits van die gewel.
Tivoli park
Brusselpoort
Grote Markt
Het Hof van Savoye
die Klein Begijnhof
die Groot Begijnhof
Technopolis
Dossinkazerne
Geboortes
Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), dokter
Rik Wouters (1882-1916), skilder
Eksterne skakels
Die amptelike webwerf van die munisipaliteit
amptelike webwerf toerisme Mechelen
Munisipaliteite in Antwerpen (provinsie)
Nedersettings in Antwerpen (provinsie)
Stede in Vlaandere
Wêrelderfenisgebiede in België.
|
github_open_source_100_1_173 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.dbpedia.lookup;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.xml.transform.Result;
import javax.xml.transform.Source;
import javax.xml.transform.Templates;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
import org.apache.zookeeper.common.Time;
import org.dbpedia.lookup.LookupConfig.QueryConfig;
import org.dbpedia.lookup.impl.lucene.LuceneLookupSearcher;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.json.XML;
public class LookupServlet extends HttpServlet
{
/**
*
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 102831973239L;
public static final String QUERY_SUFFIX_WEIGHT = "Weight";
public static final String QUERY_SUFFIX_REQUIRED = "Required";
private LuceneLookupSearcher searcher;
private LookupConfig config;
private QueryConfig queryConfig;
private Transformer xformer;
private static final String[] PARAM_MAX_RESULTS = { "MaxHits", "maxResults" };
private static final String[] PARAM_FORMAT = { "format" };
private static final String[] PARAM_QUERY = { "QueryString", "query" };
private static final String[] PARAM_MIN_RELEVANCE = { "minRelevance" };
private String initializationError;
final static Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger(LookupServlet.class);
@Override
public void init() throws ServletException {
try {
initializationError = null;
config = LookupConfig.Load(IndexMain.DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH);
queryConfig = config.getQueryConfig();
searcher = new LuceneLookupSearcher(config.getIndexConfig().getIndexPath(), config);
} catch (Exception e) {
// this is logged to catalina.out
e.printStackTrace();
logger.error(e.toString());
initializationError = e.toString();
}
TransformerFactory transformerFactory = new net.sf.saxon.TransformerFactoryImpl();
if(queryConfig.getFormatTemplate() != null) {
try {
Templates formatTemplate = transformerFactory.newTemplates(new StreamSource(
new FileInputStream(queryConfig.getFormatTemplate())));
xformer = formatTemplate.newTransformer();
} catch (TransformerConfigurationException | FileNotFoundException e1) {
// this is logged to catalina.out
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPostOrGet(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPostOrGet(req, resp);
}
private void doPostOrGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
if(initializationError != null) {
throw new ServletException("The initialization of the servlet failed: " + initializationError);
}
String query = getStringParamter(req, PARAM_QUERY, null);
Hashtable<QueryField, String> queryMap = createQueryMap(req, query);
int maxResults = getIntParamter(req, PARAM_MAX_RESULTS, queryConfig.getMaxResults());
if(queryConfig.getMaxResultsCap() > 0) {
maxResults = Math.min(maxResults, queryConfig.getMaxResultsCap());
}
String format = getStringParamter(req, PARAM_FORMAT, queryConfig.getFormat());
float minRelevance = getFloatParamter(req, PARAM_MIN_RELEVANCE, queryConfig.getMinRelevanceScore());
if(format == null || format.equals("")) {
format = LookupConfig.CONFIG_FIELD_FORMAT_XML;
}
logger.info("Search; " + req.getQueryString() + "; " + Time.currentWallTime() + ";");
JSONObject result = searcher.search(queryMap, maxResults, minRelevance, format);
if(format.equalsIgnoreCase(LookupConfig.CONFIG_FIELD_FORMAT_XML)) {
resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
resp.setContentType("application/xml");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
try {
out.print(formatXml(result));
out.close();
} catch (TransformerException e) {
throw new IOException(e.getMessage());
}
}
else {
resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
resp.setContentType("application/json");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
out.println(result.toString());
out.close();
}
}
private String formatXml(JSONObject result) throws TransformerException {
String generatedXml = "<results>" + XML.toString(result) + "</results>";
if(xformer == null) {
return generatedXml;
}
StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
Source source = new StreamSource(new java.io.StringReader(generatedXml));
Result target = new StreamResult(writer);
xformer.transform(source, target);
return writer.toString();
}
/**
* Create a map of query fields, each field pointing to a String value (the searched value)
* @param req
* @param query
* @return
*/
private Hashtable<QueryField, String> createQueryMap(HttpServletRequest req, String query) {
Hashtable<QueryField, String> result = new Hashtable<QueryField, String>();
QueryField[] queryFields = queryConfig.getQueryFields();
for(int i = 0; i < queryFields.length; i++) {
QueryField queryField = queryFields[i].copy();
String fieldRequired = req.getParameter(queryField.getFieldName() + QUERY_SUFFIX_REQUIRED);
if(fieldRequired != null) {
queryField.setRequired(Boolean.parseBoolean(fieldRequired));
}
String fieldWeight = req.getParameter(queryField.getFieldName() + QUERY_SUFFIX_WEIGHT);
if(fieldWeight != null) {
try {
float weight = Float.parseFloat(fieldWeight);
queryField.setWeight(weight);
} catch(Exception e) { /* Ignore */ }
}
if(query != null && queryField.isQueryByDefault()) {
result.put(queryField, query);
}
String fieldQuery = req.getParameter(queryField.getFieldName());
if(fieldQuery != null) {
result.put(queryField, fieldQuery);
continue;
}
if(queryField.getAliases() != null) {
for(String alias : queryField.getAliases()) {
String aliasQuery = req.getParameter(alias);
if(aliasQuery != null) {
result.put(queryField, aliasQuery);
break;
}
}
}
}
return result;
}
private float getFloatParamter(HttpServletRequest req, String[] keys, float defaultValue) {
for(String key : keys) {
String result = req.getParameter(key);
if(result == null) {
continue;
}
try {
return Float.parseFloat(result);
} catch(NumberFormatException e) {
continue;
}
}
return defaultValue;
}
private String getStringParamter(HttpServletRequest req, String[] keys, String defaultValue) {
for(String key : keys) {
String result = req.getParameter(key);
if(result != null) {
return result;
}
}
return defaultValue;
}
private int getIntParamter(HttpServletRequest req, String[] keys, int defaultValue) {
for(String key : keys) {
String result = req.getParameter(key);
if(result == null) {
continue;
}
try {
return Integer.parseInt(result);
} catch(NumberFormatException e) {
continue;
}
}
return defaultValue;
}
}
|
6276473_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
The first assignment alleges error in the exclusion of evidence. The evidence offered was relevant, but as no exception was taken to the ruling the assignment must be dismissed. Besides that, the evidence, though at first excluded, was subsequently admitted when its relevancy was shown. So no harm was done.
The remaining assignments relate to the charge of the court. The action was brought before a justice of the peace, and for a cause of action of which justices of the peace have jurisdiction, namely, the conversion of a personal chattel. The cause of action remained the same when the case was brought into the common pleas by appeal, and the measure of damages was that which applies in the common-law action of trover, now trespass. The general rule as to the measure of damages in such action is well settled to be the value of the goods at the time of the conversion, to which the jury may add interest up to the date of the verdict, unless there were unusual circumstances attendant upon the conversion or detention, such as willful wrong, fraud or outrage, when the jury may give more: Berry v. Vantries, 12 S. & R. 89; Taylor v. Morgan, 3 Watts, 333; Neiler v. Kelley, 69 Pa. 403; Learock v. Paxson, 208 Pa. 602. There may be other cases in which more may be given than the value with interest, arising out of the nature of the chattels, but this class of cases need not be considered here.
In one view of the case the measure of damages would have been the fair market value of the chattel alleged to have been converted by the- defendant, as the learned judge correctly instructed the jury at the outset of his charge upon that subject. But as this might have been more or less than the price ($2.00) the plaintiff paid for it, an instruction that if the jury found in his favor their verdict should be for the price he paid would have been erroneous. There is one part of a sentence in the charge, which, taken by itself, might bear that construction. This, however, was qualified in the same sentence by. adding, “if you should find that its fair value.” This qualification, taken i*160n connection with the appropriate instruction at the outset, freed this part of the charge from reversible error.
But there is another view which the jury could take. There was evidence from which they could find that the plaintiff bought the chattel and left it temporarily on the premises with the consent of the vendor; that the defendant, a succeeding tenant, sold it to a junk dealer who removed it; that when the plaintiff came to the premises to take it away the defendant denied any knowledge of the chattel; that in course of the plaintiff’s efforts to ascertain its location he had a search warrant issued and thereby found the chattel on the premises of the junk dealer, who told him he had bought it from the defendant; and that they then went before the justice of the peace and the accused told him the tale, whereupon he was discharged. What other search the plaintiff made, the time occupied therein, and the specific amount of any expense he incurred is not shown by the testimony. The plaintiff, being asked what damages he sustained, contented himself with answering: “Well, the value of the machine and the cost I was put to in the other case and lost time, must have $40.00.” The learned judge properly told the jury that whether any damages should be allowed “by way of expense in tracing” the machine depended on their determination of the disputed question of fact whether the defendant denied all knowledge of the machine, and thus deceived the plaintiff, when the latter went for it. We cannot say that the court ought to have withdrawn from the jury’s consideration evidence as to the defendant’s deception, and to have charged them that in awarding damages they could not go beyond the value of the machine at the time of the conversion and interest on that sum to the date of verdict. But in instructing the jury that they might award the plaintiff the full amount of his claim upon the theory, as inferable from the context of the charge, that his testimony would warrant a finding that he had been, actually damaged to that amount, greater latitude was given than the evidence warranted. The contentions that the charge as a whole gave undue prominence to the testimony of the plaintiff and was disparaging to the testimony of the defendant and defendant’s witnesses, and that as a whole it was biased, misleading, incomplete and unfair, are not sustained. But as the case may go back for retrial we deem it worth while to comment on that portion of the charge where the learned judge said: “ Now, if that is the case, if you believe the story of the plaintiff, and Mr. Walker as he now testifies, why didn’t Mr. Walker tell Mr. Withrow that when he first went there? is a pertinent inquiry for you. Well, he says he did; he says when Withrow came there asking for his machine he told him that he did not know whose the machine was but he sold it to the junk dealer. Now there is a direct contradiction between these two men, and if he did tell him that, what would have been the necessity for Withrow going and suing the junk dealer, if Walker had told him, when he went up there inquiring about this machine of Withrow’s, that he had sold it, as Walker said he did, — what would have been the necessity of Withrow going and making the information against the junk dealer?” The plain answer to this inquiry is that, so far as the evidence shows, there was no necessity, and we think the jury should have been so instructed if they found the fact to be as testified to by the defendant. But the remarks of the learned judge taken in connection with what immediately follows seem to suggest the thought that the action of the plaintiff in prosecuting the junk dealer tends to corroborate him and to lessen the probability of the truth of the defendant’s assertion. Perhaps this is not what was meant, but if it is, significance was given to the action of the plaintiff to which it was not entitled.
*162It is ordered that if the plaintiff, within thirty days from this date, shall file a paper in the office of the prothonotary of this court remitting $14.00 of the amount of the judgment the prothonotary shall enter on his record an order affirming the judgment as thus reduced; but if such paper shall not be filed he shall enter the order, “judgment reversed and venire facias de novo awarded.”.
|
github_open_source_100_1_174 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*================================================================================
Copyright (c) 2012 Steve Jin. All Rights Reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of VMware, Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be used
to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
IN NO EVENT SHALL VMWARE, INC. OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
================================================================================*/
package com.vmware.vim25;
/**
* @author Steve Jin (http://www.doublecloud.org)
* @version 5.1
*/
@SuppressWarnings("all")
public class ServiceContent extends DynamicData {
public ManagedObjectReference rootFolder;
public ManagedObjectReference propertyCollector;
public ManagedObjectReference viewManager;
public AboutInfo about;
public ManagedObjectReference setting;
public ManagedObjectReference userDirectory;
public ManagedObjectReference sessionManager;
public ManagedObjectReference authorizationManager;
public ManagedObjectReference serviceManager;
public ManagedObjectReference perfManager;
public ManagedObjectReference scheduledTaskManager;
public ManagedObjectReference alarmManager;
public ManagedObjectReference eventManager;
public ManagedObjectReference taskManager;
public ManagedObjectReference extensionManager;
public ManagedObjectReference customizationSpecManager;
public ManagedObjectReference customFieldsManager;
public ManagedObjectReference accountManager;
public ManagedObjectReference diagnosticManager;
public ManagedObjectReference licenseManager;
public ManagedObjectReference searchIndex;
public ManagedObjectReference fileManager;
public ManagedObjectReference virtualDiskManager;
public ManagedObjectReference virtualizationManager;
public ManagedObjectReference snmpSystem;
public ManagedObjectReference vmProvisioningChecker;
public ManagedObjectReference vmCompatibilityChecker;
public ManagedObjectReference ovfManager;
public ManagedObjectReference ipPoolManager;
public ManagedObjectReference dvSwitchManager;
public ManagedObjectReference hostProfileManager;
public ManagedObjectReference clusterProfileManager;
public ManagedObjectReference complianceManager;
public ManagedObjectReference localizationManager;
public ManagedObjectReference storageResourceManager;
public ManagedObjectReference guestOperationsManager;
public ManagedObjectReference getRootFolder() {
return this.rootFolder;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getPropertyCollector() {
return this.propertyCollector;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getViewManager() {
return this.viewManager;
}
public AboutInfo getAbout() {
return this.about;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getSetting() {
return this.setting;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getUserDirectory() {
return this.userDirectory;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getSessionManager() {
return this.sessionManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getAuthorizationManager() {
return this.authorizationManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getServiceManager() {
return this.serviceManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getPerfManager() {
return this.perfManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getScheduledTaskManager() {
return this.scheduledTaskManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getAlarmManager() {
return this.alarmManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getEventManager() {
return this.eventManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getTaskManager() {
return this.taskManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getExtensionManager() {
return this.extensionManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getCustomizationSpecManager() {
return this.customizationSpecManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getCustomFieldsManager() {
return this.customFieldsManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getAccountManager() {
return this.accountManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getDiagnosticManager() {
return this.diagnosticManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getLicenseManager() {
return this.licenseManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getSearchIndex() {
return this.searchIndex;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getFileManager() {
return this.fileManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getVirtualDiskManager() {
return this.virtualDiskManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getVirtualizationManager() {
return this.virtualizationManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getSnmpSystem() {
return this.snmpSystem;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getVmProvisioningChecker() {
return this.vmProvisioningChecker;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getVmCompatibilityChecker() {
return this.vmCompatibilityChecker;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getOvfManager() {
return this.ovfManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getIpPoolManager() {
return this.ipPoolManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getDvSwitchManager() {
return this.dvSwitchManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getHostProfileManager() {
return this.hostProfileManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getClusterProfileManager() {
return this.clusterProfileManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getComplianceManager() {
return this.complianceManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getLocalizationManager() {
return this.localizationManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getStorageResourceManager() {
return this.storageResourceManager;
}
public ManagedObjectReference getGuestOperationsManager() {
return this.guestOperationsManager;
}
public void setRootFolder(ManagedObjectReference rootFolder) {
this.rootFolder=rootFolder;
}
public void setPropertyCollector(ManagedObjectReference propertyCollector) {
this.propertyCollector=propertyCollector;
}
public void setViewManager(ManagedObjectReference viewManager) {
this.viewManager=viewManager;
}
public void setAbout(AboutInfo about) {
this.about=about;
}
public void setSetting(ManagedObjectReference setting) {
this.setting=setting;
}
public void setUserDirectory(ManagedObjectReference userDirectory) {
this.userDirectory=userDirectory;
}
public void setSessionManager(ManagedObjectReference sessionManager) {
this.sessionManager=sessionManager;
}
public void setAuthorizationManager(ManagedObjectReference authorizationManager) {
this.authorizationManager=authorizationManager;
}
public void setServiceManager(ManagedObjectReference serviceManager) {
this.serviceManager=serviceManager;
}
public void setPerfManager(ManagedObjectReference perfManager) {
this.perfManager=perfManager;
}
public void setScheduledTaskManager(ManagedObjectReference scheduledTaskManager) {
this.scheduledTaskManager=scheduledTaskManager;
}
public void setAlarmManager(ManagedObjectReference alarmManager) {
this.alarmManager=alarmManager;
}
public void setEventManager(ManagedObjectReference eventManager) {
this.eventManager=eventManager;
}
public void setTaskManager(ManagedObjectReference taskManager) {
this.taskManager=taskManager;
}
public void setExtensionManager(ManagedObjectReference extensionManager) {
this.extensionManager=extensionManager;
}
public void setCustomizationSpecManager(ManagedObjectReference customizationSpecManager) {
this.customizationSpecManager=customizationSpecManager;
}
public void setCustomFieldsManager(ManagedObjectReference customFieldsManager) {
this.customFieldsManager=customFieldsManager;
}
public void setAccountManager(ManagedObjectReference accountManager) {
this.accountManager=accountManager;
}
public void setDiagnosticManager(ManagedObjectReference diagnosticManager) {
this.diagnosticManager=diagnosticManager;
}
public void setLicenseManager(ManagedObjectReference licenseManager) {
this.licenseManager=licenseManager;
}
public void setSearchIndex(ManagedObjectReference searchIndex) {
this.searchIndex=searchIndex;
}
public void setFileManager(ManagedObjectReference fileManager) {
this.fileManager=fileManager;
}
public void setVirtualDiskManager(ManagedObjectReference virtualDiskManager) {
this.virtualDiskManager=virtualDiskManager;
}
public void setVirtualizationManager(ManagedObjectReference virtualizationManager) {
this.virtualizationManager=virtualizationManager;
}
public void setSnmpSystem(ManagedObjectReference snmpSystem) {
this.snmpSystem=snmpSystem;
}
public void setVmProvisioningChecker(ManagedObjectReference vmProvisioningChecker) {
this.vmProvisioningChecker=vmProvisioningChecker;
}
public void setVmCompatibilityChecker(ManagedObjectReference vmCompatibilityChecker) {
this.vmCompatibilityChecker=vmCompatibilityChecker;
}
public void setOvfManager(ManagedObjectReference ovfManager) {
this.ovfManager=ovfManager;
}
public void setIpPoolManager(ManagedObjectReference ipPoolManager) {
this.ipPoolManager=ipPoolManager;
}
public void setDvSwitchManager(ManagedObjectReference dvSwitchManager) {
this.dvSwitchManager=dvSwitchManager;
}
public void setHostProfileManager(ManagedObjectReference hostProfileManager) {
this.hostProfileManager=hostProfileManager;
}
public void setClusterProfileManager(ManagedObjectReference clusterProfileManager) {
this.clusterProfileManager=clusterProfileManager;
}
public void setComplianceManager(ManagedObjectReference complianceManager) {
this.complianceManager=complianceManager;
}
public void setLocalizationManager(ManagedObjectReference localizationManager) {
this.localizationManager=localizationManager;
}
public void setStorageResourceManager(ManagedObjectReference storageResourceManager) {
this.storageResourceManager=storageResourceManager;
}
public void setGuestOperationsManager(ManagedObjectReference guestOperationsManager) {
this.guestOperationsManager=guestOperationsManager;
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_175 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var assert = require('assert');
var omf = require('omf');
var app = require(__dirname + '/app');
var isValidResponse = function(statusCode) {
return function(res) {
res.has.statusCode(statusCode);
res.is.json();
it('has id in body', function() {
var body = JSON.parse(this.response.body);
assert(body.id);
assert.equal(typeof body.id, 'number');
});
};
};
omf(app, function(app) {
app.get('/', isValidResponse(200));
app.get('/async', isValidResponse(200));
app.get('/timeout-error', isValidResponse(500));
app.get('/file-error', isValidResponse(500));
app.get('/closed-error', isValidResponse(200));
app.get('/', isValidResponse(200));
});
|
208693_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | ဝဏ္ဏသိဒ္ဓိ ရေကူးကန်သည် နေပြည်တော်ရှိ ဝဏ္ဏသိဒ္ဓိ အားကစားပြိုင်ဝင်းအတွင်းတည်ရှိသော နိုင်ငံတကာအဆင့်မီ မိုးလုံလေလုံရေကူးကန်ကြီးဖြစ်သည်။၂၀၁၃ခုနှစ် အရှေ့တောင်အာရှအားကစားပြိုင်ပွဲကို လက်ခံကျင်းပရန် ရည်ရွယ်၍ ၂၀၁၁ခုနှစ်တွင် တည်ဆောက်ခဲ့ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။မက်စ်မြန်မာ ကုမ္ပဏီမှ တည်ဆောက်ခြင်းဖြစ်ကာ ၂၀၁၃ခုနှစ်တွင် ပြီးစီးခဲ့သည်။ရေကူးပြိုင်ပွဲအတွက် မီတာ (၅၀)ရေကူးကန်တစ်ကန်၊ ဒိုင်ဗင်အားကစားနည်းအတွက် ရေကူးကန်တစ်ကန်၊ အပြင်ဖက်တွင် လေ့ကျင့်ရန် ရေကူးကန်တစ်ကန်ပါဝင်ကာ ပရိသတ် ၃၀၀၀ ဝင်ဆံ့သည်။မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတွင် နိုင်ငံတကာအဆင့်မီ မိုးလုံလေလုံရေကူးကန်အနေဖြင့် ဤရေကူးကန်နှင့် တပ်မတော်ပိုင် ဇေယျာသီရိအားကစားပြိုင်ဝင်းမှ ဇေယျာသီရိရေကူးကန်တို့သာ တည်ရှိသည်။
ကိုးကား
ဇမ္ဗူသီရိ အားကစားရုံစု.
|
cu31924029309808_17 | English-PD | Public Domain | The strong case afforded by tradition in favour of the epistle as a Petrine fragment deserves to he mentioned as a subsidiary argument, when the question of the authorship is involved. "The only natural interpretation of the facts— the early and wide influence of the epistle on the one hand ; on the other, the consistent and unwavering attri- bution of it to St. Peter on the part of all writers, from Irenaeus' time onward — is that from the first it was regarded as the work of the apostle " (Chase). Also, one of the most serious drawbacks to the ordinary "pseudonymous" theory, which otherwise is so attractive, is the absence of definiteness and authority assigned to Peter. This feature is not in keeping with the reputation and growing prestige of the apostle in the later church, as evinced even in Matthew, Acts, and Clem. Eom., and one cannot help feeling that a later Christian, composing in Peter's name, would have laid more stress on the apostle's position than is contained in the meagre and modest reference (1' 5^). Neither in con- nection with the author nor d propos of the community (5^ T) is there a trace of the incipient hierarchical tendencies prevailing at the close of the century (e.g. Clem. Eom. xl-xli). Surely any writer, producing a work under Peter's name towards the end of the ninth or tenth decades, would have naturally coloured the personality of the apostle to suit not merely the tradition but the contemporary status of his office. It may also be noted that there is no hint of Gnosticism, and that the "Paulinism " of this epistle is corroborated by the "Paulinism" of the tradition preserved in Acts (cp. 15"'^^). Unless the latter is simply due to the editor, it is rooted in the sources of the Petrine history. In another aspect the letter possesses some significance. Taken thus, with its title and date, it forms practically the nearest written evidence we have for the activities of the primitive apostles. In regard to their careers and fortunes the utmost that can be safely gathered from tradition is an impression of extensive movement,^ scattered preaching, and occasional settlements in various localities. No literary expression stirvives. Any records which may have existed were soon lost : probably, at the best, they were scanty. If tradition is to be credited, any such attention to literature was out of the 1 It 19 doing an injustice to 1 Peter to group it with the rest of the so-called "catholic" epistles. The category of "catholic "is merely a late ecclesiastical device, and is significant mainly for the history of the canon. NT criticism has to take each writing ultimately upon its individual merits ; and whatever be the affinities of the other " catholic " epistles, 1 Peter at least demands to be recognised and judged by itself. The unique passage in chap. 3 on Christ's descent to the under-world is simply, like Mt 27°2- ^^, a naive attempt of the early Christian consciousness to express, in terms of apocalyptic imagery, the significance of Christ's death, and its influence even on the dead. It does not necessarily throw suspicion on the writing, nor is there any obvious reason for regarding it (with A. Meyer : Die moderne Forschung uber d. NT, pp. 41-43) as an insertion. 2 On the dissemination of early Christianity, cp. Hausrath, ii. 195-216. From the tone of a passage like 1 P V, it does not seem likely that the readers owed their nitial faith to the direct mission of the author, nor (43-f>) can they have been Jewish Christians. THE FIRST EPISTLE OP PETER 251 question, precluded not only by natural inaptitude, but by the more pressing concerns {i^VTr-qpiTovfievoi are /xeifoi/t koi vrrep avdpaivov Sianovia, Eus. HE, iii. 24) of practical organisation and propaganda.^ The avTOTTTm became, in virtue of their position, vnrjpirai tov Xoyow (Lk l^"*) ; authorship was reserved for a subsequent generation. No motives existed among the first disciples for preserving a chronicle of their own lives or a register of their reminiscences. 1 For an interesting parallel compare some sentences written by John Knox npon himself, in view of the absorbing necessities of the church in his day : " Considering myselfe rather cald of my God to instruct the ignorant, comfort the sorrowfuU, confirme the weake, and rebuke the proud, by tong and livelye voyce in these most corrupt dayes, than to compose bokes for the age to come ... I decreed to containe myselfe within the bondes of that vocation, wherunto I founde myselfe especially cald. I dare not denie but that God hath revealed unto me secretes unknowne to the worlde ; and also that he hath made my tong a trumpet, to forwarne realmes and nations, yea, certaine great personages. . . . These revelations and assurances notwithstanding, I did ever absteyne to commit anye thing to writ, contented onely to have obeyed the charge of him who commanded me to cry " ( Works, vi. 229, 230). An interesting study of Peter's character from the critical standpoint is given by Rapp {PM, 1898, pp. 323-337) ; more elaborately by Chase {DJU, iii. pp. 756-779). But it is unsafe to argue directly from the tone of a purely practical and occasional letter (or homily) like 1 Peter, either to the character of its author or to the theological standpoint of the writing in question. Because these pages are dominated by the superlative temper of hope (l^^), it does not necessarily follow that Peter (or the author of the prosopopoeia) was particularly characterised by that virtue, or that in the development of this idea the writing represents a divergence from orthodox Paulinism (Holtzmann, NTTh, ii. pp. 308-311). The epistle has a practical bent. It was composed for a special emergency. The author discoursed of hope, simply because hope was what his readers needed. The line of argument must have been congenial to him, of course, for it is applied with great insight and sagacity ; but because it is thus used at this epoch, it must not be inferred to have been normal to the writer. Its emphasis is due to the urgent situation of the moment rather than to any general idiosyncrasy upon his part, or to some dogmatic move- ment of his consciousness. Many other Christians might have written in much the same fashion under the circumstances ; and, as Wrede (?7c6er Avfgabe, etc., pp. 18, 19) correctly argues, the author of 1 Peter might easily have written another letter in another situation, which would have lacked any such preoccupation with hope. Epistles were in fashion ; from simple correspondence the epistle had become a literary form, an imaginary framework, which served as a setting for little religions treatises. . . . The epistle of Peter, in spite of its bad style, which resembles that of Paul rather than that of James or of Judas, is a touching fragment, in which the condition of the Christian consciousness towards the end of Nero's reign is admirably reflected. A sweet melancholy, a resigned confidence, fills it. The last times are approaching. ... If, as we readily believe, this epistle really belongs to Peter, it does great credit to his good sense, to his uprightness, to his simplicity. It is probable that, little versed in composition, and not hiding from himself his literary sterility, he did not hesitate to appropriate the pious phrases constantly repeated around him, which, although derived from different systems, did not contradict one another. It is useless to seek in his work for the rigour of a logical system. — Renan. 1^"'^ Introduction : thanksgiving for the readers' Christian hope. ]^i3_2i(i Moral Obligations of this hope: duties of holiness towards God, love towards one another, as God's people. ;2"-3' A table of duties: for Christians, in the outside world — towards authorities, in the household — as 2'^'^° slaves : patience under suffer- ing, the suffering of Christ. 3'-^ wives, 3' husbands. ^-Jp Common duties and their motives: patience and meekness under suffering, 4^"° moral purity, ^'"■'^ mutual service. 412-19 Persecution : need of a good conscience under trial. 51-11 Duties in the church : the elders, need of humility, watchfulness. 512-14 Conclusion. I. PETEK 1 1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to tlie exiles of the dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Kappadocia, Asia, 2 and Bithynia, who are chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification by the Spirit, to obey and to be sprinkled by the blood of Jesus Christ : grace to you and peace be multiplied. 3 _ Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who out of his great mercy has begotten us anew to a living hope through the resur- 4 rection of Jesus Christ from the dead, to an inheritance imperishable and 5 undefiled and unfading, kept in heaven for you who by God's power are being guarded through faith for the salvation which is ready to be revealed 6 in the last time. Whereat you rejoice ; although for a" little while at 7 present (if need be) you are grieved by manifold trials, that your tested faith (a thing far more precious than gold which perishes and yet is tested in fire) may turn out to your praise and honour and glory at the revela- 8 tion of Jesus Christ — whom you love without having seen him, on whom you believe, though at present you see him not, rejoicing with ineffable 9 and glorious joy, as you obtain the outcome of your faith, that is, the 10 salvation of your souls. A salvation in regard to which the prophets who prophesied of the grace which was meant for you, sought and searched out 11 eagerly, searching for the time or the nature of the time to which the Spirit of Christ within them pointed, when it predicted beforehand the sufferings destined for Christ and the majestic glories that were to follow 12 — to them it was revealed that not for themselves but for you were they ministering the things which are now disclosed to you through those who preached the gospel to you, by the holj' Spirit sent from heaven ; things into which angels desire to gaze. 13 Therefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, have perfect hope in the grace which is to be brought you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 14 As obedient children, not fashioning yourselves after the former desires 15 of your ignorance, but like the holy One who called you, be you also holy 16 in every way of conduct ; since it is written. Holy shall you he, for I am, 17 lioly. And if you call on him as Father who without respect of persons judges according to each man's work, conduct yourselves with fear diiring 18 the time of your sojourn. For you know it was not with perishable things, with silver or gold, that you were redeemed from the futile way of conduct 19 which your fathers handed down to you. Nay, it was with precious 20 blood as of a faultless and unstained lamb— even of Christ, who was indeed fore-known before the foundation of the world, but was disclosed 21 at the end of the times for the sake of you who through him believe upon God, who raised him from the dead and gave him majesty ; so that your 22 faith and hope are directed to God. As you have purified your souls, in obedience to the truth, for unfeigned brotherly love, love one another 23 cordially, with the intensity of those who are born anew, not from perish- 263 254 HISTORICAL NEW TESTAMENT [l^^-g^i able seed but from imperishable, through the living and lasting word of 24 God. Since All flesh is like grass, And all its glory like the flower of grass: Withered is the grass, And fallen the flower, 25 But the Lord's word lasts for ever. 2 1 And this is the word which was preached as gospel to j'ou. Put away then all malice and all guile and hypocrisy ^ and envies and all defamations ; 2 as infants newly born, long for the rational unadulterated milk, that by 3 it you may grow to salvation, since you have tasted that the Loi'd is hind. 4 Drawing near to him as to a living stone, rejected by men but choice, valued 5 with God, you also as living stones are built up into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through 6 Jesus Christ. Since it is contained in scripture — Lo, I lay in Zion a chief cornerstone, choice, valued ; And he who believes on him shall never he disappointed. 7 The value is for you then, who believe ; But for the unbelieving The stone which the builders rejected, This is made head of the corner 8 And a stone of stumbling and a rode of hindrance. Disobedient to the word they stumble: And to this they were also appointed. 9 But you are a chosen raxe, a kingly priesthood, a holy nation, a people for possession. That you may show forth the virtues of him who called you out of darkness into his marvellous light, 10 Once no people but now God's people. Who once had not obtained mercy, but have obtained mercy now. 11 Beloved, I appeal to you as sojourners and cxifes to abstain from the 12 fleshly desires which wage war against the soul. Maintain your good conduct among the Gentiles ; so that while they defame you as wrongdoers, they may, by viewing your good deeds, magnify God on the day of visitation. 13 Be subject to every institution of man for the Lord's sake, either to 14 the king as pre-eminent, or to governors as those who are sent by him for the punishment of wrongdoers and for praise to those who do what is 15 right (because the will of God is this : that you silence the ignorance of 16 those who are senseless, by doing good) ; as free men, yet not employing IV freedom to veil wickedness, but as God's slaves. Do honour to all, love the brotherhood, fea/r God, honour the king. 18 Servants, be subject to your masters -nith all respectfulness, not only to the kindly and equitable but also to the surly. 19 For it is a merit. If thanks to the thought of God a man bears distresses though he suffer unjustly. 20 What sort of credit is it. If you endure when you are buffeted for having sinned ? Nay, if you endure when you suffer for doing what is right, That is a merit with God. 21 You were called to this : for Christ also suffered for you. Leaving an example for you to follow in his footsteps. 1 Reading v!ro:^pttnv. 2^^-321] I. PETER 255 22 He coimnitted no sin nor was guile found in his mouth : 23 When reviled, he reviled not in retort ; Suffering, he did not threaten. But delivered up his cause to him who judges uprightly. 24 Our si7is he bore himself in his body on the gibbet, That we might break with sin and live for uprightness ; And by his bleeding wound you were cured. 25 For you were like sheep astray, But now you are turned back to the shepherd and overseer of your souls. 3 1 In like manner, you wives, be subject to your own husbands ; so that even if any of them obey not the word, they may be won over 2 without a word through the conduct of their wives, by viewing your 3 chaste and respectful conduct. Let your ornament be no outward orna- 4 ment — braiding hair and wearing gold or putting on dresses ; let it be the hidden man of the heart, with the imperishable nature of that gentle and 5 quiet spirit which is in God's sight most precious. For thus it was once that the holy women who hoped in God also adorned themselves, being 6 submissive to their, own husbands (as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him "lord" ; and you are her children), doing what is right and not frightened 7 by any terror. Husbands, in like manner, dwell considerately with the female, as with, the weaker vessel ; show honour to them as to those who along with you are heirs of the grace of life, so that your prayers be not hindered. 8 Now finally be all harmonious. With sympathy, brotherly love, compassion, humility, 9 Not rendering evil for evil or reviling for reviling. But on the contrary blessing ; Since you were called to this. That you might inherit a blessing. 10 For he who would love life And see fair days, Let him refrain his tongue from evil, And his lips from speaking guile : 11 Let him turn aside from wrong and do right, Let him seek peace and aim thereat. 12 For the Lord's eyes are upon the upright And his ears open to their prayer, But the Lord's face is against the doers of wrong. 13 And who is it that will ill-use you, if you are bent upon what is 14 right ? But even though you should suffer for the sake of uprightness, 15 happy are you. Have no fear of them nor be troubled, but hallow Christ in your hearts as Lord. Always be ready with a defence for everyone who demands of you a reason for the hope within you ; but let it be with 16 gentleness and respectfulness. Keep a good conscience, in order that, defamed as you are, those who libel your good conduct in Christ may 17 be put to shame. For it is better to suffer for doing what is right, 18 should the will of God so be, than for doing what is wrong. Since Christ also died once for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us near to God : put to death in the fiesh but made alive in the spirit— >, 20 in which also he went and preached to the spirits in prison, who had been disobedient at one time, while the long-suffering of God lingered on in the days of Noali during the construction of the ark, into which a few, 21 that is, eight souls were safely brought through water. You also are 256 HISTORICAL NEW TESTAMENT [3^^-5 now saved by the counterpart of that, by baptism (not because you put away the filth of the flesh, but because you seek earnestly a good con- 22 science toward God), through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is at God's right hand ; for he went into heaven, with angels and authorities 4 1 and powers made subject to him. As Christ then suffered in the flesh, equip yourselves also with the same conviction (namely, that 2 he who has suffered in the flesh is quit of sin), so as to live for the rest of your time in the flesh no longer for. the lusts of men but for the will of 3 God. 7 Now the end of all things is near. Be of sound mind then, be sober and pray. 8 Above all, be intense in your love for one another : For love hides a multitude of sins. 9 Be hospitable to one another without murmuring. 10 As each has received a talent, serve one another with it, As able stewards of God's manifold grace. 11 If anyone speaks, let it be as the oracles of God : If anyone serves, let it be out of the strength which God supplies ; That in all things God may be honoured through Jesus Christ, Whose is the majesty and dominion for ever and ever : Amen. 12 Beloved, be not surprised at the burning trial which occurs among 13 you to test you, as though something strange were hapiDening to you ; nay be glad as you share in the sufferings of Christ, that you may also be glad 14 and rejoice at the revelation of his majesty. Happy are you if you are denounced because of Christ ; for the spirit of majesty and of God rests on 15 you. Let none of you suffer as a murderer or thief or wrongdoer, or as a 16 pryer into other people's business. But if a man suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed ; nay, let him magnify God because of this. 17 For it is time ^ for the judgment to begin with the household of God. Now if it begin with us. What shall be the fate of those who disobey God's gospel 1 18 And if the upright is scarcely saved, Where shall the impious and sinner appear ? 19 So then let those who suffer in accordance with the will of God con- tinue to do right, and trust their souls to the faithful Creator. 51 I appeal to the elders among you— I, who am a fellow-elder of yours, a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a sharer also in the majesty to be 2 revealed — be shepherds to the flock of God among you, not from compulsion but voluntarily,^ nor for base gain but with hearty will, 3 nor in the way of lording it over your charges, but showing your- selves patterns to the flock. 1 Omitting [[i]]. 2 Omitting [[^^ri, Oti,]]. 5*-^*] I. PETER 257 4 Then when the chief shepherd is disclosed, you shall obtain the unfading wreath of honour. 5 In like manner, you younger men, be subject to the elders ; and put on, all of you, the apron of humility : for The haughty God resists, But to the humble he grants grace. 6 Humble yourselves then under God's mighty hand. That he may raise you in due season, 7 Casting your anxiety all upon him. Because he cares for you. 8 Be sober, be watchful. Your opponent the devil, like a roaring lion, 9 walks about seeking some one to swallow up. Resist him, firm in faith, knowing that the very same sufferings are being dispensed to your 10 brotherhood throughout the world. And after you have suffered a little, the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal majesty in Christ, 11 shall himself equip, establish, strengthen you. To him be the dominion for ever and ever : Amen. 12 Through Silvanus the faithful brother (as I consider him), I have written a few words to you, exhorting and testifying that this is the true grace of God. Stand in it. 13 She who is in Babylon, the Community chosen along with you, 14 salutes you ; and so does my son Mark. Salute one another with a kiss of love. Peace to you all who are in Christ. 17 THE FIEST THREE GOSPELS i Thheb periods can be roughly distinguished (Jiilicher) in the process of gospel-composition : (a) the oral (30-60 A.D.), during which the necessity for written narratives had not yet emerged fully or widely, (6) the evangelic (60-100 a.d.), in which our synoptic gospels substantially came to their present shape, and (c) the apocryphal (after 100 a.d.), when a crop of fabricated narratives sprang up, which lie round the evangelic histories in the early church, cold and vanquished, like the snakes about the cradle of Herakles. The presuppositions of the synoptic gospels are to be found in the requirements and tendencies which prevailed in the period, (a) especially among the circles of Christianity in Jerusalem- Judaea. It is not over-praise to speak of the splendid service ^ rendered to Christianity by their maintenance of the historic tradition, and by the tenacity with which they cherished and reproduced, in the more or less stereotyped forms of oral reminiscence, words and acts of Jesus. During the years 30-60 this stream carried in solution memories and historic traits which were afterwards consolidated into the inestimable deposit of the gospels. In form the tradition was fluid and free. Its pirmary shape and scope, the stages of its passage from a previously condensed and oral form into the comparative fixity of written memoirs — these are unresolved problems. The point is that up to the seventh decade the propaganda of Jesus must have been mainly oral. Parallel with Paul's preaching and writing lay this work of the primitive church, as it clung to the historical base of the faith in the human life of Jesus. Yet apparently it was not till after 60 that written records of this work began to show themselves. Com- position of this kind was much slower to waken than epistolary writing. Historical records^ possibly would have had a certain flavour of mechanical authority and fixity. Book-religion, even historically considered, is legal 1 Although in chronological order Hebrews intervenes between Matthew and Luke, I have incorporated here the note upon the latter gospel, for the sake of practical convenience. 2 Welzsacker, AA, ii. p. 34 f., Pfleid. Urc. p. 758 f. ; op. Holsten, Die Synopt. Evglien. (1886) p. 160 f., and the interesting but somewhat arbitrary statement in Blass' PG, pp. 21-28, on the occasion and need for written evangelic narratives. The fall of the Jewish state in 70 A.n. brought consequences which seriously affected early Christian literature, as well as the external circumstances of the church. But we must not argue from it too rigidly for the production of gospels either prior or subsequent to the crisis. To deduce the development of early Christianity in doctrine and organisation from the period 66-70 in Judaea would be as legitimate as .,0 explain the English Reformation solely from the matrimonial crisis of Henrv the Eighth. 3 Unless the speeches in Acts are an exception. If they are not free com- positions by the author (or authors of the sources), they must have been partly based on tradition or reminiscence, partly compiled from notes or journals made by contemporaries during the years 40-60 a.d. Clemen has a full note with references [Ohron. pp. 88-90). 268 THE FIRST THREE GOSPELS 259 religion ; its associations are with teclinioality.i Until the fixing of the tradition in literature became a religious necessity to the church, belief came from hearing,^ and hearing from a spoken message about Christ.' Indeed, the fact that Christ's life was narrated at all was due ultimately to the need felt by the early Christians for some knowledge of his laws. They looked forward to appearing before his tribunal, where he was to be their judge ; their fate depended on their obedience to his precepts. Hence it was essential to know these, in order that life might be regulated by them exactly and conscientiously. The words of the Lord thus assumed a place of authority side by side with the OT scrip- tures, under whose moral code the majority of the first generation of Christians had been trained. But for these laws and words the only available source lay in the Master's life. What he practised, what he commanded, was the supreme concern of all ; and to meet this, among other needs, the gospels were compiled. For he who was to judge his followers had been once among them in human person, and the future judgment would be determined by the precision with which his example had been followed and his commands obeyed. Whatever narratives accompanied or preceded the extant gospels have passed out of existence, like the Ionian chroniclers {Xoyoypacjioi, crvyypa- 0eir) superseded by Herodotus. This fact lends an appearance of some abruptness to their genesis. Their origin seems to resemble that of the great Hebrew prophecies in the eighth century B.C., which start up on the horizon with an appearance of great suddenness, probably because the ante- cedent conditions are obscure, partly because the preceding literature is no longer extant. Still, in the caje of the synoptic gospel."!, the conditions of their origin are neither quite indistinct nor lacking in significance. 1 Delssmami, Bibd-studien (1895), s.v. yfxifm, pp. 108-111 ; latiin >.iyfa.^Ta.i is used in the iusoriptions and Egyptian papyri as a juristic phrase. Dryden rather happily remarks of Jesus (The, Hind and the Panther, part ii.), " He could have writ himself, but well foresaw The event would belike that of Moses' law ; No written laws can be so plain, so pure, But wit may gloss, and malice may obscure." 2 But it is exegetically needless to accept the ingenious conjecture (Qod and the Bible, ch. vi.) that a survival of the oral Johannine tradition is awkwardly but con- sistently preserved by the editor of the fourth gospel in the recurring oC™,- (46 13^° 211), which might be rendered, says M. Arnold, by the phrases, " as 1 have been saying," or "as I am telling," or "as I am going to tell "you. , ^ , ^ 3 There is a familiar parallel in the cold reception given by the early Greeks to the art of writing, and traces of the way in which they disparaged treatises and litera- ture appear even in Plato (Phaedrus, 275d, 276a, uyn i,!in«. ««) tii-i.ux" '^ ' yiyf«-f>-- <*!,« tJl^i^Kv «, « kiyoir, l,y.«!m). This shy suspicion was due to the Hellenic instinct for flexibility through politics, morality, religion, they felt a certain horror of what- ever tended to petrify and fix ideas. As Prof. Butcher has' pointed out (Aspects of Greek Genius "on the written and spoken word," pp. 166-199), it was the very "sense that the laws represented a personal intelligence " that "probably caused a disinclination to reduce them to written and stereotyped commands. Conse- quently "long after writing was well known iu Greece, the laws remained unwritten. For all its semi-artistic shape, this feeling is in some respects akin to that of the early Christians with regard to the authority of Jesus. When one adds to it the contemporary distaste of the Jews to commit anything to writing, and the displace- ment of authorship by rhetoric in Asia Minor {Mommsen, Provinces R.li, i. 6b6), the comparatively late rise of the gospels becomes less surprising. An example ot retentiveness on the part of a pupil is given incidentally by Irenaeus m his descrip- tion of Polykarp's lessons (Bus. HE, v. 20). T«=r« ««; rin 8<i t. t\u, t«. ew» toi^ aai ail Sli ri.v X'^P" '■»" ^''°" 7""'"^ ""'^'^ itdf^xpunSfiM. 260 HISTORICAL NEW TESTAMENT For one thing, the extension of Christianity across the confines of Pales- tine, which had already proved an incentive towards oral tradition, now became a capital stimulus towards the shaping of more permanent records. The development of the faith required a method of instruction fuller and less occasional than apostolic letters (1 Th 5", Col 41''), or peripatetic teaching ; and as this lack came to be felt very widely (Lk P), it was natural that efforts should be made to supply it. Sketches of Christ's acts and words were put into circulation. The supreme aim^ was to preserve a uniform, sufficient standard for faith and morals, which rested on a continuous tradition ; for only in this way could the most distant churches be made independent of any weakness or irregularity in instruc- tion, and at the same time furnished with some clue to the meaning of Jesus and his reign. Thus the written gospels were at once a result of the church's progress and a necessity for that progress. The local sever- ance brought about by the fall of Jerusalem only rendered this exigency more imperative than ever. So far as the NT is concerned, the activity of the next period is devoted to conserving a historical past, the outward association with which had been snapped, the connection with which had become increasingly vital, and the abuse of which was no longer to be seriously feared. Not only the fourth gospel but also the three earlier narratives represent the intense and manifold interest roused by the historical Jesus in the " theological " consciousness of the church, as well as the practical needs which turned the whole church, in a special sense, into a " Christ-party " during the latter half of the first century. To know Jesus was their requirement. But that knowledge meant no dry historical light upon the Master's life. It could be satisfied by no mere annalist. To love him, to hope in him, to rule one's life by his precepts and for his sake — this was the craving of the church,^ and it was instruc- tion upon these lines that the gospels were intended to contain and to convey. Among even the Greeks, as Dr. Gardner points out, much more among the early Christians, history was nearly always strongly motive or didactic. When the circumstances of the age are taken into account, then, the composition of gospels after the seventh decade becomes a timely and natural phenomenon. A first-class criterion for their position amid the varying phases of early Christianity is the expectation by which it was dominated, that Christ would speedily return and reign. Such a hope formed its primitive and distinctive tenet, together with the idea of 1 Holtzmann (NTTh, i. p. 404 f.) distinguishes three dominant motives which he considers to have operated during the composition of our extant gospels : (a) the dogmatic, which strove to portray Jesus in relation to the Messianic ideal and the work of redemption, (b) the aesthetic, drawn from the OT speeches and songs, and devoted to the presentation of Jesus in his wisdom and activities, (c) the Oriental, arising from the current speculations and prepossessions of Oriental mysticism, such as, e.g., the idea of pre-existenoe. The moral basis of the mythopoeic spirit, with its bearing upon the historical expression of early Christianity, is discussed by Dr. Percy Gardner, Explm-atio Bvangdica, pp. 94-117, 144 f., 300 f., 312 f., and incidentally in M. Pasohouds article in Revue de Tlieol. et di PhilosopMe (1900), pp. 59-82, "Le My the et la Li5gende." 2 On this domiuant sense of Christ's personality and spirit in early Christianity, see the fine statement in Ruskin's Stoiies of Venice, vol. ii. ch. viii. § xlv. But, as the epistles and gospels prove, this common ground of interest was able to support varied and distinctive theories upon the significance of Jesus. The tradition itself was not rigid, much leas the ensuing interpretation. . ." Kann von einer in der ganzen apostolischen Christenheit verbreiteten stereotypen tjberlieferung auch nur in bezug auf die wichtigsten Tatsachen der ev. Geschichte nicht die Kede sein " (Zahu). THE FIRST THREE GOSPELS 261 the resurrection, and must have had strong support in the teacliing of Jesus himself, as tlie congenial Messianic beliefs of contemporary Judaism would hardly have been sufficient to start the opinion unless it had had some base in the authority of Christ. The history of early Christianity, as that is mirrored in the gospels, is in large measure the emancipation and transformation of this cardinal belief. Three forces. were at work : (a) the natural process of disappointment, fostered by the lapse of time ; (6) the logic of events, including the fall of Jerusalem and the gradual dethronement of Jewish particularism and materialism from the evangelic coiisciousness ; (c) the influences of Hellenistic Judaism and the broader thoughts of the age, which in Paul and the fourth evangelist were able to spiritualise the primitive conception. These forces and factors are not independent of one another, and all go , back to an element in the con- sciousness of Jesus which was only appreciated and developed several decades after his death. However, they are historical entities which orientate most effectively the period of the gospels' composition, and explain their birth. For "events," as Vinet has somewhere remarked, "are the real judges of events, and — purely moral questions excepted — history only gets itself written under their dictation." In this connection it may be also observed that, while the phrase " Jesus above the head of his reporters " indicates a real truth of history, affording a correct standpoint from which to valuate the extant sources, it is apt, nevertheless, to convey a wrong impression. Jesus had no reporters. So far as his words have reached us, their existence is due to the keen and loving memory of his adherents. It is to attach a modern and quite a misleading idea to his life when we allow ourselves to think of him as surrounded like a philosophic lecturer by those who treasured up his words in view of future developments, to be authoritative for a com- munity, or to furnish by anticipation some guidance for a strange prospect ahead. Nothing was further from the thoughts of the primitive disciples, and it may be questioned how far even Jesus occupied such a standpoint of prevision. At any rate, anything like an immediate and tangible pre- servation of his sayings or deeds is historically incredible. " Do not degrade the life and dialogues of Christ out of this charm, by insulation and peculiarity. Let them lie as they befell, alive and warm, part of human life, and of the landscape, and of the cheerful day." That is a true protest, truer than Emerson meant ; for it applies to the subse- quent transmission no less than to the original setting of the life of Jesus in the gospels. Broadly speaking, we may say that two streams coloured the evangelic narratives.' One contained the volume of practical interests and require- ments germane to the growing church. ^ The variety of the gospels proves 1 So far as regards Jesus, the historical interest of the early Christians was deter- mined by the demands of faith, which centred upon three subjects : (a) the sutemgs and death, (6) the notable actions and events of his life, (c) his teaching. The human birth and childhood forms only a secondary stage of interest (Matt-Lk), which is again transcended by the later growth of reflection ( Jn I1-18) upon the pre-existence of the Christ. Of the three former topics, the passion probably formed the ieading object of attention— to judge from the space assigned it m the synoptists, and the references in 1 Pet. and Hebrews. 262 HISTORICAL NEW TESTAMENT that these were not altogether homogeneous ; but they raust have pos- sessed common features which went far towards determining the con- ception of Christ preserved in the records. To the fact of these general practical requirements, of which our gospels are partly the precipitate, must be added the primary fact of the early Christian consciousness, namely, the sense that in the historical Jesus Messianic hopes and promises were fulfilled. To some degree this significance of Jesus is recognised in Paul, though it is not prominent. His knowledge of, and interest in, the career and human character of Jesus represent quite an appreciable quantity, although they have been depreciated and exaggerated by various schools of criticism. Still there can be no doubt that other interests were unsatisfied. There was always the lingering tradition of the his- torical Jesus, and the parallel movement of Judaism hack to OT prophecy probably intensified the passion — partly intuitive, partly born of the exigencies of controversy — for finding in him, from the evidence of his own words and deeds (Ac 2^^)^ an actual and detailed fulfilment of the Messiah sketched in the OT. Among svich vigorous convictions and creative tendencies the synoptic gospels were shaped (cp. Prof. Eendel Harris in Contemp. Review, August, 1895). The most objective writings ^ in the NT literature, they were not born in vacant space. Their ante- cedents are as obvious as their definite origin in the needs and ideas of the time with which they are in correspondence, and it is hardly possible to miss in each its birth-marks or heredity. It is like trying to drink out a sea, said Goethe once, to enter into an historical and critical examination of the gospels. Eighty years of research have not sensibly abated this impression of complexity and intricacy in dealing with the synoptic problem. While enquiry has exhausted one or two lines of treatment, it has at the same time thrown open others which are still unsurveyed. Still it is possible out of the chaos of synoptic criticism to secure the following postulates, which not only are sufficient for the purposes of the present edition, but also command very wide recognition among competent and independent scholars. Taking the gospels in their present form, we note their (A) Succession, (i.) The priority of Mark to the others is generally accepted : cp. Ritschl (Gesammelte Aussatze, pp. 1-57, Entstehung, pp. 28, ;?4), Eeuss, Renan, B. Weiss in his long series of critical monographs, Holtzmann {Einl. pp. 340-390, HG, i. Einleitung), Wendt ( " Die Lehre Jean" (1886), pp. 1-44), Havet (Origines, iv. pp. 225-296), Jacobsen (Un- tersuch. iiber die syn. Evv. 1883), E. A. Abbott {E.B., art. " Gospels," and in The Common Tradition, p. vi), Volkmar {Jesus Nazar. pp. 18-19, his date is exactly 73 A.D.), Carpenter (The First Three Gospels), Westcott (Introduc- tion to Study of Gospels), Sanday (Smith's Did. B^. (1893), pp. 1222-1242), Massebieau (Examen des citations de I'ancien Testament dans I'^vangile selon S. Matthieu), and Harnack (Ghron.). There is a pretty fair agreement among scholars working along different lines, that " the common tradition upon which all the three synoptics were based is substantially our St. Mark, so far as matter, general form, and order are concerned " (F. H. Woods, Studia Bihlica, vol. ii. p. 94). Compare Salmon, INT (lect. ix.) ; Julicher, Einl. p. 215 ; Plieiderer's Urc. p. 360; Resch, TU, x. 1, ch. 5; Bruce, ExGT, i. (1897) ; E. Roehrich, la Composition des MvangiUs 1 The objectivity varies : its maximum lies in Mark, the presentation of Matt, and Lnke has been more influenced by other interests, while in the fourth gospel we have the minimum. Compare Westoott's remarks (Gospel of John, Introd. pp. liv-lv), on subjectivity in relation to the truthfulness of a narrator. THE FIRST THREE GOSPELS 263 (1898), pp. 1-28 ; Briggs, Messiah of Gospels, pp. 70-256 ; Dii Buisson (" The origin and cliaraoteriatics of MaA," 1896) ; Brandt, " die Evan- gelische Gescliichte und der Ursprang des Cliristenthums " (1893), pp. 536 f. ; A. J. JoUey, The Synoptic Problem for English Readers ; Rev. Sir J. C. Hawkins, Bart., in "Horae Synopticae" (1899) ; Dr. Cone, " Gospel Criticism" (1891), pp. 150-160 ; V. H. Stanton, DB, ii. article " Gospels" ; Wernle, die Synoptische Frage (1899) ; Soltau, Eine LUcke d. Synopt. Forschung (1899) ; Adeney, BI, p. 324 f. ; Salmond, DB, iii. 258-260 ; and apparently Dr. G. L. Gary, IH, i. pp. xix-xxxiii. Tins judgment upon tlie priority of Mark is based chiefly upon the impression aflforded by its contents. Editorial solicitude is less con- spicuous here than in Matthew or Luke (cp. Mk 3^, omitted in Mt-Lk ; 3= /tiei-' opyris, etc. etc.), as though the narrative of Christ's life still lay near to the life itself, and had not yet passed very deeply into the sphere of subsequent reflection, where religious interests and reverence itself naturally exercised an increasing control over editors and their materials. Less connected and complete, Mark's naive, fresh, and (compared with Mt and Lk) unconventional portrait of Jesus in all likelihood preceded the more conscious and polished attempts of the others to present Christianity as well as Christ. This is corroborated by his treatment of the chronology and his general disposition of the life, which is silently presupposed in the later synoptists. Mark's order, if placed between Matthew and Luke, shows at once that they had it before them, and freely amplified or rearranged its scheme to suit their own ideas. Their variations and divergences become intelligible when once its tradition is accepted as a common, prior outline of the biography. Apart from other indications, — e.g., the simpler, abrupt, unpremeditated form ' of several sayings (3^^ 8'^ Q'^^'°-'^*), and the treatment of the disciples (6"''-52 giMs lo^s),— the priority of Mark is most decisively urged by the amount of material common to itself and to Mt-Lk. The distinctive contents of Mark are comparatively insignificant beside the matter shared by it with the later gospels, and of this feature only one explanation is feasible. That the realistic, graphic narrative of Mark was a later compilation, an abridgment or extracted essence of the others, formed in a slavish and piecemeal fashion, is so pointless and improbable a view, that it has been almost unanimously dropped from serious criticism. The alternative is that it was from Mark the others borrowed, and that round the nucleus which each took from this primitive gospel, they gathered the larger and wider materials which have lent distinctiveness and weight to their own records. One interest- ing result of this is that the central current of evangelic tradition flows from a Petrine source ; for there is a growing tendency upon all sides of criticism to credit and even emphasise the Papias-tradition which links Mark to Peter. ^ Besides, the closest scrutiny of Mark fails to discover much cogent 1 On the realism of Mark, the prophetic picture of Matthew, and Luke's idealised sketch, of. Bruce, With Open Face, ohs. i.-lU.; on the fontal position of Mark, Blass PG, 206-210 ; on Its relation to the later scheme of Matthew, W. C. Allen, JixpTi, xi. np. 279-284, Wemle, Synopt. Frag. p. 127 f., and Eoehrloht, la Composy- tion des ivmigUes, pp. 58 f., 208 f. |
8488566_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | El sitio de Pilsen (o Plzeň ) o batalla de Pilsen fue un asedio de la ciudad fortificada de Pilsen —en checo: Plzeň— en Bohemia llevada a cabo por las fuerzas de los protestantes bohemios dirigidas por Ernesto de Mansfeld. Fue la primera gran batalla de la Guerra de los Treinta Años. La victoria protestante y la posterior captura de la ciudad agrandó la revuelta de Bohemia.
Antecedentes
El 23 de mayo de 1618 los nobles protestantes derrocaron el gobierno del rey Fernando II y arrojaron a los gobernadores católicos de Bohemia desde su oficina en el castillo de Praga en la Defenestración de Praga. El nuevo gobierno formado por la nobleza protestante le dio a Ernst von Mansfeld el mando sobre todas sus fuerzas. Mientras tanto, los nobles y sacerdotes católicos comenzaron a huir del país. Algunos de los monasterios, así como los feudos no fortificados fueron evacuados y los refugiados católicos se dirigieron a la ciudad de Pilsen, donde pensaron que se podía organizar una defensa exitosa. La ciudad estaba bien preparada para un largo asedio, pero las defensas estaban mal dirigidas y los defensores carecían de suficiente pólvora para su artillería. Mansfeld decidió capturar la ciudad antes de que los católicos pudieran obtener apoyo del exterior.
El sitio
El 19 de septiembre de 1618, el ejército de Mansfeld llegó a las afueras de la ciudad. Los defensores bloquearon dos puertas de la ciudad y la tercera fue reforzada con guardias adicionales. El ejército protestante era demasiado débil para comenzar un asalto total al castillo por lo que Mansfeld decidió tomar la ciudad por hambre. El 2 de octubre llegó la artillería protestante, pero el calibre y el número de cañones eran pequeños y el bombardeo de las murallas de la ciudad tuvo poco efecto. El asedio continuó, con los protestantes recibiendo nuevos suministros y reclutas a diario, mientras que los defensores carecían de alimentos y municiones. Además, el pozo principal de la ciudad fue destruido y las reservas de agua potable pronto se agotaron.
Finalmente, el 21 de noviembre, consiguieron hacer brechas en las murallas y los soldados protestantes entraron en la ciudad. Después de varias horas de combate cuerpo a cuerpo, toda la ciudad estaba en manos de Mansfeld.
Consecuencias
Después de capturar la ciudad, Mansfeld exigió 120 000 florines oro como reparaciones de guerra y 47 000 florines adicionales para ahorrarle a la ciudad el coste de no quemarla. Entre ambas ambas exigencias pasaron dos años. Sin embargo, pronto el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, liderado por Baviera , reunió fuerzas suficientes y cruzó la frontera con Bohemia, en dirección a Pilsen y Praga.
El recién elegido rey de Bohemia, Federico V del Palatinado, era consciente de la gran superioridad de las fuerzas enemigas y ordenó a su propio ejército reagruparse y atacar por separado a cada uno de los ejércitos que avanzaban. Sin embargo fue abandonado por la mayoría de sus aliados y sus ejércitos se dispersaron en los densos bosques entre Pilsen y Praga, lo que terminó en una derrota decisiva en la batalla de la Montaña Blanca.
Referencias
Pilsen
Pilsen
Pilsen
Europa
Pilsen
Conflictos en 1618
Pilsen
Bohemia en el siglo XVII.
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US-201415025654-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | Tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-6-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (4)
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-6-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrrole-1(5H)-carboxylate 3 (84 mg, 0.18 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) and MeOH (5 mL) was added Pd/C (40 mg) under hydrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was degassed with hydrogen 6 times, then stirred for 12 h at ambient temperature under hydrogen atmosphere. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to the crude product as brown solid (80 mg, 95%). MS (ESI): m/z=459.8 [M+H]⁺.
2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide (5)
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-6-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 4 (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a white solid (70 mg, crude). MS (ESI): m/z=359.9 [M+H]⁺.
Example 23 6-(1-acryloylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide
To a solution of 2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide 5 (70 mg, crude) in DCM (5 mL) was added TEA (59 mg, 0.58 mmol) and acryloyl chloride (26.4 mg, 0.29 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 25:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound (18 mg, 25% for two steps) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 2H), 7.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.09 (m, 4H), 6.55-6.47 (m, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=16.8, Hz, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (br, 1H), 5.45 (br, 1H), 4.14-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.36 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, method F): m/z=413.8 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.393 min., HPLC: 97.3% (214 nm), 99.5% (254 nm).
2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (2)
A solution of tert-butyl 4-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in POCl₃ (3 mL) was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into water (3 mL), and basified by saturate aqueous NaHCO₃ to PH=10. Then the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×60 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by preparative TLC eluting with 8:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound as brown oil (10 mg, 13%). MS (ESI): m/z=356.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 24 6-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile
To a solution of 2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile 2 (10 mg, 0.028 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TEA (8.5 mg, 0.084 mmol) and acryloyl chloride (3.8 mg, 0.042 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 25:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound (13 mg, 44%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J=9.2, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.09 (m, 4H), 6.64 (dd, J=16.8, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.85-4.79 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.25-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.12 (tt, J=12.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.84-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, method F): m/z=409.8 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.669 min., HPLC: 98.7% (214 nm), 98.8% (254 nm).
Tert-butyl 4-(6-chloro-5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (3)
To a solution of 2,6-dichloronicotinonitrile 1 (1.0 g, 5.78 mmol) and tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate 2 (1.08 g, 5.78 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (636 mg, 6.0 mmol). The resulting solution was refluxed for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting from 5:1 to 2:1 PE/EA to afford the title compound as a white solid (800 mg, 43%). MS (ESI): m/z=345.1 [M+Na]⁺.
6-chloro-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (4)
To tert-butyl-(6-chloro-5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piper azine-1-carboxylate 3(800 mg, 2.5 mmol) was added cone. H₂SO₄ (5 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred for 40 min. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was poured into ice-cold water, then adjusted to PH=8 by ammonia water. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water (20 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (580 mg, 96%). MS (ESI): m/z=241.1 [M+H]⁺.
2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (6)
To a solution of 6-chloro-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide 4 (580 mg, 2.41 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (2.35 g, 7.23 mmol) and 4-phenoxyphenylboronic acid 5 (619 mg, 2.89 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) and water (3 mL) was added Pd₂(dba)₃ (220 mg, 0.24 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was degassed with nitrogen 6 times, then heated to 90° C. and stirred for 12 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound as a white solid (480 mg, 52%). MS (ESI): m/z=375.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 25 (E)-6-(4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide
A mixture of 2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide 6 (100 mg, 0.27 mmol), (E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoic acid hydrochloride 7 (53 mg, 0.32 mmol), HATU (152 mg, 0.4 mmol), and DIPEA (172.5 mg, 1.34 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at rt for 12 h. The solution was poured into water (50 mL), and then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 10:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound (30 mg, 23%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=15.3, 8.3 Hz, 4H), 6.93 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.68 (m, 10H), 2.76 (s, 6H). MS (ESI, method F): m/z=485.9 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.249 min., HPLC: 93.3% (214 nm), 93.0% (254 nm).
2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (3)
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(6-chloro-5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate 1 (300 mg, 0.93 mmol), K₂CO₃ (385 mg, 2.79 mmol) and 4-phenoxyphenylboronic acid 2 (297 mg, 1.39 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12 mL) and water (2 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (68 mg, 0.093 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was degassed with nitrogen 6 times, then heated to 90° C. and stirred for 12 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 20:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound as a white solid (260 mg, 58%). MS (ESI): m/z=457.1 [M+H]⁺.
2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinic acid hydrochloride (4)
In a 20 mL sealed tube, was placed a solution of 2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide 3 (140 mg, 0.31 mmol) in conc. HCl (5 mL). The mixture was heated to 115° C. and stirred for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was concentrated under vacuum to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (120 mg, 95%). MS (ESI): m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 26 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
To a solution of 2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinic acid hydrochloride 4 (120 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TEA (162 mg, 1.6 mmol) and acryloyl chloride (35 mg, 0.38 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 20:1 DCM/MeOH to afford the title compound (15 mg, 11%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.17 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.65-6.55 (m, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=16.7 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.86-375 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method F): m/z=429.8 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.477 min., HPLC: 93.5% (214 nm), 93.0% (254 nm).
4-(4-bromophenoxy)benzonitrile (3)
The mixture of 4-bromophenol 1 (0.50 g, 2.9 mmol), 4-fluorobenzonitrile 2 (0.28 g, 2.31 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.80 g, 5.8 mmol) and DMF (4 mL) was stirred at 115° C. for 16 h. After cooled to rt, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 100:1 petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the title compound (0.59 g, 74%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=5.1, 4.7 Hz, 4H).
4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (4)
The mixture of 4-(4-bromophenoxy)benzonitrile 3 (0.59 g, 2.15 mmol), bispinacolato diboron (1.09 g, 4.3 mmol), KOAc (0.63 g, 6.45 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (0.157 g, 0.215 mmol) and DMF (3.5 mL) was degassed with N₂ 6 times and then stirred under reflux for 16 h. After cooled to rt, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 50:1 petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the title compound (0.55 g, 79%) as white solid.
2-(4-(4-cyanophenoxy)phenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (6)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 48) as yellow solid (0.15 g, 37%). MS (ESI): m/z=400.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 27 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(4-cyanophenoxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (40 mg, 23%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 4H), 6.86 (dd, J=17.8, 9.3 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (dd, J=16.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=10.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.67 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=454.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.685 (min). HPLC: 97.1% (214 nm), 99.7% (254 nm).
1-bromo-4-(cyclohexyloxy)benzene (3)
The mixture of 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene 1 (2.83 g, 10 mmol), cyclohexanol 2 (5.0 g, 50 mmol), CuI (0.381 g, 2.0 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (0.793 g, 4.0 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (8.15 g, 25 mmol) and toluene (5 mL) was stirred at 120° C. in a sealed tube under N₂ for 16 h. After cooled to rt, the mixture was filtered over celite. The filtrate was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 20:1 petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the title compound (1.17 g, 46%) as colorless oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.33 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.77 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.16 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.47 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.25 (m, 3H).
2-(4-(cyclohexyloxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as brown oil (1.04 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.40-4.25 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.23 (m, 14H). 2-(4-(cyclohexyloxy)phenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (6). The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown gum (0.157 g, 41%). MS (ESI): m/z=381.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 28 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(cyclohexyloxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (61 mg, 34%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.76 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.75 (m, 8H), 2.07-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.34 (m, 6H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=435.2 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.800 (min). HPLC: 98.2% (214 nm), 98.5% (254 nm).
2-(3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 48) as brown solid (0.238 g, 58%). MS (ESI): m/z=327.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 29 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (115 mg, 43%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.15 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.75-3.78 (m, 8H), 2.24 (s, 3H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=381.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.513 (min). HPLC: 95.9% (214 nm), 98.7% (254 nm).
2-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown gum (0.264 g, 72%). MS (ESI): m/z=331.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 30 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (45 mg, 15%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.12 (m, =1H), 6.88-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.87-3.71 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=385.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.5²⁷ (min). HPLC: 99.6% (214 nm), 99.7% (254 nm).
5-bromo-2-phenoxypyridine (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-bromophenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as yellow solid (3.85 g, 81%).
2-phenoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (4)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as yellow solid (0.536 g, 90%).
6′-phenoxy-6-(piperazin-1-yl)-2,3′-bipyridine-3-carboxamide (6)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown gum (0.14 g, 55%). MS (ESI): m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 31 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-6′-phenoxy-2,3′-bipyridine-3-carboxamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (50 mg, 31%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.43 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.69 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=430.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.620 (min). HPLC: 95.1% (214 nm), 96.2% (254 nm).
2-(4-bromophenoxy)pyridine (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-bromophenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as yellow solid (2.83 g, 57%). MS (ESI): m/z=250.1 [M+H]+.
2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)pyridine (4)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as brown solid (0.882 g, 74%). MS (ESI): m/z=298.1 [M+H]⁺.
6-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yloxy)phenyl)nicotinamide (6)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 48) as brown gum (0.198 g, 53%). MS (ESI): m/z=376.0 [M+H]⁺.
Example 32 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yloxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (41 mg, 18%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.18 (dd, J=5.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (ddd, J=8.4, 7.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.74 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.01 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.71 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=430.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.560 (min). HPLC: 100% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)-6-(piperidin-4-yl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 48) as brown gum (0.23 g, 72%).
Example 33 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (50 mg, 18%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.39 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.69 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=371.0 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.645 (min). HPLC: 95.1% (214 nm), 95.3% (254 nm).
Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate (2)
To a solution of diethyl carbonate (14 g, 120 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added NaH (60%, 4.7 g, 12 mmol) at 0° C., and the resulting solution was heated to 90° C., then a solution of 1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethanone 1 (10 g, 47 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was added drop-wise over 30 min, and the solution was refluxed for 20 min. After cooling to room temperature, AcOH/H₂O (55 mL/275 mL) was added. Toluene was removed under vacuum, and the crude residue was diluted with water (500 mL). Then the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (4×800 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 9:1 PE/EA to get the title compound as brown oil (11.5 g, 79%). MS (ESI): m/z=285.0 [M+H]+.
Ethyl 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)acrylate (3)
A solution of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate 2 (9.6 g, 34 mmol) in DMA-DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The resulting solution was concentrated in high vacuum to get the title compound (12 g, 100%) as brown thick oil. MS (ESI): m/z=340.1 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (4)
To a solution of ethyl 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)acrylate 3 (6 g, 17 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (875 mg, 17 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated to 85° C. and stirred for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated and the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 4:1 PE/EA to get the title compound as brown oil (4.3 g, 78%). MS (ESI): m/z=309.0 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6c)
Cs₂CO₃ (1.08 g, 3.3 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate 4 (500 mg, 1.6 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-(tosyloxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 5c (1.1 g, 3.2 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in high vacuum and the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 20:1 DCM/EA to get the title compound (780 mg, 100%) as colorless thick oil. MS (ESI): m/z=478.1 [M+H]⁺.
Similar procedures were used to prepare the following compounds: 6a, 6b, 6d, 6g, 6h.
tert-butyl-3-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (6a), thick colorless oil, 340 mg, 36%. MS (ESI): m/z=492.1 [M+H]⁺.
tert-butyl-4-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (6b), thick oil, 557 mg, 71%. MS (ESI): m/z=492.1 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6d), white solid, 1.7 g, 61%. MS (ESI): m/z=464.1 [M+H]⁺.
(S)-ethyl-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6g), colorless oil, 1.5 g, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=478.1 [M+H]⁺.
(R)-ethyl-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6h), yellow oil, 2 g, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=478.1 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6e). To a solution of ethyl 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate 4 (300 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 5e (140 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (8 mL) was added cesium carbonate (950 mg, 3.0 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated to 130° C. and stirred for 3 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 4:1 PE/EA to get the title compound as a yellow solid (290 mg, 68%). MS (ESI): m/z=430.1 [M+H]⁺. Similar procedures were used to prepare compound of 6f:
ethyl 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6f), yellow solid, 290 mg, 40%. MS (ESI): m/z=430.1 [M+H]+.
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7c)
To a solution of ethyl 1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate 6c (390 mg, 0.8 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was added 1N LiOH/H₂O (4 mL). the reaction mixture was stirred at 75° C. for 1 h. Then to the solution was added 1N HCl/H₂O to pH=4-5, concentrated to give title compound (690 mg, crude) as white solid contented LiCl salt. MS (ESI): m/z=450.1 [M+H]⁺.
Similar procedures were used to prepare the following compounds: 7a, 7b, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g, 7h.
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7a), white solid, 310 mg, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=464.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7b), yellow solid, 525 mg, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=464.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7d), yellow solid, 300 mg, 80%. MS (ESI): m/z=436.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7e), white solid, 280 mg, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=402.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-pheonxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7f), yellow oil, 260 mg, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=402.1 [M+H]⁺.
(S)-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7g), yellow foam, 1.2 g, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=450.1 [M+H]⁺.
(R)-1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (7h), yellow oil, 1.2 g, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=450.1 [M+H]⁺.
Tert-butyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (8c). To a solution of 1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid 7c (630 mg, crude, 0.67 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added HATU (510 mg, 1.33 mmol) and stirred at rt for 30 minutes, the resulting solution was bubbled with NH₃ gas for 10 minutes. After stirring at rt for 1 h, the solution was concentrated in high vacuum and the crude residue was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with water (3×20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated to give a residue which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 100:1 DCM/MeOH to get the title compound (120 mg, 33%) as colorless foam. MS (ESI): m/z=471.2 [M+Na]⁺.
Similar procedures were used to prepare the following compounds: 8a, 8b, 8d, 8e, 8f, 8g, 8h tert-butyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (8a), colorless oil, 310 mg, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=463.1 [M+H]⁺.
tert-butyl-4-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (8b), yellow solid, 320 mg, 63%. MS (ESI): m/z=463.1 [M+H]⁺.
tert-butyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)azetidine-1-carboxylate (8d), yellow solid, 300 mg, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=435.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (8e), yellow solid, 230 mg, 99%. MS (ESI): m/z=401.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (8f), yellow solid, 260 mg, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=401.0 [M+H]⁺.
(S)-tert-butyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (8g), white solid, 1.2 g, 100%. MS (ESI): m/z=449.0 [M+H]⁺.
(R)-tert-butyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (8h), white solid, 960 mg, 80%. MS (ESI): m/z=449.0 [M+H]⁺.
3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide. To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(4-carbamoyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 8c (120 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 6 N HCl/EtOH (5 mL, 30 mmol), stirred at rt for 1h, the resulting solution was concentrated in high vacuum and the crude residue was purified by Prep-HPLC to give title compound (86 mg, 91%) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 4H), 5.32-5.27 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.72 (m, 3H), 3.59-3.50 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.43 (m, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=349.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.242 min. HPLC: 99.3% (214 nm), 99.5% (254 nm).
Similar procedures were used to prepare the following compounds: 9a, 9b, 9d, 9g, 9e, and 9f.
3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9a), white solid, 240 mg, 99%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.12-6.97 (m, 4H), 4.76-4.65 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.02 (m, 3H), 2.01-1.84 (m, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=363.2 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.255 min. HPLC: 100% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9b), light yellow solid, 3.1 mg, 40%. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.95 (m, 4H), 4.65-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.23 (m, 4H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=363.0 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.288 min. HPLC: 100% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
1-(azetidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 14) (9d), yellow solid, 300 mg, 100%. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.20-8.14 (m, 1H), 7.82-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.96 (m, 4H), 5.52-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.55 (m, 4H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=335.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.235-1.255 min. HPLC: 100% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
(S)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9g), white solid, 90 mg, 83%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.11-6.98 (m, 4H), 5.38-5.25 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.69 (m, 3H), 3.62-3.49 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.40 (m, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=349.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.219 min. HPLC: 100% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
(R)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9h), yellow oil, 100 mg, 100%. MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=349.1 [M+H]⁺.
1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (9e). To a solution of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 8e (200 mg, 0.50 mmol) in ethanol (8 mL) was added saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (4 mL), followed by the addition of zinc powder (260 mg, 4.0 mmol) in portion over 5 min, then the resulting solution was stirred for 10 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound as a yellow solid (150 mg, 81%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.19-7.13 (m, 4H), 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=371.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.468 min. HPLC: 97.8% (214 nm), 98.0% (254 nm).
Similar procedures were used to prepare compound 8f.
1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (8f), white solid, 105 mg, 47%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.03 (m, 8H), 6.75 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=371.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.507 min. HPLC: 96.9% (214 nm), 98.2% (254 nm).
1-(1-acryloylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 13) (10c). To a solution of 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 9c (43 mg, 0.12 mmol) and TEA (50 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added acryloyl chloride (22 mg, 0.24 mmol) and stirred at 75° C. for 1 h, the resulting was concentrated and purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 10:1 DCM/MeOH to get the title compound (17 mg, 35%) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=15.5, 8.3 Hz, 4H), 6.72-6.58 (m, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J=15.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.83-5.73 (m, 1H), 5.18-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.21-3.65 (m, 4H), 2.63-2.45 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=403.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.414 min. HPLC: 95.3% (214 nm), 95.3% (254 nm).
Similar procedures were used to prepare the following compounds: 10a, 10b, 10d, 10e, 10f, 10g and 10h.
1-(1-acryloylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 11) (10a). White solid, 39 mg, 23%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.20 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=12.3, 8.4 Hz, 4H), 6.89-6.73 (m, 1H), 6.3-6.12 (m, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J=25.5, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 0.5H), 4.45-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.08 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 0.5H), 3.85-3.73 (m, 0.5H), 3.45-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.14 (m, 0.5H), 2.39-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.61 (m, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=417.2 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.468 min. HPLC: 97.7% (214 nm), 98.7% (254 nm).
1-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 12) (10b). White solid, 4.7 mg, 20.8%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=12.2, 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.84 (dd, J=16.8, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=16.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (dd, J=10.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.61-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.23 (m, 1H), 3.38 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.12-1.96 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=417.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.421 min. HPLC: 97.5% (214 nm), 97.8% (254 nm).
1-(1-acryloylazetidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (10d). White solid, 19 mg, 18%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.94 (m, 4H), 6.46-6.22 (m, 2H), 5.78 (dd, J=9.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (td, J=8.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.62-4.41 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=389.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.388-1.401 min. HPLC: 95.1% (214 nm), 96.1% (254 nm).
1-(4-acrylamidophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 16) (10e). White solid, 52 mg, 46%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.78 (m, 6H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.02 (m, 4H), 6.52-6.37 (m, 2H), 5.82 (dd, J=9.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=425.2 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.521 min. HPLC: 97.3% (214 nm), 97.0% (254 nm).
1-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 18) (10f). White solid, 24 mg, 24%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.54-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.13 (m, 4H), 6.53-6.38 (m, 2H), 5.83 (dd, J=9.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=425.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.547 (min). HPLC: 97.6% (214 nm), 98.6% (254 nm).
(S)-1-(1-acryloylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 20) (10g). Gray solid, 120 mg, 27%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.21 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.10-6.96 (m, 4H), 6.75-6.55 (m, 1H), 6.32 (ddd, J=16.8, 4.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.86-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.21-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.67 (m, 3H), 2.64-2.43 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=403.2 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.421 min. HPLC: 99.0% (214 nm), 99.0% (254 nm).
(R)-1-(1-acryloylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Example 19) (10h). White solid, 20 mg, 6%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.16 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.17-6.92 (m, 5H), 6.71-6.56 (m, 1H), 6.34-6.25 (m, 1H), 5.80-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.18-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.65 (m, 3H), 2.62-2.45 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=403.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.409 min. HPLC: 95.0% (214 nm), 97.0% (254 nm).
Example 34 1-(1-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide
To a solution of 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoic acid 11 (22 mg, 0.17 mmol) and HATU (98 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 9c (Scheme 23) (60 mg, 0.17 mmol) and DIPEA (22 mg, 0.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solution was concentrated in high vacuum and the residue was diluted in DCM (10 mL), washed with water (3×10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated to give a residue which was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with 10:1 DCM/MeOH to get the title compound (26 mg, 37%) as brown solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.11 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.91 (m, 4H), 6.88-6.66 (m, 2H), 5.22-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.76 (m, 4.5H), 3.76-3.61 (m, 0.5H), 2.86 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 2.66-2.39 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, Method A): m/z=459.8 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.244 min. HPLC: 97.5% (214 nm), 98.2% (254 nm).
4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (2)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as white solid (10.2 g, 80%). 2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4). The mixture of 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol 2 (1.0g, 4.5 mmol), 3-fluorophenylboronic acid 3 (0.70 g, 5.0 mmol), Cu(OAc)₂ (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol), Et₃N (2.75 g, 27.3 mmol), 4A molecular sieves (1 g) and CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at rt for 16 h. Then the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 20:1 petroleum ether/EtOAc to afford the title compound (0.45 g, 32%) as white solid.
2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (6)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as white solid (0.15 g, 41%). MS (ESI): m/z=393.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 35 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (50 mg, 27%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.79 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.75 (m, 5H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.72 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=447.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.746 (min). HPLC: 95.9% (214 nm), 96.4% (254 nm).
4-bromo-2-fluoro-1-phenoxybenzene (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (see Scheme 25) as yellow oil (1.5 g, 21%). MS (ESI): m/z=267.1 [M+H]⁺.
2-(3-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as yellow oil (1.04 g, 73%).
2-(3-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (7)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown gum (0.194 g, 49%). MS (ESI): m/z=393.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 36 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (38 mg, 17%). H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.95-6.81 (m, 2H), 6.16 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.50 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=447.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.753 (min). HPLC: 98.6% (214 nm), 98.4% (254 nm).
2-(4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (see Scheme 25) as white solid (0.45 g, 32%).
2-(4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (5)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown gum (0.18 g, 41%).
Example 37 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (80 mg, 44%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.05 (m, 4H), 7.00 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.71 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=447.0 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.739 (min). HPLC: 99.8% (214 nm), 100% (254 nm).
1-fluoro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (3)
The mixture of 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1 (10.0 g, mL) was heated to 120° C. and stirred for 2 h. After being cooled to rt, the mixture was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (100 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized from MeOH (20 mL×2) to afford the title compound as light yellow solid (14.6 g, 88%).
4-(2-fluorophenoxy)benzenamine (4)
To the mixture of 1-fluoro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene 3 (16.2 g, 69.3 mmol), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (30 mL) and EtOH (150 mL) was added iron powder (19.4 g, 347 mmol) slowly and then the resulting mixture was heated to 70° C. for 3.5 h. After being cooled to rt, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (160 mL) and washed successively with water (100 mL×2) and brine (100 mL×2). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (13.6 g, 96%) as yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.35-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.85 (m, 1H), 6.80-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.64-6.56 (m, 2H), 4.99 (brs, 2H).
1-fluoro-2-(4-iodophenoxy)benzene (5)
The mixture of 4-(2-fluorophenoxy)benzenamine 4 (7.94 g, 39.1 mmol), CH₂I₂(29.0 g, 136.8 mmol) and CH₃CN (120 mL) was heated to 55° C. and then amyl nitrite (11.6 g, 97.7 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was heated to 75° C. for 3.5 h. After being cooled to rt, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and then washed successively with 10% Na₂S₂O₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with petroleum ether to afford the title compound (4.12 g, 51%) as light yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.78-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.14 (m, 3H), 6.87-6.74 (m, 2H).
2-(4-(2-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (7)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (see Scheme 16) as yellow oil (0.40 g, 13%).
2-(4-(2-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (9)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as white solid (0.16 g, 31%). MS (ESI): m/z=393.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 38 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-(2-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (28 mg, 24%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.13 (m, 4H), 6.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.88-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.71 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=447.1 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.723 (min). HPLC: 98.6% (214 nm), 98.8% (254 nm).
3-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (2)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (see Scheme 25) as white solid (4.1 g, 66%). MS (ESI): m/z=239.2 [M+H]⁺.
2-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 2-(4-(3-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (see Scheme 25) as white solid (2.1 g, 39%).
2-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)nicotinamide (6)
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in 6-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide (see Scheme 1) as brown solid (0.105 g, 21%). MS (ESI): m/z=393.1 [M+H]⁺.
Example 39 6-(4-acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)nicotinamide
The title compound was obtained using a procedure analogous to the procedure described in Example 1 as white solid (78 mg, 65%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J=11.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (dd, J=10.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.70 (m, 8H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=447.0 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.770 (min).
Tert-butyl 2-carbamoylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (2)
To a solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid 1 (5.0 g, 21.8 mmol) in dry THF (100 mL) was added TEA (3.30 g, 32.7 mmol), isobutyl carbonochloridate (3.27 g, 23.99 mmol) at 0° C. and the resulting solution was stirred for 20 min. NH₃—H₂O was added and stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ (2×20 mL) and sat. aq. citric acid (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give crude product (3.6 g, 72%) as white solid. MS (ESI): m/z=173.0 [M−55]⁺.
Tert-butyl 2-carbamothioylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (3)
To a solution of tert-butyl 2-carbamoylpiperidine-1-carboxylate 2 (2.0 g, 8.77 mmol) in dry toluene (20 mL) was added Lawesson's reagent (2.13 g, 5.26 mmol) at N₂ atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous (sat. aq.) Na₂CO₃ (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 4:1 PE/EA to get the title compound (330 mg, 15%) as white solid. MS (ESI): m/z=245.2 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl-2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate (5)
A solution of tert-butyl 2-carbamothioylpiperidine-1-carboxylate 3 (60 mg, 0.239 mmol) and ethyl 2-bromo-3-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate 4 (250 mg, 0.7 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 60° C. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 40:1 PE/EA to get the title compound (120 mg, 34%) as colorless oil. MS (ESI): m/z=509.3[M+H]⁺.
2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (6)
A solution of ethyl 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate 5 (120 mg, 0.263 mmol) in THF-H₂O (1/1, 20 mL) and added LiOH (30 mg, 0.71 mmol) was stirred at rt for 13 h. The mixture was evaporated and diluted with water (5 mL), and the solution was acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid to pH=4. The residue was extracted with Ethyl Acetate (EA) (3×30 mL). Dried and concentrated to get crude compound (110 mg, 100%) as light red liquid. MS (ESI): m/z=481.0 [M+H]⁺.
Tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (7)
The mixture of 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid 6 (110 mg, 0.229 mmol), HATU (113 mg, 0.297 mmol), DIPEA (88 mg, 0.687 mmol) and dry DMF (10 mL) was bubbled with NH₃ for 20 min, and the resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with 3:2 PE/EA to get the title compound (100 mg, 75%) as colorless oil. MS (ESI): m/z=480.1 [M+H]⁺.
4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-2-(piperidin-3-yl)thiazole-5-carboxamide (8)
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 7 (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA (2.5 mL) at ambient temperature. The mixture was stirred for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with water (2×150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL) and washed with brine (2×150 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (60 mg, 76%) as brown oil. MS (ESI): m/z=380.0 [M+H]⁺.
Example 40 2-(1-acryloylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide
To a solution of 4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-2-(piperidin-3-yl)thiazole-5-carboxamide 8 (60 mg, 0.155 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) were added TEA (19 mg, 0.21 mmol) and acryloyl chloride 9 (32 mg, 0.316 mmol), and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 1 h. Water (10 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed with brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to get the residue which was purified by Prep-TLC with 17:1 DCM/MeOH to get the title compound (33 mg, 50%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.76 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (brs, 1H), 7.70 (brs, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.92-6.82 (m, 1H), 6.14-6.04 (m, 1H), 5.73-5.64 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.62 (m, 0.5H), 4.15-4.04 (m, 0.5H), 4.02-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.56 (m, 0.5H), 3.26-3.14 (m, 1.5H), 3.09-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 1H). MS (ESI, method A): m/z=433.8 [M+H]⁺, t_(R)=1.488 min. HPLC: 99.1% (214 nm), 99.2% (254 nm).
Tert-butyl 3-carbamoylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (2)
To a solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 1 (5 g, 23.23 mmol) in dry THF (100 mL) was added TEA (4.69 g, 46.46 mmol), isobutyl carbonochloridate (3.8 g, 27.87 mmol) at 0° C. and the resulting solution was stirred for 20 min. NH₃—H₂O added and stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with saturated (sat.) Na₂CO₃ (2×20 mL) and sat. citric acid (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give crude product (2.39 g, 49%) as yellow solid. MS (ESI): m/z=159.0 [M+H]⁺.
Tert-butyl 3-carbamothioylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3)
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-carbamoylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 2 (0.76 g, 3.55 mmol) in dry toluene (20 mL) was added Lawesson's regent (0.71 g, 1.77 mmol) at N₂ atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with sat. Na₂CO₃ (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 6:1 PE/EA to get the title compound (230 mg, 28%) as brown oil. MS (ESI): m/z=175.2 [M+H]⁺.
Ethyl 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate (5)
A solution of tert-butyl 3-carbamothioylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 3 (360 mg, 0.1 mmol) and ethyl 2-bromo-3-oxo-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate 4 (230 mg, 0.1 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 60° C. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 30:1 PE/EA to get the title compound (100 mg, 20%) as colorless oil. MS (ESI): m/z=495.3[M+H]⁺.
2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (6)
A solution of ethyl 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate 5 (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF-H₂O (1/1, 20 mL) and added LiOH (84 mg, 2 mmol) was stirred at rt for 13 h. The mixture was evaporated and diluted with water (5 mL), and the solution was acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid to pH=4. The residue was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). Dried and evaporated to get crude compound (95 mg, 100%) as red oil. MS (ESI): m/z=411.0 [M+H]⁺.
Tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (7)
The mixture of 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid 6 (950 mg, 0.2 mmol), HATU (116 mg, 0.3 mmol), DIPEA (103 mg, 0.8 mmol) and dry DMF (10 mL) was bubbled with NH₃ for 20 min, and the resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), and washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with 2:1 PE/EA to get the title compound (70 mg, 75%) as colorless oil. MS (ESI): m/z=466.1 [M+H]⁺.
Tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (8)
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(5-carbamoyl-4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 7 (70 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA (2.5 mL) at ambient temperature. The mixture was stirred for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with water (2×150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL) and washed with brine (2×150 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the title compound (65 mg, 100%) as brown oil. MS (ESI): m/z=366.1 [M+H]⁺.
|
6621190_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Rhinns of Kells är en bergskedja i Storbritannien. Den ligger i riksdelen Skottland, i den centrala delen av landet, km nordväst om huvudstaden London.
Rhinns of Kells sträcker sig km i öst-västlig riktning. Den högsta toppen är Merrick, meter över havet.
Topografiskt ingår följande toppar i Rhinns of Kells:
Alwhat
Black Laggan
Blackcraig Hill
Blacklarg Hill
Bogrie Hill
Cairnkinna Hill
Cairnsmore of Carsphairn
Enoch Hill
Kirriereoch Hill
Lamachan Hill
Larg Hill
Merrick
Millfore
Polmaddie Hill
Shalloch on Minnoch
The Knipe
Kustklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är juni, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är februari, med °C.
Kommentarer
Källor
Berg i Skottland
Berg i Storbritannien 500 meter över havet eller högre.
|
1746033_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 혼다 다다히사(, 1727년 ~ 1759년 8월 2일)는 에도 시대 중기의 다이묘이다. 시모사 고가번 제2대 번주, 이와미 하마다번 초대 번주. 혼다 가문 다다카쓰계 종가 제9대 당주이다.
1727년 출생
1759년 사망
헤이하치로 혼다가
후다이 다이묘
하마다번주
고가번주.
|
github_open_source_100_1_176 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var status = -1;
//member of resistance.
function start(mode, type, selection) {
qm.sendNext("Your third mission is to protect Surl.");
qm.forceStartQuest();
qm.forceCompleteQuest();
qm.dispose();
}
function end(mode, type, selection) {
qm.sendNext("Your third mission is to protect Surl.");
qm.forceStartQuest();
qm.forceCompleteQuest();
qm.dispose();
} |
5005938_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Staron steht für:
ein Markenname für Platten auf Acrylbasis, siehe Acrylstein
Staroń ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
Lidia Staroń (* 1960), polnische Politikerin
Wojciech Staroń (* 1973), polnischer Kameramann.
|
github_open_source_100_1_177 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class DropGivPaymentTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
drop_table :giv_payments do |t|
t.float :amount
t.string "from_etrade_to_dwolla_transaction_id"
t.string "from_dwolla_to_giv2giv_transaction_id"
t.string "status"
t.timestamps null: false
end
end
end |
sn97071038_1914-09-10_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | THE GAZETTE-TIMES, HEPPSEN, OREG., THURSDAY, SEPT. 16, 1914 Page Forn THE GAZETTE-TIMES. The Heppner Gazette, Established March 30, The Heppner Times, Established, Nov 18, 1914. Consolidated February 15, 1911- VAN WATER CHAWFORD, Editor and Proprietor. Issued every Thursday morning, and entered at the Post Office at Heppner, Oregon, as second-class matter. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: One Year $59.00 Six Months, $5.00 Three Months $3.50 Single Copies $0.05 ADVERTISING RATES Display, transient, running less than one month, first insertion, per inch, 25c; subsequent insertions, 12 1-2c; displav, regular, 12 1-2c; locals, first Insertion, per line, 10c; subsequent insertions, per line, 5c; lodge resolutions, per line, 5c; church socials and all advertising of entertainments conducted for pay, regular rates. MORROW COUNTY OFFICIAL PAPER Thursday, September 10, 1914. OUR SCHEDULE. In another column Prof. H. H. Hoffman, superintendent of the Heppner Schools, calls attention to the postponement of the opening date and gives reasons therefor. In connection therewith he also makes other statements to which we call special attention, and which we hear tily endorse. Heppner is gradually building up a most excellent public school and High school, and the efforts of the school board and their corps of teachers, toward this end should receive the unanimous support of our citizens and the patrons. With the splendid building provided and the continual adding of up-to-date equipment, the board is keeping abreast of the times, and we are fast learning that in this we are making an investment, the value of which cannot be estimated in dollars and cents, and our splendid school is proving right now to be the greatest force for building up the community that we have. It can be made better, and this is to be brought about by the hearty and earnest cooperation of our citizens with the school authorities and the teachers. If you have a grievance, real or fancied, against any teacher or school officer, forget it. Line up with the superintendent and his assistants and let them know that you have the best interests of our school at heart and that you are going to do your best to make a grand success of the school. You can't afford to do less. "FOOLISH TRADING" As producers and builders, the American people excel all previous civilization and we are a present day marvel in business efficiency, but in dealing with foreign countries we are a sorry lot of traders. Ever since Wm. Penn traded the Indians a handful of trinkets for what is now the State of Pennsylvania, the American people have been selling their birthright to foreigners for a mess of potage, so to speak. We export over $50,000,000 of cattle and their products per annum, which feeds the nations of Europe, and our American heiresses spend a similar sum in buying and maintaining counts, dukes, and titled peerages. These foreign noblemen are, as a rule, absolutely worthless in fact, become a perpetual liability for it costs more money to operate and keep them in repair than it does to run our cotton mills. European royalty puts the black sheep of its families on the block and our rich American girls buy them and we virtually exchange railroads, wheat fields, and millions of dollars' worth of products of farm, mine, and factory for titled paupers, who could not be resold for any sum. It does not require foreign treaties, a fleet of war vessels or tariff revision to stop this enormous loss. It needs only common sense in the homes of the rich. We export $18,000,000 of lumber and timber, and American tourists spend a similar amount in motoring over Europe and sightseeing in foreign lands although the most enchanting scenes of the world are on the American continent. Register today. The Fair is just one week away. We will reciprocate by attending the Round-up. Heppner will be the convention city next week. Bring in your exhibits, and don't overlook the babies. The biggest county fair in Oregon, the Second Annual Morrow County Fair. Nice refreshing rains to clear up the atmosphere for the coming festivities of next week. Indications are for an early winter. A severe snow storm is reported in the vicinity of Arbuckle the first of the week. No, gentle reader, we are not harvesting hops; those are the waste paper baskets which Secretary Strong will place on the Fairgrounds. A good idea. WAR ABROAD; CONSPIRACY AND EXTORTION AT HOME. New York World: One of the most notable dispatches yet received from the seat of war in Europe was that appearing in the World of yesterday which embraced these sentences: "Living in Brussels is not expensive even now. A little meat and plenty of vegetables take one a long way. Even the very poor can afford such a dinner in Brussels." Brussels is the capital of Belgium, a kingdom embracing territory less in extent than that of the state of Maryland. Its population is almost as great as that of the states of Illinois and Indiana combined. It has more inhabitants to the square mile than any other nation in the world. Although most of the able-bodied men of this kingdom are under arms; although on one side it is overrun by a great hostile army, and although on the other it is occupied by a friendly allied force as large or larger, there is yet no pinch of famine. The markets are open. Speculation has not seized upon the occasion for profit. The very poor as well as the very rich supply their wants at prices which the World correspondent describes as "extraordinarily cheap." What is the situation in New York, 3000 miles from the theater of war? Here everything that sustains life has mounted in price. Loaves of bread are shrinking in size. Weights and measures are being clipped. A cent here, a nickel there, a dime more for this and a dollar more for that, accentuate the most shameless robbery ever perpetrated upon a free people at peace with all the world. The scarcity now reflected in this city in the outrageous prices at which food is held is not the legitimate result of war. It is the result of greed. It is not due to shortage. It is due to speculation. It is not a consequence of any convulsion of nature. It is a consequence of a corner. It has no relation to existing supplies, which are abundant and with no immediate outlet. It relates to a ruthless gamble in futures and is based altogether upon the hope that in time devastation in Europe will enable food gamblers here, with governmental assistance, to exact famine prices for their hoarded supplies. There is only one complete remedy. If the pirates who are seizing the food supply of America do not instantly relax their hold, congress should temporarily prohibit exports of grain and provisions. It is a crime to open new markets for men who, coldly calculating upon the forthcoming panic in those markets, are now, in a year of plenty, drawing blood from their own countrymen. The United States is a sovereign power. It is menaced today only by conspiracy and extortion at home. To kill that evil force and kill it outright will be a greater victory than any European army is this struggle can gain, no matter at what bloody sacrifice. GERMANS PREPARED FOR WAR. Herman Ridder, editor of the New York Staats Zeitung, the leading German paper of the United States, says: "Not only the army but all Germany is so completely organized for this very situation that ordinary business is carried on from day to day with only slight interruptions. Naturally the factories are silent and the wheels of commerce revolve slowly. But there is no complete disorganization. No moratorium has been proclaimed such as other nations have resorted to. There is no inflation of prices, for the government posts each day the price of all foodstuffs and confiscates any commodities offered at higher prices. The German mind is quiet and determined and absolutely logical. "American tourists who have returned from abroad deny absolutely the unfounded stories published in the American press that Americans were treated brutally. Lies all lies. It is very easy to exaggerate, and I understand journalism well enough to know that the publisher should not be held accountable for every item printed in." This publication. I say that more in a spirit of forgiveness than in explanation. "Germany is very calm. Its crops are being harvested by the old men, the women and children. Its people are of heroic mold and patient under the most adverse conditions. "Take it for a fact that neither at home nor at the front does Germany suffer the least disorganization. "The opinion of the Staats Zeitung general staff is divided as to the policy of Germany after the occupation of Belgium, has become an accomplished fact. Some hold that the advance on Paris will proceed with all possible dispatch, while others, and I include myself among the number, believe that Germany will content herself with holding the line on both borders of France. To take Paris, in my estimation, is to attempt the impossible. It is too well fortified. It cannot be surrounded except by 1,000,000 men, and Germany cannot afford such an army to undertake siege operations that would last a year or longer. "The lines of Chatalja were no stronger than the defense of Paris. On the other hand, Germany could indefinitely hold the frontier against the assaults of the French armies. "Deadlock is the only answer to the clash of the nation. They will find themselves each secure behind their own lines. "The Russian advance will not stand the withering fire of the Krupp guns. The Russian troops are not fired with the patriotic devotion that stirs France and Germany. Russia has not placed her national life at stake and will not fight with the same courage and tenacity that has been shown by Belgium and Germany." Cattlemen should not overlook having their stock tested, preparatory For exhibiting. T. J. Dean transacted business in lone. Chas. Williams is back in lone again. Barney McDevitt was in town on Tuesday. E. H. Turner was in town on business Tuesday. F. M. Griffin can be seen on the streets these days. Henry Smouse is in town getting ready to haul his wheat. Jack Kuenien has gone to work for Jake Bortzer for the winter. Henry Clark has moved into town so his children can attend school. Jordan Siding warehouse is receiving 1000 sacks of wheat a day. J. H. Blake and wife are back from Portland after a long stay in that city. Mrs. W. H. Cronk and son are back from Portland after a long visit in Portland. Mrs. J. H. Wilt and daughter, Miss Doris, went to Portland for a short visit. Chas. Jamieson is now out on his ranch, after a long harvest with E. R. Lundell. Miss Margaret Jones left for Forest Grove the last of the week, where she will enter school. The lone people who are in Europe visiting are reported to have started home, so they must be O. K. Mr. Russel is up looking after his crop interests. Mr. Russel is 84 years old and as spry as many men of 24. It is reported here that Ernest Helliker has rented the Walt Smith ranch, which Henry Clark has been farming. Mrs. J. O. Kincaid, who has been visiting relatives here for the past six weeks, has returned to her home at Pendleton. Frank Akers is going to have His house built over. A kitchen, and three bedrooms will be remodeled. John Nelson will do the work. Lewis Padberg went over to Toppenish, Wash., to the round-up. Frank Engleman, Walt Puyear and John Cochran accompanied him. T. M. Benedict of Morgan was in town Tuesday. His face is nearly well. Mr. Benedict is the luckiest man alive. Ask him if you don't believe it. Frank Engleman took his daughter Ruby to Portland Tuesday, where she will attend school this winter. While at school, Miss Engleman will stay with Mrs. L. E. Ward. "Shorty" Calkins had the misfortune of receiving a broken jaw Monday, when his emery wheel flew to pieces. Mr. Calkins was gumming out his wood saw at the time of the accident. Judge Benson has finally received the nomination for Supreme Court Justice over Chas. L. McNary. His certificate of nomination was issued yesterday by Governor West. VACUUM CLEANERS. We have put in a stock of Vacuum Cleaners for family use. Please call and see them. Also one large $125 machine for rent at the following rates: 75 cents for 4 hours; $1.00 for 8 hours; over 4 hours will be charged 8 hours. Those wanting to use the large machine call the power house and we will deliver the same and call for it when you are through. Parties using the machine will be charged for it from time of delivery until they notify us they are through. We will furnish a man to operate the machine at a reasonable rate. HEPPNER LIGHT & WATER CO. IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON FOR MULTNOMAH COUNTY, In the matter of the estate of Martin Sea bury, deceased. Notice is hereby given that pursuant to an order of the above entitled court entered on the 11th day of August, 1914, the undersigned as administrator will from and after the 14th day of September, 1914, at Room 836 Chamber of Commerce, Portland, Oregon, proceed to sell at private sale for cash to the highest and best bidder subject to the confirmation of said court all the following described real property, to-wit: The south half of the northeast quarter; the north half of the southeast quarter of section twelve (12) in township six (6), S. R. Twenty-Eight (28) E. W. M. In Morrow County, Oregon. MICHAEL J. GARDINER, Administrator. Date of first publication, August 13th, 1914. Date of last publication, September 10th, 1914. Only 7 more days until the opening of the 2ND ANNUAL FADES HEPPNER, OREGON SEPTEMBER 17-18-19, 1914. BIGGER and BET Are You Preparing Your Exhibit? A little care in selection and preparation will go a long ways toward making finer general exhibit and your chances for securing a premium are much better. Don't let another day pass by without selecting something. The Fair Board has a larger sum to offer for premiums this year. The list has been revised and several important changes made. SPECIAL ATTENTION WILL BE PAID TO THE POULTRY DEPARTMENT. Mr. O. E. Freytag, who has been secured as Fair Manager, will conduct a special series of lectures and demonstrations for the benefit of the many poultry raisers and all interested in that industry. NO ENTRY FEE WILL BE CHARGED ON STOCK ENTERED THIS YEAR. All animals that have been properly examined by the State Veterinary or authorized deputy will be eligible to enter for premiums. THREE BIG DAYS OF ENTERTAINMENT and FUN. The management has spared neither pains nor money in securing the best talent for entertainment available. You will be thrilled by the balloon ascension and the various acrobatic stunts. You will be entertained with band music, vaudeville acts, quartet singing, dancing and many other things to numerous to mention. And last, but not least, the exhibits, which will be the surprise of your life. Further And More Detailed Information May Be Obtained From W. W. SMEAD, Secretary, HEPPNER, OREGON. 33 E2S CZ2LC n HOLEPROOF HOSIERY The Original GUARANTEED Hose for Men, Women and Children. FOR MEN Holeproof Hosiery HOLEPROOF HOSIERY are knit from Sea Island and Egyptian yarns. These yarns, because of their wearing qualities and softness, cost 74c a lb., about twice as much as ordinary yarns. Best of all six pairs are guaranteed to wear six months without holes, or new hose are Furnished free promptly and cheerfully. Extra Light Weight and Mercerized H. P. Sox, 6 prs. the box $2.00 Lustre, 6 prs. the box $3.00 Silk Faced, 3 prs. the box $1.50 Silk, 3 prs. the box $1.50 CHILDREN H. P. Sockings, 6 prs. the box $2.00 Why Patch and Darn when you can get the H. P. Sox and Stockings, 3 and 6 months without holes. For Sale By Sam Hughes Company, HEPPNER - ORE. Women's H. P. Stockings DO DARNINO! Think what a burning that meant to you. E!C? Vl?ilx Pir of Holeproof House are GUARANTEED all kinds of holes for all month, or new hose are furnished FREE promptly and cheerfully. And these soft enug-nttlnc hose coats no more than ordinary hoaleryl Medium and Light Weight, 6 prs. the box $2.00 Lustre, 6 prs. the box $2.00 Silk Faced, 3 prs. the box $2.25 Pure Silk, 3 pairs the box $3.00 Get away from the heat of baking during these warm summer days and buy the necessaries at the Heppner Bakery. Good, home cured bacon; extra fine homemade lard. Low prices People's Cash Market. Storage batteries charged At Heppner Light & Water Co. jy-eis ritigfe from $ 1.60 to $1.75 for recharging. If you want spring chicken for Sunday dinner, leave orders on Friday. Peoples' Cash Market. Ladies Get away from the heat of the stove and do your ironing with an electric iron. If you want extra fine meats at the right prices, see the Old Reliable Dutchman at People's Cash Market. |
2014/52014DP0217_3/52014DP0217_LT.txt_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | C_2017378LT.01026501.xml
9.11.2017
LT
Europos Sąjungos oficialusis leidinys
C 378/265
P7_TA(2014)0217
Tarpparlamentinių delegacijų, delegacijų jungtiniuose parlamentiniuose komitetuose ir parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitetuose ir daugiašalių parlamentinių asamblėjų skaičius
2014 m. kovo 12 d. Europos Parlamento sprendimas dėl tarpparlamentinių delegacijų, delegacijų jungtiniuose parlamentiniuose komitetuose ir delegacijų parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitetuose ir daugiašalėse parlamentinėse asamblėjose skaičiaus (2014/2632(RSO))
(2017/C 378/33)
Europos Parlamentas,
—
atsižvelgdamas į Pirmininkų sueigos pasiūlymą,
—
atsižvelgdamas į Europos Sąjungos su trečiosiomis šalimis sudarytus asociacijos, bendradarbiavimo ir kitus susitarimus,
—
atsižvelgdamas į Darbo tvarkos taisyklių 198 ir 200 straipsnius,
A.
siekdamas per nuolatinį tarpparlamentinį dialogą stiprinti parlamentinę demokratiją;
1.
priima sprendimą patvirtinti šias delegacijas ir jų regionines grupes:
a)
Europa, Vakarų Balkanai ir Turkija
Delegacijos:
—
ES ir buvusiosios Jugoslavijos Respublikos Makedonijos jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete,
—
ES ir Turkijos jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ryšiams su Šveicarija ir Norvegija, ES ir Islandijos jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete bei Europos ekonominės erdvės (EEE) jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Serbijos stabilizacijos ir asociacijos parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Albanijos stabilizacijos ir asociacijos parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Juodkalnijos stabilizacijos ir asociacijos parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ryšiams su Bosnija ir Hercegovina ir Kosovu.
b)
Rusija ir Rytų partnerystės šalys
Delegacija ES ir Rusijos parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Ukrainos parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Moldovos parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitete,
Delegacija ryšiams su Baltarusija,
Delegacija ES ir Armėnijos, ES ir Azerbaidžano, ES ir Gruzijos parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitetuose.
c)
Magribas, Mašrekas, Izraelis ir Palestina
Delegacijos ryšiams su:
—
Izraeliu,
—
Palestinos Įstatymų Leidybos Taryba,
—
Magribo šalimis ir Arabų Magribo sąjunga,
—
Mašreko šalimis.
d)
Arabijos pusiasalis, Irakas ir Iranas
Delegacijos ryšiams su:
—
Arabijos pusiasaliu,
—
Iraku,
—
Iranu.
e)
Šiaurės ir Pietų Amerika
Delegacijos ryšiams su:
—
Jungtinėmis Amerikos Valstijomis,
—
Kanada,
—
Brazilijos Federacine Respublika,
—
Centrinės Amerikos šalimis,
—
Andų bendrijos šalimis,
—
MERCOSUR,
Delegacija ES ir Meksikos jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija ES ir Čilės jungtiniame parlamentiniame komitete,
Delegacija CARIFORUM ir ES parlamentiniame komitete.
f)
Azijos ir Ramiojo vandenyno šalys
Delegacijos ryšiams su:
—
Japonija,
—
Kinijos Liaudies Respublika,
—
Indija,
—
Afganistanu,
—
Pietų Azijos šalimis,
—
Pietryčių Azijos šalimis ir Pietryčių Azijos valstybių asociacija (ASEAN),
—
Korėjos pusiasaliu,
—
Australija ir Naująja Zelandija,
Delegacija ES ir Kazachstano, ES ir Kirgizijos, ES ir Uzbekistano ir ES ir Tadžikistano parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitetuose ir ryšiams su Turkmėnistanu ir Mongolija.
g)
Afrika
Delegacijos ryšiams su:
—
Pietų Afrika,
—
Panafrikos Parlamentu.
h)
Daugiašalės asamblėjos
Delegacija AKR ir ES jungtinėje parlamentinėje asamblėjoje,
Delegacija Viduržemio jūros regiono valstybių sąjungos parlamentinėje asamblėjoje,
Delegacija Europos ir Lotynų Amerikos šalių parlamentinėje asamblėjoje,
Delegacija EURONEST parlamentinėje asamblėjoje,
Delegacija ryšiams su NATO Parlamentine Asamblėja;
2.
priima sprendimą, kad narystė parlamentiniuose komitetuose, sukurtuose remiantis ekonominės partnerystės susitarimu (EPS), grindžiama išimtinai naryste Tarptautinės prekybos komitete ir Vystymosi komitete, užtikrinant pagrindinį vaidmenį atsakingam Tarptautinės prekybos komitetui, ir šie komitetai turėtų aktyviai koordinuoti savo veiklą su AKR ir ES jungtine parlamentine asamblėja;
3.
priima sprendimą, kad narystė Viduržemio jūros regiono valstybių sąjungos parlamentinėje asamblėjoje, Europos ir Lotynų Amerikos šalių parlamentinėje asamblėjoje ir EURONEST parlamentinėje asamblėjoje grindžiama išimtinai naryste kiekvienos asamblėjos aprėpiamose dvišalėse arba subregioninėse delegacijose;
4.
priima sprendimą, kad narystė Delegacijoje ryšiams su NATO Parlamentine Asamblėja grindžiama išimtinai naryste Saugumo ir gynybos pakomitetyje;
5.
priima sprendimą, kad Delegacijų pirmininkų sueiga turi parengti šešių mėnesių kalendoriaus projektą, kurį tvirtintų Pirmininkų sueiga, pasikonsultavusi su Užsienio reikalų, Vystymosi ir Tarptautinės prekybos komitetais, suprasdamas, kad Pirmininkų sueiga, siekdama reaguoti į politinius įvykius, gali nuspręsti pakoreguoti kalendorių;
6.
priima sprendimą, kad frakcijos ir nepriklausomi nariai skiria nuolatinius pavaduojančius narius, kurie dalyvauja kiekvieno tipo delegacijos veikloje, ir kad šių pavaduojančių narių skaičius negali viršyti frakcijoms ar nepriklausomiems nariams atstovaujančių tikrųjų narių skaičiaus;
7.
priima sprendimą intensyvinti komitetų, susijusių su delegacijų darbu, bendradarbiavimą ir konsultacijas organizuojant bendrus šių organų posėdžius jų įprastinėje darbo vietoje;
8.
sieks praktikoje užtikrinti, kad vienas ar daugiau komitetų pranešėjų arba pirmininkų galėtų taip pat dalyvauti delegacijų, jungtinių tarpparlamentinių komitetų, parlamentinio bendradarbiavimo komitetų bei daugiašalių parlamentinių asamblėjų procedūrose; taip pat nusprendžia, kad Pirmininkas, gavęs bendrą delegacijos ir atitinkamo komiteto pirmininkų prašymą, leidžia surengti tokio pobūdžio misiją;
9.
nutaria, kad šis sprendimas įsigalios per 8-osios parlamentinės kadencijos pirmąją sesiją;
10.
paveda Pirmininkui perduoti šį sprendimą Tarybai, Komisijai ir Europos išorės veiksmų tarnybai.
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sn82015679_1894-10-28_1_9_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | JO URN A K A ! PAGES 9 TO 16 J L JlLJUi V PILCE FIVE CENTS. Nos. A that our Clothes are no better than you've been buying you needn't purchase. If you come in to look and not to buy you'll receive you'll not be worn out by being from one clerk get out of our store as it is to get in. MARKS ON THE TICKET THE HOLES PUNCHED BY THE COX DCCTOIR STEAM A GREAT DEAL. The Masonry of Railroading Punching Tickets Is Required as a Guarantee of Good Full. New York Commercial Advertiser. Did you know that the ticket punch ing system is the masonry of railroad ing. The ticket auditing department is the custodian of these mysterious symbols the punch marks, which are as Important in the disposition of tickets as are signatures in the acceptance of bank checks. In any case of dispute between passenger and conductor or conductor and company the punch marks are final and incontrovertible evidence except where an original punch mark has been punched out by a larger punch in criminal hands, which seldom happens. Every passenger conductor in America has a punch of his own, though not of his own selection, and when he applies it to a passenger's ticket he has committed himself to it as irrevocably as though, he affixed his signature on the back of the Contract. Every conductor must punch every ticket on his train or hold himself liable for personal payment of the fare for his division or part thereof over which the unpunched portion reads. In nothing are railroad companies more strict than in the use of ticket punches, the conductor's insignia of office and the company's material guarantee of square dealing by all interested. The punch mark is the passenger's protection. By it or its absence any mistake or oversight on the conductor's part involving subsequent confusion or loss to the passenger can easily be traced, proved and rectified. For illustration, a passenger recently purchased a round-trip ticket from Portland to San Francisco. On the going trip a conductor by mistake tore off the section reading "to San Francisco." The next conductor, having no evidence of the passenger's right to travel over his division, demanded cash fare, which was paid and receipted. On arriving at San Francisco the passenger called upon the general passenger agent, and, showing his return portion of the ticket and receipt for part cash payment on going trip, asked that his loss be made good. The general passenger agent hesitated a moment. "Look here," said the passenger, "I know something about railroad tickets myself, even if I'm not a deadhead. You look up the going portion of my ticket and if you don't find punch mark "V" on it I'll give you $50 cash and go home." The ticket was looked up and the identical punch mark discovered, whereupon the passenger department refunded the cash payment made on the train. The first mark punched in the ticket is the letter "I," meaning originally "Limit," by the city ticket agent or local agent who issues it. This letter is used by all agents who sell tickets in this country and designates the class and limit of the ticket. The star punch is used about as freely as the "L" and has about the same significance. It is generally applied to ironclad, or nonstop-over, one-way tickets and also descriptive tickets. It is even used on coupon tickets which read to a far-away station. INDIANAPOLIS, SUNDAY MORNING, 6 and 8 W. Washington St. Why not try us? We promise an irreproachable stock of clothing. If you find you promise not fulfilled, or gentlemanly to another. It points on home line to designate class and limit. Like the "L," it is used on the body of contracts. In the auditor's office it is used for cancellation. Ordinary card tickets which are used for transportation one way between local stations where there is not sufficient travel to justify the company in paying the cost of separate printing are never punched by the selling agent. Besides the "L" and star all agents have the mark which is applied to tickets sold to children entitled to ride at half fare. If baggage is checked from the house or hotel the letters "B" are punched but on the ticket, meaning "baggage checked." The transfer company and also the baggage man at the depot have this punch, the use of which prevents a passenger from getting 150 pounds of baggage checked at his house and another 150 pounds at the depot. Then In large cities, the gateman has a punch "G," which means "holder has passed through the gate" and nothing more. Ticket agents, baggagemen and gate men use always the punches belonging to their respective classes. Conductors have individual punches, as already explained, no two of which make the same mark. Ten thousand would be a moderate estimate of all the conductors' punch marks in this country. The system of punching tickets held by passengers is simple enough. If a ticket reads to a point on his division, the conductor punches it and places it in his pocket. If it reads beyond, he punches it to the end of his division, and if a separate section represents his division, he tears it off and places it in his pocket, each succeeding conductor following the same rule. HOW CONFUSION IS AVOIDED. If the passenger asks for stop-over at an intermediate point, his ticket is punched to the end of the run, just the same and a stop-over check is issued. The return portion of a round-trip ticket is never touched by conductors on going passage. If a ticket reads over two or more roads, the conductors of each are responsible only for their own portions, and must under no circumstances meddle with any foreign portion. In this way, all confusion is avoided by the respective ticket auditing departments in making the monthly settlement of proportions with each other. In the case of ordinary tickets, it is immaterial whether conductors punch high or low, to the right or left, but involuntarily they select certain portions. Of course, there are portions of every ticket where no conductor is supposed to apply his instrument. Every conductor knows a few other conductors' punches, but the ticket auditing department knows them all. Before the general passenger agent gives out a punch to a conductor, the ticket auditor writes the recipient's name in a large book and opposite it his mark is punched out, and for every ticket with that mark which is subsequently received that conductor is personally responsible. His mark means that within a given time, on a certain train, running over a certain division, he accepted from a passenger, named or unnamed, the material evidence of his right to travel and endorsed the company's specification of privileges to said passenger. The punch mark means all this and more. It means that the conductor holds himself personally responsible for any oversight, indiscretion or irregularity in his handling of the ticket. If he loses his punch, he must report immediately to headquarters, whereupon his general passenger agent will furnish him a new one, not necessarily of the same denomination. The old punch mark is bulleted as lost. Great care is exercised in this regard, because of the opportunity afforded a scalper securing the old punch and manipulating tickets. A favorite trick of some scalpers used to be to punch out a small mark by inserting in about it a larger mark, thereby turning over the denomination of the ticket. Such marks as "K" or "F" or other letters, excepting "G." "L" and "13," have no significance whatever any more than has an angle or bar. Some people suppose them to be conductors' initials. Every mark has untold significance to the ticket auditor, but none to anyone else. Having exclusive jurisdiction over conductors, the division superintendents can change them around to different trains without notifying the ticket auditing department, which cares little, in fact, since the same conductors always carry the same punches and the infallible record is not disturbed. ROGIE SHEEI. Rice Fellows Scare White Ones and Cause Them to Scamper Away. American Agriculturist. In "lambing time" on a sheep ranch, the ranchman is as solicitous regarding his flock as is an Eastern farmer concerning his newly planted crop. In a flock consisting of thousands of sheep, hundreds of lambs are dropped in a day, and the herders are kept proportionately busy seeing that the newcomers are not trampled on and that the mothers are willing to assume the responsibility of maternity. Sheep are peculiar in this respect. Often they do not own their newborn lambs or display the least interest in them. Sheep being so much alike in appearance it is difficult for the herder to discover to which mother a certain discarded orphan belongs, so the lambling must be carried off the range to the camp to be fed by hand until strong enough to follow the flock. After the sheep are corralled at evening, the careful herder goes out again over the range to search for missing ones that have not been able to keep up with the flock, for, if left out at night, both mother and offspring would become prey to the wolves that infest the country. Sheep herders are paid about $23 a month and get their blankets, tents, and provisions, and they earn every bit of compensation they receive. Whether they herd on horseback or on foot, the life of the sheep herder is hard. The plan is frequently adopted of not penning the flock at night in order to prevent the wool from becoming discolored and soiled, as it must be when a large number of sheep are huddled together in an enclosed space. The flock is driven up into fresh, clean quarters every night; quarters that are unfenced and can be changed as often as seems desirable. Their charge being thus unprotected, the herders must literally sleep with one eye open and one ear on the alert. Often in the silent watches of the night they rise, build fires, fire off guns, and resort to other devices for frightening off the wolves. Sheep are very timid. One of their number, a black sheep, getting up in the night to change his position will sometimes cause the whole flock to dash off frantically, they know not where, afraid of they know not what. The dark shape of the black sheep frightens his companions who are near him, and then it is an easy matter for the panic to be communicated to the rest. The sound of the simultaneous movement of countless scampering feet, a sound resembling the heavy rumbling of thunder, wakens the herders, and they must be up and away, following over briar and bramble, scrambling up hills and stumbling down over rocks and stones until they succeed in heading off the runaways. Perchance by that time day light is breaking and the night they counted upon for repose has been spent in fatigue. Another reason for not penning the flock is that the sheep are then at liberty to rise and commence feeding as early as they please, the herders keeping a lookout over them as they prepare their hasty breakfast. The secret of making wool growing profitable is to raise the sheep at as small expense as possible. This can readily be done in a section of country where the grass grows most of the year. OCTOBER 28, 1894-SIXTEEN PAGES. HIGHBINDERS AT HOME SECRET SOCIETIES CONTROL CHINA AND INCITE REVOLUTION. The Army Honeycombed with Them They Hate the Tartars and Constitute China's Greatest Danger. CAUSE OF THE RIOTS OF 1891 KOLOA HIGH AND THIRTY SOCIETIES AND THEIR FAMILIES OF MEMBERS. Families of Thieves and Blackmailers The Jay Gould of the Empire The Bankers Powerful Guild. (Copyrighted, 1901, by Frank O. Carpenter.) The Chinese government is greatly alarmed over the rebellion that is being fomented in nearly every state of the empire. The Peking Gazette is full of the reports of the arrest of members of the Koloa-Hui Society, and executions are taking place in many of the cities. It is now death to belong to this society, and the heads of the members are hung up outside of the cities as a warning to others. Notwithstanding this, the organization steadily increases, and it is being recruited from the disaffected soldiers and others of the empire. It is said to have had its origin among the soldiers of the Hunan province, which is one of the most rebellious of the Chinese states. The Hunan men are noted for their bravery, and hundreds of thousands of them were employed in putting down the Peking rebellion. After the war was over, numbers of them were kept on in the retinues of the different viceroys, and notably so by the Viceroy of Nanking. A few years ago an attempt was made to dispense with their services, and some of the soldiers got together and organized this society. By others it is said to have been founded about sixty years ago, but it undoubtedly had its great impetus through these men at Nanking, and today its membership runs well up into the millions, and it has its secret meetings in every city of China. It is avowedly against the Manchu government, and its motto is "China for the Chinese." Its members swear to be faithful to the society under penalty of death, and Each society has its executioner, and any member is supposed to commit murder at the command of the order. Members are initiated by the drinking of hot wine mixed with the smoking blood of a cock which is killed at the time, and the ticket of membership is a small card of linen, or calico, stamped with a few characters, two of which are "China." These cards are diligently looked for by the officials, and the man who has one upon him is immediately arrested. "The society numbers..." Lers among its members a large number of army officials, and the great Vice Roy of Nanking, who died not long ago, was, for a time, an active member. It may have been this that made his capital the center of their operations, but toward the latter part of his life he became lax in his support of the society, and, it is said, finally disobeyed its orders. "Within a week of this time he died very suddenly, and it is currently believed that he was poisoned. The next Viceroy played fast and loose with the society, and it is said that his action was, to a certain extent, the cause of the riots against the missionaries in 1831. INCITING TO RIOT. I was told at Nanking that this secret society had threatened the Viceroy that if more money was not paid to the soldiers they would cause him trouble by mobbing the foreigners. Shortly after this, the "Devil's Picture Gallery" was issued. This was made up of vile cartoons charging the missionaries and foreigners with killing Chinese babies, with inveigling girls into their houses and cutting off their breasts for medicine, and with stealing the eyes of dead and live Chinamen and using them as photographic material. Millions of these cartoons were circulated, and the people were urged to drive the foreigners from the country. This caused the Viceroy of Nanking and the central government a great deal of trouble, and they had to pay a heavy indemnity. This spring an organized rebellion broke out near Canton, and the soldiers were righting there at the time that the Japanese came into Corea. The recent troubles in the Shantung province, where the people refused to respond to the call for troops, was backed up by the Koloa Hui, and there is a large branch of the organization in Manchuria, and it exists in great strength in north China. It is so organized that in case of the fall of Peking a simultaneous rebellion would be brought to the front in nearly every state in China, and the government might fall at one blow. It is hard to understand much about the present trouble without knowing something of the different Chinese states. The country is divided up into eighteen different rulers, more or less firmly bound together under the one Peking government. The common people of many of these states do not understand each other. The coolie of Hunan could hardly make his way in Peking, and the Cantonese provinces have a different dialect from those in the western parts of the empire. The province of Yunnan is said to have twenty different dialects, and the people, while they care a great deal for their own homes and for their families, have no interest in the government and support it only as a necessary evil. The family and the clan form the basis of Chinese society. A great number of the punishments of the empire are inflicted by the family, and most disputes are settled without recourse to the courts. Family ties are closer in China than anywhere else in the world. If a man makes a fortune, his forty-second cousins from all parts of the empire swoop down upon him and he has to support and help them. If a man gets a position, he is supposed to take his own family in first in the choosing of the subordinates, and nepotism reigns supreme. I met, while I was in Canton, the Jay Gould of China. His name is How Qua, and he is worth $30,000,000. He was keeping four hundred relatives, and his sisters, and his cousins, and his aunts to the third and fourth generation were sucking the life blood out of his big income. He was, I judge, about forty years old, and as an instance of how strong family authority is, he obeys his mother today in all matters of society obligations, and upon being asked by Consul Seymour to dinner not long ago he replied: "I don't know whether I can go or not. I must go first and ask my mama." I afterward met his mama. She was an old lady, whose eyes shone as brightly as the diamonds which decorated her cap and whose feet were no bigger than the fists of a baby. She ruled the whole four hundred of How Qua's relatives, and she was probably the head of the How Qua clan. LIKE THE SCOTTISH CLANS. These clans of China are very much like those of Scotland. Every family keeps its pedigree, and the reason why the Chinese want to be carried to their own country is that they will be buried with their families. The clans have their feuds, just like some of the mountain families of Kentucky, and they lay for each other with bows and guns. Every family has its ancestral hall in the town or village near where it lives, where all the different members of the family meet and worship their ancestors. The members of a clan combine together to punish those who have injured the family, and there are said to be families who make a business of blackmailing and stealing. There are in all China about four hundred clans, and the 400,000,000 or 500,000,000 which make up the Chinese people belong to these. The secret societies are run, however, independent of the clans, and the Koloa Hu is only one of a large number of them. The oldest society in China is the Triad Society, known as the Sam Hop Wu. This is said to have been the cause of the Taiplng rebellion, which lasted for years, and cost China ten million lives. It sprang up in the south and spread all over the empire, and had it not been for Chinese Gordon and LI Hung Chang the Tartar dynasty would certainly have been overthrown. The head of this rebellion was a Chinaman who gave out that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, and had been sent to this world to reform China. The Triad Society has its lodges, and there are flags, banners, and umbrellas connected with it. It holds its regular meetings, and it forces members to join its organization if they are not amenable to persuasion. It has the power of life and death over its members, and the members mix their blood with wine and swear to uphold the order to the death. Among the punishments for treason to the order is the having the ears chopped off or the head cut off, and the divulgence of the secrets of the order is death. The members have their own signs and passwords. You can tell. It is said, whether a man belongs to the order by the way he enters the house, and I am told that they stop a moment at the door and put the left foot first. In sitting down, they point their toes together and keep the heels apart, and they have a way of raising their trousers' legs which is known only to the brethren. They are bound to help any of the order who get into trouble, and they have secret signs by which they can mark their houses so that their families will escape in case of revolution. At dinner, the arrangement of the cups on the table allows their callers who belong to the order to know that they are members, and there are a thousand little things which no one else would notice which enable them to recognize each other. MURDEROUS SOCIETIES. The Triad Society and Koloa Hui are very much like the highbinders of San Francisco. They swear to defend each other against the police, to hide each other's crimes, and they are ready to kill for the sake of the order at the command of its leaders. Their main grievance is against the government, and they have published manifestos against it, and are doing so now. Some of the chiefs of the order are said to be traveling around the country as doctors, and they are carrying the news of the Chinese defeats, and are gathering in members wherever they go. Their motto is, "Drive out the Tartar," and it is said that one branch of the Triad Society dates back to 1664, A.D., or twenty years after the conquest. They have been working to overthrow the government ever since, and they have a great hatred of anything which is not purely Chinese. It is safe to say of the hundreds of millions in China that outside of the government officials there are not a hundred thousand Chinese who would fight for the Emperor. They keep him because they must have a ruler of some kind, but they know he is a Tartar, and they hate him. In every Chinese state capital there is a Manchu army as well as a Chinese army, and the Tartars are neither admired nor loved. The Emperor, in fact, is like Humpty Dumpty. He sits on the wall, and if he should fall, all of his horses and all of his men can never put Humpty Dumpty up again. It will be surprising to many Americans to know how cheaply the government of China is run. Taxes are lower perhaps than in any other semi-civilized country on the globe. The principal source of revenue is the land tax, and this varies from 10 to 66 cents an acre. The Emperor nominally owns all the land, but in reality the people have as much of a right to their farms as we have, and they buy and sell their real estate, giving deeds for the same. I took a photograph of a Chinese deed, by which a missionary had bought some land at Nanking, and which he was carrying to Shanghai to be recorded at the American consulate, during my trip with him down the Yangtse-Kiang. It was as big as four pages of this newspaper, and was covered with stamps. China pays no tax on liquors, and it is said that the taxes do not amount to 75 cents per head of the population. A large part of the revenue is collected from the taxing of salt, and there are import and export taxes collected on goods passing up and down the rivers. I saw customs boats everywhere, and the river police is quite extensive. The people understand very well just how much taxes they ought to pay. They are thoroughly organized, and any radical increase, such as must come from the present war with Japan, which is probably costing them a million dollars a day. Is almost certain to create a revolution. I have seen different estimates of the revenues gotten by the empire of China, and in no case have the amounts turned into the general government been greater than $150,000,000 a year. This would be a small amount in comparison with the indemnity that Japan will probably demand if she is victorious in this war, and the Chinese Emperor has, indeed, a thorny road before him. POWERFUL LABOR UNIONS. The greatest danger arises. In the character of the Chinese as regards social and labor combinations. The government is perhaps the only disorganized part of the country. Every city, every state and almost every province is packed full of different unions, and all branches of industry are banded together. Our labor unions are nothing in comparison with those of China, and the government has to bow down to them. The barbers united some years ago and made the Emperor come to terms in regard to the public examinations for their children. They had before this belonged to a rather despised class. They stand now as high as any other people in the empire. One of the features of barbering in China is ear cleaning. Each barber has tweezers with which he pulls little hairs out of your ears, or trims them to suit. The Chinese like to have the backs of their shoulders and necks kneaded after they are shaved. This takes a good deal of time, and the barbers concluded that it kept them too busy during the holidays. The union called its members together all over the empire. They passed a law which makes it impossible for you to get your ears cleaned during the certain days of the year. Li Hung Chang is great enough to slap the cheeks of the Chinese officials who call (Continued on Tenth Page.) PRICE FIVE CENTS. A HIVER IN THE OCEAN GULP STREAM OF THE ATLANTIC A "W O X D 1 2 1 1 F L IIODV OF WATER. Its Influence on Venetian and Chloride Variable in Velocity and Direction Latest Herniches. Providence Journal. The greatest and most wonderful of all the great bodies of water on the surface of the earth, the gulf stream has been the subject of more extensive and exhaustive study and research by our government than that of any other country. For years the coast survey steamer Blake has from time to time anchored in the various portions of the gulf stream, and the results of her researches cannot help being of great interest to the vast majority of thinking people, and of inestimable benefit to all persons interested in the development of the ocean. In the transatlantic trade, whether in the transatlantic trade or the coastwise trade. The great river of the Atlantic, known as the gulf stream, from the gulf of Mexico to the Arores, is 3,000 miles in length and its greatest breadth 120. At first its speed is four miles an hour, but this gradually declines as it becomes more diffuse. In the straits of Florida its temperature is eighty-three degrees, or nine degrees above the surrounding waters, and off Newfoundland in winter it is twenty-five or thirty degrees warmer than the surrounding seas, thus causing the dense fog of these regions. It is a great dispenser of heat and moisture in its course. To its influence are owing the verdure of the British islands and the mildness of the climate of western Europe compared with countries elsewhere of corresponding latitude. It is of a deep indigo blue so long as its current is deep and narrow, said to be caused by its holding in suspension the finest particles of the river silt brought down by the Mississippi. The line of demarcation between the gulf stream and the adjacent waters is so marked that a vessel may be seen floating one-half in the gulf stream and the other half in the common waters of the seas, and two buckets let down, one at the bow and the other at the stern will draw up water different in temperature by no less than thirty degrees. The late Lieutenant G. M. Bache discovered a band of water so much colder than the rest that he called it the "cold wall," the cold water appearing to confine the hot water as by a wall on the inshore side. Its distance from Sandy Hook is from 220 to 280 miles; its distance from Cape May is between 132 and 178 miles. Inside of the "cold wall there is a warm band, and then the cold water of the shore. The axis of the stream takes in general the curve of the coast below rather than above the water, being turned to the eastward by the shoals off the southern coast of New England. The warm water of the gulf stream rests on a cold current flowing towards Cape Florida, the coldest water keeping near the Atlantic coast, below the surface if not at it. By observations at several points along the coast in 400 fathoms, between Sandy Hook and Cape Florida, the surface temperature exceeding eighty degrees, the thermometer indicated forty-six and a half to fifty-five degrees; off Hatteras, in 1,000 fathoms, forty degrees. The warm water of the gulf stream is of very different depths at different points of its course and in different parts of any one of the sections across it. A SUPERFICIAL CURRENT, Investigation proves conclusively that the gulf stream is comparatively a superficial current on the surface of an ocean of cold water. Every navigator of its waters knows that at times it is stronger than at others, and that under the same apparent conditions of wind and weather the stream is variable in velocity and direction. The greater regular variations Lieutenant Commander Pillsbury found are chiefly due to changes in the position of the moon a daily variation governed by its time of transit, and a monthly variation following the changes in declination. Both of these can be predicted with considerable precision. The unusual variations come from the force and direction of the wind and the differences in the height of the barometer within and without the gulf of Mexico. The cause of the gulf stream and of most ocean currents is directly or indirectly due to the wind. Every wind produces a slight movement of the water over which it blows by its friction on the particles of surface water. As the upper particles acquire a movement, the same motion is transmitted to the lower particles, thus forming a current with the trades predominating as they do from the eastward and persistently blowing over the same area the current set up extends to seventy or eighty fathoms deep, which maintains its average velocity in spite of the daily variations in its producing cause. Any current upon meeting an obstruction must escape in some direction. The current from the southeast trades reaches the South American coast in the vicinity of Cape St. Rogen, and it thereupon divides into branches, one flowing to the southward along the coast of Brazil and the other toward the West Indies. The current from the northeast trades, flowing in the general direction of the wind, meets the obstruction of the coast of South America and of the Windward Islands. The combined currents have a partial relief and escape through the passage of the Windward islands, while the remainder passes along the western side of the West Indian Islands toward the coast of the United States. The current entering the Caribbean sea is driven to the westward until it meets the obstruction of the coast of Honduras. There is another movement of the water which is more effective in producing a current along shore, and which probably contributes as much water to form the gulf stream as the surface current due to the friction of the wind. This is the water driven to leeward by the break of the waves. It is from this cause that violent shore currents are set up along the coast of Cape Cod, New Jersey, and North Carolina in northwest gales. The waves are thrown toward the shore, from which the escape of the water makes the strong current that has wrecked many a vessel. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS. The barometer is a fruitful source of abnormal variations in current in the straits of Florida, but it is doubtful if much of its effect is experienced in the Atlantic. A high barometer in the Atlantic causes a greater overflow in the straits, and with the reverse barometer conditions a weaker flow. A navigator approaching Tortugas from the westward and having a high barometer may expect a favorable current skirting the Florida reefs, and consequently need not lay a course so far off shore in rounding the peninsula. Bound to the southward and approaching the straits of Florida with a low barometer in the Atlantic, the closer aboard the reefs are held the less will be the current found. The average velocity of the stream is |
MMZAH03:021138051:mpeg21_2 | Dutch-PD | Public Domain | Het is verschenen: Nederlandsche Spraakkunst ten gebruke bij de studie voor de Hulp- en Hoofdacte en op inrichtingen voor M. O. DOOR T. PLUIM, Hoofd van een school te Baarn. Compleet in 2 delen van ongeveer 250 pag. a € 1.25. INHOUD Eerste stuk: Leer van den Volzin. De Woordsoorten. INHOUD 2e stuk, verschijnende begin Maart 1909. De betekenis en het gebruik der buigingsvormen. De Woordvorming. De Klankleer. De Spelling. De klacht der examen-commissies (Hulp- en Hoofdacte), dat de candidaten wel de spraakkunst van buiten leeren, maar geen inzicht bezitten in de taalverschijnselen zelf, heeft de schrijver er toe geleid een Ned. Spraakkunst te schrijven, waarin de bedoelde verschijnselen zoo duidelijk mogelijk worden verklaard. Het werk is daardoor wel iets grooter geworden, dan de gewone spraakkunsten zijn, maar de omvang der leerstof is toch ongeveer gelijk aan die van Terwey. PIJNTEREND. J. MUUSSES. Keunen's Turnartikelen en schoolmeubelen – HOLLANDSCH fabrikaat – Amsterdam. Dir.: J. H. Keunen – W. G. Hasper. Merlandsche Bank voor Zuid-Afrika, gevestigd te AMSTERDAM, Keizersgracht 389. Bijkantoor te LONDON, 2 Great Winchester Street E.C. Hoofdagentschap te PRETORIA. Agentschappen te KAAPSTAD, BLOEMFONTEIN, JOHANNESBURG, POTCHEFSTROOM, BRONKHARTS, WITBANK en PREMIER MINE. Correspondenten op ALLE Bankplaatsen in Zuid-Afrika, alsmede op de voornaamste havenplaatsen van Oost- en West-Afrika. Koopt, verkoopt en incasseert Wissels en ander papier. Bezorgt Telegrafische Uitbetalingen, verschaft Credietbrieven, geeft voorschot op verscheepte goederen, opent rekeningen-courant en neemt gelden in deposito. Belast zich met Commissie- en Bankzaken in het algemeen. Het Bijkantoor te Londen belast zich met de uitvoering van Effectenorders aan de Londense Beurs. Druk van C. BLOMMENDAAL, ’s Gravenhage. Uitgave van J. B. Wolters te Groningen. WETENDBOEKJE HISTORIE. Beknopt leerboek der Dier- en Plantkunde voornamelijk ten dienste van Kweek- en Normaalscholen, door J. W. BOERMAN en K. M. KNIP. Deel I: DIERKUNDE. Met 3 gekleurde en 24 zwart-witte figuren in de tekst, tal van Vragen en Opgaven en alfabetisch Register. Deel II: PLANTKUNDE. Met 219 figuren in de tekst, tal van Vragen en Opgaven en Register. Prijs, per deel, gebonden fl.75. ’t Komt ons voor, dat de schrijvers een werk hebben geleverd, dat succes zal hebben. Voor het onderwijs aan onze toekomstige onderwijzers staan ons goede werken ten dienste. Maar toch bieden deze handleidingen boven de meeste der tot dusver gebruikte enkele groote voordeelen. Allereerst de verdeeling der leerstof in vier cursussen, waarvan de laatste slechts zooveel geeft, dat er ruimschoots tijd voor herhaling overblijft. Voorts de oordeelkundige verdeeling der leerstof en de zeer goede opklimming, wat de moeilijkheden aangaat. Een groot voordeel van deze leerboeken is gelegen in de vele keurige platen. We wijzen op de nauwkeurige en duidelijke in de hoofdvorm getekende afbeeldingen der geraamten van paard, koe en duif; de keurige teekening van een uitgespreide vleugel, enz. Ook de vele platen in het deel over Plantkunde zijn zeer goed. Wij wijzen bijv. op die bij het mooie hoofdstuk over Loofboomen. De stijl is die, welke het meest bij het leerboek past: helder, onopgesmukt; de zinnen zijn kort. Voor onze Christelijke inrichtingen is het werk meer bruikbaar dan bijv. dat van Heukels: de behandeling is werkelijk zo onpartijdig mogelijk. Dat de werken bij Wolters zijn uitgegeven, zegt voor de uitvoering genoeg. We aarzelen niet den pijn zeer laag te noemen. H. W. D. De Christ. Onderwijzer. Uitgave van J. B. Wolters te Groningen. Is verschenen bij C. BLOMMENDAAL te ’s-Gravenhage de achtste druk van: Allereerste en noodzakelijkste, Grondbeginselen van de THEORIE DER MUZIEK bewerkt door B. H. GEBHARDT. Muziekleeraar. Prijs 10 ct.; 25 ex. fl. 2.25; 50 ex. fl. 4; 100 ex. fl. 7.50. Zeer geschikt voor eerstbeginnenden. |
github_open_source_100_1_178 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from typing import Tuple, Union, List, Dict
import numpy as np
from torch import Tensor as T
# Note: This code is highly inspired by https://github.com/SashaMalysheva/Pytorch-VAE/
# Thank you Sasha Malysheva for a
# And https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05908
# Taking the same architecture as
def tupfix(x: Union[Tuple[int, int], int]):
return (x[0], x[1]) if isinstance(x, tuple) else (x, x)
def Conv2d_output_shape(
N: int,
C_in: int,
H_in: int,
W_in: int,
C_out: int,
kernel_size: Union[Tuple[int, int], int],
dilation: Union[Tuple[int, int], int] = 1,
stride: Union[Tuple[int, int], int] = 1,
padding: Union[Tuple[int, int], int] = 0,
):
kernel_size_x, kernel_size_y = tupfix(kernel_size)
dilation_x, dilation_y = tupfix(dilation)
stride_x, stride_y = tupfix(stride)
padding_x, padding_y = tupfix(padding)
H_out = (
int((H_in + 2 * padding_x - dilation_x * (kernel_size_x - 1) - 1) / stride_x)
+ 1
)
W_out = (
int((W_in + 2 * padding_y - dilation_y * (kernel_size_y - 1) - 1) / stride_y)
+ 1
)
return N, C_out, H_out, W_out
def GetConv2dSequentialShape(
input_shape: Tuple[int, int, int, int],
li: List[Dict[str, Union[Tuple[int, int], int]]],
) -> List[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]:
shapes = []
shapes.append(input_shape)
prev = input_shape
for i in li:
i["H_in"] = prev[2]
i["W_in"] = prev[3]
shapes.append(Conv2d_output_shape(**i))
prev = shapes[-1]
assert shapes[-1] == tuple(
nn.Conv2d(
i["C_in"],
i["C_out"],
kernel_size=i["kernel_size"],
stride=i["stride"],
padding=i["padding"],
)(torch.randn(shapes[-2])).shape
)
return shapes
class VAE(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self,
n_channels: int,
n_kernels: Union[Tuple[int, int], int],
latent_size: int,
kernel_size: Union[Tuple[int, int], int],
stride: Union[Tuple[int, int], int],
padding: Union[Tuple[int, int], int],
img_shape: Tuple[int, int],
):
super().__init__()
self.n_channels = n_channels
self.n_kernels = n_kernels
self.latent_size = latent_size
self.kernel_size = kernel_size
self.stride = stride
self.padding = padding
self.img_shape = img_shape
self.create_encoder(n_channels, latent_size)
self.create_decoder()
def create_decoder(self):
self.project = self._linear(self.latent_size, self.q_in, relu=False)
self.decoder = nn.Sequential(
self._deconv(self.n_kernels, self.n_kernels // 2),
self._deconv(self.n_kernels // 2, self.n_kernels // 4),
self._deconv(self.n_kernels // 4, self.n_channels),
nn.Sigmoid(),
)
def create_encoder(self, n_channels, latent_size):
self.encoder = nn.Sequential(
self._conv(self.n_channels, self.n_kernels // 4),
self._conv(self.n_kernels // 4, self.n_kernels // 2),
self._conv(self.n_kernels // 2, self.n_kernels),
)
seq_dicts = [
{
"C_in": self.n_channels,
"C_out": self.n_kernels // 4,
"N": 1,
"kernel_size": self.kernel_size,
"stride": self.stride,
"padding": self.padding,
},
{
"C_in": self.n_kernels // 4,
"C_out": self.n_kernels // 2,
"N": 1,
"kernel_size": self.kernel_size,
"stride": self.stride,
"padding": self.padding,
},
{
"C_in": self.n_kernels // 2,
"C_out": self.n_kernels,
"N": 1,
"kernel_size": self.kernel_size,
"stride": self.stride,
"padding": self.padding,
},
]
self.output_shapes = GetConv2dSequentialShape(
input_shape=(1, self.n_channels) + self.img_shape, li=seq_dicts
)
self.q_in = int(np.prod(self.output_shapes[-1][1:]))
# A layer to arrive at the mus and the sigmas
self.q_mu = nn.Linear(self.q_in, latent_size)
self.q_vars = nn.Linear(self.q_in, latent_size)
def forward(self, x) -> Tuple[Tuple[T, T], T]:
# First, derive a latent representation
x_hat = self.encoder(x)
x_hat.shape
# Then, from the latent variables' PDF of Q(z), sample the means and the vars
mus, log_sigma_sq = self.Q(x_hat)
# Once the mus and the
z_sampled = self.z(mus, log_sigma_sq)
z_sampled.shape
z_projected = self.project(z_sampled).view(
-1, self.n_kernels, self.output_shapes[-1][2], self.output_shapes[-1][3]
) # Project and reshape back to an image
output = self.decoder(z_projected)
return (mus, log_sigma_qs), output
def Q(self, x_hat):
# Q is the latent variables' PDF
x_hat = x_hat.view(-1, self.q_in)
mu, log_sigma_sq = self.q_mu(x_hat), self.q_vars(x_hat)
return mu, log_sigma_sq
def z(self, mu, log_sigma_sq):
# Sample from z
sigma = log_sigma_sq.mul(0.5).exp_()
# Here we sample from a normal distribution
#
ret = torch.randn(mu.shape)
if torch.cuda.is_available() is True:
ret = ret.cuda()
return ret.mul(sigma).add_(mu)
def _conv(self, n_channels, n_kernels):
return nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=n_channels,
out_channels=n_kernels,
kernel_size=self.kernel_size,
stride=self.stride,
padding=self.padding,
),
nn.BatchNorm2d(n_kernels),
nn.ReLU(),
)
def _deconv(self, n_channels, n_kernels):
return nn.Sequential(
nn.ConvTranspose2d(
n_channels,
n_kernels,
kernel_size=self.kernel_size,
stride=self.stride,
padding=self.padding,
),
nn.BatchNorm2d(n_kernels),
nn.ReLU(),
)
def _linear(self, n_in, n_out, relu=False):
if relu is True:
return nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(n_in, n_out), nn.ReLU())
else:
return nn.Linear(n_in, n_out)
def kldivloss(self, mu, logsigma_sq):
return ((mu ** 2 + logsigma_sq.exp() - 1 - logsigma_sq) / 2).mean()
def recloss(self, x, x_hat):
try:
return nn.BCELoss(size_average=False)(x_hat, x)
except Exception:
print(x_hat)
print(x)
raise Exception("ERROR")
def loss(self, mu, logsigma_sq, x, x_hat):
loss = {}
loss["kldivloss"] = self.kldivloss(mu, logsigma_sq)
loss["recloss"] = self.recloss(x, x_hat)
tot_loss = loss["kldivloss"] + loss["recloss"]
return tot_loss, loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
vae = VAE(
n_channels=3,
n_kernels=128,
latent_size=128,
kernel_size=4,
stride=2,
padding=1,
img_shape=(32, 32),
)
|
437329_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Dorothee Pesch (Dusseldórfia, 3 de junho de 1964), mais conhecida como Doro Pesch é uma cantora, compositora e produtora musical alemã. Foi vocalista da banda de heavy metal Warlock e uma das poucas cantoras de metal dos anos 80. Depois de diversas mudanças na banda e Doro ter sido a única membro da formação original, o Force Majeure que seria o quinto álbum da banda foi lançado somente sob o nome Doro, deixando de se chamar Warlock e dando início à sua carreira solo. É considerada a Rainha do Metal.
Biografia
A primeira gravação produzida por Doro foi um demo de 7 faixas com uma de suas primeiras bandas, Snakebite, em 1980. Em 1981 ela se tornou membro da banda Beast, mas em 1982 deixou a banda para ingressar na Warlock. Em 1987, depois do quarto álbum da Warlock, Triumph and Agony, e depois de muitas mudanças na formação da banda, Doro Pesch permaneceu como o única membro original da Warlock. Em 1989, a banda lança seu quinto álbum Force Majeure.
Seu contrato de dez anos com a Polygram expirou em 1995, quando ela assinou com a WEA (agora Warner Music Group). Em 1995, Doro fez sua primeira atuação em um programa de televisão alemão chamado "Verbotene Liebe" (Amor Proibido). Depois da turnê "Love Me In Black" em 1998, Doro rompeu com a WEA e assinou com a SPV Steamhammer, e recentemente com a AFM Records. Ela também assinou um acordo dos EUA. Em 2000, ela cantou uma balada com Lemmy chamada "Alone Again", no álbum Calling the Wild.
Em 2001, ela teve uma aparição no festival Wacken Open Air e cantou a música "Too Drunk to Fuck" com o Holy Moses. Em 2002, ela compôs a música Fight para a amiga Regina Halmich. No ano de 2003, ela cantou ao lado do vocalista Udo Dirkschneider com a banda U.D.O. Doro Pesch lançou a canção "Dancing with an Angel". Ela cantou ao vivo no Ministry-Antella, Florença, na Itália, em 25 de março de 2006 com Jorn Lande, tocando a música "All We Are".
Em 2004, Doro estava ao vivo no palco com Dirk Bach tocando a música "Gimme Gimme Gimme" do Abba Mania Show da RTL Television. Ela se apresentou com Blaze Bayley cantando uma versão clássica ao vivo de Fear of the Dark, no Wacken Open Air com cordas e guitarras acústicas. Fez um dueto com o Twisted Sister em seu álbum A Twisted Christmas, ela cantou a parte alemã da "White Christmas". No mesmo ano foi lançado o álbum "Classic Diamonds", regravando alguns de seus antigos sucessos, com a participação da The Classic Night Orchestra.
Ela assinou recentemente com a AFM Records. Em 2006, Doro interpretou a personagem "Meha" no "Anuk-Der Weg des Kriegers", filme rodado na Suíça e dirigido por Luke Gasser. Doro foi a cantora convidada no álbum After Forever da banda After Forever, acrescentando sua voz na música "Who I Am". No mesmo ano Doro passou pelo Brasil pela primeira vez no festival metálico Live'N'Louder. O show ocorreu na cidade de São Paulo, no dia 14 de Outubro de 2006.
Em 27 de junho de 2007, Doro foi no primeiro vôo do festival de metal Flight of the Valkyries, em St. Paul nos EUA. Ela cantou ao vivo no Metal Female Voices Fest 5 na Bélgica em 19 de outubro de 2007, e interpretou a canção "All We Are", com Sabina Classen do Holy Moses.
Mais recentemente ela foi tocada ao vivo no Magic Circle Festival 2008. Ela também gravou os vocais da faixa "The Seer", com Tarja Turunen em sua edição limitada "The Seer EP". Em 13 de dezembro de 2008 ela se apresentou com o Scorpions, a banda do clássico "Rock You Like a Hurricane" e cantou com Klaus Meine a música "Big City Nights".
Também em dezembro de 2008 a gravadora Pure Steel Records lançou o primeiro tributo oficial ao Warlock e a Doro.
Em 2009 ela escreveu o "Wacken Anthem" para o 20º aniversário do festival Wacken Open Air. A canção foi lançada em 30 de julho de 2009 no "W:O:A" e foi realizada por ela e a banda Skyline do ex-organizador do Wacken Thomas Jensen. Em 2009, Doro também visitou o Reino Unido com a banda Saxon.
Doro também cantou para Saltatio Mortis os vocais de fundo para "Salome" juntamente com Alea.
Em 17 de novembro de 2014, a banda brasileira de power metal Angra anunciou que ela faria uma participação especial no oitavo disco de estúdio deles, Secret Garden, mais precisamente na faixa "Crushing Room". Apresentaram-se juntos na 6ª edição do Rock in Rio em 19 de setembro de 2015
Integrantes
Membros
Doro Pesch - Vocal
Nick Douglas (1990–presente) - Baixo
Johnny Dee (1991–presente) - Bateria
Bas Maas (2008–presente) - Guitarra
Luca Princiotta (2009–presente) - Guitarra, teclado
Ex-membros
Jon Levin (1988–1989) - Guitarra
Tommy Henriksen (1988–1989) - Baixo
Bobby Rondinelli (1988–1989) - Bateria
Michael Shawn (1990) - Guitarra
Jeff Bruno (1990) - Teclado
Tony Mae (1990) - Bateria
EJ Curse (1990) - Baixo
Paul Morris (1991–1992) - Teclado
Micheal Tyrell (1991–1992) - Guitarra
Jimmy DiLella (1992 - ???) - Guitarra, teclado
Mario Parillo (2000–2001) - Guitarra, teclado
Joe Taylor (1990–2009) - Guitarra
Oliver Palotai (2001–2009) - Guitarra, teclado
Robert Katrikh (2010) - Guitarra
Harrison Young (2010) - Guitarra, teclado
Discografia
Álbuns de estúdio
Force Majeure - 1989
Doro - 1990
True at Heart - 1991
Angels Never Die - 1993
Machine II Machine - 1995
Love Me in Black - 1998
Calling the Wild - 2000
Fight - 2002
Classic Diamonds - 2004
Warrior Soul - 2006
Fear No Evil - 2009
Raise Your Fist - 2012
Strong and Proud (2016)
Ligações externas
Doro Pesch - Site oficial
Doro Pesch
Cantores da Alemanha
Naturais de Düsseldorf.
|
bpt6k5548999_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | UNE CATASTROPHE EXPLOSION A BORD p'UN BATEAU-TOURISTE Sur le lac de Genève Une chaudière qui saute Vingt-deux morts -Nombreux blessés– Détails navrants Les recher ches continuent. LAUsANNE, 9 juillet.Par service své-idl La chaudière du bateau le MoniBlanc a fait explosion, midi 15, à Ouchy, port de Lausanne. Le bateau' le Mont-Blanc est le plus grand des bâtiments de la Compagnie de navigation du lac; il fait seulement le service du tour du lac pendant la belle saison; il part tous les matins à. neuf heures pour revenir à huit heures du soir. Ce matin, il emportait, comme tous les jours, de nombreux étrangers faisant le tour du lac; C'est au morbenloù le Mont-Blanc, ayant débarqué à Ouchy quelques passagers se rendant à Lausanne et embarqué des voyageurs pour continuer sa promenade, se remettait en marche, que l'explosion s'est produite. La calotte de la chaudière, qui mesure deux mètres de diamètre, sauta tout à coup avec un bruit terrible et, comme un véritable obus, défonça tout sur son passage, sortit en ligne droite par l'arrière du bateau, trouant et brisant le salon des premières et tuant net deux garçons de service et la femme du restaurateur. La vapeur se précipita aussitôt dans le trou béant et emplit le salon, aveuglant et brûlant vifs les malheureux passagers pendant que les voyageurs qui se trouvaient sur le pont, épouvantés par l'explosion et eroyant que le bateau coulait, se précipitaient sur la passerelle. Ceux-ci purent échapper à la mort. Spectacle terririant. Ce ne fut que lorsque la vapeur fut épuise que l'on put pénétrer dans le salon où un spectacte horrible s'offrit aux regards. La vapeur ne trouvant d'autre issue que quelques-sabords la plupart de. ces ouvertures étaient fermées et entrant par la porte du salon, les infortunés passagers n'avaient eu aucun moyen de fuir. Huit cadavres étaient étendus sur ^plancher. Une vingtaine de malheureux, complètement défigurés, se tordaient dans dès convulsions Horribles et poussaient des cris épouvantables; quelques-uns ne lardèrent pas à succomber. On organisa immédiatement les secours. On transporta les blessés à l'hôpital, mais beaucoup moururent ayant d'arriver, Un passager qui, affolé, s'était jeté à l'eau, né fut sauvé qu'à grand'peine. On n'a pas encore réussi à établir l'identité de toutes les victimes, la plupart étant des touristes étrangers qui, devant rentrer de leur absence à l'hôtel. ;;Par un hasard providentiel, les chauffeurs et les mécaniciens n'ont pas été touLa chaudière sort des ateliers de Zurich; là vapeur était à la pression normale. On se perd en conjectures sur la cause du sinistre. Liste des victimes. De l'enquête qui a été faite dans les dix pS^s grands hôtels de Genève, il résulte que, dans la catastrophe d'Ouchy-Lausanne, aucun des voyageurs descendus dans ces hôtels n'a péri. Tous les voyageurs partis dans la matinée sont rentrés ou ont télégraphié de Lausanne qu'ils étaient sains et saufs; Voici les noms des morts M. Blanc, commandant de gendarmerie, et sa femme; MM. Guillou, de Lyon, et Ageno, de Plaisance Mme de Besset, de Hervieux (Loire), et Mlles Louise et Thérèse de Besset; Mme de Brument, d'Amsterdam; Mme Violette Poupardin, de Marseille Mile Poupardin Mme Caignard, de Franconville (Seine-etOise) Mme Jean d'Humières, de Thonon Mlle Nelly Abbott, anglaise. Les autres victimes reconnues sont suisses. La seule des victimes, entrées à l'hôpital, encore vivante, est Mlle Geneviève Poupardin, âgée de huit ans. M. Poupardin est sain et sauf. Il reste trois victimes à reconnaître. L'enquête. Voici de nouveaux détails sur la catastrophe d'Ouchy. Il résulte de la première enquête que le fond de la chambreà à vapeur partit tout d'une pièce. Tous les passagers qui déjeunaient furent précipités au fond du salon, pêle-mêle avec les meubles, les tables, les chaises, les lampes, et des flots devapeur les brûlaient horriblement. Lorsqu'on put pénétrer dans le salon, on trouva en un tas tous les voyageurs morts ou blessés, mais tous brûlés. La peau des mains et du visage de la plupart des blessés avait été complètement décollée par la vapeur. On aurait dit des gants retournés, assure un témoin occulaire. Des têtes avaient été littéralement scalpées. La vingt-deuxième morte est miss Eva Abbott, de Brighton, dont la mère et la sœur sont également mortes. Ces dames se rendaient à Montreux. La Revue de Lausanne dit tenir de source officielle que la commission d'enquête trouva, il y a un mois, des fissures dans la chaudière du Mont-BlanC, mais pas'dans le dôme même; elle considérait ces fissures comme sails danger pour la sécurité néanmoins, la commission ne voulut proposer que pour une année le renouvellement du permis de navigation, et la compagnie s'était engagée à changer ses chaudières en 1892. LE GÉNÉRAL BOCDANOWITCH Un ami de la France Hommage l'armée française La colère du prince de Bismarck L'homme et son œuvre. Nous avons annoncé hier l'arrivée à Pans du général russe Eugène Bogdanowitch, qui a été certainement un des partisans les plus zélé, yec Katkoff et Skobeleff, du rapprochement avec la France. t ^s sympathies sont connues depuis longtemps. Il a pourtant combattu contre nous lors de la campagne de Crimée et ses trois frères sont tombés en héros sous les murs de Sébastopol. Après avoir activement contribué à l'orgamsation municipale de l'empire, il conçut, en 1875, le projet grandiose du chemin de fer de la, Sibérie, destiné à relier l'Occident à ). Extrême-Orient, soit paris à Pékin par ffijni-Ncvgorod, Le promoteur de cette ouvre gigantesque manifesta ses sympathies pour notre pays au congrès international des sciences géographiques. Le délégué du tsar prononça un discours dans lequel il insista sur les conséquences d'une entente étroite avec son pays. Au banquet, le général Bogdanowjtch porta un toast à la France qui fit grand bruit à Berlin où les paroles suivantes furent très commentées «Nous autres, Russes, nous n'avons jamais fait, nous ne ferons jamais la guerre pour des milliards. » Livre à sensation. Quelques années plus tard, en 1887, le général est de nouveau à Paris, où il fait paraître son livre la Bataille de Navarin, dans lequel il relate les exploits de l'amiral russe de Heyden, qui rivalisa de gloire avec l'amiral français de Rigny pour assurer définitivement l'émancipation de la .Grèce. La préface de ce livre eut un retentissement énorme et mit en émoi les journaux reptiliens. Elle se terminait ainsi « La France et la Russie doivent se considérer comme des amies, comme des alliées sincères. Marchant d'accord, elles peuvent et elles doivent, malgré de perfides efforts, assurer et maintenir la paix et la tranquillité on Europe. Elles n'ont aucun intérêt contradictoire, rien ne les divise. Au contraire, tout les rapproche. Puisse la -généreuse nation française, et particulièrement sa brillante marine et sa belle àrméef accepter l'hommage de la Batailde de Navarin, où Je sang russe a coulé mêlé au sang français, comme l'expression des sentiments qui animent et animeront toujours l'armée russe. » Ce livre est offert à l'armée française par un frère d'armes et par. un ami dévoué, » Le prince de Bismarck saisit cette occasion pour marquer son dépit et fit des représentations au cabinet de Saint-Pétersbourg. La presse allemande reçut un mot d'ordre et, pour calmer l'exaspérationdu chancelier, Alexandre III rappeia le général Bogdanowitch qui, durant quelque temps, vécut dans la retraite. Dans la retraite. Le tsar le manda bientôt pour lui confier d'importantes fonctions administratives, et ce fut de nouveau dans les gazettes bismarkiennes un concert d'imprécations, absolument vaines d'ailleurs. Il était d'actualité -de retracer à grands traits la figure de cet ami de la France, qui est venu se reposer parmi nous d'un long labeur. Malgré son âge assez avancé et la faiblesse de sa vue, c'est un travailleur infatigable. Il a veillé lui-même à la réalisation délînitive du projet en Sibérie; tantôt il préside à Moscou ou à Pétersbourg des assemblées il trouve encore le temps de traiter magistralement des questions d'histoire ou d'économie politique. sur le retour des choses d'ici-bas Le prince de Bismarck, qui avait voulu le sacrifier à son ressentiment, est en disgrâce, et, depuis l'apparition de son livre dedié à notre armée, les deux escadres française et russe ont fraternisé à Cronstadt, et vont bientôt fraterniser de nouveau à Toulon. LES FÊTES DE PALOS Le programme Brillante manœuvre navale Un congrès américaniste. MADRID, 9 juillet. Par service spécial. Voici le programme des fêtes qui auront lieu le 13 août, à l'occasion du centenaire du départ de Christophe Colomb pour le Nouveau-Monde. Les escadres de toutes les puissances maritimes de l'Europe et de l'Amérique se formeront en ligne à l'embouchure de la rivière Huelva, tandis que la caravelle SantaMarias d'une construction semblable à celle mo:itée par Christophe Colomb, sortira de la rivière, escortée par les navires espagnols. Les escadres salueront par cent un coups de canon l'ancien drapeau de Caslille arboré par la caravelle, Le gouvernement français a été un des premiers à adhérer aux fêtes navales du centenaire. Le nombre des étrangers ayant adhéré au congrès américaniste qui aura lieu au monastère de Rabida, près de Palos, dépasse cinq mille. UN ANNIVERSAIRE La réunion de Bâle à la Confédération suisse Réjouissances po pulaires. BALT, 9 juillet. D'un correspondant. La fête commémorative de la réunion de Bâle à la Confédération a commencé aujourd'hui elle est très brillante. Un banquet auquel assistaient les membres du conseil gouvernemental et leurs hôtes, a eu lieu à midi au Casino d'été. Une représentation de gala a eu lieu ensuite elle a duré de trois heures à six heures. La fête s'est terminée par un banquet sur le quai du Rhin. UN DUEL EN GRECE ATHÈNES, 9 juillet. D'un correspondant. A la suite de l'incident de Phalère, un duel au pistolet a eu lieu entre AlfredBey, secrétaire de la légation turque, et M. Pieracos, officier de cavalerie grecque. M. Pieracos a été grièvement blessé. La balle est restée dans la poitrine. L'opération de l'extraction a eu lieu dans la journée. La situation du blessé est presque désespérée. Le gouvernement va probablement prendre des mesures pour empêcher d'autres duels d'avoir lieu. LES ELECTIONS ANGLAISES LoNDRES, 9 juillet. Par fil spécial. Ont été élus Conservateurs, 185 unionistes, 30; gladstoniens, 157; parnellistes, 4; antiparnellistes, 23. Les ministériels ont gagné 20 -sièges, et les gladstoniens 48. Sir Richard Webster, procureur général, a été réélu.. -.•••̃ LE PRINCE DE REUSS Vienne, 9 juillet. D'un correspondant. -On conflrme,dans les cercles poli tiques de Vienne, que l'ambassadeur d'Allemagne, le prince de Reuss, quittera son poste au mois d'octobre, et peut-être même avant. On donne comme raison de ce départ que les visites, répétées de la princesse de Reuss la famille de BismarckàVienneont causé du mécontentement à Berlin. DEUX PAPES L'autre jour, dans une réunion, le général de Charrette a évoqué la grande figure de Pie IX, dont il a fait l'éloge. Avant de tomber; blessé par les balles allemandes, dans les neiges du champ de bataille de Patay, le général avait déjà versé son sang pour la défense de ce pape. On aime ceux pour qui on a souffert, ceux pour qui on a offert sa vie. Charrette a donc le droit de dire qu'il a aimé sa patrie un peu plus que les gens qui se sont contentés de ramasser des portefeuilles, des sièges législatifs ou des préfectures, dans la boue de nos désastres. Il a aussi le droit de chérir la mémoire du grand prédécesseur de Léon XIII et d'en dire, à l'occasion, tout le bien qu'il en pense. Mais les récents incidents de la politique ont tellement troublé les cervelles qu'il s'est trouvé aussitôt des personnes de bonne volonté pour affirmer que, dans la bouche du général, le panégyrique de Pie IX n'était qu'une critique habile et déguisée de Léon XIII. "Et lé lemps, révélant lihë sùsceptiM*' lité subite pour la gloire du souverain pontife actuel, a daubé sur ces pauvres royalistes, désorientés par l'abandon de la papauté, semblables à des enfants lâchés parleur nourrice, réduits à se consoler, par le souvenir d'un pape mort, de l'intidélité d'un pape vivant. Les personnes qui rédigent le lemps sont généralement très instruites et très bien informées. Il y a pourtant des choses qu'elles ne savent pas. biles ne savent point, par exemple, que les papes ne sont pas assimilables à des souverains terrestres et que, par conséquent, ils sont exempts de ces faiblesses des rois qui n'aiment point qu'on promène au milieu de leurs triompnes le fantôme évoqué du prédécesseur qui les a préparés. Les papes ne sont pas jaloux les uns des autres et on peut être certain que la grande âme de Léon XIII, lorsqu'elle parcourt la chaîne forgée par dix-neuf siècles, qui l'unit à l'âme même du chef des apôtres, et, par cette âme, à la personne même du Christ, s'arrête, avec complaisance, sur le dernier et le plus proche anneau de cette chaîne infranIl est devenu banal de dire que iapa^:pauté a conquis, ou plutôt reconquis, de nos jours, une suprématie morale qui la rend réellement plus puissante qu'aux époques déjà lointaines où elle appuyait sur des armées et sur des anathèmes sa suprématie matérielle. Il est peut-être moins banal de se demander par quel moyen miraculeux, au premier abord, cette papauté est parvenue à obtenir une pareille autorité, à une époque sèche et positive comme la nôtre, à remporter une telle victoire sur l'indifférence, l'esprit révolutionnaire et l'esprit, prétendu scientifique, coalisés. Pour expliquer ce phénomène, il faut faire apparaître, derrière la grande figure de Léon XIII, une autre grande figure de pape celle de son prédécesseur, celle de Pie IX la figuré du pontife mystique derrière la figure du pontife pratique la figure du pape-soldant derrière la figure du pape diplomate; la figure du pape intransigeant derrière la figure du pape transigeant. Supposez que l'empereur Napoléon Ier soit mort vers le milieu de Il laissait derrière lui la première armée du monde, peut-être la plus belle armée qu'ait jamais contemplée l'histoire. Cette armée, endurcie à toutes les fatigues, trempée dans les flots de l'Océan, était la troupe à la fois la plus solide et la plus mobile qu'on pût rêver. Le conquérant lui avait soufflé dans le cœur, dans le cerveau et dans les jambes son âme de feu. Supposez encore qu'il ait eu pour successeur un homme de génie, comme lui, mais un homme plus avare de sang et de projets grandioses, un Frédéric lI, par exemple, un souverain qui aurait eu, au besoin, toutes les audaces d'un général, mais qui aurait eu aussi toutes les modérations d'un diplomate; vous figurezvous toutes les grandes choses que ce successeur eût pu accomplir avec un pareil outil, avec les ressources, les hommes et l'organisation qu'il eût hérités de Napoléon, disparu, à l'apogée de sa force, sinon de sa gloire? Cette hypothèse est invraisemblable,' quand il s'agit des meneurs humains. Mais elle est vraisemblable quand elle s'applique à des papes; car leur génie est fait de l'esprit de Dieu qui souffle sur eux tous. Elle s'est réalisée avec Pie IX et Léon XIII, et elle explique la situation actuelle de cette Eglise catholique qui plane sur le monde étonné de sa puissance, et sur les trônes, étonnés de sentir au-dessus d'eux une force morale qui pèse sur leur force humaine et l'écrase. Qu'a fait Pie IX? Il a trempé dans le bain fortifiant de ses propres larmes l'Eglise dont il avait la garde. Il l'a unifiée. Il en a soudé, au feu de son cœur d'apôtre, les éléments séparés. Il en a fait une troupe magnifique, indomptable et mobile. Il a accumulé en elle des trésors inépuisables d'énergie et de courage. Il lui adonné son camp de Boulogne. Puis, il a disparu. Et il a laissé son successeur remporter, avec ses superbes régiments, la bataille d'Austerlitz et trôner, comme Napoléon à Erfurtb, sur un parterre de rois, au milieu desquels la République française finira par être tentée de demander un strapontin. Ohl,|e sais que je les diminue, ces éternelles conquêtes de la force morale, en les comparant aux éphémères succès de la force physique. Mais, que voulez-vous On a donné des têtes d'enfants aux anges immatériels, et, il faut bien chercher dans l'humanité des figures, même des figures de rhéthorique, pour faire comprendre les événements surhumains. Voilà, donc, ce qui s'est passé Pie IX a restauré une force et, Léon XIII a appliqué cette force. Pie IX a radoubé la barque de SaintPierre qui venait de subir l'assaut de toutes les révolutions; révolutions intellectuelles, révolutions matérielles. Et, les dernières oscillations de l'Océan qui s'apaise soulèvent doucement la barque victorieuse et insubmersible que dirige Léon XIII. Voilà l'œuvre des deux papes. On peut les comparer l'un à l'autre, sans diminuer ni l'un ni l'autre. Et, certes! dans tous les cas, ce n'est pas nous, royalistes, qui aurions intérêt à chercher une. diminution, pour le pape vivant, au profit du pape mort. Nos adversaires nous font l'honneur immérité de nous comparer trop souvent à eux-même et de croire que nous ne prenons jamais conseil que de nos propres intérêts. Ils s'imaginent que, parce que le Saint-Père semble couvrir de sa protection un gouvernement que nous détestons, nous nourrissons contre lui des rancunes secrètes, inavouables. Ils se trompent. Nous.aussi nous avons nos non possumus. » Mais'nous les formulons avec un respect dont la tristesse n'atténue la sincérité et dont le pape ne saurait suspecter la profondeur. Il n'a pas mis un moment en doute le loyal dévouement de l'admirable peuple irlandais. Et pourtant le clergé et les fidèles de l'Irlande ont répondu, eux aussi, par un non possumus lorsqu'il leur a donné, vis-à-vis de l'Angleterre, des conseils analogues à ceux qu'il vient de nous donner vis-à-vis de la République. Son cœur n'a pas cessé d'être avec les Polonais et, pourtant, les Polonais ont imité, dans des circonstances analogues, les Irlandais. Il faut. donc. voir un procédé de polémique très commode mais très peu loyal dans ce système qui consiste à représenter les royalistes français comme des adversaires du pape, parce qu'ils refusent à la République une adhésion qu'il leur conseille. D'ailleurs, pour une année encore, toutes ces discussions-là sont en l'air. Elles ne reposent sur rien. Quand le moment sera venu de prendre une attitude, nous saurons prouver aussi bien à nos adversaires qu'à nos amis d'hier que nous avons la fidélité, à la fois tenace et intelligente, et que si nous refusons, pour notre compte, d'aller à la République, nous savons discerner entre les candidats de bonne foi, qui nourrissent l'illusion de l'améliorer en y entrant, et ceux qui veulent la maintenir telle qu'elle est, c'est-à-dire intolérante et intolérable. J. Cornély. LE MATIN oubliera demain unarticle de M. EMMANUEL ARÈNE UN VIOL EN CHEMIN DE FER Jeune fille chloroformée Enquête ouverte. RouEN, 8 juillet. D'un correspondant. Hier, une jeune fille de dix-sept ans, d'honorable famille, demeurant aux environs de Rouen, était venue ici dans la matinée. Elle reprit le train pour rentrer chez ses parents et monta dans un compartiment où étaient deux dames qu'elle connaissait etun voyageur inconnu. A la station voisine, les dames descendirent. Resté seul avec la jeune Qlle, l'inconnu l'endormit avec du chloroforme et la viola; puis, encore inconsciente, il la fit descendre à Barentin, la conduisit dans un hôtel où il la présenta comme sa femme, et sortit sous prétexte d'aller chercher une voiture. Il n'a pas reparu depuis. Ayant repris son entière connaissance, la jeune fflie se rendit compte de son horrible position et l'hôtelier avertit sa famille qui vint la chercher. Le parquet fait une enquête et recherche l'inconnu qui est un homme d'une quarantaine d'années. INCENDIE EN NORVEGE Christiansand, 9 juillet. D'un correspondant. Un grand incendie, qui a éclaté hier après-midi et s'est prolonge jusqu'à ce matin, a détruit près de la moitié des plus beaux bâtiments d'un des quartiers de la ville. Plusieurs centaines de maisons sont détruites; entre autres la Banque de Norvège, la caisse d'épargne, la poste, une granne scierie et un magasin de bois sont complètement anéantis. Il ne reste plus que les murs des fortiflcations et des bâtiments militaires. Un grand nombre de personnes sont sans asile. Les compagnies d'assurances responsables sont pour la plupart norvégiennes. LE CHOLÉRA EN RUSSIE Saînt-Pétersbotjrg, 9 juillet.– D'un correspondant. Les bateaux arrivant des ports du Caucase et de Crimée seront soumis à Odessa à une inspection sanitaire. Les marchandises venant à la foire de Nijni-Novgorod des localités frappées parle choléra, seront non seulement. visités, mais désinfectées., ABSENCE SUSPECTE TotïLON, 9 juillet.Par service spécial. Un scandale est /.jUr le point d'éclater. Un fonctionnaire Mâché à la mairie serait sous le coup d'une accusation teès grave. On parle de détournements de fonds considérables. Ce fonctionnaire étant-absent en ce moment de Toulon, nous sommes tenus à la plus grande réserve, ignorant s'il reviendra ou ne reviendra pas. LE PARLEMENT A LA CHAMBRE Les quatre contributions Un vote de principe Les cantons du Mans Ajournement à lundi matin. L'amendement Lebon, vous savez ? Eh bien on y est revenu aujourd hui. M. Cornudet, qui voulait le triomphe complet de sa proposition et l'établissement de sa taxe sur la valeur locative substituée à l'impôt des portes et fenêtres, a été battu. M. Lebon a sauvé la situation en reportant au 1er janvier 1894 la réalisation de la réforme. Il faut dire que M. Rouvier, qui s'est multip ié en cette circonstance et a parlé en hlomme d'Etat, n'a pas peu contribué à obtenir ce résultat. Grâce à lui, l'amendement Lebon a été voté par 313 voix contre .225. Le reste du débat sur les quatre contributions n'a plus offert qu'un intérêt médiocre. Aussi, nous bornons-nous à constater que l'ensemble de la loi a été votée par 485 voix contre 27. Lorsque ce débat a été tgrminégjl était une heure avancéé et' l'on aurait ^U lever la séance. Mais, il s'est trouvé une majorité pour penser que l'examen d'un projet de loi modifiant les limites des circonscriptions cantonales du Mans devait avoir lieu immédiatement et ne pouvait subir un jour de retard. Très.mortifié, M. Vilfeu, qui combattait la mesure, a pris laparole, mais comme les bancs se dégarnissaient de minute en minute et qu'ils allaient bientôt être vides, décemment on ne pouvait continuer. M. Horteur a profité de l'occasion pour proposer une séance lundi matin, et il a réussi, cette fois. Sa joie était extrême et plusieurs députés sont venus le féliciter. A signaler, la mise à l'ordre du jour, pour la rentrée, de la loi sur le régime des boissons et le dépôt des rapports sur la réforme de l'impôt. Donc, lundi matin, rendez-vous au Palais-Bourbon, à huit heures moins un quart. Nous ne garantissons pas à M. Horteur l'exactitude de tous ses collègues. AU SÉNAT Les pétroles et la marine marchande Les quatre contributions. M. Jules Roche, ministre du commerce, dépose les projets de loi portant prorogation dés droits sur les pétroles et delà loi de 1881 sur la marine marchande. Sur la demande du ministre, le Sénat prononce l'urgence en faveur de ces projets. séance, le Sénat vote des projets divers, puis reçoit le projet relatif aux quatre contributions directes, ainsi que le projet relatif à l'emprunt de la Ville de Paris, que la Chambre a votés. Séance lundi. AVANT LA REVUE Répétition générale L'arrivée du général Saussier En raison de la chaleur. Le gouverneur militaire de Paris avait convoqué, hier matin, sur le terrain de Longchamp, où elles doivent être passées en revue le 14 juillet, les unités principales de la garnison de Paris. Vers neuf heures, les troupes débouchaient sur la peloustfdu champ de courses et occupaient les positions qui leur avaient été assignées. Quelques instants après, le général Saussier arrivait à cheval, précédé d'un peloton de gardes républicains et passait au galop devant le front des régiments, qui, tous, étaient en tenue parfaite. Seul, le 115e de ligne, qui avait dû fournir une assez longue étape de route, était poussiéreux. Ce régiment était venu spécialement du camp de Satory, où, depuis huit jours, il exécutait ses exercices de tir. Les troupes ont ensuite défilé, la cavalerie au galop d'abord, puis au trot' A dix heures et quart tout était terminé et les troupes regagnaient leurs casernements respectifs. L'ordre de la revue n'est pas encore définitivement arrêté au gouvernement militaire de Paris. On avait songé d'abord à une revue-manœuvre, telle que le général Saussier en passe chaque année au polygone de Vincennes. Mais à caue de l'heure de la revue (3 heures) et de la persistance des chaleurs, on a dû y renoncer pour ne pas imposer aux troupes de trop fortes fatigues. Les bataillons territoriaux convoqués seront logés au camp de Satory et transportés le 14, en chemin de fer, à l'aller et au retour. LA BANQUE DE FRANCE Le renouvellement de son privilège Durée modifiée. Une modification va être apportée par le ministre des finances, d'accord avec le gouverneur de la Banque de France, au projet de renouvellement du privilège de cet établissement. Ce projet portait prorogation du privilège jusque l'année 1920, soit pendant vingt-trois ans, à partir de 1897, date où expirera le privilège actuel. La modification qui va être proposée au Parlement consiste à donner à chacune des parties, l'Etat et la Banque, la facilité de dénoncer la nouvelle convention pour 1910, c'est-à-dire dix ans plus tôt que dans le projet soumis à la Chambre. LE GÈNERAL BRIÈRE DE L'ISLE BORDEAUX, 9 juillet. D'un correspondant. On avait annoncé que le général Brière de l'Isle, inspecteur général d'infanterie de marine, actuellement à Bordeaux, revenant de Lamalou-les-Bains, serait dans un état de santé qui inspire de sérieuses inquiétudes. Le général Brière de Plsle était effectivement à Bordeaux au commencement de cette semaine, mais il en partit mardi à midi vingt. Il souffrait des jambes, mais l'état du général ne paraissait pas inquiétant. ORDONNANCE DE NON-LIEU MONTPELLIER, 9 juillet. Par service spécial. L'instruction relative au complot d'évasion du faux marquis d'Alba vient d'être close par une ordonnance de nonlieu, en raison même de toute absence de délit. Cette affaire a été singulièrement grossie. RAVAÇHOL LES ANARCHISTES VEULENT RETARDER L'EXÉCUTION Conférences secrètes Le procès dea voleurs de dynamite -Ravachol témoin en cour d'assises -Requête au ministre de la justice. Ainsi qu'on le verra plus loin, M. Deibler a quitté Paris hier soir pour aller exécuter à Rennes un obscur assassin nommé Communal. Le bourreau ne pourra être de retour à Paris avant lundi soir; Ravachol a donc encore plus de quarante-huit heures à vivre. En attendant le jour de l'expiation suprême,qui se trouve ainsi reculé à la plus. grande joie des anarchistes, ceux-ci se démènent pour retarder autant qu'ils pourront l'heure du châtiment. 1 Les amis de Ravachol croient avoir trouvé un moyen absolument légal pour empêcher, jusqu'à nouvel ordre, l'exécution de Montbrison. Ayant connaissance du projet des anarchistes, nous nous sommes rendu chez un des compagnons qui passe pour juriste dans son parti et. dont l'intervention fut grande lors de l'instruction du procès Ravachol à Paris. Prétendu moyen légal. •Oui, aous dit-il, nous avons maintenant un moyen infaillible pour obliger la justice à surseoir au supplice de notre ami. Dans leur hâte de boucler l'affaire Ravachol, les gouvernants ne se sont pas commettaient une gaffe au point de vue légal. Et puisqu'ils nous ont laissé ce moyen nous serions bien bêtes de ne pas nous en servir. Vers la hn du mois d'août, doivent passer devant la cour d'assises de Versailles nos camarades Faugoux, ex-gérant du Père Peinard, Chalbret, Drouet et Estiévan,. tous quatre accusés du vol de la dynamite à Soisy-sous-Etioles, tous quatre inculpés, alors que l'auteur principal du vol, Ravachol, déambule de juridictions en juridictions, répondant d'une foule de délits ou crimes antérieurs ou postérieurs au vol de dynamite dont il s'est déclaré coupable. Pourquoi ne profiterions-nous pas d'une situation que nous n'avons pas créée et qnie la justice a faite seule? Il nous faut retarder l'exécution d'un camarade qui, s'il a donné sa vie à la révolution, nous la doit encore au nom de cette révolution même. Aujourd'hui, lui, le condamné à mort ne compte plus; c'est ce que vous appelez «un homme à la mer » mais comme autour de lui, et à cause de lui, il y a encore des victimes, ces victimes-la, notre camarade demande avec nous-mêmes d'essayer de les sauver. -La situation de condamné à mort, dans laquelle se trouve Ravachol, ne lui permet plus, au point de vue légalr de vous servir, Le vol de Soisy-sous-Etioles. Vous confondez deux situations. Ravachol condamné aux travaux forcés pour les explosions et Ravachol condamné à mort pour crime de droit commun à Montbrison a commis, en criminel sérieux qu'il est, bien d'autres actes tombant sous le code pénal. Parmi ces actes délictueux, il en est un avoué, revendiqué par lui-même et qui n'a point été jugé c'est le vol de Soisysous-Etioles. Si notre camarade a eu assez de dynamite pour effrayer le conseiller Benoit et donner la frousse au procureur Bulot, c'est parce qu'il l'avait volée. Ce délit, il a affirmé en être le principal auteur. Pour tranquilliser la population parisienne, pour enrayer l'affolement qui dépeuplait la capitale, les gouvernants, dans l'intérêt de la recette quotidienne, ont précipité le procès. Déjà, à ce moment-lù, quelques légistes. fort connus, consultés par certains de vos confrères, s'étonnèrent de voir disjoindre les deux affaires le vol de Soisy et les attentats à la dynamite commis Paris.. On leur répondit au nom de l'intérêt public mais, maintenant, le public est satisfait, et nous demandons que justice soit rendue aux pauvres diables que, depuis quatre mois, vous détenez à. Corbeil, sans vous demander un tnstant si la liberté individuelle, que vous affirmez posséder, n'est pas violée. Mais les détenus de Corbeil ont avoué leur culpabilité dans le vol de Soisy-sousEtioles Permettez! je vous arrête ils ont reconnu leur part de culpabilité. Dans le vol de la dynamite, il y a toute une série de délits prévus par votre coda et qui peuvent se résumer en deux faits principaux le vol ;proprement dit, avec toutes ses circonstances aggravantes, briS de clôture, escalade, etc., puis la complr» cité, surveillance, guet, et le reste. Double intérêt. Vous comprenez alors pourquoi nous avons un double intérêt à tâcher d'obtenir la comparution de Ravachol aux assises dtf Versailles. Dans le dossier de Paris, presque entièrement écrit de la main de M. Atthaiin, aux fiches cotées de 90 à 115, figure une série d'interrogatoires signés de notre camarade et revendiqunt énergiquement la part la plus active dans l'expédition de Soisysous-Etioles. Quelle crainte la bourgeoisie peut-elle avoir aujourd'hui?. Notre camarade ne lui échappera plus à moins d'événements' que je ne puis prévoir pourquoi donc alors ses mandataires s'opposeraient-ils à ce que justice soit rendue aux détenus de Corbeil Pourquoi empêcher le principal coupable de venir témoigner à la barre en faveur de ses camarades et demander pour eux les circonstances atténuantes auxquelles ils ont droit en leur qualité de simples compagnons ? Il est exact, comme vous me le demandez, que nous avons discuté les mesures qui pourraient être prises pour amener la comparution de Ravachol devant la cour de Seine-et-Oise. Il est également vrai que les avocats de nos amis, visités par nous, ont adressé une requête au ministre de la justice pour que le témoignage de Ravachol ût recueilli par les juges de -Versailles. Pour une fois que nous condescendons à nous servir de votre légalité, nous voulons aller jusqu'au bout, ne serait-ce que pour fournir à nos adversaires l'occasion de la violer. Conclusion. De toutes façons, ce sera pour nous une victoire. Je ne sais ce que MM. Loubet et Ricard de. cideront; mais ce dont je suis sûr, c'est qu'ils seront fort ennuyés en apprenant ies résolutions que nous avons prises. Qu'ils avouent seulement leur embarras et nous les en remercierons. Nous nous levions j)puj nous retirer, lor* que le compagnon anarchiste ajouta d'une voix vibrante Nos amis de Corbeil jouent vingt ans de prison, et Ravachol a sauvé assez de libertés pour refuser d'être notre collaboraleur en cette occasion la dernière qui lui soit offerte de montrer son grand cœur et son inaltérable dévouement à notre sainte lause! LE CONSERVATOIRE Rapport de la sous-commission de musique La question de l'internat Le nombre des élèves limité Le traitement des professeurs. La commission chargée d'apporter des réformes à l'organisation actuelle du Conservatoire s'était divisée en deux sous-commissions l'une de déclamation, l'autre de musique. Cette dernière, après plusieurs séances )rès remplies, avait chargé M. Henry Marcel, maître des requêtes au conseil d'Etat, de rédiger un rapport. Ce rapport a obtenu l'assentiment des membres de la sous-commission de musique, auxquels il a été communiqué. Nous allons le faire connaître au lecteur dans ses grandes lignes, celles qui peuvent intéresser le public. Peut-être s'étonnera-t-on de voir un grave membre du conseil d'Etat rapporteur de réformes à introduire au Conservatoire. Mais, M. Henry Marcel, fort versé dans la science du droit, a consacré ses loisirs aux choses'de théâtre et rien de ce qui concerne la musique et la déclamation ne lui est étranger. Il s'en est fallu de peu, d'ailleurs, que le conseil d'Etat ne comptât un membre de moins et le théâtre un membre de plus. Car, M. Henry Marcel s'estprésenté au Conservatoire, a été reçu comme élève Bt a passé un an dans la classe de Régnier. Projet de partage. La sous-commission s'occupa d'abord de la séparation du Conservatoire en deux sections distinctes. Il est certain que les bâtiments du Conservatoire sont mal distribués; les classes y sont défectueuses, et rien n'est plus gênant pour les élèves de la déclamation que d'entendre toute la journée le tapage des instrumentistes. On demandait donc qu'il y eut un conservatoire de musique et un conservatoire de déclamation entièrement séparés. Mais les plans présentés par M. Charles Garnier pour la reconstruction ou la mise en état du Conservatoire exigeant une dépense de deux millions, la sous-commission pensa qu'il était inutile de solliciter cet argent du Parlement. D'autres membres proposèrent alors de transporter la déclamation dans la dépendance de la Comédie-Française, et la musique serait restée seule au Faubourg-Poissonnière. Cette idée sourit peu à la sous-commission; d'autant moins que rien n'était moins sûr que le consentement de M. Claretie. En résumé, en présence des grosses sommes demandées pour établir deux Conservatoires, la sous-commission a estimé qu'il lui était impossible de trancher la question. Les choses resteront donc dans le statu quo. L'internat. Le second point qu'avait à examiner la ¡fous-commission était celle de l'internat. Il ne s'agissait, bien entendu, que de l'internat des hommes. Personne ne songeait à rétablir l'internat des femmes, aboli depuis temps. La sous-commission a été d'avis qu'il ne fallait pas ressusciter l'internat des hommes, qu'il était peu couvenable que l'Etat se fit le marchand de soupe de futurs chanteurs. Mais si la sous-commission n'a pas voulu de l'internat, elle a au moins accompli une sérieuse réforme. Actuellement, on donne comme encouragement aux élevés des ciasses de chant des secours de 300 francs et au dessus. Malgré cela, garçons et filles ne peuvent, on le comprend, gagner leur vie, et, pour y arriver, ils chantent dans des bouispouis où ils se détériorent la voix. Désormais, on supprimerait ces secours et on donnerait à l'élite seule des élèves de véritables pensions se montant à 1,800 fr., ce qui leur assurerait le pain quotidien. Grâce à cette pension, le Conservatoire aura le droit d'avoir autant d'autorité sur ceux qui en jouissent que s'ils étaient internes. Il sera en droit de leur dire « Je vous interdis absolument de chanter en dehors des classes du Conservatoire, sinon je vous supprime votre pension. » Trop d'élèves Tous ceux qui s'occupent un peu du Conservatoire ont pu constater le nombre de plus en plus grandissant des élèves. Les classes finissent par être tellement encombrées qu'il devient impossible de s'occuper de tous les élèves à chaque leçon. Il y a encore un autre abus des élèves restent, .grâce à la faiblesse de l'administration, des années entières dans l'espoir de décrocher un beau jour un prix. On en a vu qui sont demeurés près de dix ans au Conservatoire. Cet état de choses était lamentable. La sous-cominission a tranché vigoureusement dans le vif. Désormais, le nombre des élèves dans chaque classe sera limité à dix, excepté dans les classes d'ensemble et de solfège. De plus, tous les élèves qui, au bout de trois ans dans les classes de chant et de deux ans dans les autres classes, n'auront pas été admis à concourir seront renvoyés. Il en sera de même pourles élèves qui auront concouru deux ans sans succès. L'élève qui aura obtenu un prix pourra concourir une troisième année. A propos des concours, pour éviter toute suspicion, le président demandera à chaque professeur de déclarer s'il a donné des leçons particulières à tel ou tel élève de sa classe qui concourt; dans ce cas, le professeur ne pourra faire partie du jury. Le règlement actuel du Conservatoire dit que tout élève qui manquera deux fois la classe dans le mois est rayé. On se garde bien d'appliquer la peine. La sous-commission voudrait que le règlement fût rigoureusement appli'qué, mais elle porte le chiffre des absences nécessaires à trois; seulement, elle exige que les élèves assistent ponctuellement aux classes de maintien et d'escrime, où ils ne vont jamais. Le conseil de perfectionnement. Le conseil de perfectionnement tel qu'il fonctionne maintenant est en quelque sorte administratif. Il se compose du directeurdu Conservatoire, du directeur des beaux-arts, du secrétaire du Conservatoire, des professeurs et des membres de l'Institut (section de musique). La sous-commission a complètement transformé le conseil de perfectionnement qui jouera désormais un grand rôle au Conservatoire. Il sera composé de vingt-quatre membres, douze pris parmi les anciens membres, et douze n'ayant aucun lien avec l'administration, le Conservatoire et l'Institut. Ces douze membres seront choisis parmi les critiques autorisés, les compositeurs, les instrumentistes, etc. Le conseil de perfectionnement aura la haute main sur les programmes d'enseignement et sur les concours. Il exercera une surveillance sur les classes. Il soumettra au ministre les noms des personnes qu'il jugera 'aptes à faire partie du jury d'admission, du comité d'examen et du jury dé concours. En cas de vacances d'une place de professeur, il soumettra deux noms, trois au plus, pour remplacer le professeur retraité ou décédé. Les professeurs. A côté des professeurs titulaires, on créera des chargés de cours. Une place est vacante, aucun nom ne s'impose comme professeur, on prendra alors celui qu'on croira le plus capable et on le nommera chargé de cours. Ce dernier restera en fonctions pendant cinq années. Au bout de ce temps, si l'on aété satisfait de son enseignement, il sera nommé .professeur titulaire. Dans le cas contraire, il sora remplacé par un autre chargé de cours. La sous-commission a pensé enfin à augmenter letraitemeùt des professeurs, traitement un peu dérisoire; mais comme elle ne pouvait disposer de beaucoup d'argent, elle a dû se limiter, malgré son grand désir de faire mieux.. Il y a, au Conservatoire, sept sections musicales. Un professeur par section aura un traitement de 4,000 francs; dix autres professeurs auront celui de 3,000 francs, quant aux autres, ils toucheront de_500_ à 2,400 francs. Enfin, dernière réforme les professeurs auront de l'avancement par section, moitié au choix, moitié à l'ancienneté. LE RUBAN ROUGE Ministère de la guerre Grands-ofaciers et commandeurs. M. de Freycinet a fait signer, hier matin, le décret relatif aux décorations de la Légion d'honneur décernées par le ministre de la guerre, à l'occasion du 14 juillet. Sont nommés Grands-officiers, MM. les généraux de division de Boisdenemetz, commandant le corps d'armée Fabre, commandant la 18e division d'infanterie; Bertrand, commandant la 40e division .d'infanterie La Veuve, commandant la cavalerie d'Algérie M. le général de brigade Jamais, commandant la 10e brigade d'infanterie. Commandeurs. MM. les généraux de division Despetit de la Salle, De Cointet, Brugère, Larchey, Swiney. MM. les généraux de brigade Luzeux, Mugnier, Corenson, Condreu, Bourdon, Bidot, Campionnel, Revel de Bretteville, Cœuret de Saint-Georges. MM. les colonels Doreau, Brochier, de Maritan, Brossé. MM. Mounier, Bourot, Arnould. Suivent des nominations d'officiers et de chevaliers. Affaires étrangères. M. Ribot a également fait signer le décret portant promotion et nomination, dans la Légion d'honneur, pour le ministère des affaires étrangères. Mais ce décret ne paraîtra à l'Officiel que demain lundi ou mardi. LA SAISON A Luchon L'utile et l'agréable. Luchon, 9 juillet. Par service svécial. Luchon est aux Pyrénées ce que Aix-IesBains est à la Savoie: le plus beau joyau d'un riche écrin. Là, en effet, en plus de toutes les distractions mondaines rêvées, on n'a que l'embarIras du choix dans un véritable luxe de sports à la mode et d'excursions pittoresques dans les montagnes environnantes. Quant aux eaux, on sait qu'elles sont sulfurées, sodiques, et, comme telles, conviennent par excellence à la guérison des affections des voies respiratoires. C'est toujours la troupe Dieudonné qui doit défrayer la saison théâtrale, et, dans les jardins du Casino, on entend chaque jour un excellent orchestre, dirigé par le maestro Broustet. LE.BUDGET DE LA GUERRE La commission du budget a entièrement achevé, sur le rapport de M. Georges Cochery, l'examen du budget de la guerre pour 1893. Les crédits demandés par M. de Freycinet s'élevaient, en totalité, à 648,714,428 fr. Le rapporteur a proposé diverses économies, représentant un ensemble de plus de 13 millions, que le ministre de la guerre a acceptées, et que la commission ratifiées. Si l'on compare le budget de la guerre pour 1893 à celui de 1890, le dernier qui ait été roté pay CU.aii-bre, on constate, en faveur du premier, une diminution d'une centaine de millions, réalisée en trois ans grâce aux efforts combinés de M. de Freycinet et,des commissions successives de la Chambre, sans nuire aux intérêts de la défense nationale. L'EXPOSITION DE CHICAGO Une nouvelle demande de crédits, s'élevant à 800,000 francs, ment d'être déposée par le gouvernement sur le bureau de la Chambre, pour les frais de la paiticipatiou de la France à l'exposition de Chicago. • La première demande d'un crédit de 3,250,000 francs a été, on effet, reconnue Insuffisante, car on avait omis de prévoir les dépenses d'installation d'un pavillon spécial pour la France, d'organisation d'une exposition d'objets historiques de la guerre de l'indépendance, d'envoi de délégations ouvrières, etc. D'autre part, l'affluence des exposants français va entraîner un accroissement des frais de transport, dont l'Etat s'est engagé à prendre une partie à sa charge. A PROPOS D'UN ACCIDENT Pont-Sainte-Maxence. Je vous télégraphiais ces jours-ci l'accident arrivé à Mme Payen qui, tombée accidentellement à la rivière, put être sauvée à temps. Mme Payen est complètement remise aujourd'hui de son émotion. Je dois ajouter, au sujet de cet accident, que les bruits répandus sur un prétendu empoisonnemant de M. Payen fils sont absolument dénués de fondement. L'opinion publique a d'ailleurs fait justice des bruits calomnieux qui ont circulé sur cette famille, honorablement connue dans toute la région. LA FRANCE ET LA ROUMANIE M. Ribot, ministre des affaires étrangères, et M. Jules Roche, ministre du commerce, ont fait approuver par le conseil des ministres et déposé sur le bureau de la Chambre, le projet de loi autorisant le gouvernement à accorder, sous condition de réciprocité, le traitement de la nation la plus favorisée aux sujets, aux navires et aux marchandises de la Roumanie. NOUVELLE SOUMISSION A l'exemple de Mgr Fava, évoque de Grenoble, l'évêque de Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne vient d'informer M. Ricard, ministre de la justice et des cultes, qu'il retirait de son catéchisme diocésain le chapitre politique déféré au conseil d'Etat. Par suite, le garde des sceaux va retirer également l'appel comme d'abus dirigé contre cet évêque. LA REPRESSION DU DUEL La commission, nommée, hier, par les bureaux de la Chambre pour examiner la proposition de M. Cluseret tendant à réprimer le duel, se compose de six membres favorables en principe à une réglementation pénale du duel MM. Cluseret, Leydet, Hervieu, Reybert, Jourde, de Montfort; et cinq hostiles MM. Joseph Reinach, Nivert, Legras, Herbet et du Périer de Larsan. LA SITUATION AU DAHOMEY C'est le ministre de la marine, M. Cavaignac, qui répondra demain à la question que M. Pourquery de Boisserin, député de Vaucluse, doit adresser au gouvernement, d'accord avec M. Loubet, président du conseil, sur la situation au Dahomey. FUTUR MINISTRE Liège, 9 juillet. Par service spécial. Le correspondant bruxellois du Journal de Liège annonce comme probable la nomination de M. de Prêt de Roose de Kalesberg, sénateur, au poste de ministre des affaires étrangères. DEUXIÈME EDITION LUGUBRE SERIE Une poudrière qui saute Plus de cent victimes Immenses dégâts. San-Fràncisco, 7 juillet. Par câble au « Matin ». Une explosion s'est produite, à neuf heures du matin, à West-Berkeley, dans une fabrique de poudre de mine, et a détruit la fabrique et des constructions dans un rayon do plusieurs milles. Cinq chocs ont été ressentis ébranlant les édifices, lézardant les murs, brisant les vitres. 101 ouvriers chinois et 3 blancs ont été tués. Le cadavre d'un Chinois a été projeté a un demi mille de l'usine, qui comprenait cinq édifices ettrois poudrières. Le feu a pris à des constraétionsvoisines, mais personne n'osa tenter de l'éteindre, il cause du voisinage d'une poudrière dans laquelle se trouvent trois cents tonnes de poudre. Une ville détruite. Saint-Jean-de-Tethe-Neuve, 9 juillet. Par câble au « Matin ». Un incendie, qui a commencé hier à cinq heures, a dévoré les deux tiers de la ville. Plusieurs temples protestants, la Banque commerciale, le tribunal, plus de la moitié des entrepôts, des bureaux, des magasins, des échoppes ont été détruits. Des milliers d'habitants ont passé la nuit dans la campagne et sur les places publiques. Les dégâts sont évalués à quatre, millions de livres sterling. L'Atlantic Hôtel, toutes les imprimeries et tous les bureaux de journaux sont détruits. D'Halifax on a envoyé dans la soirée, à Saint-Jean-de-Terre-Nèuve, 20,000 francs, des provisions, des tentes militaires pour 1,200 hommes, Les vaisseaux de guerre se préparent à transporter des provisions. Toutes les municipalités canadiennes ouvrent des souscriptions. LES ANGLAIS AU I1ARQC Tumulte autour du consulat britannique Réparation accordée. Tanger, 9 juillet. Par service spécial. On mande de Fez, à la date du G juillet Hier, le pacha de Fez a essayé de soulever des troubles contre la mission britannique. Il a empêché les chameliers et les muletiers de louer leurs bêtes de somme et, bien que les habitants fussent en fête, le pacha a ameuté la racaille et une foule hurlante autour du vice-consulat britannique, empêchant de transporter la hampe du pavillon britannique du vice-consulat jusqu'à la mission, laissant la foule vociférer et huer sans intervenir. Aussitôt, M. Smith rendit visite au sultan, lequel condamna le pacha à payer 50,000 fr. comme réparation au sultan. M. Smith fit distribuer une forte partie de cette somme à la population indigente. On espère que le sultan dédommagera le vice-consul britannique avec 5,000 francs pour les insultes reçues. Le gouvernement marocain persiste dans son refus d'accepter la proposition du ministre britannique. La mission partira le 10 juillet. L'ETNA EN ERUPTION Tremblement de terre Une lave envahissante. CATANE, 9 juillet, -Par service spécial. L'Etna a lancé aujourd'hui de la fumée et de. ia cemtra Un très grand cône s'est éJeveâùae grande hauteur, poussé par le vent vers Catane, formant un immense nuage. De minuit 8 juillet à G heures soir du 9, onze secousses de tremblement de terre ont été ressenties. Aujourd'hui, à 1 heure 20, une grande crevasse se forma d'où commença à sortir de la lave sur le côté sud de l'Etna, à 18 kilomètres de Catane. La lave s'écoule avec une grande rapidité et menace le bourg de Rinazzi, dans la commune de Belpasso. LES ELECTIONS ANGLAISES Derniers résultats Emeute en Irlande. LONDRES, 10 juillet. Par fil spécial. Les résultats des élections sont, à l'heure actuelle Conservateurs, unionistes, 31; gladstoniens, 161; antiparnellistes, 24; parnellistes, 4. Les gains ne sont pas modifiés. Une nouvelle émeute électorale a éclaté, ce matin, à Limerick. Des vitres ont été cassées. Plusieurs personnes ont été blessées, dont trois policemen. |
github_open_source_100_1_179 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Here you can learn how to implement a interface and deal with classes
* and objects that have this interface implemented.
*
* Enjoy the course and feel free to contribute.
*/
package Interface_Usecase;
/**
* @author Kevin Ossenbrück
* @date August 2018
* @github https://github.com/OtenMoten
*/
public class Polar implements IComplex {
private double dist, phi;
public Polar(double newDist, double newPhi) {
this.dist = newDist;
this.phi = newPhi;
}
@Override
public double getLegit() {
return this.dist * Math.cos(this.phi);
}
@Override
public double getImaginary() {
return this.dist * Math.sin(this.phi);
}
@Override
public double getDist() {
return this.dist;
}
@Override
public double getPhi() {
return this.phi;
}
@Override
public IComplex add(IComplex newComplex) {
return new Polar(Math.hypot( /* Parameter 1 */
/* Parameter 1.A */
this.getLegit() + newComplex.getLegit(),
/* Parameter 1.B */
this.getImaginary() + newComplex.getImaginary()),
Math.atan2( /* Parameter 2 */
/* Parameter 2.A */
getImaginary() + newComplex.getImaginary(),
/* Parameter 2.B */
this.getLegit() + newComplex.getLegit()));
}
@Override
public IComplex mult(IComplex newComplex) {
return null;
}
}
|
lifeofjohnmilton01mass_2 | English-PD | Public Domain | (1) In the first generation there is inserted the note conveying the additional information relating to the locality and the occupation of the old Milton, the poet's grandfather; and there is also inserted the additional information relating to the Jeffrey he had married, conveyed by the appended sketch of arms. The purport of the information in this second case seems to be that the Jeffrey was a widow of that name, whose original name had been Haughton. * The arms appended are those which her first husband, Jeffrey, would have used to signify his marriage with her — to wit, the arms of Jeffrey (azure, a fret or ; on a chief of the second, a lion passant sable) impaling those of Haughton (sable, three bars argent) ; and, to indicate the fact that, though a Haughton originally, she had been intermediately the wife of a Jeffrey, Au- brey has kept these arms, only drawing his pen through the Jeffrey side of the shield, to signify that, on her second marriage, the " Jeff." was done with. She came to Milton as a Jeffrey ; but had he signified the fact of his marriage with her by a heraldic sketch, it would have been by substituting his own arms as Milton (argent, a double-headed eagle displayed gules, etc.) for those of the deceased Jeffrey on the one side of the shield, retaining her paternal arms as Haughton untouched on the other. In order to isolate all this infor- mation or put it in a corner by itself, Aubrey seems to have drawn the curved line ; which curved line, lest it should look like a mark of total obliteration, he afterwards scrolled over. (2) In the second generation there is an erasure of the name of the supposed second son of the old Milton and his wife ; as If the existence of this country brother of the scrivener had become doubtful.^ WooiTs Account. "His father, Joh. Milton, who was a scrivener living at the Spread-Eagle in the said street, was a native of Halton in Oxfordshire. . .. His Grandfather Milton, whose Christian name was John, as he [Wood's chief informant, i. e. Aubrey] thinks, was an under-ranger or keeper of the Forest of Shotover, near to the said town of Halton, but descended from those of his name who had lived beyond all record at IMIlton near Halton and Thame in Oxfordshire, Which grandfather, being a zealous Papist, did put away, or, as some say, disinherit his son because he was a Protestant ; which made him re tire to London, to seek, in a manner, his fortune." 1 This explanation of the sketch, which Philips (1815), it is given there incorrectly, tjems to me the most probable, was suggested without any indication of the additions and to me by Mr. James Haunay, whose skill on erasures. The old Milton's wife is given there points of genealogy is as well known to his simply as a Jeffrey, without any note about friends as his general literary merits are to the the Haughton connection — probably because public. the copyist imagined the erasure to apply to 2 The pedigree is not printed at all in the the whole heraldic sketch, with the words edition of Aubrey's Lives appended to the written above it. But then, on the other Bodleian Letters (1813); and, though it is hand, he has retained the reference to tlie given in the reprint of Aubrey's Life of Mil- second eon, although that is distinctly can- ton in Godwin's L>::es of Eihriird and John celled. S LIl']: OF JOHN MILTON. Phuips\< Account. '• His lalher, Jolin Milton, an honest, worthy, and suli- stantial citizen of London, by profession a scm-ener ; to -whicli profession he voluntarily betook himself by the advice and assistance of an intimate friend of his, eminent in that calling, upon his being cast out by his father, a bigoted Ro- man Catholic, for embracing, when young, the Protestant faith, and abjuring ihe Popish tenets. For he is said to have been descended of an ancient family t'ilhe Miltons of jNIilton, near Abingdon in Oxfordshire; where they had been ;i long time seated, as appears by the monuments still to be seen in Zvlilton Church, — till one of the family, having taken the wrong side in the contests between the houses of York and Lancaster, was sequestered of all his estate but what he held by his Avife." Out of these accounts, several matters arise for further investiga- tion, respecting Milton's pedigree on the father's side. As to the alleged Miltons of Milton in Oxfordshire, the remote progenitors of the poet, research has been fruitless. There are, as we have said, two j^laces in Oxfordshire named Milton — the village of Great Milton in the Hundred of Thame, some eight miles south-east from Oxford, and giving its name to the two contiguous parishes of Great Milton and Little Milton, both in that Hundred; and a small hamlet, called Milton, about twenty-three miles farther north in the same county, near Banbury, and attached as a curacy to the vicarage of Adderbury. The former is clearly the "Milton near HaJton and Thame in Oxfordshire " i-eferred to by Wood > Thame, M'hich gi^-es its name to the Hiandi*ed, being about five miles distant, and Halton or Ilolton about three. The refer- ence of Philips is also to the same village of Great Milton ; for, though he says "Milton near Abingdon," and there is a Milton near Abingdon, that Milton, like Abingdon itself, is in the county of Berks. That Philips, however, intended the Oxfordshire Milton is clear by his adding the words "in Oxfordshire," words which, as they stand, are a blunder arising from his writing from hearsay. His reference to the monuments of the Miltons in Milton Church must also have been from hearsay. Dr. Kewton searched in vain, jDrior to 1749, for any traces of such monuments in the church of Milton near Abingdon in Berkshire;^ nor has repeated search in all the extant records of the other and far more likely Great Milton in Oxfordshire recovered any traces of the Miltons supposed to have radiated thence.^ As the registers of Great Milton, how- 1 Newton's Milton, vol. i. p. 1 of " Life " of Milton." Later still we have the assiir- 2 '• In the Kegisters of Miltou," says Todd ance of Wood's editor, Rliss (Fasti 1. 4S0), that (Life, p. 2, note: edit, 1809), "as I have been he had himself in.'^pected the Kegister, but obligingly informed by letter from the Rev. "not found the name Milton, as a surname, Mr. Jones, there tire no entries of the name in any part of it." I may add that there arc ANCESTRY AND KINDRED. 9 ever, go back only to looO, and as Philips assigns the period of the Wars of the Roses (1455 — 1485) as that of a traditional change for the worse in the fortunes of the family, it might be that in ear- lier times still Miltons held lands in this locality. Even this Mr. Hunter is disposed to question, on the ground that there is no trace of such a family in more ancient documents, where, had they ex- isted, they would almost necessarily have been mentioned. In short, the conclusion is that there never was a race of persons in Oxfordshii-e answering exactly to the imposing idea called up by the phrase " Miltons of Milton," and that Philips's tradition of the ruin of the family by the "Wars of the Roses is but the repetition of a legend common to many families. Next to having come in with the Conqueror, the most approved certificate of respectability in the history of an English family is its having been ruined in the Wars of the Roses. Letting go the legendary Miltons of Milton, we do find persons named Milton liAdng, immediately before the Wars of the Roses, in Oxfordshire and the adjoining counties, who may have originally radiated from Great Milton, and who, with such i:)roperty as they had, did have to go througli the chances of the York and Lan- caster wars. In the twelfth year of the reign of Henry VI. (1433) a census was taken by appointed commissioners of all persons in the different counties of England that M^ere considei-ed of the rank of gentry. "The outward object was to enablQ.the king's 2)arty to administer an oath to thev gentry for the better keeping of the peace and observing the laws, though the principal reason was to detect and suppress such as favored the title of York then begin- ning to show itself."^ The returns then made are still extant, for all save ten counties.^ In some counties the Commissionei*s in- cluded in their lists persons of much meaner condition than in others, and so made their lists disprojDortionately large. The return for Oxfordshire is perhaps the largest and most indiscriminate of any. "The Commissioners in this county," says Fuller, "appear over-diligent in discharging their trust ; for, whereas those in other shires flitted only the cream of their gentry, it is suspicious that here they made use of much thin milk." Whether belonging to the cream or to the thin milk, one of the foiir hundred persons thereby several MSS. in the Ashmolean and British of these 3ISS. (Ashm. 8548) is of the date Museum, giving notes of old monuments and 1574. inscriptions in the churches of Oxfordshire, 1 Sim's Manual for the Genealogist, 1856, pp. that of Great Milton included, and that I 335-6. have found no reference in them to the Mil- 2 They are given in Fuller's Worthies, each ton monuments mentioned by Philips. One return under its proper county. 10 L I F £ 0 F J O H X :M I L T O N. returaed foi* Oxfordshire, is a Roger Milton, who was almost cer- tainly the same person as a Roger Milton, rejDorted by Mr. Hunter as having been four years later (1437), collector of the fifteenths and tenths for the county of Oxford.^ With the exception of a John Milton of Egham in Surrey, this Oxfordshu*e Milton is the only person of the surname 3Iilton returned in the census q/"1433 of the ichole gentry of England. But Cheshire and Somersetshire, where Miltons were to be expected, are among the counties for which there are no returas ; and Mr. Hunter finds a John de Milton in 1428 (possibly the same as the John Milton of Egham) holding the manor of Burnham in Bucks by the service of half a knight's fee.^ At least, there were two Miltons in all England living imme- diately before the "Wars of the Roses in such circumstances that they could be included among the minor gentry ; and both of these were in the circle of country M'hich may be called the Milton neigh- borhood— to wit, Oxfordshire and the adjacent counties, between Oxfordshire and London. After the "Wars of the Roses, Miltons in this neighborhood became more numerous. There was a "William Milton, an inhab- itant of the city of Oxford in 1523 ; there was a William Milton and also a Richard Milton in Berks in 1559 ; and these, as well as the more distant Miltons of Cheshire and Somersetshire, had their representatives in London, where, in the reign of Philip and Mary, a William Milton was collector of the customs,^ and where, during the reign of Elizabeth, the name Milton was not very uncommon. It is within this reign that we have to seek for traces of that partic- ular Milton who was the poet's grandfather, and who is said to have lived at Holt on. Holton or Halton is a small parish of about two hundred and fifty souls, wnth a village of the same name, about five miles east from Oxford, between which and it lies the tract of w^ooded land which formed the royal forest of Shotover {Chateau vert). It is in the Hundred of Bullington, and the nearest parishes and villages to it in that Hundred in a northwest direction are Forest Hill, Stanton St. John's, Beckley, and Elsfield. Forest Hill is about a mile and a lialf from Holton ; Stanton St. John's is about half a mile from For- est Hill ; Beckley and Elsfield are each about two miles from Stanton St. John's ; and all are within a radius of six miles from Oxford, and all on the borders of Shotover Forest. The next Hundred to Bullington is Thame, in which, at no great distance from any of the above places, is Great INIilton. A fiimily radiating from Great Mil- 1 Milton (jleaninj?^. p. 6. - Ibid. 3 Hunter: Milton 01or>niiip=, pp. 9, 10. ANCESTRY AND KIXDKED. 11 ton northwards would scatter itself first through the above-named callages and parishes of Bullington Hundred. The registers of Holton parish begin in 1633, and there is no notice in them, of any Milton having lived there since then.^ In no other known record, apart from Aubrey and Wood, is there any reference to a Milton as having ever lived there. But Mr. Hunter has discovered several Miitous living, in Elizabeth's reign, in the villages of Bullington Hundred immediately around Holton ; and he has also discovered one or two contemporary Miltons in Berks, who might conceivably be of the same kin. Here is a list of these, arranged, with explanations, from Mr. Hunter's notes : ^ 1. A Thomas ]Miltou who, in 1571, was a '' sworn Regarder and Preservator of all the Queen's Majesty's woods, within Battell's Bailiwick, parcel of the Park of Windsor," in Berks; and who, in 1576, had a grant of a tenement called La Rolfe, with two gardei: , in New Windsor. 2. A Nicholas Milton, " gentleman," who was living at Apple ton in Berks. a few miles to the south-west of Oxford, from 1589 to 1613, and who was a person of some condition, possessing lauds not only at Appleton but in other places. 3. A Rowland IMilton, " husbandman," at Beckley in Oxfordshire, (not four miles from Holton), who, in 1591, was fined for having cut down a cart-load of wood in " the Queen's wood called Lodge Coppice," without leave ; and who, five years before, had bought some ash-trees from the Regarders of Stowe-wood, which is close to Beckley. He was alive in 1599. 4. A Robert Milton of Elsfield (also about four miles from Holton), who about the same time received, along with others, a sum of forty shillings from the officers of Shotover Forest, " for hedging Beckley Coppice and for gates and iron-work." 5. A Richard Milton of Stanton St. John's (about two miles from Holton), respecting whom there are the following particulars: In the 19th of Elizabeth (1577) he was assessed to the subsidy of that year, as one of the inhabitants of Stanton, " being charged not on lands, but on goods only, as if he had no lands ; and the goods being assessed on an annual value of three pounds." As both lands and goods were assessed for the subsidies of that reign at sums im- mensely below their real value, the condition of a man charged at three pounds a year on goods was higher than might at first appear. At all events, as is proved by the Subsidy-Rolls, this Richard Milton of Stanton St. Johns was the only person of the name of Milton assessed on this occasion in all Oxfordshire. For many years afterwards, nothing is heard of him; but in 1601, a Richard IMilton of Stanton St. John's, then designated " yeoman," but to all appearance the same person, is found figuring in another set of Rolls — the so-called Recu- 1 Letter to me from the Rev. Thomas Tyndale, late Kector of Holton, and still residing- there with his son, the present Rector. 2 Hilton Gleanings, pp. 1 — 10. 12 LIli: OF JO MX MILTON. sant Eolls, now preserved among tbe records of the Exchequer, " in which are entered, year by year, accounts of the fines levied on those persons who had not acquiesced in the Reformation, for non-attendance at their parish-churches." "Each county," says ]Mr. Hunter, "is treated apart; and in tlie Rolls for Ox- fordshire of the 43rd of Elizabeth (1601) we find the name of Richard INIilton of Stanton St. John's, yeoman." He is fined £G0 for three months of non- attendance at his parish-church, reckoning from the 6th of December IGOO — this being in accordance with a law against Recusancy of the 23rd of Eliza- beth, which fixed the penalty for non-attendance on the established worship at £20 a month. The fine failed of the intended effect; for a second fine of £60 is imposed upon the same person for other three months of non-attendance, reckoning from the 13th of July, 1601, the culprit "neither having made sub- mission nor promised to be conformable, pursuant to the Act." As this Richard Milton is the only person of the name of Milton in all Oxfordshire that appears in the Subsidy Rolls of 1577, so he is the only person of (he name in all Oxford- shire that appears in these Recusant Rolls. Other persons in the same neighbor- hood were fined as obstinate Catholics ; but, so far as the record has yet shown, no other Milton. Not one of these Miltons, it will be observed, corresponds in all ])oints to the descrii:)tion of the poet's grandfatlier — the Milton of llolton, who was under-ranger of Shotovor Forest, and whose name was i^robably John. The Thomas Milton who stands first in the list, was indeed a "Regarder or Preservator" of one of the royal forests ; but it was of the Forest of Windsor in Berks, Tlie Beck- ley Milton and the Elsfield Milton were on the edge of Shotovei' ; but the one, instead of being a " regarder " of the forest, was pretty much the reverse, and, though the otlier helped to preserve the forest, it was not as one of the official " regarders," but as an artificer employed by them. Finally, respecting the Richard Milton of Stanton St. John's, who was still closer to the forest, there is no record of his having any official connection with it. Nevertheless, Mr. Hunter is disposed to believe that this last Milton — Richard Milton, of Stanton St. John's, yeoman — was the poet's grandfather. The coincidences in respect of time, locality, general jiosition in life, and, above all, of religious principle, are strong ; and the discrepancies are not irreconcilable. We do not positively know that Milton's grandfather's name was John ; it may have been Richard. We are told tliat Milton's grandfather lived at Holton, but we arc told so in sucli a manner as to leave it possible that Aubrey or Wood wrote Holton by inference. " Next town to Fosthill within half a mile [Holton]" is the description in the Au- brey pedigree, Avith the word " like " before " Holton " erased, as if Aubrey had only the position of the village indicated to him by his ANCESTRY AND K [ N D R K I) . 18 iiilbnuant, anJ Holton was au afterthought ; and in reahty Stanton Sf. John's answers the description more exactly, being the next village to Forest Hill, and but about half a mile from it, whei-eas Holton is a mile and a half. Besides, the Milton of Stanton St. John's may also have lived at Holton ; and he may, for aught we knoWj at some time between 1577 and 1601 (and that the very time when he found it convenient to live at Holton), have been under- ranger of Shotover Forest. Of this there is no evidence ; but neither is there any evidence of any other Milton having at that time any such post. " Much as I have seen," says Mr. Hunter, " of documentary evidence relating to Shotover at that period, such as presentments and accounts — which are the kind of documents in Avhich we might expect to find the name — I have seen no mention of any Milton having held any office in the forest, but only" (as in the cases of the Beckley and Elsfield Miltons) " having transactions Avith those who did hold such offices." Moreover, on the supposi- tion of the existence of a John Milton of Holton, a contemi^orary of Richard Milton and his co-religionist, we are driven to the extremity of fancying that he was so circumstanced in worldly respects that, in 1577, when his neighbor and namesake was assessed for the subsidy of that year, he escaped it altogether, and also that, if he was alive in 1601, he was then again so circum- stanced that, while the same neighbor and namesake fell under the penalties of recusancy, he, though equally recusant in jDrinciple, and living biit a few fields olF, escaped all trouble on that account. If Mr. Hunter's Richard Milton of Stanton St. John's loas the grandfather of the jDoet, I am able to go a generation farther back in the j^edigree and ^^I'oduce the jiot-t's great-grandfather. Tlie following is the copy of a will which I have found in the Bishop's Registry at Oxford : "In the name of God, Amen : the 21st day of November Anno D" 1558, I Henri Mylton of Stanton-St. John's, sick of body but perfect of mind, do make my last will and testament in manner and form following : First I bequeathe my soul to God, to our Lady Saint Mary, and to all the holy company of heaven, and my body to be buried in the churchyard of Stanton : I ^ive to Isa- bell my daughter a bullock and half a quarter of barley, and Richard my son shall keep the said bullock until he be three years old : Item, I give to Rowland ]\Iylton and Alice Mylton, each of them, half a quarter of bai-ley : I give to Agnes Mylton my wife a gelding, a grey mare and two kye, and all my house- hold stuff, whom I make my executrix." The Richard Milton of this document (which is proved the March following) is clearly ]Mr, Hunter's Richard Milton. As 14 LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. nothing is left to him but the charge of keeping the bullock for his sister Isabel, it is probable that he was already a sufficient husbandman on his own account. Rowland Milton may be Mr. Hunter's subsequent Rowland Milton of Beckley, who was fined for cutting wood without leave. He was probably a younger brother of Richard, and Alice was probably a younger sister. Within the next two years there must have been changes in the family by death and marriage ; for I have found also the will of Agnes Milton, the widow of Henry, dated March 9, 1560-1, and proved January 14, 1.3G1-2. Bequeathing her soul " to Almighty God and to all the celestial company of heaven," and her body " to be buried in the churchyard of Stanton at the belfry end," she appoints as her executors and chief heirs, her " son Richard " and her "daughter Elizabeth." To Richard she leaves specifically a quantity of barley which he owes her, and some farther debts, also some articles of household furniture, including " two candlesticks;" to Elizabeth she leaves specifically "two kye," some wearing apparel and uapery, some " platters and sawters, a bason, three pans, a bot- tle," etc. ; and all the rest of her goods, both movable and unmov- able, after her debts are paid, she leaves to the said Richard and Elizabeth jointly, with the exception of a Uttle barley to her " son William Howse." I infer that Howse had married the Isabel or the Alice of the former will, and that Elizabeth, the new " daughter," was Richard's wife.^ In the above, it will be seen, there is some additional ground for supposing Mr. Hunter's Richard Milton of Stanton St. John's to be the poet's grandfather. His father, Henry Milton, and his mother, Agnes Milton, both die Catholics, after the Protestant reign of Elizabeth had begun. The fact that there is no mention of a John in the family also takes away a suj^position for which otherwise there might have been room — to wit, that Mr. Hunter's Richard Milton had a brother John of Holton. We will not say that after all a John may not emerge ; but there is ceit.inly a strong case for Richard. John or Richard, the poet's grandfather, according to our inter- pretation of x\ubrey's account, married the widow of a Jeffiey, whose paternal name was Haughton. For such a wife he would not have had fin- to go. In the same Registry Avith the former wills, I have found the will, proved March, 1595, of a "John Jef- frey, of Halton, in com. Oxon. husbandman," who appoints his wife, 1 As I find the uaine Elizabeth written nal — in which case the supposition iu the twice in my iioti's in a contracted form, I will text is unnecessary, not sav but it mav be '• Isabell " in the origi- ANCESTRY AND K I N D U !•: D . 15 Elizabeth JeftVey, liis sole executrix, and bequeathes the bulk of his goods after her decease to his son, Christo2:)her Jeffrey, burdened with small money-legacies to a Henry Jeffrey, a Barnaby Bj-xd, and also to a Margaret Jeffrey, styled " kinswoman " of the deceased. From the locality and the occun-ence of the name Christopher (which is a name in the poet's family) I am inclined to believe that it was among the previous generation of these Jeffreys of Ilolton that the poet's grandfather found his wife, about 1560. If he Avas of Holton, the Jeffreys were probably then his next-door neighbors ; if he was Richard of Stanton St. John's, it may have been but a lover's walk of two miles over the fields to find the widow "Eliza- beth." Nay, being himself of Stanton St. John's, might not this marriage give hira a connection thereafter with Holton ? Even in the required Haughton connection there would be no difficulty. Hauo-hton or Ploughton was, indeed, a name of great pretension — almost all who bore it being fond of ti'acing themselves, if by any ingenuity they could, to the ancient stem of the Haughtons of Haughton Tower, in Lancashire, the representative of which, from 1502 to 1558, was Sir Richard Haughton, and from 1558 to 1580, his son Thomas, who rebuilt Haughton Tower.^ But, whether con- nected really with this family or not, there were, in the sixteenth century, Haughtons in very diffei'ent grades of English society, for scattered away from the supposed tower of their origin, and if they had any knowledge of its existence, only imagining it respectfully through the haze. Besides Haughtons in Lancashire, Haughtons in Cheshire, Haughtons in Sussex, and Haughtons in London, all of some' consequence, there were Haughtons in Oxfordshire, not now heard of in the heralds' books. In 1587, there died at Netherwor- ton, near Deddington, in the north of Oxfordshire, about sixteen miles from Holton, a Thomas Haughton, who was a man of sub- stance, and left, besides goods and leases of lands to his children, Thomas and Ellen, small bequests for bread to the poor and for repairing a bridge.^ There'was another family of Haughtons living in 1571, at Goddington, in the same county, near Bicester, in the Hundi-ed of Ploughley, and not many miles from Holton and Stanton St. John's. In that year there died there an Edmund Haughton, who, besides small bequests to the mother-church in Oxford, and to the poor in Goddington, left £5 each in money to his daughters, Jane and Isabel, and his son, Henry ; twenty shillings in money and " a pair of bellows " and other implements to his son Edward, and all the rest of his gear to his son Nicholas.' The 1 Collins's Baronetage (1741 ). 1. pp. 15—22. 2 Will ill Bisliop's Kegi^tl•^, Oxford. 3 Will ibidem. 16 LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. explanation of "the pair of bellows" is that the deceased was a smith, and that Edward was to continue the business. The general result of these researches is that, whatever may be the reserved jjossibility of remote ancestors who were hohlers of land in Oxfordshire before the Wars of the Roses, the Miltons from whom the jDoet's father came immediately Avere persons of that name, having no lands of their own, but nestling, more or less sub- stantially, as husbandmen and handicraftsmen, in a set of small vil- lages a few miles to the east of Oxford,^ and intermarried there with the daughters of their neighbors ; some of them with the daughters of husbandmen and handicraftsmen, but others perhaps with the daughters of persons sufficiently above that rank to have or to pretend to arms. Of the particular Milton Avho was the gi*and- fiither of the poet, it seems certain that, whether John or Richard, whether of Holton or Stanton St. John's, he strode about among his kin in that part of Oxfordshire, distinctly the most substantial man of them all, better off in worldly respects and of a higher calling than the Miltons of the neighboring villages, and also, if we may judge from his career, the sternest and most independent of the family in doing Avhat he thought right. His marriage with the widow Jeffi-ey, who had been a Haughton, may have been one of his distinctions, and he may have counted kin, too, with the con- temporary Miltons of Berkshire, — one an officer in a royal forest like himself, and the other a " gentleman " by designation. At what time there was born to the substantial Catholic yeoman of Oxfordshire and his wife, the son who was to grieve them by turning Protestant, and who Avas to be the father of the poet, can be approximately guessed. The poet's father died in March, 1646-7 ; and, as Aubrey states, as if on sure information, " that he read with- out spectacles at eighty-four," he cannot have been born later than 1563, or the fifth year of Elizabeth — the very time, it may be remarked, Avhen, if a former surmise is correct, the Milton of Stan- ton St. John's might be expected to have a son. If bom in 1562 or 1563, the poet's father would be all but exactly a coeval of Shak- speare, who was born in 1564. His course of life, however, was much more deliberate than that of liis gr^at contempoi'ary. Assum- ing that lie was for a time at Christ Church, Oxford, (which we need not doubt, although no confirmation of Aubrey's statement to that effect has yet been found,) and that it was during this period that 1 Besides the Miltons mentioned, I have 1602, and a Robert Milton "tailor," of Wes- found a John Milton, "fislierman," of Cul- ton, about six miles north of Stanton St. ham, about six miles south of Oxford, who John's, who died in 1610. died, apparently young and unmarried, in ANCKSTUY AND Iv I X D U K D . 17 he changed his religion, and ^a'ms cast olf by his father, we may fix the interval between 1585 and 1590 as the probable time of liis arrival in London. Received there into the office of some friend or relative, who was a scrivener, he qualifies himself, on easier terms than usual, for that profession ; and some years before the deatli of Elizabeth he is in business on his own account. Scriveners, as the name implies, were originally penmen of all kinds of writings, — literary manuscripts as well as charters and law-documents. Chaucer has an epigram in which he blames his '• scrivener," Adam, for negligent Avorkmanship. In process of time, however, and especially after the invention of printing, the business of the scrivener had become very much that of a modern attorney, or of an attorney in conjunction with a law-stationer. Scriveners " drew up ^dlls, leases, and such other assurances, as it required but little skill in law to prepare."^ In Middleton's "Michaelmas Tenn " (1607), Dustbox, a scrivener, comes in with a bond drawn, to see it executed between Mr. Easy and Quomodo, a rascally avooI- len-draper;^ and in the "Taming of the Shrew," a boy is sent for the scrivener to draw up a marriage-settlement : "We'll pass the business privately and well. Send for your daughter b}- yonr servant here : M)' boy shall fetch the scrivener presently." We have also had specimens of tlic scrivener's business in the \\vo transactions in which the scrivener Milton was engaged in 1()03, between tlie merchant Sanderson and tlie goldsmith Sparrow-. Tlie following form of oath, however, required of every freeman of the Scriveners' Company, will give the best idea of the nature of tlic profession in the reigns of Elizabeth and James : " I, N. D., do swear upon the Holy Evangelists, to be true and faithful unto our sovereign lord the King, his heirs and successors, kings and queens of Eng- land, and to be true and just in mine office and service, and to do my diligence that all the deeds which I shall make to be sealed shall be well and truly done after mv learning, skill, and science, and shall be duly and advisedly read over and examined before the sealing of the same ; and especially I shall not write nor suffer to be written by any of mine, to my power or knowledge, any deed or writing wherein any deceit or falsehood shall be conceived, or In my con- science subscribe to lie, nor any deed bearing any date of long time past before the sealing thereof, nor bearing any date of any time to come. Neither shall I testify, nor suffer any of mine to testify, to ni}' power, or knowledge, any blank 1 Hawkins's History of Music, III. 367. 2 Dyces Middleton, I. 457. 3 18 LIFK OF John .M[I.T0X. charter, or deed sealed liotbro tlio full writiiii; tlicrcof ; and neither for haste nor covetousness I shall take upon me to make any deed, touching inheritance of lands or estate for life or years, whereof I have not cunning, without good ad- vice and information of counsel. And all the good rules and ordinances of the Society of Scriveners of the City of London I shall well and truly keep and ob- serve to my power, so far as God shall give me grace : so help me God and the holy contents of this book."^ This oath was sanctioned by Lord Chancellor Bacon and the two Chief Justices in 1G18, when the regulations of the Scriveners' Company Avere revised by them. But the oath, or a similar one, had long been in use; and the scriveners, though not formally incorporated till 1616, had for a century or more been recognized as one of the established city companies, governed, like the rest, by a master, wardens, and other office-bearers, and entitled to appear at the city-feasts and ceremonies.^ They were a pretty numerous body. Though liable to be " sent for," as in the " Taming of the Shrew," much of their business was carried on in their own "shops," the furniture of which was much the same as that of modern lawyers' offices — a pew or chief desk for the master, infe- rior desks for the apprentices, pigeon-holes and draAvers for papers and parchments, and seats for customers when tliey called. A scriv- ener who had money could find good opportunities for lending it at a profit. Being "a man of tlie utmost integrity" {viro integerrimo), as his son- takes pride in saying,^ and consjiicuous also, as his grandson Philips informs us, for " industry and prudent conduct of his affiiirs," the scrivener Milton prospered rapidly. In tlie end, says Aubrey, he had a "plentifid estate," and was possessor not only of the Spread-Eagle in Bread-street, but also of " another house in that street, called the Rose, and other houses in other j^laces." The Rose may have been his place of business in Bread-street before his removal to the S])read-Eagle. Before that removal — apparently in the year 1 600, and when, if our calculation is correct, he was about thirty-seven years of age, — he had married. His wife's Christian name Avas Sarah ; but respect- ing her surname there is some uncertainty. Here are the data whence a conclusion on the point must be di'awn : 1. In the parish registers of Allhallows, Bread-street, there is this entry: " The 22d day of Februar}', A" 1610, -was buried in this parish Mrs. Ellen Jeff- 1 " Sundry papers relatinglothe company 2 Stow's London, edit. 1603, p. 541. ff Scriveners:" Harl. 5IS. 2295. 3 Defensio Secunda: Work.s, VI. 286. A N C E 8 T R Y A X D K I X D R ]•: D . 1 ', I ervs, the niotlier of Mr. John Myltou's wile, of this parish."' ' The Spread- Eagle is in AUhallows parish ; and tlie probability is that, at the time of the olil ladv's death, which occurred when her grandson the poet was a child of two years, she was residing as a widow with her daughter and son-in-law. Had tliis been the sole authority, we should at once have concluded that the maiden name of Milton's mother was Jefferys. 2. Aubrey, in the text of his MS., distinctly writes, " His mother was a Brad- shaw," inserting the words with an appended sketch of arms, (argent, two bendlets sable), as a bit of information procured by recent inquiry; and in the pedigree at the end, he repeats the same thing more distinctly by introducing the name in full, " Sarah Bradshaw," accompanied by another sketch of the same arms of Bi-adshaw (see facsimile, p. 6.) Wood adopts this account, and says, "His mother Sarah was of the ancient family of the Bradshaws." 3. Philips has a different account. He speaks of Milton's mother (his own grandmother) as " Sai*ah, of the family of the Castons, derived originally from Wales." 4. The antiquary Peck, in his Memoirs of Milton, published in 1740, ques- tions the statements both of Wood and Philips : " I have great reason," he says, " to believe both these gentlemen under a mistake. Mr. Milton's mother, I am informed, was a Haughton, of Haughton Tower, Lancashire, as appears l)y the arms of his father and mother, in jiale upon a board, a quarter of a yard square, some time since in possession of his widow — where under his father's arms is wrote ' jVIilton in com. Oxon.' and under his mother's ' Haughton of Haughton Tower in com. Lane' " Peck gives as his authority for this state- ment, " A letter of Roger Comberbach of Chester, Esq. to William Cowper, Esq. Clerk of the Parliament, dated loth December, 1736."^ The last of those accounts may be disposed of first. Peck was so foolish a person in the main that very naturally little attention has hitherto been paid to his statement. Yet it is given bo>td fide. Roger Comberbach was Roger Comberbach the younger, son of an elder of that name, Avho was born in 1666, and became recorder of Chester and author of some legal works. Both father and son were interested in the antiquities of Cheshire, and both knew Nantwich "vvell, where the elder had been born.^ Milton's widow died at Xantwich in 1727, and might have been known to both. If she had a coat of arms that had belonged to her late husband, they were likely to examine it. But she did have such a coat of arins. " Mr. Milton's pictures and coat of amis" is one of the entries in the inventory of her effects at her death.* Some such board as Peck 1 Quoted (but with a misprint of the date) Works of Mr. John Milton, etc., by Francis ia a pedigree of Milton by Sir Charles Young, Peck, M. A. 1740, p. 1. (iarter King, prefixed to Mr. Mitford's edi- 3 Ormerod's Cheshire, and Comberbach tion of Miltoirs Works. pedigree in Harl. MS. 2153, t 141. 4 Inventory published by J. F. Marsh, Esq., i Now Memoirs of the Life and Poetical ISiiS (see previous note, page .S). 20 LIFK OF JOHN MILTON. |
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Por cada uno de los lotes resultantes de la división, el importador mencionado en la casilla n.o 11 del certificado de control presentará un extracto de este último a través de TRACES a la autoridad competente del Estado miembro, con arreglo al modelo y a las notas que figuran en el anexo VI. Tras la comprobación del lote, la autoridad competente del Estado miembro visará el extracto del certificado de control en la casilla n.o 13, con vistas al despacho a libre práctica. La autoridad competente del Estado miembro en el que se haya despachado el lote a libre práctica en la Unión será la encargada de comprobar dicho lote, así como de visar el extracto del certificado de control.
▼B
Una copia de cada extracto visado del certificado de control, junto con el certificado de control original, quedará en poder de la persona identificada como importador original de la remesa, mencionado en la casilla no 11 del certificado de control. En la citada copia deberá constar de forma impresa o mediante estampillado la mención «COPIA» o «DUPLICADO».
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El destinatario de un lote, tan pronto como reciba el mismo, deberá cumplimentar la casilla n.o 14 del original del extracto del certificado de control, al objeto de certificar que la recepción del lote se ha llevado a cabo con arreglo a lo previsto en el artículo 34 del Reglamento (CE) n.o 889/2008
▼B
El destinatario de un lote deberá conservar el citado extracto a disposición de los organismos y autoridades de control durante un período mínimo de dos años.
3. Las operaciones de elaboración y división a que se hace referencia en los apartados 1 y 2 se llevarán a cabo de conformidad con las disposiciones pertinentes establecidas en el título V del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 y en el título IV del Reglamento (CE) no 889/2008.
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Artículo 15
Productos que no cumplen los requisitos
1. Sin perjuicio de las posibles medidas o actuaciones emprendidas con arreglo al artículo 30 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 y/o al Reglamento (CE) no 889/2008, el despacho a libre práctica en la Unión de productos que no cumplan lo dispuesto en el Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 quedará supeditado a que se elimine del etiquetado, de la publicidad y de los documentos anejos la referencia al método de producción ecológica.
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Cuando en la comprobación de una remesa por parte de la autoridad competente del Estado miembro se detecte un incumplimiento o irregularidad que suponga la denegación del visado del certificado de control o del despacho a libre práctica de los productos, dicha autoridad notificará sin demora el incumplimiento o irregularidad a la Comisión y el resto de Estados miembros a través de TRACES.
Los Estados miembros garantizarán la coordinación eficaz y eficiente entre las autoridades competentes que realicen los controles, con vistas a intercambiar sin demora la información sobre la detección de remesas de productos incluidos en el artículo 1, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 834/2007 que incluyan referencias a métodos ecológicos de producción pero que no se hayan declarado como destinados a la importación de conformidad con el mismo Reglamento. La autoridad competente del Estado miembro informará sin demora a la Comisión y los demás Estados miembros de tales descubrimientos mediante TRACES.
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2.
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Sin perjuicio de las posibles medidas o actuaciones que deban emprenderse con arreglo al artículo 30 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007, en caso de sospecha de infracciones e irregularidades en lo que atañe al cumplimiento de los productos ecológicos importados de terceros países reconocidos de conformidad con el artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 o de los productos ecológicos importados bajo el control de autoridades u organismos de control reconocidos de conformidad con el artículo 33, apartado 3, de dicho Reglamento con los requisitos establecidos en ese mismo Reglamento, el importador tomará todas las medidas necesarias de conformidad con el artículo 91, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) no 889/2008. ◄
El importador y la autoridad u organismo de control que haya expedido el certificado de inspección contemplado en el artículo 13 del presente Reglamento informarán inmediatamente a los organismos de control, a las autoridades de control y a las autoridades competentes de los Estados miembros de que se trate y de los terceros países implicados en la producción ecológica de los productos en cuestión y, en su caso, a la Comisión. La autoridad u organismo de control podrá exigir que el producto no sea comercializado con indicaciones que se refieran al método de producción ecológico hasta que la información obtenida del operador o de otras fuentes le haya convencido de que la duda ha sido disipada.
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3. Sin perjuicio de las posibles medidas o actuaciones que deban emprenderse con arreglo al artículo 30 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007, si una autoridad u organismo de control de un Estado miembro o de un tercer país tiene sospechas fundadas de infracciones o irregularidades en lo que atañe al cumplimiento de los productos ecológicos importados de terceros países reconocidos de conformidad con el artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 o de los productos ecológicos importados bajo el control de autoridades u organismos de control reconocidos de conformidad con el artículo 33, apartado 3, de dicho Reglamento de los requisitos establecidos en ese mismo Reglamento, adoptará todas las medidas necesarias, de conformidad con el artículo 91, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) no 889/2008, e informará inmediatamente a los organismos de control, a las autoridades de control, a las autoridades competentes de los Estados miembros interesados y de los terceros países implicados en la producción ecológica de los productos en cuestión y a la Comisión.
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4. Cuando una autoridad competente de un tercer país reconocido con arreglo al artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 o una autoridad u organismo de control reconocido con arreglo al artículo 33, apartado 3, de dicho Reglamento reciba una notificación de la Comisión, tras haber recibido esta una comunicación de un Estado miembro informando de sospechas fundadas de infracciones o irregularidades en lo que atañe al cumplimiento de los productos ecológicos importados de los requisitos establecidos en dicho Reglamento o en el presente Reglamento, deberá investigar el origen de la presunta irregularidad o infracción e informar a la Comisión y al Estado miembro que haya enviado la comunicación inicial del resultado de la investigación y de las actuaciones emprendidas. Dicha información deberá enviarse en un plazo de treinta días naturales a partir de la fecha en la que la Comisión envíe la notificación original.
El Estado miembro que haya enviado la comunicación inicial podrá pedir a la Comisión que solicite información adicional, en caso necesario, que se enviará a la Comisión y al Estado miembro. En cualquier caso, tras recibir una respuesta o información adicional, el Estado miembro que haya enviado la comunicación inicial incluirá en el sistema informático las anotaciones y actualizaciones pertinentes contempladas en el artículo 94, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) no 889/2008.
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5. El importador, el primer destinatario o su autoridad u organismo de control enviará la información sobre incumplimientos o irregularidades relativos a los productos importados a las autoridades competentes de los Estados miembros correspondientes, a través del sistema informático al que se hace referencia en el artículo 94, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 889/2008 mediante TRACES.
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TÍTULO IV
DISPOSICIONES COMUNES
Artículo 16
Evaluación de las solicitudes y publicación de las listas
1. La Comisión examinará las solicitudes recibidas de conformidad con los artículos 4, 8 y 11 con la asistencia del Comité sobre producción ecológica a que se hace referencia en el artículo 37, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 (denominado en lo sucesivo «el Comité»). A tal fin, el Comité adoptará un reglamento interno específico.
La Comisión creará un grupo de expertos gubernamentales y privados para que la asistan en las labores de examen de las solicitudes y gestión y revisión de las listas.
2. Con respecto a cada solicitud recibida y tras la oportuna consulta de los Estados miembros de conformidad con el reglamento interno específico, la Comisión designará a dos Estados miembros para que actúen en calidad de coponentes. La Comisión dividirá las solicitudes entre los Estados miembros proporcionalmente al número de votos de cada uno de ellos en el Comité sobre producción ecológica. Los Estados miembros que actúen como coponentes examinarán la documentación e información relativas a las solicitudes establecidas en los artículos 4, 8 y 11, y elaborarán un informe. A efectos de gestión y revisión de las listas, también examinarán los informes anuales y cualquier otra información a que se hace referencia en los artículos 5, 9 y 12 relacionada con los datos que figuran en las listas.
3. Habida cuenta del resultado del examen que lleven a cabo los Estados miembros coponentes, la Comisión decidirá, de conformidad con el procedimiento a que se hace referencia en el artículo 37, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007, sobre el reconocimiento de los terceros países, de los organismos o autoridades de control, su inclusión en las listas o cualquier modificación de estas, incluida la asignación de un número de código a los citados organismos o autoridades. Las decisiones se publicarán en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea.
4. La Comisión hará públicas las listas mediante cualquier medio técnico adecuado, incluida la publicación en Internet.
Artículo 17
Notificaciones
1. Al enviar a la Comisión o a los Estados miembros los documentos u otra información a que se hace referencia en los artículos 32 y 33 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 y en el presente Reglamento, las autoridades competentes de los terceros países y las autoridades u organismos de control emplearán medios electrónicos. Si la Comisión o los Estados miembros ponen a su disposición sistemas de transmisión electrónica específicos, deberán utilizar tales sistemas. La Comisión y los Estados miembros también los utilizarán para remitirse los documentos de que se trate.
2. En relación con la forma y el contenido de los documentos e información a que se hace referencia en los artículos 32 y 33 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 y en el presente Reglamento, la Comisión elaborará directrices, modelos y cuestionarios cuando proceda y los pondrá a disposición en el sistema informático a que se hace referencia en el apartado 1 del presente artículo. La Comisión adaptará y actualizará estas directrices, modelos y cuestionarios, tras haber informado de ello a los Estados miembros y a las autoridades competentes de los terceros países, así como a las autoridades y organismos de control reconocidos de conformidad con el presente Reglamento.
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3. El sistema informático previsto en el apartado 1 deberá poder recopilar las solicitudes, los documentos y la información mencionados en el presente Reglamento según corresponda.
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4. Las autoridades competentes de los terceros países y las autoridades u organismos de control conservarán a disposición de la Comisión y los Estados miembros los documentos justificativos a que se hace referencia en los artículos 32 y 33 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 y en el presente Reglamento, en particular en los artículos 4, 8 y 11, durante al menos los tres años siguientes al año en que se hayan practicado los controles o se hayan expedido los certificados de control y documentos justificativos.
5. Cuando un documento o un procedimiento de los previstos en los artículos 32 y 33 del Reglamento (CE) no 834/2007 o en sus disposiciones de aplicación requiera la firma de una persona habilitada o la aprobación de una persona en una o varias etapas de dicho procedimiento, los sistemas informáticos creados para la notificación de dichos documentos habrán de permitir que cada persona aparezca identificada de forma clara e inequívoca y ofrecer garantías suficientes de inalterabilidad del contenido de los documentos, inclusive por lo que se refiere a las etapas del procedimiento, de conformidad con la normativa comunitaria, y en particular con la Decisión 2004/563/CE, Euratom de la Comisión.
TÍTULO V
DISPOSICIONES FINALES Y TRANSITORIAS
Artículo 18
Disposiciones transitorias sobre la lista de terceros países
Las solicitudes de inclusión de terceros países presentadas de conformidad con el artículo 2 del Reglamento (CE) no 345/2008 antes del 1 de enero de 2009 se tratarán como solicitudes en virtud del artículo 8 del presente Reglamento.
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La primera lista de países reconocidos incluirá a Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, la India, Israel (
8
), Nueva Zelanda y Suiza. No contendrá los números de código a que se hace referencia en el artículo 7, apartado 2, letra f), del presente Reglamento. Dichos números de código se añadirán antes del 1 de julio de 2010 mediante una actualización de la lista de conformidad con el artículo 17, apartado 2.
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Artículo 19 bis
Normas transitorias para el uso de certificados de control que no se expidan en TRACES
Hasta el 19 de octubre de 2017 los certificados de control mencionados en el artículo 13, apartado 1, letra a), y los extractos correspondientes mencionados en el artículo 14, apartado 2, se podrán expedir y visar con arreglo al artículo 13, apartados 3 a 7, sin utilizar TRACES, de conformidad con el artículo 13 bis, apartados 1, 2 y 3, y sobre la base de los modelos y las notas establecidos en los anexos V o VI.
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Artículo 20
Derogación
Quedan derogados los Reglamentos (CE) no 345/2008 y (CE) no 605/2008.
Las referencias a los Reglamentos derogados se considerarán hechas al presente Reglamento y se leerán de acuerdo con la tabla de correspondencias que figura en el anexo VII.
Artículo 21
Entrada en vigor
El presente Reglamento entrará en vigor el séptimo día siguiente al de su publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea.
Será aplicable a partir del 1 de enero de 2009.
El presente Reglamento será obligatorio en todos sus elementos y directamente aplicable en cada Estado miembro.
ANEXO I
LISTA DE ORGANISMOS Y AUTORIDADES DE CONTROL DEL CUMPLIMIENTO E INFORMACIÓN PERTINENTE A QUE SE HACE REFERENCIA EN EL ARTÍCULO 3
ANEXO II
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ANEXO III
LISTA DE TERCEROS PAÍSES E INFORMACIÓN PERTINENTE A QUE HACE REFERENCIA EL ARTÍCULO 7
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Nota: De acuerdo con el artículo 17, apartado 1, letra f), del Reglamento (CE) n.o 834/2007, los animales y los productos animales producidos durante el período de conversión no podrán ser puestos a la venta con las indicaciones a que se refieren los artículos 23 y 24 del mismo Reglamento utilizadas en el etiquetado y la publicidad de los productos. Por lo tanto, dichos productos quedan también excluidos de los reconocimientos en lo que respecta las categorías de productos B y D de todos los terceros países enumerados en el presente anexo.
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ARGENTINA
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Animales vivos o productos animales sin transformar
B
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Con excepción de los animales y productos animales que lleven o vayan a llevar menciones relativas a la conversión ◄
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
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Con excepción de los productos animales que lleven o vayan a llevar menciones relativas a la conversión ◄
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
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2.
Origen : productos de las categorías A, B y F producidos en Argentina y productos de la categoría D transformados en Argentina con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país.
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3.
Normas de producción : Ley 25 127 sobre «Producción ecológica, biológica y orgánica».
4.
Autoridad competente : Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA, www.senasa.gov.ar
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
AR-BIO-001
Food Safety SA
www.foodsafety.com.ar
AR-BIO-002
Instituto Argentino para la Certificación y Promoción de Productos Agropecuarios Orgánicos SA (Argencert)
www.argencert.com
AR-BIO-003
Letis SA
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www.letis.org ◄
AR-BIO-004
Organización Internacional Agropecuaria (OIA)
www.oia.com.ar
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
AUSTRALIA
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
Compuestos esencialmente de uno o varios ingredientes de origen vegetal
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
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2.
Origen : productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Australia y productos de la categoría D transformados en Australia con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país.
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3.
Normas de producción : National standard for organic and bio-dynamic produce.
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4.
Autoridad competente : Department of Agriculture and Water Resources,
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http://www.agriculture.gov.au/
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5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
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AU-BIO-001
ACO Certification Ltd
www.aco.net.au
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AU-BIO-003
Bio-dynamic Research Institute (BDRI)
www.demeter.org.au
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AU-BIO-004
NASAA Certified Organic
www.nasaa.com.au
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AU-BIO-005
Organic Food Chain Pty Ltd (OFC)
www.organicfoodchain.com.au
AU-BIO-006
AUS-QUAL Pty Ltd
www.ausqual.com.au
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
CANADÁ
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Animales vivos o productos animales sin transformar
B
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana
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◄
D
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación animal
E
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
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2.
Origen : Productos de las categorías A, B y F producidos en Canadá y productos de las categorías D y E transformados en Canadá con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente que hayan sido producidos en Canadá o importados en Canadá de conformidad con la legislación canadiense.
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3.
Normas de producción : Organic Products Regulation.
4.
Autoridad competente : Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), www.inspection.gc.ca
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
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CA-ORG-002
British Columbia Association for Regenerative Agriculture (BCARA)
www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca
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CA-ORG-003
CCOF Certification Services
www.ccof.org
CA-ORG-004
Centre for Systems Integration (CSI)
www.csi-ics.com
CA-ORG-005
Consorzio per il Controllo dei Prodotti Biologici Società a responsabilità limitata (CCPB SRL)
www.ccpb.it
CA-ORG-006
Ecocert Canadá
www.ecocertcanada.com
CA-ORG-007
Fraser Valley Organic Producers Association (FVOPA)
www.fvopa.ca
CA-ORG-008
Global Organic Alliance
www.goa-online.org
CA-ORG-009
International Certification Services Incorporated (ICS)
www.ics-intl.com
CA-ORG-010
LETIS SA
www.letis.com.ar
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CA-ORG-011
Oregon Tilth Incorporated (OTCO)
http://www.tilth.org
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CA-ORG-013
Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA)
www.ocia.org
CA-ORG-014
Organic Producers Association of Manitoba Cooperative Incorporated (OPAM)
www.opam-mb.com
CA-ORG-015
Pacific Agricultural Certification Society (PACS)
www.pacscertifiedorganic.ca
CA-ORG-016
Pro-Cert Organic Systems Ltd (Pro-Cert)
www.ocpro.ca
CA-ORG-017
Quality Assurance International Incorporated (QAI)
www.qai-inc.com
CA-ORG-018
Quality Certification Services (QCS)
www.qcsinfo.org
CA-ORG-019
Organisme de Certification Québec Vrai (OCQV)
www.quebecvrai.org
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CA-ORG-021
TransCanada Organic Certification Services (TCO Cert)
http://www.tcocert.ca/contacts/
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6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
▼M15
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
▼M31
CHILE
1. Categorías de productos:
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Únicamente los productos incluidos en el Acuerdo
Miel
Únicamente los productos incluidos en el Acuerdo
Productos vegetales transformados destinados a la alimentación humana
D
Únicamente los productos incluidos en el Acuerdo
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
Únicamente los productos incluidos en el Acuerdo
2.
Origen: ingredientes orgánicos/ecológicos de los productos de las categorías A y D que hayan sido cultivados en Chile o importados en Chile:
—
desde la Unión
—
o desde un tercer país según un régimen reconocido como equivalente por la Unión de conformidad con el artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 834/2007.
3.
Normas de producción: Ley n.o 20.089, de 17 de enero de 2006, que crea el Sistema Nacional de Certificación de Productos Orgánicos Agrícolas.
4.
Autoridad competente: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), Ministerio de Agricultura: http://www.sag.cl/ambitos-de-accion/certificacion-de-productos-organicos
5. Organismos de control:
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
CL-BIO-001
Ecocert Chile S. A.
www.ecocert.cl
▼M33 —————
▼M31
CL-BIO-005
CERES. Certification of Environmental Standards GmbH
http://www.ceres-cert.com/
▼M33
CL-BIO-010
BIO CERTIFICADORA SERVICIOS LIMITADA O BIOAUDITA
https://www.bioaudita.cl
▼M31
6.
Organismos y autoridades de certificación: como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión: hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020.
▼M7
COSTA RICA
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
►M25
Únicamente productos de origen vegetal transformados ◄
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
▼M25
2.
Origen : productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Costa Rica y productos de la categoría D transformados en Costa Rica con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país.
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : Reglamento sobre la agricultura orgánica.
▼M11
4.
Autoridad competente : Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, www.sfe.go.cr.
▼M7
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
▼M30 —————
▼M30
CR-BIO-002
Kiwa BCS Costa Rica Limitada
www.kiwa.lat
▼M7
CR-BIO-003
Eco-LOGICA
www.eco-logica.com
▼M30
CR-BIO-004
Control Union Perú
www.cuperu.com
CR-BIO-006
PrimusLabs.com CR SA.
www.primusauditingops.com
▼M31
CR-BIO-007
Primus Auditing Operations de Costa Rica S. A.
www.primusauditingops.com
▼M30
6.
Organismos de certificación : como en el punto 5.
▼M7
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
▼M9
INDIA
1.
Categorías de productos :
▼M25 —————
▼M9
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
2.
Origen : productos de las categorías A y F producidos en la India.
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : National Programme for Organic Production.
▼M32
4.
Autoridad competente : Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority APEDA, http://www.apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/index.asp.
▼M7
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
IN-ORG-001
Aditi Organic Certifications Pvt. Ltd
www.aditicert.net
IN-ORG-002
APOF Organic Certification Agency (AOCA)
www.aoca.in
IN-ORG-003
Bureau Veritas Certification India Pvt. Ltd
www.bureauveritas.co.in
IN-ORG-004
Control Union Certifications
www.controlunion.com
IN-ORG-005
ECOCERT India Private Limited
www.ecocert.in
IN-ORG-006
Food Cert India Pvt. Ltd
www.foodcert.in
▼M24
IN-ORG-007
IMO Control Private Limited
www.imocontrol.in
▼M7
IN-ORG-008
Indian Organic Certification Agency (Indocert)
www.indocert.org
▼M11
IN-ORG-009
ISCOP (Indian Society for Certification of Organic products)
www.iscoporganiccertification.org
▼M7
IN-ORG-010
Lacon Quality Certification Pvt. Ltd
www.laconindia.com
▼M15
IN-ORG-011
Natural Organic Certification Agro Pvt. Ltd
www.nocaagro.com
▼M7
IN-ORG-012
OneCert Asia Agri Certification private Limited
www.onecertasia.in
▼M24
IN-ORG-013
SGS India Pvt. Ltd
www.sgsgroup.in
▼M15 —————
▼M7
IN-ORG-014
Uttarakhand State Organic Certification Agency
www.organicuttarakhand.org/certification.html
IN-ORG-015
Vedic Organic certification Agency
www.vediccertification.com
▼M11
IN-ORG-016
Rajasthan Organic Certification Agency (ROCA)
www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in
▼M7
IN-ORG-017
Chhattisgarh Certification Society (CGCERT)
www.cgcert.com
IN-ORG-018
Tamil Nadu Organic Certification Department (TNOCD)
www.tnocd.net
▼M21 —————
▼M7
IN-ORG-020
Intertek India Pvt. Ltd
www.intertek.com
▼M11
IN-ORG-021
Madhya Pradesh State Organic Certification Agency (MPSOCA)
www.mpkrishi.org
▼M21 —————
▼M15
IN-ORG-023
Faircert Certification Services Pvt Ltd
www.faircert.com
▼M21
IN-ORG-024
Odisha State Organic Certification Agency
www.ossopca.nic.in
IN-ORG-025
Gujarat Organic Products Certification Agency
www.gopca.in
IN-ORG-026
Uttar Pradesh State Organic Certification Agency
www.upsoca.org
▼M7
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
ISRAEL
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
Compuestos esencialmente de uno o varios ingredientes de origen vegetal
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
▼M25
2.
Origen :
productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Israel y productos de la categoría D transformados en Israel con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país o que han sido importados en Israel:
—
desde la Unión,
—
o desde un tercer país con arreglo a un régimen reconocido como equivalente de conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 834/2007.
▼M17
3.
Norma de producción : Law for the Regulation of Organic Produce, 5765-2005, and its relevant Regulations.
▼M7
4.
Autoridad competente : Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS), www.ppis.moag.gov.il
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
IL-ORG-001
Secal Israel Inspection and certification
www.skal.co.il
IL-ORG-002
Agrior Ltd.-Organic Inspection & Certification
www.agrior.co.il
IL-ORG-003
IQC Institute of Quality & Control
www.iqc.co.il
IL-ORG-004
Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS)
www.ppis.moag.gov.il
▼M17 —————
▼M7
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
JAPÓN
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
Compuestos esencialmente de uno o varios ingredientes de origen vegetal
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
▼M25
2.
Origen :
productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Japón y productos de la categoría D transformados en Japón con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país o que han sido importados en Japón:
—
desde la Unión,
—
o desde un tercer país con respecto al cual Japón haya reconocido que los productos han sido producidos y controlados en dicho tercer país de conformidad con normas equivalentes a las establecidas en la legislación japonesa
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : Japónese Agricultural Standard for Organic Plants (Notification No 1605 of the MAFF of October 27, 2005), Japónese Agricultural Standard for Organic Processed Foods (Notification No 1606 of MAFF of October 27, 2005).
▼M21
4.
Autoridades competentes : Food Manufacture Affairs Division, Food Industry Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, www.maff.go.jp/j/jas/index.html y Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC), www.famic.go.jp
▼M7
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
▼M30
JP-BIO-001
Hyogo prefectural Organic Agriculture Society, HOAS
www.hyoyuken.org
▼M7
JP-BIO-002
AFAS Certification Center Co., Ltd.
www.afasseq.com
JP-BIO-003
NPO Kagoshima Organic Agriculture Association
www.koaa.or.jp
JP-BIO-004
Center of Japón Organic Farmers Group
www.yu-ki.or.jp
▼M11
JP-BIO-005
Japan Organic & Natural Foods Association
http://jona-japan.org/english/
▼M15
JP-BIO-006
Ecocert Japón Limited.
www.ecocert.co.jp
▼M30
JP-BIO-007
Bureau Veritas Japan Co., Ltd
http://certification.bureauveritas.jp/cer-business/jas/nintei_list.html
▼M7
JP-BIO-008
OCIA Japón
www.ocia-jp.com
▼M19
JP-BIO-009
Overseas Merchandise Inspection Co., Ltd.
http://www.omicnet.com/omicnet/services-en/organic-certification-en.html
JP-BIO-010
Organic Farming Promotion Association
http://yusuikyo.web.fc2.com/
▼M7
JP-BIO-011
ASAC Stands for Axis’ System for Auditing and Certification and Association for Sustainable Agricultural Certification
www.axis-asac.net
JP-BIO-012
Environmentally Friendly Rice Network
www.epfnetwork.org/okome
JP-BIO-013
Ooita Prefecture Organic Agricultural Research Center
www.d-b.ne.jp/oitayuki
JP-BIO-014
AINOU
www.ainou.or.jp/ainohtm/disclosure/nintei-kouhyou.htm
JP-BIO-015
SGS Japón Incorporation
www.jp.sgs.com/ja/home_jp_v2.htm
JP-BIO-016
Ehime Organic Agricultural Association
www12.ocn.ne.jp/~aiyuken/ninntei20110201.html
JP-BIO-017
Center for Eco-design Certification Co. Ltd
http://www.eco-de.co.jp/list.html
▼M30
JP-BIO-018
Organic Certification Association
http://yuukinin.org/index.html
▼M32 —————
▼M7
JP-BIO-020
Hiroshima Environment and Health Association
www.kanhokyo.or.jp/jigyo/jigyo_05A.html
JP-BIO-021
Assistant Center of Certification and Inspection for Sustainability
www.accis.jp
JP-BIO-022
Organic Certification Organization Co. Ltd
www.oco45.net
▼M15
JP-BIO-023
Rice Research Organic Food Institute
www.inasaku.or.tv
▼M7
JP-BIO-024
Aya town miyazaki, Japón
http://www.town.aya.miyazaki.jp/ayatown/organicfarming/index.html
JP-BIO-025
Tokushima Organic Certified Association
http://www.tokukaigi.or.jp/yuuki/
JP-BIO-026
Association of Certified Organic Hokkaido
http://www.acohorg.org/
▼M12
JP-BIO-027
NPO Kumamoto Organic Agriculture Association
http://www.kumayuken.org/jas/certification/index.html
JP-BIO-028
Hokkaido Organic Promoters Association
http://www.hosk.jp/CCP.html
JP-BIO-029
Association of organic agriculture certification Kochi corporation NPO
http://www8.ocn.ne.jp/~koaa/jisseki.html
JP-BIO-030
LIFE Co., Ltd.
http://www.life-silver.com/jas/
▼M15
JP-BIO-031
Wakayama Organic Certified Association
www.vaw.ne.jp/aso/woca
JP-BIO-032
Shimane Organic Agriculture Association
www.shimane-yuki.or.jp/index.html
▼M32 —————
▼M15
JP-BIO-034
International Nature Farming Researech Center
www.infrc.or.jp
JP-BIO-035
Organic Certification Center
www.organic-cert.or.jp
▼M30
JP-BIO-036
Japan Food Research Laboratories
http://www.jfrl.or.jp/jas.html
JP-BIO-037
Leafearth Company
http://www.leafearth.jp/
▼M34
JP-BIO-038
Akatonbo
http://www.akatonbo.or.jp/
▼M7
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
▼M12
7.
Plazo de inclusión : sin especificar.
▼M7
SUIZA
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Con excepción de los productos producidos durante el período de conversión
Animales vivos y productos animales sin transformar
B
►M25
Con excepción de los productos producidos durante el período de conversión ◄
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana
D
Con excepción de los productos que contengan un ingrediente de origen agrario producido durante el período de conversión
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación animal
E
Con excepción de los productos que contengan un ingrediente de origen agrario producido durante el período de conversión
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
▼M25
2.
Origen :
productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Suiza y productos de la categoría D y E transformados en Suiza con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país o que han sido importados en Suiza:
—
desde la Unión,
—
o desde un tercer país con respecto al cual Suiza haya reconocido que los productos han sido producidos y controlados en dicho tercer país de conformidad con normas equivalentes a las establecidas en la legislación suiza
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : Ordinance on organic farming and the labelling of organically produced plant products and foodstuffs.
4.
Autoridad competente : Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG, Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG, http://www.blw.admin.ch/themen/00013/00085/00092/index.html?lang=en
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
▼M32
CH-BIO-004
Ecocert IMOswiss AG
http://www.ecocert-imo.ch
▼M7
CH-BIO-006
bio.inspecta AG
www.bio-inspecta.ch
▼M31
CH-BIO-038
ProCert AG
https://www.procert.ch/
▼M7
CH-BIO-086
Bio Test Agro (BTA)
www.bio-test-agro.ch
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
TÚNEZ
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
Compuestos esencialmente de uno o varios ingredientes de origen vegetal
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir vinos ni levaduras.
▼M25
2.
Origen : productos de las categorías A y F producidos en Túnez y productos de la categoría D transformados en Túnez con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país.
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : Law No 99-30 of 5 April 1999 relating to Organic farming; Decree of the Minister for Agriculture of 28 February 2001, approving the estándar specifications of the crop production according to the organic method.
▼M31
4.
Autoridad competente : Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche, www.agriculture.tn y www.onagri.tn.
5.
Organismos de control :
TN-BIO-001
Ecocert SA
www.ecocert.com
TN-BIO-007
Institut National de la Normalisation et de la Propriété Industrielle (INNORPI)
www.innorpi.tn
TN-BIO-008
CCPB Srl
www.ccpb.it
TN-BIO-009
CERES GmbH
www.ceres-cert.com
TN-BIO-010
Kiwa BCS Öko-Garantie GmbH
www.kiwabcs.com
▼M7
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
▼M19
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
▼M7
ESTADOS UNIDOS
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
►M25
En el caso de las manzanas y peras, las importaciones que estén sujetas a la presentación de una certificación específica del organismo o autoridad de control correspondiente de que no se ha llevado a cabo ningún tratamiento con antibióticos (tales como tetraciclina y estreptomicina) para controlar el fuego bacteriano durante el proceso de producción. ◄
Animales vivos o productos animales sin transformar
B
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
►M25
En el caso de las manzanas y peras transformadas, las importaciones que estén sujetas a la presentación de una certificación específica del organismo o autoridad de control correspondiente de que no se ha llevado a cabo ningún tratamiento con antibióticos (tales como tetraciclina y estreptomicina) para controlar el fuego bacteriano durante el proceso de producción. ◄
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación animal
E
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Incluidos los vinos a partir del 1 de agosto de 2012.
▼M12
2.
Origen :
Productos de las categorías A, B y F e ingredientes de los productos de las categorías D y E:
—
producidos ecológicamente en los Estados Unidos, o
—
importados por los Estados Unidos y transformados o acondicionados en los Estados Unidos de acuerdo con la legislación estadounidense.
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.), National Organic Program (7 CFR 205).
4.
Autoridad competente : United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), www.usda.gov
5.
Organismos de control :
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
US-ORG-001
A Bee Organic
www.abeeorganic.com
US-ORG-002
Agricultural Services Certified Organic
www.ascorganic.com/
US-ORG-003
Baystate Organic Certifiers
www.baystateorganic.org
▼M21
US-ORG-004
Kiwa BCS Öko-Garantie GmbH
www.bcs-oeko.com
▼M11
US-ORG-005
BioAgriCert
http://www.bioagricert.org/english
▼M7
US-ORG-006
CCOF Certification Services
www.ccof.org
US-ORG-007
Colorado Department of Agriculture
www.colorado.gov
US-ORG-008
Control Union Certifications
www.skalint.com
▼M21
US-ORG-009
Clemson University
www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/organic_certification
▼M7
US-ORG-010
Ecocert SA.
www.ecocert.com
US-ORG-011
Georgia Crop Improvement Association, Inc.
www.certifiedseed.org
▼M34 —————
▼M7
US-ORG-013
Global Organic Alliance, Inc.
www.goa-online.org
▼M34 —————
▼M7
US-ORG-015
Idaho State Department of Agriculture
www.agri.idaho.gov/Categories/PlantsInsects/Organic/indexOrganicHome.php
▼M21
US-ORG-016
Ecocert ICO, LLC
www.ecocertico.com
▼M7
US-ORG-017
International Certification Services, Inc.
www.ics-intl.com
US-ORG-018
Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
www.agriculture.state.ia.us
US-ORG-019
Kentucky Department of Agriculture
www.kyagr.com/marketing/plantmktg/organic/index.htm
US-ORG-020
LACON GmbH
www.lacon-institut.com
▼M21
US-ORG-022
Marin Organic Certified Agriculture
www.marincounty.org/depts/ag/moca
▼M11
US-ORG-023
Maryland Department of Agriculture
http://mda.maryland.gov/foodfeedquality/Pages/certified_md_organic_farms.aspx
▼M7
US-ORG-024
Mayacert SA.
www.mayacert.com
US-ORG-025
Midwest Organic Services Association, Inc.
www.mosaorganic.org
US-ORG-026
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association
www.mncia.org
US-ORG-027
MOFGA Certification Services, LLC
www.mofga.org/
▼M11
US-ORG-028
Montana Department of Agriculture
http://agr.mt.gov/agr/Producer/Organic/Info/index.html
▼M7
US-ORG-029
Monterey County Certified Organic
www.ag.co.monterey.ca.us/pages/organics
US-ORG-030
Natural Food Certifiers
www.nfccertification.com
US-ORG-031
Nature’s International Certification Services
www.naturesinternational.com/
▼M24 —————
▼M7
US-ORG-033
New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Division of Regulatory Services,
http://agriculture.nh.gov/divisions/markets/organic_certification.htm
US-ORG-034
New Jersey Department of Agriculture
www.state.nj.us/agriculture/
US-ORG-035
New México Department of Agriculture, Organic Program
http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/organics-program/Organic%20Program.html
US-ORG-036
NOFA—New York Certified Organic, LLC
http://www.nofany.org
US-ORG-037
Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Association
www.oeffa.org
▼M21
US-ORG-038
Americert International (AI)
www.americertorganic.com
▼M7
US-ORG-039
Oklahoma Department of Agriculture
www.oda.state.ok.us
US-ORG-040
OneCert
www.onecert.com
US-ORG-041
Oregon Department of Agriculture
www.oregon.gov/ODA/CID
US-ORG-042
Oregon Tilth Certified Organic
www.tilth.org
US-ORG-043
Organic Certifiers, Inc.
http://www.organiccertifiers.com
US-ORG-044
Organic Crop Improvement Association
www.ocia.org
▼M21 —————
▼M7
US-ORG-046
Organizacion Internacional Agropecuraria
www.oia.com.ar
US-ORG-047
Pennsylvania Certified Organic
www.paorganic.org
US-ORG-048
Primuslabs.com
www.primuslabs.com
US-ORG-049
Pro-Cert Organic Systems, Ltd
www.pro-cert.org
US-ORG-050
Quality Assurance International
www.qai-inc.com
US-ORG-051
Quality Certification Services
www.QCSinfo.org
US-ORG-052
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management
www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/orgcert.htm
US-ORG-053
Scientific Certification Systems
www.SCScertified.com
▼M34 —————
▼M11
US-ORG-055
Texas Department of Agriculture
http://www.texasagriculture.gov/regulatoryprograms/organics.aspx
▼M7
US-ORG-056
Utah Department of Agriculture
http://ag.utah.gov/divisions/plant/organic/index.html
US-ORG-057
Vermont Organic Farmers, LLC
http://www.nofavt.org
US-ORG-058
Washington State Department of Agriculture
http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal?Organic/default.htm
US-ORG-059
Yolo County Department of Agriculture
www.yolocounty.org/Index.aspx?page=501
▼M34 —————
▼M34
US-ORG-62
CERES
http://www.ceres-cert.com/
US-ORG-63
EcoLOGICA SA.
http://www.eco-logica.com/
US-ORG-64
Food Safety SA.
http://www.foodsafety.com.ar/
US-ORG-65
IBD Certifications
http://www.ibd.com.br/
US-ORG-66
Istituto per la Certificazione Etica e Ambientale (ICEA)
http://www.icea.info/
US-ORG-67
OnMark
http://onmarkcertification.com/
US-ORG-68
Perry Johnson Registrar Food Safety, Inc.
http://www.pjrfsi.com/
▼M7
6.
Organismos de certificación : Como en el punto 5.
▼M19
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
▼M7
NUEVA ZELANDA
1.
Categorías de productos :
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos vegetales sin transformar
A
Animales vivos o productos animales sin transformar
B
►M25
Con excepción de los animales y productos animales que lleven o vayan a llevar menciones relativas a la conversión. ◄
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (1)
D
►M25
Con excepción de los productos animales que lleven o vayan a llevar menciones relativas a la conversión. ◄
Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
F
(1) Sin incluir levaduras.
▼M25
2.
Origen :
productos de las categorías A, B y F producidos en Nueva Zelanda y productos de la categoría D y E transformados en Nueva Zelanda con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país o que han sido importados en Nueva Zelanda:
—
desde la Unión,
—
desde un tercer país con arreglo a un régimen reconocido como equivalente de conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo 33, apartado 2, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 834/2007,
—
o de un tercer país cuyas normas de producción y régimen de control hayan sido reconocidos como equivalentes al programa oficial de garantía de los alimentos de la agricultura ecológica («MAF Official Organic Assurance Programme Technical Rules for Organic Production») sobre la base de las garantías y la información proporcionadas por las autoridades competentes de dicho país de conformidad con las disposiciones establecidas por el MAF y con la condición de que solo los ingredientes producidos ecológicamente, destinados a ser incorporados hasta un máximo del 5 % de productos de origen agrario, en productos de la categoría D preparados en Nueva Zelanda, sean importados.
▼M7
3.
Normas de producción : MAF Official Organic Assurance Programme Technical Rules for Organic Production.
▼M30
4.
Autoridad competente : Ministerio de Industrias Primarias (MIP)
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/exporting/food/organics/
▼M32
5.
Organismos de control :
NZ-BIO-001
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI)
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/exporting/food/organics/
NZ-BIO-002
AsureQuality Limited
https://www.asurequality.com
NZ-BIO-003
BioGro New Zealand Limited
https://www.biogro.co.nz
▼M7
6.
►M16
Autoridad de certificación : Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) ◄
7.
Plazo de inclusión : Sin especificar.
▼M18
REPÚBLICA DE COREA
1.
Categoría de productos
:
Categoría de productos
Denominación de categoría como en el anexo IV
Limitaciones
Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana
D
▼M25
2.
Origen
:
productos de categoría D transformados en la República de Corea con ingredientes producidos ecológicamente en el mismo país o que han sido importados en la República de Corea:
—
desde la Unión,
—
o desde un tercer país con respecto al cual la República de Corea haya reconocido que los productos han sido producidos y controlados en dicho tercer país de conformidad con normas equivalentes a las establecidas en la legislación de la República de Corea.
▼M18
3.
Normas de producción : Act on Promotion of Environmentally-friendly Agriculture and Fisheries and Management and Support for Organic Food.
▼M19
4.
Autoridad competente : Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, www.enviagro.go.kr/portal/en/main.do
▼M18
5.
Organismos de control
:
Número de código
Nombre
Dirección internet
▼M34 —————
▼M24
KR-ORG-002
Doalnara Organic Certificated Korea
www.doalnara.or.kr
▼M21 —————
▼M26 —————
▼M18
KR-ORG-004
Global Organic Agriculturalist Association
www.goaa.co.kr
▼M31
KR-ORG-005
OCK
http://www.greenock.co.kr/
▼M18
KR-ORG-006
Konkuk University industrial cooperation corps
http://eco.konkuk.ac.kr
KR-ORG-007
Korea Environment-Friendly Organic Certification Center
www.a-cert.co.kr
KR-ORG-008
Konkuk Ecocert Certification Service
www.ecocert.co.kr
KR-ORG-009
Woorinong Certification
www.woric.co.kr
KR-ORG-010
ACO(Australian Certified Organic)
www.aco.net.au
▼M21
KR-ORG-011
Kiwa BCS Öko-Garantie GmbH
www.bcs-oeko.com
▼M18
KR-ORG-012
BCS Korea
www.bcskorea.com
▼M26
KR-ORG-013
Hansol Food, Agriculture, Fisher-Forest Certification Center
www.hansolnonglim.com
▼M18
KR-ORG-014
The Center for Environment Friendly Agricultural Products Certification
www.hgreent.or.kr
KR-ORG-015
ECO-Leaders Certification Co., Ltd
www.ecoleaders.kr
▼M31 —————
▼M32
KR-ORG-017
Jeonnam bioindustry foundation
www.jbf.kr
▼M32 —————
▼M34
KR-ORG-019
Neo environmentally-friendly Certification Center
http://neoefcc.modoo.at
▼M32
KR-ORG-020
Green Environmentally-Friendly certification center
http://cafe.naver.com/greenorganic6279
▼M26
KR-ORG-021
ISC Agriculture development research institute
www.isc-cert.com
KR-ORG-022
Greenstar Agrifood Certification Center
▼M27
KR-ORG-023
Control Union Korea
www.controlunion.co.kr
▼M30
KR-ORG-024
Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, SCNU
http://siacf.scnu.ac.kr/web/siacf/home
▼M31
KR-ORG-025
Ecolivestock Association
http://www.ecolives.co.kr
▼M34
KR-ORG-026
Agricultural Products Quality Service
http://apqs.kr
▼M31
KR-ORG-027
University Industry Liaison office of CNU
http://sanhak.jnu.ac.kr/eng/
KR-ORG-029
Eco Agriculture Institute Inc.
http://blog.daum.net/ifea2011
▼M18
6.
Organismos y autoridades de certificación : como en el punto 5.
▼M30
7.
Plazo de inclusión en la lista : sin especificar.
▼M24
ANEXO IV
LISTA DE ORGANISMOS Y AUTORIDADES DE CONTROL DE LA EQUIVALENCIA E INFORMACIÓN PERTINENTE A QUE SE HACE REFERENCIA EN EL ARTÍCULO 10
A los efectos del presente anexo, las categorías de productos se designan mediante los códigos siguientes:
A : Productos vegetales sin transformar
B : Animales vivos o productos animales sin transformar
▼M25
C : Productos de la acuicultura y algas, sin transformar
▼M24
D : Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación humana (
9
)
E : Productos agrarios transformados destinados a la alimentación animal (9)
F : Material de reproducción vegetativa y semillas para cultivo
De acuerdo con el artículo 10, apartado 2, letra e), el sitio internet en que puede consultarse la lista de operadores sujetos al régimen de control, así como un punto de contacto en que pueda obtenerse fácilmente información sobre su certificación, las categorías de productos en cuestión, y los operadores y productos que hayan sido objeto de suspensión o de retirada del certificado, puede encontrarse en la dirección que figura en el punto 2 de cada organismo o autoridad de control, salvo que se especifique otra cosa.
▼M31
4.
Excepciones: productos en conversión y productos cubiertos por el anexo III.
▼M26
5.
Plazo de inclusión en la lista: hasta el
►M30
30 de junio de 2021 ◄.
▼M24
«Agreco R.F. 5.
Plazo de inclusión en la lista: hasta el
►M30
30 de junio de 2021 ◄.
▼M27
«Agricert-Certificação de Produtos Alimentares LDA»
1. Dirección: Rua Alfredo Mirante, 1, R/c Esq., 7350-154 Elvas, Portugal
2. Dirección web: www.agricert.pt
3. Números de código, terceros países y categorías de productos de que se trate:
Número de código
Tercer país
Categoría de productos
A
B
C
D
E
F
AO-BIO-172
Angola
x
—
—
x
—
—
▼M32
EG-BIO-172
Egipto
x
—
—
x
—
—
▼M34
GW-BIO-172
Guinea-Bisáu
x
—
—
x
—
—
▼M32
MZ-BIO-172
Mozambique
x
—
—
x
—
—
▼M27
ST-BIO-172
Santo Tomé y Príncipe
x
—
—
x
—
—
4. Excepciones: productos en conversión y vino.
5. Plazo de inclusión en la lista: hasta el
►M30
30 de junio de 2021 ◄.
▼M24
«Albinspekt»
▼M30
1.
Dirección: «Rr. Kavajes», Nd.132, Hy.9, Kati 8, Ap.43 (Perballe pallatit me shigjeta), Tirana, Albania
▼M24
2.
Dirección de internet: http://www.albinspekt.com
3.
Números de código, terceros países y categorías de productos de que se trate:
Número de código
Tercer país
Categoría de productos
A
B
C
D
E
F
AL-BIO-139
Albania
x
x
—
x
—
—
▼M32
AM-BIO-139
Armenia
x
x
—
x
—
—
BA-BIO-139
Bosnia y Herzegovina
x
x
—
x
—
—
IR-BIO-139
Irán
—
x
—
—
—
—
KZ-BIO-139
Kazajistán
—
x
—
—
—
—
MD-BIO-139
Moldavia
—
x
—
—
—
—
ME-BIO-139
Montenegro
x
x
—
x
—
—
MK-BIO-139
Antigua República Yugoslava de Macedonia
x
x
—
x
—
—
RS-BIO-139
Serbia
x
x
—
x
—
—
TR-BIO-139
Turquía
—
x
—
—
—
—
UA-BIO-139
Ucrania
—
x
—
—
—
—
▼M24
XK-BIO-139
Kosovo (1)
x
x
—
x
—
—
(1) Esta denominación se entiende sin perjuicio de las posiciones sobre su estatuto y está en consonancia con la RCSNU 1244/1999 y con el dictamen del Tribunal Internacional de Justicia sobre la declaración de independencia de Kosovo.
4.
Excepciones: productos en conversión y vino.
5.
Plazo de inclusión en la lista: hasta el
►M30
30 de junio de 2021 ◄.
|
ausgewhlteschri03unkngoog_8 | German-PD | Public Domain | 6. Was bie zweite Berleum ben Toyrannen ·) geſchrieben babe ich gar nicht nennen, — fo bitte ich forichen, wie Du wilR, und di Denn das Übermaß ber verlem flürzt mich in große Unficherhe fürdjtiger Kaiſer. ba ich oft bei ı Sautrede an aaiſer & Stadt au der Donau oftwi biger has heutige Kofolacz, nah A 2) Pf. 100, 5. — 8) Weioh. 1 Ahanafas emand fo wahnfinnig wäre, um auch das a. Da aber aud) das von den Arianern ve und fie fih rühmten, eine Abichrift ıeben zu haben, entfetste ich mich um fo ich fchlaflofe Nächte binbrachte, Kimpfte tumber, als ob fie anweſend wären, unb tin beftiges Gefchrei und betele zugleich d Seufzerm, ich möchte bei Die gnäbiges ver felbft jetzt, da ih mit ber Gnade tfunden habe, bin ich wieder in Berlegen« Bertbeibigung beginnen fol. Denn fo ainmen will, hält mich das Entſetzen ab, ir einflößt. Denn in Betreff Deines ſeligen e Räntefchmiede wenigftens einen ſchein · eil uns bie Ehre zu Theil wurbe, ihn zu herabließ. in Betreff unferer Berfon an Herz zu fchreiben, und er uns oft in un⸗ feine Achtung bezeigte und, wenn wir ab-, fich einlud. Den teuflifhen Magnentins mein Zeuge, und mein Zeuge fein ©e- peter, noch ſtand ich mit ihm überhaupt welcher Verbindung ftebt alfo der Unbe- x ihn nicht kennt ? Welche Beranlaflung folhen Damm zu fchreiben? Was hätte 8 Briefes fagen fönnen, wenn ich an ihn u haft gut gefanteit, daß Du ben, ber Wohtthaten ich nie vergeflen werde, ge⸗ ch lobe Dich, weil Du unfere guten Ber tiften und ganz gläubige Männer waren, en? Und ich lobe Dich, der Du die bin- te uns in Rom evelmüthig aufgenommen : Tante, bie ibren Namen Eutropium ver- dien Abuteriuß und den ganz treuen Spi · ıe andere treffliche Männer? 8 nicht Wabnſinn. daß der Ankläger auch acht fchöpft? Was hätte mid, denn auch in Vertrauen zu ſetzen? Was fah ich in Ayuprede an aeiſer & feiner Gefinnung, das mir hätte £ Daß er feinen Herrn töbtete, trı war, bie Eibe brach, feine Frör Beichwörer und Zauberer gegen 309? Dit welchem Bewußtiein I entboten, deſſen Wahnfinn und Or fondern unfern ganzen Erdkreis zeichlichen Dank war ich ihm wal Dein feliger Bruder die Kirchen er aber ihn, der fie ſendete, geti diefer Anblid dem Berruchten ir Bat bie dem Seligen burd bie ibm Furcht eingeflößt. einem Gefangenen und wie Rain folgt, um den Judas, indem er aud im Tode nadzuahmen') u richt eine doppelte Strafe auf für 8 Daß ich alfo der rem! worben fei, alaubte der Verleu mehr nicht geglaubt, fondern als aller Unwabrfcheinlicteit; denn los. Ich wünfchte aber nur, e mag, anweſend fein, um ibn fragen au können, Denn wenn ı fam in ver Gegenwart Gottes a: als beeidigte Ausfage. Wer von Freude am Leben des feligen Co ran größeren Antbeil? Das zei gegen mich, *) und es muß Jeder aber ſelbſt wobl weiß, daß Einer 1) Magnentius töbtete ſich fell 2) Nämlich, daß Arhanafins t angefchwärzt habe. Athanafus Rand und dem feligen Conftans zugethan war em Freundſchaft ſchloß, der gegen ihn fich erhob, ? ich, wenn er im anderen Beziehungen au ihm dir, ec möchte das, was et aus Haß gegen Jenen : seführt hat, uns falſchlich aufgebärbet haben. ch bin nun hierüber fo beftürzt, daß ich verlegen % alles zu meiner Rechtfertigung fagen fol, und ich bloß ſchuldig fpredien, tauſendfachen Tod zu enn in biefer Beziehung mich Überhaupt nur ir⸗ jerbacht treffen kann. Bor Dir aber, wahrheitg- Raifer, vertheidige ich mich vertrauensvoll und meine Bitte: Unterfuche, und ziehe zumal bie als Zeugen bei, die Jener einft an Dich abord⸗ find Dieß die Biſchöfe Sarbatius und Marimus Begleitern, auflervem Clementius und Valens. ich bitte, ob fie mir einen Brief überbradht haben; olcher hätte auch mir eine Veranlaffung gegeben, ſchreiben. Wenn er aber nicht an mich fchrieb zicht einmal kannte, wie konnte ich an ihn ſchrei⸗ Nichts von ibm wußte? Frage fie, ob ich, als ementius erblickte, nicht des Mannes feligen Au⸗ :wähnung that und, wie gefchrieben ftebt, meine it Ihränen benegte‘) in Erinnerung an feine reundlichteit und fein von Liebe zu Chriftus ere 3! Laß Die von ihnen fagen, mie fehr ich ber ‚ al8 ich von ber Graufarhleit des Ungeheuers wahrnabm, daß Valens durch Libyen reife, es & er ein Wageſtück unternehmen und wie eim e morben, welche des Seligen in Liebe gedachten, ich Seinem vor. mir den Vorrang einräume. Diefe Geſinnung fürchtete ich num von Jenen, und nicht vielmehr, Deiner Menfchenfreundlichteit auge» follen? Ich Bätte ven lieben follen, ber Jenen gen Dich aber, ber Du fein Bruder biſt und 6,7. — einen Tod gerächt haſt, ſollte üı tragen? Ya ich ſollte an bie v Mannes mid erinnern und T haben? Dur batteft mich ja gewür tbeilen, daß biefe auch nach dem { ‚gerade fo beftehen werde, wie fie zu Mit welden Augen ſah id ven ! nicht, indem ich Dir alles Heil wit au ſehen glauben? Denn Brüder Spiegel von einanver. Deßhalb to in Jenem fah, niemals anſchwärzt der in Dir ſah, niemal® an den Feind gegenüberfland, ſondern ic mehr alles Wohlergehen. - Und Allem der Herr, der mich erhörte Deiner Vorfahren ungeſchmälert t Die damals zugegen waren, Fe Ägypten, Rufinus und Stephanı dort Katholitus, der Andere Di Afterius_und Palladins, ber ehe und bie Officialen Antiohus umd nur: Wollen wir beten für das füctigen Kaiſers Conftantius, ı ſogleich einftimmig: „Chriftus, tins I“ und verhartte in diefem C 11. Daß ih num an Senen jemal® von ihm einen Brief exbiel Wort, feinen eingebornen Sohn, ı flus, ald Zeugen an. Geflatte a Antläger bierüber kurz befrage, w wit meiner Unterfhrift‘) verfehen« behaupten. Denn das haben die 9 2uhrede an Kalfır Com 1) ’Emoroiis av Be An un Ahanafıs Ani geld unterzeichneten Tann bier | unmittelbar darauf von feinen Schrift; ithanafins 8 noch feine Zuverläffigfeit, wenn kann, bie ben unfrigen ähnlich ftfälfcher, die auch ſchon oft euere gemacht haben. Nicht bie Nach ı Schriftzügen bie Beftätigung, ihnlichen Schreiber folder Briefe n. Ich will alfo an die Berleum- t fielen: Wer bat euch biefen und wie ſeid ihr vesfelben hab · ht nur hatte ich Schreiber, ſon ⸗ r Leute, bie ben Brief von ben ı nabmen und ihm einbändigten. ur Verfügung. Verſchmähe num t, venn fie konnen noch ſehr wohl Dir über biefen Brief berichten. Babrkeit an Deiner Seite ftänbe- ür Fürften, zumal fr heiftliche. te fleht, lönnt ihr in Sicherheit e Schrift fagt: „Barmherzigkeit utz für ven König, und fie wird :om rings umgeben.) Auf diefe obabel den Sieg errungen, und oß iſt die Wahrheit, und groß ei Andern verleumdet worben e Gottesfurcht appellirt, wie ber aiſer appellirte) und ber Nach- 3 ihn ein Ziel gefet worden iſt. herleumdung anzubringen gewagt ı Die abpelliven ? Un ven Vater n die Wahrheit," damit er Dein :? Allmäctiger Herr, König aller a Jefus Chriſtus ! Dis haft durch 2) II. Eedras 4, 41. — 8) apg. Squtzrede an Aaiſer Dein Wort dieſe Herrſchaft verliehen. Erleuchte Du ſein bie gegen ım$ gerichtete Verleun Wohlwollen unfere Vertbeidigu kennen laſſe, daß fein Gebör du und daß, wie gefchrieben fleht, „ nig angenebm find." *) Denn di ber Herefchaft feitftehe, Haft ı faffen. ) Frage alfo nur, &8 fol daB Dir am Herzen gelegen fei niß au erlangen, auch wenn fie Berleumdung nicht verratben fo fich das Gewiſſen, und es ftel ‚Hera fich freut, blüht das Antli Schmerz erfüllt ift, ift das Antl die, welche dem Sofeph nachftelli böfe Gefinnung bes Laban negeı Antlit zu erkennen gegeben’) 9 tung, indem fie fliehen und ſich beforgtbeit, da wir uns vertbe nicht Reichtbum, ſondern bie Spiele. Wer von einem Stei Arzt auf. Schmerzlicher als Stı der Berleumbung. „Eine Keul Säwert und ein fbitiges Gel Und diefe Schläge kann nur die diefe vernachläfligt, fo werben t 13. Debhalb herrſcht allen wirrung. Sie haben Borwändt darımter hochbeiahrte Biſchofe mit mic in Gemeinfchaft ftande weit gebieh, fo hatten wir ein Denn Du biſt von menſchenfrei 0) üchw. 16,13. — 2) € —9 a 21. 5 Sm. 3 188 Aman⸗ aber das Unbeil nicht auch weiterhin fortſchreite, möge bei Dir die Wahrheit die Oberhand erlangen. Laß auch nicht " “ ganzefiche auffommen, als ob die die Biſchöfe ſolche Dinge beſchlößen wenn Du nicht unterſuchen will, fo nebr Glauben finden, die wir und ver- eumber. Dennbiefe handeln ala Feinde die aber, bie wir in ber Abwehr find, Befonders nimmt mich Wunder, daß, vefurcht reden, Jene fo unverfchämt fer 'anzulügen. Uber unterfuche um md, wie gefchrieben fteht, forſche for- ienwart, auf melden Grund bin fie der Brief gefunden wurde. Aber es inem ber Unfrigen nachweiſen laſſen, von den Leuten jenes Mannes fügen ine Erfindung. Aber man fol vieleicht en. Denn fie wollen es ja nicht, bar den Brief geſchrieben bat, notbwendig nen ihn nämlich die Verleumder allein vaud in Betreff ver großen Kirche em, weil dort vor ihrer Einweibung ttgefunden habe, fo will ich denn auch niles mich vor Deiner Gottesfurcht Jenn dazu nötbigen uns bie Menfchen en Gefinnung gegen uns. Ja, es ift zu, Denn ſowie ich in ven bieherigen usfprac, fo werbe ich auch das nicht ailt ſich die Sache wieder anders, als ıgt haben. Geſtatte mir es zu fügen, tweibung feierten wir, gottesfürchtiger ire wirklich umerlaubt gewefen, das au fahlſt. umder noch dieſe B das Bolt betete, des Gebetes, an ar es angemeflen 3 antwortete, an ‚ ‚ben man bereits eſt Du, o gotted- ie Menfchen bie da, wo aud_ bie ver an bem Orte, le bereits, ja viel⸗ legung Haus des 1en Ort vorziebft ein Lächeln zu er · Jerfeumber, in ben wie gefagt, für bie enge. Werner, in } Gebet verrichtet lt getheilt und_ger a bereits ein Ort, ı biefem ſich ver⸗ me Laut aus dem war beffer. Lete n Herz und eine Denn wenn nach wenn Zwei ibre ie bitten, erlangen 2autzrede an Raifer Eonfantins c werben,‘) wie erfl, wenn fo viele M fammeln und wie aus einem Munde zu fen? Wer wäre nicht mit Staunen erfi hätte Dich nicht glüdlich gepriefen, wen Bollsmafle an einem Orte verfammelt fi die Menfchen, ſich gegenfeitig au f am getrennten Orten zuſammenkamen ? Bergnügen und bereitete dem Berleumt 17. Ich muß nun feinem zweiten wurf begegnen. Der Verleumder fagt nö war noch nicht vollendet, und man hätte verrichten follen. Der Herr aber fagt: wid, fo gebe in beine Kammer und zu.“ Was mag alfo ber Anfläger fageı gen bie vernünftigen und wahren Chri frage,no Kaiſer! Denn von jenen fleht Thor wird Thörichtes fagen,“°) von t jevem Weifen nimm Rath an.“) Da t und bie Menfchen in fo großer Anzahl Büften gehen wollten, was hätte man t vdie-Wüfte hot feine Thüren, und es fchreiten, wem es beliebt; der Raum bet Mauern und Thären ungeben und fcheibı ben Unbeiligen aus. Stimmt nicht, o Frömmigkeit mir jeder Verfländige hie wiffen, daB auf dieſer Seite bie rechte fich befinde, auf ber andern aber Unor fei. Es müßten ja fonft, wenn e8 keine tenden allein in ver Wüfte wohnen, wi thaten. Aber auch fie erhielten, als fi hatten, von ba am einen beſtimmten u Gebete. O Ehriflus, Herr und wahrer eingeborner Sohn Gottes, Wort und W weil das Bolt zu Deiner Güte betete 1) Matth. 18.19. 2) Ebd. 1». Diefe Beſchwerden erhebe ich alfo gegen meinen Antläger; Du aber, gottesfürchtiger Kaifer, mögeft eine lange Reihe von Jahren leben und die Einweihung feiern. Denn bie Gebete, die von Allen für Dein Wohlergehen ver- tichtet werben, bereiten dem Weite ber Einweihung kein Hindernip. Mögen das bie Unwiſſenden nicht falfchlich be= 1) Daniel 6, 11. 20ndrede an aaiſer Confantiusc, Banpten, fondern von ven Vätern Ierne Schrift Iefen. Oder fie mögen vielmeh lebren Laflen, denn Du bift ein Freund daß aud der Priefter Jeſus. der Sobı feine Brüber, und der weile Zorobabel, 1 Iatbiel, und Esdras, ver Priefter und nad) der Gefangenſchaft ber Tempel gebt Laubbüttenfeft bevorſtand, — es war a Beier und ein hoher Feft · und Gebett das Bolt in gleicher Geſinnung im weiter Borhofes gegen Often zuſammenkommen Gottes bereiteten und bort opferten und erten. Ebenſo brachten fie fpäter am Sa mond die Opfer dar umd verrichtete das Und deutlich fagt die Schrift, daB, als Tempel Gottes noch nicht gebaut war, während fie fo beteten, ver Bau bes $ Und e8 ftand weber die bevorſtehende Eu bete hindernd im Wege, noch iſt buch Berfammlungen zum Gebete bie Ein worben. Bielmebr betete nicht nur deſſenr fonbern e8 wurde auch, als das ganze Hı vie Einweihung begangen, und man 0) weihung, und Alle feierten die Vollendun der felige Alexander und bie übrigen Bä fie bielten Berfammlungen, und wenn fie vet hatten, daukten fie dem Herrn und fe kung. Das zu thun, gesiemt auch Dir Denn bereit fteht bie Stätte, i ” aoraus guvor werrichteten Gebete, und ſebnt fi Deiner Frömmigkeit. Denn das mangelt lendeten Zierde. Mögeft Du alfo biefe und Dein Gebet zum Herm entrichten, Sans aufgebaıt Haft. Denn das iſt der er. 11. Eshr. 3, 2-6. Aihanafius' ansgen. Gäriften. IL Br. ' 194 Ayanafas 19. Geftatte num, daß wir auch noch eine anbere Ber- feumbung ins Auge faflen, und erlaube mir, daß ich auch gegen biefe mich vertbeidige. Sie haben nämlich andy biefe Berleumdung gegen mich vorzubringen gewagt, daB ich Dei⸗ nen Befehlen nicht gehorcht und vie Kirche nicht verlaſſen Babe. Es nimmt mich num Wunber, daß fie in ihren Rän- ten nicht ermüben, Aber auch ich werbe befienungeachtet nicht übe, fonbern es macht mic vielmehr ein Vergnügen, mich au vertheibigen. Denn in je mehr Punkten ich mic) zu ver» ıen babe, um fo mehr ann fie bie Verurtbeilung trefe Ich widerſetzte mic dem Befehle Deiner Gottesfurcht Das fei ferne! Denn ich hielt mich nicht für fo groB, ih auch nur dem Stabtpräfeften zu wiberfegen, ge» 3e benn einem fo großen Kaiſer. Und ich brauchte er nicht mehr Worte zu machen, denn die ganze Stabt es mir bezeugen. Erlaube mir aber gleichwohl, ah diefe Sache von Anfang an zu erzählen. Denn wenn Du es vernommen haft, fo wirft Du Dich, deſſen bin ich gemiß, über ben Leichtfinn meiner Feinde wundern. Montanus vom Palafte überbrachte mir einen Brief, als ob ich fchrift- lich nachgefucht hätte, nach Italien gehen zu bürfen, bamit daß, was ich in ben firchlichen Angelegenheiten für mangelhaft balte, verbeſſert werben Tönnte. Deiner Srömmigkeit bin ich nun dankbar, daB fie ſich gewwärbigt hat, auf mein vorgeb« Tiches Schreiben bin mich zu erbören und für meine Neife Borforge zu treffen, daB ich dieſelbe unternehmen und ohne Meühfeligkeit vollenden Tönnte. Aber es nimmt mic, Wunder, daB bie, welche Die ins Geficht logen, ſich nicht fcheuten, weil die Züge dem Teufel eigen if, und bie füg- ner dem ferne ftehen, ber fagt: „Ich bin bie Wahrbeit."") Denn ich ſchrieb nicht, und nicht wird der Ankläger einen nahe Brief auffinden können.) Wenn ich auch täglich Ing uterefent, mit übe, maß Dez Mhmafus eichen, was ben Ferb (Carlo we 84) Beingt. Der Border DE. Bm 29.2 A) Exob. 28, 1. — 5) Sprüdi. 80, 8. — Athanaus » ihre Gedanken gerichtet, und das ift ihr Stre» ich fehe, Alles in Bewegung und Verwirrung zu elleicht wohl ſuchen fie mit vielen Worten Dich zu reizen; aber mit Recht verachtet man foldhe und weift fie von fidh, weil fie annehmen, daß ihnen Gehör fchenten, fo wie fie beſchaffen feien, e meinen, daß bie Berleumbungen auch bei Dir machen fönnen. Es war einft von Erfolg die ng des Doeg gegen bie Priefter Gottes;) aber Br gab, war der ungerechte Saul. Jezabel konnte tumdung bem gottesfürdhtigen Nabot& fchaben ;) if fie hörte, war der böfe und abtrünnige Achab. e David aber, deſſen Nahakmung Dir geziemt lllen gewünſcht wird, gewährt ſoichen Menfchen einen Zutritt, ſondern er mies fie wie wüthende fi, indem ex fagte: „Den, ber insgeheim feinen hen vertleinert, verfolgte ich."*) Er befolgte nänı- tbot, welches heißt: „Ein leeres Gerede wirft Du men.”*) Bergeblich find ihre Bemühungen bei Dir. Du baft wie Salomo zum ‚Heren geflebt, und } Die zu Theil geworben, daß eine Ieere und Tür ede von Dir fern fein möge.’) veßhalb alfo erkannte auch ich, da der Brief von mern flammte und nicht einmal die Aufforde - tt, zu kommen, daß es nicht der Wille Deiner t fei, daß ich u Dir komme. Denn ber Umfland, & ganz und gar nicht-aufforberteft zu Tommen, 3 Du fchriebft, als ob ich gefchrieben Hätte und nung bringen wollte, was ich für mangelbaft mich, auch wenn es Niemand fagte, augenſchein · 1 daß ber überbrachte Brief mit Deiner Milde Hang fei. Das fahen Alle ein, barüber äufferte ch fchriftlic, und Montanus weiß «8, daß ic :baupt ausſchlug, au kommen, fonbern daß ich es » Kön. 21. — 3) Bf. 100,6. — Sondrede an Raifer Gonfantins c. 3 für ungesiemend bielt, nad einem borgı gangenen Schreiben zu fommen, bamit nic Intriguanten einen Stoff zur Anklage für Deiner Gottesfurcht befchwerlich gefalle ich mich veifefertig, wie ihm felbft befanı Du mid mit einem Schreiben beebren ſogleich anzutreten und Deinem Auftrag reitwilligfeit zuvorzufommen. Denn ih w finnig, um einem foldyen Auftrage von 5 zu widerfegen. Da num aber Deine 8 wirklich an mich gefchrieben Kat, wie wa da ich feinen Befehl erhalten hatte? Od fagen, daß ich mich nicht fügte, da fein 9 war? Wie ift nicht auch das eine Berlen welche das, was nicht geſchehen ift, erdich ſcheben wäre? Ich fürchte, fie möchten mich vertheibige, ausfprengen, daB ich e& werth achte, mich zu vertheibigen. So lei ihnen an, daß fie mich anflagen, fo fchn Ranke zu ſchmieden und bie Worte ber achten: „Liebe es nicht zu verkleinern, dan gerottet werbeft."") 22. Als nun Montanus abgegangen nate fpäter der Notar Diogenes, und er i einen Brief, noch haben wir einanber gefe er mir Etwas, als ob ein Auftrag wäre 4 weien. Ja auch, al der Feldherr Syria dria Tam, fragte ich ihn, weil die Ario forengten und von bem, waß fie wünſchte es eintreten werbe, ob er einen Brief babı Gerede verbreiteten. Ich geftche e8, ich ver mit Deinem Auftrag zu fehen. Als er ak ſolchen nicht 3a haben, fo bat”ich, es möd weder Syrianus felbft oder Marimus, 1) Spruchw. 20, 13. 198 Atbanafıs Aphpten, mir hierüber etwas Schriftliches übergeben. Ich ftellte aber diefe Forderung deßhalb, weil Deine Dienfchen- freumblichteit wir geichrieben hatte, wir follten uns von Niemand in Schreden fegen laſſen und auf Niemand mer- ten, ver und in Unruhe verfegen wolle, fonbern unbeforgt bei den Kirchen verweilen. Die Überbringer dieſes Briefes find aber Palladius. ver ehemalige Magifter bes VPalaſtes. und Afterius, der gemefene Feldherr von Armenien. er fatte mir, daß ich bie Abſchrift des Briefes vorlefe! Der Inhalt lautet. wie folgt. 23. Abfchrift des Briefes, die alfo lautet: Eonftantins, ber fiegreihe Kaiſer, an Ubanafine. Daß ich immer wünfchte, e8 möchte meinem ehemaligen Bruder Eonftans Alles glüdlih von Statten geben, ift wohl Deiner Einfiht nicht entgangen. Da ich nun in Er« fabrang gebracht babe, daß er durch bie Lift ungerechter Männer getöbtet worben fei, fo wird euere Einficht leicht beurteilen fönnen, in welch große Trauer es mich geſtürzt hat. Und da es Einige gibt, bie in ber gegenwärtigen Zeit, bei biefem fo tbränenvollen Schaufpiele, Dich einzufchüch« tern fuchen, fo entſchloß ich mich beBhalb, gegenwärtigen Brief an Deine Ehrmärbigteit zu fenden, und ermahne Dich, Du mögeft, wie e8 einem Bifchof gesiemt, das Volt anlei« ten, zum vorgefchriebenen Gotteöbienft ſich au verfammeln, und mit ihm dem herfömmlichen Gebet obliegen. Denn das iſt und genehm. Und was unfern Willen betrifft, fo. wollen wir, daB Du jeberzeit an Deinem Site Bifchof bleibeft. Und von anderer Hand: „Die Gottheit bewahre Dich viele Jahre, vielgeliebter Bater !” 24. Bon lelem Briefe haben Jene auch mit en Rich- t 1. Hatte ich aber, da ich im Beſitze biefes i ucht Recht, ein Schreiben zu verlangen und r iuf das zu achten, was fie vorbradten? Da fi :b[ Deiner Gotteöfurcht vorzeigten, hanbelten Ausrede an aeiſer Eonfantins c. 2 fie nicht in offenem Widerſpruch mit biefe aber hielt e8, da fie fein Schreiben über wahrfheinlich, daB fie ohne ein foldes ı mich hätten. Der Brief Deiner Güte ford auf fo Etwas nicht zu achten. Ich handel fo, gottesfürchtiger Kaifer, damit ich, wie meine Baterflabt betrat, ſo fie auch auf wieber verlieffe und mich niemals der Bo hätte ic) die Kirche verlaffen, ſondern ich i Entſchuldiaung für meine Entfernung fünt and) das ganze Volt mit ben Brieftern, Theil der Stadt verfügte ſich mit ihnen, u fogen, du Syrianus, bei dem ſich auch Mar om Hatten, befand. Ihre Forderung 9 Tolle entweber eimen Brief ſchreiben und ‚oder bie Kirchen nicht mehr bebrängen, bi in biefer Angelegenheit an Dich eine Gefan würde. Da fie nun ſehr im ihm brange auus bie Billigteit ihrer Forderung, und i nem Heile ſchwur, betbeuerte er, — und auch Hilarins*) dabei zugegen, — er wolle fallen und bie Sache Deiner Gottesfurd Es weiß das die Umgebung des Feldher gebung des Eparchen von Ägypten. Der ( ft im Befig der Akten, und Dir fannft ve daß weber ich gegen Deinen Befehl mich | gend ein Anderer. 25. Ulle verlangten, es folle das € @ottesfuccht vorgezeigt werben. Denn das allein hat wohl die gleiche Kraft wie fein wenn ber, welcher es überbringt, Zuverfi Auftrag niederſchreibt. Da fie aber weder daß ein Auftrag vorhanden ſei, noch ihr ._ 1) Der Notar Hilerins, ber mit Sie bria gelommen war, wie bie historia acepl Larfow ©. 85. 200 Atpanafns ſchriftlich auftellten, fonbern in Allem wie ans eigenem An- trieb banbelten, fo fchöpfte ich, ich geflehe es und füge es offen berans, gegen fie Verdacht. Denn es waren viele Ari- mer in ibrer Geſellſchaft, aben mit ihnen gemeinfam und berietben ſich mit ihnen. Und fie handelten in feiner Sache offenberzig, fondern gingen bamit um, wie fie mir Nachftels tungen und Fallſtrige bereiten Lönnten. Auch thaten fie Nichts wie im Auftrage des Laiſers und fie verriethen fetbft, daß fie von ben Feinden fich beflimmen ließen. Das bemog mid; um fo mehr, von ihnen ein ſchriftliches Docu- ment zu verlangen, da ich wegen ihrer Unternehmungen und Bläne gegen fie Berbacht fhöpfte. Zudem geziemte es ſich aicht, daß ich, ber ich mit, einem fo werthvolien Schreiben angelommen war, ohne ein Schreiben die Kirche verlieh. Auf die Zuſage des Syrianus bin kamen Alle in den Kir hen freudig und unbeforgt zuſammen. Uber dreiundzwanzig Tage nah feiner Zuſage dringt er mit Solvaten in bie Kirche. Wir beteten wie gewöhnlich, das haben die gefehen, welche einbrangen, ba wir bie Bigilie für bie bevorftehende Derfammlung feierten. Es geſchah aber im biefer Nacht, was bie Arianer wollten und, bevor es eintrat, anttesaefugt hatten, Denn in ihrer Begleitung kam ver Feldherr, und fie felöft waren bie Lenfer und Rathgeber bei diefem lher- fall. Und das ift nicht unglaublich, gottesfücchtiger Kaifer ! Denn es war fein Geheimniß, fondern ift überall verbreitet worden. Als ich num den Überfall ſah, ermahnte ich zuerſt das Bolt, ſich zu entfernen, und entfernte mid) dann nach ihnen auch felbft, indem Gott mich ihren Blicken entzog and führte. Auch das haben bie gefeben, welche damals ‚bei mir waren. Und von ba am blieb ich allein, indem ich vorzugs- - weiſe bei Gott, dann aber auch bei Deiner Frömmigkeit mich zuverfichtlich zu rechtfertigen hoffe, weil id nicht das Bolt im Stiche ließ und bie Flucht ergriff, fonbern ber Überfall des Feidherrn mir Zeugniß gibt, baB ich vertrieben wurbe, was Alle ſehr befremdete. Denn er hätte entweber ie Zuſage geben ober, wenn ex fie gegeben hatte, biefelbe balten follen, IT - 26. Warum alfo faßten fü zum unternahmen fie es, mit da fie ja aud hätten befeblen übergeben können ? Denn ver B fe8 Zutrauen ein. Aber ver Ui alten wollten, verflärkte ben Auftrag hatten. Wie war mein! wahrbeitsliebender Kaifer ? Wie - daß eine folche Forderung von € fertigt fei? Du weißt aus de große Verantwortung es für € u verlaffen und fih um bie $ mern. Denn die Abweſenheit Wölfen eine Gelegenheit, die He firebten eben bie Arianer und a duch unfere Entfernung ihnen zur Goitloſigleit zu verführen. 202 Aipanafus Guade in Dir, welche Dir gegeben wurde bei ber Hand⸗ auflesung der Ülteften.“) Da auch ich das fürdhtete, fo wollte ich nicht fliehen, fondern einen Auftrag erhalten, wenn es ver Wille Deiner Gottesfurcht war. Aber ich er- hielt nicht nur nicht, was ich mit Recht forderte, fonbern wurde auch jet noch ohne Grund bei Dir angellagt. Denn ich wiberfeßte mich weber bem Befehle Deiner Gottesfurcht, noch werbe ich jetzt nach Mierandria zurädzufehren verfuchen, bevor Deine Denfchenfreundlichteit das will. Und das er» Häre ich im Boraus, damit bie Nänfefchmiebe nicht auch da⸗ rin eine Gelegenheit finden, und zu verleumben, 5 27. Da ih Dieß in Erwägung 309, Tonnte ich mich nicht für ſchuldig halten, fondern indem ich Dieß zu meiner Rechtfertigung hatte, eilte ich au Deiner Gottesfurcht, in- ich Deine Menfhenfreunblichfeit kannte und Deine u Verſprechungen im Gebächtniß hatte, vertran« € wie in ben göttlichen Sprüchwörtern gefchrieben ftegt, ver einem menfchenfreunbfichen Könige die gerechte Sache angenehm iſt.) Als ich mich aber bereitö auf den Beg gemacht und die Einfamteit verlafien hatte, kam mir plöglich eine Nachricht zu Obren, die mir Anfangs unglaub- lich vorfam, fpäter aber ſich als wahr erwies. Es ging näm« Lich überall das Gerücht, daB Liberins, ver Biſchof von Rom, der von Spanien, der große Hofins, Paulinus von Gallien, Dionyfius und Eufebins von Jialien, Lucifer von Sardinien und einige anbere Vifchöfe, Vrieſter und Diafo« men verbannt worben feien, weil fie ſich nicht hatten ent» Tchließen fönnen, gegen uns zu unterfchreiben. Und währenbbiefe verbannt worden, hätten Bincentins von Capua. Fortunatianns von Aquileja, Eremius von Theſſalonich und alle Bifchöfe des Abendlandes nicht gewöhnliche Gewalt, ſondern aufferor- ventlihen Zwang und fchredliche Unbilven erbulvet, bis fie fich bereit erklärten, mit und nicht in. Gemeinſchaft fieben 30 wollen. Als mich das in Staunen und Berlegenheit ver- 3) 1. Timoth. 4, 14. — 2) Sprüdw. 16, 18. qudrede an KaiferGonfantins c.25 ſetzte, Hich, da kam mir wieder eine wei Ohren über bie Borgänge in Aaypten unt Biſchofe, nabezu neungig an der Zahl, 1 Kirchen den Anhänger des Arins übergek Darunter hätte man fechgehn verbannt, vo einen Zur Flucht veranlaft, bie andern zu nötbigt. Denn es hieß, dort habe bir heftig gewüthet, baß, als bie Brüber am ; ven Tagen des Herrn an einem einfamen 5 des Gottesackers beteten, der Weloherr 1 Soldaten von mehr als vreitaufend Mann Schwertern und Geſchoben bewaffnet war fen einprang und dann Alles geichab, wa folden Angriffs auf Frauen und Kinder deren Verbrechen in nidytd Anderm beftan! Oott beteten. Es ift vielleicht jetzt unpaflı zählen, damit nicht die bloße Erinnerung | rühre. Denn fo groß war die Graufamteit franen entblößte, vie Leiber derer, die an florben waren, nicht fogleich beerdigte, fon! binwarf, bis die Verwandten unter großer name der Ihrigen heimlich wegnahmen un Angft fchwebten, es möchte fie Jemand ber 28. Was aber außerdem noch geſche für unglaublich gehalten werden und durı Schänblichteit Alle mit Staunen erfüllen. es gefagt werben, bamit Deine aus Xiebe fpringende Bürforge und Gottesfurcht erfc gen uns geſchleuderten Anfchuldigungen um nichts Anderes beswedten, als uns aus be brängen und bie eigene Gottlofigfeit bafkr fegen zu fönnen. Denn da bie wahren 1 ſchofe theils verbannt, tbeil vertrieben fi mebr Heiden, Katechum bobe Rathoh Neichthum angefehene Dinner von ben A Ehriften beauftragt, den frommen Glaut Und nicht mehr unterfuchte man nad di 904 Athauafins Anoftels, ob Einer untabelbaft ſei,) fonvern nach dent Berfahren des gottlofen Ieroboam wurde zum Biſchof er- nannt, wer das meifte Geld zahlte.) Und e8 lag ihnen Nichts daran, wenn Einer felbft Heide war, wenn er nur Geld bot. Und es wurden die von Alerınder geweihten Bi⸗ Tchöfe, welche Mönche und Afceten waren, verbannt. Sie aber, bie gewandten Verleumber, vernichteten, fo weit e8 von ihnen abbing, die apoftolifche Ordnung und befledten die Kirchen. Un» ihre Ränfe brachten .viel zu Stande, daß es ihnen möglich if, die Geſetze zu übertreten und in Deiner Zeit ſolche Thaten zu vollbringen, daß auf fie Die Worte ber Schrift ſich au beziehen Tcheinen: „Wehe denen, um beren willen mein Name bei ven Völkern geläftert wird.“) 29. Obſchon nun dieſe Gerüchte in Umlauf waren und alle Dinge zu oberft' und unterft gelehrt waren, fo Stand ich gleichwohl von meinem Borhaben nicht ab, ſon⸗ dern fette meine Reife zu Deiner Gottesfurcht fort. Und ıh that Dieß um fo Lieber, weil ich zuverfichtlich glaubte, daß das gegen den Willen Deiner Gottesfurcht geſchah und, wenn Deine Menfchenfreundlichkeit von dem Borgefallenen Kenntniß erbielte, fie für die Zukunft dergleichen verhindern würde. Denn es könne ja ein gottesfürchtiger Kaifer nicht wollen, daB Bifchöfe verbannt, Jungfrauen entblößt oder überhaupt Kirchen in Verwirrung geſetzt werben. Aber während und das im Sinne lag und wir die Reife fort- feßten, fieb, da fam und noch eine britte Nachricht zu, es fei ven Tyrannen in Auxumis der fohriftliche Auftrag zu⸗ gegangen, den Bilhof Frumentins von Aurumis von dort abzuführen und nach mir bis ind Land ber Barbaren zu forfchen und mich zu den fogenannten Commentarien *) der Eparchen zu fenden, und es würden alle Raten und Kleriker gezwungen, mit ber arianifchen Härefie in Gemeinſchaft zu 1) I. Zim. 3,2. — 2) II. Kön. 12, 81. — 8) Iſ. 52,5 — 4) Bgl. Schutzſchrift gegen die Arianer 8. 8 Aum. 3. Ayusrede au aaiſer Couſtaatius c.30- treten, unb bie Wiberfpänftigen würben get das nicht bloß ein außgefprengtes Gerüd durch die That felbft beftätigt wurde, erfie Menfchenfreunvlichteit es genehm ift, auch ar Denn diefen haben fie beftännig vorgelefen mit dem Tode bebroht. 30. Abfchrift des Briefe: Der fiegreihe Conſtantius, derg laudtigfte Raifer,an die Alcı Die Stadt bat bie.väterliche Sitte ben Tugend ihrer Gründer eingebent ſich ihrer mãß auch jetzt willfährig gezeigt. Wir abe wir an Wohlwollen gegen euere Stadt es nicht zuvorthäten. und nicht eine geringe St glauben, Wie es aber ver Befcheidenbeit Allem anftändig zu betragen, fo kommt ed Würde zu, geftattet es, au fagen, vor Alleı hoch zu achten, weil ihr zuerft als Lehrer di geftanden und ven wahren Gott erfannt he ihre bie ausgezeichnetſten Lehrer gewählt ı ſchluß gerne euch gefügt, inbem ihr jener Xügner von euch wielet und jenen auſſerort digen Männern in gebührender Weife euch aı if felbft unter denen, die in ben entfern! wohnen, Jemand, ber nicht wüßte, welche Br fich geltend machten? Wir wiflen nicht, n man damit vergleichen fol. Die meiften Stabt waren verblendet, Ein Mann Batte dem tiefflen Abarunde ſich erhob und gleich flerniß die, welche nach ver Wahrheit ver Lüge verflricte, der niemals eine fruchtba 1) Alerander bem Großen, dem Gründer t Aua na ia⸗ ulelelen und auf andere Weiſe die Seelen 5chmeichler ſchrieen und klatſchten und ge⸗ ıden und murren wohl auch jetzt noch im ie Mebrzahl der Einfältigen ließ ſich von bande führen. Dan ließ ſich fortreifien tſchwemmung und kümmerte fih um ganz Es fand an ber Spige des Volles ein %, ich kann es nicht beſſer ausbrüden, in gemeinen Handwerker unterfchieb, und ber meit zu Hilfe kam, daß er ihre Einwohner de flürzte, Aber der eble ausgezeichnete icht einmal ven über ihn au fällenden Ur- ndem er ſich mit Recht zur Verbannung ne Befeitigung tft felbft ein Gewinn für nit er nicht Einige zur Öottlofigteit berebe, Schaufpieler vor denen, welche ihm gerade einen Jammercuf erhebt. Ihm nun wollen fchiebenheit ven Rüden kehren. Euch aber Wenigen auf eine Stufe fegen oder muß ein vor ben Übrigen bochachten, va ibr fo d unb Berftand euch hervortbut, als euere ben, die faft auf ber ganzen Erde geprie- & aufwegen euerer Befonnenbeit! Möchte 'o viele Boten vernehmen, bie wiederholt bien und in den Himmel erheben! Euere ıgt ihr an Hochherzigkeit, und den Zeitge: Nachwelt werdet ihr ein gutes Beifpiel babt ihr zum Führer euerer gewöhnlichen ‚en den volllommenften Mann gewählt. blick zu zaubern, habt ibe mit mannhaften zherige Richtung verlaflen und euch ben fen, feid von biefen niedrigen irdiſchen himmliſchen geeilt, indem ber ehrwürdige ı benfelben binleitet, ein Mann, ver mehr hierin gewandt ift, mit deſſen Hilfe ihr Leben mit guter Hoffnung aubringen und ohne Beſchwerde führen werdet. Mögen Ausrede an Rniler ( aber alle Einwohner der Stabt wie an einen heiligen Anter ſich nöthig werbe, zum Schneiden greifen, deren Seelen vom Bert ermahnen wir nachdrüdlich, ihre fius du entfagen und nicht mel Ihwägigkeit zu denken. Auſſer ahnen. in den größten Gefahre nicht, ob ein noch fo tüchtiger denfelben retten wird. Denn e8 ruchte Athanaſius von einem Lo werbe, ba er ber größten Sch daß man ihn nicht, wie er eg ve wenn man ihn zehnmal des Lebe feinen Schmeihlern und Trab Leuten, daß es eine Schande iſt. mutb hingehen lafſe, deren Hin Tängft befoblen hat. Unb vielleid zu Theil werben, wenn fie bie aufgeben umb ſich nicht, wenn ar innen. Das Haupt diefer Leut nafins, ber fomohl das Gemeinn die beiligften Männer feine gott! Tegte. 31. Was aber in Betreff dei von Aurumiß,‘) an die dortigen 2 ift Folgendes. 1) Stadt im füblichen Theil Er Bein ‚oral to) en Hei Brief — it, und ‚au feinem $ bei Be R feinem Freunde Fu Anauaſiu⸗ onſtantius, der große Kaiſer, an Äzanas 8 der Hochſie erkannt werde, liegt uns d macht und große Sorgen. Denn man ‚em gemeinfamen Menſchengeſchlecht in gleiche Fürſorge widmen. bamit fie ihr binbringen, indem fie eine folde Kenut- ı und in ber Unterfuchung ber Gerechtig · in Nichts von. einander abweihen. Die widmen wir num auch euch, teilen euch ben Römern mit und befeblen, daß in und biefelbe Lehre wie bei ihnen Gele alfo den Biſchof Frumentius fchleunigft ebrwirdigen Biſchof Georgins und zu fen in Yaypten, die zur Wahl und in ſolchen Dingen vorzugeweiſe berech- r wißt ja und erinnert euch, wenn ihr ſtellt, als ob ihr allein das nicht wüßtet. geftanden wird, daB biefer Frumentius biefem Rang im Leben erhoben worden, Laftern behaftet ift, fo daB er, ba er m ihn erhobenen Beſchuldiaungen mit nnte, ſogleich feinen Bifchofsfig verloren nzen Welt vertrieben herumirrt und won ndern wandert, ald ob er fo feiner Ka- ten wollte. Sollte nun Frumentius frei- md über alle Umftände feiner Erhebung: fo wird Allen einleuchten, daB er mit gen und dem herrſchenden Glauben im fleht. Hat er ſich aber dem Richterſpruch sanzes Leben ber Unterfuchung untergo- Ränbigen Richtern darüber Rechenſchaft r von ihnen eingeſetzt werben, wenn er vechtmäffigen Biſchof gehalten werben = Anftand nehmen und dem Urtheile- rchen fuchen, dann ift es wohl Har, daß a bes lafterhaften Athanafius verleitet ottloſe Anfichten hat, und in einer fol» Aauprebe an aauer· en Geiftesrichtung ſich befint nachgemiefen ift. Unb es ift Auzumis kommen und euere & welbafte und gottlofe Reben führ Berwirrung und Aufruhr ft ext, ſondern auch ben ganzen vollftändige Umwälzung und überzeugt, daß er feine Kennt Umgang mit dem ehrmürbigen die bierin einen gränblichen Uꝛ einen großen gemeinfamen N aller kirchlichen Dinge ven hö— wieber an feinen biöherigen € Tchüge euch, hochgeehrte Brüde 32. Als ich das vernah fab, weil bie Boten darüber e fo tehrte ich, ich geftche es Ich dachte nämlich, was and Weun man und aufſucht, nu werben, zu ben Eparden au au Deiner Menſchenfreundůch bie, welche gegen uns nicht ur and fehwere Strafen erlitten mit den Arianern nicht in Be Tode verurtheilt wurben, fo neue und unzählige Tobesar mic) ausfinnen und. meine Fi Belieben Alles gegen Ieberm den, indem fie um fo mehr mehr wäre, um fie zu wiberle vor Deiner Gottesfurdt flo! Nachficht und Güte, — fondern! ben Groll ber Feiude fah um der gegen ben Willen Deine menen Thaten : überführt_ zu den, um mic au töbten. Den daß bie Biſchofe nur ans ı Athanafins® ansgen. Eäeiften. IL. Athauaſias Iten. Die unbegreiflichen Menſchen € Deinen Befehl hinauszugehen, und ‘änner und hochbejahrte Bifchöfe über 3 in verlaffene, unbebaute und fchred- m bie Einen wurben von Libyen im Invern von der Thebais in bie ammo- m gefenbet. Und nicht etwa floh ich Tode, — möge mich Keiner aus ihnen sen! — fondern weil es auch ber Auf» wenn wir verfolgt werben, die Flucht mn man ung auflucht, ung gu verber- in bie offene Gefahr zu ftürzen ober tliches Erſcheinen den Groll der Ver⸗ ı entzänben. Denn es ift ebenfo viel ı man fich feinen Feinden zur Ermor- r nad der Ermahnung des Heilandes als die Zeit erfennen und in Wahr- jer Sorge tragen, bamit fie fich nicht inteiffen laffen und gegen das Gebot nicht töbten,“ da fie ja mit ihren Ber- »eiſe beabſichtigen. daß und Etwas be uch, was fie jet wieder gethan haben, ne Streben gebe, und daß fie nach Blut das vernimmft, fo weiß ich wohl, o t, daß Du überrafcht fein wirft. Denn in Wahrheit geeignet, mit Entfegen au © aber ift, vernimm in kurzen Worten. Gottes, unfer Herr und Heiland Je ı unfertwillen Menſch geworben, und d vernichtet und unfer Gefchledt vom Verderbens befreit hatte, gewährte .er 18 auch mod, als ein Bild der Heilig Jungfräulichleit auf Erven zu befigen. fe Tugend befigen, pflegt bie Kirche mnen. Wenn bie Heiden biefe fehen, fo an als einen Tempel des Wortes. nur bei uns Chriſten wird in Wabr⸗ J J Sg adrede an Raifer Couſtaatu ‚heit dieſe ehrwürdige und himmliſche ben beſonders auch das iſt ein grı die wirkliche und wahre Gottesfurch vor Allen Dein gottesfürdtiger Ba Kaifer Conftantin. Diefe nannte % Briefen oft ehrenwerth und beilig. | von den unbegreiflichen Arianern, w und von benen bie meiften Bilchöfe ı felöft die Richter ihnen beiftanden ın teibet und an ben fogenannten Herm ihre Seiten breimal fo fchredlich 3 einmal bie wirklichen Verbrecher ji Bilatus ließ einft auf die Bitte ver eine einzige Seite des Hellandes di Haben es der Wuth bes Pilatus zuvı eine Seite, fondern beide zerfleifchten Sungfrauen gehören vorzugsweiſe de Schaudern, wenn fie Solches nur aus nehmen. Diefe allein aber ſcheuten fi ambefledten Glieder zu entlleiven un! die Jungfrauen unferm Heiland C Haben, fondern, was das Schlinm ihnen von Allen diefe Graufamteit wird, ſtatt zu erröthen, vor, es fei d Öottesfurht. So vermefien in Alle fie. Hat man body felbft in den früh mals von einer folchen Behandlung mals fo Etwas geicheben fein, fo er Regierung, va Dur ein Chril fräulichkeit fo arge Mißhandlung ı noch aud hätten Diefe ihre eigene Gottesfuccht wälzen follen. Denn ı ſolchen Bosheit fähig, daB fie ger gottlos find und gegen feine heilig 3. Da alfo die Arianer co Tbaten verübt Batten, fo that ich wenn ich bie orte der göttlichen € — n kurzen Augenblid, bis der Zorn iſt. ) Das veranlaßte mich alfo &x, bie Flucht auergreifen, un ich in dieWäfte aurüdzusiehen, noch, wäre, mich in einem Korbe vom Denn ich Tieß mir Alles ge⸗ Iſchaft wilber Thiere*) und war« akt für dieſe Rede ab, im feften würden entlarvt werben, unb ‚it würde ans Tageslicht treten. ser Kaiſer! Was hätteft Du vor · id unſere Verleumder erbittert achten, gelommen wäre, ober daß ht, auf kurze Zeit verbarg, da⸗ die Ränte ber Häretifer entdedt enfremmblichteit ans Licht träte? ’n wänfchen follen, daB ich vor Etwa, damit, wenn Du nur efe, ohne Deine Meinung zu er- ufgebegt, auf Dein Schreiben bes Schreibens Dir die Ermor- 8 geztemte fi weber, daB ich me Hinrichtung anbot, noch vaß ‚ ber Chriftum liebt, die Hin- al von Bifchöfen, augefchrieben: daß ich mich verbarg und dieſen weiß, daß aud Du, da Du die ie Recht gibt und meine Hand fieh, da Deine Aufhetzer ruben, tor. 11, 38. PAR a jier noch bie Worte: x. en ierfeht: donec vos pi affen. Badria „, bis. bie Zeit an und heranlam. Aaufrede an aauſer En AR Deine gottesfärdhtige Milde c Alle Haben, bie Überzeugung, bat . Chriften nicht verfolgteft, fonbern beerten, um ihre eigene Bottlofigfel Solge welcher auch wir, wenn hätten, längft von ifnen wären ü ift augenfcheinlich, daß Menfchen, Tolche Berleumbungen bei einem mid vorzubringen, bie ſolche D Sungfrauen unternaßmen, aud u: Dank fei dem Heren gefagt, ver 2 Bat! Denn Ale überzeugten fich vr Tichfeit und von ber Boßheit jener L buch die Flucht entzog, damit Rebe halten könnte und Du Eine lich au bebanbeln. Ich bitte Dich < „Eine bemüthige Antwort wende Angenehm find einem Könige g nimm auch biefe ertbeibiaumg gs ſchöfe und bie übrigen Klerii Kirchen zurück, bamit bie —— Tag komme und Du fowohl ie Gerichtes unferm Herm und $ Ielus Ehriftus, mit Buverficht | * Keinen von ben Deinigen verloren. die Allen Vachſtellungen bereitel wegen ber Öemorbeten, wegen dei und wegen beffen, was fonft gege Schmerz erfüllt, ließ die Berbann fie ihren Kirchen zuräd, y emtgm. 15,1. — 2) Joh. 68 Einleitende I Die bier in einer nenen Überfi des BI. Athanafius gehört, bem eompetenteften Autoritäten zufolg: züalichfien Geiflegerzeugniflen bief fondern fie gilt als einer der fol reichen Schatte der gefammten P Kicchenväter thun ihrer ebrenvoll Hieronymus nennt fie?) kurzwe Auch der Heilige Johanues € biefe Schrift als eine ſolche. wel nau, Iehrreih und umfafienb bef viele Philoſophie ſchopfen Fönne; bei, „bitte ich: laßt und dieß Bud bern bie Dinge, welche bagefchrieben Auch der BI. Auguftin erzählt im | 1)_De iluste. Eccl. seript- c. über Matthäus Kap. 2. thauafa⸗ welch einen entſcheidenden Ein · ı auf die vollſtaͤndige Belehrung heäute gehabt, und welchen Ein- ine eigene Berfon gemacht habe, iblung einer ber legten inneren feiner endlichen Belehrung un- h felber hochaeſchaͤtzte als auch rtungen gu großer Bebentung ıd. äylov "Arsovlov wirklich ven brem Berfaffer Habe, iſt au . 6. von Vielen, und mit über- m worben; bie Centuriatores p. 1806) begnügen ſich bamit, yanafins in Zweifel zu ziehen, Grund oder anbermeitige Con · wuführen; und auch bie wenig tiefgehenben Gegenbehauptungen Scultet und Dubin xc. haben ıb (Praeludia in Vit. 8. Ant. in BP. Montfancon (opp. 8. Hünbige Abfertigung gefunden. wige Frage wollen wir Möhler ten: „Dan wird,“fagt er, „bieler eine Bewunderung nicht verfagen bt, e8 fei Alles in jever Ber Manches fei von Athanafins laube ich annehmen zu müffen, utlihe Spuren bavon: fichtbar les dieſe Anficht zu weit aus- » and wieber Merkmale genug ableiten läßt, daß Atbanafins leit gebunden war." Immerhin &, fiher eine halbe Stunde aus bi. Antonius an die Mönde men werben, baß fie fo wört- ; bie Stoffe und Gedauken ber Ginleitende Ratizen. Rebe, ja zuverläffto auch jeden wichtigere Antonius hat Athanafius gewiß treu beibeh von entweber durch bie dabei anweſenden gleichwie ihm felbft, jedes Wort des großeı und benfwärbig war, ober möglicher Weile eigener Anhörung in Keuntniß war;—er v Borrede an bie answärtigen Mönde ja fe feiner Arbeit allzeit auf Wahrheit aefebı die „Stylifirung” gedachter Anreve if offe uns in der ganzen Schrift entgegentritt. Der Hi. Athanafius ſchrieb diefe Leben teren Zeit feines Lebens, um das Jahr 36) ex im der Vorrede felbft fagt, den Möncen ienfeit8 des Meeres — in Gallien oder und ibn um fichere Nachrichten über ihre lichen Bater angegangen hatten. Sein 3 fung biefer Schrift war übrigens, nach feiı flandniſſe in der Vorrebe, ver: ſowohl fi jene Jünger bes großen Lehrers durch dir ihn im Geiſte zu erquicden und au fördern ein wahres Vorbild und Mufter für das vor Augen au flellen und in ben Mön Schrift unmittelbar oder mittelbar zufon oentlich „Luft und Wetteifer” wachzurufen, rufserfenntniß im ibres.Igroßen Meifters : treten. Bündig drüdt diefen Zwed der Sd Gregor von Nazianz aus, indem er in zum Lobe des hl. Atbanaſius fagt: „Er | des bi. (How) Antonius, (als) eine Geſetze Gopossolar) bes, Mondlebens im Bild einer Erzäblung.“ Um nun feine andoe leichter zu erreichen, firebt€ Atbanaſius el bens bilde den Dilnden, wie Möhler wı zeigen, woramf eß beim Höfterlichen Lei komme, wohin alle Aufmerkſamleit dabei ge nämlich: die Einfamfeit und bie Entbel Höheren zu benägen, zur inneren Heiligun 20 Kibanafus x renden Mittel genauer zu befchreiben und vor allen Ab - wegen au bewahren; zu zeigen enblich, wie ber Mönd, ob⸗ ſchon nicht in der Gefellfchaft der Denfchen, doch für fie ‚wohlthätig werben folle, damit auf dieſe Weife ever von ihnen ſchon im Voraus der fo oft auf die Bahn gebrachten Be⸗ bauptung entgegentrete, daB das Möndsleben an ſich ein — änfferliches, phantaſtiſches, menſchenſcheues Lehen Manche Herausgeber dieſer Biographie meinten der⸗ felben, damit fie genauer verſtanden und gewärbiget werde. erſt eine nähere Darlegung des damaligen Zuftanbes ber Mönde vorausichiden zu follen, indem an fomanden Stef- " Ten ganz offenbar auf gewiſſe inner ihm bereits vorban- dene Schäten und felbft große Gebrechen angefpielt werbe. Eine ausführlichere Beſprechung der Art fcheint jedoch un. nothwenbig, fondern es mag an ber focben gegebenen Hinbeutung allein ſchon genug fein; auch felbſt obne fie wird nicht leicht Jemand, wenn er 3. ®. bie fo eingehenben Anreben des HI. Antonius an die Mönche lieft, dieſelben rein nurer- munternber ober vorbeugenber Natur geweſen fein laflen, fonbern e8 bimeeichend berausfüblen, daß biefelben, auch in der milden Form rein wäterlicher Mabnworte, dennoch deut lich genug auf das wirkliche Vorbandengewelenfein von gar mandherlei ſchiefen Auffaffungen und entweder nur läſſiger ober body linkiſcher, wo nicht verlehrter Anftrebung bes ſelbſt · erwählten hoben Lebensberufes, von Seite gewiß Mebrerer unter ihnen, ja hinſichtlich Einzelner vielleicht auch felbſt auf einen vollends unwürbigen Wandel und fchlechten Geift bin- durch fchließen laſſen. Sehr bald nach ihrem Erſcheinen ſchon, jedenfalls noch im vierten Jahrhunderte, ward, dieſe Schrift des Atbana- fius auch in das Lateinifche überfegt, und zwar von Eva grins, von bem ber BL. Hieronymus in feinem bereit er ⸗ wähnten, bis auf 397 reichenben Liber de viris illustr..(c. 125) Folgendes angibt: Evagrius Antiochiae episeopus, aeris ac ferventis ingenil, cumadhuc essetpresbyter, diversos tractatusmihi legit. Vitam quoque B. Antonii deGraeco Atha- Sinteitende tr nasli in sermonem nostrum trans Zeit ein berühmter Mann; der b einem fehr vornehmen abenblän und erwähnt dieſes Mannes in als „sibi charissimi“, bald als „e fand biefe Iateinifche Bearbeitan grins eine ſolche Aufnahme ı ihrem Erfcheinen der Originaltext gänzlich bei Seite gelegt wurde Mittelalter, ald auch noch in der ‚Höfchel bereits 1611 eine Ausgı mit. feiner lateinifchen Überfegu: noch hauptfächlic, wenn nicht bei Tat. Bearbeitung von Evagrind dere Sprachen überfegt, benützt mı möüflen fagen:_ die von Evagriu auch dem BI. Hieronymus eir tonü“ zugelchrieben ; allein wenn eriftirt bat, fo ift fie längft ſchon Tann man aber ans ihr auch nich . warb mitunter ebenfalls dem hl. |
github_open_source_100_1_180 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using AutoMapper;
using ECommerce.Api.Orders.Domain.QueryModels.OrderQueryModels.QueryParams;
using ECommerce.Api.Orders.Domain.Repositories.Contracts;
using ECommerce.Api.Orders.Presentation.Services.Contracts;
using ECommerce.Api.Orders.Presentation.ServiceModels.OrderServiceModels.ServiceResults;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using ECommerce.Api.Orders.Presentation.Infrastructure;
using ECommerce.Utilities.DomainHelpers;
using ECommerce.Utilities.PresentationHelpers.Services;
namespace ECommerce.Api.Orders.Presentation.Services
{
public class OrdersServiceProvider : BaseService, IOrdersService
{
private readonly IMemoryCache _cache;
private readonly IOrdersRepository _customersRepository;
private readonly ILogger<OrdersServiceProvider> _logger;
private readonly IMapper _mapper;
public OrdersServiceProvider(
IUnitOfWork uow,
IMemoryCache cache,
IOrdersRepository customersRepository,
ILogger<OrdersServiceProvider> logger,
IMapper mapper) : base(uow)
{
_cache = cache;
_customersRepository = customersRepository;
_logger = logger;
_mapper = mapper ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(mapper));
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<OrderServiceResult>> GetOrdersAsync(OrdersQuery qp)
{
try
{
// Here I list the query result from cache if they exist, but now the data can vary according to the category ID, page and amount of
// items per page. I have to compose a cache to avoid returning wrong data.
string cacheKey = GetCacheKeyForOrdersQuery(qp);
var entities = await _cache.GetOrCreateAsync(cacheKey, (entry) => {
entry.AbsoluteExpirationRelativeToNow = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1);
return _customersRepository.ListPaginationAsync(qp);
});
var models = entities != null && entities.Any()
? _mapper.Map(entities, new List<OrderServiceResult>())
: new List<OrderServiceResult>();
return models;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger?.LogError(ex.ToString());
throw;
}
}
public async Task<OrderServiceResult> GetOrderAsync(string id)
{
try
{
var entity = await _customersRepository.FindByIdAsReadableAsync(id);
var model = entity != null
? _mapper.Map(entity, new OrderServiceResult())
: null;
return model;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger?.LogError(ex.ToString());
throw;
}
}
public async Task<int> GetOrdersCountAsync(int customerId)
{
try
{
return await _customersRepository.CountAsync(customerId);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger?.LogError(ex.ToString());
throw;
}
}
private string GetCacheKeyForOrdersQuery(OrdersQuery query)
{
string key = CacheKeys.OrdersList.ToString();
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(query.Search))
{
key = string.Concat(key, "_", query.Search);
}
key = string.Concat(key, "_", query.CustomerId, "_", query.Limit, "_", query.Offset);
return key;
}
}
}
|
00204737-2024_1 | TEDEUTenders | Various open data | ARIA_2023_405.1 Procedura aperta, ai sensi dell’art. 60 del D.Lgs. n. 50/2016, per l’affidamento della fornitura del Servizio di Manutenzione Edile, Fabbro e Falegname, in favore degli Enti del SSR
l’appalto ha ad oggetto la stipula di una Convenzione ai sensi della dell’art. 1, comma 4, della L.R. n. 33 del 28 dicembre 2007 - per la fornitura del Servizio di manutenzione edile, fabbro e falegname, in favore degli Enti del SSR di cui all’art. 1 della L.R. n. 30 del 27/12/2006. Il luogo principale di esecuzione è presso le sedi del S.S.R.
services
Con Determina n. 137 del 19/02/2024 è stata disposta l'aggiudicazione dei lotti 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10. Il lotto 1 è stato dichiarato deserto per assenza di offerte pervenute. I lotti sono stati aggiudicati come di seguito riportato: Lotto 2: ONGARO F.LLI SNC € 73.260,00; Lotto 3: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 57.960,00; Lotto 4: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 414.180,00; Lotto 5: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 357.000,70; Lotto 6: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 691.321,07; Lotto 7: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 362.103,56; Lotto 8: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 756.342,03; Lotto 9: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA € 837.166,28; Lotto 10: CN COSTRUZIONI GENERALI SPA 1.530.346,48. Importo totale di aggiudicazione: € 5.079.680,12 (al netto dell’opzione di estensione contrattuale del 20%), IVA esclusa.
7714846.73
98395000
anyw-cou
ITA
LOT-0001
no-eu-funds
PUNTEGGIO ECONOMICO: 30 PUNTEGGIO TECNICO: 70
quality
Price is not the only award criterion and all criteria are stated only in the procurement documents.
ORG-0001
Contro il presente Bando di gara è proponibile ricorso avanti il TAR di Milano
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
true
false
fa-wo-rc
none
LOT0001
In considerazione della numerosità dei lotti si rimanda alla documentazione di gara
l’appalto ha ad oggetto la stipula di una Convenzione ai sensi della dell’art. 1, comma 4, della L.R. n. 33 del 28 dicembre 2007 - per la fornitura del Servizio di manutenzione edile, fabbro e falegname, in favore degli Enti del SSR di cui all’art. 1 della L.R. n. 30 del 27/12/2006.
services
Per i CIG, in considerazione della numerosità dei lotti si rimanda alla documentazione di gara.
7714846.73
98395000
45450000
anyw-cou
ITA
36
estensione contrattuale del 20% (quinto d’obbligo).
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github_open_source_100_1_181 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env bash
# Run afl-cov in live mode. Integrates lcov/gcov wifh fuzzer findings.
DESIRED_PATH="aflplusplus"
[[ "${PWD##*/}" == "$DESIRED_PATH" ]] || {
echo "Run from $DESIRED_PATH"
exit
}
LCOV_EXCLUDE_PATTERN="'/usr/include*' '/on-board-software/lib*' '/on-board-software/inc*' '/on-board-software/src*' '/on-board-software/aflplusplus/build-cov*'"
COVERAGE_CMD="cat AFL_FILE | build-cov/aflplusplus"
# Sanity check that executable was compiled with coverage support.
afl-cov --gcov-check --coverage-cmd "$COVERAGE_CMD"
# --ignore-core-pattern because I'd rather have AFL++ to control this.
# Also, if using docker with --security-opt seccomp=unconfined
# there won't be any /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern inside the container.
afl-cov -d findings --coverage-at-exit --overwrite \
--ignore-core-pattern \
--lcov-exclude-pattern "$LCOV_EXCLUDE_PATTERN" \
--coverage-cmd "$COVERAGE_CMD" \
--code-dir build-cov/ -v
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sn90052005_1914-07-13_1_2_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | MOST PAT TO SEE FLIER “iMEHICfi” owmji or nu.ii u i -i * i JUTs l I* Mt,\—U Kl t K \\ ! I«T1J». Hammond*] rt NY. ly * The Rodman i f.\;ng s*t Amort oh.”, waa r.c.»t . > wrr. in n head on awii.* n %* .th 1* »* * 1*' *'P Kouka th!a afternoon Oi» rr, it t’ur ti.K» who W;«* l-jj ' t i T - t.r • A:;U'-Va veered the craft *h«t the < n»t of the log airvn k • < hn .<• «r .cl« Her port s..de ?«r*» * «■* • rr off 1 ama-shod. but the h ... w > : d dam aired. Th»- A \u*-r :■ a * . • ‘ ' 1 ' hi with a tight ■* i ■ ' ' ’ • * ■ ’■ flent, Vi.' ‘he t'.Tis . :.td ‘»r?-r day did r-t ; r v. efh :.-n? rv ugh ’ * xvarriirt pattinr 1 s-AUh:.' load - f i ->.* • %*«•:» r m v* d ? 1 f. ght and * mt vms m ... i tx m h* •' fir mere*- ' a-' ■ r \ ■ team? r - < v-rv*- t • •• • . n if the W :’t' e r ’ ’ ‘ \Vl *r tV:v ‘ xt V « y xx ,v • ■ * ’ . *r»» • jo.tVant • fi < r t.ff thr- w *• *• v*h her 1c i 1 • ■ - Je, j;i* ; A’.-'- r' V V- !' at dr. vn to f ?a rr *r ’’ • •» • ? • '.j"v f:* m a ’ .. rf.*® of the :• • ’Tv f• *.. . the \;Tv r:-u teer* ' ; • d * h ! t V • a: fid m - ax M • • * r xx » • m -*r. • : TV *■ • ■ d r : t . v - r*- t h ■ - nr*' *••• x h\. f-evr- p c- ' ‘ • K ■' ‘ 1 n«hf -f v i - * t ■ '■ r a .r advantam f *he r- •.1 • ’ •' ' *' the Anu'i . r. .-.rtf. r. tt-d V A red «■ t:*- ■ 1 • • •': V' '• ) • da\ • ' V*. ( ‘ " a. , ' ;r r<-: - * • >•* f ' ’d’ W • - , m a • ■ ■ * >': • EXCHANGED * •* V • • *fl«1 . fartr’.dfir* flnr.f-1 3» ! th* >rjdrr« r * ■ n :. \ o • 11« V. n i- y. m<' rr.! of ... V it t he r» w- • 1 r «■ - f ’ ” k • d The nstf-r of ;r**v Derr\ a r<- / * i; ■*. ■ p p * 1 'VfT {h *> flirt 11 ■ . ■ I &rnnv;nU '>rt w«-r* • ' • 1 } *"r*- o- W* V r.-As-i;-, ■ .x \ - i * • f : v ed * • Vr • v th. r ■ » th< State hr Ilf v* * ; n * Why >1 nr other bu sines- « !o«o- , \ A th:- nf mu.'f stuy ■ loot'd? b r/-' • • :i> b*~-* in pr Mbit on. ’ And th*-n i he ;’ 1' * fT’jno-o .* ♦ >p T*ni?*n1 Stnrrs 1v-.,- .proV v on T h r parol po*t sy-,.m h»i„n^ t * h*- rnitfnl St,.!*-, sjt ..«■ r r:; t i. tin* government ■ ' i• » pr- h'A:’ ••. hrd Jiqu<>r shipments tr,ts« t bo Toad* \ y th** I-a re, I Ht N t h [rg t .-■ w excluded or prohibit* 1 ex* *' ; * thov, things t lift • a.” dJinyrm; . or p .- n ouft. 1' t Th* y-vernment b*1 * ve* in 1 he pr.r.'ipA and its pr* '•••.hit', n pr • hiWis ‘In tha fifrh ‘ ’arn th*- grnt r;».• r*T: d.- >■.;... ! u. j • • J • r .. ■ f will t; -t rrtii h»Y rrv u v,! dr r. .< liquor rt i d < hf • h ’ t the men w i: work for th* rn f! *. • • • . nyr \ mar may FAjind a 1 f r • * : .■ : i i I ;. r: and deman < t h. : sah: ■ drink h\ r*-.» eon of p p. r s* liberty, And ’ ho ratlr •rt * w * . :•! prohr».t v r< ■ ;. have y- • ’ <.nd p w» rf I b»* m * . v< » on our lire - aoo • draw the hoa\ . • loft ls. h ' ’ ro *-f thom «• * h < enough r t'r * • ■ ahi to )■ ■ .: u* i and y-r.r p* t ■ * • . -r' v p* t *T ’ Sofloth - IPh»«\ •* lit ll “Then j !o »\ i * prohibition he in I* 2 • m ’• ! ’ *•, d t*. Mr M Pan:el for ?h* r:atorn»nT ’hat - v*\ fvf; of th< r.*»r>!io pr* hit :t V and will r ‘ r»- *»ive Snt • mexnh* rship !),•*«.•• ’A '• • C, T’l• - s* th* how no. j v 1 I h To O : T f f .. *. <a* *• rsF hur o:v .r 1 v v I: the:r ooc? i ■ n, t ' o;t-r f . •. - A r r - . * • * 1 i q tl f Th \Vh»» • * ’ o ■ ? c y T •, j v that homlofd • . - “ hot •> V. the iro n or it * P‘ -'T* Will o Wrop relieve 1 i ve n rr. • .- •. i wo, < h l; l r* •. a r* t • -* • •>' . who l. a VO to vo o. poo v. h*.•>*■ h'-r. o.n there - * * »• x \ < it **f p' Potion < . n 1 -.. , *i ■ rn’- h * ’ *t and t&ko fr rr* t h«- *j. 'ho on< ff-nou n Ing hope '• f« • : 1* •‘Another re-.^oo wh*- 1 t in prohj>*.ttov* ?' • .a ? . T’o pr* 1 * rs hell eve 'o * rr rr. av h* Ip-re and • h* . . * * • ' * '* was one. . : rtf” * r A T V • do- o« hul the great phalanx rf pr* o her* stand arr-i yed ae« ■ - • it. W11 i ' o ; stand on this *-idf • r on that' Who I sr to the judgment I.at of M* d DEATHS atwk? : North T iVrlrr-k, S A TV: !.-T. bffUJf* / rr* . 8 V • • • • 5?.“ J A MI- H II j-i T'i^h T member • ' < - V ■ Htllwav Tr .1;:: •• Fun*™: N-rv, - > *A ' .. . .r f*i r, at th< ... MONDA V AFTKKV" =V. ■ «; eluded at th^ fruw.- , < >,» *. w m. .o \ ?h* Brotherhood of ftaifvk<i.v TraV men. Many Men Think they nre proving their friendship, when they m»]>oint their friend KXl '.( VTOK hut Ilr»!ly, they are imptisSna an trkpnmo duty. Appoint Mir Ot.r> DOMINION TUI WT i’uMTaNV KNKVl TOH In your will! JJrup In and 8<u l «. OLD DOMINION TRUST CO. Ninth mu! Main, H < hniond, \a, C«pltui 91.000,000.00 hurplu», ft 1,000,000.00 -1 f - i’v.'i'! n cun I havo if ;> stand uga r;«t me all the* preach * Ov,l p kingdom •’ I stood one*. .■'< a dying mother. ». • d th^ *• aid. huvt no f<-ar « f 1- all), but or.' c ?iT'uh'H'j n. T am n trig to 1* ivo little . h i lren in th« hand5? a 1 K.• i.: lour ' uud that filled hor h nr limitterahie w the* one *.f her dv«ng dar \ n«l 11 * * 1 ’ll UP 11 of < .Of! Ki < .> 1 s• •,: i for pioh h!? nn be ~ the eh ?. h of fh d ho! - vos in If there is n • h-urrh In the city p : that w M TC reive into J: u •:. . ' U t .. r, v t I f t ho chain lo A: * \ -d f-.r • • • t h t (.pan a' bar- roo iri a ft ho ;i Id hr tnk : h' h.a- never been Via ck although un p'.il to i \ hi:.! he did not re on in the • (|uor business. ’ n ’he- Hf a !♦» r'ffor* ft r» an mn h ?.,*! 1 d < f * • « a ’ 1 rights ■ e of the hundred hum no saloons, . r :*n h vr* prof;, hr ted. The cn • and t hart wf.rlad T he! . ■ e ■ ti 1 ti a vr*r>, .,hnrf nine Y'rginia wll : ... , • | l n j.d. e h.-iu * h at ir. a «dt«»rf time this -h h:* - n n ! he nationwide that i ‘ t h;:• • ■ i r.t: v t he ? <• will he not rgb ha r roiifti <d speed the . - i .-!pe* d the d.n. when that aii h. tni*' h' *. hut on several occasions he has dor.. h • 1 - to block the district litf orney. * ? e latent action of Dr Carman to ‘•r.me to light which show? to h( w i-111«• extent h“ i': helping the district : i M a r i < > > hS refusal to detail fo the iistr; ■■» at*orne\ his own rrvu c rnentn Ch** morning after the murder Tri • :< u < f tie- charge of Mrs Jennie Idury.a pinibcr of the dead woman, that the gun might.have been thrown down a swamp hy Pr Carman, the morn:* after the murder, while the phv-;ciari was making hts rounds through the ■ < ■ a u' r s sld* of Krer port. Tins latent refusal, of the doctor is most interesting. •Jus? • of the Peace CVrod-n Nor tec.. who was to have heard the case against Mrs t’rmpan Tn« sdav morn ing h •» . I J, .«tpnne hi- hoar dig until Tuesday, du!\ 21, arid Mrs Carman w:i! ♦ 1m- produced in court before v,lni The grand jurv meets on Tue^dav a. ud hum another case to ho ar, so p \v!!h h1 afternoon before the- <’fir man case Ip presented to it. I ah p ■<, * a » •, • ■ ? hr.'.* w ^ n* ' s w ill hi- .'ailed op Tuesday, and ’■o- w: i 1 h« 1 >r Rov ft r ini me r. hr William H Hun-le and Dr. Harcdd T’hifd s who • n,:! d*- the .vitn|i?y ASSUME ATTITUOE (Continued from First page) it*.' of U Ingdotn.' then for un, wn * call curselvn-s tho disci plea of <'hr;si, the only attitude is that f r:Mr— opposition Ami w« i. ■’ ■ ■ - i ' ■ ; ■ i •*! O { <>*}..-{ qU*Sti'»l!S Will, f f von here, fur Chris ,!ai v has o> In with economic ami • t .1. (; i*-‘U Oils, bo-utUSe these • *i * v • ■ • ern the welfare of the chil ;r . of the on** Father whom Christ «rr • t r-a t ’ll Surely he who hcal • , ! *.e hi k '.<) fed the hungry is not •?ii:, dful tod;t v of hts ddlgatlon and if s to tan:- • that which breeds i i-o ami creates poverty and \ ,mue-f I ntcrfrrrmor*. ‘ ‘ o \ •! . ;dt al , [ I esentrd to us 1 i h< v, • rd of Mod fr rn the won* i- ’ : .! drama of creation on to the s that of a world freed from . d »f •• things which do hurt where • > tu'tn shall have enough. where h»- oppyes or fi the poor shall he * own. and where .perfect health of re manh ?m • » ?.d‘- ad the fort -cs of nature and :f unn at. working Against • v.-ry :ntr-ferer . with this high pur pose all hofi\< n fights. The very -■<arw in the! i courses fight against • rv sispr.i This great ideal of Mod s • , come to l»s realization here, and n.* u are to pray and labor for this ac ur. I lishment as though th«* kingdom : h* iven W'*re at hat d. If we might bring the liquor traf h* fore the o,.t of Mod. what an ! r ; . t mmt we should hear read drat • by the eternal administra •tood the w av of the establishment of Mo i s k mrim among men nothing • ffe*dually prevented the bring ing • f las id .4! of peace and joy a’o', ni• • u pass, nothing has so P* • • s'lTi re fused to be subject, to ’ a - > - righteousness and love. I*. <»rd* r fully to know and feel the :T nation we should have to Rather io-i sf me splendid picture of man i d like the' Apollo Heivcderc, a v. t a rra> >t idiots and Imbeciles and .i • a* d dwarfed and diseased w ho ect; -v r in dirt tly because of strong k had iher greatness marred or ■ > } We should have to mar a great mmpany from all sorts • ‘ i • pentinries and reformatories *A ■ .id bii' . *'■ reed the re, ord of i h**us« nds w having once enjoyed • * ■ ' Mod, had their lives et* ■ v. ! f'< imi on the rock of the open loon •? very sight of the cross of - 1. rij We should have to • ~ h r The owillir trness of the bu ’ ' a who* M t • hr obedient in la tv • . • ■ 1 \v v dm r.* a 'ng number t* < i1 *i v nr by year are ■ u!* 1 ivoks which brinks ■ b • * r • •> And with it V : e t«. gaze Upon M ' t ’ j • 1 d n-ikedness and rt.im d iv:o. - \\ \ * i 11 ■ \\ Ouln IV, - . r •. V r^Hd.H h!« H1M(* ' w •• w ha’ < -'1 h v*rdi< t Wf»uM fa**, ■ ru\ s 1 ’ * ur ft.I surprisM th«t ■'!f» Hi* *■* r«1 j.i f'ft 'gi'in. th« odur-rt t ; al vw i i 1. th* nociologlst, the •'<'nomlst. the Industrial loader, and the labor ii.dv'"-«to ail .1 <»J11 with t he hureh In a ar* at chorus «>f approval. There wnuM «e. m to ho but one at titude to tuMsumf —that of ultimate a nn ihll.i • ion It is the attitude <f the ] ;}.• • • evil. it s the attitude of ii-i »f Nazareth, utr «•;» no t •* • pfroy f!,r w ■ - r k • *f t h* < i * \ j 1 It Is there iJ!Mf that any £r<*«• 1 man should have* a ic-ntrii'v theory- Whnn mm !i j® tho cai-e it mu.-t he throu*rh tlniM’tv or a painful < nnserva t ;mh <t a miopia« *'d no rev or an tinwiSlin.se fif-Ms 11 ■ know tin- ‘Vi! - that follow in !ho wake of the 1'juor truffle. li» I\e Irralrd \s Wo ;ttr‘ r-ot unmindful of some of the s"-< «: *d be n» fit.- that t one from M;«- . of Htroni? * i r t rj k the vn«* jnromt*. the mm employed, the pleasure. thf i;of p ! ti tho trout 0 . - t ,,t (li>cas<- Put t) . sanu* plea micht in - one d'^re,* ho made for every evil that has cursed thr* w> rid and retarded tho progress e.f tho king dom indeed tho plea has boor, made in every ruse* s made today. Put the test is always to ho found whore the* wise- man found it, ‘At tho last* — vo-.-. at the* last it biteth like* a -• r>. pent and stingeth 1 ik*■ an adder.* A 1 •-*.-•.vi<-1 if- 1 • o, tr* V» d ■ - a ;• • *. ■ : - • reset • at the aanr rar* w ’h w hi h all ■•:1m-r deadly drug,- a t o presu r h( d "That difflcii i t h frr<-'! difTb nit l**s, are* in the wav of carrying .out rltvim'*; program in this as :n ;o. <dh -r lliing ■■* rnav he readily admitted The* wind** rre-ord of the* Pablo ;»«•«■*.rds with this vi*' w, a To] tho re< >rh. • f h r >■ v i'\> rwIn Im.riK evidence that right « ousness has now he r* r rhirnph«*d w t li mit a struggle .Put what arc- we* to sav of tho <-;• /.*-*’) of the kingdom v. T gladly a ocpts ■«;; it- pyivih v< d 11 - ; re f i: * - it his s» rvire on r h» tlrfhdd and e-lso who re' 7 \ h i o-r ■ <•* rod forced that tho right <-avi rai 1 am of itself, and of the man who.’ advocates it. Whm (rod’s rondc-mnal !nri nrairad an o t has a no forth. P- doom is senior! If takes time, perhaps, even a long time-, hut the outeome is eer tain. IP*forms, tdv**. fore-. n< . t-v n• • 1 *a*'kward, in spite* of temporary r» - verses. And how many arc tho men \\ mo k e<:l along: the way? Hoad the mi*nrd of the' onwarel nvaT-mcnt of hod's kirustdom and see how many have fcone t<* pie*e.s, thouch th.-ir op position to the commands <h-l many of them in th< ir wav jrood men, for the* condemnation of an evil s tlie rondptrina'idn of Its advo• -;.*> . as well. 1'or us. then, who are the follow* rs of Jesus of Nazareth them;* we Mild seem t,» h.* hut e.ne |moip n in the* crre.nr hat tie that is on h*. .us. we are* the fedl-iwe-rs of «*m who < :itue ? r* huild (Joels l nf.'ilom am- r n nu r and mus:. therefore, oppo.-.* ali that opposes -that kintrde.m. THE SOUTHSIDE KESSNICH’S BAND TO PLAY NEXT TUESDAY For the lirst time in several wci-k. the people of Bouth Richmond whi be tendered an opportunity to hear i'rofoHHor .1 oe Kci-.'-nich and his mm-i elans perform Tuesday night in Wash ington squan'. < *wing to iin'lcirifi.t ^weather th i hnot i ■;.* * •: on this side of the river for some time, and t ho Bouthsklers w .?I welcome it The <«<n<-f'rt wuh to have been h* d Thursday iirght, but Professor K« nh'h deemed it advisable to change it to Tuesday Many popular airs will be disported. a*d 1 1T th« host over hel bon the South side Quiet With Police. Kverythins: was qu ' y«tordav in police < in It s, not a Tanyard sinner being token into rusted > during the day Very few arrests were nmde Saturda) l it:lit, rind .Jn !••»;.« Maurice will have very little to do when he an ends to his bench this morning I-«rg\> Owd Will \ f I end A large• crowd is f»xpe< ?< d t-. g.> on the joint excursion, which will be given next Thursday L (' uardin a venue Christian and Ash j >. Metho dist churches. The excursion will he run t<. Ocean View. Both churches Hav** large memberships and several hundred people are expect-d to make the trip. \niit»ve«l Inrnntfx. Christian fJolbavk, sixty-one years old. a native of (JormaiiV, was taken into custody vestc rda> on '-a eharg.- of finnovii Interfering w1T h the in mates of JvT . Vrnlty hospital. THE TAFT REGIME Washington, July 1 2. —Smarting under the criticism a!rn< n at t> \\ i;_ son h dmlnistra lion, because of the $20,000,000 tnrtv with «' >»n!ua. Secretary of State li: ya. /.1 ■ ■ mptod again tonight t*. lav the Marne for the objectionable feature.- eni,r.-!y on the Taft urtminiMra'tK a »Serretar> Hryitn in ht.«* latent atat* nier.t lny* part of the Marne for t?i* Mae of the Indemnity upon the former administration. Previous* estirnat.cn of < 'olnmhla'fi Inns, he says, made It impossible for the Wilson administra tion to recur* a treaty more favorable to the »'Mired Htatea than the one now < fori- tlie senate. The unapth-‘ii/e'1 mpurle- of former M 1:1; '■■i Pubm durtng the Taft adrnlniM rat inn ji to how much Mom y \v>.uid eau.-tv Colombia, arfoibod, sa \Mr \rv In, exp* • tet lois.s i rt the minds of the 1 ColomhianH that the tStaUd would go much further, R. A. BROCK IS DEAD AFTER BRIEF ILLNESS After n brief iHiY? s s It. A. Tlrock. seven! v - ** i x yfars old. *eeretarv of th“ Houtbern Historical -•*■ < lety, died ycs Urdav afternoon at ' l •> o'clock Bt 1 if' residence .“17 \Vrx*l Marshall sireti The funeral Mill !*<• held this ii ft«»riu»r*n of S r»* «* h from Ccnte nary Methodist church* «nd * ho burial will lip In Hollywood He w;ih a hr other >f H Clay Hrcck and uncle of h 1C Crock, n ?nrm het of the Virginia senate from 1 * * 1 n <*' George count >. Jl« a! mo leaves his widow and m>n» It. A Hrork. Jr Mr liroc*<, who :•« ♦■a living hero many years, d*-\< •< i bis onttr* ”fe to literary work, uvl wan honor ary mciub# c of ; my hooJotiea throughout the roun' > II#* served In th« War Hetwo-n fti<* Stales, and at the time of his death was a mem bor of the Company ! a■-•.*• »ciatl >u. Un was also a Ma • n and bi longed to Richmond Ts>dg* No H' A de tail of nu n from ths ■ vc nmition will attend tin; funeral in • i• «.l • New York, July 12 A frarsforrm-i ’ f I *r M.klyn K.i} 1 I'ran.-d P<*m .-i h ta ion at CoMey I ! d a *'<T1#V l« ’and. blew <mt with i i» ad noise and pvr<>u rlui.r displa> at l a * tonight, and two hours lute? ,.: -• ■ ii one him d* * l th-oit-and pe >\ ,« or# still ma i • r ■ • d : n U44 r« •«}•; Th» ;o ■ dent put »- tndle> and elevated line runrsin>rn fin island out of (a;.mmission. it was one of the biggest ‘lays the land has had in yea's, and the ac *. ei on t fame at th* worst time. force.H just when the time appeared I s■ <'pj1 "iis fv a <ju>< I i 'Ucceesful •• 1 n it an... If uer* a pit 1 i is a t - tro-ut- d I-- \ ilia m- t.■ a deslr-a on 1k* part of On ran'a ' m »ke a new 1 d’ort to g< ! Villa • . ■ - in the gen - ♦ ra 1 movement to • th Villa's mm v. vicinity nf < 'h .: > h > a (': t». . T‘P \ . ' - himself : ' < *h ; h aa h u 1 <"it y : . p- • ; m ring to ' 1 1 a' n a * * 7. i' !•••«> ru> dis position to resume -V and hi< attitude ]<■ said *•, .i using <"ar r.'in/.'i rn*-u toueh ■■ They !« <r h" s planning •* new ?ncve which may muse n >r. trouble in ' n - ?. . list nr- • 1 *n >vf rj» f * d li> Heat. ,T• •; 1 . -s, of 1 *>. • ‘ ' ‘ ' lie «*t reef, e- a« pi'-.-t r 1: »d by in at vest *-r day a f trn» wliii.* on h - v. ( . h -me. His -ndiMon ne eKsitaP- i 'uedimj treat m e n r. ;e X. w Y —I-:. .■ '2 .la u- •- A. l'ar rell. 1*1 - 1 " , ,<• 1 »i ■; ed States Steel Corporafe-i: anriou;: -d 11 «da V the • 1 gu n n tnd purposes of the foreign tt a.b- eou-a il, of \vh: h is th“ ehairmuu 'Hie business of the new or:.' a •V. ill he t o Ci.mdUCt an aggressive and system a He cam paign foi th eno -■.• ion "t Am:-rii .in : oversea <• • u.• • u j. • Gr* it: r pros- { pen t;. t I'aT fof i.: U 5 1 : dl1 is the basic pri: pie of the move- ' ment ’To,-- fir -t ttc ■ ‘ .r of the < • aineii will be h* !d here u he early tall, and or," of the first o-i.M will b^ the ap- i r-o tit no nt •• f a in mitt eo to ro- per- • sc \v:ih : *■ or:•.ri of f!..• chamber of commerce of the iTbited S'it* - The council will »*>ek Information find mlvtre from . manufacturers aiuumla-! ilon* throiiKhout Ihp country. It will call arul prepare for another national forelan trailc < invention which will he held In Washington durinii the • arty part of 1915. Tt,.will seek to arviise effective Interest on the part of! the manufacturers trading housea, Hicrh ulUiral. railroad and financial In terests which benefit from stable maintenance of the nation's credit In international commerce. All sections of the country utyi represented in tho council. KESS.Mt H'S DAM) OFFERS MOST ATTRACTIVE PROGRAM FOR THE WEEK. Krsanh h's Municipal hand, accom panied by a larnv number of friends, spent jesterday down the James, co lon as far as Jamestown Island. The day was spent most pleasantly amid the noli mi breezes of tho river. Tlic program for park concerts this j week is unusually attractive, cmhrjr- ; Inn several classes of music. Here j It Is 1. March—"The ff«*lrl Vp.” i\ < >v*-rt11r*: "Ffradi 11a. " Floton. 3 Medley—'1 Re mirk's Hits of 1913,” La rnp* \ Humaresque—"Coinin' ‘thru thr ]ly»\” Relisted t. Walt* Wedding of tht Winds/'i Hall. f> I'nf. pt. p ‘ Kopp Tour Eye On Me.” , Smith: Halle of Mexico," Page. s*H ‘ T...I1 • J.; * Tmvtato/' Verdi. V. I *»■ sc rij -' vp ' H->rru . Sweet Home, the World Over," Lamp**. u. F< of-. h ReminiiSt ensfs of Scot land/' Godfrey. 1*Y "Dixie” and “Star Spangled Ban ner/' \\ here the Hand (May A. Monday Chimborazo park. T . • :■- •! -i v Wa s h in g t o n squa re. W« . ’.-gday fupitol square. Kr: day—Jefferson park. H«>\v It T/k>u< to a Fan. To t? a ■ y- fans H appears as if the New York aggregation is beginning to miss the splendid genius and the ■ wonderful baseball generalship of the1 late John T. Brush. who took hold of the team wh»-n it was one of the jests, of tho baseball world and made It * sensational success To h*» sure Man ager MeOraw. who came to the Gi ants with Brush and handled the team in the field, is still manipulating the men, but the fans feel that some- : filing is missing and a certain per-! rentage of snap is gone Fnless the ivdo grounds outfit Is atr ngthened. particularly in the box, ere another year rolls round, the fans of the me tropolis may witness the sorry spec tacle of their favorites playing second fiddle to other teams. Demarep and Marquard have been “pounded to a frazzle" with considerable regularity this season, and even Matty, the “peerless pitcher/’ has been knocked from the mound. Only Tesre.au ap pears to be able to go the pare at full tilt- Considering what the Reds have done under Herzog and the Car dinals under Huggins to date. IMS may see a Western aggregation right up behind the band with the McGraw lies trailing, tn the American league j Donnie Mack's crew seems t,o b*> able j to hold off its rivals and to the fan* appears to be wav ahead of the Na tional league's best bet In fact, I uni Inclined to agree with the -hip ir.fTit recently attributed t.» Herzog that if the best three teams in the parent organization were lined up against the three best in the Johnson outfit, the latter would win out and with plenty to spare. - Ed A. Goewey. in Leslie's. "Fred" Clark . for the first time in twenty y> ars. is actually gloomy because of the .*r deism of Bittsbarg newspapers Clark- threatens t•» get into the game and "give the boys rnething * . write about." Tie flcures* • hat while be ,s being “panned" sorno youngrr player may have a ebanc. to recover from the slump _ FAIR DUTCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH AS SHE LOOKS TODAY, SNAPPED AT RECENT SUFFRAGIST MEETING AT NEWPORT DUCHESS Of tDARLBOPOOGH ® *VAHtKlCAH AJiViCi^TtON NVwj r,r: »; ] July 15 ~hTe Purh t r-.- (,f Mar1 '{'.ah, formerly Mias < 'onsuelo \ .:'j.u'i .»t!t and daughter of 1 : • 1 lie»!:'>, Vv 1 i.i is vu-:t - * m H'Vriai \' 11 .• has material!} aided th r.ta a i r nanan's suffrage hy her aiitlrt a a m,; of suffragists at Marbie Houm , h*.r mother s handsom® home. The fair duchess told of her work for poor working girl* of l*’.>g land She is not a militant. Mrs, Belmont ia 0119 of America'a ardent; suffragiala. The meeting was held outside the new Japanese tea house which Mia- Belmont haa jnat com-i plated and which is the only thing of its kind in America. PEACE FOUNDATION ATTACKED BY GREEKS Washington, July 12.—In an of ficial statement here today, attacking the motives and methods back of the <'arnegte peace foundation's Investi gations of the atrocities of the Hal-1 kans wars. Alexander Vouros, charge d'affaires here for Greece asserts that the recent publication of the com mission's full report and findings has intensified, instead of allayed, the Greek conviction that the investiga tors were prejudiced against Greece, and acted in realltj as special plead ers for Bulgaria Jn the statement the Carnegie com mission is accused of distorting a telegram of King Constantine with "evident maliciousness" of being “under the Influence of the Bulgarian propaganda" and suggests that the mission may have “allowed itself to be Imposed upon by special interests ’’ Boston, July 12—Th« collier Mid dlesex, bound for Norfolk, ran down and hank the five-masted coal laden schooner George P. Hudson, eitht miles west of Great Hound Shoal In a thick fog shortly after 10 o'clock lat»t nigh*. Captain John H. Thomas. James Cook, Hid another . ailor of the Hudson lost their lives The Middlesex returned here with nine survivors. CHANT MILITANT SONG; EJECTED FROM CHURCH LonT a, July 12.—Six w omen were ejected from St. Paul's ’athcdrnl during the morning service today for .• dnglr.g the chant of the militant suf fragettes. T\v<> other women were ejected from Westminster \M.»- for interrupt ini; th« services with pro tests against forcible feeding. While King George and Qmen Mary wa re driving to the morning '-c vice af St Gib s t'athei nil at Uundee. Scotland, today a Miffrugetto broke through Tim line of speoa^ia and police and threw a rubber ball. 1 tar ing the inscription. 'Stop the forcible feeding of women prisoners," into tire queen's lap. Just as she wan arrested by the side of the carriage. Ship flit* Nin-k: All Rimouski July 12 - The st - mm ship Canada, of the Gaepe «<- Haidr;-• haleurs company, limit'd, on her return trip from Montreal to Gampb*dlton. N lb, struck Cape e'hatte rock last night in a dense fog. half a ndie east <*f Cape Chatte lighthouse. All passengers were put safe ashore. HUSH fXTKlOT Min HM D AS lU Tt UNs HOME Philadelphia. Julv 12 Kuke Dillon. ' the Irish patriot, mourned as dead by many of his friends ami his own' children for fourteen M ii2*. returned today to his family, after having b* on released from jail at Kingston, On tario, where lie had been senior. .1 under another name to lift--imprison ment on the charge of attempting to dynamite the Wellton canal. N VOICE LONG WAY 1 LIN!'. Mill'Ll 1) liv JOlil; ns. LF.A\ I * II \ MI * I - H IN \\ Mill IU KV, COW, Waterburv. Conn, July 12.—J. K. K Hranscombe. Richmond. Va , let •;'< ,* it out "f the hamper this room ing He came here In a t • ;!nng ear with three wick* backets. When he • pone,i c»n< of them this morning- a. Mack on* jumped out ,md risked its; nine liv* s in t hap f->r freedom from a second s'-mv wind \v <o his hotel. Mr. Br<tthinks some fr- 1^ - me Richmond friends put It there j before the touring our started north war i last Thursday. He can’t un derstand why the cat di-i not make itself heard ««n the way. jmpreme bench and then ' hanged his mind, yielding to a. campaign which had been started against the jurist upon the ground that he had been un friendly to labor in his decisions and : had accepted favors from railroad cr> m panics. It was a matter of personal regret to President Taft that Justice Lurton'* health began to fail almost from the day he went upon the supreme bench. 'Political Wiseacres Duc-Mnc. The death of Justice Hurt on means that President Wilson will b- called r>n to make 1 Is first appointment to the Supreme bench. Before the rh-ath of Justice Ian ton the Supreme court was made u> of t ix Republicans and thro* In morn’s Rv the death of Justice Lurton the Democratic representation on the* bench is reduced to two Chief Jus tice White and Associate Justice Lamar. It is generally assumed that a Democratic president will fed im pelled under such circumstane s to; name a Democrat to succeed Justice i Lurton Kurtherrno! e. there has been! .n unwritto j rule in the s*m ite which ‘ must confirm the nomination that the minority representation on thej Supreme bench shall not fall below1 three at any time. President Taftj recognized * th,is rule as n good one! when It was brought to hi* attention by former Senator Halley, and other leading Democrats of the senate when he named Justice I^nmar. from G«or* Kia. for one of the vacancies. This situation undoubtedly will con front many eminent men of all shade* of political belief, who would, be glad to see the president nominate former President Taft as the successor of Justice Jairton Mr. Taft has had an ambition to serve upon the supreme ben- h from the dav he entered the practice of law. When the oppor tunity came in President Roosevelt’s administration Mr Taft was not in a position he thought to r* liniquish the work he had in hand to gratify bis ambition to serve in the Supreme court. President Roosevelt cabled him ten dering him the place. He declined, but his friends believed that before the Roosevelt administration ended there would be another opportunity. The moment to ,make him president pre vented his appointment to the bench although more than once. Mr. Taft, as a member of Mr. Roosevelt's cabinet, said that he. would rather be a mem ber of the Supreme court than bs president. luff's I'nhnppy lAite. Tt wns a peculiar freak of politic* that devolved upon President. Taft, who had so long cherished an ambi tion to serve on the supreme bench. th< duty, of appointing five members of .the court, a_ majority. Including ■ hlef tustii i This much may be said In favor of the non-partisan move ment that ts certain to 1» started to have President Wilson appoint Mr. Taft to the heneh. that out of the flvo men Mr Taft nominated two were Memocrats and he promoted another Mernucrat on the bench to be chief Justice. Attorney ("Jeneral McTteynolds Is be !n-t mentioned as a likely sucessor to Justice Hurton. He comes from Ten nessee, the fitats of Justice Lurton. and is In lino for the honor The name of Senator Shields, of Tennessee, former chief Justice of th»t Ftate also will he uryed. and there are stronc political reason which weigh in his'favor. The name of Frederick W. t^*h mann. of St. T.ouls. who served as one nf the American delegates In ths mediation cji ferences, Is also men tioned The friends of Solicitor-fjen eral John W Mavis, of West Virginia, will present h name The SWth d: cult, from which Jus tice Hurt n <■:• me, 1s already ce^ re sented 1 v Justice May. and for this ri os n the pi * lent may decl‘o to go tr some other circuit. It is the opinion of senators who Ji Missed the ri, o'er tonight that the t . 1 ij • .■ in m appointment to the shipren.* la r.ch before The ad Journment o' the . sent congress so that the nominee may he confirmed it In the court at the beginning of the fall term Ir (ictnher ONE CIO SAVES TV. bh Pity. M<>.. July 12 Raymond Tic ••}«; t « ?, tf*M \ t-.irs (.i'i, SftV^d three \ t .i r-old I ten ton I.»uk*r. \\ h«» u .rs &t tivkp-l tty a b* tr yfMU’rda Ponton, son ««? Harry Pukon*. art animal train*1 r. ■» :tti a me»'aarrtf* near ht r» . i-nt^jf tl ti,, ;*',*• < - - .i’ l was trv 1 na to «• nn; 1 ate hi* fathr-r‘a tricks. He \\ ir uh>r.o ami the animal pnildenlj* bco anm In t’.; - ; a* cd and Mixed tho child In 11K t»■ ath. 1: >• S, ‘ i’-ii. ’1 •• «• r* arp* ran to th«■* reat'uo. He oper d a penknife iii'il ;abbed jhr animal u th it. The fn:ir dro{-i{»f*l the* <"hild ard hacked •r frrmv-jrikr Haymrovi cot the safoly out t’f the rajre. WIN 22 CONTESTS AVinnipt *r, Manitnia, .Tuly 1S —• The 'election fur The Manitoba h jria kiture, held 1 liday, wi ■ very close. in.it <■? 4►: cnntr -.-ts the liberals have recur* .1 and the government 24. There are three deferred elections In tar north ridings. and after selecting k speaker. <»vi n If they • h < t all three in north, the government will have a preenrt -us had for any important or control er.i.il legislation. BOY IS WAYLAID AND KILLED ON WAY HOME Kiversldo, X J-. July 12.—Herman Fisher, the son of a f irmer near Tay lor station, live miles from here, was shot and Instantly killed last night hy an unknown man who waylaid the hoy as he was on his way home after leaving his sweetheart. The Weather For Virginia and North Carolina— ProlMldy fair Monday and Tuesday; light to moderate southwest winds. Special Local Kata For I esterday. it* noon temperature . 82 f. M. temperature . 85 Maximum temperature up to R |\ M. 9# Minimum temperature up to 5 I’. M. 8" Mean temperature .*2 Normal temperature . "® Knees* in temperature today. 3 lieiloienry In temperature Since March 1 189 Accumulated deficiency in tempera ture since January 1. ...18® Deficiency in rainfall since March 1 .4.07 Accumulated deficiency In rainfall lince January 1 .3 27 Local Obsera alien s 1*. V|. V rsterdne. Temperature .. Humidity . 54 Wind, direction . tv Wind, velocity . 2 Weather . Clear, Rainfall last twelve hours. 0 American Flag Coupon No. 13 Present six of these coupons, consecutively num bered at the office of THE VIRGINIAN with 50 cents in cash, or mail 05 cents in cash or stamps, and get this beautiful flag, size 4x6 feet, with sewed stripes, guaran teed fast colors. Flag Pole and Holder, 30c extra.. |
US-67083007-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | Short amino acid sequences can act as signals to target proteins to specific intracellular compartments. For example, hydrophobic signal peptides (e.g., MAISGVPVLGFFIIAVLMSAQESWA (SEQ ID NO:43)) are found at the amino terminus of proteins destined for the ER. While the sequence KFERQ (SEQ ID NO:44) (and other closely related sequences) is known to target intracellular polypeptides to lysosomes, other sequences (e.g., MDDQRDLISNNEQLP (SEQ ID NO:45) target polypeptides to endosomes. In addition, the peptide sequence KDEL (SEQ ID NO:46) has been shown to act as a retention signal for the ER. Each of these signal peptides, or a combination thereof, can be used to traffic the APL of the invention as desired. For example, a construct encoding a given APL linked to an ER-targeting signal peptide would direct the peptide to the ER, where it would bind to the class II MHC molecule as it is assembled, preventing the binding of intact Invariant Chain (Ii) which is essential for trafficking. Alternatively, a construct can be made in which an ER retention signal on the APL would help prevent the class II MHC molecule from ever leaving the ER. If instead an APL of the invention is targeted to the endosomic compartment, this would ensure that large quantities of the APL are present when replaced by processed peptides, thereby increasing the likelihood that the peptide incorporated into the class II MHC complex is the APL of the invention rather than another naturally-occurring, irrelevant peptide. The likelihood of APL being available for incorporation into class II MHC can be increased by linking the APL to an intact Ii polypeptide sequence. Since Ii is known to traffic class II MHC molecules to the endosomes, the hybrid Ii would carry one or more copies of the APL along with the class II MHC molecule; once in the endosome, the hybrid Ii would be degraded by normal endosomal processes to yield both multiple copies of the APL or molecules similar to it, and an open class II MHC peptide binding cleft. DNAs encoding APL containing targeting signals will be generated by PCR or other standard genetic engineering or synthetic techniques. Trafficking sequences are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,516 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A promoter is a TRE composed of a region of a DNA molecule, typically within 100 nucleotide pairs upstream of the point at which transcription starts. Enhancers provide expression specificity in terms of time, location, and level. Unlike a promoter, an enhancer can function when located at variable distances from the transcription site, provided a promoter is present. An enhancer can also be located downstream of the transcription initiation site. The coding sequence of the expression vector is operatively linked to a transcription terminating region. To bring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it is necessary to position the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the peptide or polypeptide between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream (3′) of the promoter.
Suitable expression vectors include plasmids and viral vectors such as herpes viruses, retroviruses, vaccinia viruses, attenuated vaccinia viruses, canary pox viruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses, among others.
Polynucleotides can be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are biologically compatible vehicles which are suitable for administration to a human, e.g., physiological saline. A therapeutically effective amount is an amount of the polynucleotide which is capable of producing a medically desirable result in a treated animal. As is well known in the medical arts, the dosage for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. Dosages will vary, but a preferred dosage for administration of polynucleotide is from approximately 10⁶ to 10¹² copies of the polynucleotide molecule. This dose can be repeatedly administered, as needed. Routes of administration can be any of those listed above.
4.2 Ex Vivo Approaches
In one ex vivo approach, lymphoid cells, including CD4+ T lymphocytes, are isolated from the subject and exposed to the APL in vitro. The lymphoid cells can be exposed once or multiply (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 times). The pattern of cytokine production by the lymphoid cells can be tested after one or more exposures. Once the desired cytokines are being produced by the lymphoid cells, they are reintroduced into the subject via any of the routes listed herein. The therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy of this ex vivo approach is dependent on the ability of the ex vivo APL activated lymphocytes to actively suppress a pathogenic CD4+ T cell response to the parental wild-type peptide. The potential value of such an approach is indicated by experiments in which CD4+ T cells producing Th2- (or Th0- or Th3-)type cytokines actively suppressed ongoing Th1 responses and disease caused by such Th1 responses [Nicholson and Kuchroo, Curr. Opinion in Immunol. 8:837-842, (1996)].
An alternative ex vivo strategy can involve transfecting or transducing cells obtained from the subject with a polynucleotide containing the APL-encoding minigenes described above. The transfected or transduced cells are then returned to the subject. While such cells would preferably be lymphoid cells, they could also be any of a wide range of types including, without limitation, fibroblasts, bone marrow cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, or muscle cells in which they act as a source of the APL for as long as they survive in the subject. The use of lymphoid cells would be particular advantageous in that such cells would be expected to home to lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes or spleen) and thus the APL would be produced in high concentration at the site where they exert their effect, i.e., activation of an immune response. By using this approach, as in to the above-described in vivo approach using APL encoding polynucleotides, active in vivo immunization with the APL is achieved. The same genetic constructs and trafficking sequences described for the in vivo approach can be used for this ex vivo strategy.
The ex vivo methods include the steps of harvesting cells from a subject, culturing the cells, transducing them with an expression vector, and maintaining the cells under conditions suitable for expression of the APL. These methods are known in the art of molecular biology. The transduction step is accomplished by any standard means used for ex viva gene therapy, including calcium phosphate, lipofection, electroporation, viral infection, and biolistic gene transfer. Alternatively, liposomes or polymeric microparticles can be used. Cells that have been successfully transduced are then selected, for example, for expression of the minigene or of a drug resistance gene. The cells may then be lethally irradiated (if desired) and injected or implanted into the patient.
These methods of the invention can be applied to any of the diseases and species listed here. Methods to test whether an APL is therapeutic for or prophylactic against a particular disease can be simple modifications of the above-described methods for establishing the type of CD4+ T lymphocyte response elicited by a particular APL. Where a therapeutic effect is being tested, a test population displaying symptoms of the disease (e.g., IDDM patients) is treated with a test APL, using any of the above described strategies. A control population, also displaying symptoms of the disease, is treated, using the same methodology, with a placebo. Disappearance or a decrease of the disease symptoms in the test subject would indicate that the APL was an effective therapeutic agent.
By applying the same strategies to subjects prior to onset of disease symptoms (e.g., prediabetic patients considered to likely candidates for IDDM development or experimental animals in which an appropriate disease can be deliberately induced, e.g., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), APL can be tested for efficacy as prophylactic agents, i.e., vaccines. In this situation, prevention of onset of disease symptoms is tested.
The following examples are meant to illustrate, not limit, the invention.
EXAMPLES Materials and Methods
Culture of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Transformed B Cell Lines. EBV transformed B lymphocyte lines were propagated in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) in 50-100 175 cm² flasks to achieve high volumes of cells. The EBV transformed cells used were Priess cells which are homozygous for the IDDM-permissive DRB1*0401, DRB4*0101 [DR4/DRw53], DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302 [DQ8] HLA genotype. Approximately 50% of cells were harvested every 2-3 days by pelleting, washed with Hanks balanced salts solution (HBSS), counted, resuspended in HBSS, and used for the IMF procedure.
Biotinylated Polypeptide Antigens. Recombinant antigens were generated in E. coli. The intracellular portion of IA-2 (IA-2ic) was generated using the Pinpoint Vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.) which produces fusion proteins coupled at the N-terminus to a leader sequence biotinylated at a single lysine residue. This permitted purification using monomeric avidin columns, and also produced a biotinylated form of the antigen of interest for use in the Antigen Delivery System (ADS) (see below). The Pinpoint vector containing cDNA encoding IA-2ic was kindly provided by Dr. M. Christie, King's College London [Payton et al. (1995), J. Clin. Invest. 96:1506-1511]. The conditions for the purification of IA-2ic were as previously established [Payton et al. (1995), supra] . In brief, E. coli strain JM109 cells were transformed with the Pinpoint vector containing the IA-2ic cDNA. Colonies were subcultured onto minimal media/agarose plates and single colonies picked and cultured overnight at 37° C. with shaking in minimal media containing 2 μM d-biotin and 100 μg/ml ampicillin. Once the culture had attained an A₆₀₀ of 0.5, it was transferred (1:10 dilution) into LB medium containing 2 βM d-biotin and cultured at 37° C. with shaking for one hour. Protein expression was induced in the logarithmic phase of growth using 100 μM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Cells were harvested after 3-5 hours shaking at 37° C., by centrifuging at 8,000 g at 4° C. The cell pellet was resuspended in cell pellet buffer (CPB; 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 containing 10 mM benzamidine and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride). Cells were then lysed on ice and soluble proteins released using a combination of lysozyme (1 mg/ml), Triton X-100 (0.1%) and deoxyribonuclease (200 U/ml) treatment. After removal of cell debris by centrifugation (14,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C.), the biotinylated fusion protein was purified from the supernatant by passage, at a flow rate of 8 ml/hour, over an avidin-resin column (SoftLink, Promega, Madison, Wis.) prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and equilibrated in CPB. After extensive column washing, the biotinylated fusion protein was eluted using an excess of 5 μM d-biotin, separated from free d-biotin using a G-25 column (Pharmacia), and concentrated 10- to 100-fold using an Amicon B15 concentrator with a 15 kDa molecular weight “cutoff.” Purity, which was typically >90%, was assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis in which avidin-peroxidase was used in the developing step.
GAD65 cDNA obtained from RNA extracted from human pancreatic islets was cloned into the pET 12 vector (Stratagene), in which expression is controlled by the T7 promotor downstream of a biotinylation tag sequence and a histidine purification tag designed based on the Pinpoint vector. This pET 12 vector system has the advantage that fusion protein expression can be induced in the protease deficient strain of E. coli, BLR (DE3) pLysS.
GAD65 was generated as follows. BLR (DE3) pLysS bacteria were transformed with the GAD65 cDNA containing vector and a colony picked into LB and grown at 37° C. with shaking at 225 rpm until an A₆₀₀ of 0.6-1.0 was reached. Cells were then resuspended in fresh LB, seeded at a dilution of 1:25, grown under the same conditions to an A₆₀₀ 0.4, and induced at 30° C. with 2 mM IPTG for 3 hours. A bacterial pellet obtained by centrifugation was resuspended in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), 50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM Tris, 0.1% Triton X-100, 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), pH 8.0; sonicated; and centrifuged for 1 hour at 4° C. at 40,000 g. The supernatant was dialyzed against a 10× excess of the 8M GuHCl buffer without 2-ME and then added to a 50% nickel resin slurry for 1 hour, rocking at room temperature. The nickel resin was resuspended in a column and washed with urea buffers provided by the manufacturers of the nickel resin (Qiagen, Germany) but supplemented with 5 mM 2-ME and 0.1% Triton X-100. Proteins were eluted using urea buffers of pH 5.9 and pH 4.5 and dialyzed against 4M urea, containing 50 μM pyridoxal phosphate, 20 mM sodium glutamate, 0.05% Triton X-100, 5 mM 2-ME and 2M L-arginine. The preparation was then dialyzed against sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (0.1%) gel running buffer containing 2.5 mM glutathione, 50 μM pyridoxal phosphate. Dialysis was repeated against an identical buffer containing a 10-fold lower concentration of SDS. Dialysis was then performed against a solution containing 4 mM hepes, 20 mM sodium glutamate, 50 μM pyridoxal phosphate, 2.5 mM glutathione. Final dialysis was against the same buffer without sodium glutamate. At this stage, the yellow, biotinylated GAD65 was stored at 4° C. or lyophilized.
Human pre-proinsulin cDNA was kindly provided by Dr. D. Steiner and has been cloned as described above for GAD65. Biotinylated pre-proinsulin was produced and purified under conditions similar to those for production and purification of GAD65.
Antigen delivery system (ADS). For the ADS, harvested and washed Priess cells were suspended at 5×10⁷/ml in cold HBSS supplemented with b-PMW (300 ng/ml) and incubated on ice for 30 mins. After washing in HBSS, cells were resuspended at 5×10⁷/ml in HBSS containing 0.5 mg/ml avidin and incubated on ice for 30 mins. After washing, the cells were resuspended in HBSS supplemented with 10-40 μg/ml biotinylated IA-2ic and incubated for 30 mins on ice. After washing, the cells were resuspended in pre-warmed RPMI 1640/10% FCS (1×10⁶/ml) and cultured at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 6 hours. The cells were pelleted and stored at −80° C. until HLA molecule purification was performed.
HLA class II purification. DR4 molecule purification was carried out as previously described [Gorga et al. (1987), J. Biol. Chem. 262:16087-16094]. Cell pellets that had been obtained from the ADS and stored at −80° C. were thawed and homogenized in hypotonic buffer. A crude membrane fraction was prepared by high-speed centrifugation and solubilized in NP40. The detergent-soluble fraction was passed over a series of immunoaffinity columns containing Protein A-Sepharose or AffiGel 10 matrix material conjugated with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that bind to MHC class I molecules (mAb W6/32), DR molecules (mAb LB3.1 or mAb L243), and DQ3 family molecules (mAb IVD12), respectively. Each of these mAbs recognizes the native dimer conformation of the HLA class I or class II molecules on cells of the indicated B lymphocyte lines. The immunoaffinity columns were eluted with 50 mM glycine, pH 11.5/0.1% sodium deoxycholate, and immediately neutralized and dialyzed against 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0/0.1% sodium deoxycholate. Protein purity was assessed by SDS-PAGE and quantitated by the BCA assay.
Peptide Analysis. All HLA class II protein samples were concentrated to 100 μl using an ultrafiltration device (Amicon Centricon 10) prior to peptide extraction. Naturally processed peptide repertoires were acid eluted from HLA class II molecules by adding 800 μl 10% acetic acid, and incubated for 15 minutes at 70° C., as described [Chicz et al. (1993), J. Exp. Med. 178:24-47]. The peptides were separated from the remaining HLA protein by ultrafiltration with the Centricon 10 device. The “flow-through” fraction containing the acid-extracted peptides was concentrated on a Savant SpeedVac to a volume of approximately 20-30 μl and stored at −80° C. The acid-extracted peptide mixtures were then separated by reverse phase chromatography as previously described [Chicz et al. (1993), supra], but with minor modifications. Briefly, the separations were carried out using a microbore C18 column (1.0×250 mm; Vydac, Hesperia, Calif.) with a flow rate of 50 μl/minute. The column effluent was split such that 2% was immediately loaded onto a matrix assisted laser desorption in-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry sample plate, with the remaining 98% being collected for storage at −20° C. The samples were prepared for mass spectrometry analysis by adding 0.4 μL of matrix (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 10 mg/ml in 50% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and allowed to air dry. Mass spectra were collected at optimum laser intensities by averaging the ion signals from 128 individual scans in both linear and reflector modes using a single stage extended length reflector time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Voyager Elite XL; PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, Mass.). Time to mass conversion was performed by external calibration using synthetic peptides.
An automated microcapillary liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) approach with data dependent collision-assisted dissociation (CAD) for sequencing low levels of naturally processed HLA associated peptides was developed to directly sequence targeted peptide masses as determined by the MALDI-TOF-MS approach previously described. Peptide fractions separated by reversed phase chromatography are diluted to a final volume of 5-20 μl to aid handling and permit the use of second dimension reversed phase separations. The resultant peptide solution can then be preconcentrated by trapping peptides using a small bed (0.5- 1.0 μL) of polymeric reversed phase support. This also facilitates removal of hydrophilic contaminants by washing the trap with an aqueous solution. Subsequently, peptides are back flushed from the trapping phase onto the microcapillary (with an inner diameter of 75 μm and packed with 5-15 cm of 1-7 μm 100-200 Å C₁₈ or non-porous material) and separation is developed using a non-linear gradient. A mobile phase flow rate of ˜0.5 μL/min is achieved by splitting the flow from the pumps and using a balance column. Peptide detection is by μ-electrospray MS. The voltage necessary to drive the electrospray is applied at the head of the microcapillary column and peptides are electrosprayed into the mass analyzer directly as they elute from the capillary. CAD experiments are triggered in a data dependent mode, using ions that are more abundant than a user-set threshold. Dynamic exclusion is used to ensure maximum peptide coverage (i.e., minor responses are analyzed by CAD following a user determined number of CAD experiments of a single peptide response) by writing an exclusion list during assay progression so that a given ion will not be analyzed by multiple CAD experiments. The time that a given ion resides on the exclusion list is dependent upon the quality of the chromatographic separations. This must be determined experimentally. In this way, separated isobaric responses may be analyzed. Peptide sequencing sensitivity better than 1 fmol can be achieved using this method.
Epitope Verification (EV).
To establish that peptide epitopes identified are relevant to IDDM (i.e., that they are recognized by CD4+ T cells of patients with IDDM or pre-IDDM expressing the DR4 molecule but not by non-diabetic controls also expressing the DR4 molecule), T cell proliferation assays were carried out using synthetic peptides having amino acid sequences based upon the peptides identified by mass spectrometry to be derived from IA-2ic. Peptides were synthesized using Fmoc chemistry with an Applied Biosystems SYNERGY peptide synthesizer and purified by preparative RP-HPLC on a Waters 2690 Alliance system equipped with a Radial Compression Module. The amino acid sequences and purity of greater than 90% for all the synthetic peptides was confirmed by MALDI-MS and analytical HPLC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from recent onset IDDM patients (<6 months from diagnosis) and healthy controls expressing the appropriate HLA DR4 molecules were separated by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured in wells of 96-well U-bottom plates with peptides at a concentration of 10 μg/ml for 5 days in 150 μl RPMI 1640/10% pooled normal AB serum, followed by pulsing with 0.5 μCi [³H]-thymidine/well and harvesting onto filters for radioactivity counting measured in counts per minute (cpm). There were twelve replicate wells per test group. Results were expressed as a stimulation index (SI) which is the ratio of the cpm obtained from cultures containing peptide to the cpm obtained from cultures without peptide (mean cpm of 12 wells in each case). The data were also analyzed in terms of the fraction of “positive culture wells.” A positive culture well was one that contained peptide and resulted in cpm>mean cpm+2SD obtained from cultures without peptide. T cell responses were considered significant when the SI is >2.0 and >40% wells are positive.
Binding Assay:
Synthetic peptides with amino acid sequences based on the 6 core regions identified by the IMF were tested for their ability to bind to isolated HLA-DR4 molecules in a binding inhibition assay performed essentially as previously described [Chicz et al. (1997), J. Immunol. 159: 4935-4942]. In brief, aliquots of immunopurified preparation of HLA-DR4 (final concentration of 10 g/ml) were incubated with a biotinylated HLA-DR4 binding peptide (consisting of residues 98-117 of class II MHC invariant chain) (“the indicator peptide”) (1 μM) and varying concentrations of the test peptides in 0.2 ml tubes. After an overnight incubation at room temperature, the contents of each tube were transferred to a well of a 96-well plastic microtiter plate precoated with anti-HLA-DR4 antibody. The microtiter plates were rocked for 60 min at room temperature and unbound material was removed by rigorous washing. The relative amount of bound standard peptide in each well was determined by measuring color development after addition of streptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase, washing, and adding a chromogenic alkaline phosphatase substrate.
Example 1. Analysis of HLA DR4 binding Peptides Derived by Natural Processing of IA-2ic By B Lymphocytes
To establish whether the described ADS leads to the generation of peptides (bound to HLA class II molecules on the surface) similar to those produced by APC following natural uptake of a parent polypeptide, a tetanus toxoid-(TT-) specific CD4+ T cell line (NG2) was generated. NG2 cells showed similar high levels of [³H]-thymidine incorporation when co-cultured with APC in which biotinylated TT had been directed to the antigen processing organelles using the described ADS (mean cpm=7750 after 3 days of culture) as when cultured with normal APC and TT (mean cpm=8427). The background value obtained using APC without TT was 2528 cpm. After performing the ADS, aliquots of the Priess cells were incubated at 37° C. for 0, 1, 3, or 6 hours and then tested for the presence of TT on their surfaces by sequential treatment with rabbit anti-TT (“anti-TT”) antiserum and FITC goat anti-rabbit Ig (“FARIG”), followed by flow cytometry analysis (FIG. 1). Compared with background samples treated with FARIG and not anti-TT (—), surface expression of TT was high at 0 hours (● ● ● ●), had diminished by 1 (-●-) and 3 (- - -) hours, and was completely absent by 6 hours (● ● ●). This experiment showed that proteins delivered via the ADS are internalized rapidly and are directed into the HLA class II antigen processing pathway, and that relevant peptide epitopes are presented to responsive CD4+ T lymphocytes.
The islet autoantigen IA-2ic was targeted onto the surface of Priess EBV-transformed B lymphocytes using the antigen delivery system (ADS) described above. In the first step, 5-10×10⁷ Priess EBV transformed B cells were incubated with b-PWM. After washing away unbound b-PWM, avidin was added to the cell suspension to provide a bridge between the b-PWM and the b-IA-2ic.
After pulsing with the biotinylated IA-2ic, the cells were incubated for 1-6 hours at 37° C. to allow internalization, processing and presentation. A control population of cells was pulsed with b-PWM and avidin only. HLA-DR4 (0401) molecules were purified from each cell pellet, bound peptides were eluted and separated by RP-HPLC, and each of 100 fractions was analyzed by MALDI-TOF. RP-HPLC analysis was highly reproducible, with chromatographic traces from the IA-2ic-pulsed and control HLA-DR4 preparations showing a similarity index of 96-99%. A subtractive approach was used to identify IA-2ic-derived peptides. Mass spectra of equivalent RP-HPLC fractions from biotinylated IA-2ic-pulsed and control preparations were overlaid and masses common to both were discounted from further analysis. An example of such a profile is shown in FIG. 2. The mass spectra for the HLA-DR4 (0401) peptide repertoire isolated from Priess cells pulsed with IA-2ic were compared to the spectra for the peptide repertoire isolated from control Priess cells to identify novel m/z (mass to charge ratio) values corresponding to peptides derived from IA-2ic (FIG. 2). In FIG. 2, while peaks with m/z values of about 1747 and 1822 were seen in the spectra obtained with peptide mixtures from both IA-2ic-pulsed and control Priess cells, peaks with m/z values of 1779.75 and 1935.8 were seen only in the spectrum obtained with the peptide mixture from IA-2ic pulsed Priess cells.
The experiment was performed in triplicate. Of the approximately 3000 m/z values observed, 85 novel masses were initially identified as potential naturally processed peptides from IA-2ic. Subsequent mass analyses using higher resolution and more stringent mass accuracy revealed 24 m/z values to have masses corresponding to candidate synthetic peptides derived from IA-2ic. These synthetic peptides were subjected to the mass spectrometry analysis. The mass identification was highly reproducible, with the same 24 masses being identified in three separate B cell preparations and 3 separate RP-HPLC separations. The same masses were seen when B cells were allowed to internalize, process and present antigen for 1 hour and 6 hours, although better peptide loading of DR4 molecules was seen at 1 hour. The sequences of the masses are shown in Table 1. Each of the sequences was a member of one of 6 nested sets of peptides. Nested sets are groups of peptides based around the same core region, but variably truncated or extended at the N- and C-termini. All 6 core regions contained amino acids known to be preferred for HLA-DR4 (0401) binding. The sequences of peptides with SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, and SEQ ID NO:25 have been confirmed using the above-described CAD methodology applied to samples of the relevant MALDI-TOF separated material. Partial sequences corresponding to several peptides from each of the core regions previously described have also been obtained. TABLE 1 Experimentally observed and calculated masses of IA-2 derived peptides eluted from HLA-DR4 (0401). Observed Calculated Synthetic peptide used in m/z m/z Residues Corresponding IA-2ic sequence Primary T cell assay 1469.31 1468.65 657-671 VSSQFSDAAQASPSS (SEQ ID NO: 1) 654-674 1469.31 1468.65 656-670 SVSSQFSDAAQASPS (SEQ ID NO: 2) VSSVSSQFSDAAQASPSSHSS 1469.31 1468.65 655-669 SSVSSQFSDAAQASP (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 8) 1866.76 1866.80 656-674 SVSSQFSDAAQASPSSHSS (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2397.16 2397.08 652-675 SRVSSVSSQFSDAAQASPSSHSST (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2441.48 2441.02 656-679 SVSSQFSDAAQASPSSHSSTPSWC (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2485.29 2483.03 657-680 VSSQFSDAAQASPSSHSSTPSWCE (SEQ ID NO: 7) 1367.44 1367.57 718-730 AYQAEPNTCATAQ (SEQ ID NO: 17) 709-732 1640.86 1640.68 716-731 LCAYQAEPNTCATAQG (SEQ ID NO: 18) LAKEWQALCAYQAEPNTCATAQGE 1935.92 1935.91 709-725 LAKEWQALCAYQAEPNT (SEQ ID NO: 19) (SEQ ID NO: 22) 1965.83 1965.88 718-736 AYQAEPNTCATAQGEGNIK (SEQ ID NO: 20) 1968.75 1968.84 713-730 WQALCAYQAEPNTCATAQ (SEQ ID NO: 21) 1489.64 1489.75 802-815 GCTVIVMLTPLVED (SEQ ID NO: 23) 797-817 1489.64 1489.75 803-816 CTVIVMLTPLVEDG (SEQ ID NO: 24) MVWESGCTVIVMLTPLVEDGV 1762.88 1762.85 800-816 ESGCTVIVMLTPLVEDG (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 32) 1779.85 1780.19 797-812 MVWESGCTVIVMLTPL (SEQ ID NO: 26) 1861.16 1860.97 801-818 SGCTVIVMLTPLVEDGVK (SEQ ID NO: 27) 1861.16 1860.97 800-817 ESGCTVIVMLTPLVEDGV (SEQ ID NO: 28) 1883.44 1882.88 795-810 WQMVWESGCTVIVMLT (SEQ ID NO: 29) 2144.95 2144.97 793-810 DFWQMVWESGCTVIVMLT (SEQ ID NO: 30) 2341.17 2339.15 794-813 FWQMVWESGCTVIVMLTPLV (SEQ ID NO: 31) 1508.65 1508.74 861-872 TQETRTLTQFHF (SEQ ID NO: 9) 854-872 1539.34 1593.85 855-867 YLKNVQTQETRTL (SEQ ID NO: 10) FYLKNVQTQETRTLTQFHF 1735.78 1735.87 859-872 VQTQETRTLTQFHF (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 16) 1806.79 1806.96 856-870 LKNVQTQETRTLTQF (SEQ ID NO: 12) 1822.41 1822.96 855-869 YLKNVQTQETRTLTQ (SEQ ID NO: 13) 1831.87 1830.94 857-871 KNVQTQETRTLTQFH (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2341.17 2341.19 853-871 SFYLKNVQTQETRTLTQFH (SEQ ID NO: 15) 1469.31 1469.67 957-969 DQFEFALTAVAEE (SEQ ID NO: 33) 955-975 1866.76 1866.90 957-973 DQFEFALTAVAEEVNAI (SEQ ID NO: 34) SKDQFEFALTAVAEEVNAILK 1935.49 1936.04 959-976 FEFALTAVAEEVNAILKA (SEQ ID NO: 35) (SEQ ID NO: 37) 1968.75 1968.95 955-972 SKDQFEFALTAVAEEVAN (SEQ ID NO: 36) 1367.44 1367.67 754-765 KVESSPSRSDYI (SEQ ID NO: 38) 753-771 1367.44 1367.67 753-764 LKVESSPSRSDY (SEQ ID NO: 39) LKVESSPSRSDYINASPII 1880.98 1880.96 752-768 KLKVESSPSRSDYINAS (SEQ ID NO: 40) (SEQ ID NO: 42) 2441.48 2441.19 754-775 KVESSPSRSDYINASPIIEHDP (SEQ ID NO: 41) LKVESSPSRSDYINASPII (SEQ ID NO: 42)
Six synthetic peptides with amino acid sequences based on the 6 core regions of IA-2ic were used to examine peripheral blood T cell responses in IDDM patients (expressing and not expressing HLA-DR4) and in healthy control subjects expressing HLA-DR4 (Table 2). In toto, these data indicate that IMF method applied to the analysis of peptides produced by natural processing of IA-2ic resulted in the characterization of peptides that are recognized by CD4+ T lymphocytes specifically from HLA DR4 expressing IDDM patients and thus may be implicated in the IDDM disease process. This finding represents a significant advance in knowledge regarding the aetiology of IDDM and provides the basis for the development of therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents for IDDM, e.g., APL. It is expected that analogous methodologies can be similarly successful in identifying peptides involved in the CD4+ T lymphocyte-mediated pathogenesis of other diseases (see above) in which susceptibility is linked to the expression of a particular class II MHC molecule. TABLE 2 Responses of T cells from patients with IDDM and control subjects to eluted IA-2 peptides Age Duration DRB1 IA-2 auto- T cell response to IA-2 peptide Case (years) (weeks) genotype antibodies 654-674 709-732 955-975 797-817 854-872 HLA-DR4 IDDM patients S (G) 17 8 0401, 0101 + POS G (G) 26 12 0401, 1302 + POS K (G) 28 28 0401, 1101 + POS ML 29 3 0401, 0403 − POS EW(B) 29 16 0401/0401 + POS RW(B) 20 4 0401/0401 + POS TH(B) 19 4 0401/0301 − POS DC (I) 6 4 0403, 0405 + POS GR 13 <1 0403, 0405 + POS POS POS NC (B) 36 16 0401/0404 + HW 15 12 0401/0401 LG(G) 16 4 0401, 0301 + RM 24 1 0401, 1302 IDDM patients (non-DR4) JD 28 4 0102, 0301 − POS POS POS PQ 20 25 0301 − MI 16 12 1201, 1301 + ML (I) 10 12 0101, 1101 − ST (I) 13 2 0301, 1301 + OA 23 1 1101, 1301 − RM 24 25 0301, 0901 − JH(B) 33 20 0301/08 − HLA-DR4 Controls TL(G) 36 — 0401, 0101 − JB 17 — 0401/0101 − B(G) 30 — 0401, 1302 − MR 24 — 0401, 1501 − PH 40 — 0401, 14 − VB 16 — 0401, 0403 − AZ 24 — 0401, 02 − CF(G) 30 — 0401, 0701 −
Example 2 Binding of Consensus Peptides to Isolated HLA-DR4 Molecules
In order to test for the ability of the 6 consensus peptides representing the 6 core regions defined by the IMF described in Example 1, a binding inhibition assay was performed (FIG. 3). Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
1. An isolated peptide that is less than 26 amino acid residues in length and binds to HLA-DR4, comprising a sequence AYQAEPNT (SEQ ID NO:49).
2. (canceled)
3. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence AYQAEPNTCATAQ (SEQ ID NO:17).
4. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence LCAYQAEPNTCATAQG (SEQ ID NO:18).
5. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence LAKEWQALCAYQAEPNT (SEQ ID NO:19).
6. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence AYQAEPNTCATAQGEGNIK (SEQ ID NO:20).
7. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence WQALCAYQAEPNTCATAQ (SEQ ID NO:21).
8. The isolated peptide of claim 1, consisting of the amino acid sequence LAKEWQALCAYQAEPNTCATAQGE (SEQ ID NO:22)..
|
github_open_source_100_1_182 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class AddRequirementToAnswers < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :answers, :requirement, :string
end
end
|
github_open_source_100_1_183 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import os
import sys
print(sys.argv)
path=sys.argv
#获取该目录下所有文件，存入列表中
f=os.listdir(path)
n=0
for i in f:
#设置旧文件名（就是路径+文件名）
oldname=path+f[n]
#设置新文件名
newname=path+str(n+30)+'.jpg'
#用os模块中的rename方法对文件改名
os.rename(oldname,newname)
print(oldname,'======>',newname)
n+=1 |
bpt6k2463688b_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Neuvième Année. — N® 60Le Numéro S centimes. Lundi 29 Février 1892ORGANE RÉPUBLICAIN PROGRESSISTE, QUOTIDIENBureaux : Au siège de l’Association ouvrière typographiqueNÉMÉSIS FIN DE SIÈCLEI. LOUBET INTERVIEWÉTJ. Fouquot.ÜÉPÉCHESNUITParis, 27 février, de 6 h. à 12 h., s.CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉShipératmre:Jadis et naguère : Les auteurs de l’anti-iv te*«p«J dtDèM asti 633 il5 51 O 8 3 Oles républicains qui l’emploieront seront rejetés pêle-mêle avec leurs alliés.Chaque fois qu’une tentative de ce genre a eu lieu, elle a du reste avorté misérablement.Pour ne citer qu’un exemple, pris dans notre département, M. Le Guay, lors de l’élection sénatoriale de juin 1889, y a perdu toutes ses chances, malgré l’appui du journal de la préfecture et la complaisance des autorités.TROIS MOIS 4 1. 5® 5 60LES TROUBLES DE BERLIN manifestations de ces derniersBULLETIN MÉTÉOROLOGIQUE * JDu 27 Févrierquêté n’étaient pas tendres pour les femmes. Voici quelquespensées et aphorismes nem-parentés aux plus illustres d’entre eux : ‘Eschyle. — « 0 Jupiter, quel présent tu nous as fait ! les femmes, quelle race ! »Euripide. — « On a su (c’est un dieu) trouver quelques remèdes à la morsure des bêtes féroces et des serpents; mais contre la femme, fléau pire que la vipère et que la flamme, on n’a rien trouvé jusqu’à ce jour. »Hésiode. — « Celui qui se fie à une femme se fie à un voleur. »Aristophane. — « Pourquoi mettre tant de soin à garder une peste ? »Goûtez maintenant la saveur de cette définition d’un Grec dont le nom n’est pas venu jusqu’à nous :« La femme est un joli défaut de la nature. »Et le conseil pratique, d’un Grec aussi : « 11 vaut mieux enterrer sa femme que de la conduire à l’autel. »Disons, pour être galants, que les auteurs susnommés exagéraient évidemment.Un de nos restaurants à prix fixe a parmi son personnel un garçon très jeune et non moins chauve.— C’est ennuyeux, lui disait l’autre jour un client, d’avoir, à votre âge, déjà perdu tous vos cheveux...Et l’autre d’un air détaché : — Oh ! monsieur, ils n’ont pas été perdus pour tout le monde.Si le ministère Loubet, par une déclaration énergique, ne répudie pas toute compromission de ce genre, il est condamné d’avance, non pas seulement devant la Chambre mais devant l’opinion. Nous aurions préféré, dans l’intérêt des réformes pratiques, que la trêve tacite qui s’était formée autour du ministère Freycinet ne fût pas rompue, et que celte question grosse de dangers ne fût pas soulevée. Elle l’a été ; elle reste posée. Le nouveau cabinet doit la trancher s’il ne veut créer une équivoque qui lui serait plus préjudiciable qu’utile.Il est des noms qui ont par eux-mêmes une signification, et autour desquels ils ne peut exister aucun malentendu. M. Floquet, par exemple, ou même M. Bourgeois, auraient pu constituer un ministère et compter sur les républicains de principe sans avoir besoin de formuler de programme. Malheureusement le nom de M. Loubet n’a pas le même privilège.Le nom de M. Loubet ne nous dit absolument rien, et il n’aura pas le pouvoir de dissiper les inquiétudes qui se sont fait jour. Il faut donc que M. Loubet parle et qu’il parle pour din quelque chose. Nous attendrons sa déclaration avant de formuler une appréciation définitive.Li POLITIQÜE_DES DROITES Le Gaulois met en doute l’information publiée par le figaro et suivant laquelle de nombreux députés de la droite auraient proclamé la nécessité de se placerla séance au milieu d’un tumulte assez vif.Les actionnaires de l’A ~o dation ouvrière typographique coopérative du Petit Clermontois sont convoqués pour le lundi 29 février, à une heure, au siège social, 30, rue Saint-Genès.Ordre du jour : Evaluation des apports, nomination d’une commission.eervloe t*légraplil<ine *p*clal du PETIT CLERMONTOISABONNEMENTS UN AN SIX MOIS | 16 fr.| 81. 5050Les jours semblent tirer à leur fin. Les quartiers du centre de la ville ont repris aujourd’hui leur aspect habituel. Toutefois quelques rassemblements sa sont formés dans la soirée devant le palais impérial.Un grand nombre d’arrestations ont été opérées, mais toutes n’ont pas été maintenues. Parmi les personnes emmenées dans les différents bureaux de police, beaucoup, en effet, n’étaient que des passants inoffensifs.La police à cheval a fait plusieurs charges, sabre au clair. On compte de nombreux blessés, tant du côté des émeutiers que du côté des agents.On pense que les magasins et les ateliers qui, pour la plupart, sont restés fermés depuis jeudi, s’ouvriront demain et que la ville retrouvera son calme ordinaire.GRÈVE GÉNÉRALE EN ANGLETERRE Tous les mineurs de la Grande-Bretagne auraient décidé de se mettre en grève pendant une semaine au moins, à partir du 12 mars prochain, afin de laisser écouler les stocks de charbon.Cette nouvelle a produit dans toutes les villes manufacturières la plus vive émotion. Le Ministère est ConstituéLe ministère Loubet est définitivement constitué. Voici les noms des titulaires des portefeuilles :Présidence du conseil et Intérieur, M. Loubet ;Guerre, M. de Freycinet; Affaires étrangères, M. Ribot; Finances, M. Bouvier ; Instruction * publique, M. Bourgeois ;Agriculture, M. Develle ; Commerce, M. J, Roche ; Justice et Cultes,M. L. Ricard; Travaux publics, M. Viette ; Marine, M. G. Cavaignac. Dans ce nouveau cabinet huit membres ont déjà été ministres, d’abord ceux qui faisaient partie du dernier cabinet, MM. de Freycinet, Ribot, Bouvier, Bourgeois, Develle et Jules Roche, et MM. Loubet qui fut ministre des travaux publics et Vielle qui fut titulaire du portefeuille de l’agriculture.Le suicide de Padlewski Le bruit avait couru ces jours derniers I que Padlewski qui avait tiré à Paris, à l’hôtel I de Bade, sur le général russe Seliwerstoff, I s’était suicidé en Amérique où il s’était réI fugué.M. Georges de Labruyère qui a aidé sa I fuite, confirme aujourd’hui dans le Figaro, son suicide.Les réunions socialistes Les socialistes avaient organisé pour dimanche prochain une série de meetings qui I devaient avoir lieu le malin, sur différentes places de la ville de Bruxelles.Le bourgmestre vient de prendre nn arrêté I interdisant les meetings en plein air.Une grève dans le Jura Une dépêche de Lons-le-Saunier annonce qu’une grève aurait éclaté, hier, à l’usine métallurgique de Fraisans, appartenant à la Société anonyme des forges de FrancheComté.Les mineurs en Angleterre Le correspondant du Daily News à Barnsley donne des détails sur les différends qui sont | , survenus entre les membres de la Fédération ides mineurs et des patrons dans les districts du Nord et du Centre.Un estime que plus de 200,000 ouvriers ont résolu de suspendre le travail, le 12 du mois prochain et que, quatre jours plus lard, une conférence aura heu à Londres pour déterminer les moyens à adopter en vue de limiter l’extraction de la houille.Celle tactique ne vise pas les patrons Ri le public : elle a pour but d’amener à composition les grandes Compagnies de chemins de fer, de gaz et autres, relativement aux prix qu’elles donnent pour le charbon.Ces Compagnies, par l’emploi du charbon, gagnent de gros dividendes, tandis que les patrons et les ouvriers des mines ne retirent qu’une rémunération minime de leur capital et de leur travail.Ay parlement hongrois L’élection du président de la Chambre des députés a eu lieu au milieu d’une grande agitation.Au dernier moment, toutes les fractions de l’opposition s’étaient entendues pour appuyer la candidature de M. Pccby, l’ancien président, à qui le gouvernement avait reproché son manque d’énergie et son indulgence pour les orateurs aussi bien que pour les interrupteurs de la gauche.L’ancien préfet Banffy, candidat du ministère, a ôté élu par 244 voix contre 150 données à Pechy.La proclamation du résultat a été accueillie par les protestations de la gauche. Au surplus, M. Banffy a déjà été provoqué en duel par M. Ugron pou» avoir insulté ce dernier pendant la période électorale.IV Le Homard Dans un omnibus du boul’fard Se prélassait un beau homardD’humeur taquine. — Ah ! dit VMomteur, quel festin, S’il pouvait s’trouver un matinDans ma cuisina ! Le homard, pris d’instincts follets, S’en alla pincer les molletsD’un’ gross’bourgeoise. — Oh ! dit VMoniteur pensiv’ment, Si c’te bourgeoise était seul’mentUn’ Clermontoise ! La gross’ femme, au tp.Vileu d’ses cris, Voyant un p’rit vieux tout surpris,Lui cherch’querelle. — Vrai ! dit VMoniteur, soupirant, Si ce vieux était d’Montferrand,L’affair’ s’rail belle ! Accourant soudain, Feond-acteur Voulut expulser l’séducteur,Ça fit un’scène. — Bon ! dit VMoniteur, tout guill’jet, J’vas l’emporter chez m’sieur Claret :Quell’ bonne aubaine ! Sans attendri la fin du chambard, Adroil’ment il saisit l’homardAu bout d’là pince, Et, certain de fair’son effet, 11 l’emporta, tout stupéfaitD’être en province.Moralité: Savez-vous pourquoi VMoniteur Eut pour cet animal farceurTant d’sympathie ? C’est qu’incolore comme lui, 11 devient roug’ quand il a culAu bain-marie.NltOuoMe.OBSERVATOIRE Je Ckrmt mimi T29 45 lui à midi... 724 474 9. 12 4 8 6 Armée territoriale Appel en 1892 d’une partie des classes de1878 et 1879 PÉRIODE DU PRINTEMPS Par voie d’affiches, — Infanterie. — Du lundi 16 mai au dimanche 29 mai, tous les sous-officiers, caporaux et soldats affectés aux dépôts dans le 145e régiment et dans tous les régiments territoriaux des régiments pairs, à l’exception des hommes affectés aux dépôts des 14e, 16e, 34*» 36e. 38e, 4», 42e, 44e, 46e, 48e, 50, 54e, 130®% 132e, 134e et 136* régiments territoriaux d’infanterie;Les hommes affectés aux bataillons autres que les 1er et 2e bataillons, dans les 3e, 6®, 8e, 10*, 12e, 18e, 20e, 22e. 24e. 26e 28*, 30e, 32e, 52e, 56e, 58e, 60e, 62e, 64% 66e, 68e, 70e, 72e, 74e, 76e, 78e, 80e, 82% 84*. 86e, 90e, 92e, 94e, 96e, 98* 10», 102% !?!6’ 12K’ 108e» 110e> ll2% 110*» 1 !*’ 126e» 128% <38®, 140» 142e, 144* et 145e régiments territoriaux d’infanterie.les hommes affectés aux bataillons autres que les 1er et 3e bataillons dans les 4e.LA CRISE MINISTÉRIELLE M. Loubet qui, comme on sait, a accepté la tâche ediffi-3Île de constituer le nouveau cabinet s’est heurté à de sérieuses difficultés.Plusieurs personnages politiques, consultés sur l'attribution des différents portefeuilles, ont reproché à cette nom-oraison un caractère d’éviction personnelle à l’égard de M. Constans. M. Burfera, par exemple, à qui était offert le ministère des Travaux publics a refusé pour celte raison, d’entrer dans la combinaison.Toutefois M. Loubet a mené à bonne fin ses négociations et à l’heure où nous recevons cette dépêche les membres du nouveau cabinet tiennent une dernière réunion afin de régler, d’une façon définitive, l’attribution des divers portefNPei,Ils iront très probablement, dans la soirée, à l’Elysée, rendra compte à M. Carnot des résultats obtenus.siège pourra être également proclamé en cas d’émeute, lorsqu’il y aura danger pressant (dringende Gefahr) pour la sécurité publique.Paragraphe 5. — Le pouvoir exécutif passera aux mains des commandants militaires. Les administrations civiles et les autorités communales auront à obtempérer aux injonctions des commandants militaires.Paragraphe 6. — Ceux-ci auront le pouvoir, sans être tenus aux banalités fixées par les lois, lorsque ce’a leur paraîtra nécessaire pour la securi’né de l’ordre public, de faire procéder à des arrestations ; d’exécuter dessaisies ; d’interdire le séjour dans les territoires ou parties de territoire situés dans leur district, à certaines personnes qu’ils désigneront; d’interdire l’affichage des communications quelconques ou la distribution d’imprimés ; d’interdire les réunions publiques ou privées.Paragraphe 7. — Entreront en vigueur les articles du Code pénal militaire réprimant les contraventions, délits et crimes commis en campagne.Paragraphe 8. — Quiconque résistera par les armes à la force armée, ou attaquera la force armée, sera puni de mort, ou, lors3u’il y aura des circonstances atténuantes,e la pe ne des travaux forcés pendant dix ans au minimum.Paragraphe 9. —Sera puni de prison jusqu’à un an quiconque aura répandu sciemment de fausses nouvelles ayant pour effet d’induire l’autorité en errieur dans les mesures qu’elle prendra pour assurer la sécurité publique ; aura contrevenu aux ordonnances édictées par le commandant militaire ; excitera les autres à y contrevenir ; excitera les soldais à enfreindre les lois de la discipline.Paragraphe 10. — Des conseils de guerre pourront être institués pour remplacer les tribunaux civil s.Paragraphe 18. —Ah place de l’art. 10 de la Constitution de 1871. entrera en vigueur l’article suivant : < En cas de danger pour la sécurité publique, le statlhaller est autorisé à prendre, sans larder, toutes les mesures qu’il jugera nécessaires pour éc trier ce danger. Il exercera dans le rayon exposé tous les pouvoirs qui, en cas de proclamation de l’état de siège, seraient déférés aux commandants militaires. Le starthaler est autorisé à requérir les troupes qui sont garnisonnées en Alsace-Lorraine pour des Buts politiques, et surtout pour faire exécuter les mesures indiquées. »Clermont, le 27 février 1891.La parole est à R. LoubetNos prévisions sont en train de se réaliser. Le ministère Loubet, englobant la plupart des membres du ministère renversé le 18 février, est un replâtrage, rien de plus. Comme tous les replâtrages, il offre encore moins de consistance que ce qu’il est destiné à remplacer. Ce n’est pas, dans tous les cas, le nom de M. Loubet qni lui en donnera.M. de Freycinet avait le prestige des efforts qu’il a faits pour la défense nationale ; M. Constans avait la réputation d’avoir vaincu le boulangisme — réputation quelque peu usurpée, selon nous, car le boulangisme a été vaincu par l’indignation de tous les républicains.Mais dans ce prestige et dans celte réputation, il y avait une force, que n’aura pas M. Loubet.De l’influence des prédications sur les femmes nerveuses :Une femme de Lembecq, près de liai, en Belgique, a donné le jour, la semaine dernière, à deux jumeaux, un garçon et une fille.Les enfants, qui sont morts le lendemain de leur naissance, étaient de véritables monstres.Ils avaient le corps complètement couvert de poils noirs. Les bras étaient tordus et les pieds fourchus. L’ensemble de leur physionomie les faisait ressembler aux satyres de la mythologie.ti parait que la mère, au commencement de sa grossesse, avait assisté à un sermon, dans lequel le curé avait fait allusion aux démons, dans des termes tels que la pauvre femme avait quitté l’église, en proie à une vive surexcitation,X Uu évêque dans le maquis ! C’est, en effet, ce qui arriva en février 1889 à M. de Peretli, évêque auxiliaire d’Ajaccio, qui vient de mourir.Comme il avait résolu certaines réformes diocésaines qui soulevèrent des mécontentements parmi le collège de ses chanoines, l’un d’eux, lésé dans ses droits, en appela au tribunal du bandit Alessandro.Peu de jours après, M. de Peretli fut arrêté à cinq kilomètres de Bastia par trois individus qui le sommèrent de descendre et les suivre dans le maquis.Le chef des bandits lui notifia ensuite qu’il ne lui rendrait la liberté que le jour où il accorderait au chanoine en question ce que celui-ci solliciterait.L’évêque resta huit jours dans la compagnie de ces étranges hôtes qui profilèrent de sa présence pour se confesser ou faire régulariser leur mariage; après quoi, pressé peut-être plus par les privations que par le souci de ses ouailles privées de leur pasteur, il se décida à signer l’acte qu’on lui demandait.X La pluie à domicile. Le propagateur de la pluie artificielle, M. Frank Melbourne, porte en ville. On n’a qu’à lui écrire un petit mot, et aussitôt il se rend chez vous et fait tomber sur vos terres une pluie torrentielle.C’est ainsi qu’un riche propriétaire mexicain vient de le mander de New-York et lui a commandé plusieurs journées de pluie.On ne dit pas le prix de la journée,Un ministère républicain ne doit 5e maintenir au pouvoir qu’en s’appuyant sur une majorité républicaine. Nous avons regretté la chute, ou plutôt le suicide du ministère Freycinet; mais si la droite avait jugé à propos de voler pour lui en lui constituant une majorité, le mal eût été encore bien plus grand.Il existe pourtant, au centre de h Chambre, un certain nombre de républicains qui rêvent de déplacer l’axe de la majorité pour le reporter vers la droite. C’est d’une aberration sans exemple. Ou ceux qui ont formé ces projets n’ont de républicain que le nom, ou ils sont fous. S’imaginent-ils que la droite se rangera autour du ministère sans lu poser des conditions? S'ils se 1 imaginent la lecture des journaux cléricaux et du manifeste des cardinaux devrait bien les détromper. Ces conditions, d’ailleurs, on nous les a criées sur les toits. C’est l’abandon des lois scolaires et de la loi militaire. Est-il un seul républicain digne de ce nom qui pourrait consentir à cet abandon ? •*L’entente avec la droite ne peut être qu’une duperie ou une trahison. comment ! â toutes les élections on invoque la discipline républicaine pour faire échec aux candidats réactionnaires, c’est celte discipline, on peut l’affirmer, qui a sauvé la République, et, une fois élus, il se trouverait des représentants républicains pour marcher la main dans la main avec l’adversaire commun ! Le pays ne ratifiera jamais une pareille lactique; on peut frayer aux élections prochaines :CHRONIOUE LOCALE Tempe probable pour le départementUn léger centre de dépression (755 millimètres) existe en Gascogne, et le baromètre atteint 760 millimètres à Clermont et 775 millimètres à Moscou. — Le temps sera assez doux. — Il y aura des ondées ou des giboulées de neige selon l’altitude des localités.EN ALSACE-LORRAINE L’état de siège en cas de guerre Voici h teneur des principaux articles du projet de loi dont vient d’être sain le Reichstag sur la proclamation de l’état de siège en Alsace-Lorraine en cas de guerre :Paragraphe 1. — En cas de guerre ou de l’imminence d’une guerre, lorsqu’il y aura à craindre une actas ie de h part de 1 ennemi, tout général commandant pourra pro clamer l’état de siège dans le district occupé par le corps d’armée ou par une partie du corps d’armée placé sous ces ordres.Paragraphe 2. Indépendamment des cas précités dans le paragraphe 1,1 eut neLe nouveau ministère n’offre pour garantie de durée que les tendances opportunistes de son chef. C’est peu. L’opportunisme, à la Chambre, a toujours compté sur le concours d’une partie de la droite pour lui assurer la majorité contre les radicaux ; ce beau calcul a toujours échoué, son résultat le plus certain à été d’exaspérer le parti radical et de l’amener à engager la bataille plus tôt qu’il ne l’aurait fait ; une fois la bataille engagée, la droite s’est empressée de lâcher le ministère, et c’est ainsi que nous avons passé par des crises si nombreuses.C’est assurément fâcheux, mais le contraire le serait peut-être encore davantage. Nous ne voyons pas bien la figure que ferait devant le pays un gouvernement républicain sauvé grâce à l’appui de la droite. Il en résulterait certainement une perturbation, une division profonde dans les masses républicaines, et mieux vaut encore, après tout, que celte division existe â la Chambre que parmi les électeurs. Au moins ceux-ci restent juges en dernier ressort et nous espérons bien qu’ils sauront mettre bon ordre aux coalitions contre-nature ; si le contraire existait, nous verrions se reproduire ce qui s’est passé au moment de 1 équivoque boulangiste, lorsqu’un groupe de républicains dévoyés fournissait à la réaction l’appoint nécessaire pour écraser la République.Séance du samedi 27 février La séance est ouverte à deux heures sous la présidence de M. Floquet.La Chambre adopte rapidement divers projets d’intérêts locaux. M. Baudry d’Asson demande ensuite l’urgence pour une proposition tendant à modifier article de la Constitution relatif à la nomination des ministres par le président de la République.Mais sur l’observation de M. Floquet 3ue cette proposition ne peut pas êtreincitée en l’absence du ministère, elle est ajournée par 289 voix contre 204.M. Déroulède monte à la tribune pour * demander que la prochaine séance soitfixée à lundi. « Il est temps, dit-il, d’en finir avec la politique des couloirs et de se mettre sérieusement au travail. »M. Michon demande, au contraire, à ce que la date soit fixée à jeudi. C’est cette dernière que la Chambre adopte, à mains levées, au milieu des vociférations de MM. péroifiède et Raudry-d’Asson qui crient que le vote a été escamoté.M, Floquet, dédaignant répondre, l$v$sur le terrain constitutionnel, de reconnaître la forme du gouvernement et dé ne combattre désormais que les hommes et leurs procédés de gouvernement. z Le Gaulois ajoute que M. le duc de Doudeauville doit adresser au Figaro une lettre démentant les propos qui lui ont été prêtés.Or, le Figaro publie effectivement une lettre de M. La Rochefoucauld où le président des droites déclare que < rien dans ses paroles n’impliquerait une nouvelle orientation de la droite royaliste. »Mais une phrase de celte même lettre disant que < le désir général d’action commune sur le terrain loyalement défini de la défense des intérêts religieux et des libertés publiques est l’impression générale qai se dégage de l’ensemble de la réunion tenue au secrétariat général des droites », parait être au Figaro la confirmation de son information.D’autre part, le Figaro donne des détails très précis sur celte réunion au cours de laquelle une proposition de M. Le Provost de Launay mandant à former un nouveau groupe qui s’appellerait ou l’Union libérale de la droite ou la droite libérale fût adopté à une grande majorité.Sollicité d’accepter la présidence de ce nouveau groupe, M. de Mackau demanda à ne faire connaître sa réponse 3ue lors de la nouvelle réunion, mais iléclora qu’il reconnaissait la nécessité de celte croilions, qu’il était de ceux qui fientaient qu’on devait compter avec les ails accomplis, avec la volonté du pays et qu’il fallait accepter la forme du gouvernement établi.Clermont Puy-de-Dôme et départent», limite Autres départements Adresser toute la correspondance au Gérant du « Ft-ilïClermontois »,30, rue Saint-Genès, à Clermont-Ferrand.Un ami du Matin a eu avec M. Loubet une conversation dont voici les parties essentielles.M. Loubet, qui revenait d’un rendezvous avec quelques-uns des homme» politique» sur le concours desquels il compte, a exprimé l’espérance que ses démarches aboutiraient.Il aurait désiré que M. Develle passât à la justice, mais il craignait encore de rencontrer quelque résistance à cet égard, M. Develle s’étant très fortement attaché depuis longtemps aux questions agricoles.Comme l’interlocuteur de M. Loubet s’étonnait qu'il n’ait pas pris, en sa quilité de rapporteur général du budget au Sénat le portefeuille des finances :— Non, répondit M. Loubet, je me réserve le ministère de l’intérieur. J’estime, en effet, que c’est le ministère politique par excellence, par ses restions avec la presse et par les nombreux intérêts qui s’y rattachent. Si le président du conseil n’est pas en même temps à l’intérieur, le ministre de l’intérieur pratique une politique personnelle ; il exerce une influence qui n’est pas absolument conforme à la ligne du cabinet, et l’on arrive à des conflits pins ou moins latents entre membres du gouvernement.— Mais quelle sera la politique du cabinet?— Je ne pourrai le dire définitivement que lorsque tous mes collaborateurs seront choisis et que nous nous serons mis d’accord sur les termes de la déclaration. Cependant, la politique que je comprend» ne d forera guère de celle du cabinet qni vient de tomber. C’est une polit que républicaine qui sera conforme à l’ordre du jour que la majorité du Sénat a voté et que j’ai voté avec elle à la suite de l’interpellation Dide. 3.6.Feuilleton du PETIT CLERMONTOISparler à Raimond, se renseigner exactement sur létal de son cœur et agir en conséquence. Elle trouva le moyen de s’approcher du marin, pendant que Lydie était auprès de sa mère, et de lui dire ;— Est-ce que vous voudrez me donner quelques minutes, demain matin ? Il serait utile pour moi de causer avec vous.Le commandant la regarda fixement et, avec une tristesse qui fit trembler la jeune fille d’angoisse et d> chagrin:— Tu y tiens, Thérèse ? — Oui, j’y tiens. — Eh bien ? Demain à dix heures, dans le jardin.— Merci. Lydie reparaissait ; ils ne purent échanger une parole de plus. Ils eu avaient trop dit déjà, car le regard de la créole en éveil avait surpris leur rapide accord. Le soupçon lui vint que Thérèse préparait quelque tenta’ive pour éclairer Raimond, et elle se promit d’y m tire bon ordre. Jusqu’au moment de son départ, elle ne quitta plus, un seul instant, son fiancé, et le vit s’éloigner avec un soulagement véritable.Dans sa chambre, se faisant décoiffer par L‘ïla, elle dégonfla son cœur bourrelé de rancune et de colère. Qu’elle lui avait paru longue, celte journée de dissimulation tt de mensonge. Certes, elle s’entendait à tromper, mais au prix de quels efforts | Son sourire innocent et doux, cachait le grincement de ses dents désireuses demaire de la Roche-Noire, n’ail pas signifié à MM. Ghab-y la nomination dont ils étaient l'objet? Est-ce parce que, é ant républicains, ils n'ont pas heur de plaire à M. le maire, qui n’a de tendresse que pour la réaction ?Nous lui laissons la parole.La mulâtresse eut un léger sourire : — L’homme saura bien changer vos dispositions. Vous irez à lui avec des pensées sombres, et vous sortirez de ses bras, avec des pensées riantes... Il est bien de sa personne, le comte Raimond. Il a l’air froid, mais il ne faut pas se fier à l’apparence : ces gens-li sont souvent des tigres. Quand vous aurez senti la griffe, vous ne vous reconnaîtrez plus vous-même. ' ■— La griffe, c’est lui qui la sentira, et en plein cœur !...— Dormez, maîtresse : ne vous agitez pas ainsi. Laissez «moi vous border... Et bonsoir.La mulâtresse tourna, pendant quelques instants, autour du lit de Mlle de SaintMaurice, la regardant dans l’ombre de ses rideaux, pâle et les yeux luisants, puis elle gagna la pièce voisine. Lydie, peu à peu, céda au sommeil, et des conceptions bizarres se présentèrent à son esprit. Elle se trouvait à Paris, dans ce monde qu’elle n’avait fait qu’entrevoir,et elle y régnait en souveraine. Elle apercevait la ville, comme à travers un brouillard illuminé par places de lueurs éclatantes. Des bruits de musique bourdonnaient à ses oreilles, et tout était pour elle, les lumières, les orchestres, tout lui faisait fête. Elle, bienveillante, souriait et 8(5 laissait admirer. Elle était une souveraine et chacun s’inclinait devant sa puissance, nul ne songeait à s’y soustraire. Elle rayonnait el dominait, toujours plus haut, isolée dans sa royauté mondaine, détachée de tout ce qui n’était pas son orgueil.mordre, elle ne l’obtenait que par une contention douloureuse de ses nerfs. Sa voix, elle ne la faisait caressante et amoureuse, lorsque les injures se pressaient sur ses lèvres, qu’en modu’art des sons comme une comédienne qui joue un rôle. Sa tranquille attitude, lorsqu’elle aurait voulu bondir, frapper, était le résultat d’une élude constante de ses gestes et de ses mouvemtn's. Tout, dans cette créature, que Raimond venait de contempler, d’adorer, pendant de longues heures, était factice, artificiel, appris, avec une formidable assimilation, presque une prescience du vice et de ses roueries.Et là, se dévêtant, comme une actrice qui ôte son costume, elle se détendait de sa longue et dure contrainte, encouragée à parler par la complaisance criminelle de sa noire servante.— L'avez-vous bien enjôlé? demandait, la mulâtresse.— Jusqu’à la fugue, répondit Lydie, en étirant ses deux bras. Il était temps qu’il s’en allât. J’étais à bout. Mais il e.ri plus épris que jamais ! Et je ne sis, en le voyant si sot, ce qui l’emporte en moi, pour lui, du mépris ou de la haine I II a brisé l’avenir qus je rêvais, mais il me le paiera cher.— Il est riche. — Girani aussi était riche el de meilleure noblesse. Il allait m'épouser, et j’aurais été marquise. Oh! si beau, si fort, si brave, et tué par ce misérable !PILULES SUISSES KIS: Métiez-vous des contrefaçonsTIC-LE-COMTE Une question. — M. le préfet nommait, à la date du 1er janvier 1891, MM. Chabry Ulysse, ancien notaire, et ChabryBourdillon, membres du bureau de bienfaisance de la commune de la Roche Noire.Ces messieurs attendent encore la signification de leur nomination.Comment se fait-il que M. Montabrut,SAUXiLLANOES Vol d’une ruche. — Le nommé Vacher Jean, propriétaire à Sauxilanges, s’aperçut le 20 février dernier, qu’une ruche placée dans une de ses vignes avait été emportée. Des traces de pas, partant de l’endroit où avait été commis le vol, le conduisirent près d’a petit ruisseau, à 250 mètres environ, où il retrouva la ruche, mais vide et déchirée.Tout fait présumer que les voleurs seront bientôt découverts.Thérèse l’observait, et rien dans ses paroles, rien dans le choix de ses idées, rien dans l’air de son visage ne trahissait la gêne ou l’effort. Elle trompait, mentait, naturellement. Car elle devait haïr Raimond, si elle aimait l’autre. Et si elle n’aimait point l’autre, quelle bis«e et répugna «nie créature était-elle pour l’avoir accueilli? Dans tous les cas, bien dangereuse pour Raimond.Et, regardant ce joli monstre user, pour affoler le jeune homme, de tous ses moyens de séduction, jThérèse se demandait quel but Lydie pouvait poursuivre. Un instant, elle entrevit la vérité : la créole épousant PlOerné pour se mieux venger de lui. Hais elle ne s’y arrêta point. Elle était trop simple et trop bonne pour pénétrer toute la perverse profondeur de ce plan. Elle en vint à croire qu’elle s’était peut-être trompée et que Lydie avait dit vrai, en alestant que l’homme du jardin avait abusé de ta frayeur, et quelle elle ne 1 avait jamais reçu avant ce soir-là. Dans ce chaos de ses pensées, Thérèse cependant ne perdait point de vue ce qoi ébaudi préoccupation uniraiFONT-DU-CH ATB AU Arrestation. — Avant-hier a été arrêté dans cette ville, sous l’inculpation de vagabondage et de mendicité, un nommé Meunier Joseph, mineur, natif de Gannat, actuellement sans profession ni domicile fixe.SAINT-AMANT-TALLBNDB Dans les colombiers. — Des malfaneurs encore inconnus ont dévalisé, dans la nuit du 23 au 24 courant, un colombier appartenant à M. Martinet Gilbert, propriétaire à Saint-Amant-Talleade. N’ayant pu pénétrer par une ouverture de deux mètres de hauteur, ils ont escaladé le mur du jardin et ont fracturé la porte du colombier. Quelques lapins et une certaine quantité de pigeons oui été enlevés.La gendarmerie recherche activement ces hardis maraudeurs.ANDES Une grange brûlée. — Un incendie dont les causes ne sont pas encore bien connues mais que l’on suppose dû à non imprudence, a dévoré complètement dans la journée dus courant une grange appartenant au nommé Monier Jean, propriétaire à Dauzat.Une énorme provision de bois, de paille, de foin, que contenait ce bâtiment, a été totalement consumée, malgré les efforts des voisins et des habitants des villages environnants accourus sur le lieu du sinistre.Les pertes ne se montent pas moins do 4,000 francs et ne sont malheureusement pas assurées. Comme nous le disions tout à l’et bure, toute idée de malveillance devant être écartée, on suppose que le feu aura été mis à un tas de paille par une lampe à essence dont Mon fret sa famille avaient l’habitude de se servir.— Il n’y faut plus penser, maîtresse. Elle chanta d'une voix sourde et lente un refrain de son pays, en jargon nègre, qui voulait dire ceci :« Les oiseaux gazouillent soucieusement sur les tombes, — et les fleurs s’y épanouissent éclatantes. — Les morts sont couchés dans la terre, — pour y dormir tranquilles et oubliés. — A quoi servent les regrets ? — Gardons nos larmes, pour les douleurs de la vie. »—• Que me disais-tu, hier? répliqua Lydie, avec âpreté, tu ne me conseillais pas l’oubli.— Hier, je vous voyais accablée et prête à vous abandonner. J’ai essayé de vous rendre du courage... Mais les morts sont morts, allez !... Il faut, comme dit notre chanson de là bas, les laisser dormir.— Je suis vivante, moi, et j’ai été offensée, blessée, et je rendrai offense pour offense, blessure pour blessure.— formez, maîtresse, la nuit vous calmera. C’est la fièvre qui vous fait parler ainsi.— Tais-toi, dit rudement Lydie. Me prends-tu pour une folie, et crois-tu que je change d’idées si facilement ? J’ai, depuis vingt-quatre heures, beaucoup réfléchi, et le projet que j’ai formé, n’est pas la conception d’un esprit troublé... Jamais je n’ai été plus tore de moi... Et c’est bien là ce qui est grave?... Au lieu de me marier par amour, je me marierai par haine... Comprends -lu?▲ Pionsat. — Malfaiteurs dans les bois, lies évadés de Riom. Nos lecteurs se souviennent de l’évasion de Legay et de Bédiré, les deux dangereux malfaiteurs qui se sont évadés de la maison d’arrêt de Riom dans des conditions qui témoignent d’une audace inouïe. •Toutes les recherches faites pour les retrouver avaient été vaines jusqu’ici. Seulement, de temps en temps, quelques personnes des localités environnantes racontaient avoir entrevu, soit au coin d’un bois, soit dans une vigne, deux individus de mauvaise mine, dont le signalement se rapportait à ce’oui de Legay et de Bédiré. Ces récits entretenaient dans le pays une terreur facile à comprendre; on les rapprochait de plusieurs vols commis avec effraction el escalade, et dont les auteurs étaient restés inconnus. Bref, Legay el Bidiré étaient, et sont entore en train de devenir des brigands légendaires, ni plus ni moins que Cartouche et Mandrin.La nouvelle d’une aventure assez effrayante, qu nous arrive de Pionsat, n’est pas faite pour dissiper ces bruits. Cette aventure est certifiée par la vie-ISSOIRE Maison incendiée. — Dans la nuit du 23 au 24 courant, vers onze heures di soir, les habitants de la petite localité de Terrenoire étaient brusquement réveillés par les cris de : Au feu ! qui partaient delà maison occupé) par le nommé RoussriCiquard Jean-Baptiste, cultivateur.lut le monde fut rapidement sur pied. La toi ure du grenier était déjà fort endommagée et le premier étage ne tarda pas à être entamé par les flammes. Enfin au bout de quelques heures d’un travail énergique gouttait éteint sans que les habitations vo usines, un instant menacées, aient été atteintes.Outre le bâtiment, dont une grande par ic a été brûlée, on a à déplorer la perte d’une énorme quantité de linge empilé dans les armoire* d-s chambres et des greniers. Les pertes subies par le cultivateur se montent à 4,000 francs environ, couvertes par u e assurance.Les causes du sinistre sont inconnues.AU CHAT NOIRQue les anciens habitués du » Coq d’Or < se consolent ! Le « Chat noir », impatiemment et si curieusement attendu, a fait hier son ouverture. L’élargissement est si coquet, son allure est d’un cachet si artistique, l’organisation en est tellement originale que le public élégant de Clermont, s il aime la nouveauté, ce manquera pas d en faire son lieu de rendez-vous favori.Décrire la salle, magnifiquement décorée, avec ses innombrables tabl. aux de valeurs ses dessins humoristiques serait d'autant plus brunie que le pèlerinage au cabaret de la P;ace de Jaude a déjà commencé. Ce n’est pas on théâtre, ce n’est pas un café et c’est 1 s deux à la fois. La musique et la littérature se part«g>ront les poirées.Rodolphe Salis, du fond de Montmartre, sourirait d'Urguril et de fierté s’il pouvait voir, aussi parfaitement reproduits, les spirituels procédés qui ont tait sa réputation.Hier soir, le « Chat Noir » a été brillamment inauguré. L’originalité du spectacle a charmé les amateurs, qui ont chaleureusement applaudi les artistes elle le répertoire.Les silhouettes à la façon de Oran d’Achc ont eu notamment un vrai succès.Cependant ses regards, abaissés vers un coin sombre du décor splendide dans lequel elle triomphait, étaient frappés par 1 aspect triste et souffrant d’un couple relégué à l’écart. Et elle reconnaissait, dans cet homme et cette femme, Thérèse et Raimond. D’un signe impérieux, elle les appelait à ses pieds, mais iis se détournaient en silence et refusaient de venir l’adorer. Elle renouvelait son ordre, avec colère; mais ils restaient toujours loin d’elle. Raimond baissait son front pâli et creusé par la douleur. Thérèse, les mains jointes, priait. Alors une rage furieuse s’empara de Lydie.* Elle voulut contraindre ces deux révoltés à te soumettre, les courber dans l’adoration générale. Elle s’élança vers eux, pour les menacer, les violenter. Mais ils devinrent vagues, ainsi que des ombres, et s’éloignèrent, comme s’ils étaient emportés par une force surnaturelle. Et toujours ils étaient réunis, l’un souffrant, l’autre priant, mais ensemble. Et rien ne pouvait les séparer ni les artifices, ni les colères de Lydie.Vainement elle les poursuivait, elle ne réussissait pas à les atteindre. Elle oubliait la foule de ses adorateurs, elle ne jouissait plus du spectacle de son triomphe. Elle s acharnait à vouloir subjuguer ces deux rebelles, à les»prosterner à ses genoux.,IS eux, plus impalpables, à mesure quelle elle cherchait à les rejoindre, se perdaient, toujours unis, au plus profond du ciel. Et il semblait à Lydie cuis é a’enta souriants et que, délivré» d’elle. ils se consolaient l’un l’autre. (Asuivre).28 DETTE DE HAINEPar Georges OHNETlayer mal de tête, son voisin, gaillard sonne, est enlevé en une semaine.Disons néanmoins, pour n’effrayer personne, que la situation s’améliore partout considérablement. Dans les deux hantons que nous citions plus haut cl qui avaient été particulièrement atteints, l’influença jette son dernier Ru et sera bientôt morte a son tour.Revue de la Presse localeLa Dépêche, alarmée lorsqu’elle a vu qu un ministère solide allait être constitué,-recommence à triompher ;Donc nous aurons, avec Loubet, un Cabinet de replâtrage et de transition.Combien* durera-t-il ! Nous n avuons point la prétention de le prophétiser, mais il est certain que son rôle sera simplement de préparer les voies à une autre c ive, la crise sérieuse, au bout de laquelle nous verrons poindre la dissolution que certains redoutent, mais que beaucoup souhaitent.On aura reculé pour mieux sauter. Peut-être, chère Dépêche, mais sautera bien qui sautera le dernier.▲BLANC Nos écoles primaires. — M. Nolier, l’honorable inspecteur primaire d’Amblet, a visité avant-hier les écoles primaires d’Ariane.Il a pu juger des progrès accomplis dans ces derniers temps. Tant chez les jeunes filles que chez les garçons le nombre ucs élèves a considérablement augmenté et il n’a pas caché sa satisfaction à propos de la parfaite organisation et de la tenue des cia ses.L'administraiion supérieure songerait même, dit-on, à adjoindre aux deux institutrices de l’école des filles, une troisième enseignante dont le besoin se fait de plus en plus sentir.CUNLHAT Incendie. — Dans la matinée du 24 février, vers onze heures et demie, un incendie d’une as<ez grande violence s’est déclaré dans un corps de bâtiments appartenant au nomma Ilaubeniche, propriétaire a La Chapelle-Agnon. Ce de nier était à la foire et sa femme; venait de partir au marché de Cunlhat quand ses voisins ont aua eu les premières flammes.L-s deux brigades de gendarmerie de Cunlhat et de Saint-Amant-Roch --Savine ainsi que la compagnie de pompiers de cette dernière localité, se sont immédiatement transportées sur les lieux et om organisé les secours Mais ce n’tût qu'aprè; deux heures d’efforts acharnés que tout danger avait disparu.Une grange et deux écuries avec tout leur contenu, — c’est-à-dire du foin, de la pille et des instruments aratoires — ont été complètement b blés. On estime les pertes, qui sont heureusement assurées, a la somme de 3.800 francs.quant aux causes du sinistre, el’.es sont encore inconnues.Les Amis de la Paix La quatrième conférence en l’honneur du centenaire de 1792 et pour la préparation du programme des prochaines élections municipales aura lieu aujourd’hui dimanche 28 février 1892, à quatre heures du soir, au siège social, lue Sainl-Eloy, 5.Nous rappelons que, pour être admis à y assister, il suffit de se faire présenter par un adhérent ou de justifier de la qualité de membre d’une autre Société ou fune administration publique.Le télégraphe dans les gares Le service télégraphique des compagnies de chemins de fer a été jusqu’à présent; confié dans les grandes gares à des employés des postes et télégraphes.Ces derniers, spécialement affectés au service des dépêches concernant la circulation, étaient en même temps chargés de contrôler celles qui pouvaient avoir un caractère privé qu’ils signalaient à leur administration.Il n’en sera plus ainsi désormais, car les compagnies vont assurer ce service avec leur personnel.. Sur certains réseaux, il est même question de le confier à des femme’. Les employés de l’Etat cesseront leur service le 15 avril prochain sur l’Orléans et le 1er mai sur le P. L.-M.A la Société Lyrique Comme nous l’avons annoncé, le concert de la Société Lyrique a eu lieu hier au soir, dans la salle des fêtes du Poids-de-Ville. Nombreux étaient hsinvi'és qui s’y étaient rendus.Comme toujours le concert était des mieux organisés et les différents numéros ont été applaudis.Brises de nuit et VEclair ont été particulièrement goûtés par l’assistance.On s’est retiré fort tard, se promettant bien de revenir à la prochaine soirée.Tous nos compliments aux organisateurs et aux artistes qui ont bien voulu prêter leur concourt.Le cnrrez-vous, ami lecteur? Dans une récente promenade, par une de ces journées ensohidées que noms octroie avec la plus grande libéralité l’hiver bénin que nous traversons, j’ai trouvé, en pleine campagne, la première violette qui peut-être a paru cette année dans notre région.Faut-il s’en réjouir outre mesure? Hélas! on l’a dit bien des fois : un seul acte vertueux ne fah pas la vertu, pas plus qu’une première violette ou une saule hîrondede ne fait le printemps. Mais elles l'annoncent tout au moins. Et c’est avec un plaisir mè é d’un peu de mélancolie, que j’ai cueilli 1 humble fleurette pour en décorer ma boutonnière. Après ce!a, à me voir d’ru peu foin, on m’eût pris pour un dignitaire de l’ordre des « palmes académiques » et j’ai rapporte, pour la conserver avec soin, la poétique violtle comme le gage certain de l’approche de la douce saison.Et à ce propos, j’en suis venu à me demander, tout en revenant au logis, pourquoi l'on dit : la poétique violette, l’opposant ainsi à d’autres fleurs dont la vue n’évide pas dans nos esprits la même idée. Pourquoi dit-en : la rose est belle, la violette est poétique? Pourquoi cotte distinction? C’lest précisément en analysant la nature du plaisir que m’avait procuré ma découverte qoe j’ai trouvé l’expbca’ion de cet aphorisme littéraire. Il y a p’us de poésie dansâtes choses voilées que dans celas qui s’étalent au grand jour; parce que les premières mettent enjeu l’imagination, faculté poétique par excellence, tandis 3ue les secondes sollicitent l’observationdirecte ou provoquent le raisonnement beaucoup moins poétiques. La poésie est ce qui fait rêver.Les oh eaux de passage qui traversent mélancoliquement le ciel gris de l’automne ) .u fuir en des climats plus doux ont plus de poésie que le colibri ou l’oiseau de paradis dont l’habit brille des plus chatoyantes couleurs. Le paon qui fait la rouelime, qui a failli mourir de peur, et qui vient, du reste, de déposer une plainte.Voici les faits :Un vieux mendiant l n ancien casseur de pierres, qui vit actuellement de mendicité — les brigands s’adressaient bien mal, comme on voit — parcourt les environs de Pionsat, quémandant à droite et à gauche. On luitonne volontiers mais l’argent est rare dans nos montagnes, et les aumônes qu’on lui fait consistent surtout en dons en nature: pain, blé, seigle, pommes de terre, etc. Pour les besoins de son... commerce, notre homme s’est procuré un attelage : Il est possesseur d’une petite voilure et d’un âne. C’est même la seule chose qu’il possède ; l’âne vit de l’herbe des chemins et la voilure est remisée à la belle étoile. Quelque temps qu il fasse, on est sùr au moins une fois par jour de voir passer le bonhomme et son baudet, l’un traînant l’autre.L’équipage est modeste, mais son existence prouve que la mendicité n’est pas incompatible avec certains perfectionnements, même à la campagne.La bourse ou la vie Avant-hier se trouvant à une heure avancée dans un chemin désert, au bord d un ravin, le mendiant vit sortir des buissons deux malandrins, qui vinrent à lui délibérément. L’un saisit l’âne par la bride, et 1 autre, sautant sur la carriole, saisit le maître au collet, en lui demandant < la bourse ou la vie >.— Mais, mes bons messieurs, vous voyez bien que je mendie mon pain ! geignit le vieux pauvre.— C’est ce que nous allons voir, fit le misérable. D’ailleurs, si tu mendies ton pain, tu dois en avoir, et moi je n’ai pas mangé depuis deux jours.Il jeta le vieux à bas de la voiture, el tous deux, se précipitant sur lui, se mirent à le fouiller. Il avait dans ses poches quinze francs — on voit que c’était décidément un mendiant assez à l’aise — les malfaiteurs s’en emparèrent, puis ils visitèrent immédiatement la guimbarde, et, apures avoir pillé les provisions qu’elle contenait, ils la précipitèrent dans le ravin, ainsi que le malheureux Aliboro.Us délibèrent ensuite sur la question de savoir s’il ne conviendrait pas d’en faire autant du mendiant,qui tremblait de tons ses membres. L’un deux l’avait déci soulevé par les épaules, mais l’autre s'y opposa. Finalement, ils le laissèrent là et regagnèrent la forêt, où ils disparurent.Après quelques instants, le pauvre homme parvint à se remettre et il se traîna sur le talus du ravin, où l’âne et la voiture, retenus par des branchages, n’avaient pas entièrement roulé. Il releva le baudet, qui n’avait rien de cassé, mais qui était dans un assez pieux état, et, avec son aide, il réussit à ramener la petite carriole. Par exemple celle-ci était toute disloquée, et ce ne fut pas sans peine qu’il ramena l’équipage jusqu’à la masure qui fui sert de domicile.Legay et Bédiré Le vieillard a, comme nous l’avons dit, déposé une plainte. Jusqu’ici, sa déposition paraît assez extraordinaire, et l’apparition de ces deux bandits affamés, qui sortent du bois pour dévaliser un mendiant, est probablement invraisemblable. Mais voici où la chose se corse : le bonhomme affirme que ses agresseurs étaient habillés en détenus, et le signalement qu’il en donne répond trait pour trait à celui de Legay el de Bédiré, les malfaiteurs évadés de la maison d’arrêt de Riom.. Quoi, qu’il en soit, des recherches actives ont lieu dans les environs. On nous assure que plusieurs personnes disent avoir aperçu, à différentes reprises, deux individus cherchant à se dissimuler, ce qui donnerait à l’histoire du mendiant un cachet d authenticité. Il ne serait pas impossible, toutefois, qu’il l’ait inventée pour émouvoir la pitié publique. Nous ne voulons donc rien garantir, mais les habitants des maisons isolées feront bien, par prudence, de fermer leurs portes le soir.est beau, mais l’hirondelle qui traverse les mers et les continents est poétique. De même la violette qui ouvre scs modestes pétales, toujours à l’époque où l’hiver va finir et où le printemps va commencer e?t poétique. Elle réveille en nous le souvenir de toutes les tristesses hivernales et fait naître en même temps toutes les espérances du printemps. Or rien n’est aussi poétique que l’espérance en l’avenir, si ce n'est le regret du passé. Ici et là l’imagination se donne libre carrière et n’est pas gênée par la lumière vive et crue de la réalité.Si la violette est plus poétique que la rose ou le dahlia, c’tût parce que sa vue ouvre parfois à notre imagination les perspectives infinies du passé et de l’avenir. Il y a dans toute poésie un élément d’infini qui en est comme l’essence.L’avenir est plein de mystères, plein de promesses embellies et dorées par le rêve de notre imagination ; le passé est formé de de regrets éternels ou de souvenirs délicieux.Voilà pourquoi les poètes qui savent tout cela ou du moins qui ont l’instinct de ces vérités, ont chanté plus souvent repassé et 1 avenir que le présent; p’us souvent la jeunesse ou la vieillesse que l’âge mûr ; le printemps et l’automne plus souvent que Fêté, l’humble violette au parfum discret et délicat, toujours avec plus de grâce, que les autres fleurs ou plus belles, ou plus odorantes.Micromégas. Le Bal de l’Académie Hier a eu lieu le bal offre t par M. Micé, recteur de l’Académie. Un grand nombre de notabilités y assistaient.La fête avait néanmoins un caractère plus intime et a été moins brillante que le bal de la préfecture.La France prévoyante (63e division. — Clermont-Ferrand). — L’Assemblée générale annuelle de tous les sociétaires clermontois et du département aura lieu, aujourd’hui dimanche, 28 février, à 2 heures précises de l’après-midi, à l’Hôtel de ViPe, salle publique du Conseil.Voici l’ordre du jour : Exposé du bilan de la Socié’é ; Gestion du Bureau ; Note sur diverses propositions; Elections du Bereau et du Conseil de survaillance.Marché de Clermont-FerrandDu 27 février 1892Céréales B!é blanc (Odessa), 55 sacs, 29,50 à 31 francs les 100 kilos ; blé rr uge pour boulangerie, 110 sus, 28à29fr.; Seigle, 29 tacs, 18 à 18,50 ; Orges de mouture, 24 sacs, 13,50 à 14 fr.Marché peu fourni, vente rapide.Fourrages Foin. 50 chars amenés, 8 francs les 100 kilos ; Seinfoin, 8 chars, 7,50; Luzerne, 12 chars, 8 fr.; Paille froment, 40 chars, 3,50; Failli seigle, 40 chars, 4,50.Marché peu fourni, vente lente.Pommes de terre 160 sacs amenés, de 3,50 à 4,50. Vente active. Bals, Soirées, Mariages. Complet cérémonie sur mesure, Habit ou Redingote, 75fr.,chez CREMIEUX, Tailleur, 4, rue Neuve-Prolongée.Jardin Lecoq Voici le programme des morceaux qui seront exécutés le 28 février 1892, de deux à trois heures et demie, par la musique de l’Ecole d’artillerie.1. Souvenir de Riom (Sudre). 2. Les Dieux en exil, ouverture (Bosch). 3. Le Petit Duc, fantaisie (Lecoq). 4. Le Beau Danube bleu, valse (StrausQ. 5. L'Etoile du Nord, fantaisie (Meyer-buer. Polka des Officiers (Fahrbach).L’influença L’influenza semble choisir ses cantons • mai< quand elle est installée dans l'un d’eux, elle y fait des ravages souvent mortels. Aigu-perse et Randan, par exemple, visités par l’épidémie, ont vu, depuis.un mois, la mortalité s’accroître d’une façon effrayante.C’est bien le cas de dire : « Ils ne mouraient pas toua, mais tous étaient frappés.» — et quelques uns assez sérieusement pour Sua la moindre imprudence leur soit inter-ne, sous peine de rechute. Etl’on smalt les suites d’une rechute.Ce qui frappe surtout, dans celte étrange maladie, c’est la soudaineté avec laquelle elle s’empare de sa victime elles les diverses formes qu’elle affecte. tandis qu’un vieilarda, déjà faible et usé, s’en tire avec un88e et 122» régiments territoriaux d’infanterie.Génie. — Les hommes allectès aux compagnies de numéros pairs et aux pompagui.s de dépôt, dans tous les bataillons du génie.Par ordre# individuels. — Pendant tout le cours de l’année, suivant les besoins du service (classes 1878 et 1879), train des équipages, hommes affectés aux compagnies de numéros pairs. — (Classe 1878), hommes affectés aux sections de commis et ouvriers militaires d’administration, hommes affectés aux f celions d’infirmiers, gendarmes territoriaux, hommes affectés aix greffes militaires, auxiliaires du service télégraphique..Nota. — L'appe| des brancardiers d’ambulance (section territoriale d’infirmiers), s effectuera par .ordres individuels aux époques de convocation de l’infanterie territoriale (partie au printemps, partie à l’automne). Dépositions concernant la 13* région pourla période du printemps. Sont convoqués par voie d’affiches : du lundi 16 mai au dimanche 29 mai, tous les sous-officiers, caporaux et soldats appartenant aux dépôts et aux 3e et 4« bataillons des 98* régiment territorial d’infanterie à Môntluçon ; 100e à Aurillac ; 102e à SaintEtienne ; 104e à Roanne.Nota. — Pourront être convoqués par ordres individuels du 5 au 18 septembre un certain nombre d’hommes affectés aux 3e et 4e bataillons et aux dépôts des 98e (Monlluçon) el 104e (Roanne) régiments territoriaux d’infanterie.PÉRIODE D’AUTOMNE Seront appelés en automne, par voie ^affiches spéciales qui seront apposées au mois de juin : 1° les hommes des régiments territoriaux de numéros pairs d’infanterie des classes de 1878 et 1879 affectés aux bataillons et dépôt s qui n’auront pas é’é convoqués au printemps, ainsi que les hom • mes affecté* aux 1er et 2e bétail ons du 117e régiment territorial d’infanterie; 2° les hommes des escadrons pairs de la cavalerie territoriale des classes de 1878 el 1879 ; 3° les hommes des régiments d’artillerie territoriaux des classes de 1878 et 1879 appartenant aux unités qui seront indiquées sur l’affiche de convocation.Seront appelés en automne par ordres ind visuels : par anticipation, un certain nombre d’hommes de la classe de 1880 affectés à l’artillerie dans les 5e, 6* et 7e régions.Faculté des lettres A l’o casions d j carnaval, par autorisation de M. le recteur, les cours et conférences vaqueront le lundi 29 février, les mardi et mercredi, 1er et 2 mars, ils reprendront le jeudi matin 3 mars.Cours publics du jeudi 3 au samedi 5 mars :Jdudi 3, à quatre heures un quart. — M. Bouchon. — Les arts en Auvergne à l’eco• que romane; l’orfèvrerie; le costume,etc.Samedi 5, à qia’re heures nn quart. — M. Luguet — Cours d’esthétique : la peinture. L’élude de la forme humaine en Italie.Du Moniteur : M. Loubet, qui devient président du conseil, n est pas très connu dans le pays. C’est un républicain modéré, surhomme modeste, doux et concluant, un orateur disert très écoute de ses collègues, qui a surtout pris part, soit a la Chambre, soit au Sénat, à des discussions d’affaires,T°.u^ charmanus quand ils sont ministres ! Nous connaissons cet air-là._____ IV. Les billets de banque La Banque de France étude e depuis quelque temps une transformation complète du pipier monnaie. Les diverses coupures seront assez semblables dans leur aspect général et différenciées seulement par les dimensions.Il s agit de donner à chaque valeur une couleur différente, obtenue soit par la teinte du papier, soit par la superposition de planeurs tonds de garantie tirés en chromotypographie.En ouvre, on chercherait un papier plus résistant que celui actuellement employé.Ce sont les billets de cent francs qui seront t »ul d’abord transformés, si ces éludes donnent les résultats que l’on en ait nd.ETUDES ET CROQUISLA PREMIÈRE VIOLETTE RIOM irarch^du samedi 37 février lofais. — Le marché de ce jour a été relativement peu important, les denrées néanmoins y abondaient et se vendaient à des prix élevés. i Aux Taules, le beurre se vendait 1 fr. 20. kilo; les œufs, 0,75 la douzaine; les o°r11 de 4 à 6 fr. la paire ; ks lapins de 7 Ir; 50 à 3 fr. pièce ; les pigeons de 2 fr. à 2 fr. 50 la paire.. Outrages à l’armée. — Lundi dernier, un détachement du 105* de ligne manquerait sur la route d’Ennezat, sons le commande ment du lieutenant Saunier. Le sieur Marcheboilles Jean, dit le Paririen, passait eu conduisant un cheval par la bride. Sous prétexte que son cheval avait peur, il se mit à crier : « Je les ferais bien filer, cas voyous d’officiers *. Plainte a été portée par l’autorité milita» e et procès-verbal dressé.Vandalisme. — Une trentaine de lys de v;gne ont été coupés au territoire de Bonnetiile. Une enquête est ouverte à l’effet de découvrir l’auteur de cet acte de sauvagerie.Vol à Chatelguyon. — Dans la nuit de mercredi dernier, un vol de vin a été commis à Châtelguyon au préjudice du sieur Bourbon, cultivateur, habitant quartier de> Bains. Des malfaiteurs sa sont introduite dans sa cave située quartier du Château et lui ont soustrait environ quinze pots do liquide.C’t st la quatrième fois dans le courant du mois que le même fait se produit. Une enquête est ouverte.La foire des Cendre». — Mercredi prochain aua lieu à Riom la foire dite des Cendres. C’est une des plus importantes de l’année, en ce qui concerne le commerce des bois de menuiserie, de charronncrie, de tonnellerie et de charpente. Aussi depuis une dizaine de jours, l’arrivage de ces matériaux n’a pas chômé. La place De«aix est littéralement encombrée et si les acheteurs ne font pas défaut, tout fait prévoir des transactions importantes.THIELKS Société de secours mutuels des ouvriers. — La Société de secours mutuels des ouvriers et artisans de Thiers, nous adresse la copie suivante de ces deux dernières délibérations :Le 14 février, à 2 heures 1j2 d< soir, les membres du Bureau d’administration de la Société de secours mutuels des ouvrier» et artisans de la commune de Thiers, présidés par M. Joseph-Michel Gaudissier fils, te sont réunis dans la salie ordinaire do leurs délibérations. Etaient présents : MM. Michel Gaudis*kr fils, président; Mallet; Voisner; Caburol ; Douris; Gélarbeau et Cornet.Après avoir traité les affaires courantes, le Bureau à la suite de renseignements donnés par M. le Président, s’est préoccupé de la situation créée à la Société de secours mutuels, en ce qui concerne les renies viagères, par le décret du 30 décembre 1891, abaissant à 3 1|2 0|0 le taux de l’intérêt composé du capital dont il est tenu compte dans les tarifs d’aprèa.1. quels est calculé le montant des dites rentes viagères.Après une très longue discussion au cours de laquelle chacun des membres présents a émis son avis, il a été décidé q«e le Bureau se réunirait à nouveau le dimanche suivant 21 février, à l’effet d’adresser au Gouvernement une délibération motivée, tendant à faire rapporter, en ce qui concerne les Sociétés de secours mutuels approuvées, le décret sous-viré du 30 décembre 1891.Le dimanche 21 février, à 2 heures du soir, toujours sous la présidence de M. Michel Gaudissier fils, le Bureau d’administration a pris, à l’unanimité la délibération suivante : wEn 1853, lors de la création delà Société de secours mutuels des ouvriers entartions do la commune de Thiers, dont l’approbation remonte au 23 novembre de la même année, le Bureau d’administration de celte époque, prenant en considération le fonds de dotation et le taux de 1 intérêt composé du capital pour les renies viagères qui était alors de 5 0|0 avait fixé la cotisation mensuelle à 1 franc pour les hommes, et à 50 centimes pour les femmes.Après le décret de 1856, il fut constitué un fonds de retraites annuellement augmenté par les ressources disponibles de la Société et par les subventions de l’Etat, ce fonds de retraites s’élève aujourd’hui à la somme de 225,327 fr. 75.On croyait ces bases immuables, et dans cet ordre d’idées, l’avenir de la Société de secours mutuels paraissait assuré.Un premier trouble se produisit, lorsque le taux de l’intérêt composé du capital pour les rentes viagères fut abaissé à 41|2, mais ce trouble fut autrement grand après ledécret du 20 décembre 1880, abaissant entore le taux de l’intérêt composé du capital à 4 0|0.Le Bureau d’atministrat’on se vit a’ors dans la pénible nécessité, oa d’augmenté r la cotisation mensuel de ses membres participants, de moitié de la cotisation existante, ou de suspendre le service des rentes viagères.Une réunion générale fut convoquée à cet effet, l’augmentation de la cotisation mensuelle fut volée à une faible majorité.Aujourd’hui, le bureau d’administration est absolument homogène et entièrement préoccupé des enté êls de la société, mais la nouvelle mesure prise par le gouvernement lui crée des embarras presque insurmontables, tendu qu’il n’e t pas possible, e, comme en 1887. de demander une nouvelle augmentation de cotisation; la moyenne des sa aires de la paisible population ouvrière de Thiers, qui déjà n’est pes en rapport avec la cherté de la vie, ne permettrait pas à nos membres participants de s’imposer de nouveaux sacrifices.D’un autre côté, la société de secours mutuels, indépendamment de son fonds de retraites qui, ions l’avons dit, s’élève à la somme de 225,327 fr. 65 et entièrement affecté à des rentes viagères, a encore dû payer, en 1891, sur soa fonds de réserve, une somme de 3,455 fr. 85 pour des pensions qui ne pouvaient pas être supportées par le tonds de retraites iusuflhant.Elle espérait néanmoins, avec de l’ordre et de l’économie, surmonter tous les obstacles dans un délai assez rapproché, mais le décret du 30 décembre 1891, vient détruire toutes ces espérances et lui fait concevoir des craintes sérieuses pour le bon fonctionnement de celte importante institution qui a rendu tant de services à une population laborieuse et méplate à tous égards.La Société de secours mutuels des ouvriers et artisans de la commune de Thiers compte 800 membres participants, 360 membres honoraires, et près de 400 membres postulants; la postulante estd’environ sept années, elle est imposée précisément à cause des pensions de retraités, si cette cause n’chialait pas, le nombre des membres participants pourrait être doublé en moins d’un mois. Le nombre des retraités est de 176.C'est dans ces conditions, que le bureau d’administration de la société de secours mutuels des ouvriers et artisans de h commune de Thiers, uniquement préoccupé du but qui lui a été confié, et surtout des intérêts de cette belle institution qu’il administre, vient demander au gouvernement de la Répeblique de vouloir bien, rn ce qui concerne les sociétés de secours mutuels qui tout en moralisant les ouvrier» les mettent à l’abri des conséquences de la rafladiA, non seulement rapporter le décret du 30 décembre 1891, mais encore, s’il ed, possible, ramener le taux de l’intérêt composé du capital, dont il est tenu compte dans les tarifs d’après lesquels est calculé le moulant des rentes viagère»,au taux primitif de 5 OjO.Cette décision donnerait un nouvel essor aux sociétés de secours mutuels qui périVnt d’être encouragées par un gouvernement démocratique et désireux, comme celui qui nous régit, de l’amélioration du sort des classes ouvrières.Fait et dé.ibéré à Thiers, le 21 février 1892 en séance publique à laquelle assistaient, MM. Joseph-Michel Gaudissier fils, président; Pis&ier, secrétaire; Gilarbeau, trésorier; Darrot; Mallet; Voissier ; Caburol, Crneot et Douris, administrateurs.M Sabatier, absent pour cause de maladie.Dans l’original et au registre des délibérations sont ks signatures.Pour copie conforme :Le président, Michel Gaudissiir fils. Vagabondage et mendicité. — La gendarmerie de Thiers a mis en état d’arrestation le nommé Naudier Paul, originaire de Saint-Etienne (Loire), sous l’inculpation de vagabondage et de mendicité. Il a été écroué à la maison d’arrêt.Ligue de l’enseignement. — M. Jouberlon, professeur au lycée de Clermont, qui a fait récemment en celte vile sur la Poésie populaire une conférence très applaudie dont le Petit Clermontois a rendu compte, traitera le même sujet à Thiers dans la salle du théâtre, dimanche 28 février, à trois heures du soir.La conférence étant publique, nous sommes cer ails que de nombreux auditeurs viendront y assister.Nécrologie. — Nous apprenons la mort de M. Pontenille-Chabrol, conseiller municipal. Les obsèques auront lieu aujourd’hui dimanche, à dix heures du malin.Théâtre de Thiers. — La troupe Franck-Réville, qni vient s’instiller pour trois mois dans notre ville, donnera dimanche, 6 mars, pour le* débuts de la troupe : Ls Bossu ou le Petit Parisien, drame à grand spectacle, "en 10 actes, ds MM. Annicel Bourgeois et Paul Féval.Buieau à 7 h. 1(4, rideau à 8 heures.CANTAL Inauguration de la ligne d'Aurillac à Mauriac. —*0n sait que l’inauguration officielle de cette ligne, devait avoir lieu le 10 avril prochain, et nue M. Yves Guyot avait promis de la présider.Nous c oyons savoir que celle inauguration n’aura lieu qua lu osque le tronçon de Mauriac à Dargnac sera livré, c’est-à-dire en novembre prochain.Dernière Heure■er-vloe. télégrepliliu.» *p*olal du PETITCLERMONTOISParis, minuit, 28 février. LE NOUVEAU MINISTÈRE Il est probable que M. Etienne n’acceptera pas de faire partie de la combinaison Loubet et qu’il refusera le sous • secrétariat d’Etat aux colonies. On parle pour le remplacer de M. Jamais à qui ces fonctions avaient été offertes une première fois par M. Floquet en 1889.On dit, d’autre part, que les membres du cabinet se proposeraient d’offrir à M. Constans le gouvernement de l’Algérie.LES TROUBLES DE BERLIN Les nouvelles reçues de Berlin dans la soirée sont moins rassurantes que les dernières dépêches semblaient le faire prévoir.Une nouvelle collision s’est produite entre la police et la foule; les agents, cernés de toutes parts, ont dû faire usage de leurs armes. La bagarre n’a pris fin aue très avant dans la soirée. Les blessés sont nombreux de part et d’autre.Anastay après sa Condamnation Dès la fin de l’audience, Anas’ay, sous la conduite ds gardes municipaux, a été ramené dans la chambre spéciale des accusés, où >on éloquent défenseur, Me Henri Robert, est venu le rejoindre.L’assassin de la baronne Dollard ne paravisait pas autrement ému de la condamnation qui venait de le frapper. Il restait calme.Aorès quelques instants de conversation, M* Henri Robert lui a parlé de se' pourvoir en cassation.Tout d’abord Anastay a haussé les épaules en disant :« Je sais, c’est une formalité, mais, bal à quel cela servira-t-il? »Cependant, sur les instances de son défenseur, Anastay consentit à signer le pourvoi .. que Me Henri Robert emporta.Un quart d'heure après, le condamné, toujours calme, était réintégré dans sa cellule à la Conciergerie.Il dîna de bon appétit et, vers six heures, il recevait la visite du directeur de celte prison qui venait loi annoncer son transfert à la Grande Roquttte.Sans un mot, Aoaslayse laissa revêtir de la camisole de force et, accompagné de deux agents de la sûreté, il martien voiture cellulaire.A la Grande Roquette, Anastay a été ins tallé avec ses gardiens dans la cellule ne 2, qu’occupèrent successivement Pianziui et Prado.M. Beauquesoe, directeur de la Grande Roquette, avisé de l’arrivée d’un prisonnier de cette catégorie, a présidé aux formalités de l’internement.Comme Anastay était très calme, on lui retira la camisole de force. Puis le barbier de le prison a rasé la moustache et coupé es cheveux du prisonnier.Celte double opération terminée, Anastay est sorti de son mutisme pour dire avec mauvaise humeur :— Ah ! c’étoit une précaution inutile! Le condamné a été ensuite laissé à ses réflexions. * A LA SOCIÉTÉ DI GE0GBAPHI1 La population de Parie. — L’émigrationLa Société de géographie a tenu, la semaine dernière, une séance intéressante dans sonMAISON NE FAISANT QUE SUR MESUREPourLYONMEtat civil de Clermont-FerrandBULLETIN FINANCIERAVISOn demande des ouvrières plisseules pour boîtes de mariages et de baptêmes et des jeunes gens de 14 à 15 an*. gagnant de suite.S’adresser maison LAFARGE-GORCE, rue des Gras.Paris, 26 février 1892. La Bourse se s’émeut nullement des péripéties d'une crise ministérielle dont on n’aperçoit pas encore la solution, mais qui courrait, en se perpétuant, finir par affaiblir le prestige du président de la République.Le 3 0/0 ancien soutenu par les demandes du comptant monte à 96 10; le nouveau est à 95 02 et le 4 1/2 est en léger recul à 104 80.La rente Italienne est à 89 20. On signale des ventes pour compte des banquiers allemands.L’Extérieerd est sans changement à 61 19[32. Le 3 0[0 Portugais est en reprise marquée à 28. |
9814581_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Marie-Louise Fébronie Meilleur (geborene Chassé; * 29. August 1880 in Kamouraska, Québec; † 16. April 1998 in East Ferris, Ontario) war eine kanadische Supercentenarian. Sie ist der sechstälteste verifizierte Mensch aller Zeiten und die älteste Person aus Kanada. Vom 4. August 1997 bis zu ihrem Tod am 16. April 1998 war sie außerdem die älteste lebende Person der Welt.
Leben
Meilleur wurde am 29. August 1880 als Kind von Pierre Chassé (1849–1911) und Febronie Levesque (1852–1912) im kanadischen Bundesstaat Québec geboren und ist französischer Herkunft. In ihrem Geburtsort heiratete sie 1900 ihren ersten Ehemann Étienne Lelerc (1849–1911). Mit ihm bekam sie sechs Kinder, nämlich Marie-Louise (1901–1940), Marie-Julienne (1902–1903), Marie-Albertine (1904–1904), Gerard (1906–1986), Gabrielle (1908–2004) und Maurice (1910–1973). Nach dem Tod ihrer Eltern und ihres Mannes verließ Meilleur 1913 zwei ihrer Kinder und zog nach Rapides-des-Joachims, Québec, an der Grenze zu Ontario. Nur einmal, 1939, kehrte sie in ihre Heimatregion zurück.
1915 heiratete sie ihren zweiten Ehemann Hector Meilleur (1879–1972), mit dem sie ebenfalls sechs Kinder zeugte. Diese waren Ernest (1916–2005), Pauline (1918–1980), Olive (1920–2010), Christie (1922–1987), Alfred (1924–1986) und Rita (1925–2011). Nach dem Tod ihres Mannes 1972 lebte Meilleur zuerst bei einer Tochter und später in einem Pflegeheim in East Ferris. Bis in ihre Neunziger rauchte sie regelmäßig Tabak. In ihrem letzten Lebensjahrzehnt war sie jedoch blind, fast taub und körperlich sehr schwach.
Am 20. März 1993 wurde sie die älteste lebende Kanadierin, am 25. März 1994 die älteste Person aus Kanada jemals. Nach dem Tod von Tane Ikai am 12. Juli 1995 wurde Meilleur die zweitälteste lebende Person der Welt und am 21. Februar 1997 die zweitälteste Person aller Zeiten. Die älteste lebende Person wurde sie nach dem Tod der 122-jährigen Französin Jeanne Calment am 4. August 1997.
Meilleur starb am 16. April 1998 im Alter von 117 Jahren und 230 Tagen in ihrem Pflegeheim in East Ferris an einem Thrombus. Begraben wurde sie neben ihrem zweiten Ehemann in Rapides-des-Joachims. Vier von Meilleurs zwölf Kindern überlebten sie, einer ihrer Söhne wohnte sogar im selben Pflegeheim. Bei ihrem Tod hatte sie außerdem 85 Enkel, 80 Urenkel, 57 Ururenkel und vier Urururenkel.
Sie war die sechste Person, die älter als 115 Jahre wurde, der dritte Mensch, der über 116 wurde, und die zweite Person, die 117 Jahre erreichte. Der Titel des ältesten lebenden Menschen ging nach ihrem Tod an die US-Amerikanerin Sarah Knauss, die nur einen knappen Monat nach Meilleur geboren worden war. Die Kanadierin ist der sechstälteste Mensch aller Zeiten (Stand: März 2023).
Siehe auch
Liste der ältesten Menschen
Liste der ältesten Frauen
Einzelnachweise
Ältester Mensch
Supercentenarian
Kanadier
Geboren 1880
Gestorben 1998
Frau.
|
github_open_source_100_1_184 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "BrowserWindowProcess.hpp"
#include <QApplication>
#include <QMutexLocker>
#include "ConfigManager.hpp"
BrowserWindowProcess::BrowserWindowProcess(QObject *parent)
: QProcess(parent)
{
QObject::connect(this, &BrowserWindowProcess::started, this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_started);
QObject::connect(this, QOverload<int, QProcess::ExitStatus>::of(&BrowserWindowProcess::finished),
this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_finished);
QObject::connect(this, &BrowserWindowProcess::errorOccurred, this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_errorOccurred);
QObject::connect(this, &BrowserWindowProcess::stateChanged, this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_stateChanged);
QObject::connect(this, &BrowserWindowProcess::readyReadStandardOutput, this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_output);
QObject::connect(this, &BrowserWindowProcess::readyReadStandardError, this, &BrowserWindowProcess::_output);
}
BrowserWindowProcess::~BrowserWindowProcess()
{
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::start(const Provider &provider, OpenMode mode)
{
const QStringList arguments = ([&]{
QStringList arguments = {
"--provider=" + provider.id
};
if (Config()->fullScreenMode())
arguments.append("-fs");
return arguments;
})();
QProcess::start(QApplication::applicationFilePath(), arguments, mode);
QProcess::waitForStarted();
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::_started()
{
qDebug() << "started";
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::_finished(int exitCode, ExitStatus exitStatus)
{
qDebug() << exitCode << exitStatus;
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::_errorOccurred(ProcessError error)
{
qDebug() << error;
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::_stateChanged(ProcessState state)
{
qDebug() << state;
}
void BrowserWindowProcess::_output()
{
QMutexLocker(&this->g_mutex);
qDebug() << this->readAllStandardOutput().constData();
qDebug() << this->readAllStandardError().constData();
}
|
US-36306164-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Magnetic core switching devices
June 14, 1966 F. H. RAYMOND ETAL 3,
MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES Original Filed Jan. 27, 1958 5 Sheets -Sheet 1 INVENTOR.
F. H. RAYMOND ETAL 3,256,445
MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES June 14, 1966 Original Filed Jan. 27, 1958 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 June 14, 1966 F. H. RAYMOND ETAL 3, 56,
MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES Original Filed Jan. 27, 1958 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 18 11111 18; [5} 5 m (L a I v P 0 I I I 6} a I I 0 1 a u I June 14, 1966 F. H. RAYMOND ETAL 3,
MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES Original Filed Jan. 27, 1958 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 June 14, 1966 F. H. RAYMOND ETAL 3,
' MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES Original Filed Jan. 27, 1958 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 r (a l m F15: 25 F y INVENTOR.
United States Patent 3,256,445 MAGNETIC CORE SWITCHING DEVICES Francois Henri Raymond, St.-Germain-en-Laye, Andre Michel Richard, Paris, Alice Maria Recoque, Sartrouville, and Claude Marie Edmond Masson, Paris, France, assignors to Societe dElectronique et dAutomatisme, Courbevoie, Seine, France Continuation of application Ser. No. 711,448, Jan. 27, 1958. This application Apr. 2 2, 1964, Ser. No. 363,061 4 Claims. (Cl. 307-88) This invention is a continuation of application Serial No. 711,448, filed January 27, 1958, and now abandoned.
The present invention relates to circuits including saturable magnetic cores for controlling the selctive routing of current pulses to a plurality of distinct load channels.
More particularly, the invention relates to selective routing circuits for current pulses which may serve for controlling the read-out and write-in operations of binary data stores consisting of matrices of bistable magnetic cores, each of which has a substantially rectangular hysteresis loop. In this connection, the invention relates to the selective routing of selection current pulses to lines, rows, or columns of storage matrices, including serially connected control windings for the bistable magnetic cores.
A saturable magnetic core, maintained in a state of magnetic saturation, otters practically no resistance to the passage of an electrical current through an output winding associated with the core. When such a core is free to change its magnetic condition from one state of saturation to another under the control of the ampere-turns due to an electrical current, the value of the current in actual practice is maintained at a restricted and substantially constant level during the entire time interval during which the magnetic condition of the core changes. The higher the number of turns of the control winding, the lower the value of that constant current level.
An object of this invention is to provide magnetic core switching circuits for magnetic cores which use these.
noise and parasitic currents occurring in the application of these properties are substantially eliminated.
According to the invention, a magnetic core switching circuit for the selective routing of current pulses to a plurality of separate load channels includes a plurality of at least partially separate channels for routing current from a common current input to a plurality of current outputs. The-number of outputs corresponds to the number of loads, a predetermined number of which are to be supplied at each application of a current to the common input. Each of these routing channels contains at least one output winding of a saturable magnetic core, the core including at least one control winding which selectively inhibits or enables the magnetic saturation condition of the core to be altered during each routing period "FIG. 6 shows an alternative form of a switching circuit according to the invention including means for decoding the address of a matrix store;
FIGS. 7 and 8 show two alternative embodiments of the circiut shown in FIG. '6;
FIG. 9 shows a circuit similar to FIG. 2, wherein stray currents of a certain nature are cancelled;
FIG. 10 illustrates a circuit having a purpose similar to that of FIG. 9, but permitting the passage of twopolarity signals to the loads;
FIGS. 11 and 12 represent graphs explaining the operation of the circuit of FIG. 10;
FIG. 13 shows the manner in which the circuit of FIG. 9 may be used in a switching circuit of the type disclosed in FIG. 6 when two-polarity signals are to be supplied to the loads;
FIG. 14 shows a circuit arrangement which may be substituted for the arrangement of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 shows signal wave forms for use in the arrangement of FIG. 14;
FIG. 16 shows a circuit arrangement according to FIG. 9, including means for improving the signal-to-noise ratio in its operation;
FIG. 17 shows another circuit arrangement similar to FIG. 16, and including a further feature of the invention; 1
FIG. 18 illustrates a further improvement in the operation of a circuit arrangement according to the invention;
FIGS. 19 to 21 represent graphs explaining the purpose and effect of the improvement illustrated in FIG. 18;
FIG. 22 shows a further embodiment of the invention representing an alternative of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 23 discloses a way of obtaining a noise compensation in circuits such as shown in FIG. 22.
In the drawings, which show both a switching circuit according to the invention and a storage matrix of cores controlled thereby, the interconnections are illustrated as being galvanic. In certain cases, however, it will be advisable to insert in these connections current amplifiers,
e.g. magnetic amplifiers, and this can be done without substantially changing the described conditions and without departing from the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a hysteresis cycle or loop of substantially rectangular shape for a material, for example, of the type known as ferrites. The graph plots the magnetic induction against the magnetic field. A magnetic core made of such a hysteresis material has two stable states corresponding to the negative and positive remanent induction conditions, N and P. FIG. 2 shows an induction against magnetic field curve for a non-hysteresis material. Both types of material may be used as the saturable magnetic cores in the switching arrangements accordingto the invention, in which aselection control current is required to maintain a selected core in an unchangeable state of magnetic saturation during the passage of the current pulses for each operation of the device. It may be considered that such control is ensured by a current bringing and maintaining a selected core at a magnetic condition corresponding to N and beyond N. In such a condition of magnetic saturation, a winding of the core presents a practically negligible impedance to a current passing therethrough. On the other hand, when a core is left at its remanent or N condition, the passage of a suitably directed current through a winding thereof will produce a change of magnetic condition bringing it toward an opposite magnetic stage as indicated at P. During the entire time interval of this change-over of magnetic conditions, the current through that winding is strictly limited to a definite small value.
Referring to the diagram of FIG. 3, the switch includes a pair of cores 1 and 2. Each of the cores includes an output winding 7,. one end of which is supplied with a current I from a common input terminal 6, the other end being connected through a fixed resistor to ground. Both cores 1 and 2 and their output windings 7 are identical, as are resistors 5. Each core is further provided with a selection control winding 8 to control the saturation state of the core.
When the winding 8 of core 1 receives a current sulficient to saturate core 1 at magnetic point N, while core 2 is left at point N, and when a current pulse I is applied to input 6, this current pulse meets a substantially zero impedance in winding 7 of core 1, and consequently the greater part of current I will pass through this winding. At the same time, core 2 will be actuated by current I to change its magnetic conditions from N to P, and the current through resistance 5 serially connected with winding 7 of core 2 will be maintained at a restricted value i /n, where n is the number of turns of the winding 7 and i the coercive current of the material of the core. The operation is reversed for a reversal of states of the two magnetic cores.
The operation above described can be readily obtained provided that the change of magnetic flux impressed on the saturated core (which is measured by the product of the potential difference across the resistor 5 connected therewith and the time interval of application of the current at terminal 6) is less than or equal to the entire fiux absorbed by the core which changes its magnetic condition. If this provision is not met, and if the core which is free to have its magnetic condition modified has actually changed that magnetic condition, the current I will be equally distributed between the two conducting paths, and the intended operation of the switch will not be achieved.
The switch may be extended at will by duplicating the number of channels. Its initial condition is preferably defined by placing or maintaining all of the cores at a definite condition, for example at their N magnetic condition. The means for accomplishing this function will be explained further below.
Each channel may comprise several windings such as shown at 7, connected in series. FIG. 4, for example, shows a two channel switch wherein each channel includes a pair of windings 7 of separate magneticcores 1 and 3 in one channel, and cores 2 and 4 in the other channel. When at least one of the cores in a channel is left free to change its magnetic condition, the current through that channel is of the above-mentioned lower value. When both cores of a 'channel are saturated at N, the current flow through the channel will be of the higher value and suitable for actuation of the load concerned. Common current input 6 may be connected through as many parallel channels required for the number of loads. If, for each routing operation of the circuit, a constant number of channels (frequently only one channel) is selected, the value of the current to the selected load will remain the same for a constant input current I FIG. 5 illustrates the use of a switch according to the invention for controlling the selection of magnetic cores within a conventional storage matrix. In such a matrix, each bit of information is stored in a separate magnetic core 13, and each core has a substantially rectangular hysteresis loop (as shown in FIG. 1) whereby, depending upon its remanent magnetic condition, the core provides a permanent store of a binary one or zero. The matrix is arranged in rows 12 and transverse columns 12', the cores of the matrix being indicated at 13. Rows 12 in FIG. 5 are connected in parallel to a first routing switch, of the type described, including magnetic cores 10. Columns 12 are similarly inserted in a second routing switch, the magnetic cores of which are shown at The control windings 7 and 8 correspond to their identically numbered counterparts in FIG. 3.
In the first switch, a first control current through a selected control winding 8 saturates one of magnetic cores 10 in its N condition while a second control current produces the same effect at one of current controlling cores 10 through its respective winding 8. All of the other cores 10 and 10' are left free in their remanent N conditions. Thereafter, when a pair of current pulses I and I are applied respectively at terminals 6 and 6', a single row 12 and a single column 12 (corresponding to the saturated cores 10 and 10), will be selected by the switches. Consequently, a single magnetic core 13 located at the crossing point of that row and column, will be acted upon by both current I and I and thus selected in the matrix. For a predetermined direction of these currents, the information bit in core 13 will be readout. For a reverse condition, a write-in operation of a bit of informtion would occur on the selected core 13. The read-out and write-in windings (signal windings) are not shown in the matrix since they may be conventional.
The values of resistors 5 and 5' terminating the rows and columns, which need not be equal in number, are calibrated in accordance with the number of windings in the respective lines, as well as the values of the currents I and 1 applied to the switches for the selection control of the storage matrix.
The arrangement of FIG. 5 does not require, as far as the matrix is concerned, any of the selection currents to be accurately calibrated to produce at each core 13 onehalf of the intensity of a magnetic selection field. The address of the selected core should be previously decoded from its numerical address code number in the computer wherein the matrix is to be used. A digital address code, however, can be decoded in a switching circuit including several series magnetic core windings in any of the routing channels as apparent from the elementary embodiment of FIG. 4. When the loads consist of the storage cores of a matrix, the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 can be used to advantage. The invention is also useful with three dimensional storage matrices of magnetic cores used in the selection of a complete number-word stored therein.
To decode a binary numerical address, it is conventional to use the digital Value representations both in their direct and complementary forms d and 5, respectively. A current routing circuit according to this embodiment of the invention includes the same number of magnetic cores in each of its channels and, as shown in FIG. 6, consists of a routing matrix of magnetic cores with n direct or complementary cores 10 per row and 2 rows (when all the numerical codes of the n digits are to be used in the switching circuit). The routing matrix has 2n columns, each column being series connected through the windings 8 of direct or complementary cores 10, whereby the suitable application of a binary address, and its complement, to the pairs of column windings will set only one row of cores 10 to its low impedance state. Since each of the rows is coupled through a series connection of the windings 7 of the illustrated cores 10 in that row, after an address has been set in the switch, a
single line of windings 7 will pass the current I applied to input terminal 6. In any row other than the selected one (in which all of the cores are in the N conditions) at least one core will change its magnetic condition to produce a high impedance in those rows. The operation of FIG. 6 is apparent from what has been stated with respect to FIGS. 3 to 5.
All cores controlled from one column of windings 8 are controlled simultaneously, and it is possible to substitute for each set of magnetic cores of a column, a single magnetic core provided with 2 windings of the type represented by windings 7. A construction of this nature is illustratedin the embodiment to FIG. 7.
In case it is found diflicult in practice to wind 2 windings on a single core (usually of toroid shape), a smaller even number of cores, for instance two or four,
N and the other at P, FIG. 11.
may be used per column of the switching matrix. This will appreciably reduce the total number of required magnetic cores. Byway of illustration, FIG. 8 shows a circuit diagram of an arrangement using two cores 10 per column in a three-digit controlled routing matrix.
As previously stated, it is useful and always preferable to provide a definite reset condition for all cores of a switch according to the invention, because for each operation of the switch,.most of the cores switch magnetic conditions. In the embodiments disclosed above, when the magnetic cores of the switch are bistable (as in FIG. 1), after routing a current to a load, most of the cores of the matrix are left in a given remanent condition. In this respect, it is useful to further provide each core of the matrix with a reset winding 14 as shown in FIG. 9. Reset windings 14 is supplied at the same time interval after each routing operation with a predetermined reset current acting on the cores in a direction reverse to that of current 1 During such resetting actions, however, stray or transient currents are induced in the branches of the switch, and such currents may become excessive due to the substantial short-circuits existing on the windings 7 of cores which have not switched magnetic conditions. This drawback is overcome by inserting diodes 15 in the routing channels of the switch to oppose the passage of currents in a direction opposite those routed by the switch during such reset periods of the circuit.
Such a provision cannot be readily made when the current pulses I routed to the load include excursions of opposite polarities. This, for instance, is the case when the loads are magnetic storage cores, wherein reading occurs by cancelling the one condition of the cores, and
the information is restored by a pulse of opposite polarity in a succeeding writing cycle. At other times, new information must be introduced in a core, and prior to storage the previous information must be erased. Consequently, in most cases the input current I must meet the following conditions. It must first present a polarity to bring a selected core from a magnetic condition, say P, denoting the binary digit one,- to a magnetic condition N denoting the binary digit zero; secondly, it must alternate to the opposite polarity to return the core to P when the new digital value is one.
According to an embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 10, the operation of which will be explained with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 11 and 12, the switch may be utilized to enable the routing of two-polarity .currents comprising alternate excursions of opposite polarities. In this case, diodes 15 may be omitted because resetting introduces currents which compensate for the effects of each other in the circuit.
In FIG. 10, a two-way switch is shown, but the arrangement may comprise any number of channels and any number of elementary switches per channel. In the diagram shown, one of the channels consists of the serial connection of windings 7 and 17 on cores 1 and 21, respectively. The other channel is similarly made up of identical windings on cores 2 and 22. Cores 1 and 2 are each provided with a reset winding 14 which resets them, for example, to the N magnetic condition. Cores 21 and 22 are each provided with a reset winding 16 for resetting them to the opposite or P magnetic condition. Selection control windings 8 on cores 1 and 2 are operative to saturate these cores at N, while selection control windings 18 of cores 21 and 2 2 are operative to saturate cores 21 and 22, when selected, at P, and thereafter maintain that state during a routing cycle of operation. Thus, when a channel is selected, one of its cores is at An input current pulse of I regardless of its direction, will be transmitted through this channel without any substantial attenuation.
In the unselected channel, two successive operations occur, as explained with reference to the graph of FIG. 12. For the positive excursion of I the core which was at N is brought to N, while the core which was at P,
is brought to P" and then back to P. For the negative excursion of I the first core is brought to N and the second to P'. The reset will return them to N and P, respectively. Since this resetting acts on such cores and on the selected cores in reverse directions, the induced currents are grouped in two equal pairs which oppose each other, and consequently no series diodes are required in the routing channels.
The selection and reset controls are simple in that for each branch, the windings 14 and 16 on the one hand, and the windings 8 and 18 on the other hand may be connected in a subtractive series relationship, whereby the same current will act on the selected cores.
For the routing of alternating currents, it may be preferred, instead of a series duplication of magnetic cores, to duplicate the switch matrix, as exemplified in the arrangement shown-in FIGS. 13 and 14. In thesefigures, the basic switch of FIG. 9 is employed with the reset windings omitted for the sake of clarity. The device includes two identical matrices of cores 10 and 20, the selection control windingsreversing from one matrix to the other. For instance, when the selected cores 10 are brought to their N conditions, the correspondingly selected cores 20 are brought to their P" conditions. The unselected cores 10 remain at N and the unselected cores 20 remain at P, i.e. the respective reset conditions for these cores. Two lines are selected simultaneously. Each line of the matrix of cores 10 is provided with a diode 15, poled, for example, to pass a positive excursion of I Each line of the matrix of cores 20 is provided with a series diode 35 passing any negative excursions of I Series resistances are shown at 5 and 25, and the pairs of lines as above-defined remain separate throughout the loads 9 which maybe, for example, the lines of a storage matrix of magnetic cores.
FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the invention similar to FIG. 13 and also employing the basic switch unit of FIG. 9. In this case, the loads are preferably connected to common output points of the routing channels by pairs of lines derived from cores 10 and 20. Currents I and 1 to be routed, are separate and applied to terminals 6 and 26, respectively. These currents are of wave forms of complementary amplitude changes, i.e. when the amplitude of one waveform is at its higher value the other Waveform is at a lower value, and viceversa (FIG. 15). When seen from the magnetic cores one of the currents varies from zero to a positive amplitude and the other from zero to a negative amplitude. Obviously, they may actually be of identical polarity but applied to oppositely wound windings on the cores. Each line is terminated by a separate resistor 45.
The signal-to-noise ratio in each channel of an arrangement such as shown in FIG. 14 is very good since each time a signal is routed on a selected channel, the limited current through the other channel of the pair may be used to compensate for the noise by suitable calibration of its amplitude. When there are not 2- cores per column, the noise does not exist on all the lines of the switch matrix, and is compensated for by the noise on the lines Where it actually exists with such a circuit arrangement.
In other arrangements, the signal-to-noise ratio may be so low thatspecial precautions are necessary to compensate for the noise. This may be accomplished with the circuit shown in FIG. 16, identical to FIG. 9, but including an additional winding 34 on each core. All of these additional windings 34 are connected in an additional series channel between input terminal 6 and ground, the channel including a diode 65, of the same polarity as diode 15 and a terminating resistor 55 of suitable dimension. Each of the windings 34 has a number of turns which is lower than the number of turns of any winding 7 of the switch. When one of the cores in any channel changes its condition, the magnetization current therefrom will completely pass into windings 34, and consequently all of the noise will flow in the additional channel to ground through the serially connected windings. When the number of cores is high, the windings 34- may be distributed between several additional channels from terminal 6 to ground, in order toavoid reducing their efficiency due to the excessive inductance value of a single additional channel.
A second embodiment capable of reducing and even cancelling noise voltages is shown in FIG. 17. FIG. 17 may be employed with the embodiments of FIGS. 9 or 10, but, for the sake of clarity, only a single core is shown in each channel with the reset windings omitted. In this embodiment, each magnetic core includes an additional winding 44 serially connected between a common output point of the loads, shown at 50 and ground. If:
I is the current transmitted through the selected core,
I is the current transmitted through the other channels,
M is the number of such channels, and
Since the current flowing through windings 44 is I (the current applied at 6), then (i) 1 =I +(M1)-1 the coercive current i is determined by the relation: P- 2+q-( 1+( 2)= 0 1) I t.q-
wherein: p denotes the number of turns of the windings 7 and q the number of turns of the windings 44.
When q is made such that any stnay current 1 is cancelled. The useful current value in the selected channel is equal to I When q is chosen so that the current I is of a sign opposite to that of the useful current 1 1 will be of lower value for a higher number (M) of channels.
Instead of cancelling the stray current, advantage may be taken of its presence to increase the actual value of the useful current 1 with respect to I Relation (i) must be satisfied. Each unsaturated core will act as a trans former and the sum of their secondary currents will loop through the saturated core of the switch, giving the useful current a value approaching (p)i /q. In such a case, however, the voltage applied to the input terminal 6 must be suitably increased with respect to its previous value. It may further be useful to dampen all the inductances of the windings 7, which may be achieved in a usual way by shunting these windings by appropriate resistors. In this manner, the current waveforms through the transformers will not be distorted.
The arrangements of FIGS. 16 and 17 may be used either with a single excursion of current I or with two opposite excursions of I since in the latter case, it is possible to duplicate the switching matrix as described above with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14.
The circuit diagram of FIG. 18 relates to a separate embodiment of the invention for reducing certain undesirable parasitic currents as explained below. The illustrated switch includes tour channels comprising respective magnetic cores 1, 2, 3 and 4, each of which is provided with a winding 7 and a control winding 8. Each line of load 9 of a magnetic core storage matrix is coupled to ground through a resistor 5. Since any one of the loads 9 comp-rises at least one saturable magnetic core, it is apparent that any one of these cores presents an actual impedance to the current only when in a routing operation, during which it changes from one point of saturation to the other. As'soon as a core is saturated, its impedance in the channel concerned is practically zero. The impedance value seen by the current during a reading cycle dilfers from that seen by the current for a writing cycle (for instance a digit one is erased in the reading cycle of operation and a zero is written during the following writing cycle of operation, or vice versa).
The change-over of one or several cores (as the case may he) takes a time interval of 0 which is lower than the time interval t occupied by one excursion of the current I As a whole, the cores of the switch together absorb a magnetic flux equal to the integral over the time interval t of the product of the current I and the overall resistance R of the switch and store assembly, plus a magnetic flux equal to the integral during the time interval 0 of the product of that current and the impedance Z of the storage cores which change their magnetic states during the cycle of operation concerned. This is true for each one of the excursions of I The flux Q51 is absorbed during a reading cycle and flux S absorbed during a writing cycle may be of different values. The following two cases may occur.
First, the magnetic flux it, is higher than the magnetic flux 42 During a positive excursion of I, each core is brought from N to P, for example, as shown in FIG. 1911. During the following negative alternation of 1 FIG. 1%, the same core is brought from P to N and not back to N. When such an operation is repeated under the same conditions, each unselected core will start from N, and this point N will each time come nearer to P so that finally the switch may be blocked if (M remains higher than for a sufiicient number of consecutive operations of the switch.
In the second case, is lower than FIGS. 20a and 20b. In this case, each unselected core is brought to P during each reading cycle of operation and is brought back to N before returning to the N condition, so that a significant peak of current occurs as a parasitic cur-rent in the switch and its loads for each of such cores.
In order to cancel such drawbacks and prejudicial effects, a branch is connected across the common input terminal 6 and the ground, and a serial winding 46 of an additional satu-rable magnetic core. 47 inserted therein (FIG. 18). The maximum flux which core 47 can absorb is lower than the maximum magnetic flux which the remainder of the arrangement can absorb during either of the excursions of I when either no impedance exists at any time of a cycle of operation, or when a maximum impedance exists during one of the excursions.
FIG. 21 shows a graph wherein is the value of the maximum flux which may be absorbed by the cores of the routing switch and f is the flux which may be absorbed by the core 47 before its complete saturation. This is the value to which the finally absorbed flux will be limited according to the arrangement shown in FIG. 20.
When during a-period of time 0 one magnetic core changes its magnetic condition, it creates an impedance Z and the contribution of this impedance to the total absorbed magnetic flux is h. When no core of the store is actuated, this flux portion does not exist. During the same time interval 6 the flux component absorbed by the overall resistance R of the system reaches a level f In the first case, at the end of 0 the absorbed flux is (f +f in the second case, this value is f From time 0 the absorbed flux only increases according to the overall resistance of the system to reach the level 1 at a time instant 0 in the first case, or 0 in the second case. As soon as this level is reached, additional core 47 acts by its Winding 46 as a substantially complete short circuit, coupling to ground the input current from terminal 6. No more current flows through the routing switch, and in the store all stray effects are inhibited as f is lower than the maximum flux which it can absorb, together with the switch. This will always be true, provided that the time interval of each one of the alternations of I is always higher than and that the source of cur-rent I presents some impedance to the terminal 6.
While a routing switch according to the invention may be made as a decoder matrix of magnetic cores of rectangular structure, it may also be made, as shown in FIG. 22, as a tree type decoder arrangement. The first stage comprises a pair of cores, the output windings 7 of which are connected at one end to input terminal 6, and at the other ends to respective pairs of output windings 7 of the magnetic cores of the next successive stage, and so forth. Control windings 8 receive the digital currents al and E for the selection of the routing channel in the first stage; control windings 8 of the two pairs of cores of the second stage are suitably paired for receiving the control digital currents d and E and so forth. Only 2 cores are used for 2 addresses instead of Zn as in a rectangular matrix arrangement of the switch, but the digital currents cannot be identical since they have to be applied to different numbers of cores in a binary progression from stage to stage of the routing system.
For eliminating the stray currents to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the switching arrangement of FIG. 22, recourse may be had to the scheme shown in FIG. 23 for each pair of cores in the switch. An additional winding 54 is set on each core of a pair and serially connected with the output winding 7 of the other core of the pair conceme-d, the free ends of such additional windings 54 being connected to the output windings of a successive pair of cores. The basic switch of FIG. 23 is similar in principle to FIGS. 16 and 17, and, using the notation above relative to FIG. 17, winding 7 having p turns and winding 54 having q turns, p and q may be so provided that:
( P- 2+ 1= c and consequently so that with we have While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the invention principles, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles, and the invention should not be limited except as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A device for selectively routing an alternating input current from an input terminal to a selected one of a plurality of loads, said device comprising a plurality of channels coupled to respective ones of said loads, each of said channels including first saturable magnetic core means having output and control windings, said control windings being operable to set said first saturable magnetic core means in a positive magnetic condition, second saturable magnetic core means having output and control windings, said last nam'ed control windings being operable to place said second saturable magnetic core means in a negative magnetic condition, the out-put windings of the saturable magnetic core means of each channel being connected to the load of that channel and said input terminal.
2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said first saturable magnetic core means comprises a matrix of individual saturable magnetic cores and said second saturable magnetic core means comprises a matrix of saturable magnetic cores identical to said first matrix, said control windings being operable to saturate all of the magnetic cores in one column of each matrix, and wherein each of said channels includes a series connection of the output windings of one row of saturable magnetic cores of said first matrix and a series connection of the output windings of one row of saturable magnetic cores of said second matrix.
3. A device according to claim 2, wherein the rows of saturable magnetic core output windings in each channel are connected in parallel to said input terminal and through said load to a source of constant potential.
4. A device according to claim 2, wherein said cores have a rectangular hysteresis loop, and including a diode in each of said series connections, said diodes being poled to block stray currents produced when said cores switch magnetic states.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1960 Bonn 340174 2/1961 Bonn 340-174
1. A DEVICE FOR SELECTIVELY ROUTING AN ALTERNATING INPUT CURRENT FROM AN INPUT TERMINAL TO A SELECTED ONE OF A PLURALITY OF LOADS, SAID DEVICE COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF CHANNELS COUPLED TO RESPECTIVE ONES OF SAID LOADS, EACH OF SAID CHANNELS INCLUDING FIRST SATURABLE MAGNETIC CORE MEANS HAVING OUTPUT AND CONTROL WINDINGS, SAID CONTROL WINDINGS BEING OPERABLE TO SET SAID FIRST SATURABLE MAGNETIC CORE MEANS IN A POSITIVE MAGNETIC CONDITION, SECOND SATURABLE MAGNETIC CORE MEANS HAVING OUTPUT AND CONTROL WINDINGS, SAID LAST NAMED CONTROL WINDINGS BEING OPERABLE TO PLACE SAID SECOND SATURABLE MAGNETIC CORE MEANS IN A NEGATIVE MAGNETIC CONDITION, THE OUTPUT WINDINGS OF THE SATURABLE MAGNETIC CORE MEANS OF EACH CHANNEL BEING CONNECTED TO THE LOAD OF THAT CHANNEL AND SAID INPUT TERMINAL..
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23/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-01400971-document.txt_7 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | La stratégie de « l'approche de convergence » Une fois le projet conçu, il s'agit de le communiquer au système social local afin de l'y insérer, de générer des intentionnalités et une dynamique d'appropriation. Pour réaliser cela, les porteurs de projet vont développer un discours et un argumentaire qui capteront les intérêts des différents types d'acteurs à engager dans la démarche. Pierre Goulet qualifie cette stratégie « d'approche de convergence » qu'il oppose à l'idée « d'approche sectorielle ». En d'autres termes, l'action publique de diminution de la pollution lumineuse est construite et présentée comme faisant converger les intérêts des différents systèmes d'acteurs. C'est au cours du processus de mise en oeuvre que cette stratégie va prendre corps. Comme nous le verrons dans la partie suivante, une fois que les porteurs de projet auront identifié et défini les acteurs partenaires, ils chercheront à identifier leurs intérêts pour y articuler les finalités du plan de diminution de la pollution lumineuse afin que ces acteurs se l'approprient32. La construction du contenu de cette approche de convergence et de son fonctionnement ne s'activant qu'au cours du processus de mise en oeuvre, il nous apparaît plus pertinent de les traiter en détail dans la partie qui lui est dédiée. A ce propos, Chloé Légris décrit le projet de l'ASTROLab tel un volume multi-facettes orienté en fonction de l'interlocuteur et de l'objectif visé.!
2.1.3 Les ressources des porteurs de projet
Les ressources correspondent aux différents moyens qu'un acteur ou une organisation possède ou qu'il/elle acquiert au cours de son action afin de réaliser cette dernière. La qualité, la quantité et la diversité des ressources sont déterminantes dans le niveau de réussite de l'entreprise. Nous avon s identifié trois catégories de ressources que les porteurs de projet vont exploiter et/ou générer. Les ressource
s
context
uelles Il s'agit d'un ensemble éclectique d'éléments inhérents au contexte local que les porteurs de projet vont tenter d'identifier, d'utiliser, de transformer en ressource pour favoriser la mise en oeuvre. Cette ressource générale peut se résumer dans la double dimension de haut-lieu et de lieuattribut du Mont-Mégantic. Comme nous l'avons vu précédemment, cette centralité permet de concentrer et d'accorder en un même lieu, un ensemble de représentations, d'acteurs et d'activités, qui convergent vers la construction sémantique de l'espace local axée sur l'idée du lien entre la terre et les étoiles. Les ressources de compétences33 Grâce à la dynamique de convergence et de concentration de structures sur le MontMégantic, les porteurs de projet ont la possibilité de croiser et de fédérer au sein de leur organisation, un réseau de compétences variées et complémentaires. Ces compétences vont enrichir le potentiel d'action des porteurs de projet sans que ceux-ci ait besoin d'aller les chercher à l'extérieur de leurs structures (Parc national, observatoire, ASTROLab). Dès le lancement du projet, cette intégration de compétences diverses leur offre une forte autonomie et par conséquent une réduction des coûts financiers et du temps indispensables au développement du projet. Entre autres compétences, nous pouvons évoquer l'expérience développée et acquise au sein des différents services de l'ASTROLab et du Parc national du Mont-Mégantic: la communication scientifique et 33 Nous entendons par compétence, les connaissances et l'expérience des acteurs qui leur confèrent des capacités et savoir-faire spécifiques.!155 le développement d'outils pédagogiques, la gestion des relations avec les différents partenaires du Parc national, la participation active aux projets de développement local de la région de l'Estrie etc. Toute action publique nécessite des ressources financières indispensables au fonctionnement et aux investissements de l'organisation. Cependant, aussi légitime que soit le projet d'action publique, son financement est avant tout dû à la compétence des porteurs du projet à construire un budget cohérent, décrocher des subventions, dénicher et séduire des partenaires financiers, à conserver au maximum l'intégrité du projet face aux pressions des divers financeurs. De façon plus imagée et en reprenant l'expression de Pierre Goulet, la gestion des ressources financières peut se voir comme une traversée de l'Atlantique en avion. Il ne s'agit pas uniquement de construire l'avion, encore faut-il en remplir le réservoir pour qu'il décolle et trouver les bons ravitaillements pour ne pas qu'il s'écrase ou s'égare au milieu de l'océan. Le « lancement de l'avion » a pu se faire avant même la recherche active de financement grâce au socle institutionnel du projet « pollution lumineuse ». Dès la conception du plan d'action, il est apparu indispensable aux porteurs du projet d'embaucher un chargé de projet à temps plein. Pour financer cet emploi, le Parc national et l'Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic se sont chacun engagé à verser 5000 $ par an pendant trois ans. L'amorçage du projet fut ainsi assuré par un petit budget initial de 30 000 $. L'organisation en entrant en phase opérationnelle, entame inévitablement sa consommation de la maigre ressource financière. Dès lors, le premier usage de ce budget est essentiellement dédié à la recherche d'autres financements. Chloé Legris est ainsi chargée d'une mission de présentation du projet pour intéresser de potentiels financeurs. D'après Pierre Goulet, le mélange du plan d'action exécutif, de l'approche de convergence, des compétences oratoires et charismatiques de é Legris et sans doute du pouvoir de haut-lieu du Mont-Mégantic, va permettre de séduire et convaincre des partenaires décisifs. De fait, à la suite d'une présentation devant l'Agence d'Efficacité Energétique du Gouvernement Fédéral relevant du Ministère des Ressources Naturelles du Canada, cette dernière s'engage à prendre en charge le financement de Chloé Legris pour les trois années estimées de durée du projet. L'organisation, par cette nouvelle ressource financière, s'assure l'obtention et le maintien d'une ressource de compétence. Les ressources financières nécessaires à la réalisation de la conversion de l'éclairage sont d'un autre ordre de grandeur. Le coût estimé de la conversion de l'éclairage des 33 villages engagés dans le projet est estimé à 1,5 millions de dollars. A l'issue de cette phase de préparation, les porteurs de projet disposent d'une vision plus précise et maîtrisée de leur objectif, d'une stratégie jugée opérationnelle et de ressources suffisantes pour enclencher le processus de mise en oeuvre. Ressources Naturelles Canada; Hydro-Québec; Le Ministère des Affaires municipales et des Régions; La Conférence régionale des élus de l'Estrie; Le Parc national du Mont-Mégantic et la SEPAQ; L'université Laval; l'université de Montréal; l'université McGill et l'observatoire du Mont-Mégantic; Les Caisses Populaires des Jardins de l'Estrie.!
3. Le processus de mise en oeuvre
Le processus de mise en oeuvre est bien plus complexe que l'idée d'une simple application du plan d'action. Pour dépasser la vision étriquée de réalisation d'un impératif sanctionné, il s'agit de s'intéresser aux activités d'appropriation lors de la mise en oeuvre (LASCOUMES & LE GALES, 2012). Ces activités peuvent être conçues comme un vaste jeu d'interactions. Entre les porteurs de projet d'une part, qui recherchent et expérimentent des voies de passage pour favoriser l'appropriation. Et l'ensemble du système social local d'autre part, qui en fonction de ses configurations spécifiques et de ses intérêts, va plus ou moins bien accueillir et intégrer l'action public. L'enjeu de cette partie va être de construire et d'utiliser un cadre de lecture de ce processus de mise en oeuvre. 3.1 Cadrage théorique pour la construction d'une grille de lecture du processus de mise oeuvre 3.1.1 Appropriation et pouvoir, l'essence du processus de mise en oeuvre
Les travaux de M. Crozier et E. Friedberg (1977) sur les organisations sociales apportent un éclairage supplémentaire pour préciser l'idée d'activités d'appropriation. D'après les auteurs, les acteurs sociaux disposent toujours d'une marge de liberté. Ils n'acceptent jamais d'être traités comme des moyens au service de buts fixés par une organisation. Cette dernière a beau être la plus contraignante possible, elle ne parviendra pas à réduire totalement la marge de jeu des acteurs, ce qui provoquera irrémédiablement des écarts par rapports aux objectifs visés. Dans la partie relative à la stratégie de l'organisation, nous avons vu que l'un des objectifs essentiels des porteurs de projet était de capter et d'attiser les intentionnalités des acteurs sociaux en identifiant les intérêts que le projet pollution lumineuse pouvait servir chez eux. Par ce biais, les porteurs de projet jouent sur la fibre fondamentale de toute organisation, le pouvoir. M. Crozier et E. Friedberg considèrent que ce qui motive les acteurs à agir, c'est d'acquérir du pouvoir pour servir leurs intérêts et/ou agir sur d'autres acteurs. Le pouvoir n'est pas un attribut, il réside dans la capacité des acteurs à repérer, et à se saisir des zones d'incertitudes, des fragilités ou des parcelles de vacuité d'un autre acteur cible ou d'une!158 organisation, pour ensuite instiller une relation déséquilibrée. Cette relation de pouvoir ne se fait pas dans le but de mesurer les forces de chacun. Ce rapport bien plus subtil est mené par l'acteur dans l'optique de décupler sa propre capacité d'action pour assurer la mise en oeuvre de son plan. Il est possible de traduire de façon générique, la manière dont il procède pour créer ce déséquilibre. Cette forme d'interaction doit évidemment être informée et complétée en fonction des cas étudiés. De fait, l'acteur s'insère dans la zone d'incertitude de sa cible, suscite en elle de l'intérêt en lui offrant les moyens de résoudre le problème qui vient de lui être révélé35. L'acteur dote ainsi sa cible d'une volonté et d'une capacité d'action qui viennent renforcer la sienne. La capacité d'action de la cible permet à celle-ci de servir son intérêt particulier, qui est finalement devenu une composante de l'intérêt général construit par l'acteur. Comme l'expliquent P. Comme nous le verrons, le processus de mise en oeuvre s'appuiera continuellement sur l'usage et l'accroissement de ces sources de pouvoir. En résumé, le processus de mise en oeuvre, peut donc se voir comme un jeu structuré et mouvant de relations de pouvoir. L'axe ou l'objectif principal autour duquel ce jeu s'articule est celui d'insuffler, d'élargir et de pérenniser une action collective. Pour les porteurs de projet, l'appropriation est la modalité première de l'action collective car elle permet d'augmenter sa capacité. L'appropriation se génère au sein des zones d'incertitudes dans lesquelles les porteurs de projet s'insèrent pour activer des intérêts qui serviront de vecteurs d'actions autonomes à coordonner. Nous comprenons ainsi que ce jeu n'est ni donné, ni figé dans un système stable, mécanisé, attendu. Pour M. Crozier et E. Friedberg (1977), ce jeu forme au contraire un « système d'action concret », autrement dit, un phénomène concret à informer et à vérifier empiriquement.
3.1.2 Lecture du processus de mise en oeuvre par un système d'action concret
La lecture théorique que nous venons de construire sur la base des travaux menés par M. Crozier et E. Friedberg sur la « stratégie de l'acteur » nous a permis d'identifier les principaux éléments qui formeront la structure de notre système dédié à expliciter le processus de mise en oeuvre. En plus des différents éléments de structure, nous avons pu faire émerger leurs liens, actions et interactions qui forment la dynamique générale du système. Dans le schéma suivant, nous avons cherché à construire une structure générique qui rende compte de la particularité et de la complexité du processus de mise en oeuvre tout en pouvant servir de cadre de lecture à une grande variété de situations. ! Ac)on-collec)ve- Acteur-central/-Porteurs de-projet- Probléma -faiblesse/inser)on- éressement 'acteur- cteur-cible- éveloppement la-rela)ondéséquilibr i)
Figure 9. Système d'action concret du processus de mise en oeuvre d'une action publique. Source: Bourgeois (2015)
Notre système est composé de quatre éléments: - l'acteur central/porteur de projet - l'acteur cible - la zone d'insertion - le dispositif d'appropriation A l'exception des porteurs de projet dont nous avons déjà construit l'analyse dans la partie précédente, chacun de ces éléments sera décrit avec une grille de lecture permettant d'en faire ressortir les caractéristiques et le fonctionnement au sein du système. La dynamique du système est déclinée en quatre temps et actions: - problématisation: définition des acteurs, ciblage et insertion dans la zone de faiblesse/insertion - le développement de la relation déséquilibrée!161 -l'intéressement de l'acteur cible -l'enrôlement de l'acteur cible et son entrée consécutive dans l'action collective Ces quatre moments formeront la dynamique et la trame d'analyse du système de mise en oeuvre. Cependant, bien qu'indispensables pour fonder l'architecture générale de notre système, ces quatre moments ne sont pas suffisants pour construire une grille de lecture fine des actions intermédiaires qui les composent. Notre idée est qu'au sein du chaos apparent d'actions intermédiaires qui sous-tend le processus de mise en oeuvre, se dégagent des tendances, des formes d'actions génériques, qu'il est possible d'utiliser pour affiner en amont la structure de notre grille d'analyse. C'est le travail de M. Callon (1984) qui nous a inspiré cette idée de formes d'actions intermédiaires et qui nous a aiguillés pour leur construction. Dans son article « Eléments pour une sociologie de la traduction, la domestication des coquilles Saint-Jacques et marins-pêcheurs dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc » l'auteur s'intéresse au processus de mise en oeuvre d'un programme de recherche sur l'amélioration des techniques de culture de la coquille Saint-Jacques. Via ce terrain, M. Callon interroge la construction de la vérité scientifique. Il met en avant les stratégies développées par un groupe de chercheurs pour assoir la légitimité de leurs travaux et gagner en influence à la fois sur leur communauté scientifique et sur le réel interrogé, en s'y insérant tels des acteurs incontournables et incontestables. Callon concentre et organise son analyse sur les interactions entre acteurs dont il dégage une structure générale36, à l'intérieur de laquelle il identifie des actions intermédiaires. Nous avons donc repris et adapté certaines mises en formes proposées par Callon afin de construire un cadre de lecture de ces actions intermédiaires. La méthode choisie par M. Callon est de suivre un groupe d'acteurs (en l'occurence les trois chercheurs) tout au long de leurs opérations de construction-déconstruction de la nature et de la société. La mise en oeuvre de leur programme de recherche passe par quatre étapes, qui dans la réalité peuvent se chevaucher, mais qui constituent les différents moments d'un processus général que l'auteur nomme « traduction ». Ces quatre moments sont dans l'ordre: la problématisation ou comment se rendre indispensable; le dispositif d'intéressement ou comment sceller les alliances; l'enrôlement ou comment définir et coordonner les rôles; la mobilisation des alliés ou comment agir avec les portes paroles et intermédiaires.!
3.2 La phase de problématisation : définition des acteurs cibles et de leur zone d'insertion/faiblesse
La phase de problématisation peut être considérée comme le premier moment du processus de mise en oeuvre. Comme nous l'avons vu apparaître dans la stratégie des porteurs de projet, elle est dédiée à formuler et cadrer le problème. Mais au-delà de la formulation des questions, les porteurs de projet à l'instar des chercheurs de M. Callon, identifient un ensemble d'acteurs dont ils s'attachent à démontrer qu'ils sont directement concernés par la « pollution lumineuse » et doivent obligatoirement passer par le plan d'action proposé afin de résoudre ce problème qui désormais les concerne. La définition des acteurs cibles est ainsi la première action intermédiaire. Le tableau qui suit synthétise les trois grandes catégories d'acteurs définis par les porteurs de projet. 3.2.1 Définition des acteurs Les acteurs cibles définis et mis en scène Les
éclairagistes
Ensemble des acteurs dont la mission est d'assurer le Par leurs actions associées, développement de l'éclairage et de défendre les intérêts de ce ils sont les principaux secteur d'activité. Ces acteurs peuvent être des grandes enseignes, facteurs et producteurs de des groupes d'intérêts regroupant enseignes et secteurs d'activités affiliés. Nous retrouvons au sein de ces organisations, un ensemble pollution lumineuse. de compétences spécifiques dont la liste suivante n'est pas exhaustive: -scientifiques spécialisés (optique, lumière, électronique etc.) -développeurs/concepteurs de produits -constructeurs -producteurs/distributeurs -architectes et urbanistes lumière -syndicats d'éclairage Ce réseau d'acteurs doit impérativement être sensibilisé au problème de la pollution lumineuse pour redimensionner son activité et ses compétences. Ces dernières sont identifiées comme la source première du problème et dans le même temps comme la principale force d'action pour le résoudre. Les « responsables »!163 Les acteurs cibles définis et mis en scène
Les entités administratives publiques: Elles ont pour mission, la gestion et le développement des territoires. Ce sont des entités géographiques de diverses échelles, niveaux et secteurs de compétences. Les cibles principalement concernées ici sont les Municipalités Régionales de Comté. Elles assurent la gestion régionale des collectivités locales, regroupées en communautés supralocales, jouissant chacune d'un pouvoir de juridiction et de réglementation dévolu par le gouvernement du Québec. Une MRC se compose des maires des municipalités locales regroupées et présidées par un préfet élu par les membres du conseil de MRC ou au suffrage universel. Entre autres compétences obligatoires, une MRC est investie de l'aménagement du territoire par l'élaboration d'un schéma d'aménagement dont elle doit assurer l'application et la révision tous les cinq ans. L'échelle géographique, la composition, les pouvoirs et compétences des MRC font d'elles les principaux acteurs publiques pouvant influer sur la gestion et la réglementation publique de l'éclairage artificiel.
Maîtres d'ouvrage publics
Au Québec, la maîtrise d'ouvrage de l'éclairage publique est du ressort de la municipalité. Chaque commune souhaitant changer son éclairage définit un projet puis passe commande auprès d'un prestataire de service chargé de sa conception et de sa réalisation. La commune n'ayant initialement aucune connaissance en matière d'éclairage, son projet fait avant tout part d'objectifs larges comme renouveler du matériel vieillissant, défectueux, énergivore etc. Le prestataire de service, une structure privée affiliée aux éclairagistes, se charge alors d'orienter et de préciser les objectifs de la commune, puis de les traduire opérationnellement par un ensemble de propositions techniques qu'il réalisera suite à
l'accord du maître d'ouvrage. Maîtres d'ouvrage privés
Tout acteur responsable de l'installation d'un système d'éclairage artificiel et qui en use à des fins privées (usages commercial, industriel, publicitaire, domestique etc.). !164 Les acteurs cibles définis et mis en scène Règles et normes relatives à l'éclairage
Au Québec, c'est la loi sur l'aménagement et l'urbanisme qui réglemente l'éclairage, complété par les normes de l'IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America). Avant l'action du Mont-Mégantic, les grands critères de contrôle de l'éclairage ne prennent pas ou peu en compte l'aspect impact environnemental. Ces documents sont essentiellement chargés de rationaliser les installations (hauteur des mâts, écart entre les points lumineux, éclairement moyen etc.). Les concernés Ensemble d'acteurs sur lesquels le phénomène pollution lumineuse peut avoir un impact direct. Et/ou dont la diminution peut représenter un bénéfice ou répondre à des intérêts spécifiques. Le système socio-technique de l'énergie électrique: Il est la condition première du fonctionnement de l'éclairage. Ce système produit, transporte et distribue l'électricité transformée en lumière par les lampadaires. Avec la montée en puissance du développement durable, la thématique des économies d'énergie est devenue une obligation légale. Le secteur de l'éclairage représente dès lors une opportunité de réduction importante de la consommation énergétique. L'acteur principalement visé ici est Hydro-Québec (http://www.hydroquebec.com), l'équivalent d'EDF en France.
Le réseau scientifique
Chaque phénomène, qu'il soit intemporel ou émergent, peut être problématisé, analysé, pour être ensuite théorisé. Il devient alors un ensemble organisé d'idées, de concepts et/ou de connaissances vérifiées, permettant de l'appréhender et d'en saisir les enjeux. La pollution lumineuse est un phénomène auquel le réseau scientifique s'intéresse tout juste. Les premiers constats encouragent des actions « curatives » auxquelles les chercheurs peuvent apporter une caution et une expertise, à la fois indispensables et perfectibles. Les porteurs de projet, pour fonder leurs représentations et préciser l'orientation de leurs actions, ont besoin de cet accompagnement scientifique, et d'autant plus besoin que ce dernier se développe et se renforce. Il est en effet difficile pour les porteurs de projet d'influer sur le lobby des éclairagistes sans s'être dotés eux-mêmes d'une expertise solide qui limite leurs zones de faiblesse/insertion et leur permette d'en trouver chez leurs interlocuteurs. L'université de Sherbrooke est l'acteur cible principalement visé. Depuis plusieurs années, des chercheurs ont engagé des programmes de R&D sur le thème de la p lumineuse: modélisation et mesure du phénomène, recherche sur les impacts environnementaux et sanitaires de la lumière, développement de nouveaux éclairages etc. Martin Aubé ( http://cegepsherbrooke.qc.ca/~aubema/index.php/ Prof/Page ) et Johanne Roby ( http://www.johanneroby.net/ profil.html) sont les chercheurs les plus emblématiques de ce réseau scientifique et sont les fondateurs du Groupe sur la pollution lumineuse du Cégep de Sherbrooke.!
Les acteurs cibles définis et mis en scène
Le réseau associatif (IDA, astronomes amateurs, etc.): La problématique de la pollution lumineuse, bien qu'ayant émergé au sein de la sphère des astronomes professionnels, est montée en puissance grâce au relais associatif, en particulier l'IDA. La particularité du réseau associatif est de pouvoir fédérer un groupe d'acteurs autour d'un but déterminé. Ce groupe pourra dès lors servir son intérêt via une personne morale. L'association est d'une certaine manière, le premier vecteur d'action collective permettant d'agir sur la très jeune problématique de la pollution lumineuse. Les victimes et témoins
Tout acteur qui subit et/ou constate le phénomène de la « pollution lumineuse » à son échelle d'individu. Il est ici question de l'acteursujet, considéré hors de ses fonctions au sein d'une organisation, qui fait la découverte et l'expérience de la « pollution lumineuse », et dont le résultat de cet interaction est aussi singulier qu'imprévisible.
Tableau 13. Les acteurs cibles définis et mis en scène. Source: Bourgeois (2015)
En supplément de la mise en scène des groupes d'acteurs cibles via ce qui les lie au problème « pollution lumineuse », les porteurs de projet dévoilent ce qu'ils attendent d'eux, autrement dit, la fonction potentielle qu'ils souhaitent leur faire occuper au sein de la future organisation de mise en oeuvre du plan de diminution de la « pollution lumineuse. » Le tableau cidessous synthétise le prisme par lequel les porteurs de projets définissent la fonction de leurs acteurs cibles au sein de l'organisation. Fonction potentielle de l'acteur cible au sein de l'organisation (intérêt représenté par la cible pour l'organisation)
Fonction opérationnelle: Les « responsables » de la pollution lumineuse ne sont pas conçus comme des adversaires de l'organisation. Leurs moyens et compétences sont au contraire envisagés comme des forces opérationnelles à utiliser et à intégrer à l'action collective. Une fois ces acteurs et leur fonction définis, tout l'enjeu pour l'organisation est de réussir à les enrôler et les coordonner pour en faire des partenaires opérationnels. Fonction de mobilisation: Les « concernés », sont envisagés comme un bassin de forces vives, d'intentionnalités, qui soutiennent de manière indépendante l'action de l'organisation et qu'il est possible d'utiliser et d'intégrer si nécessaire. Ces derniers peuvent ainsi devenir au cours du processus de mise en oeuvre, de nouveaux partenaires opérationnels bien qu'ils n'aient pas forcément été envisagés comme tel au départ. Les concernés deviennent ainsi les mobilisables, qui une fois enrôlés agiront comme mobilisés et peut-être comme partenaires.!
Fonction potentielle de l'acteur cible au sein de l'organisation (intérêt représenté par la cible pour l'organisation)
Fonction d'accompagnement passif: Les victimes, en étant sensibilisées au problème de la pollution lumineuse, deviennent potentiellement acquis à la cause. Sans forcément se mobiliser activement, elles peuvent participer ponctuellement et/ou passivement à l'action collective (en ne rejoignant pas une éventuelle force d'opposition, en distillant des informations dans le cadre d'échanges informels, en participants aux diverses manifestations de sensibilisations etc.). Il n'est pas exclu qu'un de ces acteurs, en fonction de ses moyens, compét ences et de sa sensibilité, se mobilise pour intégrer une fonction plus active au sein de l'organisation.
Tableau 14. Fonction potentielle de l'acteur cible au sein de l'organisation. Source:
B
ourgeois (2015)
Les acteurs centraux attribuent donc aux cibles des fonctions et responsabilités via le prisme des intérêts qu'ils peuvent servir au sein de l'organisation. Le schéma ci-dessous traduit ce processus d'intégration des acteurs cibles et la fonction qu'ils sont amenés à occuper dans l'organisation. Acteur cible défini Prisme de la fonction Fonction/responsabilité au sein de l'organisation Fonction opérationnelle Les partenaires opérationnels Fonction de mobilisation Problématisation Les « concernés » Les « mobilisables » Les mobilisés Fonction d'accompagnement passif Les « victimes » Les « sensibilisés »!
Figure 10. De la problématisation à la fonction potentielle des acteurs cibles dans l'organisation. Source: Bourgeois (2015)
Les partenaires opérationnels peuvent être plus précisément définis en fonction de ce que nous appellerons le « primat opérationnel », c'est-à-dire la fonction dominante du partenaire au sein de l'organisation. Les porteurs de projet, pour mettre en oeuvre leur plan d'action, distinguent trois types de partenaires: les financiers, les techniques et enfin les institutionnels et politiques. Dans les faits, ces fonctions sont le plus souvent associées. Un partenaire au primat technique comme Hydro!167 Québec par exemple, peut très bien mettre à contribution ses compétences et connaissances en terme de gestion de l'énergie, dans le même temps participer financièrement au fonctionnement de l'organisation montée par l'ASTROLab, et enfin peser politiquement en usant de son influence dans les diverses stratégies de mobilisations envers d'autres acteurs, pouvant à leur tour devenir partenaires. Les partenaires opérationnels Le réseau éclairagiste Le entités administratives publiques Les concernés Maîtres d'ouvrages publiques Les mobilisables Maîtres d'ouvrages privés Organismes normatifs Les victimes Le système socio-technique de l'énergie Les sensibilisés Le réseau scientifique Le réseau associatif Le public!
Figure 11. Récapitulatif des acteurs cibles. Source: Bourgeois (2015)
3.2.
3
Le ciblage et la construction de la zone de faiblesse/ insertion
En définissant le problème et les acteurs qui le composent, les porteurs de projet identifient et dessinent progressivement les zones de faiblesse de leur cible dont ils vont pouvoir se servir pour les enrôler et les amener à s'approprier la politique publique de diminution de la pollution lumineuse. Cette zone se construit de trois façons.!168
Les influences contextuelles
La zone d'insertion est en partie causée par les influences contextuelles qui vont favoriser la sensibilité des cibles. A l'échelle globale, les porteurs de projet ont en effet bien perçu la montée en puissance des problématiques de transformation du modèle sociétal de rapport à l'environnement et au développement. Un changement paradigmatique qui se cristallise au cours des années 1990 dans un nouveau cadre de pensée et d'action, le développement durable. Cet objet auquel est conféré une vertue providentielle, dessine de nouvelles et vastes perspectives de développement qui, sans être des solutions opérationnelles, agissent néanmoins comme les grandes injonctions d'un changement global. Le discours construit par les porteurs de projet exprime clairement cette idée: « le projet de lutte contre la pollution lumineuse s'inscrit dans le mouvement du développement durable, et tous les citoyens situés sur le territoire d'intervention ont bénéficié de ses retombées. »37 A l'échelle locale, l'effet de haut-lieu du Mont-Mégantic que nous avons décrit précédemment, constitue l'autre influence contextuelle majeure dont vont user les porteurs de projet. L'espace de liberté de l'acteur cible et la construction d'un obstacle-problème par les porteurs de projet
Comme nous l'avons vu avec M. Crozier et E. Friedberg (1977), tout acteur possède un espace de liberté, autrement dit la marge de manoeuvre qu'il s'est constitué, par laquelle il évolue et agit pour servir ses intérêts. Cet espace de liberté, une fois capté et assimilé par les porteurs de projet, devient une autre partie constitutive de la zone de faiblesse. Tout l'enjeu pour eux est de réussir à identifier et à faire émerger dans cet espace, un obstacle-problème qui limite les cibles dans leur activité et par conséquent qui fragilise la préservation et le développement de leurs intérêts. - l'espace de liberté des responsables est leur position d'acteurs centraux et incontournables du secteur de l'éclairage. De la conception à l'installation en passant par la distribution et la réglementation, ce sont eux les maîtres à bord. De manière générale, leur intérêt est d'assurer et développer l'activité de ce secteur, et y maintenir leur position. L'obstacle-problème que les Site internet officiel de la RICE du Mont Mégantic: http://ricemm.org/reserve-de-ciel-etoile/ (consultation septembre 2015)!169 37 porteurs de projet vont insérer dans l'espace de liberté est l'absence d'une conception environnementale de l'éclairage qui a pour conséquence une quantité de retombées négatives et d'impacts. Celui du gaspillage énergétique est le plus utilisé car il est très facilement rattachable à un aspect économique38, argument pragmatique par excellence qui touche tous les publics. De fait, intégrer cette conception laisse entrevoir aux cibles, de nouvelles perspectives de développement de leur activité. En effet, celle-ci pourrait être à terme valorisée pour son rôle dans la réduction du gaspillage énergétique et dans la protection de l'environnement. Mais il faut désormais aux responsables une capacité d'action pour répondre à leur intérêt redimensionné - l'espace de liberté des concernés n'est pas considéré par les porteurs de projet comme cause ou source du problème pollution lumineuse. Leurs positions, activités et intérêts sont bien plus facilement articulables à la future action collective dans le sens où ils en partagent dès le départ la finalité sans qu'il y ait besoin d'un important travail de négociation. Au niveau du réseau scientifique, le problème « pollution lumineuse » est l'occasion d'engager des programmes de recherche; mais aussi et surtout de servir l'intérêt des chercheurs et des laboratoires qui est de valoriser une activité scientifique et encore mieux, de produire des résultats applicables dans le champ opérationnel. Au niveau associatif, en l'occurence l'IDA et les astronomes amateurs, la concordance des intérêts est évidente. La « pollution lumineuse » représente un véritable handicap ou un enjeu pour leur activité. L'obstacle-problème que les porteurs de projet ont alors à insérer, est le même que celui auquel ils font face, c'est-à-dire celui d'une volonté d'agir diluée par l'absence d'un plan d'action et d'une organisation opérationnelle. Une fois cette capacité d'action fournie par les porteurs de projet, les concernés pourront également servir leur intérêt et redimensionner leur activité en prenant part à une action inédite de protection du ciel étoilé. - l'espace de liberté des victimes est quant à lui dédié à un ensemble d'activités articulé autour d'un intérêt fondamental, acquérir, préserver et améliorer la qualité de vie à l'échelle domestique ou de l'individu. Nous définirons la qualité de vie par les quatre grands thèmes qui lui sont continuellement rattachés dans les discours des porteurs de projet: la sécurité, la santé, l'économie, le cadre de vie. S'il est « facile » pour les porteurs de projet d'utiliser l'intérêt Cet argument rencontre cependant aujourd'hui certaines difficultés. L'évolution technologique de l'éclairage permet désormais de diminuer grandement la consommation énergétique des installations. Il n'est donc plus nécessaire de réduire et de concentrer le flux lumineux vers la zone à éclairer pour faire des économies d'énergie. La stratégie du discours doit donc réussir à valoriser les arguments des impacts sanitaires, environnementaux et redimensionner les valeurs de la qualité de vie pour continuer à peser dans l'espace de liberté des responsables. 38!170 économique des victimes, il en est tout autrement pour ce qui se rattache à la sécurité et au cadre de vie. L'appréciation de ces thèmes est entièrement dépendante des représentations collectives et des sensibilités individuelles. Les rapports symboliques et phénoménologiques à la nuit et à la lumière que nous avons analysés dans le premier chapitre agissent de façons diffuse et complexe sur les formes et valeurs accordées à la sécurité et au cadre de vie. Il n'est pas pour nous question d'entrer dans le débat du rapport lumière/sécurité ou lumière/cadre de vie, mais plutôt de questionner la stratégie des porteurs de projet, qui est d'engager un changement, voire un basculement de ces représentations au bénéfice de leur objectif de diminution de la « pollution lumineuse ». Ces derniers vont entièrement s'appuyer sur l'évolution du modèle sociétal de rapport à l'environnement, qui comme nous l'avons vu, tend de plus en plus à valoriser l'interaction et l'interdépendance entre société et nature. Il vont également jouer sur le contexte de crise de la modernité en profitant du vacillement des représentations positives associées aux symboles de cette ère, dont la lumière est partie intégrante. L'obstacle-problème qu'ils vont ainsi poser est celui des représentations modernistes qui viennent parasiter la « bonne vision » de la qualité de vie, celle du rapport équilibré de l'homme à la nature. Le pouvoir suggestif et consensuel de la thématique de la protection du ciel étoilé
Le dernier élément essentiel qui construit la zone d'insertion est le pouvoir suggestif et consensuel de la thématique de la protection du ciel étoilé. Par pouvoir suggestif, nous entendons la faculté à suggérer des idées, des sentiments, ou plus largement, à être évocateur, expressif (Le Robert, 2015). Comme nous l'avons vu dans le deuxième chapitre, le ciel étoilé incarne l'ailleurs absolu. Au fur et à mesure des rapports que les sociétés humaines ont tissé avec cet objet, s'est constitué un important réservoir iconographique et expérientiel : des représentations, sentiments et sensations qui sont autant de fibres sensibles que les porteurs de projet peuvent faire vibrer pour séduire. Au pouvoir suggestif du ciel étoilé s'ajoute celui de la lumière. Elle a en effet la vertu de matérialiser très efficacement les idées et les actions des porteurs de projet. Il est très facile pour ces derniers de valoriser les résultats d'une conversion d'éclairage. A la différence du luminaire « polluant » qui éclairait dans toutes les directions, le nouveau matériel n'éclaire plus que la surface!171 utile, toute lumière superflue est éliminée. La pouvoir suggestif du résultat est tel que les porteurs de projet peuvent échapper à la charge négative associée à la thématique des pollutions. Cette dernière produit généralement un effet de rejet chez le public. Les programmes et politiques publiques menées envers les « polluants classiques » comme les gaz et particules ou encore les pollutions telles que les marées noires et autres déchets matériels, génèrent un sentiment d'impuissance, de découragement voire de déni de la part du public. Ceci peut s'expliquer par la difficulté de trouver des solutions, celle encore plus grande de les mettre en oeuvre, puis celle d'en mesurer les résultats, qui s'avèrent souvent très limités et/ou décevants. Quant au pouvoir consensuel de la protection du ciel étoilé, il s'explique par la possibilité qu'ont les porteurs de projet, de ne générer que de faibles ou peu nombreuses interférences sur les intérêts des acteurs à enrôler et à coordonner. Bien qu'il faille engager des transformations, dont les plus importantes sont la réglementation sur l'éclairage et la conversion des luminaires, les conséquences sur le public (les victimes pour reprendre notre terminologie) sont mineures39 voire noyées sous l'ensemble de retombées positives valorisables. D'après des sondages menées dans la RICE du Mont Mégantic et les retours d'expérience de nombreux maîtres d'ouvrages, très peu de plaintes ou de retours négatifs ont été relevés suite aux conversions d'éclairage. Ce qui est le plus communément observé est une absence de réaction, essentiellement due au fait que les habitants ne se sont pas aperçus du changement. 39 Dans les faits, cela peut se traduire par une campagne de conversion de l'éclairage non rétroactive. Les maîtres d'ouvrage ne sont pas obligés de changer immédiatement leurs éclairages mais sont tenus de respecter la réglementation lors de leurs prochaines opérations de conversion. 40!172 Evidemment, la grande difficulté de cette approche est d'éviter de tomber dans un compromis déséquilibré ou stérile, à l'intérieure duquel les porteurs de projet seraient sans cesse entrain de se plier à l'influence de leurs intermédiaires Si la faible « charge interférentielle » de la protection du ciel étoilé participe à favoriser son insertion et donc sa mise en oeuvre à court terme, un cadrage institutionnel s'impose à plus long terme pour limiter le déséquilibrage des rapports de force. Le schéma ci-dessous synthétise les trois éléments qui favorisent la zone d'insertion.!173!
Figure 12. La zone d'insertion. Source: Bourgeois (2015)!174
Injonctions globales pour une transformation du modèle de développement des sociétés qui doivent désormais associer l'environnement et le social à l'économie
Charge positive des représentations et expériences liées à l'interaction millénaire des sociétés avec le ciel étoilé Nature démonstrative de la lumière grâce à laquelle toute action sur l'éclairage est immédiatement visible et valorisable Faible niveau d'interférence de la thématique sur les intérêts des acteurs à engager dans l'action collective Les victimes Préserver et améliorer la qualité de vie (sécurité, cadre de vie, santé, économie) Représentations « modernistes » de la lumière Prendre part via leurs activités et compétences à la résolution du problème « pollution lumineuse » et bénéficier de retombées directes Volontés d'agir contraintes ou diluées par l'absence d'un plan d'action et d'une organisation opérationnelle Les concernés Conserver les activités et compétences tout en en minimisant les impacts et en favorisant de nouvelles perspectives de développement Absence de connaissance ou de prise en compte des problématiques environnementales liées à « l'activité éclairage » Espaces de liberté des acteurs Force suggestive et consensuelle de la protection du ciel étoilé Transformation du modèle sociétal de rapport à l'environnement. Affirmation progressive de l'éthique pragmatique et du paradigme intégrateur Obstacle-problème: Zone d'insertion Convergence de structures, d'intérêts et de compétences sur un même espace permettant une alliance concrète entre astronomie et protection de l'environnement Intérêt pour le système social local de la présence du Parc national et de l'observatoire du MontMégantic: valorisation d'un lieu attribut, marqueur territorial singularisant La force de haut-lieu du Mont-Mégantic Contexte local Influences contextuelles Intérêt: 3.3 Le dispositif d'
appropriation: de l'intéressement à l'enrôlement 3.3.1 L'intéressement par la triple stratégie des porteurs de projet
La définition des acteurs et de leur rôle amène inévitablement la question de l'intéressement, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des actions par lesquelles une entité (les porteurs de projet) s'efforce d'imposer et de stabiliser l'identité des cibles qu'elle a définies par sa problématisation (CALLON, 1984) et de faire ainsi émerger un système fonctionnant avec une relative cohésion. C'est pour répondre à cette problématique que la triple stratégie des porteurs de projet se dessine et entre en jeu. Les porteurs de projet, en focalisant le problème « pollution lumineuse » sur l'amélioration du système socio-technique de l'éclairage, définissent un point de passage obligé (PPO) (Ibid., 1984). ! ! Source: Bourgeois (2015) d'après Callon (1984) PPO
Conserver les activités et compétences tout en en minimisant les impacts et en favorisant de nouvelles perspectives de développement Prendre part via leurs activités et compétences à la résolution du problème « pollution lumineuse » et bénéficier de retombées directes Préserver et améliorer la qualité de vie (sécurité, santé, économie) Cibles intéress
ées Les sensibilisés Représentations « modernistes » de la lumière artificielle Les victimes Espace de liberté Cibles définies Volontés d'agir contraintes ou diluées par l'absence d'un plan d'action et d'une organisation opérationnelle Les mobilisés Absence de connaissance ou de prise en compte des problématiques environnementales liées à « l'activité éclairage » Les concernés Forces suggestive et consensuelles de la thématique Réduire la pollution lumineuse et créer une réserve de ciel étoilé Dispositif d'intéressement! Le plan d'action exécutif Le système sociotechnique de l'éclairage Les porteurs de projet Ciblage et utilisation de la zone d'insertion Influences contextuelles Zone d'insertion Obstacle-problème: Activité-intérêt
Figure 13. Comportement du système de mise en oeuvre à l'issu de l'intéress
ement
.
3.3.2 L'enrôlement par le pouvoir discrétionnaire
D'après M. Callon (1984), aucun dispositif de capture aussi contraignant soit-il, aucune argumentation aussi « convaincante » soit-elle, n'est assurée de succès. Le dispositif d'intéressement, s'il est une première étape essentielle de l'appropriation, ne débouche pas nécessairement sur l'enrôlement. L'enrôlement désigne le mécanisme par lequel un rôle est défini et attribué à un acteur qui l'accepte. Callon parle d'intéressement réussi. Décrire l'enrôlement c'est donc décrypter les stratégies déploy ées par les porteurs de projet - négociations multilatérales, coups de force, ruses etc. - pour transformer l'intérêt en actions et réussir à maîtriser l'activité des cibles au sein de l'organisation émergente. Les porteurs de projet du Mont Mégantic, pour réussir l'intéressement, vont chercher à amener leurs cibles à s'emparer des rôles qu'ils ont pré-définis lors de la problématisation, puis faire en sorte qu'elles y agissent dans ce que nous appellerons, une autonomie contrôlée. Pour réussir cela, les porteurs de projet utilisent la stratégie du pouvoir discrétionnaire. C'est-à-dire qu'ils conférent aux cibles le pouvoir et la liberté de décider et d'agir au sein de leurs rôles respectifs. Cette stratégie comporte évidemment de gros risques pour les porteurs de projet et l'équilibre de l'organisation. En effet, si la prise de pouvoir et d'autonomie d'un acteur au sein d'un système est sans limite, elle peut à terme transformer les rapports de force, déséquilibrer l'agencement des intérêts de l'action collective et par conséquent l'intégrité de l'action publique. Pour prévenir ce déséquilibre, les porteurs de projet vont travailler d'une part à garder l'ascendant sur leurs cibles et d'autre part à créer une autorité extérieure de contrôle et de maintien de l'enrôlement. Comme nous allons le voir, l'ascendant va se construire par un jeu de coalitions internes. Quant à l'autorité extérieure, elle va être produite au sein même de l'organisation pour objectiver l'action des porteurs de projet, asseoir leur position et construire une force indépendante de contrôle d'intégrité et de maintien de l'action publique. Chaque cible va ainsi devenir une autorité, un organe de pouvoir au sein de l'organisation. L'autorité conférée aux acteurs cibles pour les enrôler dans l'organisation
Les responsables, pour être enrôlés comme partenaires, vont se voire conférer le statut d'autorité centrale et opérationnelle de l'action collective. Si ces acteurs sont investis de la force!178 opérationnelle c'est qu'ils sont les seuls à disposer des compétences nécessaires. Mais ils représentent en même temps le principal danger pour l'organisation car ce sont eux qui réalisent le plan d'action exécutif et qui possèdent dès lors le pouvoir d'en changer la forme et la direction. C'est donc pour cela que les concernés vont être enrôlés en se voyant confier le pouvoir de contrôle et d'aiguillage de l'action collective. Les porteurs de projet vont former une coalition avec ces derniers pour ne pas perdre l'ascendant sur l'autorité opérationnelle. En effet, bien que les porteurs de projet possèdent initialement la vue d'ensemble et l'expertise de base pour définir l'action publique et son plan de mise en oeuvre, ils s'allient avec des acteurs opérationnels puissants41, face auxquels il faut réussir à peser. Cet ascendant peut se construire et se renforcer par l'augmentation des ressources: - assurer une entrée suffisante d'argent pour maintenir le poste de chargé de projet, subvenir aux frais de fonctionnement et aux investissements du portage de projet -enrichir et renforcer le socle d'informations et de compétences pour limiter la dépendance des porteurs de projet aux acteurs opérationnels et rester crédible dans les débats d'experts -renforcer le réseau de relations, de compétences et d'influence alimenté par la force de haut-lieu du Mont-Mégantic L'augmentation des ressources des porteurs de projet leur permet de renforcer ce que nous appellerons leur influence frontal e. C'est à dire de peser par eux-même, de générer et d'assoir leur propre autorité dans leurs interactions avec les acteurs enrôlés. A la stratégie des coalitions internes pour renforcer l'influence frontale, s'ajoute le pouvoir donné aux sensibilisés. Ces derniers, sont placés et utilisés comme l'autorité démocratique de la mise en oeuvre de l'action publique. L'accueil positif ou négatif du projet « pollution lumineuse » légitime ou non l'action des porteurs de projet et de leurs partenaires. Le travail de sensibilisation est dès lors primordial pour réussir à faire pénétrer dans les esprits le socle de représentations du paradigme environnemental nocturne et générer ainsi le soutien passif de l'action menée par les porteurs de projet. Nous entendons par puissants, des acteurs qui possèdent les ressources nécessaires pour garder l'ascendant dans les rapports de pouvoir. Ces ressources peuvent être les moyens financiers, la possession d'informations ou la capacité de la créer pour peser dans les débats d'experts, la taille et la densité du réseau de relations, l'autorité qu'il possède déjà au sein d'une autre organisation etc. Dans le cas du Mont-Mégantic, nous pouvons notamment citer l'implication de la multi-nationale Philipps dans la construction du cahier des charges d'un éclairage « non polluant ». Philipps, en tant que développeur, constructeur et distributeur hégémonique de sources lumineuses et de systèmes d'éclairage est un acteur clef mais qui est en même temps assez puissant pour déséquilibrer la réalisation de l'action collective. M. Callon et B. Latour (1996) à propos de ces acteurs hégémoniques, utilisent l'expression de « Léviathan ». Le maintien de l'ascendant des porteurs de projet par la création d'une autorité extérieure : le label IDA L'influence frontale n'est pas suffisante face à la quantité d'acteurs dont il faut aiguiller et maintenir le rôle. Bien que le plan d'action exécutif comprenne une étape cruciale d'institutionnalisation avec l'axe « réglementation de l'éclairage », l'élaboration et l'application de cette dernière est intégralement assurée par les partenaires opérationnels. Les porteurs de projet s'exposent ainsi au risque de la construction d'une réglementation détournée et dénaturée au profit des partenaires opérationnels. Quant à l'application de la réglementation, ce sont les MRC qui en sont les garantes. La complexité de ces documents, la difficulté d'en contrôler le respect, le risque qu'ils puissent être amendées ou qu'ils en viennent à être négligés, conduit les porteurs de projet à concevoir une stratégie d'institutionnalisation complémentaire. Il leur faut se doter d'une force supplémentaire, une autorité qui leur soit extérieure, qui surplombe l'ensemble de l'organisation et dont ils vont pouvoir « emprunter » l'influence. C'est à cette fin qu'est donnée à l'IDA, l'opportunité et l'autorité de construire le cahier des charges du premier label de Réserve Internationale de Ciel Etoilé, intégralement appuyé sur le travail de problématisation et la stratégie des porteurs de projet. Par ce biais, l'influence frontale des porteurs de projet se voit objectivée. L'action qu'ils mènent est placée sous l'autorité de l'IDA, dont ils vont pouvoir se réclamer pour légitimer leurs attentes et exigences envers les acteurs enrôlés. A l'autorité extérieure du label s'ajoute son potentiel de communication et de développement local. Le schéma qui suit synthétise les différentes stratégies d'enrôlement développées par les porteurs de projet pour réussir la mise en oeuvre de leur action publique.!
Figure 14. Comportement du système de mise en oeuvre à l'issu de l'enrôlement. Source: Bourgeois (2015)!181
Les
MRC Les
maîtres d'ouvrages Les organismes normalisateurs Les éclairagistes Développement de l'activité du futur espace de protection du ciel étoilé Création du territoire d'application de la réglementation et du programme de conversion Rédaction et application de la réglementation sur l'éclairage Définition du cahier des charges d'un éclairage non polluant Autorité centrale et opérationnelle de l'action collective
Influence
frontal
e
Influence « indépendante » Création du label RICE et de son cahier des charges Enrichissement et renforcement du socle d'informations, constitution d'une force d'expertise indépendante
Influence
sur le secteur
de
l'éclairage
Autorité de
contrôle
et d'a
igu
illage de l'action collective Création de l'autorité extérieure
Le public
, par
son accueil
positif ou négatif,
légitime
ou non
l'action des porteurs de projet et de ses
partenaire
s Autorité démocratique Les sensibilisés Soutien passif L'enrôlement par le pouvoir discrétionnaire Action publique « pollution lumineuse » mise en oeuvre Le réseau associatif Le réseau scientifique Secteur de l'énergie Les mobilisés Coalitions Les porteurs de projet Autorité « extérieure » de contrôle et de maintien de l'enrôlement
4. Les résultats
4.1 La création d'un nouvel espace d'action publique dédié à la réduction de la pollution lumineuse D'après P. Lascoumes et P. Le Galès (2012), un des traits originaux des programmes d'action publique récents est de définir des espaces territoriaux pertinents pour l'action et de donner compétence à une instance de concertation pour définir les objectifs précis à poursuivre. Ces territoires ad hoc inventés par les partenaires de l'action publique et qui acquièrent de plus en plus souvent une légitimité officielle, leur permettent de correspondre aux spécificités des dynamiques locales et d'échapper aux cloisonnement bureaucratiques. Les porteurs de projet du Mont Mégantic, avec le partenariat des MRC environnantes, ont ainsi inventé leur propre espace de mise en oeuvre de l'action publique de réduction de la pollution lumineuse. Ce sont au total trois MRC qui se sont engagées à soutenir le plan d'action exécutif. Les MRC du Granit, du Haut-Saint-François et de Sherbrooke correspondent aux trois zones impactantes identifiées par les astronomes une décennie auparavant. Par leur engagement officiel dans l'élaboration et l'application des réglementations spécifiques sur l'éclairage, ces trois entités vont territorialiser l'action publique du Mont Mégantic et faire émerger le premier espace institutionnalisé de réduction de la pollution lumineuse. Ce dernier se déploie bien au-delà des limites du Parc national en étendant son rayon d'action à plus de 50 kilomètres à la ronde. !182! Carte 8. Cartographie des zones visées par le contrôle de l'éclairage extérieur. Source: ASTROLab (2007)!183
Il ne s'agit donc pas uniquement d'un redimensionnement des objectifs et du fonctionnement du Parc national. Il est bel et bien question de la création d'un nouvel espace d'action publique dont l'efficacité à court terme se mesure à la réussite de son plan d'action exécutif. La force suggestive de la lumière aidant, cette réussite se voit valorisée dans de nombreuses photographies avant-après conversion de l'éclairage et par les commentaires enthousiastes des astronomes du Mont Mégantic, désormais obligés de réutiliser des lampes torches pour s'orienter dans la nuit revenue sur l'observatoire.!!
Document 9. Conversion de l'éclairage du village de La Patrie vu depuis l'observatoire du Mont-Mégantic. Source: ASTROLab (2007)!184
Pour gérer un tel espace, les porteurs de projet ont mis en place une gouvernance composée d'un comité de pilotage réunissant les partenaires opérationnels et les mobilisés, et créée de nouvelles entités de gestion de l'espace d'action publique: les commissions locales de protection du ciel étoilé. Une commission est ainsi créée au sein de chaque MRC pour entériner un réseau d'intermédiaires locaux, ce qui doit encourager le maintien de l'action publique en renforçant la responsabilisation et donc l'appropriation des partenaires. Cette structure de gouvernance opère depuis 2007, mais nous ouvrons ici une nouvelle page de la mise en oeuvre, celle des résultats à long à terme qui représentent de futures perspectives de recherche. |
5637498_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | McMurray, Presiding Judge.
Plaintiff brought this action to domesticate a New York judgment against defendant. Defendant Victor filed his answer and counterclaim denying the New York judgment and stating that plaintiffs complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and that the judgment upon which plaintiffs complaint is predicated is void and ineffective for lack of proper service. Defendant’s counterclaim alleges that plaintiffs action against him is malicious abuse of process.
After discovery, plaintiff filed its motion for summary judgment as to defendant’s counterclaim. In response thereto, the defendant filed his affidavit showing that under the terms of the divorce agreement his former wife had agreed to assume this debt and denied service of process upon him in connection with the action on the debt.
Plaintiff then moved for summary judgment as to all issues, submitting in support thereof the affidavit of one Paul J. Ciciarelli who deposed he was employed by plaintiff as a process server and that he had personally served the complaint in the New York action on the debt of defendant by handing the complaint to him at his residence in Georgia. Defendant responded with another affidavit in which he stated that he "has never received proper process of service by any law enforcement agency or process server and has never attended any hearings in connection with this debt.” The trial court granted plaintiffs motion for summary judgment against defendant as to both the main action and defendant’s counterclaim. Defendant appeals. Held:
1. Although plaintiff has presented evidence of process in the New York action upon defendant by Paul J. Ciciarelli, there is no evidence presented by plaintiff which pierces defendant’s contention that he (defendant) never received proper process of service by any law enforcement agency or process server and has never attended any hearings or trial of this alleged action. In the absence of proof of the relevant New Y ork statute we must presume that the law of this state obtains. Berry v. Jeff Hunt Machinery Co., 148 Ga. App. 35 (2) (250 SE2d 813). The conflicting contentions of the parties create an issue of fact concerning whether defendant ever received proper process of service by any law enforcement agency or process server authorized to serve process on defendant in the New York action upon which the case sub judice is predicated. See Code Ann. § 81A-104 (c) (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 609, 610; 1967, pp. *98226, 227, 228, 249).
Submitted February 4, 1980
Decided March 20, 1980.
Jerome C. Ware, for appellant.
Wayne C. Crowe, for appellee.
The New York judgment shows on its face that judgment in default was entered against defendant due to his failure to appear or answer in the New York court. Defendant did not appear in the New York court and thus had no opportunity to litigate the issue of lack of personal jurisdiction. Therefore, a collateral attack is not precluded. Ramsey Winch Co. v. Trust Co. Bank, 153 Ga. App. 500. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment as issues of material fact remain as to whether the New York court’s judgment is predicated on proper personal jurisdiction of the defendant.
2. The trial court was not required to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law in ruling on a motion for summary judgment under Code Ann. § 81A-156 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 609, 660; 1967, pp. 226, 238; 1975, pp. 757, 759). Walker v. Walker, 238 Ga. 273 (232 SE2d 554).
Judgment reversed.
Smith and Banke, JJ., concur.
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github_open_source_100_1_185 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var test = require('tape')
var xEmptyObject = require('./')
test('x-is-empty-object', function (t) {
t.plan(10)
t.ok(xEmptyObject({}), '({}) => true')
t.ok(xEmptyObject(new Object), '(new Object) => true')
t.ok(xEmptyObject(new Object()), '(new Object()) => true')
console.log('')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject([]), '([]) => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(''), '("") => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(new Date), '(new Date) => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(null), '(null) => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(), 'undefined => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(function(){}), '(function(){}) => false')
t.notOk(xEmptyObject(new RegExp), '(new RegExp) => false')
})
|
610618_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | O Chefe do Executivo de Macau, cujas funções entraram em vigor logo após a transferência de soberania de Macau para a China (20 de Dezembro de 1999), é o Chefe do Governo e o dirigente máximo da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau (RAEM). Logo, é o cargo político mais importante e com mais poder e influência em Macau. Representa a Região, sendo responsável perante o Governo Popular Central da República Popular da China e a RAEM. Durante o seu mandato de 5 anos (podendo ser atribuído um novo), o Chefe do Executivo não tem o direito de residência no estrangeiro e de exercer qualquer actividade lucrativa privada.
Ele é aconselhado pelo Conselho Executivo, composto por 7 a 11 conselheiros, e o gabinete dele é constituído por 5 secretarias, cujos titulares são propostos por ele mas nomeados e, se necessário, demitidos pelo Governo Popular Central chinês.
O cargo de "Chefe do Executivo" substitui o cargo colonial português de "Governador de Macau" (nomeado directamente por Portugal), sendo o último de todos os governadores o General Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira.
Eleição
O Chefe do Executivo deve ser uma pessoa eleita por sufrágio indirecto, mais concretamente seleccionado por uma "Comissão Eleitoral", que é um tipo de colégio eleitoral formado por 400 membros eleitos por associações ou organizações que representam os interesses de vários sectores importantes da sociedade de Macau e que estão devidamente registadas e regularmente recenseadas. Segundo o Anexo I da Lei Básica de Macau, estas associações devem representar um dos quatro sectores contemplados na lei como sendo importantes para a sociedade de Macau: o sector industrial, comercial e financeiro, representado por 120 membros; o sector cultural, educacional, profissional e outros, representado por 115 membros; o sector do trabalho, serviços sociais, religião e outros, representado por 115 membros; e o sector dos representantes dos deputados à Assembleia Legislativa de Macau, deputados de Macau à Assembleia Popular Nacional e representantes dos membros de Macau no Comité Nacional da Conferência Consultiva Política do Povo Chinês, representado por 50 membros.
Em 2014, houve 825 associações com capacidade eleitoral para participar na eleição dos membros desta comissão eleitoral. A maioria destas associações ou organizações representativas são controladas pelas elites locais, que na sua maioria são pró-Pequim e pró-Governo.
Após a eleição, o candidato seleccionado pela Comissão Eleitoral deve ser aceite e oficialmente nomeado pelo Governo Popular Central da República Popular da China, em Pequim.
Os candidatos ao cargo de Chefe do Executivo podem ser apresentados conjuntamente por, pelo menos, 66 membros da Comissão Eleitoral, sendo que cada membro pode propôr um só candidato. Os candidatos devem ser sempre cidadãos chineses com pelo menos 40 anos de idade e 20 anos consecutivos de residência permanente em Macau.
Funções
Segundo o Artigo 50º da Lei Básica da RAEM, o Chefe do Executivo compete:
Dirigir o Governo da RAEM, definir as suas políticas e mandar publicar as ordens executivas;
Elaborar, mandar publicar e fazer cumprir os regulamentos administrativos;
Fazer cumprir a Lei Básica e outras leis aplicáveis à RAEM, nos termos da Lei Básica;
Fazer cumprir as directrizes vindas do Governo Popular Central (GPC) em relação às matérias previstas naquela Lei e tratar, em nome do Governo da RAEM, dos assuntos externos e de outros assuntos, quando autorizado pela GPC;
Assinar os projectos e as propostas de lei e a proposta de orçamento aprovados pela Assembleia Legislativa de Macau e mandar publicar as leis;
Comunicar ao GPC, para efeitos de registo, o orçamento e as contas finais;
Aprovar a apresentação de moções relativas às receitas e despesas à Assembleia Legislativa;
Decidir se os membros do Governo ou outros funcionários responsáveis pelos serviços públicos devem testemunhar e apresentar provas perante a Assembleia Legislativa ou as suas comissões;
Submeter ao Governo Popular Central, para efeitos de nomeação, os candidatos aos cargos de Secretários, o Comissário contra a Corrupção, o Comissário da Auditoria, os principais responsáveis pelos serviços de polícia e pelos serviços de alfândega e o Procurador, e também propor ao GPC as propostas de exoneração dos titulares dos cargos acima referidos;
Nomear e exonerar, segundo os procedimentos legais, os titulares de cargos da função pública, os presidentes e juízes dos tribunais das várias instâncias e os delegados da Procuradoria;
Nomear parte dos deputados à Assembleia Legislativa e nomear e exonerar os membros do Conselho Executivo;
Conceder, nos termos da lei, medalhas e títulos honoríficos instituídos pela RAEM;
Indultar, nos termos da lei, pessoas condenadas por infracções criminais ou comutar as suas penas;
Atender petições e queixas.
Lista dos Chefes do Executivo de Macau
Edmund Ho Hau-wah (20 de dezembro de 1999 - 19 de dezembro de 2009);
Fernando Chui Sai-on (20 de dezembro de 2009 - 19 de dezembro de 2019);
Ho Iat-seng (20 de dezembro de 2019 - )
Ver também
Governo da RAEM
Chefe do Executivo
Chefe do Executivo de Hong Kong
Política de Macau.
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US-202017025118-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | At step 513, bits of data can be mapped into a certain set of frequencies and phases according to the programmed configuration of the combinatorial scheme. In some embodiments, (at step 515 if needed) the amplitudes of the frequencies can be corrected by the system according to their attenuations, and (at step 517 if needed) sharp transitions between two consecutive output signals can be smoothed by applying a low pass filter. At step 519, the first output signal is ready for transmission by the modulator and, at steps 521, 523 the second output signal is prepared for joining and smoothing with the next output signal produced by the same sequence of steps from the next portion of captured data.
FIG. 38 is a flow chart of the combinatorial periodical signal transmission process 800 used to send data from the downhole location to a location at the surface of the well site. The flow chart provides a general summary of the disclosed combinatorial process and its implementation may be realized based on mud pulse telemetry or EM telemetry (see, e.g., FIG. 39). At step 810, data is obtained from at least one downhole tool or sensor and is converted into a bit stream of digital data in accordance with a current feed identification (FID) sequence of words in the transmitting frame. A word can vary in size (e.g., from 3 to 40 bits) depending on a selection of particular realization of CFM. At step 820, the system calls for combinatorial encoding of the digital data stream to produce a series of 3 to 32 bit output signals. Each combination of bits has a unique corresponding set of frequencies along with their phase or other types of modulation. For example, if digital data is transmitting by 12 bit portions, then the amount of combinations in the combinatorial scheme is equal to 2¹² or 4096 combinations.
At step 820, options are provided to the system for redistribution of amplitudes for frequency components of the output signal taking into account the difference in the attenuations for each frequency. At step 820, analysis of noises is performed and parameters of the combinatorial encoding and output signal can be adjusted by the system in order to neutralize the influence of noises. At step 820, downlinking commands can be received by the system in order to change the current CFM realization to a new realization (if needed), as well as to receive information on the measured depth, which may be used for adjustment of the attenuation coefficients. At step 820, the system can smooth transitions between phase shifts between adjacent output signals by using low pass filters.
At step 830, the system can transmit the series of 3-32-bit symbols as pressure wave signals 50 through the drilling fluid 32 disposed in the borehole via a mud pulses. At step 840, the system can receive the pressure wave signal 50 by a transducer(s) 38. At step 850, the system can convert an analog signal to digital signals, performs filtering, demodulation by using FFT or any others method of signal frequency decomposition, decodes data, organizes data according to frame predefined sequences, provides data outputs to the monitors and/or in the form of different prints and reports, combinations thereof, or the like. At step 850, the system can evaluate narrow frequency noises and generates downlinking commands to change current CFM realization to a new realization (if needed), which may better fit to the observed noises. An updated set of downhole instructions can be transmitted to supply MD information to the downhole controller. The process 800 of FIG. 38 can generally be used with electromagnetic (EM) telemetry systems.
FIG. 39 is a diagrammatic view of an electromagnetic LWD system that transmits information via electromagnetic signals and can incorporate the exemplary combinatorial frequency scheme. Such electromagnetic system generally includes at least one downhole sensor 83, a downhole signal transmitter 86, a downhole electronics and processing module 85 to encode data, a power supply 84 (batteries or generator), an uphole receiver system 91, and surface data processing and demodulation software. The downhole sensors 83 installed in the downhole EM telemetry tool can be used to measure parameters during operation of the tool. The sensors 83 (or a processing device associated with the system) can translate the detected parameters into one or more electrical signals, can modulate the signals, and transmits the signals using a transmitter 86.
In some LWD systems, the drill string can be divided into two sections by including an electrically insulating gap sub 87. The part of the drill string above the gap 87 (section 88) becomes one part of the antenna, and the lower part of the drill string below the gap 87 acts as the other side of the antenna. In order to transmit the signal, the tool applies voltage across the gap 87. The formation 5 completes the circuit by being in contact with the tool. Such type of antenna can be used as a lower frequency modulator during implementation of the exemplary combinatorial frequency system. On the surface, the difference in electrical potential is measured by setting up surface grounding rods 90. The surface data processing box 91 can include analog amplifiers to increase the transmitted signals. The data processing device 92 (e.g., a computer) performs the decoding of the transmitted data. Downlink transmitter 93 is used to change the downhole tool configuration during a bit run. All other options of downlinking described above for mud pulse telemetry are fully applicable for the combinatorial process of the electromagnetic telemetry system.
In order to save battery power, in some embodiments, the system can adjust the level of the uplink signal to prevent wasting of energy by the transmitter. The excessive strength of the signal on the surface can be unnecessary and a minimum sufficient level of the signal can be defined. The level can be selected to provide a suitable signal/noise ratio to decode information, and, at the same time, the level is such that going above the level would be redundant and does not bring any significant benefits to operation of the system, only causing extra battery consumption. For example, if the surface receiver of the particular electromagnetic LWD tool requires a 10-20 mV signal on the surface, a 500 mV signal would be a pointless waste of battery power.
In some embodiments, estimations of the actual level of the formation resistivity can be used to control the amplitude of the emitted signal by adjusting an internal resistivity level of the tool. In order to obtain such estimation, the system can utilize a special control signal, for example, having F_(control)=(F_(max)−F_(min))/2 and a constant amplitude. The changes of current reflect the information about formation resistivity. The control signal can occupy 0.1-10% of the power line depending on the formation heterogeneity. A low level of current that is used to generate the control signal provides low battery consumption. In some embodiments, the desired results can be achieved by adding high internal resistivity.
In order to set an appropriate level of the signal, the downhole LWD tool can include a feedback loop from the surface equipment that provides precise estimations of the power of the received signal. The procedure of downlinking can include emitting the signal from the surface and receiving the signal by the downhole dipole. For example, if the surface receiver detects that the strength of the received signal is not sufficient (or too high), a special downlink code can be transmitted by the system downhole to control the LWD tool to adjust power of the emitting signal. FIG. 40 shows a flow chart of a process involving an algorithm programmed into the system for how the surface subsystem can adjust the amplitude of the signal preventing the signal from reaching out of lower and upper bounds. The number of downlink procedures can be decreased if some preliminary information on R_(ext) is programmed into the tool before the bit run.
According to FIG. 40, at step 870, the system can be initialized and the initial amplitude can be set for normal LWD tool drilling operations. At step 872, the process for adjusting the amplitude of the signal can be initiated. At step 874, a signal is received from the downhole. At step 876, the signal is analyzed by the processing device and the data is decoded for further processing. At step 878, the system determines whether the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is sufficient for operation. If no, at step 880, the system can transmit a downlink command to increase the amplitude of operation. If yes, at step 882, the system can determine if the SNR is excessive for operation. If no, the system can continue to operate and returns to step 874 for further analysis of the amplitude (and potential adjustment of the amplitude, if needed). If yes, the system can transmit a downlink command to decrease the amplitude of operation.
FIG. 41 shows a process 900 which can be substantially similar to the process 800 of FIG. 38, except for the distinctions noted herein. Steps 910, 920, 950 and 960 can be substantially equivalent to steps 810, 820, 850 and 860, respectively, of FIG. 38. At step 930, the system can generate continuous electromagnetic waves by using a signal generator disposed in the down hole. At step 940, the system can receive a continuous electromagnetic signal using one or more receivers disposed upstream from or above the downhole location.
The flow diagrams and figures depicted herein are only examples and illustrations of various steps of operating the exemplary system and method. There may be many variations to the diagrams, figures and/or the steps (or operations, functions, etc.) described herein without departing from the crux and spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or some steps may be added, eliminated, or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention.
While one or more embodiments have been shown and described, modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustrations and not limitations. It will be recognized that the various components or technologies may provide necessary or beneficial functionality or features. Accordingly, these functions and features may be added or removed as needed in support of the appended claims and variations thereof, and are recognized as being inherently included as a part of the teachings herein and a part of the invention disclosed. In addition, while the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications to the exemplary system and method may be appreciated to adapt a particular instrument, situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode or preferred mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention includes all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
While exemplary embodiments have been described herein, it is expressly noted that these embodiments should not be construed as limiting, but rather that additions and modifications to what is expressly described herein also are included within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations, even if such combinations or permutations are not made express herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The invention claimed is:
1. A method for transmitting data from a measurement/logging system in a downhole location to a surface location during drilling operation of a drilling rig, the method comprising: obtaining a measurement from at least one downhole sensor; encoding data associated with the measurement from the at least one downhole sensor with a data encoder disposed in a wellbore, the data encoder encoding the data using a combinatorial frequency scheme; generating continuous equivalent duration output signals with a single modulator such that each of the continuous equivalent duration output signals includes a combination of periodical components from the combinatorial frequency scheme; receiving and recording at the surface location the continuous equivalent duration output signals generated by the single modulator; and identifying digital signal frequency components of the continuous equivalent duration output signals with respective modulated characteristics using a data processing, demodulation and decoder module.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the combinatorial frequency scheme includes two or more different frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the single modulator is a mud pulser, the mud pulser is a rotationally oscillated pulser, and the rotationally oscillated pulser includes a rotor and a stator, the method comprising determining a function of pressure wave amplitude from an angle of the rotor position.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the combinatorial frequency scheme is divided into groups of two or more frequencies, each group of the two or more frequencies is responsible for transmission of information independent from another group of the two or more frequencies, and the continuous equivalent duration output signals generated by the single modulator include one frequency combination from each group of the two or more frequencies.
5. The method of claim 1, comprising calculating a power spectrum of equivalent duration segments with Fourier Transform (FT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the two or more different frequencies are orthogonal frequencies.
7. The method of claim 2, comprising determining a maximum frequency F_(max) for the two or more different frequencies with the single modulator.
8. The method of claim 2, comprising detecting narrow frequency noises during drilling operation.
9. The method of claim 2, comprising selecting a data transmission rate based on an amount of data transmission necessary to satisfy drilling requirements during operation of the drilling rig, and selecting the single modulator based on the amount of data transmission necessary to satisfy the drilling requirements.
10. The method of claim 2, comprising selecting a mud pulser for the single modulator for low frequency ranges of about 0.5 Hz to about 8 Hz of the two or more different frequencies.
11. The method of claim 2, comprising selecting an electromagnetic generator for the single modulator for low frequency ranges of about 0.5 Hz to about 10 Hz of the two or more different frequencies.
12. The method of claim 6, comprising adjusting the two or more frequencies of the combinatorial frequency scheme for attenuation during propagation of signals from a downhole to the surface location, wherein an adjustment coefficient for each input frequency of the combinatorial frequency scheme is calculated by: ${C(f)} = {\frac{P\left( f_{\min} \right)}{P(f)} = {{\exp\left\lbrack {{- 4}{\pi\left( \frac{D}{d} \right)}^{2}\left( \frac{\mu}{K} \right)\left( {f_{\min} - f} \right)} \right\rbrack}.}}$ where P(f) is a surface amplitude of harmonic with frequency f, P(f_(min)) is the surface amplitude of harmonic with frequency f_(min), f_(min) is a lowest frequency in the combinatorial frequency scheme, D is a measured depth between a transducer at the surface location and the single modulator in a downhole, d is an inside diameter of a drill pipe, μis a plastic viscosity of a drilling fluid, and K is a bulk modulus of a volume of the drilling fluid above the modulator.
13. The method of claim 12, comprising downlinking data corresponding to a current measured depth for the single modulator to a downhole electronic controller, wherein the current measured depth of the modulator in the downhole is downlinked to the downhole electronic controller by a predefined incremental value.
14. The method of claim 13, comprising downlinking a next measured depth increment to the downhole electronic controller prior to reaching a predefined depth with the single modulator or when an actual depth of the well exceeds a corresponding predefined depth to use different attenuation coefficients, wherein amplitude correction attenuation coefficients are applied identical to a measured depth interval between two consecutive downlinking commands, and wherein the applied amplitude correction attenuation coefficients are equal to the amplitude correction coefficients at a midpoint of the measured depth interval.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein: frequencies having strong noise levels above a predefined value are excluded from the combinatorial frequency scheme; and if a reduction of the amount of the frequencies of the combinatorial frequency scheme results in the data rate transmission below a predefined level, the method comprises selecting a new combinatorial frequency scheme with more frequency components than the combinatorial frequency scheme and downlinking the new combinatorial frequency scheme to the downhole electronic controller.
16. The method of claim 14, comprising allocating some of the measured depth intervals to have no output signals for detecting the narrow frequency noises during the drilling operation and parameters of the narrow frequency noises.
17. The method of claim 6, wherein downlinking commands includes two or more groups, and wherein each group of the two or more groups is related to one of a plurality of command categories, the command categories including commands to change current feed identification (FID), the combinatorial frequency scheme, attenuation compensation coefficients, or a measure depth counter.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein a group of the combinatorial frequency scheme includes subgroups allocated to avoid noise, wherein one subgroup of the subgroups is allocated to options of changing a value of an equivalent duration interval and another subgroup of the subgroups is allocated to reducing frequencies of the combinatorial frequency scheme that coincide with frequencies of strong noise.
19. The method of claim 6, comprising: eliminating noise frequencies below and above frequencies of the combinatorial frequency scheme with data processing means; or transforming digital signals from a time domain to a frequency domain with the data processing means.
20. The method of claim 7, wherein the two or more different frequencies are orthogonal frequencies, and an amount of the orthogonal frequencies in the combinatorial frequency scheme is determined based on a value of the maximum frequency F_(max) and on a selected equivalent duration of output combinatorial signals.
21. The method of claim 7, comprising determining a value of the maximum frequency F_(max) with the single modulator based on one or more data transmission rate requirements of the drilling rig.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the combinatorial frequency scheme includes a set of N frequencies, and an amount of combinations for simultaneous transmissions of K different frequencies is calculating by: $C_{n,k} = \frac{n!}{{K!}{\left( {n - k} \right)!}}$ where n represents a total amount of the frequencies, and K is in a range $1 \leq K \leq \frac{N}{2}$ if N is an even value, and K is in a range $1 \leq K \leq \frac{N + 1}{2}$ if N is an odd number, and wherein K is selected based on the one or more data transmission rate requirements of the drilling rig.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more data transmission rate requirements of the drilling rig are calculated by: C_(total,N,K)=C_(n,1)+C_(n,2)+ . . . +C_(n,k) where K is changed from 1 to $\frac{N}{2}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu}{\frac{N + 1}{2}.}$
24. The method of claim 23, wherein: a cumulative curve of the one or more data transmission rates from K is constructed and K_(j) is selected based on predetermined criteria; and an option to send simultaneously K_(j)+1 frequencies is added to the combinatorial frequency scheme, such option providing an increase in the data transmission rate of less than 20%, and a maximum value of K is equal to K=K_(j).
25. The method of claim 24, wherein in order to increase the data transmission rate, an additional modulation in the form of at least one of phase or amplitude modulation is added to each frequency of the combinatorial frequency scheme, wherein the additional modulation of each frequency includes a combination of a phase shift key and an amplitude shift key.
26. The method of claim 21, wherein a minimum equivalent duration is selected such that at least two orthogonal frequencies are available to use in the combinatorial frequency scheme, and wherein an amount of different phase key shifts, amplitude key shifts, or a combination of the different phase key shifts and the amplitude key shifts is selected to achieve the one or more data transmission requirements of the drilling rig.
27. The method of claim 3, wherein the function of pressure wave amplitude is determined by flow loop measurements or by: ${P(\varphi)} = {{{A(\varphi)} - A_{0}} \approx {\frac{\delta Q^{2}}{\left( {\varphi_{\max} - \varphi} \right)^{2}} - {\frac{\delta Q^{2}}{\varphi_{\max}^{2}}.}}}$
28. The method of claim 3, comprising: selecting a rotor oscillating range between a minimum angular position (φ_(min)) and a maximum angular position (φ_(max)) based on the function of pressure wave amplitude and the value of the maximum frequency F_(max), wherein an open area for mud flow has a maximum value at the minimum angular position (φ_(min)) and wherein the open area for mud flow has a minimum value at the maximum angular position (φ_(max)); and determining a rotor position φ_(n), wherein an angle associated with the rotor position φ_(n) is between the minimum angular position (φ_(min)) and the maximum angular position (φ_(max)), and an amplitude of a pressure wave (Aφ_(n)) is equal to (Aφ_(max)− Aφ_(min))/2.
29. The method of claim 4, wherein the information transmitted by each group of the groups is the same.
30. The method of claim 4, wherein the information transmitted by each group of the groups is different.
31. The method of claim 4, wherein if a presence of a significant level of noise is detected, the combinatorial frequency scheme is divided into two groups, each of the two groups having an equal number of frequency combinations, and each of the two groups simultaneously transmitting equal binary data sets.
32. The method of claim 31, comprising comparing the binary data sets from the two groups and (i) if the binary data sets are identical, determining that a probability value for correcting encoding is high, or (ii) if the binary data sets are different, an expected value is selected for encoding.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the expected value is calculated based on a prediction of a next sample value determined using at least one of a naïve method, a moving average method, a weighted smoothing method, a simple linear regression method, a partial least squares regression method, or a polynomial fit method.
34. 35. The telemetry system of claim 34, wherein the single downhole modulator comprises a motor coupled to a valve of the rotor and configured to utilize a variable-feedback controller to keep rotor positions in a predefined angle range.
36. The telemetry system of claim 35, comprising a motor controller configured to receive control signals from a downhole controller to generate an output pressure wave which is unique to a particular combination of frequencies from the combinatorial frequency scheme.
37. The telemetry system of claim 36, wherein the modulator is configured to be driven by a motor controller, and wherein the motor controller is configured to closely match a rotor position to each extremum of the output signals.
38. The telemetry system of claim 37, wherein: the motor controller provides regulation of the rotor position based on calculations of a rotor velocity for each discreet time step; or a motor control is based on calculation of a time difference between adjacent extremums of the output signals.
39. The telemetry system of claim 38, wherein the motor controller is configured to take into account a presence of pitch play in a reduction gear, and wherein an increase of the maximum frequency F_(max) for the modulator is achieved by selection of a gear reduction component with a reduced gear ratio.
40. An electromagnetic telemetry system for generating electromagnetic signals, the electromagnetic telemetry system comprising: a single downhole modulator configured to transmit data via electromagnetic telemetry; at least one downhole sensor; a downhole processing device configured to encode data using a combinatorial frequency scheme to generate output signals; one or more energy sources to power the single downhole modulator, the at least one downhole sensor, and the at least one downhole processing device; a receiver system at a surface location; and a surface processing device configured to identify periodical components of the output signals and modulate characteristics of the output signals; wherein the single downhole modulator is a dipole with an insulator gap.
41. The electromagnetic telemetry system of claim 40, wherein a strength of the output signals is aligned with impedance of a surrounding earth formation around a well of a drilling rig, wherein the impedance of the drilling fluid is calculated based on measurement of a current level in a control line by using a constant value for a voltage for transmission of control signal, and wherein the constant value of the voltage in the control line is 5-10 less than a nominal value of the voltage of a supply from the one or more energy sources.
42. The electromagnetic telemetry system of claim 41, wherein the control signals are a harmonic with frequency equal to (F_(max)−F_(min))/2, where F_(max) is a value of a maximum frequency in the combinatorial frequency scheme and F_(min) is a value of a minimum frequency in the combinatorial frequency scheme, and wherein the control signals occupy 0.1-10% of a total transmission time depending on earth strata heterogeneity.
43. The electromagnetic telemetry system of claim 40, wherein a strength of the output signals is adjusted to a level of a recorded signal at the surface location, wherein if the strength of the recorded signal at the surface location is above a predetermined level, downlinking is applied in order to decrease the strength of generated output signals..
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traitdhyginepub06lvgoog_6 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Un phénomène assez fréquent dans le bain îiède, c'est l'éveil qu'il donne au désir sexuel : est-il dû au léger gonflement des parties génit^iles par im bibition, ou à la modification du système nerveux? Quoi qu'il en soit, l'in fluence de ce bain est en quelque sorte négative; il éteint l'érélhisme ner veux, il apaise la circulation, il détend la fibre musculaire, il restitue aux fonctions leur aisance et leur liberté, sans en accroitre l'énergie; il n'ajoute rien aux forces organiques, mais quand elles sont enchaînées par le spasme, il les dégage; quand épuisées par la iatigue, il les renouvelle. Un certain degré de souplesse duns les solides, et de fiuidité dans les liquides de l'économie, est une condition du libre exercice des fonctions : c'est encore ce que donne le bain tiède; il est d'ailleurs l'agent par exrîcllence de la propreté. Les hommes ner veux, bilieux et secs s'en trouvent fort bien ; aussi tous ceux qui s'agitent dans les contentions de l'esprit et dans les passions de Tàmeen usent avec prédilec tion , et un médecin allemand est allé jusqu'à attribuer aux bains tirdos la faculté de prolonger la vie. « Calida lavatio et seniùm et pueris apta est, » (Celse.) Les bains tièdes, entre 25 ( t 30 degrés centigrades, entrent en première ligne dans l'hygiène de Tenfîmce, quoique nous ne leur accordions pas, avec Hufeland (1), le pouvoir d'écarter toutes les maladies, d'assainir à la JoisTàne et le corps, de transformer les consitutions débiles en constiiutions foites et robustes. En Angleterre, il est d'usage de baigner les enfants tous les jours : beaucoup doivent s'en trouver amollis et fatigués; un bain par semaine peut suflire si Ton y joint des lotions quotidiennes de propreté, et Ton peut alors le prolonger graduellement de cinq à dix et quinze minutes ; pris le soir, il calme les enfants et les dispose au sommeil. Quand les bains sont quotidiens pour les enfants, ils doivent être très-courts pour ne point les émousser à l'ao (I) Hufeland, Art de prolonger la vie ou la macrobiotique, nouvelle édition française par J, PeUagot, DES MOinPICATKLRS EXCHETA. ïïXQ^t%% tioii lie ce mo.ven qui tîe%'ient souvent une rossouive iii(lisi>eu;>able diins le trniti'jtiuat de kuis nialulii'f^. Les b;*ia8 tiùd^s enveluppcnt le vieillard d'un milieu singulièrement ap pru|jrié à l'état di? »es ar^zanew et do 6cs foncriuus : la grcliere^se et letat ic'Miilcux do 3^1 peau, itt ron^i.'^taiiLV pi-esque oonne quVlle revot en divci^es régions, lit mideur et lo dûfaut d'humectatiou des |taiiiL*8 ai-tipulaiies» la latigueur de U cireubitiou générale et eaptlL/ire, rutruihli^jk-nieitt du pou* voir t'aloriliiiue» Taiouio des bnuiclieîi ei leur étut habituel de eaUrihe pur jiult* di* lu ditnîitntjou de lu imn^pirtitiuii cutanée, elc, tout Tiiivite a reeher^ cher nouyi^ui la douce et salutwire ex<'it.itioit du liain tède, dont il peut éle ver quelqtie peu le deg-ré tliorninméttique; il ne faut eej>êncliint jms que ces liaius so prolon^^eiit et ^e répetoal glu^ d'une à deu v ibis par n^oi^, souâ peine de rentli^ le» vieillards troj* inipressiounables au contaet de lau» trop elmud, lia les exposeraient à de» congestions vei*îï U Itto : plus d'un vieillaixl H péri d'apiiplexie <lans un bain cbavid. I^ femme nubilo sV livrera aux ablutions mensuelles fans négliger, dans rintervaHe de eliJiqut? menstruation, i'u^age restiiumteur de bains ftaid^. Il ton Vient aux femmes pendant la gru^ses^e ; il aide, vert* la fin de cet état, aux préparntifif de la nature en relàcliant les liens articulaires du bajssin ; pendant la laeii.tiOU il eontribue utilemi*nt a Tintretien de U dépuration eutanée, et ilaltéijue cm les iffets d'une alimentation exeitaute^uu et'ux d*une irriuibiiité tlop grande du Kvstvme nerveux. Le biùn tîede rend aux c^nvale^eent^ la suniili.s^e ot la pureté de la peau ; il apfûse leur eXt'itabilité nerveuse *ïins les expo^er à un refi-oidissement lunesle. L'influence sédative et reluehante du bain tiède en fait un moj^en précieux pour la théi'ii peu tique; mais» pour en recueillir tout le fruit, il faut que le bain 8«^it prolongé et ne devienne |H)int frais, car aloi*!iil renforcerait les congestions spianch nique» qu*U est de$«tiué à combattre. Les précautions qu'il exige se Té duistfînt à visiter Sidgneus<inenl les baignoireai qui {unirraient être souillées pnr quelque irntH de miiiére contagieuse, à ne pas i'X()o«er a IVvaporation i^e Tuir le cou ei les é{M(ulcs préalablement mouilKsi à s^essajer rapidiment avec des linges chauds et sees itu sortir du bain, [ïuvi^i" qu*alors la fieau, dé» [lotuilée du furfor épidorniique rt de ronctuosité que lai&se ^nr elle Ui sueur, f^î plus impr< ssiounaMe à Taîr; et c*est là un inconvénient du bain tiède pris tnip fi* ^'r, dVfTaiblir le derme, et de la nandrt pluâ s» ! itm(«*phere. '^ / ftùud, .r' : le bain ehaud et !• HiAbd II», |>arL^ q«< .edent la mesure b; .^ et ii Dons en pftrlons, e^rst seulement pour signaler leurs ineanvénienls, leurs dangri bnud» d'autres attaclient peu illmptit. Le tableau suivant dtfsS effets i0inicdi»ts et conscfutifs du buin trop cliî*ud leur inspirera plus de n-B^ne, Au 1 PBITÉC] DES BAINS EN PARTICULIER. 71 moment de Timmersion, la peau se crispe et se contracte; ce frisson, cette horripilation, rappellent ce qu'on éprouve en entrant dans l'eau froide; il est remplacé par une sensation de chaleur piquante et incommode. Le sang afflue dans les tissus périphériques vivements excités, les gonfle et les colore d'une teinte érjsipélateuse; la face s'anime et rougit, les yeux s'i: jectent. L'excès de ciilorique dilate les liquides, qui à leur tour distendent les vaisseaux : le cœur redouble d'action et précipite ses battements; les artères carotides et tempo rales sont agitées par des pulsations violenies; la respiration est gênée, hale tante. Il y a imminence de congestion vers la tête, et s'il existe une prédispo sition à ce genre d'accidents, le danger est extrême : il est annoncé par l'excessive pesan eur de la tête, des vertiges, l'obtusion de l'intellect, et parfois la tendance au sommeil. Au bout de dix à quinze ntinutes la sueur coule à Ilots de la face, du corps, mais sans soulager le baigneur de l'excès de chaleur qui l'accable, car l'air ambiant étant très-échauffé et saturé de vapeur d'eau chaude, s'oppose à 1 evaporation du liquide transpiré. La perte en poids par la transpiiation est considérable : Lemonier l'a trouvée de 20 onces par huit minutes dans un bain à 45 degrés centigrades. Le volume du corps augmente; les mouvements sont gênés, difficiles. Au sortir du bain, le pouls conserve de la force et de la fréquence ; les extrémités inférieures restent plus longtemps rouges et turgescentes que le reste du corps ; la bouche est pâteuse, l'appétit peu prononcé; la perspiration cutanée continue avec une certaine abondance, les urines sont rares; la tête se débarrasse lentement, la faiblesse et la fatigue musculiiire persistent longtenips. Quelquefois lastation est impossible,et après les phénomènes de pléthore factice par dilatation du sang, le sentiment de dé bilité et de prostration, poussé jusqu'à la syncope, témoigne de la réalité des pertes éprouvées dans le bain par une transpiration insolite. Cette succession de phénomènes montre que l'on peut varier jusqu'à un certain point les effets secondaires du bain chaud, suivant la durée de l'immersion : brusque et courte, elle donne lieu à une excitation générale, à une sorte de raptus violent et instantané des fluides vers la périphérie, sans autre afiaiblissement consé cutif que celui qui succède à tout ébranlement organique. Plus prolongé, le bain chaud débilite secondairement par les spoliations qu'il détermine ensueur, par l'épuisement qui succède à la stimulation énergique et soutenue d'un cer tain nombre de fonctions, par le travail qu'il impose à l'organisme pour l'éli mination du calorique excédant, et qui se continue même au sortir de l'eau, tant ce fluide impondérable s'accumule dans le corps. Bien des personnes qui se sont habituées aux bains chauds et en usent périodiquement, y trouvent une cause lente d'énervation qu'elles méconnaissent. Propres à réveiller les irritations du tube digestif, la goutte, les rhumatismes (Broussais), etc., ils peuvent servir en thérapeutique à rompre la concentration des forces qui tend ù s'opérer sur un viscère, à produire de grandes révulsions cutanées, à rap peler les éruptions délitcscentes, etc.; mais leur emploi en hygiène est très rarement indiqué et ne doit avoir lieu qu'avec la précaution de conjuger l'hy tû ^^^^M DES MÛDIFICATEIKS. EX{ HETA. Tt^xtlLiiE I>éréniie eéréVale par rappliaitlon àe rôfrigréi'ants sur la téte. Guérard (l) a éMlité nimitTiquenienl la chfileui ciâée ;ui oovis pnr un htAxi à 4î3 degrés cen tigrades. rhez les Romain,^, letuve sèche était nne vaste salle pi; eée sur la voûte d'un four. Pour la convertir en éiuve liumide, on n'avait c^u'à lever le cou Tepcle de grandes chaudières remplies dVau et disposées sur cette mémo voûte de four. Le5 Turciî prennent ces hains dans des salles pavées de marbre et chauf fées par des tu^vaux qui en parcourent les parois, ils y sont lavés, essuyés, frictionnés, niasses, l>c*4 cl»j^imhr*^s de l)ois, où de IVan projetée de cinq en cinq minutes sur des cailloux r(»Uf:i8 au feu élève la tenipérature de 40 à ^5 degiés Réaumur, ser vent d'étnves aux Russes, qui, an sortir de ces ré« eptables immondes, se.^au mettent k é^é9 douches d'eau froide ou se roulent dans h» neige. Chez les Fin landais, la température des étuves es( imrtée plus haut que chez les Russes. En Êgvpte, la vapeur s'échappe d'une fontaine ou d'nn bassin placé an contnwle la salle. A rhôpital *^aint-Loui« de Paris, Teau, vaporisée dans une chaudière, arrive dan» IVtuve par des liyanx qui se rendent dans un réservoir garni deplusieins ouvertures danshi partie supérieuie. Les étuvi»s des établitse menta thermaux, des hôpitaux, «les bains publics, etc., présentent drs {1| rtïjfrnnl, Àunnlr» d'h)fQiène puMtqut^ Purin, 1&44, t» XXXf, p, 355. fS, L^ini(«* «Je cbab'Ur, * u cab'He, inl li4ï|ajintiré«KM'bnlt'ur ni'ohMftirr pM«r lO.'Vor un jn^nmme d*«nti de l dv|fré o<*>ntifrrâde. t. Ii lirt. llMN» rUKX LRS ANaK»», p. 101. PiiTÉi] DES BAINS EN PARTICULIER. 73 gradins en amphithéâtre pour trente à cinquante personnes, et laissent échapper la vapeur en excès par des vasistas ou dos soupapes situés à la par tie supérieure de l'enceinte. Rien de plus insalubre que ces locaux où plu sieurs personnes respirent un air cliargé de leurs émanations respectives, altéré par les produits de Texpiration et de la transpiration cutanée. On a ('onc inventé fort utilement des appareils qui dispensent de cette dégoû tante et funeste promiscuité. Celui de Monroj permet non-seulement d'admi nistrer le bain de vapeur à peu de frais, dans la position assise ou couchée, mais encore de diriger à volonté la vapeur sur telle ou telle partie du corps, et de procurer aux poumons, par la préservation de la tête, l'avantage de res pirer un air pur et frais. La vapeur, dont un robinet permet de graduer le passage, est conduit3, à l'aifle de tuyaux flexibles, sur le sujet, couché sur un lit de sangles garni de toiles imperméables dont les couvertures sont main tenues écarrées par des cerceaux, ou assis sur une chaise dans l'aire d'une sorte de panier d'osier que l'on garnit de la même manière. La durée du bain est de vingt cinq à quarante minutes; on est ensuiie enveloppé dans une couverture de laine où l'on continue de suer pendant plusieurs heures. Les étuves sèches et humides ont des effets communs et spéciaux; elles agissent par leur température, et si on les rend médicamenteuses, par leur composition, l'organisme absorbant avec une grande facilité les fluides aéri formes. Le sang est influencé par la température du milieu. Quand celle-ci l'emporte sur la sienne propre, il s'échauffe par degrés, mais pas au delà d'une certaine limite, que les expériences de Magendie ont flxée à 5 degrés centi grades. Ce physiologiste a prouvé que le calorique pénètre dans le sang par la suifsce cutanée plutôt que par la surface pulmonaire. Si l'on entie dans rétuve après un fort refroidissement, la température du sang s'ae croit plus lentement ; celle qu'il y acquiert se conserve quelque temps au sortir de Tétuve. Aussi la fréquence circulatoire persiste jusqu'à ce que le sang soit revenu à sa chaleur normale, et c'est ce qui explique l'impunité du bain de neige après l'étuve : l'excès de cîilorique du sang neutralisant un instant l'impression du froid. Les étuves sèches et humides différent essentiel lement quant aux phénomènes d'évaporation et à l'intensité de leur action res pective. L'étuve sèche détermine une évaporation appréciable par la diminu îion du poids du corps; la quantité de poi^ls perdue est en rapport, non avec la chaleur de l'étuve, mais avec la durée du séjour : dix minutes passées dans une étuve à 100 degrés et dans une étuve à 50 degrés, occasionnent la même perte; l'évaporation continue dans une pioportion constante. Dans l'étuve humide, la quantité de sueur perdue est beaucoup plus considérable, comme on le voit par les résultats dus aux expériences de Berger et Delaroche : ÊTUVK SKCHK. ÉTUVE HlMmK. Durée Sueur I)uiée Suf-ur T*Tnpératurc. du s^^jour. p*>rHui'. Tompéruture, nu séjour perduo. Berger 50o, 52o c. 13 min. 50 trr. 41o, 53o c. 12 m ' 3() s 310 gr Delaroche. 51o, 51o,5 13 93,37 37°, 5Io c. 10 30 220 T^^^^^ DES HODinCATKLîRS. — EXCRETA, ^^^ D'après Martin » cVvst à 50 degré.s c*ejifij:rades q;ie la sueur arrive à son ttiAximinii dans rétuvc luimkle. La transpiration rontinne activement ftprea le bain, Berger pesait ; Avant *ion f^nlrek^ dan.* rétuve. .,. 51 kil. %5 tîram. 25 ruilUgr. ImmétU:*temç?nt apreti la fiorticî , 51 — <324 — 21') — Duux iieuri-s Imit minutes aprèd la «ortj^ 5() — » — 250 — A température égale, les étuves humides ujit une action beaucoup plu« forie. Aux étuves de Nt^ron, le docteur C Jaracs se sentut suifoqué par une température de 52 degivs, taudis qu'aux étuves stclies des TesUiecio il n'é prouvait, par 80 degrcs, qu*un tJ'ès^léger nndîdse. Limde n*a pu resier danB luppareil de Mourov au delà de 50 degrés centigrades, tandis que lu jeune fille fitée par Tillet et I^uhunjel passait douze minutes daus un êtuve seebii à 140 degrés centigrades. Dans l<^s établisse mentît de bains, la température des ètuvcs liumideîj est diffit ilen^ent sup[»ortée au delii île 15 ileji:réi; r'enligi'a des; en Russie, en Finlande, eu Client» elle varie entre 50 et 75 di'grêl centigrades. L*homme su[>porte luje terirpé-r ture plus él<?vée dans Tétuvt humide que dans le Uiiu cluiiid, dans iVHuvo sèche que dans l'étuve humide. Les limites extrêmes de tnmpéniture sont : 45» c. pour le bain chaud ; 75o i polir rétuve humide; 140» c. pour rétuv*» «êcUe, r*est le degré thermomelriqtie extrême qui a été si:ppoHé pendant dowîî nilnuies daus uiieétuve seclie par* la jeune fille dont parle Tillet, Ku prescri vant des bfiins de rapeuri il faut donc graduer très-différemment la tempo rrifure, ^elon qu'il sVigit dVtuves sèches on dVHuves humides. Dans les pre* mières, on tolère une chaleur beaucoup plus élevée : la peau ne s'humect» que par laFueur, qui est presque aussitôt vaporisée par Tair seo et chaud {; de là un éréihïsme plus ou moins énergique des extrémités nerveuses et vas culiures de la peau. Dans les étuves humides, nu coritruîre, une température de 37*,5 centigrades, de 50 degrés centigrades» produit Teflet d'un bain d'eau de 31 degrés centi(jrHdes, de 37*%5 ceniigrades ; îa vapeur d'eau s'j condense  la surface de la peau, et dis{H>se celte nieruhratie à rexhulation; mais, h cause de la prompte saturation de Taij*, la sueur ne 8*évapore poînl etlai^^se le calurique s'accumuler dans le coips. Aussi, dès que IVtuve httmMo marque* dp 50 n L*2 degK^s centi^t*ad4S, roppres^ion» ratjxiété, les palpitiitH»u»^ obligent 11 casser ce bain, tandis qu'on peut atteindre (10 degrés eentigradet diins rétuve scchc siins éprouver de sensations trop îH'nibIcs. La respinr^ lion d'un air frais pendant le bain d'étuves iullue beaucoup sur la TréqueDce de la cii^milation, Dana une étuve contplète chi)U0*ée gniduellemeni jujQqu'a 60 n 05 degi*és cenfigrades, un séjour de trente à quarante minutes piTte le pc^ub ô l'iO ou I4f) pulsulit us, Ljin<lis que le tête irstiUit au fmis, on jieut supporter plusieuri heures le bain d'étuve sans aucune mena<H' de eongm lion et avec un pouls de Ht' 4 ÎM) par minuta*. Le [wiumon est moins iropros sionnç par le cabvrique que bi peiu ; avant que les cxpérieucei? de Mi^^endia PiivÈR] DES BAINS EN PARTICULIER. Quant à la succession des phénomènes, chaque expérimentateur les rap porte dans la mesure do sa sensibilité. Londe entre dans la chambrette de Monroy avec 70 pulsations (janvier); à 37°, 5, sensation de bain tiède; à 50 dcgivs, pouls à 100, sueur au front; à 53'',7, pouls à 120, respiration accé lérée, |>alpitations, toucher incerUân ; à 5t) degrés centigrades, terme obligé de rexpêrience, qui a duré trois quarts d'heure, au sortir de l'appareil, station difficile, battement des carotides, sifflement des oreilles ; la sueur continue de couler; une heure après, le pouls donne encore 95. La position horizontiile ralentit la marche des phénomènes et permet de supporter une plus haute tom[>érature. Dans cette attitude, le pouls de Londe ne donnait que 92 pour 56 degrés centigrades, 98 pour 67", 5 centigrades, 112 pour 75 dt^grés centigra des, et à ce degré de chaleur extrême, après trente-cinq minutes d'immersion, Londe commençait seulement à sentir des battements de cœur. C. James a décrit (1) la progression de phénomènes qu'il a éprouvés en visi tant les étuves de Néron, dont le parcours est de 100 mètres environ : à 50 degrés centigrades, il ne pouvait plus compter son pouls, et il eut besoin de rassembler toute son énergie pour sortir de cette épouvantable fournaise. Le contact de l'air frais lui fit éprouver un saisissement voisin de la syncope : il avait le front violacé, les cheveux collés par la vapeur, la tête vertigineuse, le jMHils à 150; une épistaxis vint à propos résoudre cet état de congestion céré brale. Dans la soirée, le pouls marquait encore 100; il éprouvait de l'agita tion, de rétonnement, des tintements d'oreille, une sorte de fourmillement dans tous les membres. Le lendemain, fatigue encore et injection des yeux par du sang extra vase dans la conjonctive. Fordyce, Dobson, Blagden, Delaroche, ont observé attentivement les effets de l'étuve sèche sur le pouls; voici les chiffres qu'ils ont notés : 35 m. de séjour dans une étuve à 48o,88 ont porté le pouls à 145 pulsations. 19 — 940,44 — 120 — 20 — 980,88 — 164 — 10 — 106o,66 145 — 8 — 115o,5>àl26o,65 144 4 m. 6 s. 7io,50 à 101o,25 — 100 à 160 — Les bains d'étuves appartiennent plus à la thérapeutique qu'à l'hygiène; néanmoins les étuves humides sont d'un usage journalier dans des climats (l) Constantin James, Gazette méd.^ t. XÎT, p. 888, ot Voyages scient if, h Xaptes, 1844, T^^^^^^^ DES MODIFICATEriiS. .— tXCRETA. |Hrctii opposés por leur Uiiipérûtiire, mais êgalwinent secs : en Russie, en Finlande, en Turquie, en Ég>*pto et ilans Tlnde» elles y semblent nécessaires pour entreteuir la souplesse et lu perméiibilttê du denue. ApKs rétuve^ où Vofk est Hagellé, frictionné, mi!.ssê« lofions à l'eau tiède, puis à Teau froide, et, dans le Nord, bain d>au gUicee. Cet usage «Iterné des bainsî, bien connu dct Roïuain«, qui passitieiit de Tétuve au frigidanum et dans le bassin de natation {piscttia nata(is), commence à s'étendre chez nous. Il existe à Paris plusieurs etjiblissenients à Tinstar des bains orientaux ou rusi^es, où la gent souffre» teuso des rhiiniatisînes, des né via Iniques, des ;mcitfii8 bles.^és, etc., va eber cher quelque arlor.cissement ou monie une sorte de volupté dans le rontiM>to des températures et dans les manœuvres d'une gjmnastique passive. Dans le8 j)aTs froids et humides, où lu transpiration rutfinér est réduite h sna minimum, les étuves sèehcs sont un excellent mo^en pour exciter f»ériodique ment cette importante fonction et raninter la eiieulation eupîlbire de la pcaii| elles serviront au.ssi de correctif à rexubérance des fluides blancs, qui e«t cachet des con.stiiutions dans ces localité?. En général, IVmploi des étuves sèches est indiqué dans toutes lejs situation! ou réronomie tend à la pléthore lynipbati*jue, à la bouflissure séiecse. Poui" les personnes qui subissent les inconvénimts de la vie sédcntaiiv, t lies sont t*n quelque so île le succV*dûné de rexercice musculaire, suriout si elles y joigneu des pratiques accessoires des bains. Dans les pays marécî^geux, les étuvci seclics ont Tavantage de provoquer Torganigme a une série de mouvcmcnti excentriques, sorte de dépuration nécessaire au milieu d'une atmcsphor chargée de principes toxiques. Enfin il est des individus qu'une répugnancoi invincible éloigne des bains dVau^ * u qui n'en peuvent endurer sans angol'fsft la pression à IVpigastre; à ceux-là, du moins, les bains de vapeurs humidv dont »*accomnKkde leur seehc et frémissank^ irritabilité. Kn dehors de ces indications spécialts, il faut prélVj'er Tétuvc t^celicii Tétuva humide; celle-ci représente une atmcsphere baturée de vapeurs uVau vu leâ liquides exhalés par les surfaces vivantes ne peuvent se vapiniser, où le pou<< mon est mis en contact avec un air chaud et humide, où ic pouls et la re>pi* ration s'accélèrent» où la température du cori*8 s elcve notablenient ; ieïu^a sêrhc n'a pas ces inconvénients. Les Orientaux abusent de Tune et de THUti**!} leurs femmes y passent une partie de la journée, moins par une prédileciioi réelle de ce ^enre de b^iï* que par désceuv rement et puur echitpper a U capti vité monotonie des harems* CVst avec nnson que les médecins éclaims d (*on8tnntînople attribuent en partie à Tusaj^e excessif des bains de vapeue Tanémie presque générale et la pivcoce décadence des femmes turques. Haim à thijdrufi*re, L'icée de l'en^plol des liquides pulvérisés, due Sales*Girone, a été mise en pratique par Mathieu (de la Drônie) pour i'admi niKtiafion ik» bains. Le bain t Tii^ilrofere cM surtout applicable aux enuj iiuiicamcnteuics, qi:i peuvent, par U* moyen de la pulvérisation, étit* et nst Wivfci] DES HAINS EN PARTICULIER. 77 dérableraent économisées : 3 à 4 litres de liquide, réduits en poussière, reni plaçjint les 2 à 3 hectolitres qui entrent dans la composition d*un bain ordi naire. Ce procédé entretient à la surface de la peau une couche très-mince et incessamment renouvelée de liquide qui joue le même rôle que la portion du bain en contact immédiat avec le corps, la seule qui exerce une action sur la peau; et qui fournisse s'il j a lieu, à l'absorption. < Le liquide, enfermé dans une boîte de cuivre, est très-finement divisé par un courant d'air fourni par une soufflerie fonctionnant sous une pression de 5 à 6 centimètres de mercure. Le baigneur étant assis dans une boîte de bois analogue à celle dont on se sert pour les fumigations, le jet de gaz et de liquide divisé s'échappe par un orifice d'écoulement situé au niveau des genoux, s'élève obliquement en s'étalant, et se résout en une poussière d'une excessive ténuité, qui arrose incessamment de haut en bas le corps du malade. Ajoutons que la tête peut, a volonté, être tenue en dehors de la boîte ou rester exposée à l'action de la pluie, dont il est facile de régler la température suivant les indications (1). » Les résultats physiologiques obtenus dans les bains à l'hydrofère ne différe raient en rien, selon Hardy, de ceux des bains ordinaires. Réveil pense, au contraire, que l'absorption cutanée est favorisée par la pulvérisation de l'eau. Des essais thérapeutiques fait por Hardy, à l'hôpital Saint-Louis, semblent promettre quelques résultats heureux dans les maladies de la peau. 4* Accessoires des bains. — On désigne ainsi quelques pratiques usitées après le bain chez certains peuples, et dont les principales sont les affusions, les onctions, les frictions, la flagellation, le massage et l'épilation. Les affu sions d'eau froide que l'on administre au Eusse, au Finlandais préalablement flagellé et frictionné, calment l'excitation de la peau et exercent cette mem brane à l'impression successive de températures extrêmes; bornées à la tête pendant la durée du bain, elles s'opposent aux hypérémies cérébrales. Les onctions rendent, au sortir du bain, la peau moins sensible à l'impression de l'air, et, d'après Celse, préservent les anciens blest^és des douleurs que leur causent les vicissitudes atmosphériques; nous ne voyons pas qu'elles puissent donner de la souplesse aux muscles, comme le prétendent certains hygié nistes. Propres seulement à entraver l'absorption cutanée, elles ne diminuent pas l'exhalation de la sueur, suivant Berger et Delaroche. Cet effet est-il d'ailleurs désirable alors que l'immersion dans l'eau chaude a surchargé le corps d'un excès de calorique? L'utilité des frictions est plus évidente : elles contribuent au nettoiement de la peau, excitent ses papilles nerveuses et ses capillaires sanguins, augmentent l'exhalation et l'absorption dont elle est le siège; elles sont toujours toniques et stimulantes; elles favorisent la réaction après le bain froid; fortes et prolongées, elles appellent sur le tégument externe (1) Gavarret, Rapport sur le.^ appareils pnlv^risateurs dis eaux minérales et médica menteuses {Bulletin de V Académie de médecine, 1860, p. 589. 78 DES MODIFICATEURS. EXCRETA. [BYCitoi un excédant de fluide et de vitalité, phénomènes dont d'autres organes font les frais : ce qui fait des frictions un niojen de révulsion douce et de déplétioa interne sans perte de matière. La flagellation, pratiquée en Russie avec dei verges de bouleau assouplies dans l'eau, succèd(» au bain dVtuve humide et précède les afl'uh^ions; elle a quelque analogie avec la strigilalion que les fricB'^ torcH romains exerçaient autrefois en raclant la peau avec le strigile, sojtede cuiller de bois, de corne ou de métal. Le nias.sage est une des pratiques favo rites des bains orientaux : des serviteurs dressés à cet effet étendent le bai* gneur sur une [danche, l'arrosent d'eau chaude, le pressent, le [>étrissent, lui tiraillent la peau, les muscles, font crépiter les articulations de ses doigts et de ses membres, le retournent sur le ventre, s'agenouillent sur si s reins, funtdei percussions sur les parties les plus charnues, etc. Il est évident que cette raa* nipulation variée, comme les frictions à un moindre degré, doit appeler le sang dans les tissus excentriques, en favoriser la circulation, activer les fonc tions du derme, reveillei' la contractilité musculaire, assouplir les parties aili culaires, etc.; aussi est-elle un véritable bienfait pour les indolents Indiens et pourtous les Orientaux qu'amollissent leur climat et leurs mœurs, comme elle peut devenir une ressource d'équilibre phvsiologique pour les gens sédent;iires de touspavs. L'é pilât ion, en usage autrefoiset de nosjours encore chez beaucoup de peuples, n'est qu'un artifice de coquetterie, sans aucun rapport avec l'hy giène; nous renvoyons aux reinettes épilatoires de Galien,et n'insistons pas sur le danger qu'entraîne l'emploi des pâtes arsenicales {nisma des Égyptiens, wo?. ret des Arabes) auxquelles on necri.int pas de recourir pour un si frivole objet. 5" Ablutions et bains partiels, — Les demi-bair>s (jusqu'à l'umbilic), les bains de siège, les manuluves et pédiluves sont plus usit's en thérapeutique qu'en hygiène. Les pédiluves quotidiens devraient entrer dans les usages de l'hygiène fîimilière; j)ris froids matin et soir pondant une à deux minutes, ils préviennent les engelures, s'ils sont suivis de frictions faites avec un linge rude. Les bains de siège froids sont recomniandés par les médecins hydro pathes dans les cas de tendance congestionnelle vers la téie, de douleurs ner veuses si fréquentes chez les femmes délicates; ils sont eflica<*es pour provo quer ou rappeler la menstruation cliez les jetmes filhs, auxquelles? on les prescrit de température progn s<ivén;ent j)lus b^sse; à l'époque de la puberté, elles doivent les prendre fioids. Quand l'écoulen^ent d( s n;enstrnes est labo rieux, imparfait, des ablutions froides sur les parties génitales le facilitent, le rétablissent. Les lotions ou ablutions sont une nécessité hygic nique de» tout âge, de toute constitution; elles exigent seulement quelques ménagements. Nous avons dit que le nouveau-né doit être lavé ave^ l'eau tiè<îe. Malgré le conseil de Hufeland (1), il nous paraît dangereux de soumettre journelleme^nt les enfants ici> le plus bas iige à des ablutions froides de la tète aux pieds, (1) HufelaTul, ÈducaHon phy^i'iuc des enfants, travail publié à la suite de: la Ma<:rO' Oiottfjt'Cy ou rait de piolovgt'r h' rie tk Phniime, Parit-, 1838, p. 445. Us^tM] DES BAINS. 79 d*ab rd parce que beaucoup de ces petits êtres ne sont pas ass«z forts pour rtaçir. ensuite parce que ces lotions exigent des srins dont on ne peut espérer [ TéXtcte et journalière o>.s<^rvancc. Ainsi elles doivent être faites três-rapide K-viit, «t le corp^ de l'enfant soustrait lestement au contact de Tair f)our éviter Tr-S^.r ç^lacial de l'évaponition fîe Teau à sa sur-face; il faut enr'ore que IVnfint I K-r Vvé depuis quelque temps pour que la moiteur du lit ait pu se di.>siper. ! Ju^i'k l'âge de ^inq ans, on doit s'abstenir en hiver de laver les enfants ;.vec ée T-an sortant de la pompe; mais à partir de cotte û^e, on j eut rr noncrr à €tÊ précaution^. Le« ablutions de tous les jours sont indisponsalles au nîain lîcfi de la santé; les négliger, c'est compromettre, entraver les foncti' ns si Hcportant^» de la peau, c'est s'exposer aux maladies qu'entraîne tôt ou tard U ^paratk>n imparfaite du sang, à celles qui résultent de sa viciation p;ir les ttax eivs qui se déposent incessamment à la surface du corjis et que rabsor[ tion iaif passer dans les voies circulatoires. L'aspect sordide âes classes le^ pkf Boml/refjses et les plus misérables, leur malpropreté entretf-nue par l'in fcfijaDce du linge, des vêtements et par l'en^^'ombrement de leurs habitations, iuni ccin prendre que les premiers ii.stituteurs des nations aiei.t fait de la pra ^ae des ablutions un précepte de la rrligion. Le christianisme, en exaltant la Kiritiialité, a per»'u de vue c<*8 grands besoins de l'exisirnce matérielle : plût j tsnel que rhvgiène eût encore la foi pour auxili;.ire dans ses efforts d'an.é iîonriort pbvsique des masses ! Les lotirais doivent être dirigées sut tout veis 1« prties où les sécrétions cutanées abondent, tête, pieds, péj in» e, parties T^taW, anujTy etc., et éfne répétées dans la mesure des causes qui tenaient à ».iûjler la peau de matières < trangêres. Mais les ablutions ne sont [>a8 st^ule mtbX on mojen de propreté et de purification; pratiquées avec mt thode, elles J*i2vent améliorer la santé habituelle Les sujets à r-onstitulion faible, rliuma tamale, Ijnip'iatique, fatigués par d'excessives faneurs, exposés aux cx>r zas, lax fiip*^rsécrét ODS catarrhah-s des bronches, etc., ne sauraient re<^-ourir à un 'WTer-tif plus sûr de ces dispositions organiques; ils abaisseront graduell^-njent J ti^mpératare de IVau qu'ils < mploieront, de 15 à 12, à 9, à 8, â o «legiés ^atigrades. L'ne serviette pliée en plusieurs doubles, et trem|>ée dans un ^ia^Or-t d'eau y servira d'abord à frf>tter une seule jambe et le pied , dés que le îiuje e^. frhauffë par les frictions, on essuie le n.en^bre ave< une Sfrv'i( tte =^he. On fait ainsi de l'autre janibe, des cuisses, et de tout^-s les paities du rr/rpp, avt-c la précaution de ne laisser aucune hunâdité sur le coq*. go DES MOiïIFICiTJXHS APPLICATV. [btch^wh CHAPITRE IV. APPLICATA. ARTICLE PKEMIER. DKS VKTKMKNTâ. Le v*/te[iient résimie l'cnseiiible di»ii ?;uhstaiice^ que rtiomme interpose im nîédiutemeiil eiitiv Sit surlhce et le iiioride exlérieui% il est commu l'habitation, conmie le l'égime ail ni entai te, Tua tie 8cs moyens d^èquiliSmUoti avec los iu* fluciiccs qui Tinveâtissent du t'eliors : t-Viit assez dire que le vutenïent eît dans la natun*. Les oiicill «tioiis de la ealoricité suivant iVige, la constitution, letat de sunte onde tnuladit^, c*t surtout ïiuivaut les saisons et les climats, suffi sent pour mettre en évitlence lu nécessité idiysiologique du vêtement. Là où la teni|)érature ambiante égale ou s^rpus^e colle d u <'ori>s humai n,il prt>têge la peau centre riusolarion, contre les effluve^ en suspension dans lair, contre les varia tion^diurnes ou le*? perturlïutinus tumuelle^de ratnioaplière^oontre la morsure di'8 i n^ecte-; patrloul il wntribue à Tentj'etien de sa priipreté, à Tinti-grité et à la délicatesse de ses fonetions Uieliles, en même temps qu*il slmprègne du pro* duiî. de ses excrétions. La nature a jniurvu les animaux d^enveloppe.s conser vatrices de la chaleur» et dans de justes rapp rts avec iescliajats qu^ils habi tent, et même avec la diversité des saisons; en outre» Tijistinot les pousse à quelques précautions. A r«pproehe do Thiver, un duvet fin couvre les inter valles des plumes chez. Ii's oiseaux, et quand le fniid se fait sentir, ils êcarteni leurs plumes, et se mettent en boule pour v emprii^nner le plus d'air que possible parce que Tair lai-s«> difficilement ptisser la chaleur. Chez les mammi fères, la fourrure s epîU8!<iten hiver et uji io tin et sern' vient en garnir les in ti'rstiees.On voit les moutons se seiTer les uns enntiv les autres, le chien se ta pira Tabri du vont; la scnKation du froid iiiguillonne leurs organes locomoteurs et les porte â uu exercice viidentqui,en accélérant la eiieuLuion et la i*eepiru tiuu, double la production de hir^haleur. L'orgunisatioude l'homme n'est p<iint coordonnée dans une mesure aussi exacte aux inOuenees du delioi'S : aussi les conditïiUiS de son établissement dans le monde eonl moins étroites. 11 est ma liifeirte qu*uuc pjift a elé luisstsî à ma itnelh^a»hee et à son arbitre jusque dans los aetcss conaervaïeurs <le i organisme, lesquels s *ace4>ui plissent *dïez les autro« animaux sous la dépendance absolue de l'instinct. § i. — Matières dn vêlement. Les tiges de presque tous les végétaux et les poils de la plupart des espèces animales se prêtent à leur transformation en filaments textiles. Toutefois l'in dustrie des tissus a fait des choix restreints panni les matières de ces deux origines; elle n'utilise en Europe, parmi les premières, que le cocon, le lin, le chanvre, le caoutchouc, une proportion bien moindre de Phormium tenax ; parmi les secondes, les diverses espèces de laines, quelques poils et duvets de poils, les diverses variétés de soies que fournit l'insecte du mûrier. Si l'on ajoute à ces produits naturels un petit nombre de plantes des Indes et de la Chine, on aura, dit Alcan(l), la liste à peu près complète de toutes les matières premiè res qui entrent dans la fabrication des étoffes en usage dans l'univers entier. L — Substances végétales. 1*> Chanvre. — Avec les fibres de sa tige on prépare la filasse qui sert à la fabrication des toiles et des cordages. La fibre ligneuse du chanvre, moins douce et moins blanche que celle du lin, résiste mieux et dure davantage. Le chanvre mâle perd par sa dessiccation à l'air 40 à GO pour 100 de son poids; une fois séchés, le chanvre mâle contient en moyenne 20 pour 100 de chanvre teille, et le chanvre femelle IG à 22. Le chanvre teille séché à l'air ne renferme que 60 à 65 pour 100 de filaments textiles, le reste étant formé de matières étrangères solubles dans les lessives alcalines ; de sorte que 100 parties de chanvre vert ne fournissent, en définitive, que 5 à 8 pt)ur 100 de filaments textiles. Ceux-ci sont plus lourds, plus grossiers, plus résistants que ceux du lin, et avant d'être blanchis, ils s'en distinguent par leur coloration jaunâtre. 2*» Lin {Linum usUatissimnm, L.). L'antique usage de cette matière est attesté par les bandelettes des momies égyptiennes, et par la description ([] Michel Alcan, Essai sur Vindustrie des -.natières textiles. Parie, 1847, avec atlas. 1. lÊvr. Hygién;% 6' boit. '*• "" ^ m DES MODIFICATEURS. EXHIIETA. [htgUh» biblique des habits pontificaux. CepenHaut l^intiu^tne inécanitiuo du lin est Ij plu« roœnte pirmi celles qui ont pour base les matières textiles : elle est dui aux travaux do Philippe de Girard, EKe donne naissance à des fils, premier^ tlénienta des t'^riles eomniunes à 1 Ira ne le nietre , et do nos Latisies sani^ rivales à rétratigcr, dont le mètre coùtG 20 franco ai duvantagei elle produit' aussi ces fils si délicats, qui entreut dans la plus riche dentelle, et dont la finesse éUrêe à la main va jus<ju a 4tX) a 5(Ki kijonit très (IGU à 120 lieues) par kilograînme. La culture du lin exige des terres glaises, profondes, fer-* mes, convenaLlemont lalonrées ; elle épuise en deux ans les terres graveleux' set et légères. Le lin brut, délacUé de Ja tige, se présente en filaments forta^ nerveux, souples, doux au toucher» nuancés suivant leur provenance territoJ riale : le Hn blanc est plus estimé que le lin gris, et comprend les verietei blondes; le Un gris est pins fin, mais moins nerveux. Suivant le choix de« brins, on le distingue en fin, moyen et têtard; ce dernier sert à h confectioa des grosses toiles, Depuis la rrrolte jusijuVi sa tratiFformation en fil» le lia subit deux séries d*opérMiuns^ les unes agricoies» les autres manu acturierea. Ces opénitioDS sont les mémos jR>ur le chanvre; nous nous bornerons à li énoncer* lin et fAdtwrr*. Pf/parations agncoles, — RoutsBarre, broyage et îiesoupliseago; tL'lllajrL». Filatut'i, — Peifcrnaiïe, car«lii4<« des <'tf^up^fi : étifA^e* èsins torsioûi étiragfea nvoc tor-, muti, lUag« en griHiàsoc, Hlagi^e iuiérmëdiaire** à Teau froid*?, Illagti enlin à Peau chaude; clé vl Ja^o i4 mise t'O ec lie veaux, enip:*fja*-tjgt' Tisiage* — Iïobuia};e, ounlissage, parajcrej dévidflj^^e des cannette», tiftsage. Thfinture. — Teinture. Appréh* — Calandrage, gommago et preMMage^ Quand les tissus de Hn, dont Tindustrie a perfectionné la beauté, la finesse ou la force de lés-stauce sont usés, on en fait tic la cliarpic, et plus lard du papier; de sorte que cette plante textile donne lieu, par Ja série de ses utiles transformations, à un inouvemeut prod.gieux de capitaux et de bras. 3" Coion. — C*est la bourre ou le duvet qui entoure les semences dt Cos5ï^;?iHmi gcnrede la famille des Mal vacêes, originaire de Tlnde et do TAmé* riquG. Les espèces de cette plante sont aussi vai^iées que leurs produits sont dilBciles à carartciriser, tant ils se montrent diftereuts par leur niultiplicîtX mèmtt datis le commerce. On les ramené aujourd'hui à trois classes : coton niers herbacés, arbuî=tos et arbres, La première, annuelle en Chine, dani rinde et aux États-Unis, atteint une hauteur de Q)( à 05 centimètres; 86É feuillea, d'un vert foncé et veinées de brun, ont cinq lobes; sa fleur, d*uii jaunti pj*le, avec un large pistil et cinq pétale?, est remplacée par une capsulé À limbe profondément dentelé, et reposant sur cinq feuilitii vertes triangu laires; le fruit, terminé en pointe et k iv >is conumrtiments, a lo volume d'un© grosse noix aveline : quand la graine a mûri, il 8*entr*ouvre,ct des tï-ois com* partimûnts renfermant les graiiuis s*^bapp«nt trois houppe» ou fiocons d* FiîTÉi] DES VÊTEMENTS. 83 duvet d'un blanc de neige ou jaunâtre. Le cotonnier arbuste et le cotonnier arbre ne différent du précédent que par quelques particularités de la fleur et du fruit, et le dernier pnr la hauteur de sa tige. Le cotonnier parasol, autre variété, offre un coton sojeux et d'une blancheur éblouissante, mais d'une fibre si courte et si cassante, qu'on n'a pu l'employer dans la filature. La lon gueur, la finesse, l'élasticité, la force et la douceur des filaments de coton déterminent leur valeur commerciale, qui varie dans la proportion de 1 à 7; sous ce double rapport, comme pour sa force, sa propreté et sa blancheur ar gentée, le Sea 'Islande ou Géorgie long, occupe le premier rang. Vues au microscope, les fibrilles de coton ressemblent à un ruban tordu sur lui-même; ce ruban est plus ou moinsdiaphane à sec, parfaitement transparent dans l'eau, et présente à ses bords deux bourrelets ou lisières : dans le plus fin Sea-Island ou Géorgie long, ce ruban n'a pas plus de 1/110* de millimètre en largeur. Heilmann a vérifié que la force nécessaire pour rompre une fibre de colon varie de 2/12 à 4/13 de gramme, suivant les espèces. Le commerce s'est attaché à un seul caractère pour classer les cotons, la longueur des filaments, et il est d'observation que ce caractère essentiel est généralement en rapport avec les autres qualités, c'est-à-dire que les cotons les plus longs sont aussi les plus fins, les plus soyeux, les plus élastiques : de là la division commerciale et pra tique en cotons à longues soies et en cotons à. courtes soies. Les uns ont une longueur qui varie de 0^,20 àO™,39, les autres de 0",14 à 0™,25; mais quand la seconde classe offre des filaments de cette dernière longueur égale à celle de la première classe, ils sont inférieurs sous d'autres rapports. Les États-Unis produisent seuls autant de coton que le reste de l'univers ; viennent ensuite, sur l'échelle de production, les Indes, le Levant, l'Egypte, l'Algérie. Le coton subit successivement les préparations que nous nous bornons à mentionner : Filature. — Battages, cardages; étiragcB sans torsion, étirapfes avec torsion; filage en gros, tila<^e en tin; retordage, passage à la vapeur, dévidage et mise en écheveaux; empaquetage. Tissage. — Robinage, ourdissage, parage, formation des cannettes, tissage, Teinture. — Teinture. Apprêts. — Gommage, pressage, lustrage. Les trois substances dont il vient d'être question, chanvre, lin et coton, servent à la confection du linge, qui joue un rôle si important dans l'hygiène moderne, dans les usages domestiques, dans le bien-être des différentes classes de la société,, dans les vicissitudes du commsrce et de l'industrie. 4'*Le Phormium tenax^ ou lin de la Nouvelle-Zélande (Liliacées), observé pour la première fois par Forster, compagnon de Cook, et qu'on n'a pu encore acclimater parfaitement en France. Les insulaires en tirent une filasse fort belle, fort longue, et qui, peignée et exposée à la rosée, prend une blancheur soyeuse. Elle ressemble pour la couleur à notre plus beau chanvre, et lui est supérieure en force. Un brin de phormium supporte 23 4 5, le chanvre 16 1/3, et le lin ordinaire 11 3,4. Les miturels du pays en font des cordes, des vête RI DES MODIFICATEURS, — APPLICATA* [amtm ments, des ceintures, des pagties, <îes nattes, etc. En Fraude on ne Ta em ployé jusqu'à présent qu'à faire des cordages de luxe et des toiles à voile; son lui l'eproche de s'altérer par les lessivages, 5'^ Le jute, ou chanvre de l'Inde, acquiert une importance de plus en plus marquée dans Tintlustrie eupopéeune, et fait eoncuri*ence au chanvre et au lin pour la fabrication de:< fils communs, 6*^ Lr ma ciVabaca sont deux substances fextiles exotiques d'une certaine importance* Le premier rcniplace» pour les Chinois, le chanvre et le lin; il n*eât autre que Writca nivea qni 8*éleve à la hauteur des arbustes. C'est avec les filaments de cette plante que les Chinois fabriquent le tissu blanc écru de leur vêtement d*é te, inipmijremcnt appclc dvttp d'herbr par les Anglais (V/nwfJî vhlh), et désigné en chiniois sou^ le nom de k a-pon. D'autres plantes de nut servent aussi à procurer cette étolfc, le Cftrtmtbis mltva^ le Sida tiliœfoliaf ValoéJi pile* Le ma est cultivé comme le mûrier, par semis, puis transplanté, arroaé et coupé. Les tiges étant plongées dans l'eau ^ on en sépare les filaments à la main» puis on les réunit en pelotons pour les laver et les blanchir; ils subissent ensuite les ménias procédés de tissage que le coton et la soie. Vabacn (Mitm iextith) fournit des tissus assez grossiers aux îles Pliilippines : on les fabrique avec les filaments de récorce d'une espèce de ban n nier sauvage. 7" Le camttvhuuv, importé d'Amérique au commencement du xvdi* siècle. |
bpt6k5471836k_6 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | Si l'on se réfère au texte primitif décrété en 1808, le troisième paragraphe de cet article était ainsi conçu : « Et d'un titre du procureur général qui portera le titre de procureur Impérial criminel. » Le changement ci-dessus a été introduit dans l'édition officielle publiée en conformité de l'arrêté du 9 septembre 1816. Il faut ajouter que l'édition officielle du 9 septembre 1816 n'a fait ce changement qu'en vertu de la loi du 18 décembre 1815, qui supprime le poste de procureur criminel. Un conseiller-auditeur peut être délégué pour préider une cour d'assises (Cas, si février 1818, S. 181, 184). Remarquons que la loi du 10 décembre 1831 supprime les conseillers auditeurs. Lorsque des juges moins anciens ont été appelés en remplacement de ceux qui précèdent sur le tableau, il y a présomption légale que ceux-ci ont été légitimement empêchés. Au surplus, la violation de l'article 53 n'emporte pas nullité (Cass. 17 mars 1818 t. 9, 1, 831). Un arrêt remarquable de la Cour de cassation a interprété la loi du 4 mars 1831 : elle a jugé que les cours d'assises, quoique composées de trois juges seulement, peuvent, aux termes des articles 181 et 505 Code inst. crim., prononcer des peines contre les délitès commis à leur audience, à la simple majorité, bien qu'à l'époque où les articles 181 et 505 ont été publiés, les cours fussent composées de cinq juges et offraient tous ce rapport plus de garanties. En serait-il de même des crimes commis à l'audience ? La cour de cassation n'a pas encore traité de ce point, et elle dit elle-même dans ce qu'elle conduit de l'arrêt, qu'il est inutile de rechercher quelle peut être, pour le jugement des crimes commis à l'audience, l'influence de la loi du 4 mars, puisqu'il ne s'agit dans la cause que des délits correctionnels pour la répression desquels la simple majorité des juges suffit (Cass. 17 février 1831 S. 3, 1, 81). Ancien article 54, abrogé par la loi du 4 mars 1831 : La cour royale pourra cependant déléguer un ou plusieurs de ses membres pour compter le nombre de quatre juges de la cour d'assises. Les membres de la Cour royale qui auront voté sur la mise en accusation, ne pourront, dans la même affaire, ni présider les assises, ni assister le président, à peine de nullité. De même à l'égard du juge d'instruction. Les assises se tiendront ordinairement dans le chef-lieu de chaque département. La Cour royale pourra néanmoins désigner un tribunal autre que celui du chef-lieu. La tenue des assises aura lieu tous les trois mois. Elles pourront se tenir plus souvent, si le besoin l'exige. Le jour où les assises doivent s'ouvrir sera fixé par le président de la cour d'assises. Les assises ne seront closes qu'après que toutes les affaires criminelles qui étaient en état lors de leur ouverture, y auront été portées. Les accusés qui ne seront arrivés dans la maison de justice qu'après l'ouverture des assises, ne pourront y être jugés que lorsque le procureur général l'aura requis, lorsque les accusés y auront consenti, et lorsqu'il le président aura ordonné. En ce cas, le procureur général et les accusés seront considérés comme ayant renoncé à la faculté de se pourvoir en nullité contre l'arrêt portant renvoi à la Cour d'assises. 261. Les arrêts de la Cour d'assises ne pourront être attaqués que par la voie de cassation et dans les formes déterminées par la loi. Si, depuis la notification faite aux jurés en exécution de l'article 385 du présent Code, le président de la Cour d'assises se trouve dans l'impossibilité de remplir ses fonctions, il sera remplacé par le plus ancien des autres juges déjà nommés ou délégués pour l'assister; et, s'il n'a pour assesseur aucun juge de la Cour royale, par le président du tribunal de première instance. Les juges de la Cour royale seront, en cas d'absence ou de tout autre empêchement, remplacés par d'autres juges de la même Cour, et, à leur défaut, par des juges de première instance; ceux de première instance le seront par les suppléants. Les juges-auditeurs qui seront présents et auront l'âge requis concourront pour le remplacement avec les juges de première instance, suivant l'ordre de leur réception. Le procureur général pourra, même étant présent, déléguer ses fonctions à l'un de ses substituts. Cette disposition est commune à la cour royale et à la cour d'assises. 260. Le président est chargé: 1° d'entendre l'accusé lors de son arrivée dans la maison de justice; 2° de convoquer les jurés, et de les tirer au sort. Il pourra déléguer ces fonctions à l'un des juges. Il sera de plus chargé personnellement de diriger les jurés dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, de leur exposer l'affaire sur laquelle ils auront à délibérer, même de leur rappeler leur devoir, de présider à toute l'instruction et de déterminer l'ordre entre ceux qui demanderont à parler. Il aura la police de l'audience. Ancien article 55, abrogé par la loi du 4 mars 1831. Si le nombre de ce délégué est au-dessus de celui de juges qui, avec le président, doivent composer la Cour, ce nombre sera complété par les juges du tribunal de première instance, suivant la règle établie à l'article 53. Ancien article 186, abrogé en vertu de la loi du 10 décembre 1830. Dans tous les cas où des juges auditeurs pourront être nommés à la cour d'assises, pour y faire le service de juges, ils seront tous les juges requisse. La loi du 18 décembre 1818, art. 1, porte que les fonctions du ministère public qui étaient attribuées au procureur au criminel, seront exercées par nos procureurs pris les tribunaux de première instance des arrondissements dans lesquels siégeront les cours d'assises, ou par leur substitution. Le juge qui a vu un arrêt de plus ample information, n'est pas empêché de présider la cour d'assises (Cass. 6 Juillet 1816, S. 16, 113). Le Juge qui a procédé par délégation du président à la levée d'un plan du lieu où le crime a été commis, peut être membre de la cour d'assises (Cass. 9 oct. 1819, Bull. trafic, p. 111). Mais le Juge qui a fait une partie de l'instruction ne peut siéger à la cour d'assises (Cass. 4 n° 1096, 8. 1, 1888). Le juge, qui est membre de la chambre du conseil statuée sur la même affaire en prévention, peut néanmoins faire séance de la cour d'assises (Cass. 11 avril 1830, S. 11, 113). Les membres de la chambre d'accusation qui ont prononcé le renvoi en police correctionnelle, peuvent juger l'affaire comme membres de la chambre d'appel de police correctionnelle (Cas., lois 1831 et suivantes). Bien que le père ait voté pour l'accusation, le fils peut assister au palais des assises, après le décès de son père (Cast. 18 avril 1817 et suivants, 77, D. 13, 1807, 4 et suivants). Selon la loi du 10 avril 1810, article 17, et le décret du 8 juillet 1810, article 80 et suivants. Toutefois, un arrêt d'une cour d'assises qui a condamné la partie civile à des dommages-intérêts envers l'accusé, peut être attaqué par la voie de l'opposition. Cette opposition, si elle n'a été formée qu'après la clôture de la session, peut être portée devant les juges de la session suivante (Cas. 19 avril 1818, 13, 101 et suivants). La loi du 10 avril 1810, article 40, et suivants. La distribution des actes pour entrer à l'audience dans une contravention à la loi de la publicité (Cas., 6 février 1819, 1, 108). Le président peut ordonner que l'accusé soit introduit avec des menottes pour entendre la lecture de la déclaration du jury (Cas., 7 octobre 1830, 1, 888). Le président est investi d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire, en vertu duquel il pourra prendre sur lui tout ce qu'il croira utile pour découvrir la vérité ; et la loi charge son honneur et sa conscience d'employer tous ses efforts pour en favoriser la manifestation. Il pourra, dans le cours des débats, appeler, même par mandat d'amener, et entendre toutes personnes, ou se faire apporter toutes nouvelles pièces qui lui paraîtraient, d'après les nouveaux développements donnés à l'audience, soit par les accusés, soit par les témoins, pouvoir répandre un jour utile sur le fait contesté. Les témoins ainsi appelés ne prêteront point serment, et leurs déclarations ne seront considérées que comme renseignements. Le président devra rejeter tout ce qui tendrait à prolonger les débats sans donner lieu d'espérer plus de certitude dans les résultats. Fonction du procureur général près la cour royale, Le procureur général près la cour royale poursuivra, soit par lui-même, soit par son substitut, toute personne mise en accusation suivant les formes prescrites au chapitre Ier du présent titre. Il ne pourra porter à la cour aucune autre accusation, à peine de nullité, et, s'il y a lieu, de prise à partie. Aussitôt que le procureur général ou son substitut aura reçu les pièces, il apportera tous ses soins à ce que les actes préliminaires soient faits et que tout soit en état, pour que les débats puissent commencer à l'époque de l'ouverture des assises. Le procureur général, soit d'office, soit par les ordres du ministre de la justice, charge le procureur du Roi de poursuivre les délits dont il a connaissance. a^5. Il reçoit les dénonciations et les plaintes qui lui sont adressées directement, soit par la cour royale, soit par un fonctionnaire public, soit par un simple citoyen, et il en tient registre. Il les transmet au procureur du Roi. Il fait, au nom de la loi, toutes les réquisitions qu'il juge utiles; la cour est tenue de lui en donner acte et d'en délibérer. Les réquisitions du procureur général doivent être de lui signées; celles faites dans le cours d'un débat seront retenues par le greffier sur son procès-verbal; et elles seront aussi signées par le procureur général: toutes les décisions auxquelles auront donné lieu ces réquisitions, seront signées par le juge qui aura présidé et par le greffier. 278. Lorsque la cour ne déférera pas à la réquisition du procureur général, l'instruction ni le jugement ne seront arrêtés ni suspendus, sauf après l'arrêt, s'il y a (1) Longue débat ont été fermés, le président voulant les rouvrir, et l'accusé s'y opposant, la difficulté doit être résolue par la Cour d'assises elle-même, non par le président seul (Cass. 30 août 1817 ; S. 18, 1, 19). F, art. 599. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire du président ne s'étend pas ce point qu'il puisse renvoyer une affaire à une autre session pour faire entendre un témoin indiqué dans le cours des débats (Cass. 10 janvier 1814 ; S. 14, 1, 1071 D. 11, 1975 P. 70,190). Ni à ce point qu'il puisse seul décider si la déclaration du jury est un non su et qu'il y a lieu de renvoyer les jurés dans leur chambre, pour rendre une nouvelle déclaration (Cass. 17 août 1814 ; S. 14, 1, 133 D. 13, 14, 191 P. 70,378). Le président peut dresser lui-même et produire au débat le plan figuratif des lieux où le crime a été commis (Cass. 16 juin 1818 ; S. 18, 1, 85t). Le président peut faire entendre, mais seulement par forme de réprobation et une prestation de serment, le parent le plus proche de l'accusé, quoique celui-ci oppose formellement à leur audition (Cass. 18 octobre 1811 ; S. 17, 1, 87514. — 20 septembre 1817, 17 nivôse 18 juin 1818 ; S. 18, 1, 109e 381). Pour la femme de l'accusé (Cass. 4 nov. 1801 ; S. 11, 1, 366). Carnot critique cette jurisprudence. Mil. Bourguignon et L'gravère avouent qu'il n'y a aucun moyen pour contraindre le témoin ainsi appelé à répondre (L'gis. tom. 18, p. 14). F. art. 110. Cependant, le pouvoir qu'a le président d'une cour d'assises de statuer seul face à l'opposition de l'accusé lors de l'audition d'un témoin appelé en vertu du pouvoir discretoire, peut être subordonné à une délibération de la cour (Cass. 17 juillet 1810 S. Il, l,8|D. 13,l, to$s P. I}. 141). F, art. 335 et 317. Il peut ordonner que les interrogatoires subséquents par l'un des accusés décédé pendant l'instruction, et les révélations par lui faites avant son décès, soient lues à l'audience (Cass. 14 octobre 1811 S. 13, 1, 501 et suiv. — 4 nov. 1830|S. 31, l,366| et suiv. — 16 Juin 1881 S. 31, 1,889). Il peut ordonner la lecture de la déposition écrite du dernier de l'accusé (Cass. 16 mai 1831 S. 31, 1, 381). Il peut ordonner la lecture de la déclaration écrite d'un témoin, en prenant la précaution d'avertir les juges que leur opinion doit essentiellement se former sur les dépositions orales des témoins (Cass. 14 septembre 1818 S. 17, l,131). Le pharmacien appelé en vertu du pouvoir discrétionnaire du président, pour examiner les causes de la nature de l'acharnement présument de sang distant de l'corpse d'un accusé, et en rendre compte oralement et par voie de renseignements, est dispensé de la prestation de serment (Cass. juin 1818: S. 18, 1, 386). Une cour d'assises ne peut juger un prévenu qui ne lui a pas été spécialement renvoyé par une cour province ultérieure (Cass. 8 octobre 1818 S. 18, 1, 113). Voir l'article 819. Fait noté sur l'art. 3. (4) l'arrêt n'est pas nul, parce que le même officier du ministère public n'a pu assister à toute l'audience. (Cast. 18 novembre 1818 : S. 16, 1, 458 ; D. 14, t. 1, 5681. y. art. 199. (5) y. art. 37, et les art. 45, 46 et 47 de la loi du 10 avril 1810. Cod. S brum. an 4, art, 180, (8) F, art. 63 et suivants. Cod. 3 brum. lu 41 art, loi. (7) F, art. 179 et 40. W t. art, 1ja. 44 CODIFICATION. — IIVRE II, TITRE II, CHAP. III. lieu, le recours en cassation par le procureur général. 279. Tous les officiers de police judiciaire, même les juges d'instruction, sont soumis à la surveillance du procureur général. Tous ceux qui, d'après l'article 9 du présent Code, sont à raison de fonctions, même administratives, appelés par la loi à faire quelques actes de la police judiciaire, sont, sous ce rapport seulement, soumis à la même surveillance. 280. En cas de négligence des officiers de police judiciaire et des juges d'instruction, le procureur général les avertira. Cet avertissement sera consigné par lui sur un registre tenu à cet effet. 281. En cas de récidive, le procureur général les dénoncera à la cour. Sur l'autorisation de la cour, le procureur général les fera citer à la chambre du conseil. La cour leur enjoindra d'être plus exacts à l'avenir, et les condamnera aux frais tant de la citation que de l'expédition et de la signification de l'arrêt. 282. Il y aura récidive, lorsque le fonctionnaire sera repris, pour quelque affaire que ce soit, avant l'expiration d'une année, à compter du jour de l'avertissement consigné sur le registre. a83. Dans tous les cas où les procureurs du Roi et les présidents sont autorisés à remplir les fonctions d'officier de police judiciaire ou de juge d'instruction, ils pourront déléguer au procureur du Roi, au juge d'instruction, et au juge de paix, même d'un arrondissement communal voisin du lieu du délit, les fonctions qui leur sont respectivement attribuées, autres que le pouvoir de délivrer les mandats d'amener, de dépôt et d'arrêt contre les prévenus. 284. Le procureur du Roi au criminel, dont il est parlé en l'article 253, remplacera près la cour d'assises le procureur général dans les départements autres que celui où siège la cour royale, sans préjudice de la faculté que le procureur général aura toujours de s'y rendre lui-même pour y exercer ses fonctions. 285. Ce substitut résidera dans le chef-lieu département. 286. Si les assises se tiennent dans une autre ville que le chef-lieu, il s'y transportera. 287. Le procureur du Roi au criminel remplira aussi les fonctions du ministère public dans l'instruction et dans le jugement des appels de police correctionnelle. 288. En cas d'empêchement momentané, il sera remplacé par le procureur du Roi près le tribunal de première instance du chef-lieu. 289. Il surveillera les officiers de police judiciaire du département. 290. Il rendra compte au procureur général, une fois tous les trois mois, et plus souvent s'il en est requis, de l'état de la justice du département, de la matière criminelle, de la police correctionnelle et de la simple police. CHAP. III. De la procédure devant la cour d'assises. 291. Quand l'accusation aura été prononcée « si l'affaire ne doit pas être jugée dans le lieu ou siège la cour royale, le procès sera, par les ordres du procureur général , envoyé, dans les vingt-quatre heures, au greffe au tribunal de première instance du chef-lieu du département, ou au greffe du tribunal qui pourrait: avoir été désigné. Dans .tous les cas, les pièces servant à conviction qui seront restées déposées au greffe du tribunal d'instruction, ou qui auraient été apportées à celui de la cour royale, seront réunies dans lé même délai au greffe où doivent être remises les pièces du procès. , 29a. Les vingt-quatre heures courront du moment de la signification, faite à l'accusé, de l'arrêt de renvoi devant la cour d'assises. L'accusé, s'il est détenu, sera, dans lo même délai, envoyé dans la maison do justice du lieu où'doivent se tenir les assises. 2o3. Vingt-quatre heures au plus tard après la remise des pièces au greffe et l'arrivée de l'accusé dans la maison de justice, celui-ci sera interrogé par to président de la cour d'assises, ou par le juge qu'il aura délégué (6). 294. L'accusé sera interpellé de décla(t) décla(t) loi du 10 avril 1810, art. «0. Cod. 3 brum. an 4 ■ art. netiSS. ...,..', . . '„ (») Let intimes de discipline priieicn vertu de fartlele 180, tt même let arrêt* rendut aux termet de l'art. 181, ne lonl pat lujelt aii recourt tn filiation (Cau. 11 fév. 1S1S 1 S. 16,1, i)). F, arl. 488, Cod. Instr. (3) F, art. 81, 4« .33o tl 384. (a) Plusieurs dispositions de ce paragraphe ont pour objet de remplir la loi du 18 décembre 1818, qui supprime le poste de procureur au criminel. (b) La loi du 13 décembre 1818 a supprimé le poste de prévoyeur criminel. (c) L'article 3 de la loi du 18 décembre 1815 porte que la fonction de surveillant n'a été attribuée, ans le procureur au criminel par le Code d'instruction criminelle et le remaniement opéré, sont traités directement par le procureur général. (d) Le défaut de preuve que le juge qui a procédé à l'interrogatoire de l'accusé, ait reçu du président de la cour d'assises délégation à cet effet, ne donne pas ouverture à une exception (Com. 26 juin 1811, Bull. crim.). CODE NIST. CRIM. — MÉTOD. II, TITE II, CHAP. III. 45 per le choix qu'il aura fait d'un conseil pour l'aider dans sa défense ; sinon le juge va en désigner un sur-le-champ, à peine de nullité de tout ce qui suivra. Cette désignation sera comme non avenue, et la nullité ne sera pas prononcée, si l'accusé choisit un conseil. 295. Le conseil de l'accusé ne pourra être choisi par lui ou désigné par le juge que parmi les avocats ou avoués de la cour royale ou de son ressort, à moins que l'accusé n'obtienne du président de la cour d'assises la permission de prendre pour conseil un de ses parents ou amis. 296. Le juge avertira de plus l'accusé que, dans le cas où il croirait fondé à former une demande en nullité, il doit faire sa déclaration dans les cinq jours suivants, et qu'après l'expiration de ce délai il n'y sera plus recevable. L'exécution du présent article et des deux précédents sera constatée par un procès-verbal, que signeront l'accusé, le juge et le greffier; si l'accusé ne sait ou ne veut pas signer, le procès-verbal en fera mention. 297. Si l'accusé n'a point été averti, conformément au précédent article, la nullité ne sera pas couverte par son silence: ses droits seront conservés, sauf à les faire valoir après l'arrêt définitif. 298. Le procureur général est tenu de faire sa déclaration dans le même délai, à compter de l'interrogatoire, et sous la même peine de déchéance portée en l'article 296. 299. La déclaration de l'accusé et celle du procureur général doivent énoncer l'objet de la demande en nullité. Cette demande ne peut être formée que contre l'arrêt de renvoi à la cour d'assises, et dans les trois cas suivants : 1° Si le fait n'est pas qualifié crime par la loi; 2° Si le ministère public n'a pas été entendu; 3° Si l'arrêt n'a pas été rendu par le nombre de juges fixé par la loi. art. 166, Code incomble; décret du 10 Juillet 1810. fin de la nullité dans le cas où l'accusé a refusé le défenseur nommé d'office, et où le défenseur lui-même a refusé de défendre (Cass. 3 octobre 1811 S. 11,1,3941 D. to.i, 4i41 P. 64,311). La nécessité d'un Conseil a lieu même que l'accusé soit devant une cour de renvoi, seulement pour l'application de la peine, et encore que l'accusé ait eu un interprète (Cass. 11 mai 1813 : S. 13, 1, 342). L'avocat de l'accusé appelé à déposer comme témoin doit, à peine de nullité, être remplacé par un autre défenseur, pendant tout le temps que dure sa déposition (Cass. 4 janvier 1851 ; S. 31, 1, 153; D. 19, 1, 136 1 P. Co. 448). Il n'est pas nécessaire que le procès-verbal mentionne le fait que le président a demandé à l'accusé s'il avait eu choix d'un conseil, lorsque, dans le fait, il a été assisté (Cass. 11 février 1818 Bull. crim. p. 123). Un seul défenseur suffit pour deux accusés du même crime, parce que leurs défenses sont communes (Cass. 11 mai 1818 Bull. crim. p. 154). L'absence du conseil de l'accusé pendant une partie des débats n'opère nullité qu'en tant que cette absence serait causée par le ministère public ou par la cour (Cass. 18 Juin 1808. 30, 1, 378). L'absence du défenseur au moment des débats de l'audition du premier témoin, jusqu'à une cause de nullité, lorsque déjà l'accusé a été réellement pourvu d'un défenseur (Cass. 16 nov. 1818. 30, 1, 48). Lorsqu'un accusé pourvu d'office d'un défenseur, lors de l'interrogatoire, est assisté dans les débats par un autre défenseur, dans le silence du procès-verbal des débats, la substitution doit être présumée effet du choix de l'accusé (Cass. 4 décembre 1818 S. 30, 1, 1M6). Devant tel conseil appelé à prononcer sur des offenses commises envers elles, des défenseurs ont souvent été admis dans ma Collection de Lois, sur l'article 3 de la loi du 28 min 1811. Cod. 3 bruit, art. 312. (1) Les avocats ont le droit de plaider devant la cour d'assises et devant les tribunaux d'appel (Cass. 11 janvier 1818; S. 18, 1, sit 14. - 15 juillet 1817; S. 17, 1, 811). Part. 185. La faculté accordée à l'accusé, par l'article 198, du Code d'Instruction, avait été restreinte par l'arrêt du dernier décret du 14 décembre 1810, tellement que les avocats ne pouvaient plus être appelés, ou aller plaider hors du tribunal de leur arrondissement, qu'ait été Une autorisation du ministre de la justice (Ordonnance du 10 novembre 1811, art. 891). Cass. 3 octobre 1811; S. 11, 1, 341; D. 10, 1, 414; P. 64, 311; 1er mail l'ordonnance du 17 août 1830 a rendu à l'art. 198 son effet. (3) Lorsqu'un acte d'accusation porte sur des faits qui n'ont pas un caractère suffisant de criminalité, la Cour de cassation peut annuler cet acte, encore que ni le prévenu ni le procureur général ne l'aient attaqué devant la cour d'assises. Ici ne s'applique pas l'art. 196 (Cass. 14 février 1811: S. 15, 1, 386). En matière de délits de presse, le délai pour se pourvoir en cassation, contre l'arrêt de renvoi devant la cour d'assises, est celui de trois jours fixé par l'article 378 du Code d'Instruction criminelle, pour les arrêts de compétence. L'article 196 l'applique au cas de mise en accusation pour crime, et non au cas de renvoi pour délit (Cass. 18 juillet 1810; S. 18, 1, 9; D. 15, 1, 501; P. 59, 154). Arrêt 573, art. 416. L'accusé est non recevable à se pourvoir en nullité contre l'arrêt de mise en accusation, lorsqu'au moment de son interrogatoire par le président, il a, en réponse à l'interrogation du président, déclaré consentir à être jugé dans la session alors ouverte (Cass. 8 Juillet 1830: S. Soi, 363). La cour d'assises saisie d'un délit de la presse par renvoi, ne peut statuer sur les questions de nullité de la saisie et de l'instruction. Ces questions étant virtuellement jugées par l'arrêt de renvoi, l'accusé peut se pourvoir en nullité contre cet arrêt (Cass. 4 août 1831: S. 31, 1, 181). Le défaut de pourvoi, de la part du procureur général pour la cour d'assises, contre l'arrêt de renvoi, n'empêche pas le pourvoi du procureur du Roi pour le même arrêt (Cass. 10 juillet 1811: Bull. crim. p. 317). Nonobstant les dispositions limitatives de l'article 199, un arrêt de renvoi peut être dénoncé à la Cour de cassation s'il est vicié d'incompétence et relatif, non dans les cinq jours, aux termes de l'article 196, mais dans les trois jours, conformément à l'art. 378, de la signification de l'arrêt (Cass. 13 Juillet 1811: S. 16, 1, 486; 14, — il Juin 1816: S. 17, 1, 1901; U. 15,1,38). On peut citer aussi deux arrêts des 4 avril et 17 juin 1811 (S. 11, 1, 198 et 300), qui n'ont pu préclument tout pour objet de résoudre la question en droit, mais qui l'ont décidée par le fait, puisqu'ils ont cassé des arrêts de renvoi, par le motif qu'ils estimaient viciés d'incompétence. Il y a ouverture de sails, il l'accusation n'énonce pas des faits. Telle est, par avenir. CODE D'INSTRUCTION. CHAPITRE III, ARTICLE 300. La déclaration doit être faite au greffe. Étant donné qu'elle aura été reçue par le greffier, l'expédition de l'arrêt sera transmise au procureur général près la cour royale, qui sera tenu de prononcer, toutes affaires cessantes. Nonobstant la demande en nullité, l'instruction sera continuée jusqu'aux débats exclusivement. Le conseil pourra communiquer avec l'accusé après son interrogatoire. Il pourra aussi prendre communication de toutes les pièces, sans déplacement et sans retarder l'instruction. S'il y a de nouveaux témoins à entendre, et qu'ils résident hors du lieu où se tient la cour d'assises, le président, ou le juge qui le remplace, pourra commettre, pour recevoir leurs dépositions, le juge d'instruction de l'arrondissement où ils résident, ou même d'un autre arrondissement : celui-ci, après les avoir reçues, les enverra closes et cachetées au greffier qui doit exercer ses fonctions à la cour d'assises. Les témoins qui n'auront pas comparu sur la citation du président ou du juge commis par lui, et qui n'auront pas justifié qu'ils en étaient légitimement empêchés, ou qui refuseront de faire leurs dépositions, seront jugés par la cour d'assises, et punis conformément à l'article 80. Les conseils des accusés, pourront prendre ou faire prendre, à leurs frais, copie de telles pièces du procès qu'ils jugeront utiles à leur défense. Il ne sera délivré gratuitement aux accusés, en quelque nombre qu'ils puissent être, et dans tous les cas, qu'une seule copie des procès-verbaux constatant le délit, et des déclarations écrites des témoins. Les présidents, les juges et le procureur général, sont tenus de veiller à l'exécution du présent article. Si le procureur général ou l'accusé ont des motifs pour demander qu'un tel article ne soit pas porté à la première assemblée du jury, ils présenteront au président de la cour d'assises une requête en prorogation de délai. Le président décidera si cette prorogation est nécessaire. Un arrêt du 9 septembre 1819 a jugé que lorsqu'un acte frauduleux est commis en bande, il n'est pas inutile de dire en quoi a consisté l'usage fait sciemment constituant le crime (Cass. 9 septembre 1819 : S. 10, 1, 84). Cependant, un arrêt du 10 juillet 1818 a jugé que l'usage fait sciemment constituant le crime, il est inutile de dire en quoi a consisté l'usage (S. 18, i, 1C1). Voir articles 403 et 416. L'individu poursuivi comme banquier frauduleux, et qui prétend n'être pas en état de faillite, doit se pourvoir contre l'arrêt de renvoi, en ce que le fait n'est pas qualifié crime; il serait non-recevable de pourvoir, pour ce motif, contre l'arrêt de condamnation (15 avril 1816 et 13 mai 1817 : S. 16, 1, 98, 410). M. Legraverend, t. 8, p. 418, fait remarquer qu'il existe une antinomie apparente entre l'article 199 « qui restreint à trois les moyens de cassation concernant l'arrêt de renvoi, et qui n'accorde que cinq jours pour se pourvoir, et l'art. 485, qui dispose que, lorsque l'accusé a subi une condamnation, et que, soit dans l'arrêt de renvoi, soit dans l'instruction ou la procédure qui ont été faites devant les cours d'assises, soit dans l'arrêt de condamnation, il y a dans l'arrêt de condamnation, Il y a violation ou omission de quelques-unes des formalités prescrites à peine de nullité, celle omission ou violation donne ouverture à cassation; M. Legraverend concilie les deux telles. Il fait remarquer que let art. 196, 198 et 199 ne parlent du pourvoi que sur l'arrêt même de renvoi et d'un pourvoi fondé sur les motifs énumérés dans l'art. 199, que ce pourvoi doit être formé dans les cinq jours, mais qu'il peut arriver qu'antérieurement à l'arrêt de renvoi il ait été rendu un arrêt vicieux tout le rapport de la compétence, ou du l'arrêt de renvoi lui-même, quoique portant sur un acte qualifié crime par la loi, ait violé, sous d'autres rapports, les règles de la compétence, comme si la cour qui l'a rendu était sans qualité pour le rendre ; que des arrêts ainsi frappés du vice d'incompétence peuvent, sans doute, pour ce vice, être attaqués en cassation, soit par le ministère public, soit par la partie intéressée, aux termes de l'article 408 du Code d'instruction criminelle ; mais que le pourvoi est alors tout entier régulé par les règles ordinaires de procédure. Il y a ouverture à cassation contre l'arrêt qui ordonne légitimement que l'accusé renvoyé à la cour d'assises soit mis en état de comparution demain (Cau. 18, 18, 5, 81, 1, 109). Il n'y a point d'ouverture de cassation par cela que l'accusé dont il s'agit de constater l'identité a été tenu au cercueil, n'a pas eu la liberté de communiquer avec son conseil avant l'ouverture des débats, et qu'il n'a pu faire assigner les témoins de décharge... lorsque, ultérieurement, il a eu tous les délais et tous les moyens nécessaires pour communiquer avec son conseil et appeler les témoins. La communication de l'accusé avec son défenseur peut être environnée de toutes les mesures de sûreté qui paraissent nécessaires au président et au procureur général, sans que ces mesures donnent ouverture de cassation. L'article 305 n'exige la remise que de la copie des procès-verbaux constatant les délits, et des déclarations écrites des témoins; il ne s'étend à aucune autre pièce. Surtout, il n'accusé n'a pas demandé copie de toute pièce (Cass. 15 avril 1814). Surtout, il n'accusé n'a pas demandé de livraison de la copie des pièces, il ne peut se faire un moyen de nullité de ce que ces pièces ne lui ont pas été livrées (10 décembre 1854). La disposition portant qu'il ne doit être délivré aux accusés qu'une unique copie, souffre exception au cas où un accusé est jugé séparément de son coaccusé et sur une lecture publique. En ce cas, l'omission de cette délivrance séparée emporte nullité, lorsque la délivrance a été demandée et qu'il y a eu refus (Cass. 15, juin 1817 : S. 1, 1, 343). — 6 juillet 1818: 18.18, 1, 116). La partie civile n'a pas le droit rigoureux d'exiger communication des pièces, ou expédition de tel fait (Cass. 19 mai 1817 : S. 1, 1, 835). Également, en matière correctionnelle, le prévenu n'a pas le droit rigoureux d'exiger, sans l'autorisation du procureur général, copie des pièces de la procédure et de l'inscription écrite, ni même d'exiger qu'il lui soit donné communication à lui ou à son conseil, par la voie du greffe, tant du lieu (mal 1818-18.17, 1, 36). L'accusé renvoyé devant une nouvelle cour d'assises par la Cour de cassation a droit à une nouvelle copie des pièces (Alby, 10 mai 1818 : 18.15.18, 1, 181). F. Codis brun, an 4, art. II. COUR D'APPEL, CHAMBRE DE COMMISSIONS, TIRE III, CHAP. IV, SECTION 4. La mention doit être accordée ; il pourra aussi, d'office, proroger le délai. Lorsqu'il aura été formé à raison du même délit plusieurs actes d'accusation contre différents accusés, le procureur général pourra en requérir la jonction, et le président pourra l'ordonner, même d'office. 308. Lorsque l'acte d'accusation contiendra plusieurs délits non connexes, le procureur général pourra requérir que les accusés ne soient mis en jugement, quant à présent, que sur l'un ou quelques-uns de ces délits, et le président pourra l'ordonner d'office. 309. Au jour fixé pour l'ouverture des assises, la cour ayant pris séance, douze jurés se placeront dans l'ordre désigné par le sort, sur des sièges séparés du public, des parties et des témoins, en face de celui qui est destiné à l'accusé. 310. L'accusé comparaissant libre, et seulement accompagné de gardes pour l'empêcher de s'évader, le président lui demandera son nom, ses prénoms, son âge, sa profession, sa demeure et le lieu de sa naissance. 311. Le président avertira le conseil de l'accusé qu'il ne peut rien dire contre sa conscience ou contre le respect dû aux lois, et qu'il doit s'exprimer avec décence et modération. Le président adressera aux jurés debout et découverts le discours suivant : Vous jurez et promettez devant Dieu et devant les hommes d'examiner avec l'attention la plus scrupuleuse les charges qui seront portées contre N... ; de ne trahir ni les intérêts de l'accusé, ni ceux de la société qui l'accuse ; de ne communiquer avec personne jusqu'après votre déclaration ; de n'écouter ni la haine ou la méchanceté, ni la crainte ou l'affection ; de vous décider, d'après les charges et les moyens de défense, et suivant votre conscience et votre intense conviction, avec l'impartialité et la fermeté qui conviennent à un homme probe et libre. Chacun des jurés, appelé individuellement par le président, répondra, en levant la main : Je te jure ; à peine de nullité. Immédiatement après, le président avertira l'accusé d'être attentif à ce qu'il va entendre. Il ordonnera au greffier de lire l'arrêt de la cour royale parlant renvoi à la cour d'assises, et l'acte d'accusation. Le greffier fera cette lecture à haute voix. Après cette lecture, le président rappellera à l'accusé ce qui est contenu en l'acte d'accusation, et lui dira : Voilà de quoi vous êtes accusé; vous allez entendre les charges qui seront produites contre vous. Le procureur général exposera le sujet de l'accusation ; il présentera ensuite la liste des témoins qui devront être entendus, soit à sa requête, soit à la requête de la partie civile, soit à celle de l'accusé. Cette liste sera lue à haute voix par le greffier. Elle ne pourra contenir que ses témoins dont les noms, profession et résidence auront été notifiés, vingt-quatre heures au moins avant l'examen, de ces témoins, et le renvoi lorsque les débats sont ouverts, ou qu'ils seraient tout au moment de l'ouverture par la réunion des juges, des jurés et des témoins. L'accusé ne peut plus demander le renvoi lorsque les débats sont ouverts, ou qu'ils seraient tout au moment de l'ouverture par la réunion des juges, des jurés et des témoins. Le renvoi peut être ordonné par le président, comme l'ouverture des débats serait fixée. Le refus de la cour d'assises de renvoyer l'accusé à la session suivante, sur la demande de l'accusé, ne peut donner ouverture à cassation. L'accusé n'a pas la faculté de demander que des délits non connexes soient jugés séparément; cette faculté n'est accordée qu'au ministère public. Les débats doivent être publics, à peine de nullité. Le projet-verbal doit, à peine de nullité, contenir mention expresse de la publicité. Si la publicité est dangereuse, les débats seuls doivent être publics, à peine de nullité. La jugement doit ordonner le huis-clos à être tendu publiquement. Dans une affaire où le débat a eu lieu au secret, il l'arrêt dit fait et prononcé publiquement, il n'y a pas mention expresse que ce qui a suivi des débats a été public (Cast. 18 septembre 1813 S. 44, 1, 403 D. il, 1, 430 P. 69, 91). Il n'est pas nécessaire, à peine de nullité, que l'arrêt qui rejette la demande de l'accusé, tendante à ce que l'audience cesse d'être secrète, soit rendu publiquement (Cas. 19 avr. 1816 S. 17,1,68). Art. 191 et 871. Cod. 3 brum. an 4, art. 333. Le procès-verbal doit énoncer, à peine de nullité, que le président a adressé aux jurés le discours, et qu'après ce discours les jurés ont prêté le serment indicatif (Cas. 14 septembre 1810: S. il, 1, 871 D. 18, 1, 876 P. 395, 781 ii. — 13 juin 1801 St. 10,1, 877 id. — 10 juillet 1804 et 12 février 1811 S. 13, 1, 180 et 343 D. 13, 1, 114). L'énonciation qu'après la prestation du serment par les jurés, la même formalité a été remplie à l'égard des jurés supplémentaires, est suffisante (Cas. 8 Janv. 1804 S. 14, 1, 104, D. n, 1, 181 P. 69277). Cod., 1 brum. an 4, art. 113. l'accusé, par le procureur général du ressort civil, et au procureur général par accusé ; sans préjudice de la faculté accordée au président par l'article 269. L'accusé et le procureur général pourront, en conséquence, s'opposer à l'audition d'un témoin qui n'aurait pas été indiqué ou qui n'aurait pas été clairement désigné dans l'acte de notification. La cour statuera de suite sur cette opposition. Le président ordonnera aux témoins de se retirer dans la chambre qui leur sera destinée. Ils n'en sortiront que pour déposer. Le président prendra des précautions, s'il en est besoin, pour empêcher les témoins de conférer entre eux du délit et de l'accusé, avant leur déposition. Les témoins déposeront séparément l'un de l'autre, dans l'ordre établi par le procureur général. Avant de déposer, prêteront, à peine de nullité, serment de parler sans haine, et sans crainte, de dire toute la vérité et rien que la vérité. Le président leur demandera leurs noms, prénoms, âge, profession, leur domicile ou résidence, s'ils connaissaient l'accusé avant le fait mentionné dans l'acte d'accusation, s'ils sont parents ou alliés soit de l'accusé, soit de la partie civile, et à quel degré ; il leur demandera encore s'ils ne sont pas attachés au service de l'un ou de l'autre ; cela fait, les témoins déposeront oralement. Le président fera tenir noté, par le greffier, des additions, changements ou suppression de ce qui pourrait influer sur la sincérité de la déposition, et laissera aux parties le droit de faire des observations sur les dépositions des témoins. L'audition d'un témoin contrairement à l'article 315 ne donne lieu à cassation qu'autant que l'audition a eu lieu au mépris de l'opposition, soit du ministère public, soit de l'accusé (Cass. 11 février 1813 : S. 17,1819-114. — 19 avril 1819 : S. 19,15,51D. 17,1819-1 P. 67,90). Au surplus, l’opposition serait tardive après la présentation de serment (Cass. 1er avril 1831 : S. 81, 1, 191). Un témoin dont le nom n’est pas compris dans la liste notifiée peut être entendu, en vertu du pouvoir discrétionnaire, avant la prestation de serment (Cass. 17 septembre 1814 : S. 3, 1, 87 ; D. 133, 1, 44). Si le témoin n'a été cité par l'accusé, il doit, pour prévenir de nullité, être entendu avec prestation de serment (Cass. 16 septembre 1830: S. 3ii 1, 18i et 4 novembre 1830; S. 3i, 1, 366. V. also arrêt du 1er novembre 1835 S. 3i, 1, 366). Une erreur ou omission dans la renonciation des noms ou prénoms d'un témoin n'emporte pas nullité, si les désignations sont suffisantes pour faire reconnaître le témoin, si l’accusé lui-même l’a reconnu (Cass. 15 août 1816: S. 17, 1, 156). Le défaut d'indication de la profession d'un témoin n'emporte pas nullité, si ce témoin n'avait pas de profession, et si l'accusé a reconnu que les noms ne pouvaient s'appliquer à aucun autre individu (Cass. 4 septembre 1818 : S. 1S, 1, 349). V. art. 408. Au surplus, l’accusé qui a laissé dépourvoir l'opposition des témoins, ne peut se faire un moyen de nullité de l’irrégularité de la notification (Cass. 1er avril 1819: S. 5o, 1, 819). F. Code, 3 brumaire an 4, art. 346, Il n’y a point nullité parce qu'un témoin a pu avoir connaissance des déclarations des témoins entendus avant lui (Cass. 1816: Bull. crim. p. 149). F. art. 71, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 510, 517. La déposition d'un militaire peut, en nullité, être admise par écrit (Cass. 14 avril 1815 S. 15, 1, 317). La loi du 18 prairial an 1. Le témoignage des quints et doivent prêter serment, et leur nullité, à moins que le président, usant de son pouvoir discrétionnaire, n'ait décidé qu'ils ne seraient entendus qu'à titre de renseignements. L'article 79 ne s'applique point aux débats (Cass. 7 février 1811 S. 12, 1, 801 et 341). Jugé en sens contraire (Cass. 12 décembre 1811, arrêt réuni S. 16, 1, 484). Cependant, point de nullité parce qu'un enfant, ayant moins de quinze ans, a été admis dans les débats comme témoin après ayant prêté serment (Cass. 1er janvier 1818 S. 18, 1, 194). Point de nullité parce que les experts, appelés en vertu du pouvoir discrétionnaire du président, pour donner leur avis sur une pièce arguée de faux, ont été entendus tant prêter serment (Cass. 4 février 1819 S. 19, 1, 301 D. 17, 1, 185 et p. 86, 195). Jugé en sens contraire, à ce point qu'un individu d'abord entendu comme témoin, avec prestation de serment, qui est chargé toutefois de faire un rapport comme expert, doit prêter un nouveau serment en cette qualité (Cass. 19 juin 1818 S. 18, 1, 87). Le serment doit, à peine de nullité, contenir, outre la promesse de dire la vérité et de ne dire que la vérité, la promesse de dire tout ce qu'on sait (Cass. 16 juin 1814 S. 14, 1, 257 et 6 octobre 1814 et 17 Janvier 1815: S. 18, 1, 87 et 113). Également, la promesse de parler tant à l'avantage qu'à l'inconvénient de l'accusation (Cass. 1er octobre 1814: S. 15, 1, 86). |
69234613_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Pushpaka Vimanam is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language comedy thriller film written and directed by Damodara and produced by Govardhan Rao Devarakonda, Vijay Mattapally and Pradeep Errabelly under the banners of King of the Hill Entertainment and Tanga Productions. The film stars Anand Devarakonda, Geeth Saini and Saanve Megghana. The film was released on 12 November 2021.
Plot
Chittilanka Sundar is a recently married teacher. After the marriage he is hopeful of a blissful life with his wife, but his expectations are shattered when she elopes with someone else.
Feeling embarrassed he tries to hide this from his neighbours and colleagues and secretly searches for her. He questions her parents and friends to no avail.
One day the colleagues of Sundar plans to visit his house to greet the newly married couple. So he hires an actor Rekha to pretend as his wife. They manage to pull it off though there are some hitches in the form of a noisy neighbour.
The headmaster of the school where Sundar works one day sees Rekha smoking with her friends and informs this to him. He also arranges to buy a new HD TV on behalf of the staff so that he can use the opportunity to counsel Rekha.
There while browsing channels Sundar witnesses the news of Meenakshi's death. Feeling shocked and fearing the worst he goes to the mortuary and identifies the body. He then meets S.I. Rangam who primarily suspects Sundar as the culprit.
Rangam, in his investigation, finds blood stains in Sundar's house which are later revealed to be Meenakshi's. Sundar also fails to prove Meenakshi eloped due to his earlier lies. Rangam suspects Rekha to be Sundar's accomplice.
Rangam thrashes Sundar in the guise of interrogation to obtain the truth. During the 'interrogation' Sundar reveals the actual reason Meenakshi left him.
During their first night together Sundar asks Meenakshi about her virginity, angering her. He later apologises to her but she doesn't respond to him. Things escalate when he tries to hit Meenakshi after she insulted his father. So Meenakshi leaves to her former boyfriend's house.
Her Post Mortem reveals the date of death to be tenth of the month and Sundar manages to provide partial alibi for the day prompting the police to release him.
Sundar's neighbour, an aspiring musician, tries to console him. He claims that on the day of Meenakshi's death he has composed his career's best music and wasn't able to move from his chair.
Rangam interrogates Meenakshi's ex-boyfriend and realizes that she left him after a huge fight.
The Police then tries to arrest Sundar but he manages to escape. While on the run he finds out that Meenakshi stayed with her friend whom he had earlier visited.
He rushes over to her house and learns that she planned to return to him on the day of her death. He investigates further and finds that his neighbour tried to assault her and by mistake killed her by pushing her.
SI Rangam takes the credit for solving the case and the story ends on a positive note with Sundar trying to move on with his life.
Cast
Anand Devarakonda as Chittilanka Sundar
Geeth Saini as Meenakshi
Saanve Megghana as Rekha
Sunil as SI Rangam
Naresh as School Headmaster
Harsha Vardhan as Sundar's neighbour, a budding music director
Harsha Chemudu as Meenakshi's ex
Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Social teacher
Kireeti Damaraju as Abhi, Sundar's friend
Varsha Bollamma in a cameo appearance
Music
Background score of the film was composed by Mark K Robin. 2 songs ("Kalyanam" and "Silakaa") were composed by Ram Miriyala, 2 songs ("Aaha" and "Malli Rava") were composed by Sidharth Sadasivuni, 1 song ("Swamy Ra Ra (Krishna Shabdam)") was composed by Amit N Dasani and 1 song ("Chori Chori Dekho Rey") was composed by Mark K Robin.
Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Neeshita Nyayapati of The Times Of India gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote "Pushpaka Vimanam is by no means the perfect dark comedy it sets out to be, especially when films in a similar genre have already done better in Telugu. But watch it this weekend if you’re game for a quirky film with a pinch of comedy, spoon-full of twists and a stellar cast to back it all up". Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar of The Indian Express stated "Anand Deverakonda's performance adds value to this part-comedy, part-investigative drama".
The New Indian Express' Ram Venkat Srikar rated the film 3/5 felt it was an "enjoyable comedy that doubles up as a whodunit."
Reviewing the film for The Hindu, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo concluded that "There are all interesting ideas, but the narrative doesn’t bring everything together in an engrossing manner. A better screenplay might have helped make Pushpaka Vimanam a quirky black comedy it intended to be. It’s not a bad film, it isn’t great either."
References
External links
2021 films
2020s Telugu-language films
Indian comedy-drama films
2021 comedy-drama films
Films set in Hyderabad, India
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
Films scored by Ram Miriyala.
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b24878388_0001_21 | English-PD | Public Domain | The ignorant clergy, alive only to their present temporal interests, and not appreciating the great salvation he had wrought out for them, could never forgive him. Their inconceivable greed could not bear to be taxed even in its own defence.^ “ It is because Prince Charles,” says the Council of Kiersi to one of his descendants, “ was the first of all the kings and princes of the Franks who separated and dismembered the goods of the Church ; it is for that sole cause that he is eternally damned. AVe know, indeed, that St. Eucherius, Bishop of Orleans, being in prayer, was carried up into the world of spirits, and that among ^e things which the Lord showed to him, he beheld Charles tormented in the lowest depths of hell. The angel who conducted him, being interrogated on this matter, answered him that, in the judgment to come, the soul and body of him who has taken, or who has divided the o*oods of the Church, shall be delivered over, even before the end of^ the world, to eternal torments by the sentence of the saints, who shall sit together with the Lord to iudo-e him VOL. I. 9 ii 370 THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. [CH. XII. This act of sacrilege shall add to his own sins the accumu- lated sins of all those who thought that they had purchased their redemption by giving for the love of God their goods to holy places, to the lights of divine worship, and to the alms of the servants of Christ.” This amusina' but in- structive quotation strikingly shows how quickly the semibarbarian Frankish clergy had caught the methods of Koine in the defence of temporal possessions. Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, introduces us to an The epoch of opocli and a policy resembling in many respects Pepin. that of Constantine the Great ; for he saw that by an alliance with the Church it would be possible for him to disjilace his sovereign and attain to kingly power. A thorough understanding was entered upon between Pepin and the pope. Each had his needs. One wanted the crown of France, the other liberation from Constanti- nople and the Lombards. Pepin commenced by enriching the clergy with immense gifts, and assigning to the bishops seats in the assembly of the nation. In thus consolidating ecclesiastical power he occasioned a great social revolution^ as was manifested by the introduction of the Latin and the disuse of the Frankie on those occasions, and by the His con- transmuting of military reviews into theological spiracywith assemblies. Meantime Pope Zachary, on his tbepope. part, made ready to accomplish his engagement, the chaplain of Pepin being the intermedium of negotiation. On the demand being formally made, the pope decided that “ he should be king who really possessed the royal power.” Hereupon, in March, a.d. 752, Pepin caused himself to be raised by his soldiers on a buckler and pro- claimed King of the Franks. To give solemnity to the event, he was anointed by the bishops with oil. Tho deposed king, Childeric HI., was shut up in the convent of St. Omer. Next year Pope Stephen III., driven to extremity, applied to Pepin for assistance against the Lombards. It was during these transactions that he fell upon the device of enforcing his demand by a letter which he feigned had been written by St. Peter to the Franks. And now, visiting France, the pope, as an earnest of his friendship, and as the token of his completion of the contract, in the inonastery of St. Denis, placed, with his own hands, the CII. XII.] THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. O F- -| O / 1 diadem on Pepin’s brow, and anointed him, his wife, and children, with “ the holy oil,” thereby reviving the Jewisli system of creating kings by anointment, and imparting to his confederate “ a divine right.” Pepin now finally defeated the Lombards, and assigned a part of the conquered territory to the pope. Thus, by a successful soldier, two important events had been accom- plished— a revolution in France, attended by a change of dynasty, and a revolution in Christendom — the Bishop of Pome had become a temporal sovereign. To the hilt of the sword of France the keys of St. Peter were henceforth so firmly bound that, though there have been great kings, and conquerors, and statesmen who have wielded that sword, not one to this day has been able, though many have desired, to wrench the encumbrance away. Charlemagne, on succeeding his father Pepin, thoroughly developed his policy. At the urgent entreaty of The reign of Pope Stephen III. He entered Italy, subjugated Charlemagne, the Lombards, and united the crown of Lombardy to that of France. Upon the pagan Saxons burning the church of Deventer, he commenced a war with them which lasted thirty-three years, and ended in their compulsory Christianization. As the circle of his power extended, he everywhere founded churches and established bishoprics, enriching them with territorial possessions. To the petty sovereigns, as they successively succumbed, he permitted the title of counts. True to his own and his father’s understanding with the pope, he invariably insisted on baptism as the sign of submission, punishing with ap- palling barbarity any resistance, as on the occasion of the levolt, A.n. /82, when, in cold blood, he beheaded in one day 4500 persons at Uerden. Under such circumstances, it is not to be wondered at that clerical influence extended so fast , yet, rapid as was its development, the power of Charlemagne was more so. In the church of St. Peter at Pome, on Christmas-day A.n. 800, lope Leo III., after the celebration of „. the holy mysteries, suddenly placed on the head of Charlemagne a diadem, amid the acclama- tions of the people, “Long life and victory to Charles the most pious Augustus, crowned by God, the great ’and 2 B 2 372 THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. [CH. XII. pacific Emperor of the Eomans.” His head and body were anointed with the holy oil, and, as was done in the case of the Caesars, the pontiff himself saluted or adored him. In the coronation oath Charlemagne promised to maintain the privileges of the Church. The noble title of “Emperor of the West” was not inappropriate, for Charlemagne ruled in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Hungary. An inferior dignity out Srcom- would not have been equal to hi deserts. His })act with the princely munificence to St. Peter was worthy of papacy. great occasion, and even in his minor acts he exhibited a just appreciation of his obligations to the apostle. He proceeded to make in his dominions such changes in the Church organization as the Italian policy required, substituting, for instance, the Gregorian for the Ambrosian chant, and, wherever his priests resisted, he took from them by force their antiphonaries. As an example to insubordinates he, at the request of the pope, burnt some of the singers along with their books. The rapid growth of the power of Charlemagne, his overshadowing pre-eminence, and the subordinate position of the pope, who had really become his Italian lieutenant, are strikingly manifested by the event of image- worship in He declines West. On this, as we shall in another chapter image-wor- see, the popes had revolted from their icono- clastic sovereigns of Constantinople. The second Council of Nicea had authorized image- worship, but the good sense of Charlemagne was superior to such idolatry. He openly expressed his disapproval, and even dictated a work against it — the Carolinian books. The pope was therefore placed in a singular dilemma, for not only had image-worship been restored at Constantinople, and the original cause of the dispute removed, but the new pro- tector, Charlemagne, had himself embraced iconoclasm. but permits However, it was not without reason that the relic-worship, pope at this time avoided the discussion, for a profitable sale of bones and relics, said to be those of saints, but in reality obtained from the catacombs of Home, had arisen. To the barbarian people of the north these gloomy objects proved more acceptable than images of wood, and the traffic, though contemptible, was more honourable than 373 CH. Xn.] THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. the slave-trade in vassals and peasant children which had been carried on with Jews and Mohammedans. Like all the great statesmen of antiquity, who were unable to comprehend the possibility of a highly civilized society without the existence of slavery, Charlemagne accepted that unfortunate condition as a political necessity, jjjg and attempted to draw from it as much benefit respects as it was capable of yielding to the state. From • certain classes of slaves he appointed, by a system of apprenticeship, those who should be devoted to the mechanical arts and to trade. It was, however, slavery and warfare which, during his own life, by making the possession of property among small proprietors an absolute disadvantage, prepared the way for that rapid dissolution of his empire so quickly occurring after his death. Yet, though Charlemagne thus accepted the existence of slavery as a necessary political evil, the evidences are not ^\^anting that he was desirous to check its abuses wherever he could. When the Italian dukes accused Pope Adrian of selling his vassals as slaves to the Sara- pean siave- cens, Charlemagne made inquiry into the matter, and, finding that transactions of the kind had occurred in the port of Civita Vecchia, though he did not choose to have so infamous a scandal made public, he ever afterwards withdrew his countenance from that pope. At that time a very extensive child slave-trade was carried on with tho Saracens through the medium of the Jews, ecclesiastics as well as barons selling the children of their serfs. Though he never succeeded in learning how to write, no one appreciated better than Charlemagne the value of knowledge. He laboured assiduously for the elevation and enlightenment of his people. He collected together learned men ; ordered his clergy to turn iSnS of' the their attention to letters : established schools physical state TT 1 1 T cT tii.0 hcohIg* ot religious music ; built noble palaces, churches, bridges ; transferred, for the adornment of his capital, Aix-la-Chapelle, statues from Italy ; organized the profes- sions and trades of his cities, and gave to his towns a police. AVell might he be solicitous that his state of the clergy should not only become more devout, but clergy, more learned. Yery few of them knew how to read, 37-1 THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. [CH. XII. scarcely any to write. Of tlio first half of the eighth cen- tury, a period of great interest, since it includes the invasion of France by the Saracens, and their expulsion, there is nothing more than the most meagre annals ; the clergy understood much better the use of the sword than that of the pen. The schools of Charlemagne proved a failure, not through any fault of his, hut because the age had no demand for learning, and the Eoman pontiffs and their clergy, as far as they troubled themselves with any opinion about the matter, thought that knowledge was of more harm than good. The private life of Charlemagne was stained with great Private life of immoralities and crimes. He indulged in a Charlemagne, polygamy Scarcely inferior to that of the khalifs, solacing himself with not less than nine wives and many concubines. He sought to increase the circle of the former, or perhaps it should he said, considering the greatness of his statesmanship, to unite the Eastern and Western empires together by a marriage with the Empress Irene. This was that Irene who put out the eyes of her own son in the porphyry chamber at Constantinople. His fame extended into Asia. The Khalif Haroun al Easchid, a.d. 801, sent him from Bagdad the keys of our Saviour’s sepulchre as a mark of esteem from the Commander of the II- 1 f Faithful to the greatest of Christian kings. His relations & o with the However, there was doubtless as much policy as Saracens. esteem iu this, for the Asiatic khalifs perceived the advantage of a good understanding with the power that could control the emirs of Spain. Always bearing in mind his engagement with the papacy, that Eoman Christianity should be enforced upon Europe wherever his influence could reach, he remorselessly carried into execution the penalty of death that he had awarded to the crimes of, 1, re- fusing baptism ; 2, false pretence of baptism ; 3, relapse to idolatry ; 4, the murder of a priest or bishop ; 5, human sacriflee ; 6, eating meat in Lent. To the pagan German his sword was a grim, but a convincing missionary. To the last he observed a savage fldelity to his bond. Ho died A.D. 814. Such was the compact that had been established between the Church and the State. As might be expected, the THE AGJ OF FAITH IN THE WEST. 375 :ii. XII.] succeeding transactions exliibit an alternate preponderance ot one and of the other, and the degradation of both in the end. Scarcely was Charlemagne dead ere the imbecile character of his son and successor, events after Louis the Pious, gave the Church her oppor- SfaSiagne. tunity. By the expulsion of his father’s numerous concubines and mistresses, the scandals of the palace were revealed. I have not the opportunity to relate in detail how this monarch disgracefully humiliated himself before the Church ; how, under his weak government, the slave- trade greatly increased; how every shore, and, indeed, every country that could be reached through a navigable river, was open to the ravages of pirates, the Northmen extending their maraudings even to the capture of great cities; how, in strong contrast with the social decomposition into which Europe was falling, Spain, under her Moham- medan rulers, was becoming rich, populous, and great ; how, on the east, the Huns and Avars, ceasing their ravages, accepted Christianity, and, under their diversity of interests the nations that had been bound together by Charlemagne separated into two divisions — French and German — and civil wars between them ensued ; how, through the folly of the clergy, who vainly looked for protection from relics instead of the sword, the Saracens ranged uncontrolled all over the south, and came within an hair’s-breadth of cap- turing Koine itself; how France, at this time, had literally become a theocracy, the clergy absorbing everything that was worth having ; how the pope, trembling at home, nevertheless maintained an external power by interfering with domestic life, as in the quarrel with King Lothaire II. and his wife ; how Italy, France, and Germany became, as Africa and Syria had once been, full of miracles ; how', through these means the Church getting the advantage, John VIII. thought it expedient to assert his right of dis- posing of the imperial crown in the case of Charles the Bald (the imperial supremacy that Charlemagne had obtained in reality implied the eventual supremacy of the pope); liow an opportunity which occurred for reconstructing the empire of the AVest under Charles the Fat was thwarted by the imbecility of that sovereign, an imbecility so great that his nobles were obliged to depose him ; how, thereupon. 37G THE AGE OF FAITH ]N THE WEST. [CH. XU, a number of new kingdoms arose, and Europe fell, by an inevitable necessity, into a political chaos ; how, since there was thus no protecting government, each great landowner had to protect himself, and the rightfulness- of private war became recognised; how, through this evil state, the strange consequence ensued of a great increase- in the population, it becoming the interest of every lord to raise as many peasants as he could, offering his lands on personal service, the value of an estate being determined by the number of retainers it could furnish, and hence arose the feudal system ; how the monarchical principle, once again getting the superiority, asserted its power in Germany in Henry the Eowler and his descendants, the three Othos ; how, by these great monarchs, the subjection of Italy was accomplished, and the morality of the German clergy vindicated by their attempts at the reformation of the papacy, which fell to the last degree of degradation, becoming, in the end, an appanage of the Counts of Tuscu- lum, and, shameful to be said, in some instances given by prostitutes to their paramours or illegitimates, in some, to- mere boys of precociously dissolute life ; before long, a.d. 1045, it was actually to be sold for money. We have now approached the close of a thousand years from the birth of Christ ; the evil union of the Church and State, their rivalries, their intrigues, their quarrels, had produced an inevitable result, doing the same in the West that they had done in the East ; disorganizing the political system, and ending in a universal social demoralization. The- absorption of small properties into large estates steadily increased the number of slaves ; where there had once been Social condi- many free families, there was now found only a tion of Europe, man. Even of this class the number dimi- nished by the same process of absorption, until there were sparsely scattered here and there abbots and counts with enormous estates worked by herds of slaves, whose numbers, since sometimes one man possessed more than 20,000 of them, might deceive us, if we did not consider the vast surface over which they were spread. Examined in that way, the West of Europe proves to have been covered with forests, here and there dotted with a convent or a town. From those countries, once full of the splendid evidences CH. XII.] THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. 377 of Koman civilization, mankind was fast disappearing. There was no political cause, until at a later time, when the feudal system was developed, for calling men into existence. Whenever there was a partial peace, there was no occasion for the multiplication of men beyond the inten- tion of extracting from them the largest possible revenue, a condition implying their destruction. Soon even tho necessity for legislation ceased ; events were left to take their own course. Through the influence of the monks tho military spirit declined ; a vile fetichism of factitious relics, which were working miracles in all directions, constituted the individual piety. Whoever died without bequeathing a part of his property to the Church, died without confes- sion and the sacraments, and forfeited Christian burial. Trial by battle, and the ordeals of fire and boiling water, determined innocence or guilt in those accused of crimes. Between places at no great distance apart intercommunica- tion ceased, or, at most, was carried on as in the times of the Trojan War, by the pedlar travelling with his packs. In these deplorable days there was abundant reason to adopt the popular expectation that the end of Expected end all things was at hand, and that the year 1000 of the world, would witness the destruction of the world. Society was dissolving, the human race was disappearing, and with difficulty the melancholy ruins of ancient civili- zation could be traced. Such was the issue of the second attempt at the union of political and ecclesiastical power. In a former chapter we saw what it had JS o? been in the East, now we have found what it Church and was in the West. Inaugurated in selfishness, it strengthens itself by violence, is perpetuated by ignorance, and yields as its inevitable result, social ruin. And while things were thus going to wreck in the state, it was no better in the Church. The ill-omened uniou between them was bearing its only possible fruit, disgrace to both — a solemn warning to all future ages. 3d. This brings me to the third and remaining topic I proposed to consider in this chapter, to determine value of the the actual religious value of the system in pro- system cess of being forced upon Europe, using, for ?om thrive* the purpose, that which must be admitted as the pop^s- best test — the private lives of the popes. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. 78 [CH. \li. To some it niiglit seem, considering the interests of religion alone, desirable to omit all biographical reference to the popes; but this cannot be done with 4fer?Sgto justice to the subject. The essential principle tiie biography q£ the papacy, that the Eoman pontiff is the of the popes. ^ Christ upon earth, necessaril}^ obtrudes liis personal relations upon us. How shall we understand his faith unless we see it illustrated in his life ? Indeed, the unhappy character of those relations was the inciting oause of the movements in Germany, France, and England, •ending in the extinction of the papacy as an actual political power, movements to be understood only through a suffi- cient knowledge of the private lives and opinions of the ]jopes. It is well, as far as possible, to abstain from burdening systems with the imperfections of individuals. In this case they are inseparably interwoven. The signal peculiarity of the papacy is that, though its history may be imposing, its biography is infamous. I shall, however, forbear to speak of it in this latter respect more than the occasion seems necessarily to require ; shall pass in silence some of those cases which would profoundly shock my religious reader, and therefore restrict myself to the ages between the middle of the eighth and the middle of the eleventh centuries, excusing myself to the impartial critic by the apology that these were the ages with which I have been chiefly concerned in this chapter. On the death of Pope Paul I., who had attained the pontificate a.d. 757, the Duke of Nepi compelled sorue The popes bisliops to consecrate Constantine, one of his from A.D 757. brothers, as pope; but more legitimate electors subsequently, a.d. 768, choosing Stephen IV., the usurper and his adherents v^ere severely punished ; the eyes of Con- stantine were put out ; the tongue of the Bishop Theodorus was amputated, and he was left in a dungeon to expire in the agonies of thirst. The nephews of Pope Adrian seized his successor. Pope Leo III., a.d. 705, in the street, and, forcing him into a neighbouring church, attempted to put out his eyes and cut out his tongue ; at a later period, this ]iontiff trying to suppress a conspiracy to depose him. Pome became the scene of rebellion, murder, and con- flagration. His successor, Stephen V., a.d. 816, was ignominiously driven from the city ; his successor. Paschal ClI. XU.] THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. 379 1., was accused of blinding and murdering two ecclesiastics in tlie Lateral! Palace ; it was necessary that imperial commissioners should investigate the matter, but the pope died, after having exculpated himself by oath before thirty bishops. John VIII., a.d. 872, unable to resist the Jlohammedans, was compelled to pay them tribute ; the Bishop of Is aples, maintaining a secret alliance with them, received his share of the plunder they collected. Him John excommunicated, nor would he give him absolution unless he would betray the chief Mohammedans and assassinate others himself. There was an ecclesiastical ■conspiracy to murder the pope ; some of the treasures of the Church were seized ; and the gate of St. Pancrazia was opened with false keys, to admit the Saracens into the city. Formosus, who had been engaged in these transactions, and excommunicated as a conspirator for the murder of John, was subsequently elected pope, a.d. 891 ; he was succeeded by Boniface VI., a.d. 896, who had been deposed from the diaconate, and again from the priesthood, for his immoral and lewd life. By Stephen VII., who followed, the dead body of Formosns was taken from the grave, clothed in the papal habiliments, propped up in a chair, tried before a council, and the preposterous and in- decent scene completed by cutting off three of the fingers of the corpse and casting it into the Tiber ; but Stephen himself was destined to exemplify how low the papacy had fallen : he was thrown into prison and strangled. In the course of five j^ears, from a.d. 896 to a.d. 900, five popes were consecrated. Leo V., who succeeded in a.d. 904, was in less than two months thrown into prison by Christopher, one of his chaplains, who usurped his place, and who, in his turn, was shortly expelled from Eome by Sergius III., who, by the aid of a military force, seized the pontificate, a.d. 905. This man, according to the testimony of the times, lived in criminal intercourse with the cele- brated prostitute Theodora, who, with her daughters Marozia and Theodora, also prostitutes, exercised an extra- ordinary control over him. The love of Theodora was also shared by John X.: she gave him first the arch- bishopric of Eavenna, and then translated him to Eome, A.D. 915, as pope. John was not unsuited to the times ; he 380 THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. [CH. XII. organized a confederacy whicli perliaps prevented Iiome Irom being captm^d by the Saracens, and the world was astonished and edified by the appearance of this warlike pontiff at the head of his troops. By the love of Theodora, as was said, he had maintained himself in the papacy for fourteen years; by the intrigues and hatred of her daughter Marozia he was overthrown. She surprised him in the Lateran Palace ; killed his brother Peter before his face ; threw him into prison, where he soon died, smothered, as was asserted, with a pillow. After a short interval Marozia made her own son pope as John XI., a.d. 931. Many affirnied that Pope Sergius was his father, but she herself inclined to attribute him to her husband Alberic, whose brother Guido she subsequently married. Another of her sons, Alberic, so called from his supposed father, jealous of his brother John, cast him and their mother Marozia into prison. After a time Alberic’s son was elected pope, A.D. 956;^ he assumed the title of John XII., the amorous Marozia thus having given a son and a grandson to the papacy. John was only nineteen years old when he thus became the head of Christendom. His reign wa& characterized by the most shocking immoralities, so that the Emperor Otho I. was compelled by the German clergy to interfere. A synod was summoned for his trial in the Church of St. Peter, before which it appeared that John had received bribes for the consecration of bishops, that he had ordained one who was but ten years old, and had performed that ceremony over another in a stable ; he was charged with incest with one of his father’s concubines, and with, so many adulteries that the Lateran Palace had become a brothel ; he put out the eyes of one ecclesiastic and castrated another, both dying in consequence of their injuries ; he was given to drunkenness, gambling, and the invocation of Jupiter and Venus. When cited to appear before the council, he sent word that “ he had gone out hunting;” and to the fathers who remonstrated with him, he threateningly remarked “ that Judas, as well as the other diseiples, received from his master the power of binding and loosing, but that as soon as he proved a traitor to the common cause, the only power he retained was that of binding his own neck.” Hereupon he was deposed, and THE AGE Ul< FAITH IN THE WEST. 3S1 •CH. XII. Leo YIII. elected in liis stead, A.n. 963 ; but subsequently getting tlie upper band, be seized bis antagonists, cut oil tbe band of one, tbe nose, finger, tongue of others. His life was eventually brought tc an end by tbe vengeance of a man whose wife be bad seduced. After such details it is almost needless to allude to the annals of succeeding popes : to relate that John X.III. was strangled in prison ; that Boniface VII. imprisoned Benedict VII., and killed him by starvation; that John XIV. was secretly put to death in tbe dungeons of the Castle of St. Angelo; that tbe corpse of Boniface was dragged by tbe populace through tbe streets. Tbe sentiment of reverence for tbe sovereign pontiff, nay, even of respect, bad become extinct in Borne ; throughout Europe tbe clergy were so shocked at tbe state of things, that, in their indignation, they began to look with appro- bation on tbe intention of tbe Emperor Otbo to take from^ the Italians their privilege of appointing the successor of St. Peter, and confine it to bis own family. But bis kinsman, Grregory V., whom be placed on tbe pontifical throne, was very soon compelled by tbe Komans to fly ; bis excommunications and religious thunders were turned into derision by them ; they were too well acquainted with tbe true nature of those terrors; they were living behind tbe scenes. A terrible punishment awaited the Anti-pope John XVI. Otbo returned into Italy, seized him, put out bis eyes, cut off bis nose and tongue, and sent him through tbe streets mounted on an ass, with his face to tbe tail, and a wine-bladder on bis bead. It seemed impossible that things could become worse; yet Home bad still to see Benedict IX., a.d. 1033, a boy of less than twelve years, raised to tbe apostolic throne. Of this pontiff, one of bis successors, Victor III., declared ibat bis life was so shameful, so foul, so execrable, that be shuddered to describe it. He ruled like a captain of banditti rather than a prelate. Tbe people at -phe papacy last, unable to bear bis adulteries, homicides, bought at ... 1 .ji- auction a.d. and abominations any longer, rose against him. 1045, by In despair of maintaining bis position, be put Gregory vi. up tbe papacy to auction. It was bought by a presbyter named John, who became Gregory VI., a.d. 1045. THE AGE OF FAITH IX THE WEST. O QO 00_j [CH. xir. More than a thousand years had elapsed since the birth of our Saviour, and such was the condition of Eome. Well may Conclusion historian shut the annals of those times in respectingthis disgust ; well may the heart of the Christian biography. within him at such a catalogue of hideous crimes. Well may he ask, Were these the vicegerents of God upon earth — these, who had truly reached that goal beyond which the last effort of human wickedness cannot pass ? Not until several centuries after these events did public The h i opinion come to the true and philosophical con- soph?Si°* elusion — the total rejection of the divine claims conclusion at of the papacy. For a time the evils were attri- buted to the manner of the pontifical election, as if that could by any possibility influence the descent of a power which claimed to be supernatural and under the immediate care of God. The manner of election was this. The Eoman ecclesiastics recommended a candidate to the College of Cardinals ; their choice had to be ratified by the populace of Eome, and, after that, the emperor must give his approval. There were thus to be brought into agreement the machinations of the lower ecclesiastics, the intrigues of the cardinals, the clamours of the rabble of Eome, and the policy of the emperor. Such a system must inevitably break to pieces with its own incongruities. Though we may wonder that men failed to see that it was merely a human device, we cannot wonder that the emperors perceived the necessity of taking the appointments into Eieir own hands, and that Gregory YII. was resolved to confine it to the College of Cardinals, to the exclusion of the emperor, the Eoman people, and even of the rest of Christendom — an. attempt in which he succeeded. No one can study the development of the Italian ecclesi- astical power without discovering how completely it Human origin depended on human agency, too often on human of the papacy, passion and intrigues ; how completely wanting it was of any mark of the Divine construction and care — the offspring of man, not of God, and therefore bearing upon it the lineaments of human passions, human virtues, and human sins The evils imputed to the nature of papal elec- tion. CHAPTER XIII. DIGKESSION ON THE PASSAGE OF THE ARABIANS TO THEIR AGE OF REASON. INFLUENCE OF MEDICAL IDEAS THROUGH THE NESTORIANS AND JEWS. Hie intellectual Development of the Arabians is guided by the Nestorians and the Jeios, and is in the Medical Direction. Hie Basis of this Alliance is theological. ^ nr t • Antagonism of the Byzantine System to Scientific Medicine, Suppres- sion of the Asclepions.— Their Beplacement by Miracle-cure. — The resulting Superstition and Ignorance. Affiliation of the Arabians with the Nestorians and Jews.^ 1st. The Nestorians, their Persecutions, and the Diffusion of their Sec- tarian Ideas. — They inherit the old Greelc Medicine. Sub-digression on Greeh Medicine. — The Asclepions. Philosophical Importance of Hippocrates, who separates Medicine from Beligion. — The School of Cnidos.—Its Suppression by ^ Constantine. Sub-digression on Egyptian Aledicine. — It is founded on Anatomy and Physiology. — Dissections and Vivisections. — -The Great Alexandrian Physicians. 2nd. The Jewish Physicians.— Their Emancipation from Superstition. — They found Colleges and promote Science and Letters. The contemporary Tendency to Magic, Necromancy, the Black Art. — The Philosopher's Stone, Elixir of Life, etc. The Arabs originate scientific Chemistry. — Discover the strong Acids, Phosphorus, etc. — Their geological Ideas. — Apply Chemistry to the Practice of Medicine. — Approach of the Conflict between the Saracenic material and the European supernatural System. The military operations of tlie Arabians, described in Chapter XI., overthrew the Byzantine political system, prematurely closing the Age of Faith the Influence in the East; their intellectual procedure gave rise to an equally important result, being des- tined, in the end, to close the Age of Faith in the West. 384 DIGRESSION ON THE PASSAGE OF [CH. XIII. The Saracens not only destroyed the Italian offshoot, they also impressed characteristic lineaments on the Age of Keason in Europe. Events so important make it necessary for me to turn aside from the special description of European intellectual advancement, and offer a digression on the passage of the Arabians to their Age of Eeason. It is impossible for us to understand their action in the great drama about to be performed unless we understand the character they had assumed. In a few centuries the fanatics of Mohammed had Their inteiiec- altogether changed their appearance. Great luai progress, philosophers, physicians, mathematicians, astro- nomers, alchemists, grammarians, had arisen among them. Letters and science, in all their various departments, were cultivated. A nation stirred to its profoundest depths by warlike emigration, and therefore ready to make, as soon as it reaches a period of repose, a rapid intellectual advance, may owe the path in which it is about Nestorians to pass to those who are in the position of cind Jews. * 1* 'j. j_ i? rv» * j* j. 1 pointing it out, or oi omciating as teachers. The teachers of the Saracens were the Nestorians and the Jews. It has been remarked that Arabian science emerged out of medicine, and that in its cultivation physicians took the lead, its beginnings being in the pursuit of alchemy. In this chapter I have to describe the origin of tifieprogres’g tlieso facts, and therefore must consider the was through state of Greek and Egyptian medicine, and me icm . ^'elate how, wherever the Byzantine system could reach, true medical philosophy was displaced by relic and shrine-curing ; and how it was, that while European ideas were in all directions reposing on the unsubstantial basis of the supernatural, those of the Saracens were resting on the solid foundation of a material support. When the Arabs conquered Egypt, their conduct was that of bigoted fanatics ; it justified the accusation made by some against them, that they burned the Alexandrian library for the purpose of heating the baths. But scarcely were they settled in their new dominion when they cn. XIII. J THE ARA13IAX3 TO THEIR AGE OF REASOX. 385 oxliibited an extraordinary change. At once they became lovers and zealous cultivators of learning. The Arab power had extended in two directions, and had been submitted to two influences. In Asia it had been exposed to the Nestorians, in Africa to the Jews, both of whom had suffered persecution at the causes of hands of the Byzantine government, apparently for the same opinion as that which had now toriansand established itself by the sword of Mohammed. The doctrine of the unity of God was their common point of contact. On this they could readily affiliate, and hold in common detestation the trinitarian power at Constan- tinople. He who is suffering the penalties of the law as a heretic, or who is pursued by judicial persecution as a misbeliever, will readily consort with others reputed to cherish similar infidelities. Brought into unison in Asia with the Nestorians, and in Africa with the Alexandrian Jews, the Arabians became enthusiastic admirers of learning. Not that there was between the three j^arties thus coalescing a complete harmony of sentiment in the theolo- gical direction; for, though the Nestorians and the Jews were willing to accept one-half of the Arabian dogma, that there is but one God, they could beSmmheir not altogether commit themselves to the other, neutral that Mohammed is his Prophet. Perhaps ‘ estrangement on this point might have arisen, but fortunately a renrArkable circumstance opened the way for a complete understanding between them. Almost from the beginning the Nestorians had devoted themselves to the study of medicine, and had paid much attention to the structure and diseases of the body of man ; the Jews had long produced distinguished physicians. These medical studies presented, therefore, a neutral ground on which the three parties could intellectually unite in harmony; and so thoroughly did the Arabians affiliate with these their teachers, that they acquired from them a character- istic mental physiognomy. Their physicians were their great philosophers ; their medical colleges were their foci of learning. While the Byzantines obliterated science in theology, the Saracens illuminated it by medicine. VOL. I. 2 c 3SG DIGRESSION ON THE PASSAGE OF [CH. XIH. Substitution of public charities. When Constantino the Great and his successors, under ecclesiastical influence, had declared themselves the enemies Byzantine worldly learning, it became necessary for the ®«Pj|ression of clergy to assume the duty of seeing to the ^ ^ ^ ’ physical as well as the religious condition of the people. It was unsuited to the state of things that physicians, whose philosophical tendencies inclined them to the pagan party, should be any longer endured. Their education in the Asclepions imparted to them ideas in ‘Opposition to the new policy. An edict of Constantine suppressed those establishments, ample provision being, however, made for replacing them by others more agree- able to the genius of Christianity. Hospitals and benevolent organizations were founded in the chief cities, and richly endowed with money and lands. In these merciful undertakings the empress- mother, Helena, was distinguished, her example being followed by many high-born ladies. The heart of women, which is naturally open to the desolate and afiSicted, soon gives active expression to its sympathies when it is sanctified by Christian faith. In this, its legitimate direction, Christianity could display its matchless bene- volence and charities. Organizations were introduced upon the most extensive and varied scale ; one bad charge- of foundlings, another of orphans, another of the j)oor. We have already alluded to the parabolani or visitors, and of the manner in which they were diverted from their original intent. But, noble as were these charities, they laboured under an essential defect in having substituted for educated physicians well-meaning but unskilful ecclesiastics. The destruction of the Asclepions was not attended by any suitably extensive measures for insuring professional educa- Graduaifiii Were placed in the bene- into miracle- volent institutions were, at the best, rather cure. under the care of kind nurses than under the advice of physicians ; and the consequences are seen in the gradually increasing credulity and imposture of succeeding ages, until, at length, there was an almost universal reliance on miraculous interventions. Fetiches, said to be the relics of saints, but no better than those of tropical CH. Xlll.] THE ARABIANS TO THEIR AGE OF REASON. <■> Q -T Africa, were believed to cure every disorder. To tlio shrines of saints crowds repaired as they had at one time to the temples of J^scnlapius. The worshippers remained, though the name of the divinity was changed. Scarcely were the Asclejoions closed, the schools o^ philosophy prohibited, the libraries dispersed • Closing of th«. |
5034835_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Pioneer war eine US-amerikanische Automarke des Jahres 1914. Hersteller war die American Manufacturing Company aus Chicago (Illinois).
Die Marke Pioneer
Der Pioneer war das letzte von insgesamt neun Automobilprojekten dieses Namens in den USA zwischen 1896 und 1914 – und eines von nur vier, die tatsächlich zu wenigstens einem Straßenfahrzeug führten. Einzig die Pioneer Car Company in Oklahoma hatte es zuvor mit einem Highwheeler auf nennenswerte Stückzahlen gebracht. Es gibt aber keinen bekannten Bezug der American Manufacturing Company zu anderen Herstellern eines Pioneer-Automobils.
Unternehmensgeschichte
Dieses Unternehmen war eine Tochtergesellschaft der erst im Juni 1913 aus der Fusion eines Chicagoer Autohandelshauses mit der Palmer Motor Car Company entstandenen Partin Manufacturing Company mit Sitz in Rochelle und Chicago. Deren Markennamen waren Partin und Partin-Palmer. Der Pioneer sollte das Angebot nach unten ergänzen. American Manufacturing trat selbständig auf und machte lange ein Geheimnis aus den Eigentümern. Dass dies Fachleute aus dem Automobilbau waren, war indes in diesem Marktsegment mit zahlreichen kleinen und kleinsten Herstellern so ungewöhnlich, dass es darüber zu Spekulationen in der Presse kam. Cyclecars erlebten zwischen 1912 und 1915 einen gewaltigen Boom, der sich aber ebenso rasch abkühlte, wie er aufgekommen war. Er ermunterte leider auch Bastler und Tüftler mit weniger seriösen Konstruktionen, sich als Hersteller zu versuchen; dies trug bereits einen der Keime des jähen Niedergangs dieser Fahrzeuggattung in sich.
Anders die American Manufacturing Company. Ihr Pioneer Staggered Roadster kam zwar als recht konventioneller Vertreter seiner Gattung auf den Markt, gilt aber als gelungener Entwurf. Die Bezeichnung bezieht sich auf die zwei versetzt nebeneinander angeordneten Sitzplätze. Viele Cyclecars hatten wegen der schmalen Karosserie eine Tandem-Sitzanordnung, in einigen Modellen wie dem französischen Bédélia saß der Passagier vorn. Der Verkaufspreis lag bei angemessenen US$ 385,--.
Als das Mutterhaus Ende 1914 in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten geriet, fand sich in der Person des Verkaufsdirektors Charles C. Darnall ein Investor, der es übernahm. Er organisierte es neu als Commonwealth Motors Corporation. Dabei wurde jedoch die American Manufacturing Company aufgegeben, weshalb der Pioneer bereits zum Ende des ersten Produktionsjahres wieder vom Markt verschwunden war.
Die Commonwealth Motors Corporation ist eine der beiden Gesellschaften, aus der 1922 die Checker Cab Manufacturing Company entstand. Daher ist der Pioneer so etwas wie ein entfernter Verwandter des berühmten Checker Cab.
Technik
Der Pioneer wurde als Cyclecar bezeichnet, obwohl er die Kriterien nicht erfüllte. Er war ein typischer Vertreter seiner Gattung, hergestellt in Leichtbauweise mit einem luftgekühlten V2-Motor, Friktionsgetriebe, Riemenantrieb und schmalerer Spur als gewöhnliche PKW. Seine Roadster-Karosserie war so eng, dass der Beifahrersitz um etwa 30 cm nach hinten gerückt und etwas tiefer angebracht werden musste, um vor allem dem Fahrer in dem nur 1016 mm breiten Auto mehr Ellbogenfreiheit zu verschaffen.
Ein luftgekühlter V2-Motor mit 9 bhp (6,6 kW) Leistung und einem Hubraum von 69,3 c.i. (1136 cm³) trieb den Pioneer an. Das Hubraumlimit für Cyclecars lag bei 1100 cm³ Hubraum. Die Bohrung betrug 3⅜ Zoll (85,725 mm), der Hub 3⅞ Zoll (98,425 mm). Aus der Bohrung ergab sich zu dieser Zeit die Steuerklasse (das sog. N.A.C.C.-Rating), die beim Pioneer mit 9,1 HP. errechnet wurde.
Die Kraft wurde über ein Reibrollengetriebe und Flachriemen zu den Hinterrädern weitergeleitet.
Modell
Pioneer baute nur ein einziges Modell in einer einzelnen Version:
Anmerkungen
Literatur
Kimes, Beverly Rae & Clark jr., Henry Austin: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1942, Krause Publications, Iola WI (1985), ISBN 0-87341-045-9
Dluhy, Robert D.: American Automobiles of the Brass Era: Essential Specifications of 4,000+ Gasoline Powered Passenger Cars, 1906–1915, with a Statistical and Historical Overview. McFarland & Co Inc. Publishers, Jefferson NC, 2013; ISBN 0-78647-136-0.
National Automobile Chamber of Commerce (Hrsg.): Handbook of Automobiles 1915–1916. Dover Publications, 1970.
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Illinois)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Chicago)
Gegründet 1914
Aufgelöst 1914
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Chicago).
|
github_open_source_100_1_186 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
let leftSideImage=document.getElementById('leftSide')
let midSideImage=document.getElementById('midSide')
let rightSideImage=document.getElementById('rightSide')
let arrOfImageSrc=['img/bag.jpg','img/banana.jpg','img/bathroom.jpg','img/breakfast.jpg','img/bubblegum - Copy.jpg','img/chair.jpg'
,'img/cthulhu.jpg','img/dog-duck.jpg','img/dragon.jpg','img/pen.jpg','img/pet-sweep.jpg','img/scissors.jpg','img/shark.jpg','img/sweep.png'
,'img/tauntaun.jpg','img/unicorn.jpg','img/usb.gif','img/water-can.jpg','img/wine-glass.jpg']
let arrOfImageName=['bag','banana','bathroom','breakfast','bubblegum','chair','cthulhu','dog','dragon','pen','pet-sweep','scissors'
,'shark','sweep','tauntaun','unicorn','usb','water','glass']
let arrOfNames=[]
function BusMallImage(nameImage,soruce){
this.nameImage=nameImage;
this.soruce=soruce;
this.votes = 0;
this.shown = 0;
BusMallImage.allImage.push(this);
arrOfNames.push(this.nameImage)
}
BusMallImage.allImage=[];
// console.log(arrOfImageSrc.length,arrOfImageName.length)
for(let i=0;i<arrOfImageSrc.length;i++){
// console.log('hi')
new BusMallImage(arrOfImageName[i],arrOfImageSrc[i])
}
// console.log(BusMallImage.allImage)
function getIndexRandomly(){
let randomIndex= Math.floor(Math.random()*BusMallImage.allImage.length)
return randomIndex
}
let leftSide=0
let rightSide=0
let midSide=0
function render(){
let showing=[]
leftSide=getIndexRandomly()
rightSide=getIndexRandomly()
midSide=getIndexRandomly()
console.log('image before',leftSide,rightSide,midSide,showing)
while(leftSide===rightSide||rightSide===midSide||leftSide===midSide||showing.includes(leftSide)||showing.includes(midSide)
||showing.includes(rightSide)){
leftSide=getIndexRandomly()
midSide=getIndexRandomly()
// console.log(showing);
}
console.log('image after',leftSide,rightSide,midSide,showing)
leftSideImage.src= BusMallImage.allImage[leftSide].soruce
BusMallImage.allImage[leftSide].shown++
midSideImage.src= BusMallImage.allImage[midSide].soruce
BusMallImage.allImage[rightSide].shown++
rightSideImage.src= BusMallImage.allImage[rightSide].soruce
BusMallImage.allImage[midSide].shown++
showing=[leftSide,midSide,rightSide]
}
render()
arrOfVo=[]
let buttonEvent;
let countsClick=0;
let round=10;
let imageEvent=document.getElementById('section')
imageEvent.addEventListener('click',handelClicking)
function handelClicking(event){
countsClick++
// console.log(event.target.id)
if(round >= countsClick){
// console.log(BusMallImage.allImage)
if (event.target.id=='leftSide'){
arrOfVo= BusMallImage.allImage[leftSide].votes++
}else if(event.target.id=='rightSide'){
arrOfVo= BusMallImage.allImage[rightSide].votes++
}else if(event.target.id=='midSide'){
arrOfVo= BusMallImage.allImage[midSide].votes++
}else{
return
} render()
}else{
buttonEvent=document.getElementById('butt')
buttonEvent.addEventListener('click',handelClickingButton)
imageEvent.removeEventListener('click',handelClicking)
}
}
// console.log(imageClicked)
function handelClickingButton(event){
gettingList()
savingToLocalStorge()
getChart()
buttonEvent.removeEventListener('click',handelClickingButton)
}
let arrOfShown=[]
let arrOfVotes=[];
function gettingList(){
let ul = document.getElementById('list');
for(let i = 0 ; i <BusMallImage.allImage.length; i++ ){
arrOfVotes.push(BusMallImage.allImage[i].votes)
arrOfShown.push(BusMallImage.allImage[i].shown)
let li = document.createElement('li');
ul.appendChild(li);
li.textContent = `${BusMallImage.allImage[i].nameImage} had ${BusMallImage.allImage[i].votes} Votes ,and was seen ${BusMallImage.allImage[i].shown} times.`;
}
}
function getChart(){
let ctx = document.getElementById('myChart')
let myChart = new Chart(ctx, {
type: 'bar',
data: {
labels: arrOfNames,
datasets: [{
label: '# of Votes',
data: arrOfVotes,
backgroundColor: [
'rgba(255, 99, 132, 0.4)',
],
borderWidth: 1
},{
label: '# of shown',
data: arrOfShown,
backgroundColor: [
'rgb(210, 108, 253)',
],
borderWidth: 1
}
]
},
});
}
function savingToLocalStorge(){
localStor=localStorage.setItem('Product',JSON.stringify(BusMallImage.allImage));
}
// console.log(localStor);
let product=[]
function toGetDataFromLS(){
let data= localStorage.getItem('Product')
console.log(data)
console.log(JSON.parse(data))
product=JSON.parse(data)
// let ul = document.getElementById('listLS');
if (product){
BusMallImage.allImage = product;
}
render()
}
toGetDataFromLS() |
github_open_source_100_1_187 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React, { useState, useEffect, useCallback, useContext } from "react";
import styled from "styled-components";
import moment from "moment";
import { generateMnemonic } from "bip39";
import { Network } from "bitcoinjs-lib";
import {
createMultisigConfigFile,
createSinglesigConfigFile,
createSinglesigHWWConfigFile,
createColdCardBlob,
downloadFile,
saveConfig,
containsColdcard,
getP2wpkhDeriationPathForNetwork,
} from "../../utils/files";
import { black } from "../../utils/colors";
import StepGroups from "./Steps";
import PageHeader from "./PageHeader";
import SelectAccountScreen from "./SelectAccountScreen";
import InputNameScreen from "./InputNameScreen";
import NewVaultScreen from "./NewVaultScreen";
import SuccessScreen from "./SuccessScreen";
import NewWalletScreen from "./NewWalletScreen";
import NewHardwareWalletScreen from "./NewHardwareWalletScreen";
import {
HwiResponseEnumerate,
ExtendedPublicKey,
AddressType,
} from "../../types";
import { ConfigContext } from "../../ConfigContext";
interface Props {
password: string;
currentBlockHeight: number;
currentBitcoinNetwork: Network;
}
const Setup = ({
password,
currentBlockHeight,
currentBitcoinNetwork,
}: Props) => {
document.title = `Setup - Lily Wallet`;
const { config, setConfigFile } = useContext(ConfigContext);
const [setupOption, setSetupOption] = useState(0);
const [step, setStep] = useState(0);
const [accountName, setAccountName] = useState("");
const [importedDevices, setImportedDevices] = useState<
HwiResponseEnumerate[]
>([]);
const [walletMnemonic, setWalletMnemonic] = useState("");
const [configRequiredSigners, setConfigRequiredSigners] = useState(1);
const [addressType, setAddressType] = useState(AddressType.P2WPKH);
const [path, setPath] = useState(
getP2wpkhDeriationPathForNetwork(currentBitcoinNetwork)
);
const [localConfig, setLocalConfig] = useState(config);
const exportSetupFiles = useCallback(async () => {
let configObject;
if (setupOption === 1) {
configObject = await createMultisigConfigFile(
importedDevices,
configRequiredSigners,
accountName,
config,
currentBlockHeight,
currentBitcoinNetwork
);
} else if (setupOption === 2) {
configObject = await createSinglesigConfigFile(
walletMnemonic,
accountName,
config,
currentBitcoinNetwork
);
} else {
configObject = await createSinglesigHWWConfigFile(
importedDevices[0],
addressType,
path,
accountName,
config,
currentBitcoinNetwork
);
}
saveConfig(configObject, password);
setLocalConfig(configObject);
}, [
accountName,
addressType,
config,
configRequiredSigners,
currentBitcoinNetwork,
currentBlockHeight,
importedDevices,
path,
password,
setupOption,
walletMnemonic,
]);
const downloadColdcardFile = async () => {
if (containsColdcard(importedDevices)) {
const devicesForCCFile = importedDevices.map((device) => {
// KBC-TODO: this is a hack to get the cc function to work
return {
id: "abc123",
created_at: 1231006505,
parentFingerprint: "abc123",
network: "mainnet",
bip32Path: "abc123",
xpub: "abcs123",
device: device,
} as ExtendedPublicKey;
});
const ccFile = createColdCardBlob(
configRequiredSigners,
importedDevices.length,
accountName,
devicesForCCFile,
currentBitcoinNetwork
);
await downloadFile(
ccFile,
`${accountName}-lily-coldcard-file-${moment().format("MMDDYYYY")}.txt`
);
}
};
useEffect(() => {
setWalletMnemonic(generateMnemonic(256));
}, []);
useEffect(() => {
if (step === 3) {
exportSetupFiles();
}
return () => {
if (step === 3) {
setConfigFile({ ...localConfig });
}
};
}, [step]); // eslint-disable-line
const Header = (
<PageHeader
headerText={
step === 0
? "Select account type"
: `${
setupOption === 2
? "Create new wallet"
: setupOption === 3
? "Manage hardware wallet"
: "Create new vault"
}`
}
setStep={setStep}
step={step}
setSetupOption={setSetupOption}
/>
);
let screen = null;
switch (step) {
case 0:
screen = (
<SelectAccountScreen
header={Header}
setSetupOption={setSetupOption}
setStep={setStep}
/>
);
break;
case 1:
screen = (
<InputNameScreen
header={Header}
setupOption={setupOption}
setStep={setStep}
accountName={accountName}
setAccountName={setAccountName}
/>
);
break;
case 2:
if (setupOption === 2) {
screen = (
<NewWalletScreen
header={Header}
walletMnemonic={walletMnemonic}
setStep={setStep}
/>
);
} else if (setupOption === 3) {
screen = (
<NewHardwareWalletScreen
header={Header}
setStep={setStep}
importedDevices={importedDevices}
setImportedDevices={setImportedDevices}
currentBitcoinNetwork={currentBitcoinNetwork}
setAddressType={setAddressType}
setPath={setPath}
/>
);
} else {
screen = (
<NewVaultScreen
header={Header}
setStep={setStep}
importedDevices={importedDevices}
setImportedDevices={setImportedDevices}
setConfigRequiredSigners={setConfigRequiredSigners}
configRequiredSigners={configRequiredSigners}
currentBitcoinNetwork={currentBitcoinNetwork}
/>
);
}
break;
case 3:
screen = (
<SuccessScreen
config={localConfig}
downloadColdcardFile={
containsColdcard(importedDevices) && importedDevices.length > 1
? downloadColdcardFile
: undefined
}
/>
);
break;
default:
screen = <div>Unexpected error</div>;
}
return (
<Wrapper step={step}>
{step > 0 && <StepGroups step={step} setupOption={setupOption} />}
{screen}
</Wrapper>
);
};
const Wrapper = styled.div<{ step: number }>`
text-align: left;
font-family: "Montserrat", sans-serif;
color: ${black};
align-items: center;
display: flex;
flex: 1;
justify-content: ${(p) => (p.step === 0 ? "center" : "flex-start")};
flex-direction: column;
padding: 0 3em;
`;
export default Setup;
|
topographyofgrea02cook_6 | English-PD | Public Domain | The great King Arthur fought many battles near this place. When the power of the West Saxons pre- ponderated, it made part of their kingdom, and here they built several churches and monasteries, which were afterwards utterly destroyed by the Danes. It assumed new splendour under the reign of Edgar, who, in 973, was consecrated with great solemnity in the Church of St. Peter. This monarch endowed the BATH. 121 city with divers valuable privileges, erecting it into a tree borough, granting it a market and liberty of coin- age, and exempting it from taxes. From this time till the reign of William Rufus, the place continued to flourish; but towards the latter end of that Prince's reign, many of the West-country people took up arms, having been greatly distressed by the forest laws, and in their progress they burnt and destroyed this city. It was afterwards rebuilt: and, in 1137, the foundation of the present cathedral was laid by Dr. Oliver King, then bishop of this see, but he did not live to see it completed. Adjoining to the church was a large monastery ; but no other remains of it are now to be seen, except a gate-house, let out in lodgings by the chapter. On the spot where the cathedral stands, the Ro- mans had a temple dedicated to the goddess Minerva, as appears from inscriptions on two stones dug up near the place, and affixed to the eastern wall of the church, In the year 1687, when James II. had, by pro- clamation, abolished the penal laws against Popery, he made a progress into the West of England, ac- companied by his Queen, and they lodged some weeks in the Gate -house of the abbey belonging to the ca- thedral. During their stay at Bath, the queen first declared herself pregnant of that child, whose pre- tensions to the crown of England afterwards occa- sioned the ruin of many noble and reputable families in different parts of the kingdom. The city of Bath was anciently encompassed with a stone wall, the foundation of which is attributed to Julius Agricola, when lieutenant in Britain, under the Emperor Vespasian. A small part of it. is still standing, and called the Borough-wall. That it was founded by the Romans, is incontestible, from the great number of stones, with Roman inscriptions, which are still to be seen in the lower part of the wall, as well as others with figures carved upon them. L 122 BATH. In this wall were formerly four gates and a pos- tern, all of which were taken down some years ago. The gates were, the North-gate, at the entrance from the London road; the West-gate, a handsome stone structure, in which some of the royal family lodged ; the South-gate, which led to the bridge over the Avon; and the East-gate, leading to a ferry over the same river. In the year 1755, when the abbey-house was taken down, in order to erect another, the workmen disco- vered the foundations of several Roman baths, all of which were constructed according to the best rules in architecture, and surrounded with bricks of a very hard and durable nature. Under the head of Anti- quities, we shall give a more ample account of the Roman remains discovered in this city. And pro- ceeding to describe the present state of Bath, we shall commence with those public buildings which naturally attract the attention of the traveller. The cathedral Church of St Peter and Paul, com- monly called the Abbey, (supposed to be built on the spot where stood the Roman temple of Minerva, who was the tutelar deity of the hot-springs), is a noble edifice, built in the shape of a cross, and found- ed in the year 676, by King Osric, together with the abbey-house, for nuns; but, in the year 775, King Offa placed therein secular canons, who being ex- pelled by King Edgar, he instituted Benedictine monks in their stead; and it was frequently repaired and augmented, till Oliver King began the present pile, which was occasioned by a vision, or dream of his, as related by Sir John Harrington : " The bishop," says he, " having been at Bath, imagined, as he one night lay meditating in his bed, that he saw the Holy Trinity, with angels, ascending and des- cending by a ladder, near to which was a fair olive- tree supporting a crown." The impression was so strong, that the bishop thought he heard a voice, which said, " Let an Olive establish the crown, and let a King restore the church." This had such an BATH. 123 effect upon the good prelate, that he instantly formed a design to rebuild the church of St. Peter and Paul. Accordingly he set the work immediately in hand, and, as Sir John concludes, caused his vision to be represented on the west front of it, under the title of " De sursum est." " It is from on high." The pious bishop was prevented from completing this work by death; and upon the dissolution of religious houses, in the reign of Henry VJ11. this church, coming into the possession of the Crown, and the townsmen re- fusing to purchase it of the King's commissioners for 500 marks, it' was entirely stripped of the lead, glass, iron, timber, and other materials; in which condition, with only the bare walls standing, it remained till 1606, when it was restored to its present state by Dr. James Montague, then bishop of the diocese, and other generous benefactors, and made parochial. The west front of this elegant structure, is enriched with several statues, besides a representation of the vision of Oliver King, as above related. It contains many curious monuments, has a handsome alter-piece, re- presenting the Wise Men's Offering, given in the year 1725, by General Wade, one of the representa- tives of this city; and an excellent organ, thought by very good judges to be one of the best in Europe. This church was formerly called the Lantern of Eng- land, on account of the number and size of its win- dows; but, as it is now enclosed by houses to the north and south, the light is much intercepted. It is a stately and elegant structure, and affords the cu- rious stranger as much speculation as.any parochial church of the same standing in England. The tower (which is 162 feet high) has an excel- lent peal of ten bells. The length from east to west is 210 feet, and from north to south, 126; the breadth of the body and side aisles, is 72 feet, and the win- dows are fifty-two in number. Here divine service is performed every day, at eleven in the forenoon, and at four in the afternoon; which was set on foot, and l2 124 BATH. is supported, by the voluntary subscriptions of the company resorting to Bath; it being thought neces- sary that prayers should be performed daily at one of the places of religious worship io this city. The several parishes in Bath, are consolidated into one rectory, in the gift of the corporation, with the vicarage of Lyncombe and Widcombe, annexed to it The parish church of St. James was rebuilt (chiefly by voluntary subscription) in 1768 and 1769, under the direction, and agreeable to the plan of Mr. Pal- mer, of this city, architect, and is a very neat free- stone building, with fronts in the Gothic taste. The ground-plan is a parallelogram of sixty-one feet long, by fifty-eight wide, within the walls; the roof is sup- ported by four Ionic columns; the ceiling is divided into three parts; the middle finished with an enta- blature and coving, and the two sides with an archi- trave only, of the Ionic order. The altar forms a niche, set round with columns and pilasters, with a Doric entablature. The tower has a peal of eight musical bells. In 1782, a new and excellent organ was erected in this church, by Mr. Seed of Bristol. Here is divine service on Sundays, and prayers on Wednesday and Friday mornings, and Saturday afternoon; and morning prayers on saints' days. The church dedicated to St. Michael was begun to be rebuilt about the year 1754, and finished in 1742, at the expense of the inhabitants ; towards which the late General Wade largely contributed. It is fiuished in the Doric order, with a fine dome, and is a very neat church in the inside, having a painting of our Saviour, and another of Moses, over the altar; the former by Mr. Hoare of this city, and the latter by Mr. Robinson of London. It has a musical peal of eight bells, and an organ. Here is divine service as often as at St. James's. The parish church of Walcot, which stands within the liberties of this city, was rebuilt in the year 1780, BATH. 125 and has been since very much enlarged on account of the great increase of the inhabitants: it is a neat church, and has a good organ. St. Michael's Chapel, near the Cross-Bath, has an- nexed to it an hospitable, or almshouse, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, called the Blue Alms Charity, founded in the reign of Henry II. by Reginald Filz- Joceline, then bishop of the see, who gave an estate, called St. John's Farm, then valued at about 60/. a year, for the support of six aged poor men, and six aged poor women of this city, and a master, who must be a clergyman of the established church. These poor people have separate apartments, and an allowance of 4*. 2d. a week each. The almshouse was taken down in the year 1728, and rebuilt at the expense of the late Duke of Chandos, in consideration of some advantages he received in erecting Chandos Court. The farm has been so much improved by being Jet out on building leases, that it is supposed the annual rents much exceed 10,000/. a year; and the fines constantly paying for renewals, (which the master has the exclusive privilege of granting, and of which he receives one moiety, and the co-brethren and sisters the other moiety, in equal portions) make the mastership equal, in point of profit, to most ec- clesiastical benefices. There is divine service twice a day in this chapel. The little chapel dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, situated under Beechen-Cliff, is in the gift of the Lord Chancellor. Here is divine service every Sun- day, performed by the curate of the Abbey. Adjoin- ing is an hospital belonging to it, for idiots, which was rebuilt in l?6l. There are, besides, several other places of divine worship in this city, for the use of dissenters. In January 1785, a subscription was set on foot, by Heiyy Southby, Esq. for establishing Sunday- schools in this city, for the children of the poor who have no other means of learning their religious and l3 126 BATH. social duties. In a few weeks, a sufficient sum was raised to carry into effect the beneficent plan. The old Guildhall, which was built after a plan of the celebrated Inigo Jones, was situated in the High- street, between the present Green-market and the Christopher Inn; but the corporation finding this hall and its offices too small, and its situation very in- convenient for carriages passing through the city, re- solved to erect a new one on the east side of High- street; and the first stone was laid by the mayor, at- tended by the rest of the corporation, on the 1 1 th of February, 1766. In this hall a court of record is held every Monday, which takes cognizance of all personal actions within the city, or its liberties. Of this court the town-clerk is the prothonotary, and the Serjeants at mace, for the time being, the attorneys. There is also a Court of Requests, for the more easy and speedy recovery of small debts within the city and liberties. Here are several handsome edifices erected for charitable purposes, among which is a Free Gram- mar School, situated in Broad-street, where youth are qualified for the University. It was originally founded and endowed by King Edward VI. The present building was begun in the year 1702. There is also a Charity-school in this city, first founded in the year 1711, and begun, and for some years carried on, by the interest and unwearied en- deavours of that eminent pattern of learning and piety, Robert Nelson, esq. who engaged Dean Wil- lis (afterwards Bishop of Winchester), and several other persons of distinction, to assist him in this ar- duous and charitable undertaking. It was rebuilt by .subscription, and the corporation liberally contributed towards it, as well by their subscriptions, as by a grant of the ground on which the present school is erected; and on the 12th of October, 1721, the foun- dation stone was laid by Mr. Hoare, on which was the following inscription : " God's Providence is our Inheritance/1 BATH. 127 Here are several alms-houses, the principal of which is that called Ruscot's Charity, where twenty- four poor aged persons of both sexes are maintained and clothed. In 1738, a Public Infirmary was erected here by voluntary subscription. It is capable of holding up- wards of a hundred patients who are freely admitted from all parts of the kingdom; and the same benevo- lence and generosity which first accomplished the work yet continues to support it for the relief of the indigent and afflicted. Besides this, here are two other hospitals, the first of which is called Beliefs Hospital, and was founded by Thomas Bellott, Esq. (one of the executors of Lord Cecil) in the reign of King James 1. This charity is under the guardianship of the corporation, and is adapted for the use of poor men only, who come to this city for the benefit of the hot waters. The number admitted seldom exceeds eighteen, who have the liberty of bathing gratis, besides lodging and an allowance of Is. lOd. per week each person. The other hospital was instituted in the year 1747, for the laudable purpose of supplying the poor of this city (who have no relief from their parishes) with medicines, physical advice, and such other necessa- ries as their unhappy cases may require. This cha- ritable foundation is called the Pauper Scheme, and is wholly supported by voluntary contributions. Besides the charitable institutions before-mention- ed, there is a General Hospital in this city, open to the sick and poor of every part of the world, to whose cases the Bath waters are applicable. It is an excel- lent institution, supported by voluntary contributions, and considerably more than a hundred patients re- ceive every convenience, comfort, and advice, that their conditions may require. It is an elegant pile of building, 110 feet in breadth, and ninety in depth. The first stone was laid on the 8th of July, 1738, at the north- east corner of the building, by the Right Hon. William Pulteney, afterwards Earl of Bath, 128 BATH. For many centuries, the City of Bath was the asy- lum only of the sick, and its old inhabitants aimed at nothing more than to render the place comfortable to them. But since the spirit of improvement has shewed itself, it now can boast of being the most con- venient, best built, and most elegant city in Europe. Among the elegant buildings added to this city within the present century, are those which form a plan designed by the ingenious Mr. Wood. The King's Circus is of a circular form, and esteemed one of the most elegant piles in England, the houses be- ing all uniform and of one size: the front is adorned with three rows of pilasters, the first Doric, the se- cond Ionic, and the third Corinthian, the whole form- ing a most beautiful appearance. Queen's-square is on the north-west of the city, and is enclosed with rails, having a fine chapel for divine service. The whole square, by its uniformity, has the ap- pearance of one house, though it is divided into seve- ral, and is 520 feet in front, and 260 in depth. Each front has sixty-three windows, and each end thirty- one. Two of the other sides serve as wings to the principal side, each of which contains twenty-four houses upon a perfect square of 210 feet; and the front of these wings have each twenty-five Windows, so that, when the whole building is surveyed in front, it shews 113 windows, extending 1,040 feet, and from the neighbouring hills looks like one grand palace. The Crescent is a very handsome pile of building, i n the form of a half circle. The houses are all uniform, lofty, and finished with the greatest elegance. Near the Avon, on the south side of the city, is another elegant square, built in an oblong form, being in length 500 feet, and 250 in breadth. The bridge over the Avon, at this place, is 120 feet in length, supported by a single arch. Since the Royal Crescent was finished, another elegant pile of buildings has been completed and in- habited, called Catharine-place, situated behind bath. 129 Brook-street, in a very airy and healthy situation. Also, another crescent of elegant and spacious houses, called Lansdown Crescent, and a third crescent called Camden Place; all commanding prospects equally beautiful, if not as extensive, as any in the kingdom. At the entrance from London, are several new and capital piles of buildings, some of which are yet un- finished, called Grosvenor Buildings, Kensington Place, Piccadilly, &c. Sydney Garden VauxhalJ, is situated at the termi- nation of Great Pulteney-street. It was opened for public entertainment on the 11th May, 1795. The Kennet and Avon Canal runs through the gardens, with two elegant cast-iron bridges thrown over it, in the manner of the Chinese. These gardens com- mand beautiful and romantic views, and are free from dust in summer and dirt in winter. Near the abbey church was a pleasant walk, for- merly called the Grove, but now made into a square, and named after the late Prince of Orange, who visited Bath, when he came to England to espouse the Princess Royal, daughter of his late Majesty George II. While his Highness was here, he re- ceived great benefit from the waters; in memory whereof, a pillar is erected in the centre with a Latin inscription, of which the following is a translation : " The Prince of Orange was happily restored to health, by drinking the waters of Bath, through favour of God, and to the extreme joy of Britain, 1735." Ail these new buildings are ©f free-stone, dug out of the neighbouring hills, and though not so hard as that of Portland, it is equally, if not more, useful for modern structures; for, being softer, it does not re- quire so much labour to reduce it to a proper form. — We have, in our article upon the mineralogy of the county, particularly described this beautiful stone. The new and very clegantTheatre is in every respect 130 BATH. commensurate with the magnificence and beauty of (he town. There are also several sets of Assem- bly Rooms, of adequate dimensions, regulated by a master of the ceremonies, whose office is become as profitable as honourable. The celebrated Richard Nash, Esq., generally called Beau Nash, for a long time enjoyed this office, and indeed it is to him that it owes its present dignity. The present masters of the ceremonies are for the upper assembly-rooms, J. Heaviside, esq. ; Kingston assembly rooms, C. Marshall, esq.; city assemblies, Guildhall, W. Harris, esq. The lower assembly rooms rented by Mr. Mills, have lately been much improved, particularly by a grand portico at the entrance. One part of these have been fltted-up for the Bath and West of Eng- land club, the other, equally superb, is dedicated to balls and concerts. The riding-schools afford nume- rous attractions in bad weather ; but the tennis court near the upper riding school has been converted into a manufactory. The north and south parades are no longer the resort of fashion : the whole tide now runs from the upper part of Milsom Street, through Bond Street, and Union Street, to the pump-room, and this is the mid-day promenade of the fashionable visitants. The libraries which are numerous, and well filled, merit all the encouragement they have met with. The government of the city was originally vested in a sheriff; the first that appears to have borne this office was iElfrid, who died A. D. 907. In the 32d year of Queen Elizabeth, a charter was obtained, de- claring Bath a sole city of itself, and the citizens to be incorporated by the name of the mayor, aldermen, and citizens of Bath ; and at present the city is go- verned by a mayor, recorder, and aldermen, besides twenty common-council; the number of aldermen (out of which the mayor and two justices are chosen) is not to exceed ten, nor be less than four, and a town-clerk ; from among the common-council (ex- cept the senior, who is always chamberlain) are BATH. 131 yearly chosen two bailiffs or sheriffs, and two consta- bles. The representatives in parliament for the city are elected by the corporation. The principal markets are kept on Wednesdays and Saturdays, plentifully supplied with every kind of provisions, and generally at moderate prices. The markets for fish are on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and are thought to excel those of any in- land town of the kingdom, as well in the goodness as the quantity of the sea fish brought to it, and the fresh-water fish daily taken from the river Avon. We shall now describe the several public baths ; the King's bath rises about 152 feet south-west of the Abbey Church; the spring or main source of which is in the centre, and covered over with a large leaden reservoir, to restrain its rapid motion, and to disperse the water more equally to the different parts of the bath, as well as to receive the pipes of the different pumps, which supply the water for drinking; by which means, as the water flows upward in a strong, large, and uninterrupted stream, all communication between the water used for drinking, and the water in the bath, is prevented. Once in three or four years this reservoir is opened, in order to clear it of a sandy substance, which the water brings up and de- posits there, and which, if suffered to accumulate, would choak the ends of the pipes which supply the different pumps. The Hot and Cross Baths have each a reservoir, of nearly the same construction ; but we cannot find that it is ever necessary to open them on the same account, or that any substance of this kind was ever found in them. The springs were doubtless separated from the common springs by the Romans, and secured with a strong durable wall. The dimensions of the King's Bath are sixty-five feet ten inches, by forty feet ten inches, and it con- tains 346 tons, two hogsheads, and twenty-six gal- lons of water, when filled to its usual height. In the centre of this bath is erected an elegant building of free-stone, with recesses and seats for the accommo- 132 * BATH. dation of ladies and gentlemen who bathe, and round it is built a covering supported by a handsome colon- nade in the Doric order, that bathers may be shel- tered from the inclemency of the weather. This bath is now very much improved in every de- partment, and the whole has been conducted under the inspection of the principal medical gentlemen resident in this city. Adjoining to this bath are two rooms, one for ladies, the other for gentlemen, in which are pumps for pouring the hot water on any part of the body affected, which has often proved more salutary than bathing the whole body in the common bath. On the north side of the King's Bath is the Pump- Room, erected in the year 1704, and greatly enlarged in 1751. In this room the nobility and gentry assem- ble every morning, during the season, between the hours of seven and ten, to drink the waters. A good band of music, whose pay is derived from the ball- subscriptions to the rooms, attends from eight till ten for the entertainment of the company, which is gene- rally numerous, and make a very brilliant appear- ance. At the east end of this room, is a fine marble statue of the late Richard Nash, esq., executed by Mr. Hoare, at the expense of the corporation. There is also a good clock, given by the late Mr. Tompion. To this building, in '1786, was added a handsome portico, for the reception of chairs, that the company in the pump-room might not be incommoded by the clamours of the chairmen. Adjoining the King's Batb, in Stall-street, are se- veral elegant private baths, dry pump-rooms, suda- tories, ike. The Queen's Bath is only separated from the King's Bath by a wall. It has no springs, but receives its water from the King's Bath, by a communication through an open arched passage, so that the water is consequently not so hot. The Cross Bath, which rises about 100 yards south- west of the former, was so called from a cross erected BATH. 133 in the centre of it, by the Earl of Melfort (secretary of state to King- James II.) as a memorial of the queen bathing in it in the year 1687. This cross is now removed, the bath secured, the bathing rendered more convenient by slips for the bathers, and a small neat pump-room built, agreeably to the plans of Mr. Baldwin. The Hot Bath, situated about 120 feet south-west of the former, is so called from its being deemed the hottest of all ; though, from many late experiments, it has been declared to be nearly of the same degree of heat as the King's Bath. Here is a neat pump-room, for the company who drink this water; near which have been constructed, by the chamber of the city, a commodious open bath, private baths, dry pump- rooms, and sudatories, continually kept warm by the fires of the dressing-room; the sudatories may like- wise be made use of for vapour bathing. The whole of the building is fifty-six feet, square. The time for bathing is in the morning, fasting, at all times of the year: because being refreshed by a night's sleep, we are the better able to bear bathing ; and digestion being completed, we are not subject to disorders arising from crudities, as obstructions, head- aches, &c, and fasting too, because the natural heat being sent out towards the circumference by bathing, digestion would be disturbed were we to go in with a full stomach. A glass or two of the water may be taken in the bath, it being very refreshing, and not only quenches thirst, but also promotes perspiration afterwards. The time of staying in the bath must be regulated by the physician, according to the patient's strength or disorder. Before the patient goes into either of the baths, a due preparation is necessary; the blood-vessels should not be too full, and the prima vice should be cleansed; without which cautions, ba- thers are liable to head-aches, fevers, &c, and not only lose the benefit they came for, but return to their homes much worse than before. These waters are beneficial in almost all chronical 13 i BATH. distempers, and can hurt in none, except in haemor- rhage, inflammations, or bad lungs, unless they be overdosed in quantity, or too high or too hot a regi- men be joined •with them; for they are very grateful to the stomach, have a fine, sulphureous steely taste, like that of the German Spa, or Pyrmont, and pro- cure a great appetite and good spirits, if cautiously managed; but, if high meat and strong liquors be in- dulged in, they create inflammatory disorders. They are of a strengthening, cleansing, attenuating, open- ing nature; they comfort the nerves, warm the body, and are good in all constitutions. These waters are good in scorbutic rheumatism, and old wandering pains in any part of the body, by bathing and drinking, when the pains are not at- tended with any feverish heat. They are very bene- ficial in all disorders of the paralytic kind, in palsies, convulsions, contractions, rheumatism, and lameness of all kinds: the bilious cholic, in particular, is re- lieved by their use; as are also obstructions of the liver and spleen, jaundice, scurvy, loss of appetite, and hysteric and hypochondriac disorders, when pro- ceeding from weakness of the stomach. They like- wise remove all sorts of cutaneous disorders, particu- larly the leprosy, by washing off those malignant salts that occasion these maladies, when taken in- wardly, and discharging them by perspiration in bathing: the sulphureous particles, too, in the water, entering into the skin, and dissolving the salts which are lodged near the surface. And it is the given opinion, if any of the preceding disorders fail of re- lief by the Bath water, it is because the patients will not allow sufficient time for their cure; or else are too unwilling to take pains, or cannot keep to such regular diet, as is absolutely necessary in stubborn cases. The water should always be drunk hot from the pump. It is taken hot, for the sake of the volatile spirit that circulates in it, which, being of a like na- ture with the universal menstrum, or alkali in our BATH. 135 stomach, does -wonderfully restore it, when lost or depraved. And it is somewhat strange to see its effects in the stomach, on decayed appetites, -which are soon relieved by drinking the water hot from the pump. The water is generally drunk in the morn- ing, fasting, between the hours of s.x and ten, that it may hare time to pass out of the stomach; though some drink a glass about noon. The quantity generally taken in a day is from one pint to thr^.e : few constitutions require more. The sprine which supplied the baths being cleared from the rubbish, 6cc, and the several ancient sewers for carrying off the water from the baths repaired, his Grace the late Duke of Kingston built on the same spot several baths and sudatories, upon a new- plan, approved by some of the most eminent physi- cians, as well for the neatness and elegance of the de- sign, as the utility of the several apartments. The seasons for drinking the Bath water are the Spring and Autumn. The Spring season begins w ith April, and ends with June. The Autumn season be- gins with September, and lasts till December; and some patients remain here all the winter. In the spring this city is mostly frequented for health, and in the autumn for pleasure, when at least two thirds of the company come to partake of the amusements of the place. The good qualities of the Bath waters, the beautiful situation of the place, and the salubrity of the air, are admirably described in a poem written by the late Mrs. Chandler, of which the following is an ex- tract : — " The mineral streams which from the baths arise From noxious vapours clear the neighb'ring skies : When fevers bore an epidemic sway, Unpeopled towns, swept villages away; While death abroad dealt terror and despair, The plague but gently touch'd within their sphere. m 2 136 BATH. " Blest source of health! seated on rising ground, With friendly hills by nature guarded round} From eastern blasts and sultry south secure, The air's balsamic, and the soil is pure." It has been calculated that a view of the curiosi- ties, with the most interesting scenery in Bath, and its environs, may require about t\ve!ve or thirteen walks and rides. The first plnce of attraction imme- diately after breakfast, is a visit to the Great Pump Room, where no requisite is necessary beyond a de- cent or genteel appearance. Leaving this, Edgar Buildings, an elevated terrace is perceived opposite Milsom street, which, in the height of the season is the place of promenade for the gentlemen, and that of shopping, for the ladies. Here all is bustle and gaiety; numerous equipages passing and repassing; the houses handsome, and the shops elegantly laid out. Bond Street has no thoroughfare for carriages, being similar to Cranbourne Alley, now Cranbourne Street, in Loudon. The shops here are elegant and well furnished. Here is the library and reading rooms of Mr. Barrett and Bladud Bank, who draw upon Jones and Co., Lothbury, London. In Union- Street, is the General Hospital, open for the recep- tion of the sick poor from all parts of England and Ireland to whom the waters may be applied with benefit ; but this building is not open to the natives of Bath. From Stall Street, passing into Abbey Place, the fine venerable Abbey bursts upon the eye of the vi- sitor. Bath Street, directly opposite to the King's and Cross Bath, gives a sort of finish to this part of the town. To the right of the Cross Bath is the Eye Infirmary. Hetling Court, contiguous to this, con- tains St. John's Chapel, rebuilt in 1723, by Mr. Kil- legrew, where divine service is performed twice a- day. To the right isBradlcy's Buildings; but nothing particular engages the eye of the visitor till he comes to the Old Bath Bridge. At the corner of VVevmouth- BATH. 137 Street is St. James's Church. In Abbey Gate Street is situated the Lancasterian School, where 500 chil- dred are taught, gratis. In Kingston Buildings stands the Post Office, from whence the visitor may return through Milsom Street, to the York Hotel. In the second walk it may be advisable to view Sydney Place, a most admirable specimen of mo- dern architecture, the houses being all the produc- tion of one quarry. Turning to the left, through Darlington Street, the new Church of St. Mary at Bathwick, appears, built of cream-coloured stone in the modern gothic style. The first stone was laid in September, 1814, bearing this extraordinary inscription : — " Glory to God in the highest: — on Earth peace." The most sanguinary conflict ever recorded in the annals of History had ceased, and the downfall of Napoleon, the despot of France had taken place, when the nations of Europe became united in the bond of peace. At such a joyful period, and on the first day of September, in the year of our Lord 1814, the foundation stone of Bathwick New Church was laid. Rt. Hon. Harry, Earl of Darlington, Lord of the manor. The Right Rev. Richard, Lord Bishop of the Diocese. The Rev. Peter Gunning, Rector, &c. &c. This church dedicated to St. Mary was consecrated on the 11th of February, 1820, by the Bishop of Gloucester It is a spacious and elegant structure of the modern Gothic. The removal of the old ruinous church of Bathwick, not only gave an additional air of importance to Great Pulteney Street, but afforded great satisfac- tion to all who wished for a more enlarged place of worship. On the new road to Widcombe, a path on the right, through the fields, leads to the ferry. To view Waterloo Gardens three-pence is charged, though these may be engaged for select parties; they are small, contain some pleasing walks, and the use of a swing. From the river-side, there is a walk along m 3 138 BATH. the Avon to Pulteuey Bridge. A penny is charged for crossing the Avon in a boat. Landing on the South Parade, here is a good look-out. Duke Street, in Hie middle of this, leads to the North Parade, which has a broad elegant terrace, stone balustrades, and iron railing. Pierrepont Street is at the end of this paradj?. These houses are ex- tremely convenient for the frequenters of the Old Kingston Rooms, a few yards from the North Parade, and which form one of the most lively and interesting features in Bath. The present master of the cere- monies is Captain Marshall, who was elected in No- vember, 1817- Entering York-Street from the Orange Grove, the Free-Mason's Hall immediately meets the eye of the spectator; the foundation stone of which was laid on the 28th of July, 1817. The exterior of this is a fine piece of Grecian architecture. It has a small portico in front, with pillars of the Ionic order, and the front is ornamented with figures and a long range of Grecian iron railing, quite nouvelle in Bath ; but as a decided proof that the secrets of masonry are not all of a purely intellectual nature, near th*j lodge-room is a kitchen, supplied with cooking utensils sufficient to furnish food for a large company, having two very large coppers, &c &c. At the bottom of Bath-Street, and near the Cross Bath, is a neat little building containing the Bath Antiquities. To the lovers of research, an hour or two may be fully employed in examining the various relics of ancient times. It is open at all hours of the day for public inspection, and the remuneration is left to the generosity of the visitor. Among other frag- ments of Masonry and Sculpture, the remains of the Temple of Minerva, form the most remarkable ob- jects in the collection. Contiguous to the South Parade, ground has been marked out for an elegant new square, to be called Kingston Square. The Old Theatre in Orchard-Street was, in 1 sop, converted into a convenient and spacious Catholic Chapel. On BATH. 139 recrossmg the ferry towards the right of the road, se- veral pieces of ground are set apart for new streets, places, &c. A third walk may be made from Port- land-Place through Burlington-Street, Harley-Street, and Gloucester-Place. Passing through Margaret- Buildings we come to Margaret Chapel, and at length through Brook-Street, into the Royal Circus. Upon entering this noble pile of building, the eye is delighted with the uniformity and grandeur of the scene. Its Koman appearance is very impressive. The houses have, between each of the various stories, two pillars of the Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian orders, and are further decorated with numerous sculptured medal- lions. In the middle of the buildings is a shrubbery and a gravel walk, surrounding a reservoir, enclosed with a circular iron railing. In Alfred-Street are the Upper, or New-Rooms, which cost 20,000Z. and were opened for company in 177 1. Queen Square is not only magnificent, but chaste. In the centre, enclosed in an iron railing, is an obelisk, seventy feet high, bearing the following inscription : In Memory of Honours conferred, And in gratitude for Benefits bestowed on this city By His Royal Highness Frederick Prince of Wales, And his Royal Consort, In the Year MDCCXXXViL, This Obelisk is erected By Richard Nash, Esq. Beaufort Square, with which we may commence the fourth walk, is only important from its containing the grand entrance to the New Theatre Royal, which has an elegant and attractive appearance. Its clas- sical front was designed by N. Dance, Esq. The ex- terior is handsome, but the interior is fitted up in the highest state of excellence. Quitting Beaufort Square, the visitor finds himself in Trim-Street, containing the Unitarian Chapel, a handsome erection distill- 140 BATH. guished for the neatness of its pews and galleries, and its excellent singing. To the left is Gascoyne Place, and the Blue School for 100 poor boys and girls. The public market is well deserving the attention of every stranger that conies to Bath. The butter is peculiarly fine, and may be deemed one of the luxuries of this place. The Guildhall, close to the Market- House, may be viewed next as one of the great orna- ments of the city. The front in High-Street is a fine piece of architecture, and here are held the Sessions, which occur four times every year, and a Court of Requests every Wednesday, for the recovery of debts under forty-shillings, and not exceeding 10/., within the city. Nearly opposite to Guildhall is Fromont's Coach-Office ; this part is all bustle, trade, and ac- tivity. Northumberland Place near it is also said to resemble Cranbourne Alley in London, containing many excellent shops for the ladies. In Broad-Street is situated the Public Grammar School ; and in Lady Mead, the Bath Penitentiary and Lock Hospital. Walcot Church is a handsome stone building, enlarged in 1780. This parish alone contains 20,000 souls. At the end of Walcot Parade, descending a flight of steps, the Ferry offers itself on the left. The relief then from the busy hum of trade, is enjoyed in the prospect of trees, water, &c. The Ferry boat called the Industry, has a broad flat bottom. The Avon here is narrow, and a rope is fixed to the trees from one side to the other, by which the ferryman pulls himself and his company over, at the charge of one penny each. From Upper Camden Place we may commence walk the fifth. This fine high terrace, which is a de- lightful place of residence, possesses a broad pave- ment, with a carriage road in front of it, enclosed with iron rails, to render it perfectly safe. Passing Spen- cer's Bell Vue, on the right, is Lansdown Grove, with Lansdown Place east and west, and the Crescent. Thio is a noble pile of building, and its extraordinary elevation is the admiration of every spectator, being BATH. 141 the highest station in Bath. By comparison it is like looking down from St. Paul's Cathedral into the streets of London. All Saints Chapel, rising in the declivity or grove beneath the Crescent, is no trifling addition. This was built in the Gothic Style by Mr. Palmer, the Architect, and was opened in 179*. Contiguous to the Crescent is Somerset Place, an elegant circular range of buildings with a grass plot. Descending from the lofty situation by Somerset-House, the new row of very fine residences, called Cavendish Crescent, appears, with its small grass promenade attached to it. |
bub_gb_Bx1XAAAAMAAJ_2_18 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Je fuis avec tcfyeâ , MONSIEUR, Votre trcs-humble & très obéifTanc ferviceur , DUVAL 3>B LEYJtIT; ,1 ^ ^ ^oogl Procès-Verhal drejfé par M, Dubois de la Réponfi du Jieur Moràcin, (a) NOlis Corrimifiarc Ordonnateur des Guerres fjifant les fonflions d'Intendant de l'Armée aux Indes ious les ordrçs de M. le Comte de Laliy , Lieutenauc-général des Ar« jnées «laRoî yCommifTake dd Roi U Commandât» cnCbef^ certifions que le dix-(èpc Septembre mil (èpt cent foixuite» ^onfieuc de Lally m'a donné des ordres verbal d'aller le lendemain matin chez Monfieur de Moracin , Confeillcr jiu Confeil Supérieur de Pondichery , pour lui demander d« fa part , s"il a encore taie rentrer quelqu'areent en caiflc , 6^: iju il ait a Te prellcr a taire enioice qu il eu rencie, attendu Je befoio que. l'on en avoit tant poiit pouvoir donner queU .ques chofes aux troupes , que pour payer quelques Ouvriers quUl ëtoic indifpenfable d'avoir î Monfieur de Moracin m'a répondu qu'il n'avoir que cent quarante-trois roupies qu'on lui avoit remis le matin, & qu'il étoit entièrement hors d'elpcrance de pouvoir en faire rentrer davancas^e, que ce pendant il failbic Ton poflible pour tâcher d'en taire rentrer encore j je lui dis que puifqu'il difbit qu'il étoit bon d'eC» |)érancede pouvoir en faire rentrer davantage , j*étois çhar^é de la part de M. le Comte de Lally, que comme il avoit ëté délivré par le Confeil Nationnal , que l'on raffemblerdit "Vme fommc de trente mille roupies pour pourvoira certains befoins , & qu'il n'y en étoit rentré encore jurques-là qu'une iomme de quinze mille trois cents quatre-vingt onze roupies , & ce qu*îl avoit en main , & quelques toiles pour le fer vice de l'Hôpital , il ait la bonté de lui remettre un .état ^es différentes perfonnes qui ont donné pour faire cet^e fam ine de quinze mille trois cenps quatre vingt onze roupies , <pour qu'il voie ceux qui ont bien voulu fe prêter aux cir *. Déclaration du Comte de Lally à MefGeucs di| CooTcii Supérieur de Poodichery. JDu 31 ^QÛi 17^0. N9 ^TOas touchons au moment» Meilleurs , de la cata/boi» y O. Jj^^ pi^ç ^^yg vous' ai annoncée. Votre haine pour moi l'a emporté fur l'envie de fauver Pondichery* t)cputs Û prifon de M. de BuHy, le (leur Moracin $*eft porté pour chef d'une Cabale formée partrois ou quatre meli^res qui s'érigent enCenfcurs de toutes les mefutes qiie' f a^ pdicf» Digitized by Googlc i £6it dm la partie ntlittiie^ Toit dans ccUe de Ht Né|(H ciation. Depuis le jour de votre première défobéiffance aux ordres du Roi, jour mc:!nor:iblc où l'ennemi s'cft préfcncé par terre &. par mer pour nous attaquer. Vous ra'avex demandé un Confcil nariènal, il yadpuza |ourt, nniqecment dans la vue dc.rcnnpre les mefnrês que j'avois prifes pour lever prompccmeftf une fommc de trente mille roupies, fur des marchands , vosnmis Se afTociës, fiC d'en charger les malheureux que je favois bien qui ne pour roicnt pas Tuffire dans le temps à b taxe que l'on leur im poleroit. Cette fommc étoit uncrciiourcc unique pour des (Mficicrs qui > faute de la fîmple fubiîftance , font hors é'étnt dç Te tenir à leur troupe. Ces Marchands (bot les feols qui abforbent depuis deux ans tout l'argent comptant de cette Colonie; vous m'avez forcé enfind'acquicfceràradcmblée de ce Confcil dont l'ennemi a fu le réfulcat le lcnde>, main. Vous n'avcï ccflf<* de me demander depuis de faire partir des détachements , pour fiire entrer des Vivres dans Pondi chery; vous avez décidé que j'avois plus qu'il nefalloitde irottpes pour le falutdelaviUe; j'< n ai fait partir un ers coitfë Î|uence de deux cents hommes» il y a dix jours ) j'en ai voulu aire partir un autre de pareil nombre rw^nr hier, vous vous y êrcs oppofé, fous prétexte que )c dcgarniilbis la Ville du nombre d'hommes nécefliircs à fa détcnfe. Vous vous êtes oubliés au point de vouloir me prcfcrire ' des opérations dont le' Roi U la Compagnie me chargent fenly & qu'ils^ me défendent de vous communiquer î vous m*avez mis dans le cas de vous exhiber déjà deux fois mes poivoirs de la Cour , qui VOUS ettjo^neftt de m'obéir, fou» peine de délobéillancc. 11 cft temps que je prenne un parri : celui de fëvir eft, je le fcns bien, le paici auquel vous voudriez me forcer j iî avanccrott d'un mois la perte de cette Ville., par le refus que j*e0uierois du peu de moyens qui me redent à em *p4oyer pour en prolonger le terme. Voici donc à Cjuoi je ne détermine» & c'eft de me démettre de 1 autorité quo^ Ht le Roi & la Compagnie mVtvoient confiée de vous char* ^erfcuisde révéacmenc : je ne me regarde plus dérormais ici (-[tic comme un pnrriciilicr cjiiî paiera de fa pcrfonnc, ainii que le dernier Bourgt ojs,li i'cnncmi attaque nos murs; j'ordonne de la parc du Roi que cette Déclaration foie inlcrite fur vos Rcgiftrcs , & que j'en aie copie callation née. Après quoi je vous laillè libres de faire toutce<^ueToaf voudrez. Signé i LALLY. Et plus bas e fi écrit ^ PaC Monfiear le Commiflairc du Roi. Signé, Rociuttb. Pour Copie coliationncc par moi foulîigné Secrétaire dit Confeil, fur l'original cnrégiilré furie Rcgidrcdcs Délibé rations à folio , vcrfo 41 &c recto 43 , ledit original relie ca^ tremes mains. Signé, Lag&enée. mmmtwmmm » asusi naiiniffiiiist Difpojltion d attaque, la nuit du deux au trms . , Septembre 1760* Le mot de ralliement pour les Blancs^ vive ■ Joie, fom les Noirs, Bengale, Câue attaque fi fira fur foc colonnes, 'Y^"^ 'j'j Es deux colonnes de la droite feront compofées du ' ' .-1 i Corps de la iMarinc , de cent Cipayes de vingt cho vaux Européens, aux ordres de M. le Chevalier de Gcnlisj cette troupe partira de (on camp à dix heures précifes pour porter, avec le plus de iècrec que (aire fc pourra, fur U hauteur du coteau en avant des limites «de yaldaour d'oi| elle fe partagera en deux. « S A V O l Ki Les FunUers de k Marine , les cent Cipayes & les vingr ChValiers blancs marcheront à la Taupe aes Tamariniers^ > d'où . ki 1^ .0 uy Google d'où ils gagneront, s'ils ne trouvent point de réfiftancc, la Tajxpe, que i on appelle des Portugais, le. fieur fiioce commaadm ceae colonne. , Xes! Grenadiers 6&yol9ntaif«s,da^IÀMâriiie^ain.'ovdR de M*. dc'Genlis, marcheront fur la nouvelje Ûmeric quej l-£nnèmî a. bonftruite à roi^ôce', ta' tâcKant de ia toaèskr en obfèrvant de donner îc temps nnx Fufîlîcrs de la Ma rine, d'arriver à la laupe des Tamariniers; on pouiïcra deux pièces de canon le long de l'avenue qui, en fortanC' des limites de Valdaour, prend ^ gauelic longe ic co-^ Uku fiir le chcîntn dfs Periittbë (MMll^keiiMttt à.la grande «venue dOnlgaKC , ]M>uriavorirop k «tmûife éeceCorps:»! en cas d'événement. -r.. ' ') '. La troideme colonne de la droite fera compofée des Vo*' tontaircs Portugais &r du corps, de Cipayes, qin cft dans le Jardin de la Compagnie. Cçtte colonne ic tiendra prête» à ticbouchcr du Japdin de Ja Compagnie, à onze heures ptécifes, pour marcher par le derrière des murs dudic Jac^ am« au Jafdin de Marihaare, «lonc ellê-ciûifleia les Eooe mis, $c y prendra pofte k la eroiliere âtê diemins c^ui ed; en avant tiadic Jardin Marihaitre-fiff^uî donne (ur l'é* fang qui touche à la grande avenue qui paflGb à fa Chaudrid d'Aromhsré & vi droit à Villcnour, en dcçrt de la maifon de Barchelemi , où elle attendra ie^ ordres de M. da Car^ ricre. ' " La tDoifieme & la féconde colonne de la gauche feront comporéâs-4cs Régiments 4e Xorrainê ^ de-Lally ; cette •treupeiiq mer£ra cp mattche à dï^ heupes 8c demie pouc fe porter au-delà du Pont d'Oulgaret, le Long de la cnauf-* fée , jnfc^'à ce qu'elle foie en anant du Jardin de Bcthtl, qui cit fur la gauche de la thaiifféc, où je' Régiment de torraine fera halte , &: le Régimentde Lally paOera le foflTé Siui eit iur la gauche, pour ic p(^rtcr à travers champ, fur, allée de yiUenoar & lur le c6t^de iàmàifon die Bonhoi leiqiV^'l^ qinmr^'d^etfrc après ^ S^ qiiandrMoofienr da Carrière jugera que M. le Chevalier Géoghegant cft èd ^lidance égale avec ki de faUcntte^dc<'Villcnout, il mar chcm Itégiflieat iMKiiâe Je Joog de laahauiTéiv pour attaquer corïjontemcnt avec le Rëgtmetit de Lally,' la bactérie qui cft à la fourche des chemins, & marcher de-là au Jardin de Birtheiemi , ou il prendra porte, en en lèvera les canons, s il eUpo^ble, ou au moi^ les aâxics, en vcrfant les pièces.; . ; : • .* .. Monfieàe =de Onriere fera atcencif âu feu de £i droite. & à celui de fa ^iidie, & marchert en avant du Jatdia de Barthclcmi , en conféquence du progrès qu'il verra qu'auront fait l'attaque de M. Genlis fur la droite & de M. d'Harambure fur la gauche. La colonne de ia gauche fera compofcc du Bataillon de rindc &c des Voloataiires de Bourbon. Cette colonne » partant 4e ion camp à dix heures précifes , paflera la Ri vière à la redoute en avant du Fort d'Ariascoupan & ica fe porter aux Aidées que j'ai déjà reconnu avec le Chevalier d'Arambure, lorfque j'ai marché pour faire lever le lic^c de Vilicnour, d'où clip dirii^era fa marche fur la Pagode de Villcnour même, la laiilant fur la gauche. Se gagnera la tête du chemin qui va de Villedonr àPerimbé» M long dit Jardin de Porcher, pour prendre en flanc la partie des: Troupes ennemies qui y cft catnpée* Cette ço* tonne, après avoir lailTé une vingtaine d'hommâ^ cane Blancs nue Noirs, delà ^arnifon du Fort d*Ariancoupan , dans l'Aidée fortifiée qui cft en avant, & autant dans ic Fort même, mènera avec clic fes deux pièces de canons qu'elle laiflcra dans laplaine, à la moitié du chemin qu'elle a à fiiirc avec un Officier d* Artillerie intelligent, & cela nnîquemcnc pour protéger fa retraite .par tcno partie en cas d'événement. . ' .y Comme il cft important que les fix atttîques fe faïïent en même temps ou à peu près, pour jcttcr le trouble êd rinccrcitude chez r£nnemi. Meilleurs les Commandants , font avertis que l'on fera partir du Jardin d'Oulgaret, vers 'ks onze heures <e demie, deux fbfôes qui ilid^alérootiê moment oil' tout doic fe mettre tù marche pourajciaque à la fois. ^ Si par hasard avanr ce tcmpç îndiqvK?, la gauche, la droite ou ic centre» ic trouvoit fcui en^é» ies.deu;^ Digitized by Google aucres portions qui ne le fcroient pas , accélcronc.leur ac« taque uns attendre les deux fuiécs. Les Gardes à pied du Général , avec quelques autres Vo Jôtifcaires» fe porteront à la défenfc du Pont d'Oulgatet, pour protéger la retraite de Lorraine & de Lally. Les Cipaycs Se les Volontnircs d'Alikam Savayc fe por teront à la droite àts limites d'Ariancou^an»,à la OQuveUe batterie qui y eft conftruite. : • Les deux cents Blancs dcfccndus des trois Vai0caux, reporteront, moitié aux limites de Villefiout 8e moitié aux 'limites de Valdaour. ' Toute rArtilleric fe tiendra à Tes pièces 8ç M. le Che» ▼alier Du rrc y doublera le nombre d'Officiers. Le Général fe tiendra au Pont d'Oulgarct qui cft le centre de toutes les attaques. U n'ed point néceflaire de faire fentir à Mcflîeurs les Offieiers de quelle importance eft la réuffite de cette atta que, dans la fituadon où la colonnie fe trouve; leur va leur, leur honneur 8c leur intérêt me répondent déjà du fuccès: je n'ai donc rîen à y ajouter, finon que je fuis prêt, en conièqucncc des pouvoirs que j'en ai de Sa Majefté , d'accordée des récompenfcs à tous ceux de la conduite •defquels les Commandants des Corps me rendront demain des témoignages* ■ '■ ' ' i.r. ^ '■ Enfin, il eft cxprefTément iwtdiniiitndi^ 4 Meflieurs les Commandants des Colonnes , d'avoir une attention Ijpé ciaîc furies progrès du feu de leur droite fie de leur gauche, afin de diriger en confëqucncc les manœuvres qu'ils auront -à faire, fie par-deiTus tout d'empêcher que leurs Soldats ne :.tirent.' ' • ^ ' ' v ' Si i*aetaquc réoffit, tentes cet ^fflSreotes colonnes iê réuniront au Jardin du £eur Porcher, qu'elles ne dépaflo rodt pas» 8e elles m'y attendront. Signé, Lally. Lettre du Comte de LallyauCpnieil dePondichery; . ... .«• f • ■ •j .jZ>« ly Noyemhre ijCo.,.i . -j; ■ , .... T^o 78. T E 19 de Se{)tembrc dcrmcr, M«flî^r5.,;4e •|<>c fuis ' ' I i adfeiTé à }A. de Lcyric.f A: J'ai chargé de wtis rcpré» fenoer la néoepîté abfpluc de tairt :iorçir. ïous. les Noira dt cette Ville, aiin (le proBccr de leurs gfsiqs^'éc de le inetï> trc en mf^fin pour la défçafi d<: ft's i^ure. Il cft kiutilc , 6c il m'cft douloureux de vous rappeller la ccnfation abo minable que cette demande de ma part a caufée dans la Ville ; ce qu'il y a de certain , c'ell que li vous y aviez co» ^ couru avec moi^ nous aurions aujourd'hui poiir qtiatre 4 cinq mois de visses dans noffna^rm»; ftirçequ'il mlcft aU fe de prouver que cette confqmmAUOii 8-y '^ft ifaice p^içs Noirs pcodan^ i'efpace de près <le <leux mois. J'ai donc tempo ri fé juTqu'au Icpt OSbobrc , oii f ordon nai à M. de Lcyrit d'aflembler un Confeil Mixte , pour y délibérer fur cette même nécclîiré d'cxpulfer les Noirs de Ja Viliç. Q^'a fait;Cc^G0iT^çU;?^a iKudc. rçpoiidre à ma demande qui étôic IbrineTle, il Ta prife ad-riftHndum U a *imaginé*de^nqii)pçrr;^n ~Alix*e jiyclje cptuHrois nommer fans lui^ mais iljS'î^îiloit d^éîudet•^«J|!l^ Noirs, Se les Çéaskon ,àciGc€AsMi «Mi^te, toiiibiitB-<îeti (é aflcmblc par mon^rdrc , (quoiqu'on m'en eût tarratbé le con(cmemcnc, &: déja'nommé ians ipoi les J^embresqui dévoient le compofcr. Ce Confeil Mixte , dis-je, ^près •cinq ou 1(2^ P^lribéradoBS) n'-i^i^^nvcnu d'auttrech^fe-^ ii* ilOn<lsJ*4inp9(fî|b^é-defea^ proporé, 4c I«<né eeilîÉé de confervèr une-auutiplicité'd-A^^ les genres, avec la fuite qu'entraînent leurs Èimillcs, on a cnade pour la forme cinq ou Hx cents hommes de cet te Ville, Jefqiicls y renrrotettt'ldcs le lendemain. La CompaLjnie aura peine ; croire que pendant ladur«c de ce Comité , le Conlcii ait ofé me répondre à une Ict Digitized by Google Jme-deipUintei que je' lui écsiv^is ; que quand aux mefii jpfs poii^ It ioeèfié ifeçette yill«, il'S'oa rapportosc àce<qiie JîerDk làrietTiis leCQfnicé:,<cotniiie fi le pouvoir 'que favois ^ranfuiis à ce Comité mercudoicjxiilipour toutes .dfpeces 4i-opéracions : ^i?|)éûdbiJLftadblu«;Jl*«|Uva^ jmcpt en 16^0. Ei>fîn dans cet intervalle arrive copie de la Lettre de la -Compagnu^au Conicil^quLlui en joint de continuer à avoir pour moi les égards . dûs à un Membre de Ton adminif ■ikaâoaL' Qu'aije hiti lAcn prcimàr.ibina ëcë dé licbm " ^UAÎquer d 'abordjà fA^ âs Ixyrit ; p liii ai repréfcnté: que Itooloimént croit, la YOf^ble pour k liéunioiLi&t ki réoqnfilip riori dciqMeiqtics MemWcsjdu Confcil &: moi ; 6c mon avis étoiiqoc soucie Ct)nleii,luià la tête, vînt dîner chez moi , •qu.'il eût ;K oublier tout ce qu'il prétend que j'ai dit conttc •JMi.»î&<|ue4'oubUerois toutce qu U a.6iitconcrcmoi ; qu'en Jtoriôloti^ 1 9 ^a^iiEoàitétœmxmk eafeniblv wx a^eibrw :|ifompts's'qi^]agé0itUe'£uDt'âe£oBdiciiçi^ yfklhit plus», r^-ai envoyé chercher :âir le diân^p leiL P. Loivaur , qui a fain d'abord mes incëntiooSyjei^jtt cfaxraéde voir les ticuns .dChcvalrers Courriri Se Moracin , hinfi que M. de Lcyric -Jbai'jDcmc, tous les Membres du CoufciLen général , (ur diéfque^s.ii pam'oit .avoir quclqu'influcnce de l'tf-prs aniion «ecJes; dénaanebcs que . j'ccoîs pés.à; faire ai^près d^çux pour ^ferengagcr A CQ^cÀuEÛ .trace inaiair &lbt4UMeçttè^lace ; ::|e xne' fuis;^plM^isiitc«r4»^Ulscxi^ : qu'a produit ceccedémarcfaetie Pacriocifme 9c de EbiblcfTc ap •ttoenté de !]ma part? auxiiine efpccc de rëponfe , foit de 'jjDuclic^ fine par écrit, de M. de Leyrit. Dbux letrres des îfieurs Chcvidicfs Courrin & Moracin , l'une me dcman •jdant à quitter le icrviccdeJa Compagnie pour un temps, 4^tie À & retirer pour fa ianté à Négapatnam, & ce* •kibusfetpitéie]neda«oîr.ét£accQiës par mpi ^l'aiTaflins 6c •dtepaî&aneur6 .>(.khs>iifie(kettt!« iqiiej^ivoi» écrite précé idemmcak aujCàninl^aiiif je-mléim^Iai pla ::€:ards & inroaccs anônyancs que je reccvois tous les jotti^', 'liar laquelle je le priois d'y mettre ordre. Jîjd iccoucné.à.la ciiarge auprès ces dcux^Mciricurs^ :jc leur ai fait fcntir que leur démarche fur ]'.irrivëc dc^ nou velles lettres delà Compignic , ne pouvoir être intcrprc' tccque comme une ciclobeinance formelle , fur-tout dans Ja pcrionnc du iicur Moracui, contre kijucl j'ai des prcu ves nooi^qtiivoqiicsda jnécont<nteroen t qu'il n'acelfèd^es cirer dons cette Colonie contre moi depuis le^our qu'il eft ratriré-deMazuriparnam pour roc joindre, qu'il m'a refufé d'v retourner, & que j'ai rcfuré de me prêter AUX deiQanddS indilcrctcs &: intércflecs qu'il m'a faites. J'ai charge le R. P. Lavaur de lui réitérer la malice 6c le faux de l'cxcufc dont U fc çrévaJoic j à: le iicur Moracin, 2ui, par fea letnèi^.dans l'imputation Iqu^il fait à' M.dé arche coOQOÎclt bieale» àtiances qm diftingue le malhon .aêOB hofhmc d'avec lefrippoti^ devroit, à plus forte rai fon, fcnrir a difFérencc qu'il y a d'accufcr un homme d'à voir commis un crime, ou de lui reprocher d'être bicn aife que ce crime fût commis par un autre. Vous fcnrcz bien, Mciiicurs , que cette Colonie ierojt pue qu'un. delert •rempli de bêtes fêrbcès , fi tous ceux qui m'y foolnitent du mal étoient capables de m*en £âre. Quoi ^u^il enfoit , je n'ai pas eu plus de réponfe de Jft négociation du R. P. que de M. de Lcyrir; voici feule ment ce que je fais d'un tiers : J'ai fait ce que J'ai pu, dit le R. P. pour rapatrier ces Mc(Jicurs avec M. de Lally ; mais que xouUz'-vous ^ le raccommodement Jt jeradcmaini après demain Mé fie Lalfy leur Jêmandm de f argent , ils aVîb ont point, ce fera encore à recommeneer* • ■' — liC.Confeil s'cft donc aflembiëYur U lettre de laCom pn^^nic ; M. de Leyrir n'a feulement pas daigné m'en in^ former, ôc depuis quinze jours écoulés, je fuis encore à lavoir ce qu'on y a délibéré :«*j'ai appris feulement par deux lettres écrites à MclEcurs de Laudiviiiau ôc Dubois, ( car on ne m'y compte pour rien , pas même comme Com mandant des froupes du Roi). que. 1» Confeil ofe y falsi fier les termes de la lettre de la: CoQ;ipagnic , à laquelle il cherche . donner un ridicule, en écrivant de fa part aux Officiers principaux des troupes du Roi, qu'elle confirme les pouvoirs que le Roi m'a donnes fur Icfditcs troupes, qui , en Digitizec oogle efrctjS'cn font rès-formalifés, parce qu'elles n'ont jamais été dans le cas de manquer uninitanc à robéinancequ'elles me 'doivent ; aiofi cette lettre de la Compagnie n'apasfortiua fort pivs henraixque les-précédeaites.réprimandcs quelo Conreil a eflu^F^esdepuîs quelques années : on en a hatiinUes {épaules , on en a ti, & on eft convenu unanimement que MeHîcurs de Paris , à (ix mille lieue» de Pondichery, ne peuvent favoir ce qu'ils font. Mcffieurs, voici ce dont il cft queftion aujourd'hui; je me fuis prêté à toutes les balTclIcs imaginables auprès de vous, p9ur vous engager 1 diminuer vos confonunations; je vous ai propofé oe nourrir les Officiers qui, depuis 25 jours y ne vivent que d'une dcmi-bouteillc de vin ^ de trois Siarterons de pain par jour fans viande; èc cela, au lieu ace d'une quantité de Va!cts,tle Boues, de Moflcs, d'EC clavcs; vous refufcz de facrificr à Pondichery expirant, la plus petite aifance. Le grain que j'avois fait placer dans les magaGns de la Compagnie, de mes deniers , a été diilipé, vos Domeftiques , jDobacliis & autres enibuiflènt dan^ )a terre, ceux dont vous avez pu faire quelque provifion : vous favez qu'il n'y en a point clans les ma^auns pour nour^ ;Sir les troupes jufqu'au premier Décembre, que puis-j^ conclure d'une pareille conduite? fi-non une impatience de voir cette place entre les mains de l'ennemi , & un parti .pris de n'en pas prolonger la reddition d'un jour. £t à quel aut^ deflan puis-je imputer la menace que m*eft venu nivt iji. :de Leyrit avant-hier çhez moi, lorfque je lui ai pro; jpofé de faire une recherche de grains chez les.bl^cs .dç cette Ville, en m'alTurant qu'ils le révolteroicnt, ^.què.Ia. Ville en feroit plutôt rendue ? Vous favcz , Me(î;curs , que je .fuis familiarifé avec ces fortes de menaces depuis que je fuis dans l'Inde; elles m'intimident beaucoup moins aujourd'hui que jamais. J'ai fait drciTer des potences , U. j'y ajouterai des roues, s^il le faoïc : j*ai des meche^ & des.làucil{ôns-, êc vous avez beau répandre dans la Ville'descon(blations .en annonçant i tous les blancs que^ comme nous avons rendu Madrés aux Anglois, qu'ils nous rendront Pondiche » que le Roi de France eft un trop gran<i ligueur, pour i^é . . ■ . . .. faire la paix, Ans qtron rcndc^Pmidîchcrjr. Toi»t?esdi(î.. coars» clone Tartificc 6c le crime fc dévoileront un jour, ne m'cmpccherontpas de tenir cette place dix jours de plus, fî vos provifions y peuvent concourir ; je ne fiche pas que voui ayez le privilège exclullf de manger dans cette Ville, & je voQ^ ruerai chacun, foivant ros grades , U la portîoa qut loi eft congrue ; je cfaaflèrai vos Domediques noirs, pui^ , que yous ne l'avez pas voulu faire vous-même ; j'embarque^ rai vos femmes & enfants , Se vous-même , s'il le faut ; quand la Compagnie n'aura plus Pondichcry, c!len*aura pasbefoîn deConlcilIcrs ; ôc fi huit jours de plusdonnoicnt le'temps à un fccours d'arriver de fauver la Ville, vous ferez encore bienaifc d'y rentrer k ce prix , de vousm'en remercîerex alors malgré vous. En un morduÉcun n*a qu'à s'exécuter en droit foi ,6£ je préviens celui qutnelefèotpasen état déporter ud funi pour la défcnfc de ces murs, fera contraint inceflàui^ ment de fortir de ces marnes murs. ' Cette Lettre, quoiqu'adrcdee au Confcil , fera lue à tous les Employés, que je ne prétends pascomprendre tous, ainii que les Membres du Confeil dans les plaintes & les 'jBntSk que. )'expofe'id;.)e çonnoîit his cleis d^eutes^c^ de la Compagnie même que j^cti attends la joftice , & )e les prie de croire îqûc cé n'eft pas crainte (le leurs m^ào^ qui m'empêche de me la rcridrfe moi-même : quant aiiX "petits bourgeois &. habianrs. J'en fuis extrêmement coa tcnc ; c'cfl iur eux que l'on a fait tomber tout le ^oids des Wcs ; lis s'y font prêtés de bonne grâce, & il eft jufte qu'ils partagent le ,griiin du Soldat y pufCqu*ilr eh partagent le fervice. . ;ï Je fais qu'il y a des Employés ici , des derniers arrivés^ quî gémiffent dans la mifcrc ; c'cft à leurs Confrères c|c Chandernagor & de Mazuliçatnam à les aider aujour dliui dans leurs bcfoins : les Anglois m'opt déjà fourni 'Féi^ i>fH(Ve^ du gain que ceux de Chandemasbr diitisâ€*à fa prift. • • • ' : îK-.TÏî^fc'-ov A '' ^4fnt à radminiftration de la I^rovince de Mazùlipati nam, h Compagnie fetit, œ ttie fcmble» fc borner h la *»■ , "'■'u' • connoxflànct Digitized by Google 137 COnnoi(Tàncc feule des fommcs que cet établiflcmcnt lui .acoucées j (^uanc à ce qui y a écé priâ per^u, tout ce 4)01 a été pris cft bien pris. J'ai rhonoeur d'être , Mcffieurs. Lettre de k Compagnie au Confeil de Pondichery. C* . . • E n'eft que depuis avant-hier, Meflîeun» ^uc nous avons reçu les paquets qac nous ont apportés McC79* ficurs de Chambois &c Chevreau, que M. de Lally & vous avez dépêchés exprès de Pondichery, &: c'cft feulement «i'aujûurti hui que ceux de M. de Leync nous font parvenus: à peine aavos-nous en le temps de les parcourir ; nous y avons remarqué^ que des gens mal intentionnés, fans doute, ont répandu à Pondichery & dans Tlnde les bruits du prochain départ de M. de Lally &: la cefTation des pou voirs donr il efl: dépofîtairc : fi les auteurs de ces bruits pou voicnt êrrc connus, ils mcritcroicnt un févere châtiment; mais pour fane çcircr ces railonncmi.nti 6* les inconvé nients qui peuvent en réfulter^ la Compagnie vous or« donne de continuer àxendre à M. de Lally toute l'obéi (Tance que vous lui devez en qualité de Commidàire du Roi 6t de la Compagnie, de Clommanclanr des Troupes de Sa Majcfté Ôc de rinde, & en celle de Syndic Se Membre de Tadminidracion générale : il vous ci enjoint, Mcllieurs, de faire enréeidrer la préfente dépêche lut le plumitif du Confeil , dès le moment qu'elie vous fera parvenue » & de la rendre notoire , afin que tous les Habitants de là Colonie» Membres du Confeil, Employés» Militaires & autres, aient : s'y conformer; que vous y obfcrviez la date de la prélente , qui doit faire ceilcr tous les bruits qui peuvent s'être accrédités , & rendre comme non-avenues routes eitpreflîons ou ordres antérieurs à la préfcntc , qui puiHcnt fe troavcr mime dans les d^êches de la Corn Digitized by Google Îiagnlc de plus ancienne date que la prëfente : la Compagnie 'envoie par un Courrier qu elle dépêche exprès à l'Orient, pour Qu'elle puifle vous parvenir par les Vaiflèaux qui fonc prêts a partir, donc elle n*a pas voulu âîSértt le d^rt d'un inuant, à caufe des fecours urgents qu'ib portent à llfle de France menacée par les Anglois ; mais vous ne tardeerz pas à recevoir des ordres plus étendus que la Com pagnie fe propofe de vous envoyer par deux Vaifleaux diffé rents, aufli-tôt qu'elle aura pris en confidérarion la tota lité des dépêches qu'elle a reçue des ladcs & c^u'cUc aura reçu des ordres du Roi à ce îujct. Kous ibiiuncs» 6cc. 0 Digitized by Google V ^ocès-verbal dujieur Duhoys , de ce çui x'e_/î paj/e /fjrj /a fouille faite au vieux Gouvernement à Pondiciiery, EN vertu des ordres réitérés de M. de Lally» Lieutenant^ • GLMiéral des Armées du Roi, commandant en chef les Aritiécs aiu: Indes, pour t.i rc des fouilles dans touccs les mai fons des Blancs , indiftindemcnt , dans la ville de Pondiclu ry , fur les befoins urgents de trouver dci vivres pour foutenir ic blocus I le troifienae joar do noîs de Décembre mil fepc cent fixante , en conféquence des ordres par écrit de M* le G>mte de Lally , pour aller conjointement avec le fieurPooUy Grand Prevot de l'Armée , à l'Hôtel du vieux Gouvernement | oà font logés MM. de Jumilhac & de Mefme , Colonels , pour y faire une fouille de roue ce <:]u'il pourroit y avoir de vivres, foie en volailles , chiens, marrons, cochons , riz Ôc bleds ; Nous Commiflaire Ordonnateur des Guerres , faifanc les (onc^ «ons d'Intendant de l'Armée * nous y fommes cranfportéy con jointement avec le (îcur Poully , Grand Prévôt de l'Armée » & avons demandé aux Dobacbysû MM, Jumilhac & de Mefme y écoient , lefquels nous ont répondu que ces Meflfîeurs croient chez M. de Lar , & fâchant que M, de Fumcl , Aide Alajor Cjénéral de l'Arn-i 'e , étoit aufll logé dans le même Hûcci , nous avons demande s'il y étoic j fon Dubachy nous a répondu que oui f nous avons été chcE lui , & l'avons prié de vouloir bien envoyer quelqu'un dire à ces Meffieorsde vouloir bien fe donner la peine de venir , que je les attendois pour leur •communiquer un ordre dont j'étois chargé i M. de Fumel a eu la bonté de lenr écrire un mot en conféquence : ces deux Mef iieurs font venus nous trouver dans Tappartement de M. de Fumel > je leur ai die que j'étois charge de la part de M. de Lally de venir &ire une fouille dans cette maitan de tous les ^ «vivres ^'il ponrroit y avoir , & que je les priois de vouloir Vien permettre que je la fallb : ces Mcflîeurs.m ont demandé fi j'avois ua ordre par écrit ; je le leur ai donné à lire j M. Gcoghcgan » Saint-Ccrnin , Nouzierre & Gadevillej M. de Mefmc le récriain toujours beaucoup fur cette fouille , difant que l'on ne vcnoit pas fouUltr chez dci Oôicicrs Généraux, £c que ccrtainenient la Gotir en dédderoit i puis après nous a^t ^ £h bien » MelIieors,puirque vous êtes chargés de cette befiogin^ faites votre métier : par prudence & par l'étac dont, je £019 chargé , j*ai cru ne devoir rien répondre à ces mots-U , ni i toutes le? viv:icités que l'on avoit } le fieur Poully lui a dit, Monfieur , pcnncttcz moi de vous dire que notre métier eft le vôtre,qui ci d exccuier,ainri que vous,les ordres du Général. M. dêFumci voyant que MMdcjumilhac & de Mefme ëcoleot très-échauffés » leur a dit : n Mais que diable» Meflieurs > de qaqi M vous échauffezvous, M. Duboys, ainfi que le lîeurPoiHl|j» M font chargés d'ordres, & oe peuTenc pas faire ancremeiic que « de les exécuter 5 reftez ici , oi. moi je vais les mener par-tout «faire les recherches j Nous avons commencé par faire la vi . fiie chez M. de Jumilhactoù nous n'avons rien trouvé , Î>our lors MM. de Jumilhac & de Alefme font reliés dans 'appartement de M. de Jumilhac i nous avons continué notre recherche avec M. de Fnmel , & nous avons été dans unebaflii» coar,où IKHIS avons trouvé vingt-hoit têtes de volailles , foit poulies y poulets , ou canards » cm cochon , & M. de Fumci nous a dit qu'il y avoit cinq ou fix montons à laine qui étoient allés en p.uure que puifquc l'ordre portoit d'en laifler deux j que quand ils feroicnt revenus, que Ton rcmcttroit les autres à qui l'on voudroit > M. de Alefme noui y vint rejoindre 8c marquer toujours fou mécontentement * & avec beaucoup , & trop de vivacité , nous a dit après cela } Mais M. de Fomâ n'efl pas cité dans cette fouille , éc eft logé auiïi dans le même Hôtel. Eft-cc pir prédiletîlioQ A <^uoi j'ai répondu ,c*eft peut être par oubli j iM. de Mefme , après cela , nous a menés dans foD appartement, où nous n'avons trouvé que du vin, qui cil la proviiion que ces deux Mei&eurs ont eotr'cux > nous ayons 4 Digitized by Google 5^ en faifanc cette recherche , p.iiïe par une chambre où conchc un Domclliq-ie de M. de Landivinau , où nous avons trouvé une Jane pleine de Nclys appartenante i fes Domeftiques, àç. dans^une chambre où font les effets de M. de Laadividau^eii* coK quelque peu de Nelys en garenne » le tout peut faire trente mircals de Nelys $ M. de Fumel cherchant toujours & talmer ces Meneurs , m'a dit apfès cela , comme je fuis logé dans !i même m:i';fon , 6c que je mans^e ivec ces Mcfïïeurs , je vous prie de iaire aulîi la même recherche où nous avons trouvé environ huit livres de firine , vingt livrer de viande falée, & un facderiz,, contenant environ quatre-vingt livres de riz, une caiffe de vin > & cinq caiflès de bière. De tout qwû nous avons dreifé le préfontProcès^verbal , pour fervir & valoir ea ce que de raifon : noQS avons aufTi demandé iM. de Fumel ,$11 avoïc connoiflànce d'un élan qu'il dévoie y avoir dans la maifon , & de pluficurs cerfs & gAzeîies qui appartiennent à la Com paç^nic 5 à quoi il nous a repondu , voila l'élan, en nous le mon trant, ôc je l'ai fait emmener i nous avons cherché avec lui après les jeuoes cerfs & gazelles , & cous n'avons trou vé qu'un jeune cerf» il nous a dit qu'il y avoit on mois qu'il y avoit cous les jouis dans cette cour dix cerfs ou gazelles ; qu'il ne iâvoit pas ce que cela écoit devenu , qu'il CD avoit enooce vû trois le jonr avrinti mais qu'il setoit bien nppcrçn depuis qneî quc-temps que le nombre de ces animaux diminuoic. Aprèî toutes CCS recherches , j'ai été demander à MM. de Jumilhac de Mefme , qui écoieot avec Meilleurs de Landi vifîau àc Nou %tem , s'ils étoient dans l'intendon de me rendre l'oidre dont j'étois porteur fils m'ont répondu qu'ils vouloient le garder , & que fûrement ils ne le reodroient pas , telle violence que l'on leur fafle 3 je leur ai dit , Meifieurs , cela fuffit : j'ai cru qu'il ne convenoit pas que je fafl'e aucune violence pour le faire rendre , & qu en Êiifant mon rapport > ceUfu&oit. Fait à Pondichery^ ■les jour , mois & au que ddTus. Signé yDy BOX s» a t 4 Procès-verbal du Jicur Foully^ àece qui s'ejî paffé lors delà: fouille faite au vieux Gouvernement àe Fondidierjr. N conféquence dts ordres qœ j*ài reçus de M. 1er Comte* de Lally, de me tranfportcr avecM» Duboys, Commif Éîre Ordonnateur, fairantfonélion<nntcndant de rarméc, dâiîi' toutes les maifonsde cette Ville , indiftinclcmcnt, pour y faire un recenfcment général de tous les vivres qui pourroicnt trouver dans-lerditesmaifons i moi foufïïgné, Prévôt de TArmée» ii)6fi]Î8'traiifponéa7ecM.Duboys , CommiflàireOfdoDfiaceur dts Goerres , chez MM. 6e JamiihacCc de Mefme > pour 7 prendre conooMàncc des vÎTies qui ^voitint être dans leur maifon. Sur la demande que nous fîmes à un Dômeftiqne noir, s'il (avoit que ces Meificurs fuflem chez eux, il nou>; a répondu qu'ils écoient allés dîner en ville , ce qui nous détermina i aller AeiL M.. de Famel » que nous (avbn» loger dans k même mai* 'ffen ) auqueLnous demandâmes paretllemenry sll favdc oà étoienc MM. de JumilhacdC-de Mefme, il nous r^ondit qu'ili dînoient cher le fieur Lav » & fc chargea de leur écrire un hiV let, pour les engager i venir fur iech imp chcz ctjx , où nous les auendions , ce qu'il fit i quelques inftants aprcs , MM. dt Jumilhac 6c de Mefme , arrivèrent cnfembic , a^'cc Tàir &: le ton deperfoones informées & piquées du fujcc de notre miffion*. M. DuDoys leur ayant commmiiqiié verbalement ràrdrc donc il étoic porteur, M. de JorniUiac loi demanda-arec Tiracité>s*il lîavoic par écrie , ce que Mv Duboys lui prouva*en lui connut ledit ordrc.M. de Jumilhaccn avoit à peine commencé la ledurc, 3 ne M. de Mefme le lui arracha , avec un gelée & des propos e la dernière indécence j i! parcourut ledit ordre, après quoi le plia, ôc le mettant dans fa pociic, dit , «« Ckt ordre aura fa valeur •> eaCpurj il terrba. de contre-preuves , ce qu.e je iâts »: Xur ce que M* Dubois ne lui répondit rie» > il le crut autwifé a nous^ tenir de durs proposi ce qu'il nous prouva , en noosdifant d*ua ton plein d*aigreur , • Allez , Meflleurs , faites votre métier u iquoi ipiuir^^QiKii$».«Notte néciery^ooûear »1bftie vÔckj*^ Digitized by Google En contlnuanr de nous donner «des marques de la plus violence humeur, il nous dit qu'il rronvoirforc fingulier que l'on s'avifa de faire faire de pareilles opériinons chez des Officiers Géné raux , ce qur iij'cngagea à lui repréfenter (ju etanc Olhcicr Générar , comme il oie icdîfoit» il mepan>i0bit farpreoant qu*îi ignorât que podréritor les àêpœs qo*àurofent{pû commet tce les Soldais» dans ces Cônes de recherches , le Généul cû:r toujours nomme pour les faire , des Capitaines , &mêiiie des Commandants decorps , ce dont il ne poiivoit ignorer , puifque dé toutes nécelfitésjii dcvoïc iavo;r cjue tkiix jours aupara vant , la même recherche s'étoit faite chez M. Dnboys préfenc par M Ai Gcoghegan & Sainc-Cornin > ^u* il eu étoit un exem ple plus frappant , puif;jue AL de Lally , atnfi que M.de Leyrit , avoit efltiye tù. Entiicrant dans fa chambre, il nous dit d'un ton aulîî léger, qu'ironique, en courant à fon lit, <« Fouillez, Meilleurs, regardez •► s'il n'y a ncii dans mon lit •> auquel propos, je répondis, » j& •rvous prie» Mooikur > de ne point oublier, qj^'ici , nous n'avonft» 6 u aucun ordre à recev^ de vous, & que nous favons ce que «nous avons i ùàre,. Pendaoc ce temps , M. de Jumilhac , que M. de Fomet avoic prié de rentrer ches lui» y reftaciiiènné avec pluficurs Qfiiders qui' y étoient alors , ce qui fiiir que je nVi diflinguc aucun pro pos , quoique j'uKendUTe beaucoup de rumeur dans ladite chambre. Notre recherche finie > M.de Mefmc ^'approcha de moi , ôc me dit avec un ton fan ladooci , » Je ne puis concevoir pour» » quoi M. de Lally a omis M. de Fumel dans Tordre > fans m doute qu'il a fiùc fa paix avecltû» on îl cherche à rentrer en A erace 5 fi au contraire , ce n*efl que par oubli que M. de Lally a •> feml lé répargoer » U ne jouira pas ioog-temps du ùm de » l'oubli. M.de Landivifiau* qui eft arrivé fur ces entrefaites , a raflcm blé tous ces MciCeurs ,chez M.de Jumilhac, ce qui engagea M. puboys à entrer où ils éwknt , pour dmaander à iVLde MeCmes S*il îumit à propos de hii rencfre Tordre , à quoi il répoodic qu'il Te gsurdoic» apiès quoi M. Duboys & moi» nous nous retirâmes. Cette dépofition eft d'après la pure vérité, & je fais ferment que je ne lai augpaentée ni altérée. A Pondichcry ce 4 Dé cembre 1760. Signé jPovTtr. BiUa écrkpat U Chevalier âe Mefm » m fiwie Landivipm* SUr l'afliroiit que M. de Lally vienc de mx» £rîra » vom pouvez nommer un Officier de jour à ma place» étant dans le deflein de ne plus fervir l'un & l'autre , ayant tmoyé nos l^tCRs de Service* Je vous fouhaiie le bon foir. ^ip^» le Chevalier i>z Mxsmj* Digitized by Google Lettre des Chevaliers de Mefine & de Jumilhac^ au Camte de Lally. PondUhay ^ le6 Septembre ij6o. MOnHeur , dans tout ce qui vient de fe pallèr , nous ne voyons d'antre coup d'iciat qne la recherche rigoureufe licMé ins nos chambres par M. Duooys, Cbnuniflàiref & le fieor PouUy ^ Prévôt de l'Ânoée» pour nous enlever les ref fources qu'on nous ruppofoic pour fubrifter. Il n'eft pas doo^ tcux , Monfieur qu'on en vouloic dire^ement à nous , &: vous vous en étiez aflTcz expliqué quatre jours d'avance avtcM Lan diviliau , lequel vous faifant des repréfencations fur la fouille que vous aviez préméditée chez uous 9 vous vous ici vuc^ cn« vers nous des cermes auflt bjurieux que âécri0*ants. Il me fem ble i Monfieur 9 que vous n'avez rien diminué de vos vues par la Lettre que M. le Chevalier de Mefme vient de recevoir de vous 1 dans laquelle vous lui imputez des crimes qu'il n'y a que des Calomniateurs abominables capables d'.ivnnccr. Notre con duite vis-à-vis du Militaire fera toujours notre difcnfc. Nous voLis rendons , Moniieur , bien desadions de grâces dice que vous avez bien voulu nous communiquer votre dccuiaaoa contre notre prétendue défobâffimce 1 elle ne grofllra pas le recueil que des délateurs de mauvaife fi>i vous ont dit aue nous failbns, puifqu'elle en fera la première pièce. Noos devrions Juger > Monfieur, quand même vous ne le diriez pas , que vous n'avez pas daigné lire notre Lettre , puifquc vous fuppofcz qu'elle mérite d'être envoyée à la Cour: fi vous vous donnezr la peine de la lire, vous verrez difparourc les griefs que vous cherchez JL établir contre nous dans votre déclaration, lilic vous dira clairement tous les motifs de la démarche que nous ftvons Êdte, & vous épargnera le foin d'en chercher qui n'exif* tent pas. Le Billet paitiailier que l'un de nous a écrit dans le temps de fon fervice aâ:ueU i M. Landlvifiau 9 qui pouvoit le regarder comme écrit pour lui feui , ne nous donne pas plosde ioud que 'notre Letnc» paîTque le Service n'en aiiea Digitizeo by LiOOglc foufTert , & a été rempli jurqu'aci dernier moment par celui qui a éciiicc Billet. Notre mécontentement , Monfieur , quelque légitime jqu'il OQUS pàfoiflè^ oc noos empécliçrai j>as de cou tribi;ierHe nos perfoones autant qu'elles pourront erce utiles ao ^lat de Pondicheiy , & de courir les premiers fur les Battions en cas d'attaque. Signée le Ciievàtief de Jumilhac » le Chevalier D£ M£sm£. Lettre du Chevalier de Mefme au Comte de Lally. Du Fm de .Ponàkhtty i te S Septembre lyéOm MOnficur, le terme qu'il a plu fixer pour mes arrêts ne me laille autre chofc à vous dcm:indcr <]ue la pcrmiffioû de me iranfportcr fur quelque Dalbon , en cas d'attatjuc : cela ne décidera rien pour mon etac > j'y ferai ou Càlonei » ou Vo loDcaire , ou Bourgeois , ou tout ce qu'il vous plainu Je ne chercherai qu'à m'y montrer bon François , aprc^ c^uoi je re tournerai dans ma prifon du Fore» fi je ne rede fur les nHirs. |
171761_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | ဟိုနားရွာ ()သည် ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် (မြောက်)၊ မူဆယ်ခရိုင်၊ မူဆယ်မြို့နယ်၊ ဖာဖိတ်ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု၌ တည်ရှိသည်။ ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ၂၀၈၁၅၄ ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၁၄ သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ ဖာဖိတ်ကျေးရွာအုပ်စုတွင် ကျား ၅၇၀ ဦး၊ မ ၅၄၀ ဦး၊ လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ၁၁၁၀ ဦးနေထိုင်သည်။
ကိုးကား
မူဆယ်မြို့နယ်ရှိ ရွာများ.
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EXD-CSD-D(2005)47.en.pdf_1 | OECD | Various open data | Unclassified EXD/CSD/D(2005)47
Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 07-Mar-2005
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________ English - Or. English
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORATE
CONFERENCE AND SECURITY DIVISION
SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS FOR TUESDAY 8 MARCH 2005
JT00179899
Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine
Complete document available on OLIS in its original format
EXD/CSD/D(2005)47
Unclassified English - Or. English
EXD/CSD/D(2005)47
2
NEA - Fifth Meetings of the Writing Groups on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Issues
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14:30
ICCP - Working Party on Telecommunication and
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3411531_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | PATTERSON, J.
This is an appeal by the mayor, etc., of the city of New York, from an order made at the special term, by which commissioners of estimate and assessment, appointed in the above-entitled proceeding, were authorized and directed to ascertain and determine the compensation which should justly he made for the loss and damage to the petitioners (respondents) caused by the discontinuance and closing of a part of Gerard avenue, between" 108th and 169th streets, in the city of New York, to wit, the closing of so much of that avenue as has been discontinued or closed, upon a map adopted by the board of street opening and improvement. The said commissioners of estimate and assessment were also authorized and directed "to further and separately appraise and state and report the value of the right, title and interest of the city of New York in and to the fee of the land remaining in the said Gerard avenue discontinued and closed as aforesaid in front of the. said petitioners' lands, over and above such sum as they may assess for benefit on such parcel of land and of such taxes and assessments as may be a lien thereon at the time of their said estimate and assessment, as provided by chapter one thousand and six of the Laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-five." The proceeding entitled above was originally instituted to open, in accordance with law, 168th street, from Eiver avenue to the Concourse, in the 23d ward of the city of New York. Commissioners of estimate and assessment were appointed, and they were proceeding with the performance of their duties at the time the respondents presented their petition to the court.
It appears that 168th street, as projected on the maps filed in the proceeding, intersects Gerard avenue. The respondents are owners of land fronting on that avenue, such frontage beginning at the intersection of the northerly line of the proposed 168th street with the easterly line of Gerard avenue, as the same was laid out by the commissioners of the Central Park on the 23d day of January, 1888, and extending in a general northeasterly direction 41 feet and 6 inches. The commissioner of street improvements for the 23d and 24th wards of the city of New York, acting under the provisions of chapter 545 of the Laws of 1890, which authorized the discontinuance or closing of any street, road, avenue, public square, or place, or any part of the same, within those wards, with the consent of the board of street opening and improvement, filed certain maps, some of them anterior to 1895. On the 12th of June, 1895, an act was passed by the legislature (chapter 1006, Laws 1895) entitled "An act to provide for discontinuing and closing streets, avenues, roads, highways, alleys, lanes and thoroughfares in cities of more than one million two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants." That statute actually affected only the city of New York. On the 2d of November, 1895, the board of street opening, having statutory authority so to do, filed a map showing a plan of streets for a section of the 23d ward in the vicinity of the respondents' premises, upon which a certain part of Gerard avenue was closed, namely, that embraced within a line extended 13 feet and 11 inches westerly from the northeasterly corner of the respondents' property on 168th street, thence northerly 136.82 feet. It is a portion of the roadway of Gerard avenue, taken to form part of the block bounded by 168th and 169th streets and Walton avenue and Gerard avenue. That much of Gerard avenue became closed by the filing of the map, and thus the respondents' easements of light, air, and access to their Gerard avenue frontage were in legal effect taken away. Under those circumstances, the respondents presented their petition to the court, claiming a right given by section 14 of chapter 1006 of the Laws of 1895 to intervene in the proceeding for the objects stated in the order, and that order was made in recognition of that asserted right.
It is enacted by section 14 of chapter 1006 of the Laws of 1895 that a proceeding for closing a street may be consolidated with one for opening a street." By that section it is provided that whenever local authorities institute a proceeding to open any street, etc., laid out upon a general or permanent plan of the city, or district thereof which shall be contiguous to or in the neighborhood of any lot or parcel of ground fronting on such street, etc., which they have discontinued or closed, and proceedings have not been had or completed to ascertain the damage caused by such discontinuance or closing, the court which has or shall appoint commissioners, etc., in respect to such opening, may at any time, upon the application of the chief law officer or counsel to the corporation of such city, or upon the application of any party or person interested in the land fronting upon the street, etc., so discontinued and closed, order and provide, if it shall appear to the said court to be expedient and proper, that the same commissioners of appraisal and estimate, etc., shall ascertain and determine the compensation which should justly be made for any loss and damage to the respective owners, lessees, parties, and persons respectively entitled in possession, reversion, or remainder unto, in, and to, or included in, any lands, tenements, hereditaments, premises, easements, rights, or interests taken, affected, or damaged by or in consequence of the discontinuance or closing of such street, etc., or such portion thereof as the court may direct and specify in said order; and the said commissioners, etc., shall thereupon make said estimate accordingly, and the proceedings to ascertain and determine the same shall be conducted and completed in accordance with the provisions of existing laws relative to the opening of the street or avenue for which the said commissioners were appointed, except that any parcel of land deemed to be benefited may be assessed to the extent provided for in section 6 of the said act, and the amount awarded for and by reason of such discontinuance or closing shall be included in the amount of the expenses to be assessed upon the property benefited in said proceeding. The act of 1895 provides a complete scheme for closing streets and avenues in the city of New York. It is provided by section 2 that, upon the filing of the map therein referred to, the streets, avenues, and roads shown thereon shall be the only lawful streets, etc., in that section of the city shown on said map, and all former streets, etc., theretofore laid out, dedicated, or established not shown thereon, and which are not then actually open or in public use, shall, from and after the filing of said map or plan, cease to be or remain for any purpose whatever a street, etc., and the owner or owners of the fee of the land or soil within the boundaries thereof may thereupon inclose, use, and occupy the same as fully as if the same had not been laid out, dedicated, or established. But in all cases where any such street, etc., is at the time of the filing of such permanent map or plan actually open and in public use, such parts or portions thereof as are included within the boundaries of any square or plot of ground made by the intersection of any streets, avenues, or roads laid out by the local authorities upon the permanent map or plans shall ever after any one of the streets, avenues, or roads bounding such square or plot shall be opened, cease to be or remain for any purpose whatever a street, etc., and the owner in fee of the land or soil within the boundaries thereof may inclose, use, and occupy the same as fully as if the same had not been laid out, dedicated, established, or used. Section 6 of the act provides, among other things, for the estimate^ of compensation when it becomes necessary, and how that compensation is to be made. The commissioners are, upon testimony taken by them, to make a just and true estimate of the compensation which should justly be made for any loss and damage to the respective owners, lessees, parties, and persons respectively entitled in possession, reversion, or remainder unto or interested in any land, tenements, hereditaments, premises, easements, rights, or interest taken, affected, damaged, extinguished, or destroyed by or in consequence of the discontinuance or closing of any street, etc., and also of the benefit and advantage to the land, tenements, hereditaments, and premises which shall be benefited by such discontinuance or closing, and to report thereon to the court without unnecessary delay. The same section further provides that the damages which may be allowed by the commissioners, and all expenses incurred in the proceedings to ascertain said damages, shall be assessed by the said commissioners upon the property benefited thereby to the extent of the benefit so received in the same manner as assessments for acquiring land for streets, etc., are assessed as provided by existing laws relating thereto in such city. But the said commissioners of estimate and assessment shall, to the extent they deem the same to be benefited thereby, notwithstanding the valuation of the same for the purposes of taxation, assess the parcel or parcels lying and being within the boundaries of the street, etc., which shall be discontinued or be closed as aforesaid, and shall separately appraise and state in their report the amount so assessed separately in respect to each part or parcel of the said street, etc., so discontinued and closed in front of or adjoining the separate parcels of land as the same fronted thereon at the time of such closing; and they shall also further separately appraise and state and report the valuation of the right, title, and interest of such city of, in, and to the fee of the land remaining in such discontinued or closed street, etc., upon the discontinuance and closing thereof over and above such sum as they may assess for benefit on such parcel of land, and of such taxes and assessments as may be a lien thereon at the time of their estimate and assessment. It is provided by section 11 of the act, among other things, that the damages awarded by the commissioners of estimate and assessment, and all costs and expenses which may be taxed in the proceeding, and all expenses of any department or bureau of such city which may be charged with the conduct of such proceedings, shall he paid by such city to the respective persons, department, or bureau mentioned or referred to in the report of the commissioners. Such damages, costs, and expenses shall be paid from the fund provided for by existing laws for the opening of streets and parks in such cities, and in the case of the city of New York from the fund for street and park openings, in the manner now provided for by existing laws. Whenever the amount of damages awarded in any report shall exceed the balance remaining of such fund first to be resorted to, the chief financial officer or comptroller of the city is authorized to raise by the issue and sale of revenue bonds such amount as shall be necessary to pay such damages, etc. Section 12 provides that all confirmed assessments for benefits shall, from and after the entry of the order confirming the same, be a lien upon the lands, etc., assessed, and shall be collectible and enforceable in the manner provided by existing laws for the collection and enforcement of assessments for street openings. The sixteenth section of the act provides for the release and conveyance by the city, without compensation, or upon such terms as may appear to the authorities to be just and equitable, to the owner of any part of the closed street, etc., which had been conveyed or ceded to the city without compensation, in consideration of such owner releasing all claims for damages against the city, and for the making of agreements with owners as to the cession of lands in lieu of lands in the streets, and also as to the compensation for the value of lands. The foregoing is an abstract of all the provisions of the act of 1895 it is material to consider in - disposing of the questions arising on this appeal, and those questions relate to the constitutionality of the act. Do any of the provisions of that act authorize the taking of private property for a private use, or is the power of taxation allowed thereby to be exercised only for the purpose of discharging servitudes upon property owned by private individuals, or by the city of New York, for the corporate or other purposes of that city? The general object and scope of the legislation in question is entirely legitimate. Proceedings for the closing of streets were authorized by law long prior to the passage of the act of 1895, and there can be no valid objection to a general scheme of combining such a proceeding with one for the opening of a street where the conditions are such as to render it more economical and more expeditious to do so.
The objections urged to the act under consideration relate to the methods adopted by the legislature to accomplish its objects, to the liabilities imposed, and the consequences brought about by the methods thus adopted. Closing a street is the reverse of opening one. In the latter case, private property is taken for a plain public use. Under condemnation proceedings the owner of the property thus taken for the public use is compensated, and the city acquires in trust for the public the fee of the land included within the boundaries of the street. On closing a street, the public right in the street ceases, and the title to and ownership of the fee of the land within the lines of the street subject to any private easements therein becomes vested in the grantor or his heirs if the street were dedicated, or in the city if the land were taken by condemnation proceedings. It is this situation which gives rise to the contention of the city that, upon the closing of the street, that which was the roadway becomes private property, and that, when assessments are made upon neighboring property to pay for the extinguishment of private easements over the land thus closed and vested in individual ownership, such assessments are made for a private use, because the extinguishment of the easements is, it is assumed, for the exclusive benefit of the land in the street upon which those private easements rested as servitudes. That such easements are property, and that they cannot be taken without compensation, is well settled (Storv v. Railroad Co., 90 N. Y. 122; Lahr v. Railroad Co., 104 N. Y. 268, 10 N. E. 528); and it is also well settled that upon the closing of a street in the city of New York, prior to the act of 1895, the public easement in the street alone was extinguished (Holloway v. Delano, 139 N. Y. 390, 34 N. E. 1047, 1052; Holloway v. Southmayd, 139 N. Y. 410, 34 N. E. 1047, 1052). By the closing of the streets, under the decisions in the two cases last cited, the city of New York did not ipso facto acquire an absolute fee, freed from all easements, in the land in Gerard avenue. In order to acquire such an absolute and untrammeled fee, it is necessary for the city to pay the value of the easements destroyed by the closing of the street. We have had occasion to say more than once that we have neither the disposition nor intention to criticise the decision of the court of appeals in the Holloway Cases. Argument is from time to time persistently made before us that those decisions are in conflict with a long line of an tecedent authority to the contrary of what was held by the court of last resort in those cases; and we have to repeat that it is fór that court to revise its judgment, and, until that is done, we are bound to follow those cases and the rule therein laid down. But that rule does not control in the case at bar. The act of 1895 had for its object, among other things, the extinguishment of the private easements; and it is undoubtedly one of the effects of that legislation that the title to the land in a street closed under that act becomes vested in private ownership in an individual grantor, if the street were made by dedication, or, in the city of New York, if it were opened by statutory proceedings for that purpose; and such ownership is in the entirety of the title, and is to be liberated from the servitude of easements appurtenant to abutting property. If the object and intent of the statute are exclusively to thus vest the title free from incumbrances in individual ownership, then it is very plain that it would be incompetent to charge upon neighboring property the expense of getting in and extinguishing such easements merely to enhance the value of the property thus held in individual ownership in the closed street, for that would-be the taking of private property of some individuals for the private use of other individuals or of the city, and the law might justly be condemned as one imposing upon the owners of property the burden of acquiring the easements where the whole purpose of the imposition of the burden is to benefit a private owner. ,
The inquiry therefore is as follows, viz.: Is the object sought to be attained by the act only to extinguish private easements appurtenant to property after a street has been discontinued for the benefit of the individual owner of the land within the boundary of the street thus closed? The precise situation of this particular case in this aspect is that the title to the land no longer required for street purposes is transferred to the original owner by force of the statute, subject to the easement; that easement is to be extinguished, and compensation made for it; the abutting owner is given a pre-emptive right to purchase that land within a year upon a fixed valuation, provided the local authorities shall determine that such parcel of land, or any part thereof, shall not be required for any other public use; and, if the abutting owner does not exercise his pre-emptive privilege within that year, the right, title, and interest of the city is subject to sale, grant, disposal, or use to any person whomsoever, in such manner and upon such terms as the local authorities of such city may designate, provide, and approve. Those provisions undoubtedly relate to the acquisition of private titles as a part of the general scheme of the act. The city of New York, as owner of the land, may use it for corporate purposes, or, unless it is required for such use, it may sell or dispose of it in the same way as an individual owner might do. But all that does not, in view of the main purpose to be accomplished by the act of 1895, make- the exclusive purpose of that legislation a private one, although private ownership is the ultimate result of those provisions of the act. The .underlying or fundamental purpose of the act is a public one. As declared in its first section, it is "to more effectually secure and pre serve regularity and uniformity in the general and permanent plan of streets and avenues and public places therein, or where other public necessity, in the judgment of such local authorities, requires the discontinuance thereof," etc. As was remarked in Meyer v. Village of Teutopolis, 131 Ill. 552, 23 N. E. 651:,
"Nor can it be said that the validity of the proceedings by which a street is vacated is at ail affected by the fact that the land embraced within the street thereby becomes private property. Nor is it material whether private ownership results from the rule that, upon the discontinuance of an easement in a public highway, the freehold or soil reverts to the owner of the adjoining land, or that such ownership is acquired by subsequent conveyance from the municipality. Nor does it seem material that the vacation is made with the view or intention of vesting the adjoining proprietors with the ownership of the land embraced within the street. That merely goes to the motive by which the act of vacation is performed, and in that, as in all legislative acts, the motives by which the legislative body is actuated are immaterial, and cannot be inquired into."
The closing of the street thus being a public purpose, in order to make that an actual closing it is necessary that the easements of the abutting owners should be extinguished, for otherwise the street could not be effectually closed. The objection is then made to the provisions of the act of 1895 which relate to the assessment of neighboring property to pay for the extinguishment of such easements. The act requires that the commissioners shall assess the property benefited, including the city's property in the closed street. In the case before us the inquiry relates only to land of the city. As the .assessment is only levied for carrying out a public purpose in connection with closing a street, such assessment upon property actually benefited by its imposition cannot be said to be unlawful. The question of what property is benefited is a question of fact for the determination of the commissioners. It is not to be assumed that they will make any assessment upon property which is not as matter of fact benefited; and, if the benefit attaches exclusively to the land of the city, the commissioners will undoubtedly confine their assessment for benefit to the land. But the question is presented in another view. It is urged that the provisions of the statute under consideration are invalid, because adjoining property owners are required to pay the sum necessary to relieve the private owners of the land within the boundaries of the closed street from the private easements appurtenant to that land when no benefit accrues to such neighboring property owners; and it is claimed that this is in excess of the power of the legislature with reference to taxation. The imposition of local assessments for benefits is unquestionably an exercise of the power of taxation. People v. Mayor of Brooklyn, 4 N. Y. 419; Litchfield v. Vernon, 41 N. Y. 123; In re Van Antwerp, 56 N. Y. 261. If, in the case now before us, the necessary result of the provision of the law under consideration were to compel property owners not benefited to pay money to enable the city to acquire property which it was not to hold public! juris, then there would be the invalid exercise of the power of taxation; but, in the first place, the argument assumes again that the property of the adjoining owners is not and cannot be in any way benefited by the closing of this street and the extinguishment of the easements of the abutting owners. There may be benefits to such owners, the direct result of the straightening of the line of Gerard avenue and the closing up of so much thereof as is included within the irregular geometrical figure shown upon the commissioners' map. It cannot be assumed as judicially beyond controversy that no possible benefit ascertainable and reducible to a money valuation can accrue to the neighboring property owners by reason of the closing of so much of the street. As said before, that becomes a question of fact for the commissioners, and it is not to be assumed that they will arbitrarily and unlawfully exercise tbe power with which they are invested. If no property is actually benefited but that of the city, it alone must bear the expense.
The prime object of the statute is the closing of the street. The roadway discontinued in use as a public highway reverts to the owner of the soil; but the dominant purpose of the act cannot practically be attained until the easements of the abutting owner are destroyed or discharged by making compensation. That compensation is "damages," within the meaning of the act. Its payment is absolutely necessary. Ultimately it is to be paid by local assessment. Incidentally it relieves the land in the street acquired in private ownership; but mainly and inherently it is damages incurred in carrying out the public improvement, and the assessments are to the permitted extent levied for a public purpose. Assessments placed upon neighboring property to pay for the damages caused by closing a street have been declared to be in pursuance of a valid exercise of power. In re Barclay, 91 N. Y. 430. See, also, Litchfield v. Vernon, 41 N. Y. 123. I therefore am of the opinion that neither of the objections taken to the validity of the act of 1895 is tenable, and that the order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Order affirmed, with costs. All concur, except INGRAHAM, J., dissenting..
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6141200_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Záhor (em : Zahar) é um município da Eslováquia, situado no distrito de Sobrance, na região de Košice. Tem de área e sua população em 2018 foi estimada em 650 habitantes.
Municípios da Eslováquia
Municípios de Sobrance (distrito).
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github_open_source_100_1_188 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | .git
.gitignore
.github
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.DS_Store
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Dockerfile
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77/2024_76 | TEDEUTenders | Various open data | Igazolás módja:
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot - ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. AT-k figyelmét, hogy
a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.1./Az alkalmassági köv. ig. módja: AF feladásától visszafelé számított 3 éven belül befejezett, szerz-szerűen teljesített , de max 6
éven belül megkezdett, a közbesz. tárgykörében telj. szolgáltatásait ismertető, (321/2015(X.30.) Korm. rend. 22.§-a szerint kiállított
referencia nyilatkozatot vagy igazolás, melynek tartalmaznia kell legalább: a)szerz-t kötő másik fél neve, címe b)szolgáltatás tárgya,
menny., leírása c)telj. ideje (kezdő- befejezés időpont év-hónap-nap pont.) d)ref. tárgyára von. mennyiségi adatok e)információ, hogy a
telj. az előírásoknak és a szerződésnek megfelelően történt-e g)ref-ról információt nyújtó személy neve, elérhetősége.
used
false
tp-abil
M.2./
Ajánlatkérő alkalmatlannak minősíti az Ajánlattevőt (vagy közös Ajánlattevőket), ha nem rendelkezik (vagy együttesen nem rendelkeznek):
1 fő minimum középfokú végzettségű és OKJ52 853 02 számú Tisztítástechnológiai szolgáltatásvezető, vagy azzal egyenértékű képzettségű, valamint 1 éves takarítási gyakorlattal rendelkező szakemberrel. (Kbt. 65. § (1) b.) és 321/2015. korm rend 21. § (3) bek b.) pont)
A Kbt. 65. § (6) bekezdése alapján az M.2./ pontban előírt alkalmassági követelményeknek a közös ajánlattevők együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot - ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. AT-k figyelmét, hogy
a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.2./ alkalmassági köv. ig. módja:
annak a szakembernek a megnevezése, képzettsége és szakmai tapasztalata (M.2. pontban előírt 12 hó tapasztalat) ismertetésével,
akit Ajánlattevő be kíván vonni a teljesítésbe [Kbt.65.§(1) bek b)pont; 321 /2015. (X.30.) Korm. rend 21. § (3) bek b) pont]. A szakember bemutatása során csatolandók:
a) szakmai gyakorlatot igazoló szakmai önéletrajz a szakember saját kezű aláírásával, mely tartalmazza - adott esetben - a szakember jelenlegi munkahelyét is; Felhívjuk a T. Ajánlattevők figyelmét, a szakmai önéletrajzot olyan részletezettséggel csatolják, amelyből egyértelműen kiderül az M.2. pontban előírt alkalmasság teljesülése, azaz adja meg a korábbi Munkák kezdési és befejezési időpontját is - év/hónap pontossággal.
b) szakember végzettséget igazoló dokumentumok (iskolai bizonyítványok) egyszerű másolata;
c) a szakember által aláírt rendelkezésre állás tekintetében tett nyilatkozat.
Közös ajánlattétel esetén a műszaki, ill szakmai alk követelményeknek a közös AT-k együttesen is megfelelhetnek. Az alkalmasságot igazoló szervezetek igénybevételére az eljárásban a Kbt.65.§(10) bek szerinti korlátozó feltétel nem alkalmazandó
used
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
t-requ
false
true
nincs
DOC-01
non-restricted-document
HUN
official
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
Fizetési feltételek: AK előleget nem biztosít. A vállalkozási díj havonta az igazolt szerződésszerű teljesítést követően a Kbt. 135.§ (1),
(5) és (6) bek. és a Ptk. 6:130.§ (1)(2) bek. foglaltak szerint 30 napon belül, számla ellenében, átutalással, forintban (HUF) kerül
kifizetésre. A számla benyújtásra a Kbt. 27/A.§ rendelkezései alkalmazandók. Az ajánlattétel, a szerződés és a kifizetések pénzneme a
Ft. A részletes szabályokat, fizetési feltételeket a KD tartalmazza.
true
Ajánlattevő vagy közös ajánlattevők projekttársaságot nem hozhatnak létre.
none
no
required
not-allowed
false
performance
Nyertes AT-nek a szerződéskötés időpontjában és a szerződés teljes időtartama alatt rendelkeznie kell:
- min. 3 fő, napi 8 órás tisztítás-technológiai szakmunkás (32 853 03 OKJ számú v azzal egyenértékű) képzettségű szakemberrel. A szakemberek között (az egyes részek között) átfedés a több helyen azonos időben történő munkavégzésre figyelemmel nem megengedett.
- 1 legalább 10 M HUF/év és 5 M HUF/kár összegű, tevékenységi v szolgáltatási felelősség-biztosítással. Az esetleges
kárnál a Megbízott önrésze nem haladhatja meg a biztosító által elismert kárösszeg 10 %-át.
- be kell mutatnia, h érvényes takarításra vonatkozó hatályos MSZ-EN ISO 9001:2015 szabvány szerinti minőség
irányítási MSZ-EN ISO 14001:2015 környezetirányítási rendszerrel v ezekkel egyenértékű r-el
poi-exa
10
quality
2. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban rendelkeznek ÖKO, vagy azzal egyenértékű minősítéssel (%
poi-exa
10
quality
3. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban NEM rendelkeznek veszélyjellel (igen/nem)
poi-exa
5
quality
4. Szolgáltatói ellenőrzéshez Ajánlattevő vállalja elektronikus rendszer alkalmazását (igen/nem)
poi-exa
70
price
1.1. Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap)
poi-exa
3
price
1.2. Nyári nagytakarítási (nettó HUF/alkalom)
poi-exa
2
price
1.3. Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg)
ORG-0001
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
ORG-0005
ORG-0001
30
A Kbt. 148. § rendelkezései alapján
ORG-0003
ORG-0002
HUN
false
true
required
false
2024-05-22+02:00
11:00:00+02:00
false
2024-05-22+02:00
13:00:00+02:00
Az ajánlatok felbontása az EKR-ben történik, melyre a Kbt. 68. § és a 424/2017. (XII.19.) Korm. rend az irányadó
EKR
false
none
none
EKR002154242023/4
Pécsi Kodály Zoltán Gimnázium és Névtelen utca
Gimnázium
Az intézmény nyitva tartási ideje: 7:00 – 19:00
Takarítás biztosításának ideje: 14:00 – 19:00
Ügyeletes takarítóra igény: nincs
Mennyiségi adatok, jellemző burkolattípusok:
• Tanterem, könyvtár: 2.221,25 m2 – PVC/parketta (parketta – 844,35)
• Vizesblokk: 214,67 m2 - cementlap
• Porta: 11,56 m2 - PVC
• Közlekedő: 1762,89 m2 – cementlap, márvány
• Tornaterem: 252 m2 - parketta
• Öltöző: 12,86 m2 – gress lap
• Ebédlő: 100,30 m2 - cementlap
• Szertár: 165,6 m2 - PVC
Összesen: 4.741,13 m2
Tisztítandó ablakfelület (minden tisztítandó oldallal számolva) (m2): 1878
Sportcsarnok:
Intézmény címe: 7629 Pécs, Névtelen u. 2.
Az intézmény nyitva tartási ideje: 7:00 – 21:00
Takarítás biztosításának ideje: 5:00 – 7:30
Ügyeletes takarítóra igény: nincs
Mennyiségi adatok, jellemző burkolattípusok:
• Vizesblokk: 97,55 m2 - PVC
• Iroda, tanári, porta: 15,9 m2 - PVC
• Közlekedő, lelátó, aula, előtér: 237,7 m2 – gress lap
• Sportcsarnok (küzdőtér), konditerem: 720 m2 - PVC
• Öltöző: 59,28 m2 – gress lap
• Szertár: 66,04 m2 – PVC
Összesen: 1.196,47 m2
Tisztítandó ablakfelület (minden tisztítandó oldallal számolva) (m2): 550
Részletes műszaki leírást a közbeszerzési dokumentumok tartalmazzák.
services
Ponthatár: 0-10 pont, 1. ár értékelési szempont és alszempontjai: fordított arányosítás, a 2.és 3. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési
Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2. melléklet B pont B.) pontozás; 4. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2.
melléklet B pont A.) pont A1 alpontja: pontkiosztás módszere
Az 1. értékelési részszempont egyes alszempontjai a következőek:
1. Nettó Ajánlati Ár (HUF), mely az alábbi alszempontok szerint kerül értékelésre:
1.1. Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap) - súlyszám 70
1.2. Nyári nagytakarítás (nettó HUF/alkalom) - súlyszám 3
1.3. Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg) - súlyszám 2
A Minőségi kritérium - 4. értékelési szempontban megajánlható elektronikus rendszer leírását a Közbeszerzési Dokumentum Műszaki leírása tartalmazza
90919300
A takarítandó sportcsarnok címe továbbá: 7629 Pécs, Névtelen u. 2.
Dobó István
utca
Pécs
7629
HU231
35-37.
HUN
24
Őszi / tavaszi „nagytakarítás” opciós mennyiségként kerül megjelölésre - megrendelés esetén (alkalmanként a nyári nagytakarítási díj (1.2. értékelési részszempont) 25%-a szolgáltatási áron.
Opciós: külön megrendelés esetén a függönyök alacsony nyomású gőzfejlesztővel történő tisztítása helyett azok leszedése, gépi vegyi tisztítása, mosása, felrakása maximum 700 kg/nagytakarítás.
LOT-0005
tp-abil
M.1./
Ajánlatkérő alkalmatlannak minősíti az Ajánlattevőt (vagy közös Ajánlattevőket), ha nem rendelkezik (vagy együttesen nem rendelkeznek):
Olyan, az ajánlati felhívás feladásától visszafelé számított 3 éven belül szerződésszerűen teljesített, de maximum 6 éven belül
megkezdett referenciával, amely minimum 6 hónapon keresztül végzett építmény (épület) belső takarítására vonatkozik, ahol a
takarítandó alapterület elérte vagy meghaladta a 2.000 m2 alapterületet. (Kbt. 65. § (1) b.) és 321/2015. korm rend 21. § (3) bek a.) pont)
Az M.1./ pontban rögzített előírás az alapterület vonatkozásában több szerződésből teljesíthető.
A Kbt. 65. § (6) bekezdése alapján az M.1./ pontban előírt alkalmassági követelményeknek a közös ajánlattevők együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Igazolás módja:
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot - ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. AT-k figyelmét, hogy
a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.1./Az alkalmassági köv. ig. módja: AF feladásától visszafelé számított 3 éven belül befejezett, szerz-szerűen teljesített , de max 6
éven belül megkezdett, a közbesz. tárgykörében telj. szolgáltatásait ismertető, (321/2015(X.30.) Korm. rend. 22.§-a szerint kiállított
referencia nyilatkozatot vagy igazolás, melynek tartalmaznia kell legalább: a)szerz-t kötő másik fél neve, címe b)szolgáltatás tárgya,
menny., leírása c)telj. ideje (kezdő- befejezés időpont év-hónap-nap pont.) d)ref. tárgyára von. mennyiségi adatok e)információ, hogy a
telj. az előírásoknak és a szerződésnek megfelelően történt-e g)ref-ról információt nyújtó személy neve, elérhetősége.
used
false
tp-abil
M.2./
Ajánlatkérő alkalmatlannak minősíti az Ajánlattevőt (vagy közös Ajánlattevőket), ha nem rendelkezik (vagy együttesen nem rendelkeznek):
1 fő minimum középfokú végzettségű és OKJ52 853 02 számú Tisztítástechnológiai szolgáltatásvezető, vagy azzal egyenértékű képzettségű, valamint 1 éves takarítási gyakorlattal rendelkező szakemberrel. (Kbt. 65. § (1) b.) és 321/2015. korm rend 21. § (3) bek b.) pont)
A Kbt. 65. § (6) bekezdése alapján az M.2./ pontban előírt alkalmassági követelményeknek a közös ajánlattevők együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot - ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. AT-k figyelmét, hogy
a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.2./ alkalmassági köv. ig. módja:
annak a szakembernek a megnevezése, képzettsége és szakmai tapasztalata (M.2. pontban előírt 12 hó tapasztalat) ismertetésével,
akit Ajánlattevő be kíván vonni a teljesítésbe [Kbt.65.§(1) bek b)pont; 321 /2015. (X.30.) Korm. rend 21. § (3) bek b) pont]. A szakember bemutatása során csatolandók:
a) szakmai gyakorlatot igazoló szakmai önéletrajz a szakember saját kezű aláírásával, mely tartalmazza - adott esetben - a szakember jelenlegi munkahelyét is; Felhívjuk a T. Ajánlattevők figyelmét, a szakmai önéletrajzot olyan részletezettséggel csatolják, amelyből egyértelműen kiderül az M.2. pontban előírt alkalmasság teljesülése, azaz adja meg a korábbi Munkák kezdési és befejezési időpontját is - év/hónap pontossággal.
b) szakember végzettséget igazoló dokumentumok (iskolai bizonyítványok) egyszerű másolata;
c) a szakember által aláírt rendelkezésre állás tekintetében tett nyilatkozat.
Közös ajánlattétel esetén a műszaki, ill szakmai alk követelményeknek a közös AT-k együttesen is megfelelhetnek. Az alkalmasságot igazoló szervezetek igénybevételére az eljárásban a Kbt.65.§(10) bek szerinti korlátozó feltétel nem alkalmazandó
used
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
t-requ
false
true
nincs
DOC-01
non-restricted-document
HUN
official
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
Fizetési feltételek: AK előleget nem biztosít. A vállalkozási díj havonta az igazolt szerződésszerű teljesítést követően a Kbt. 135.§ (1),
(5) és (6) bek. és a Ptk. 6:130.§ (1)(2) bek. foglaltak szerint 30 napon belül, számla ellenében, átutalással, forintban (HUF) kerül
kifizetésre. A számla benyújtásra a Kbt. 27/A.§ rendelkezései alkalmazandók. Az ajánlattétel, a szerződés és a kifizetések pénzneme a
Ft. A részletes szabályokat, fizetési feltételeket a KD tartalmazza.
true
Ajánlattevő vagy közös ajánlattevők projekttársaságot nem hozhatnak létre.
none
no
required
not-allowed
false
performance
Nyertes AT-nek a szerződéskötés időpontjában és a szerződés teljes időtartama alatt rendelkeznie kell:
- min. 3 fő, napi 8 órás tisztítás-technológiai szakmunkás (32 853 03 OKJ számú v azzal egyenértékű) képzettségű szakemberrel. A szakemberek között (az egyes részek között) átfedés a több helyen azonos időben történő munkavégzésre figyelemmel nem megengedett.
- 1 legalább 10 M HUF/év és 5 M HUF/kár összegű, tevékenységi v szolgáltatási felelősség-biztosítással. Az esetleges
kárnál a Megbízott önrésze nem haladhatja meg a biztosító által elismert kárösszeg 10 %-át.
- be kell mutatnia, h érvényes takarításra vonatkozó hatályos MSZ-EN ISO 9001:2015 szabvány szerinti minőség
irányítási MSZ-EN ISO 14001:2015 környezetirányítási rendszerrel v ezekkel egyenértékű r-el
poi-exa
10
quality
2. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban rendelkeznek ÖKO, vagy azzal egyenértékű minősítéssel (%)
poi-exa
10
quality
3. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban NEM rendelkeznek veszélyjellel (igen/nem)
poi-exa
5
quality
4. Szolgáltatói ellenőrzéshez Ajánlattevő vállalja elektronikus rendszer alkalmazását (igen/nem)
poi-exa
70
price
1.1. Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap)
poi-exa
3
price
1.2. Nyári nagytakarítási (nettó HUF/alkalom)
poi-exa
2
price
1.3. Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg)
ORG-0001
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
ORG-0005
ORG-0001
30
A Kbt. 148. § rendelkezései alapján
ORG-0003
ORG-0002
HUN
false
true
required
false
2024-05-22+02:00
11:00:00+02:00
false
2024-05-22+02:00
13:00:00+02:00
Az ajánlatok felbontása az EKR-ben történik, melyre a Kbt. 68. § és a 424/2017. (XII.19.) Korm. rend az irányadó
EKR
false
none
none
EKR002154242023/5
Pécsi Testvérvárosok Terei Általános Iskola
Az intézmény nyitva tartási ideje 6.00-21.00
Takarítás biztosításának ideje: iskola – 13.00-20.00, tornaterem – 6.00-7.00
Ügyeletes takarítóra igény: nem
Mennyiségi adatok, jellemző burkolat típusok:
• Tanterem, könyvtár: 1.788,17m2 - PVC
• Vizesblokk: 211,22m2 - metlahi
• Iroda, tanári: 177,19m2 - PVC
• Közlekedő: 1.131,30m2 - metlahi
• Tornaterem: 576m2 - PVC
• Öltöző: 39,43m2 - metlahi
• Kiskonyha, étkező, ebédlő: 195,31m2 - metlahi
• Orvosi rendelő: 16,31m2 – metlahi
• Szertár, raktár: 133,39m2 – metlahi
Összesen: 4.268,32m2
Tisztítandó ablakfelület (minden tisztítandó oldallal számolva) (m2):1382
Részletes műszaki leírást a közbeszerzési dokumentumok tartalmazzák.
services
Ponthatár: 0-10 pont, 1. ár értékelési szempont és alszempontjai: fordított arányosítás, a 2.és 3. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési
Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2. melléklet B pont B.) pontozás; 4. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2.
melléklet B pont A.) pont A1 alpontja: pontkiosztás módszere
Az 1. értékelési részszempont egyes alszempontjai a következőek:
1. Nettó Ajánlati Ár (HUF), mely az alábbi alszempontok szerint kerül értékelésre:
1.1. Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap) - súlyszám 70
1.2. Nyári nagytakarítás (nettó HUF/alkalom) - súlyszám 3
1.3. Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg) - súlyszám 2
A Minőségi kritérium - 4. értékelési szempontban megajánlható elektronikus rendszer leírását a Közbeszerzési Dokumentum Műszaki leírása tartalmazza
90919300
Testvérvárosok
tere
Pécs
7632
HU231
1.
HUN
24
Őszi / tavaszi „nagytakarítás” opciós mennyiségként kerül megjelölésre - megrendelés esetén (alkalmanként a nyári nagytakarítási díj (1.2. értékelési részszempont) 25%-a szolgáltatási áron.
Opciós: külön megrendelés esetén a függönyök alacsony nyomású gőzfejlesztővel történő tisztítása helyett azok leszedése, gépi vegyi tisztítása, mosása, felrakása maximum 700 kg/nagytakarítás.
LOT-0006
tp-abil
M.1./
Ajánlatkérő alkalmatlannak minősíti az Ajánlattevőt (vagy közös Ajánlattevőket), ha nem rendelkezik (vagy
együttesen nem rendelkeznek):
Olyan, az ajánlati felhívás feladásától visszafelé számított 3 éven belül szerződésszerűen teljesített, de maximum 6
éven belül
megkezdett referenciával, amely minimum 6 hónapon keresztül végzett építmény (épület) belső takarítására
vonatkozik, ahol a
takarítandó alapterület elérte vagy meghaladta a 2.000 m2 alapterületet. (Kbt. 65. § (1) b.) és 321/2015. korm rend 21. § (3) bek a.) pont)
Az M.1./ pontban rögzített előírás az alapterület vonatkozásában több szerződésből teljesíthető.
A Kbt. 65. § (6) bekezdése alapján az M.1./ pontban előírt alkalmassági követelményeknek a közös ajánlattevők
együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Igazolás módja:
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot -
ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. ATk figyelmét, hogy a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i
követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési
szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben
azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása
céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.1./Az alkalmassági köv. ig. módja: AF feladásától visszafelé számított 3 éven belül befejezett, szerz-szerűen
teljesített , de max 6
éven belül megkezdett, a közbesz. tárgykörében telj. szolgáltatásait ismertető, (321/2015(X.30.) Korm. rend. 22.§-a
szerint kiállított
referencia nyilatkozatot vagy igazolás, melynek tartalmaznia kell legalább: a)szerz-t kötő másik fél neve, címe b)
szolgáltatás tárgya,
menny., leírása c)telj. ideje (kezdő- befejezés időpont év-hónap-nap pont.) d)ref. tárgyára von. mennyiségi adatok e)
információ, hogy a
telj. az előírásoknak és a szerződésnek megfelelően történt-e g)ref-ról információt nyújtó személy neve, elérhetősége
used
false
tp-abil
M.2./
Ajánlatkérő alkalmatlannak minősíti az Ajánlattevőt (vagy közös Ajánlattevőket), ha nem rendelkezik (vagy
együttesen nem rendelkeznek):
1 fő minimum középfokú végzettségű és OKJ52 853 02 számú Tisztítástechnológiai szolgáltatásvezető, vagy azzal
egyenértékű képzettségű, valamint 1 éves takarítási gyakorlattal rendelkező szakemberrel. (Kbt. 65. § (1) b.) és 321/2015. korm rend 21. § (3) bek b.) pont)
A Kbt. 65. § (6) bekezdése alapján az M.2./ pontban előírt alkalmassági követelményeknek a közös ajánlattevők
együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Az Ajánlattevők által az ajánlatban benyújtandó igazolások: Az Ajánlattevők a műszaki, ill. szakmai alkalmasságot -
ide nem érve a
Kbt. 69. § szerinti utólagos igazolási kötelezettség teljesítését - EEKD benyújtásával igazolhatják. AK felhívja a T. ATk figyelmét, hogy
a 321/2015. (X. 30. ) Korm. rendelet (KR) 2. § (1) bek c) pontja és az (5) bek rendelkezései alapján az alkalm-i
követelmények előzetes
igazolására elfogadja az érintett GSZ egyszerű nyil-át. AT az EEKD IV. része „α”(alfa) szakaszát köteles kitölteni. Az
EEKDban foglalt információk valóságtartalmáért az AT-k felelnek. A Kbt. 69. § (4) bek-e alapján az értékelési
szempontokra
figyelemmel legkedvezőbbnek tekinthető AT, ill adott esetben a Kbt. 69. § (6) bek-e alapján az értékelési sorrendben
azt követő
legkedvezőbb AT által az utólagos ig-i kötelezettség körében, a műszaki, ill szakmai alkalmasság alátámasztása
céljából benyújtandó
igazolások:
M.2./ alkalmassági köv. ig. módja:
annak a szakembernek a megnevezése, képzettsége és szakmai tapasztalata (M.2. pontban előírt 12 hó tapasztalat)
ismertetésével,
akit Ajánlattevő be kíván vonni a teljesítésbe [Kbt.65.§(1) bek b)pont; 321 /2015. (X.30.) Korm. rend 21. § (3) bek b)
pont]. A szakember bemutatása során csatolandók:
a) szakmai gyakorlatot igazoló szakmai önéletrajz a szakember saját kezű aláírásával, mely tartalmazza - adott
esetben - a szakember jelenlegi munkahelyét is; Felhívjuk a T. Ajánlattevők figyelmét, a szakmai önéletrajzot olyan
részletezettséggel csatolják, amelyből egyértelműen kiderül az M.2. pontban előírt alkalmasság teljesülése, azaz
adja meg a korábbi Munkák kezdési és befejezési időpontját is - év/hónap pontossággal.
b) szakember végzettséget igazoló dokumentumok (iskolai bizonyítványok) egyszerű másolata;
c) a szakember által aláírt rendelkezésre állás tekintetében tett nyilatkozat.
Közös ajánlattétel esetén a műszaki, ill szakmai alk követelményeknek a közös AT-k együttesen is megfelelhetnek.
Az alkalmasságot igazoló szervezetek igénybevételére az eljárásban a Kbt.65.§(10) bek szerinti korlátozó feltétel
nem alkalmazandó
used
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
t-requ
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DOC-01
non-restricted-document
HUN
official
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
Fizetési feltételek: AK előleget nem biztosít. A vállalkozási díj havonta az igazolt szerződésszerű teljesítést követően a Kbt. 135.§ (1),
(5) és (6) bek. és a Ptk. 6:130.§ (1)(2) bek. foglaltak szerint 30 napon belül, számla ellenében, átutalással, forintban (HUF) kerül
kifizetésre. A számla benyújtásra a Kbt. 27/A.§ rendelkezései alkalmazandók. Az ajánlattétel, a szerződés és a kifizetések pénzneme a
Ft. A részletes szabályokat, fizetési feltételeket a KD tartalmazza.
true
Ajánlattevő vagy közös ajánlattevők projekttársaságot nem hozhatnak létre
none
no
required
not-allowed
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performance
Nyertes AT-nek a szerződéskötés időpontjában és a szerződés teljes időtartama alatt rendelkeznie kell:
- min. 3 fő, napi 8 órás tisztítás-technológiai szakmunkás (32 853 03 OKJ számú v azzal egyenértékű) képzettségű szakemberrel. A szakemberek között (az egyes részek között) átfedés a több helyen azonos időben történő munkavégzésre figyelemmel nem megengedett.
- 1 legalább 10 M HUF/év és 5 M HUF/kár összegű, tevékenységi v szolgáltatási felelősség-biztosítással. Az esetleges
kárnál a Megbízott önrésze nem haladhatja meg a biztosító által elismert kárösszeg 10 %-át.
- be kell mutatnia, h érvényes takarításra vonatkozó hatályos MSZ-EN ISO 9001:2015 szabvány szerinti minőség
irányítási MSZ-EN ISO 14001:2015 környezetirányítási rendszerrel v ezekkel egyenértékű r-el
poi-exa
10
quality
2. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban rendelkeznek ÖKO, vagy azzal egyenértékű minősítéssel (%):
poi-exa
10
quality
3. Tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek táblázatban megadott felhasználni kívánt tisztító-, kezelő-, fertőtlenítő-, ápolószerek hány %-ban NEM rendelkeznek veszélyjellel (igen/nem)
poi-exa
5
quality
4. Szolgáltatói ellenőrzéshez Ajánlattevő vállalja elektronikus rendszer alkalmazását (igen/nem)
poi-exa
70
price
1.1 Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap)
poi-exa
3
price
1.2.Nyári nagytakarítási (nettó HUF/alkalom)
poi-exa
2
price
1.3.Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg)
ORG-0001
https://ekr.gov.hu/portal/kozbeszerzes/eljarasok/EKR002154242023/reszletek
ORG-0005
ORG-0001
30
A Kbt. 148. § rendelkezései alapján
ORG-0003
ORG-0002
HUN
false
true
required
false
2024-05-22+02:00
11:00:00+02:00
false
2024-05-22+02:00
13:00:00+02:00
Az ajánlatok felbontása az EKR-ben történik, melyre a Kbt. 68. § és a 424/2017. (XII.19.) Korm. rend az irányadó
EKR
false
none
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EKR002154242023/6
Pécsi Művészeti Gimnázium, Szakgimnázium és Techn.
Az intézmény nyitva tartási ideje: 06:00 – 20:00
Takarítás biztosításának ideje: 22:00 – 06:00
Ügyeletes takarítóra igény: nincs
Mennyiségi adatok, jellemző burkolattípusok:
• Tanterem, könyvtár: 1.810,28 m2 – PVC/parketta/padlószőnyeg
• Vizesblokk: 144,13 m2 – metlachi
• Iroda, tanári, porta: 104,29 m2 – PVC/metlachi
• Közlekedő: 765,75 m2 – padlószőnyeg/PVC/metlachi
• Tornaterem, konditerem: 526,04 m2 – PVC
• Öltöző: 84,84 m2 – PVC
• Orvosi szoba: 21,2 m2 – PVC
• Szertár, raktár: 89,95 m2 – metlachi
Összesen: 3.546,48 m2
Tisztítandó ablakfelület (minden tisztítandó oldallal számolva) (m2): 1274
Részletes műszaki leírást a közbeszerzési dokumentumok tartalmazzák.
services
Ponthatár: 0-10 pont, 1. ár értékelési szempont és alszempontjai: fordított arányosítás, a 2.és 3. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési
Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2. melléklet B pont B.) pontozás; 4. értékelési szempont: Közbeszerzési Hatóság útmutatója 2020/60. 2.
melléklet B pont A.) pont A1 alpontja: pontkiosztás módszere
Az 1. értékelési részszempont egyes alszempontjai a következőek:
1. Nettó Ajánlati Ár (HUF), mely az alábbi alszempontok szerint kerül értékelésre:
1.1. Havi és annál sűrűbben végzendő takarítási feladatok ellátása (nettó HUF/m2/nap) - súlyszám 70
1.2. Nyári nagytakarítás (nettó HUF/alkalom) - súlyszám 3
1.3. Függönyök mosása (Ft/kg) - súlyszám 2
A Minőségi kritérium - 4. értékelési szempontban megajánlható elektronikus rendszer leírását a Közbeszerzési Dokumentum Műszaki leírása tartalmazza
90919300
Radnics
utca
Pécs
7624
HU231
9.
HUN
24
Őszi / tavaszi „nagytakarítás” opciós mennyiségként kerül megjelölésre - megrendelés esetén (alkalmanként a nyári nagytakarítási díj (1.2. értékelési részszempont) 25%-a szolgáltatási áron.
Opciós: külön megrendelés esetén a függönyök alacsony nyomású gőzfejlesztővel történő tisztítása helyett azok leszedése, gépi vegyi tisztítása, mosása, felrakása maximum 700 kg/nagytakarítás..
DZP.281.9A.2024
Dostawa oprogramowania na potrzeby obsługi badań klinicznych
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest Dostawa oprogramowania na potrzeby obsługi badań klinicznych. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia wskazano w załączniku nr 7 do specyfikacji warunków zamówienia.
supplies
Przedmiot zamówienia jest realizowany w ramach umowy o dofinansowanie o numerze 2021/ABM/04/00005-00, projektu pn. Utworzenie Śląskiego Centrum Wsparcia Badań Klinicznych funkcjonującego w modelu usług wspólnych dla realizacji komercyjnych i niekomercyjnych badań klinicznych, w ramach konkursu nr ABM/2021/4.
Dotyczy punktu 5.1.3: Szacowany okres obowiązywania: 6 miesięcy (maksymalny termin - parametr stanowiący kryterium oceny ofert).
Zamawiający informuje, iż przeprowadził wstępne konsultacje rynkowe.
48000000
72260000
ul.Ceglana 35
Katowice
Katowice
40-514
PL22A
POL
wdrożenie systemu: Centrum Wsparcia Badań Klinicznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
ul. Ziołowa 45-47
Katowice
40-635
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Czas usunięcia awarii krytycznej dla udostępnionej w chmurze infrastruktury sprzętowej
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Czas usunięcia awarii zwykłej dla udostępnionej w chmurze infrastruktury sprzętowej
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Termin realizacji
ORG-0001
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2024-05-20+02:00
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2024-05-20+02:00
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Oferta musi zachować ważność do 17.08.2024
false
none
none
Dostawa oprogramowania na potrzeby obsługi badań klinicznych
Dostawa oprogramowania na potrzeby obsługi badań klinicznych
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest Dostawa oprogramowania na potrzeby obsługi badań klinicznych. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia wskazano w załączniku nr 7 do specyfikacji warunków zamówienia.
supplies
48000000
72260000
ul. Ceglana 35
Katowice
40-514
PL22A
POL
wdrożenie systemu: Centrum Wsparcia Badań Klinicznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
ul. Ziołowa 45-47
Katowice
40-635
PL22A
POL
6.
CQ. ATL-23261
Contrato de servicios para la asistencia técnica de control de calidad de las obras del desdoblamiento del tramo 4 de la arteria PTT-EDT 2. Clave: ATL-23261
Contrato de servicios para la asistencia técnica de control de calidad de las obras del desdoblamiento del tramo 4 de la arteria PTT-EDT 2. Clave: ATL-23261
services
La presentación se realizará electrónicamente mediante la aplicación de «Sobre Digital», accesible en el espacio virtual de esta licitación, en la dirección web: (http://contractaciopublica.gencat.cat/perfil/Infraestructures>). La apertura del sobre núm. 2 (Propuesta económica) se realizará de manera interna a las 09:15 horas del día 11 de junio de 2024.
382163.2
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DOCUMENT_ID_REQUIRED_HERE
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https://contractaciopublica.gencat.cat/ecofin_pscp/AppJava/perfil/Infraestructures>
none
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Las condiciones de ejecución son las que se indican en el Pliego de Cláusulas Administrativas de la licitación.
required
not-allowed
ORG-0001
https://contractaciopublica.gencat.cat/ecofin_pscp/AppJava/perfil/Infraestructures
ORG-0001
120
Contra esta licitación se puede interponer recurso especial en materia de contratación, de conformidad con lo que establece el artículo 44 y siguientes de la LCSP y el Real decreto 814/2015, de 11 de septiembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de los procedimientos especiales de revisión de decisiones en materia contractual y de organización del Tribunal Administrativo Central de Recursos Contractuales. Este recurso tiene carácter potestativo, es gratuito para los recurrentes, se podrá interponer ante el Tribunal Catalán de Contratos del Sector Público, previamente o alternativamente, a la interposición del recurso contencioso administrativo, de conformidad con la Ley 29/1998, de 13 de julio, reguladora de la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa.
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2024-05-22+01:00
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Reunión interna
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CQ. ATL-23261
Contrato de servicios para la asistencia técnica de control de calidad de las obras del desdoblamiento del tramo 4 de la arteria PTT-EDT 2. Clave: ATL-23261
Contrato de servicios para la asistencia técnica de control de calidad de las obras del desdoblamiento del tramo 4 de la arteria PTT-EDT 2. Clave: ATL-23261
services
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Ronde Hoep
Zie aanbestedingsstukken in Mercell.
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anyw-cou
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Inschrijving in het handelsregister
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no-eu-funds
Tender documenten
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ORG-0002
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Ronde Hoep
Zie aanbestedingsstukken in Mercell.
works
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Zie documentatie
anyw-cou
NLD.
2024-329-005
Fourniture de chlorure ferrique pour les stations d’épuration et postes de refoulement
La Communauté de communes de Gevrey-Chambertin et Nuits-Saint-Georges lance une consultation pour la fourniture de chlorure ferrique pour ses stations d'épuration et postes de refoulement
supplies
33696300
24312122
3 rue Jean Moulin
Nuits-Saint-Georges
21700
FRC11
FRA
LOT-0001
tp-abil
Moyens techniques et expertise
Moyens techniques et expertise
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
not-allowed
false
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
ORG-0001
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
ORG-0001
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
ORG-0001
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://www.marches-securises.fr/entreprise/?module=recherche_consultations2
false
no
required
false
allowed
false
true
poi-exa
60
price
Prix
Prix des prestrations
poi-exa
30
quality
Valeur technique
Valeur technique
poi-exa
10
quality
Mesures environnementales
Mesures environnementales
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
https://www.marches-securises.fr
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
FRA
false
false
false
false
required
false
true
2024-05-17+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
false
false
100
fa-wo-rc
none
2024-329-005-001
Chlorure ferrique pour cuves supérieures ou égales à 20m3
Chlorure ferrique pour cuves supérieures ou égales à 20m3
supplies
120000
120000
24312122
33696300
3 rue Jean Moulin
Nuits-Saint-Georges
21700
FRC11
FRA
24
Sans objet
LOT-0002
tp-abil
Moyens techniques et expertise
Moyens techniques et expertise
no-eu-funds
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
www.marches-securises.fr
false
no
required
allowed
poi-exa
60
price
Prix des prestations
poi-exa
30
quality
Valeur technique
poi-exa
10
quality
Mesures environnementales
https://www.marches-securises.fr
ORG-0001
FRA
false
false
required
true
2024-05-17+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
false
100
fa-wo-rc
none
2024_329_005_002
Chlorure ferrique pour cuves inférieures à 20m3
Chlorure ferrique pour cuves inférieures à 20m3
supplies
108000
108000
33693000
24312122
3 rue Jean Moulin
Nuits-Saint-Georges
21700
FRC11
FRA
24
sans objet.
ZAAO 2024/18/l
Sadzīves atkritumu konteineru piegāde
Sadzīves atkritumu konteineru piegāde
supplies
34928480
LOT-0000
sui-act
Saskaņā ar iepirkuma dokumentiem
used
true
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
not-requ
false
not-allowed
true
Kredītiestādes vai apdrošināšanas sabiedrības izsniegts piedāvājuma nodrošinājums; Piedāvājuma nodrošinājuma iemaksa Pasūtītāja norēķinu kontā.
ZAAO 2024/18/l
non-restricted-document
https://www.eis.gov.lv/EKEIS/Supplier/Procurement/121572
Saskaņā ar iepirkuma līguma projektu
false
false
none
no
performance
Saskaņā ar iepirkuma tehnisko specifikāciju un iepirkuma līguma projektu
required
not-allowed
true
poi-exa
1
price
Cena
Zemākā piedāvātā kopējā cena
ORG-0001
https://www.eis.gov.lv/EKEIS/Supplier/Procurement/121572
3
Iesniegums iesniedzams Iepirkumu uzraudzības birojam, līdz 21/05/2024
ORG-0002
LAV
false
false
allowed
true
2024-05-28+02:00
17:00:00+02:00
220608-2024
2024-05-29+02:00
10:00:00+02:00
Elektronisko iepirkumu sistēma
false
none
none
ZAAO 2024/18/l
Sadzīves atkritumu konteineru piegāde
Sadzīves atkritumu konteineru piegāde
supplies
34928480
Dzelzceļa iela 5, Valmiera, Valmieras novads, LV-4201.
Rīgas 32
Valmiera
LV-4201
LV008
LVA
1
0.
CON-4139
Servicio de limpieza de interiores de las dependencias municipales del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara.
Servicio de limpieza de interiores de las dependencias municipales del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara.
services
6094506.44
90911200
ES424
ESP
3
2
LOT-0000
sui-act
Capacidad de obrar
used
ef-stand
Cifra anual de negocio
used
tp-abil
Otros
used
no-eu-funds
Detalle_Licitacion
non-restricted-document
SPA
official
https://contrataciondelestado.es/wps/poc?uri=deeplink:detalle_licitacion&idEvl=UtL%2FAZJAQarIGlsa0Wad%2Bw%3D%3D
false
none
no
required
not-allowed
not-allowed
poi-exa
10
quality
Bolsa de horas.
poi-exa
55
price
Mejor precio.
poi-exa
14
quality
Medios.
poi-exa
5
quality
Número personas.
poi-exa
2
quality
Plan especial.
poi-exa
14
quality
Tareas.
TPO-0001
SPA
false
true
required
false
false
2024-05-20+02:00
23:59:00+02:00
Detalle_Licitacion
https://contrataciondelestado.es/wps/poc?uri=deeplink:detalle_licitacion&idEvl=UtL%2FAZJAQarIGlsa0Wad%2Bw%3D%3D
false
2024-06-07+02:00
09:00:00+02:00
Mesa electrónica
false
none
none
CON-4139
Servicio de limpieza de interiores de las dependencias municipales del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara.
Servicio de limpieza de interiores de las dependencias municipales del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara.
services
other
none
other
90911200
2.
1-23-4-101-24-22
Udbud EMG-udstyr - genudbud
Udbuddet omfatter EMG udstyr inkl. omfatte alle hardware- og softwarekomponenter, der er nødvendige for at opfylde alle mindstekrav i Kravspecifikationen.
Region Midtjylland, Region Nordjylland, Region Syddanmark og Region Sjælland kan gøre brug af rammeaftalen.
Region Nordjylland, Region Syddanmark og Region Sjælland deltager som option og kan senest tiltræde kontrakten d. 18.05.2026.
I forbindelse med kontraktindgåelsen vil der blive udfærdiget separat kontrakt og kontraktbilag (undtagen kontraktbilag 5, 17 og 19 som allerede indgår i udbudsmaterialet i et eksemplar for hver deltagende region) for hver af de øvrige deltagende regioner.
supplies
services
23000000
18000000
33100000
33000000
33120000
33190000
50400000
DK042
DNK
LOT-0000
ef-stand
n-used
sui-act
n-used
tp-abil
n-used
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
not-allowed
Det samlede udbudsmateriale
non-restricted-document
https://eu.eu-supply.com/app/rfq/rwlentrance_s.asp?PID=401052&B=
none
required
no
allowed
false
performance
Kontrakten skal gennemføres under hensyntagen til miljø og klima, ligesom parterne under Kontrakten skal påtage sig et socialt ansvar.
Leverandøren er forpligtet til at sikre, at Kontraktens gennemførelse til enhver tid ikke indebærer en overtrædelse af sanktioner, eksportkontrolregler, embargoer og lignende, herunder men ikke begrænset til EU-forordning 833/2014 som senest ændret ved EU-forordning 2022/1269 af 21. juli 2022, artikel 1, nr. 15) og eventuelle senere ændringer.
Leverandøren skal udfylde en erklæring vedr. russisk ejerdeltagelse før underskrivelse af Kontrakten og er i hele kontraktperioden forpligtet til straks at give Kunden skriftlig meddelelse, såfremt der sker ændringer i Leverandørens eller eventuelle underleverandørers ejerforhold, kontrollen med Leverandøren/underleverandøren og ethvert andet forhold af relevans for overholdelse sanktioner, eksportkontrolregler, embargoer og lignende.
per-exa
30
price
Økonomi
per-exa
70
quality
Kvalitet
https://eu.eu-supply.com/app/rfq/rwlentrance_s.asp?PID=401052&B=
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
6
Klage skal være indgivet til Klagenævnet for Udbud inden 45 kalenderdage efter, at ordregiveren har offentliggjort en bekendtgørelse i Den Europæiske Unions Tidende om, at ordregiveren har indgået en kontrakt, og 6 måneder efter at ordregiveren har indgået en rammeaftale regnet fra dagen efter den dag, hvor ordregiveren har underrettet de berørte ansøgere og tilbudsgivere.
Samtidig med klagens fremsendelse til Klagenævnet for Udbud skal klageren sende en kopi af klagen med bilag til Ordregiveren, gerne pr. e-mail.
ORG-0003
ORG-0002
DAN
true
true
required
true
2024-05-17+00:00
21:59:00+00:00
2024-05-21+02:00
08:30:00+02:00
false
1
none
fa-wo-rc
1-23-4-101-24-22
Udbud EMG-udstyr - genudbud
Udbuddet omfatter EMG udstyr inkl. omfatte alle hardware- og softwarekomponenter, der er nødvendige for at opfylde alle mindstekrav i Kravspecifikationen.
Region Midtjylland, Region Nordjylland, Region Syddanmark og Region Sjælland kan gøre brug af rammeaftalen.
Region Nordjylland, Region Syddanmark og Region Sjælland deltager som option og kan senest tiltræde kontrakten d. 18.05.2026.
I forbindelse med kontraktindgåelsen vil der blive udfærdiget separat kontrakt og kontraktbilag (undtagen kontraktbilag 5, 17 og 19 som allerede indgår i udbudsmaterialet i et eksemplar for hver deltagende region) for hver af de øvrige deltagende regioner.
supplies
services
23000000
18000000
33100000
33000000
33120000
33190000
50400000
DK042
DNK
4
Udbuddet omfatter følgende optioner:
Serviceoptioner
Uddannelsesoptioner
Ordregiver kan udnytte optionen på et hvilket som helst tidspunkt, herunder i forbindelse med evt. kontraktunderskrift eller i løbet af kontraktperioden Ordregiver er ikke forpligtet til at udnytte en option.
Følgende regioner er med på option
Region Nordjylland
Region Syddanmark
Region Sjælland
Regionerne er i ikke forpligtede til at indgå kontrakt med den valgte Tilbudsgiver. De nævnte regioner skal senest på den 18.05.2026 have meddelt Leverandøren, hvis man vil indgå kontrakt.
0.
AOV SUA-SAI 01 2024 Progettazione, direzione lavori e coordinamento della sicurezza in fase esecutiva per l’Ospedale di Bolzano blocco materno-infantile, magistrale, edificio modulare
AOV SUA-SAI 01 2024 Planung, Bauleitung und Sicherheitskoordinierung in der Ausführungsphase für das Krankenhaus Bozen Bauabschnitt Mutter-Kind, Modulbau, Magistrale
Progettazione, direzione lavori e coordinamento della sicurezza in fase esecutiva per l’Ospedale di Bolzano: blocco materno-infantile, magistrale, edificio modulare
Planung, Bauleitung und Sicherheitskoordinierung in der Ausführungsphase für das Krankenhaus Bozen: Bauabschnitt: Mutter-Kind, Modulbau, Magistrale
services
CUP:I55F23000080003; Responsabile unico del progetto (RUP): Domenico Cramarossa. La gara é bandita in nome e per conto dell'Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige
CUP: I55F23000080003; Der einzige Projektverantwortliche (EPV): Domenico Cramarossa. Die Ausschreibung wird im Namen und im Auftrag des Südtiroler Sanitätsbetriebes abgewickelt.
18013681.48
71240000
LOT-0001
tp-abil
vedasi documentazione di gara
siehe Ausschreibungsunterlagen
no-eu-funds
DEFAULT_VALUE_TO_BE_CHANGE
non-restricted-document
https://www.bandi-altoadige.it
none
no
vedasi documentazione di gara
siehe Ausschreibungsunterlagen
required
not-allowed
poi-exa
80
cost
Qualità 80 punti
Qualität 80 Punkte
poi-exa
20
cost
Prezzo 20 punti
Preis 20 Punkte
https://www.bandi-altoadige.it
Fristen für die Einlegung von Rechtsbehelfen: 30 Tage. Obligatorischer Rechtsbeistand
{"it_IT":"Termini per il ricorso: 30 giorni. Obbligatoria l’assistenza di un avvocato.","de_DE":"Fristen für die Einlegung von Rechtsbehelfen: 30 Tage. Obligatorischer Rechtsbeistand"}
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
ITA
DEU
false
true
required
true
2024-05-26+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
2024-05-26+02:00
15:00:00+02:00
Ai sensi dell'art. 21 della l.p. 3/2020 l'apertura delle offerte si terrà in seduta riservata.
Gemäß Art. 21 des LG 3/2020 findet die Öffnung der Angebote in einer nicht öffentlichen Sitzung statt.
Bolzano
Bozen
false
none
none
034552/2024_1
AOV/SUA-SAI 01/2024 Progettazione, direzione lavori e coordinamento della sicurezza in fase esecutiva per l’Ospedale di Bolzano: blocco materno-infantile, magistrale, edificio modulare
AOV/SUA-SAI 01/2024 Planung, Bauleitung und Sicherheitskoordinierung in der Ausführungsphase für das Krankenhaus Bozen: Bauabschnitt: Mutter-Kind, Modulbau, Magistrale
Progettazione, direzione lavori e coordinamento della sicurezza in fase esecutiva per l’Ospedale di Bolzano: blocco materno-infantile, magistrale, edificio modulare
Planung, Bauleitung und Sicherheitskoordinierung in der Ausführungsphase für das Krankenhaus Bozen: Bauabschnitt: Mutter-Kind, Modulbau, Magistrale
services
n-inc-just
18013681.48
71240000
ITH10
ITA.
24-GHTA-0041
Réalisation d'examens de biologie médicale pour les Centres Hospitaliers de THIERS et AMBERT.
Réalisation d'examens de biologie médicale pour les Centres Hospitaliers de THIERS et AMBERT.
services
La date de remise des offres est bien le 24/05/2024
à 12 h 00.
La valeur maximale de l'accord cadre est celle pour l'ensemble des prestations du marché.
4000000
3200000
85148000
LOT-0001
ef-stand
Voir article 6.1 du règlement de la consultation
false
tp-abil
Voir article 6.1 du règlement de la consultation
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
not-allowed
false
FRA
Dossier de consultation
non-restricted-document
https://www.marches-pulics.gouv.fr/?page=Entreprise.EntrepriseAdvancedSearch&AllCons&id=2493931&orgAcronyme=x7c
false
none
not-allowed
required
true
no
performance
https://www.marches-publics.gouv.fr/?page=Entreprse.EntrepseAdvancedSearch&AllCons&id=2493931&orgAcronyme=x7c
ORG-0005
ORG-0005
4
ORG-0002
FRA
false
false
required
false
true
2024-05-24+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
false
fa-wo-rc
none
24-GHTA-0041
Réalisation d'examens de biologie médicale pour le Centre Hospitalier de THIERS
Réalisation d'examens de biologie médicale pour le Centre Hospitalier de THIERS
services
Les critères retenus pour le jugement des offres sont pondérés et définis à l'article 8.2 du règlement de la consultation 24-GHTA-0041.
Pour le lot 1, montant estimé du lot sur toute la durée du marché : 2160000 Euros HT
Montant maximum du lot sur toute la durée du marché : 2700000 Euros HT
85148000
LOT-0002
ef-stand
Voir l'article 6.1 du règlement de la consultation
false
tp-abil
Voir l'article 6.1 du règlement de la consultation
false
no-eu-funds
Dossier de consultation
non-restricted-document
https://www.marches-publics.gouv.fr/?page=Entreprse.EntrepseAdvancedSearch&AllCons&id=2493931&orgAcronyme=x7c
none
required
performance
no
not-allowed
https://www.marches-publics.gouv.fr/?page=Entreprse.EntrepseAdvancedSearch&AllCons&id=2493931&orgAcronyme=x7c
4
ORG-0002
FRA
false
false
required
false
true
2024-05-24+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
false
false
none
fa-wo-rc
24-GHTA-0041
Réalisation d'analyses de biologie médicale des sites et services du Centre Hospitalier d'Ambert
Réalisation d'analyses de biologie médicale des sites et services du Centre Hospitalier d'Ambert
services
Les critères retenus pour le jugement des offres sont pondérés et définis à l'article 8.2 du règlement de la consultation 24-GHTA-0041.
Pour le lot 2, montant estimé du lot sur toute la durée du marché : 1040000 Euros HT
Montant maximum du lot sur toute la durée du marché: 1300000 Euros HT
85148000.
Lot 0 - Travaux anticipés relatifs à l'opération de travaux de restructuration du bâtiment B5 du palais de justice de Paris situé sur l 'ile de la cité et d'une partie du bâtiment B6/Paris
Marché de travaux à tranches passé en application de l'article R2113-4 du Code de la commande publique. il est décomposé en une tranche ferme et une tranche optionnelle.
C'est un marché à prix mixtes (part à prix global et forfaitaire et part à prix unitaires). Le marché n'est pas alloti.
En application de l'article L.2193-3 du code de la commande publique, les travaux suivants ne pourront pas être sous-traités : Travaux de VRD ; Travaux de dépose de couvertures
works
Il s'agit d'une consultation lancée sous la forme d'un appel d'offres ouvert en application des articles L2124-1, L2124-2, L2125-1,R2113-4, R2161-2 à R2161-4, R2142-17 à R2124-1et R2323-4 du code de la commande publique.
|
github_open_source_100_1_189 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # coding: utf-8
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Naca_4_digit(object):
def __init__(self, int_4, attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant=True, length_adjust=False, from5digit=False):
if from5digit == False:
self.m = float(int_4[0]) / 100 # maximum camber
self.p = float(int_4[1]) / 10 # position of the maximum camber
self.t = float(int_4[2:4]) / 100 # maximum thickness
self.load_setting(attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant, length_adjust)
self.__y_c()
self.__dyc_dx()
self.__y_t()
self.theta = np.arctan(self.dyc_dx)
self.get_surface()
if quasi_equidistant == True:
self.get_quasi_equidistant_line()
def load_setting(self, attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant=True, length_adjust=False):
self.use_quasi_equidistant = quasi_equidistant
self.reshape = length_adjust
if quasi_equidistant == True:
self.resolution = 100 * resolution
else:
self.resolution = resolution
self.new_resolution = resolution
self.attack_angle = attack_angle_deg
self.x = np.linspace(start = 0, stop = 1, num = self.resolution)
def __y_c(self):
x_lt_p = lambda m, p, x: m / (p ** 2) * (2.0 * p * x - x ** 2)
x_ge_p = lambda m, p, x: m / ((1 - p) ** 2) * ((1.0 - 2.0 * p) + 2.0 * p * x - x ** 2)
m = self.m
p = self.p
x = self.x
if ((p != 0) and (p != 1)):
self.y_c = np.where(x < p, x_lt_p(m, p, x), x_ge_p(m, p, x))
elif (p == 0):
self.y_c = m * (1.0 - x**2)
elif (p == 1):
self.y_c = m * (2.0 * x - x ** 2)
def __y_t(self):
t = self.t
x = self.x
self.y_t = t / 0.2 * (0.2969 * np.sqrt(x) - 0.1260 * x - 0.3516 * x**2 + 0.2843 * x**3 - 0.1015 * x**4)
def __dyc_dx(self):
x_lt_p = lambda m, p, x: 2.0 * m / (p ** 2) * (p - x)
x_ge_p = lambda m, p, x: 2.0 * m / ((1.0 - p) ** 2) * (p - x)
m = self.m
p = self.p
x = self.x
if ((p != 0) and (p != 1)):
self.dyc_dx = np.where(x < p, x_lt_p(m, p, x), x_ge_p(m, p, x))
elif (p == 0):
self.dyc_dx = - 2.0 * m * x
elif (p == 1):
self.dyc_dx = 2.0 * m * (1.0 - x)
def get_surface(self):
# original NACA-4digit wings
# upper
vec_l = np.full((3, self.resolution), 1.0)
vec_u = np.full((3, self.resolution), 1.0)
vec_u[0] = self.x - self.y_t * np.sin(self.theta) - 0.5
vec_u[1] = self.y_c + self.y_t * np.cos(self.theta)
# lower
vec_l[0] = self.x + self.y_t * np.sin(self.theta) - 0.5
vec_l[1] = self.y_c - self.y_t * np.cos(self.theta)
attack_angle = self.attack_angle / 180 * (np.pi)
rotMat = np.array([[np.cos(attack_angle), np.sin(attack_angle), 0], [- np.sin(attack_angle), np.cos(attack_angle), 0], [0, 0, 1]])
rot_l = rotMat.dot(vec_l)
rot_u = rotMat.dot(vec_u)
if self.reshape == True:
x_min = min(np.min(rot_l[0]), np.min(rot_u[0]))
x_max = max(np.max(rot_l[0]), np.max(rot_u[0]))
rate = 1.0 / (x_max - x_min)
if rate != 1.0:
expMat = np.array([[rate, 0, 0], [0, rate, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
rot_l = expMat.dot(rot_l)
rot_u = expMat.dot(rot_u)
self.x_l = rot_l[0] + 0.5
self.y_l = rot_l[1] + 0.5
self.x_u = rot_u[0] + 0.5
self.y_u = rot_u[1] + 0.5
def plot(self):
plt.xlim([0, 1])
plt.ylim([0, 1])
plt.plot(self.x_u, self.y_u)
plt.plot(self.x_l, self.y_l)
plt.show()
def get_quasi_equidistant_line(self):
new_resolution = self.new_resolution
x_min = min(np.min(self.x_u), np.min(self.x_l))
x_max = max(np.max(self.x_u), np.max(self.x_l))
if self.reshape == False:
self.equidistant_x = np.linspace(start = 0, stop = 1, num = new_resolution)
else:
self.equidistant_x = np.linspace(start=x_min, stop=x_max, num=new_resolution)
self.equidistant_y_l = np.zeros(new_resolution)
self.equidistant_y_u = np.zeros(new_resolution)
for index in range(new_resolution):
if ((x_min <= self.equidistant_x[index]) and (x_max >= self.equidistant_x[index])):
self.equidistant_y_l[index] = self.y_l[np.argmin(np.abs(self.x_l - self.equidistant_x[index]))]
self.equidistant_y_u[index] = self.y_u[np.argmin(np.abs(self.x_u - self.equidistant_x[index]))]
else:
self.equidistant_y_l[index] = -1.0 # 外れ値
self.equidistant_y_u[index] = -1.0
def plot_quasi_equidistant_shape(self):
plt.xlim([0, 1])
plt.ylim([0, 1])
plt.plot(self.equidistant_x, self.equidistant_y_u, "o")
plt.plot(self.equidistant_x, self.equidistant_y_l, "o")
plt.show()
def transform2complex(self):
z_u_reverse = (self.x_u + 1j * self.y_u)[::-1]
z_l = self.x_l + 1j * self.y_l
if self.use_quasi_equidistant == True:
return np.concatenate([z_u_reverse[::100], z_l[::100], z_u_reverse[0].reshape(-1)])
else:
if z_u_reverse[self.resolution - 1] == z_l[0]:
return np.concatenate([z_u_reverse, z_l[1:], z_u_reverse[0].reshape(-1)])
else:
return np.concatenate([z_u_reverse, z_l, z_u_reverse[0].reshape(-1)])
class Naca_5_digit(Naca_4_digit):
def __init__(self, int_5, attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant = True, length_adjust = False, from5digit = True):
self.cl = float(int_5[0])*(3.0/2.0) / 10 # designed lift_coefficient
self.p = float(int_5[1]) / 2.0 / 100 # position of the maximum camber
self.ref = int_5[2] # enable / disable reflect
self.t = float(int_5[3:5]) / 100.0 # maximum thickness
self.camberline_plofile = int(int_5[0:3])
self.camberline_plofile_table()
self.load_setting(attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant, length_adjust)
self.__y_c()
self.__dyc_dx()
super(Naca_5_digit, self).__init__(int_5, attack_angle_deg, resolution, quasi_equidistant = quasi_equidistant, length_adjust = length_adjust, from5digit = True)
def __y_c(self):
x_lt_m_nr = lambda m, k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * (x ** 3 - 3.0 * m * x ** 2 + m ** 2 * (3.0 - m) * x)
x_gt_m_nr = lambda m, k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * m ** 3 * (1.0 - x)
x_lt_m_rf = lambda m, k1, k2_k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * ((x - m)**3 - k2_k1 * (1.0-m)**3 * x - m**3 * x + m**3)
x_gt_m_rf = lambda m, k1, k2_k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * (k2_k1 * (x - m)**3 - k2_k1 * (1.0 - m)**3 * x - m**3 * x + m**3)
m = self.m
k1 = self.k1
x = self.x
if int(self.ref) == 0: # not reflected
self.y_c = np.where(x < m, x_lt_m_nr(m, k1, x), x_gt_m_nr(m, k1, x))
else:
k2_k1 = self.k2byk1
self.y_c = np.where(x < m, x_lt_m_rf(m, k1, k2_k1, x), x_gt_m_rf(m, k1, k2_k1, x))
def __dyc_dx(self):
x_lt_m_nr = lambda m, k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * (3.0 * x ** 2 - 6.0 * m * x + m ** 2 * (3.0 - m))
x_gt_m_nr = lambda m, k1, x: - k1 / 6.0 * m ** 3
x_lt_m_rf = lambda m, k1, k2_k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * (3.0 * (x - m) ** 2 - k2_k1 * (1.0 - m) ** 3 - m ** 3)
x_gt_m_rf = lambda m, k1, k2_k1, x: k1 / 6.0 * (3.0 * k2_k1 * (x - m) ** 2 - k2_k1 * (1.0 - m) ** 3 - m ** 3)
m = self.m
k1 = self.k1
x = self.x
if int(self.ref) == 0: # not reflected
self.dyc_dx = np.where(x < m, x_lt_m_nr(m, k1, x), x_gt_m_nr(m, k1, x))
else:
k2_k1 = self.k2byk1
self.dyc_dx = np.where(x < m, x_lt_m_rf(m, k1, k2_k1, x), x_gt_m_rf(m, k1, k2_k1, x))
def camberline_plofile_table(self):
if self.camberline_plofile == 210:
self.m = 0.058
self.k1 = 361.4
elif self.camberline_plofile == 220:
self.m = 0.126
self.k1 = 51.64
elif self.camberline_plofile == 230:
self.m = 0.2025
self.k1 = 15.957
elif self.camberline_plofile == 240:
self.m = 0.29
self.k1 = 6.643
elif self.camberline_plofile == 250:
self.m = 0.391
self.k1 = 3.230
elif self.camberline_plofile == 221:
self.m = 0.130
self.k1 = 51.990
self.k2byk1 = 0.000764
elif self.camberline_plofile == 231:
self.m = 0.217
self.k1 = 15.793
self.k2byk1 = 0.00677
elif self.camberline_plofile == 241:
self.m = 0.318
self.k1 = 6.520
self.k2byk1 = 0.0303
elif self.camberline_plofile == 251:
self.m = 0.441
self.k1 = 3.191
self.k2byk1 = 0.1355
else:
print("this type wing is not defined")
exit()
def main():
deg = 0.0
naca = Naca_4_digit(int_4="0012", attack_angle_deg=deg, resolution=100, quasi_equidistant=True, length_adjust=True)
naca.plot()
naca.plot_quasi_equidistant_shape()
naca = Naca_5_digit(int_5="23012", attack_angle_deg=deg, resolution=100, quasi_equidistant=True, length_adjust=True)
naca.plot()
naca.plot_quasi_equidistant_shape()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
|
github_open_source_100_1_190 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package burp;
import org.apache.commons.text.StringEscapeUtils;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.sts.model.GetCallerIdentityResponse;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class SigProfileTestDialog extends JDialog
{
public SigProfileTestDialog(Frame owner, final SigProfile profile, boolean modal, final GetCallerIdentityResponse response)
{
super(owner, profile.getName(), modal);
JPanel contentPanel = new JPanel();
contentPanel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(contentPanel, BoxLayout.PAGE_AXIS));
contentPanel.add(new JLabel(String.format("<html><b>Profile:</b> %s</html>", StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml4(profile.getName()))));
contentPanel.add(new JLabel(String.format("<html><b>AccountId:</b> %s</html>", StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml4(response.account()))));
contentPanel.add(new JLabel(String.format("<html><b>Arn:</b> %s</html>", StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml4(response.arn()))));
contentPanel.add(new JLabel(String.format("<html><b>UserId:</b> %s</html>", StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml4(response.userId()))));
JButton closeButton = new JButton("Close");
closeButton.addActionListener(actionEvent -> {
setVisible(false);
dispose();
});
contentPanel.add(closeButton);
// not necessary but adds a nice border
JScrollPane outerScrollPane = new JScrollPane(contentPanel);
add(outerScrollPane);
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(BurpExtender.getBurp().getUiComponent()));
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_191 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Neighborhoods\Kojo;
use Neighborhoods\Kojo\Data\Job\Collection\ScheduleLimitInterface;
interface MaintainerInterface
{
const SEMAPHORE_RESOURCE_NAME_RESCHEDULE_JOBS = 'reschedule_jobs';
const SEMAPHORE_RESOURCE_NAME_UPDATE_PENDING_JOBS = 'update_pending_jobs';
public function rescheduleCrashedJobs(): MaintainerInterface;
public function updatePendingJobs(): MaintainerInterface;
public function setJobCollectionScheduleLimit(ScheduleLimitInterface $jobCollectionScheduleLimit);
public function deleteCompletedJobs(): MaintainerInterface;
} |
github_open_source_100_1_192 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.MobileServices;
using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.MobileServices.Query;
using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.MobileServices.SQLiteStore;
using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.MobileServices.Sync;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using Rocket.Surgery.Azure.Sync.Abstractions.Store;
using Rocket.Surgery.Azure.Sync.SQLite;
using SQLite;
using Xamarin.Data;
namespace Rocket.Surgery.Azure.Sync
{
public class SqlStore : MobileServiceLocalStore, ISqlStore
{
private readonly ISqlConnection _sqlConnection;
private readonly string _fileName;
/// <summary>
/// The maximum number of parameters allowed in any "upsert" prepared statement.
/// Note: The default maximum number of parameters allowed by sqlite is 999
/// See: http://www.sqlite.org/limits.html#max_variable_number
/// </summary>
private const int MAX_PARAMETERS_PER_QUERY = 800;
private readonly Dictionary<string, TableDefinition> _tableMap = new Dictionary<string, TableDefinition>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
private readonly SQLiteConnection _connection;
private readonly SemaphoreSlim _operationSemaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(1, 1);
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SqlStore"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sqlConnection">The SQL connection.</param>
/// <param name="fileName">Name of the file.</param>
public SqlStore(ISqlConnection sqlConnection, string fileName)
{
_sqlConnection = sqlConnection;
_fileName = fileName;
_connection = _sqlConnection.GetConnection(_fileName);
}
/// <summary>
/// Reads data from local store by executing the query.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="query">The query to execute on local store.</param>
/// <returns>A task that will return with results when the query finishes.</returns>
public override Task<JToken> ReadAsync(MobileServiceTableQueryDescription query)
{
if (query == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(query));
}
EnsureInitialized();
var formatter = new SqlQueryFormatter(query);
string sql = formatter.FormatSelect();
return _operationSemaphore.WaitAsync()
.ContinueWith(t =>
{
try
{
IList<JObject> rows = ExecuteQueryInternal(query.TableName, sql, formatter.Parameters);
JToken result = new JArray(rows.ToArray());
if (query.IncludeTotalCount)
{
sql = formatter.FormatSelectCount();
IList<JObject> countRows = null;
countRows = ExecuteQueryInternal(query.TableName, sql, formatter.Parameters);
long count = countRows[0].Value<long>("count");
result = new JObject()
{
{ "results", result },
{ "count", count }
};
}
return result;
}
finally
{
_operationSemaphore.Release();
}
});
}
/// <summary>
/// Updates or inserts data in local table.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tableName">Name of the local table.</param>
/// <param name="items">A list of items to be inserted.</param>
/// <param name="ignoreMissingColumns"><code>true</code> if the extra properties on item can be ignored; <code>false</code> otherwise.</param>
/// <returns>A task that completes when item has been upserted in local table.</returns>
public override Task UpsertAsync(string tableName, IEnumerable<JObject> items, bool ignoreMissingColumns)
{
if (tableName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(tableName));
}
if (items == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(items));
}
EnsureInitialized();
return UpsertAsyncInternal(tableName, items, ignoreMissingColumns);
}
/// <summary>
/// Deletes items from local table that match the given query.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="query">A query to find records to delete.</param>
/// <returns>A task that completes when delete query has executed.</returns>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">You must supply a query value</exception>
public override Task DeleteAsync(MobileServiceTableQueryDescription query)
{
if (query == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(query));
}
EnsureInitialized();
var formatter = new SqlQueryFormatter(query);
string sql = formatter.FormatDelete();
return _operationSemaphore.WaitAsync()
.ContinueWith(t =>
{
try
{
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(sql, formatter.Parameters);
}
finally
{
_operationSemaphore.Release();
}
});
}
/// <summary>
/// Deletes items from local table with the given list of ids
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tableName">Name of the local table.</param>
/// <param name="ids">A list of ids of the items to be deleted</param>
/// <returns>A task that completes when delete query has executed.</returns>
public override Task DeleteAsync(string tableName, IEnumerable<string> ids)
{
if (tableName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(tableName));
}
if (ids == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(ids));
}
EnsureInitialized();
string idRange = String.Join(",", ids.Select((_, i) => "@id" + i));
string sql =
$"DELETE FROM {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} WHERE {MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id} IN ({idRange})";
var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object>();
int j = 0;
foreach (string id in ids)
{
parameters.Add("@id" + (j++), id);
}
return _operationSemaphore.WaitAsync()
.ContinueWith(t =>
{
try
{
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(sql, parameters);
}
finally
{
_operationSemaphore.Release();
}
});
}
/// <summary>
/// Executes a lookup against a local table.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tableName">Name of the local table.</param>
/// <param name="id">The id of the item to lookup.</param>
/// <returns>A task that will return with a result when the lookup finishes.</returns>
public override Task<JObject> LookupAsync(string tableName, string id)
{
if (tableName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(tableName));
}
if (id == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(id));
}
EnsureInitialized();
string sql =
$"SELECT * FROM {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} WHERE {MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id} = @id";
var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{"@id", id}
};
return _operationSemaphore.WaitAsync()
.ContinueWith(t =>
{
try
{
IList<JObject> results = ExecuteQueryInternal(tableName, sql, parameters);
return results.FirstOrDefault();
}
finally
{
_operationSemaphore.Release();
}
});
}
/// <summary>
/// Executes a sql statement on a given table in local SQLite database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tableName">The name of the table.</param>
/// <param name="sql">The SQL query to execute.</param>
/// <param name="parameters">The query parameters.</param>
/// <returns>The result of query.</returns>
protected virtual IList<JObject> ExecuteQueryInternal(string tableName, string sql, IDictionary<string, object> parameters)
{
TableDefinition table = GetTable(tableName);
return ExecuteQueryInternal(tableName, table, sql, parameters);
}
/// <inheritdoc />
protected override async Task OnInitialize()
{
CreateAllTables();
await InitializeConfig();
}
/// <summary>
/// Executes a sql statement on a given table in local SQLite database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tableName">Name of the table.</param>
/// <param name="table">The table definition.</param>
/// <param name="sql">The SQL query to execute.</param>
/// <param name="parameters">The query parameters.</param>
/// <returns>The result of query.</returns>
protected virtual IList<JObject> ExecuteQueryInternal(string tableName, TableDefinition table, string sql, IDictionary<string, object> parameters)
{
table = table ?? new TableDefinition();
parameters = parameters ?? new Dictionary<string, object>();
var rows = new List<JObject>();
Type t = null;
t = GetTypeFromTableName(tableName);
#if DEBUG
Debug.WriteLine("sql select - {0}", sql);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.Append("params ");
foreach (var p in parameters.Values.ToArray())
{
if (p == null)
{
sb.Append(",null");
}
else
{
sb.AppendFormat(",{0}", p);
}
}
Debug.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
#endif
var mapping = _connection.GetMapping(t);
try
{
List<object> list = _connection.Query(mapping, sql, parameters.Values.ToArray());
foreach (var item in list)
{
JObject record = JObject.FromObject(item);
//HACK - need to remove Id property and change to id otherwise updates fail in sql store
//in hindsight probably better to have all the Id properties named id in base stores
//alas no easy way of changing all xaml comment
JProperty IdProperty = record.Property("Id");
if (IdProperty != null)
{
record.Add(new JProperty("id", IdProperty.Value.ToString()));
record.Remove("Id");
}
rows.Add(record);
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Debug.WriteLine(ex);
throw ex;
}
return rows;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the name of the type from table.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
/// <param name="tableName">Name of the table.</param>
/// <remarks>
/// helper method to allow querying in custom sqlite provider
/// if adding a new table - one MUST add that table and mapping in this method
/// </remarks>
/// <returns></returns>
protected virtual Type GetTypeFromTableName(string tableName)
{
//helper method to allow querying in custom sqlite provider
//if adding a new table - one MUST add that table and mapping in this method
Type retVal = null;
switch (tableName.ToLower())
{
case "table_info":
retVal = typeof(TableInfo);
break;
case "__config":
retVal = typeof(SqlConfig);
break;
case "__errors":
retVal = typeof(SqlError);
break;
case "__operations":
retVal = typeof(SqlOperation);
break;
}
if (retVal == null)
{
throw new Exception($"DataObjects.BaseDataObject does not have mapping for {tableName}");
}
return retVal;
}
/// <summary>
/// Executes a sql statement on a given table in local SQLite database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sql">The sql statement.</param>
/// <param name="parameters">The query parameters.</param>
protected virtual void ExecuteNonQueryInternal(string sql, IDictionary<string, object> parameters)
{
try
{
if (parameters == null)
{
Debug.WriteLine("sql execute - {0}", sql);
_connection.Execute(sql);
}
else
{
#if DEBUG
Debug.WriteLine("sql select - {0}", sql);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.Append("params ");
foreach (var p in parameters.Values.ToArray())
{
if (p == null)
{
sb.Append(",null");
}
else
{
sb.AppendFormat(",{0}", p);
}
}
Debug.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
#endif
_connection.Execute(sql, parameters.Values.ToArray());
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Debug.WriteLine(ex);
throw ex;
}
}
internal virtual async Task SaveSetting(string name, string value)
{
var setting = new JObject()
{
{ "id", name },
{ "value", value }
};
await UpsertAsyncInternal(MobileServiceLocalSystemTables.Config, new[] { setting }, ignoreMissingColumns: false);
}
internal virtual void CreateTableFromObject(string tableName, IEnumerable<ColumnDefinition> columns)
{
ColumnDefinition idColumn = columns.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Name.Equals(MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id));
var colDefinitions = columns.Where(c => c != idColumn).Select(c =>
$"{SqlHelpers.FormatMember(c.Name)} {c.StoreType}").ToList();
if (idColumn != null)
{
colDefinitions.Insert(0, $"{SqlHelpers.FormatMember(idColumn.Name)} {idColumn.StoreType} PRIMARY KEY");
}
String tblSql =
$"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} ({String.Join(", ", colDefinitions)})";
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(tblSql, parameters: null);
string infoSql = $"PRAGMA table_info({SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)});";
IDictionary<string, JObject> existingColumns = ExecuteQueryInternal("table_info", (TableDefinition)null, infoSql, parameters: null)
.ToDictionary(c => c.Value<string>("name"), StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
// new columns that do not exist in existing columns
var columnsToCreate = columns.Where(c => !existingColumns.ContainsKey(c.Name));
foreach (ColumnDefinition column in columnsToCreate)
{
string createSql =
$"ALTER TABLE {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} ADD COLUMN {SqlHelpers.FormatMember(column.Name)} {column.StoreType}";
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(createSql, parameters: null);
}
// NOTE: In SQLite you cannot drop columns, only add them.
}
private async Task InitializeConfig()
{
foreach (KeyValuePair<string, TableDefinition> table in _tableMap)
{
if (!MobileServiceLocalSystemTables.All.Contains(table.Key))
{
// preserve system properties setting for non-system tables
string name = $"systemProperties|{table.Key}";
string value = ((int)table.Value.SystemProperties).ToString();
await SaveSetting(name, value);
}
}
}
private void CreateAllTables()
{
foreach (KeyValuePair<string, TableDefinition> table in _tableMap)
{
CreateTableFromObject(table.Key, table.Value.Values);
}
}
private TableDefinition GetTable(string tableName)
{
TableDefinition table;
if (!_tableMap.TryGetValue(tableName, out table))
{
throw new InvalidOperationException($"Table with name '{tableName}' is not defined.");
}
return table;
}
private Task UpsertAsyncInternal(string tableName, IEnumerable<JObject> items, bool ignoreMissingColumns)
{
TableDefinition table = GetTable(tableName);
var first = items.FirstOrDefault();
if (first == null)
{
return Task.FromResult(0);
}
// Get the columns which we want to map into the database.
var columns = new List<ColumnDefinition>();
foreach (var prop in first.Properties())
{
ColumnDefinition column;
// If the column is coming from the server we can just ignore it,
// otherwise, throw to alert the caller that they have passed an invalid column
if (!table.TryGetValue(prop.Name, out column) && !ignoreMissingColumns)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
$"Column with name '{prop.Name}' is not defined on the local table '{tableName}'.");
}
if (column != null)
{
columns.Add(column);
}
}
if (columns.Count == 0)
{
// no query to execute if there are no columns in the table
return Task.FromResult(0);
}
return _operationSemaphore.WaitAsync()
.ContinueWith(t =>
{
try
{
ExecuteNonQueryInternal("BEGIN TRANSACTION", null);
BatchInsert(tableName, items, columns.Where(c => c.Name.Equals(MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id)).Take(1).ToList());
BatchUpdate(tableName, items, columns);
ExecuteNonQueryInternal("COMMIT TRANSACTION", null);
}
finally
{
_operationSemaphore.Release();
}
});
}
private void BatchInsert(string tableName, IEnumerable<JObject> items, List<ColumnDefinition> columns)
{
if (columns.Count == 0) // we need to have some columns to insert the item
{
return;
}
// Generate the prepared insert statement
string sqlBase =
$"INSERT OR IGNORE INTO {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} ({String.Join(", ", columns.Select(c => c.Name).Select(SqlHelpers.FormatMember))}) VALUES ";
// Use int division to calculate how many times this record will fit into our parameter quota
int batchSize = ValidateParameterCount(columns.Count);
foreach (var batch in items.Split(maxLength: batchSize))
{
var sql = new StringBuilder(sqlBase);
var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object>();
foreach (JObject item in batch)
{
AppendInsertValuesSql(sql, parameters, columns, item);
sql.Append(",");
}
if (parameters.Any())
{
sql.Remove(sql.Length - 1, 1); // remove the trailing comma
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(sql.ToString(), parameters);
}
}
}
private void BatchUpdate(string tableName, IEnumerable<JObject> items, List<ColumnDefinition> columns)
{
if (columns.Count <= 1)
{
return; // For update to work there has to be at least once column besides Id that needs to be updated
}
ValidateParameterCount(columns.Count);
string sqlBase = $"UPDATE {SqlHelpers.FormatTableName(tableName)} SET ";
foreach (JObject item in items)
{
var sql = new StringBuilder(sqlBase);
var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object>();
ColumnDefinition idColumn = columns.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Name.Equals(MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id));
if (idColumn == null)
{
continue;
}
foreach (var column in columns.Where(c => c != idColumn))
{
string paramName = AddParameter(item, parameters, column);
sql.AppendFormat("{0} = {1}", SqlHelpers.FormatMember(column.Name), paramName);
sql.Append(",");
}
if (parameters.Any())
{
sql.Remove(sql.Length - 1, 1); // remove the trailing comma
}
sql.AppendFormat(" WHERE {0} = {1}", SqlHelpers.FormatMember(MobileServiceSystemColumns.Id), AddParameter(item, parameters, idColumn));
ExecuteNonQueryInternal(sql.ToString(), parameters);
}
}
private static int ValidateParameterCount(int parametersCount)
{
int batchSize = MAX_PARAMETERS_PER_QUERY / parametersCount;
if (batchSize == 0)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
$"The number of fields per entity in an upsert operation is limited to {MAX_PARAMETERS_PER_QUERY}.");
}
return batchSize;
}
private static void AppendInsertValuesSql(StringBuilder sql, Dictionary<string, object> parameters, List<ColumnDefinition> columns, JObject item)
{
sql.Append("(");
int colCount = 0;
foreach (var column in columns)
{
if (colCount > 0)
sql.Append(",");
sql.Append(AddParameter(item, parameters, column));
colCount++;
}
sql.Append(")");
}
private static string AddParameter(JObject item, Dictionary<string, object> parameters, ColumnDefinition column)
{
JToken rawValue = item.GetValue(column.Name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
object value = SqlHelpers.SerializeValue(rawValue, column.StoreType, column.JsonType);
string paramName = CreateParameter(parameters, value);
return paramName;
}
private static string CreateParameter(Dictionary<string, object> parameters, object value)
{
string paramName = "@p" + parameters.Count;
parameters[paramName] = value;
return paramName;
}
}
} |
5766562_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Caiuá är en kommun i Brasilien. Den ligger i delstaten São Paulo, i den södra delen av landet, km sydväst om huvudstaden Brasília. Antalet invånare är.
Följande samhällen finns i Caiuá:
Caiuá
Trakten runt Caiuá består i huvudsak av gräsmarker. Runt Caiuá är det ganska glesbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Klimatet i området är fuktigt och subtropiskt. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är december, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är juli, med °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är mars, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med mm nederbörd.
Källor
Externa länkar
Indelningar i São Paulo (delstat).
|
github_open_source_100_1_193 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
*
* folders, code for handling folders
*
* @author Patrick Lockley
* @version 1.0
* @package
*/
var FOLDER_NAME_FAIL = "Sorry that is not a valid folder name. Please use only letters and numbers";
var FOLDER_NAME = "What would you like to call your folder?"; |
US-201529513878-F_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Jewelry article including hand and paw
FIG. 1 FIG. 1 is a front view of a jewelry article including hand andpaw of the claimed design;
FIG. 2 is a left side view of the design of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a right side view of the design of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a top end view of the design of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a rear view of the design of FIGS. 1; and,
FIG. 6 is a bottom end view of the design of FIG. 1.
The broken lines shown in the drawings represent unclaimed portions ofthe jewelry article including hand and paw and form no part of theclaimed design.
CLAIM The ornamental design for jewelry including hand and paw, as shownand described..
|
1114907_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | BLAND, Associate Judge.
Appellant has here appealed from the decision of the Board of Appeals of the United States Patent Office affirming the Primary Examiner's rejection of certain claims in his application for a patent on driving system for centrifugals or the like.
The invention involved in this appeal is described in great detail by the examiner and in appellant's brief. It is described by the Board of Appeals in its decision as follows :
"The rejected claims relate to a mechanism for driving a machine, such for example as a centrifuge for separating liquid materials from sugar and they are directed more particularly to means for controlling a fluid coupling between the driving motor and the driven element of the centrifuge. Applicant points out that a control of the character described is necessary because of the conditions of operation of a sugar centrifuge, which is quickly accelerated from rest to high speed, tending to cause what may be termed undesirable reactions in the driving motor."
The Primary Examiner allowed claims 9, 10, 13, 17, and 18 and rejected claims 1 to 8, inclusive, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 20. Upon appeal to the Board of Appeals the examiner's rejection of said claims was affirmed.
In his brief appellant has moved to dismiss the appeal as to claim 12, which motion will be granted.
Claims 1, 3, 8, 15 and 20 were stated by the board to have been selected as typical and they follow:
"1. In combination with a heavy-duty machine comprising a driven shaft and rotary driving means including a motor and a hydraulic coupling/ means connected with said motor and shiftable in one direction by the torque reaction of said motor, yield-able means to exert continuously a predetermined force tending to move said shift-able means in another direction in opposition so such torque reaction, and means operated by said shiftable means for varying and controlling the volume of fluid in said coupling."
"3. In combination, a heavy-duty machine having a vertical rotary driven shaft, a motor having a vertical rotary driving shaft, a hydraulic coupling for transmitting power between said shafts, means for varying the degree of filling of the coupling, yieldable means tending to move said means to a position to fill the coupling and means connected to a part of the motor for movement in direct response to the torque reaction of the motor to counteract said yieldable means and reduce the filling of the coupling."
"8. In combination with a machine having a rotary driving motor, a rotary driven shaft and a hydraulic coupling to transmit power from the motor to the driven shaft, means mounting the motor frame for limited turning movement in reaction to the motor torque, an oil supply line leading to said coupling, a control valve in said line to vary the oil inflow to the coupling, means in the coupling for continuously discharging oil therefrom, means operated by such turning movement of said motor for moving said control valve toward a closed position, fluid-pressure-responsive means for opposing such turning movement of the frame and urging said control valve toward an open position, and means for applying a predetermined fluid pressure to said fluid-pressure-responsive means."
"15. Willey, 1,282,344, October 22, 1918.
Fynn, 1,387,149, August 9, 1921.
Howse, 1,663,513, March 20, 1928.
Sinclair, 1,855,032, April 19, 1932.
Ringman, 2,287,709, June 23, 1942.
Camerota et ah, 2,300,338, October 27, 1942.
The examiner rejected claims 1 to 7, inclusive, and 20 on Sinclair in view of Field or Fynn and Willey. In explaining this rejection he stated:
"These claims differ from Sinclair in requiring either directly, or by inference from language used, that the inlet valve of the coupling be moved towards closed position by the torque reaction on the driving motor itself. Sinclair controls his valve by a force proportional to motor torque through the medium of his torque motor 6. Since Field and Fynn show that it is old to use the torque reaction on the motor frame as a control force by mounting the frame for limited rotation and connecting it to the member to be controlled, it is considered within the skill of a person experienced in the art to replace Sinclair's torque motor 6 with a mounting permitting limited turning of his motor frame 1, the frame itself being then connected to turn valve 8 to closed petition. Such a change is fairly within the teaching of Fynn and Field, and produces no new or unexpected result. Field also mounts his frame on anti-friction rollers, as required by claim 20. Wil-ley is used to show that the motor may be arranged vertically, as some claims require."
Claim 8 was rejected on Sinclair in view of Fynn or Field and Ringman, Howse or Camerota et al. The examiner pointed out that this claim differs from Sinclair in requiring operation of the inlet valve by movement of the motor frame opposed by a regulated fluid pressure but that movement of the motor frame as a control medium is taught by Fynn or Field, and that use of fluid pressure is taught by Howse, Ringman or Camerota et al.
Claims 14, 15 and 16 were rejected on Sinclair in view of Fynn or Field and Howse or Ringman. These claims are drawn to a combination of a plurality of machines having separate drive means and control means, with common means applying a predetermined force to the control means to resist the individual torques of the drive means. The examiner stated that this group of claims merely requires a duplication of the unit structure of claim 8 and must also be held to be unpatentable.
The patent to Sinclair, the main reference, relates to load equalizing machinery. In a system designed to substantially uniformly load a motor in driving a flywheel and variable load, Sinclair utilizes a hydraulic coupling which discharges fluid that is replaced through a pipe controlled by a valve. The valve is regulated to open and closed positions by a spring and by a torque motor respectively. This torque motor, through electrical connections responsive to the electrical power used by the driving motor, exercises control over tile supply of liquid to the coupling and thus accomplishes the function of maintaining a constant load on the said driving motor as determined by the spring, which is adjustable.
Since the characteristics of the other reference patents have been properly explained in the decisions of the Patent Office tribunals it seems unnecessary to discuss them here in detail.
The Board of Appeals in its decision approved the examiner's rejection on the grounds above set forth. In addition, the board stated that it did not find any invention in the vertical arrangement of the assembly as called for by Claim 3, for which feature the patent to Willey was cited by the Primary Examiner. The board, upon appellant's petition for reconsideration of its decision, adhered to the views therein expressed.
It is our view of the case that if appellant, who has concedcdly made an invention, is entitled to some of the claims involved in this appeal it is clearly on account of the fact that he has combined with the Sinclair reference certain elements disclosed in the other reference patents.
It is easy to say, as the Patent Office has said, and frequently properly has said, that combinations of old art disclosures do not amount to invention, but it has also been so frequently held as to require no citation of authorities that some combinations of old art elements, depending upon their character and their possible modifications, may constitute a structure which would bring the combinations within the purview of patentable novelty and usefulness. This we conclude is the situation here.
Appellant filed his affidavit, considered by both tribunals below, which points out the nature and degree of the improvements made in such an understandable way that it must be conceded that appellant has advanced the art of regulating and operating heavy-duty machinery, such as is here specially referred to for the manipulation of sugar stocks. This advancement would seem to us to clearly bring what appellant has done into the realm of invention.
Of course, in cases such as this the question of the existence of invention is usually a matter of opinion and the opinion of the experts of the Patent Office, who are presumably familiar with what the applicant has done and what the prior art is, is usually persuasive of correctness.
However, in the instant case, appellant, by the affidavit which we, on account of its length, will not quote here, has pointed out that in contra-distinction to the prior art he has produced a system for the operation of motor driven centrifugal machines where their operation is held to a fixed and uniform rate and standard of speed and requirement of power, and where the danger of overloading the driving motor has been eliminated in such a way that is not anticipated by the prior art, and in a relatively inexpensive manner. Appellant urges that his system enables more machines to be operated from a limited power source without the necessity of expanding its capacity and that his device makes possible a number of desirable results which heretofore could not be obtained by the employment of any prior art method or machine. Other beneficial results are clearly explained in the affidavit but we think it unnecessary to unduly lengthen this opinion by referring to them.
It is our conclusion that claims 1, 2, 4 to 8, inclusive, and 20 define patentable invention and that the board was in error in approving the examiner's rejection of these claims.
The board pointed out that claim 3 "additionally recites the vertical arrangement of the assembly" and that this element of the claim did not involve invention. Claim 20 also recites a vertical arrangement, but this claim has other important elements which are relied upon by the appellant to render it patentable. We agree with the board that claim 3 was properly rejected for the reason stated and we hold that claim 20 should have been allowed.
The board stated, in agreement with the examiner's holding, that claims 14, 15 and 16 were "drawn to a combination of a plurality of machines each of which is constructed as shown in Figure 1 or as shown in the Sinclair patent as modified by the other patents as indicated above." It was held by the Patent Office tribunals that there was no invention in this obvious duplication of the structure of claim 8. Notwithstanding the fact that appellant's invention has merit in saving power and probably in other respects where there is a combination of more than one of such machines, we think this fact alone does not justify the reversal of the board's decision as to these claims.
It therefore follows, in view of what we have heretofore said, that all of the appealed claims except 3, 12, 14, 15 and 16 should have been allowed. It is held that the decision of the board affirming that of the examiner in rejecting claims 3, 14, 15 and 16 is affirmed, and as to all the other appealed claims except claim 12 the decision of the board is reversed. The appeal as to claim 12, in accordance with appellant's motion, is dismissed.
Modified..
|
github_open_source_100_1_194 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Copyright(c) 2020-present, Odysseas Georgoudis & quill contributors.
* Distributed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/
#pragma once
/**
* C++ language standard detection
*/
#if (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201703L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX17) && _HAS_CXX17 == 1) // fix for issue #464
#define QUILL_HAS_CPP_17
#define QUILL_HAS_CPP_14
#elif (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L) || (defined(_HAS_CXX14) && _HAS_CXX14 == 1)
#define QUILL_HAS_CPP_14
#endif
/**
* __has_attribute
*/
#ifdef __has_attribute
#define QUILL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_attribute(x)
#else
#define QUILL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
#endif
/**
* __has_cpp_attribute
*/
#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
#define QUILL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
#else
#define QUILL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
#endif
#if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
!(defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 1600)
#define QUILL_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
#else
#define QUILL_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
#endif
/**
* Always Inline
*/
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#define QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE inline __attribute__((__always_inline__))
#elif defined(_WIN32)
#define QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE __forceinline
#else
#define QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
#endif
/**
* Portable no discard warnings
*/
#if QUILL_MODERN_LANG_FEATURES
#define QUILL_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
#elif QUILL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(gnu::warn_unused_result)
#define QUILL_NODISCARD [[gnu::warn_unused_result]]
#else
#define QUILL_NODISCARD
#endif
/**
* Portable maybe_unused
*/
#if QUILL_MODERN_LANG_FEATURES
#define QUILL_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
#elif QUILL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(__unused__) || defined(__GNUC__)
#define QUILL_MAYBE_UNUSED __attribute__((__unused__))
#else
#define QUILL_MAYBE_UNUSED
#endif
/**
* Gcc hot/cold attributes
* Tells GCC that a function is hot or cold. GCC can use this information to
* improve static analysis, i.e. a conditional branch to a cold function
* is likely to be not-taken.
*/
#if QUILL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(hot) || (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__))
#define QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_HOT __attribute__((hot))
#else
#define QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_HOT
#endif
#if QUILL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(cold) || (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__))
#define QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD __attribute__((cold))
#else
#define QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD
#endif
/***/
#define QUILL_NODISCARD_ALWAYS_INLINE_HOT QUILL_NODISCARD QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_HOT
/***/
#define QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE_HOT QUILL_ALWAYS_INLINE QUILL_ATTRIBUTE_HOT |
github_open_source_100_1_195 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | """
Biological Knowledge Graph (BCKG) v1.0
This is the initial implementation of the BCKG API.
Generated by Python OpenAPI Parser v0.2.4
"""
from .client import *
from collections import namedtuple
__title__ = 'biological-knowledge-graph-bck-g'
__author__ = 'openapi-parser-0.2.4'
__license__ = 'Unlicensed'
__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2020 Station-B'
__version__ = '1.0'
VersionInfo = namedtuple('VersionInfo', 'major minor micro releaselevel serial')
version_info = VersionInfo(*__version__.split('.'), releaselevel='alpha', serial=0)
__all__ = \
[
'version_info',
'__title__',
'__author__',
'__license__',
'__copyright__',
'__version__',
]
__pdoc__ = { }
__pdoc_extras__ = [ ]
_submodules = \
[
client,
]
for _submodule in _submodules:
_submodule_name = _submodule.__name__.partition(f'{__name__}.')[-1]
__all__.extend(_submodule.__all__)
__pdoc__[_submodule_name] = True
_submodule.__pdoc__ = getattr(_submodule, '__pdoc__', dict())
_extras = getattr(_submodule, '__pdoc_extras__', list())
for _element in _submodule.__all__:
__pdoc__[_element] = _element in _extras
|
github_open_source_100_1_196 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package hudson.plugins.timestamper.pipeline;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import hudson.plugins.timestamper.TimestamperApiTestUtil;
import hudson.plugins.timestamper.TimestamperConfig;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.htmlunit.WebClientUtil;
import org.htmlunit.html.HtmlPage;
import org.htmlunit.html.HtmlPreformattedText;
import org.htmlunit.html.HtmlSpan;
import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.cps.CpsFlowDefinition;
import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.job.WorkflowJob;
import org.jenkinsci.plugins.workflow.job.WorkflowRun;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.jvnet.hudson.test.Issue;
import org.jvnet.hudson.test.JenkinsRule;
public class PipelineTest {
@Rule
public JenkinsRule r = new JenkinsRule();
@Before
public void setAllPipelines() {
TimestamperConfig config = TimestamperConfig.get();
config.setAllPipelines(true);
config.save();
}
@Issue("JENKINS-58102")
@Test
public void globalDecoratorAnnotator() throws Exception {
WorkflowJob project = r.createProject(WorkflowJob.class);
project.setDefinition(new CpsFlowDefinition(
"node {\n"
+ " ansiColor('xterm') {\n"
+ " echo 'foo'\n"
+ " echo \"\\u001B[31mBeginning multi-line color\"\n"
+ " echo \"More color\"\n"
+ " echo \"Ending multi-line color\\u001B[39m\"\n"
+ " }\n"
+ "}",
true));
WorkflowRun build = r.buildAndAssertSuccess(project);
r.assertLogContains("foo", build);
r.assertLogContains("Beginning multi-line color", build);
r.assertLogContains("More color", build);
r.assertLogContains("Ending multi-line color", build);
/*
* Ensure that each line of the console log is decorated with a valid timestamp decoration.
* While doing so, save the raw timestamps for later comparison with the annotated console
* output.
*/
List<String> rawTimestamps = new ArrayList<>();
for (String line : build.getLog(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) {
assertTrue(line, line.startsWith("["));
int end = line.indexOf(']');
assertEquals(line, 25, end);
assertNotNull(line, ZonedDateTime.parse(line.substring(1, end), GlobalDecorator.UTC_MILLIS));
rawTimestamps.add(line.substring(0, 26));
}
// Fetch the annotated console output.
HtmlPage page = r.createWebClient().getPage(build, "consoleFull");
WebClientUtil.waitForJSExec(page.getWebClient());
HtmlPreformattedText consoleOutput = page.getFirstByXPath("//pre[@class='console-output']");
String consoleText = consoleOutput.asNormalizedText();
/*
* Ensure that each line of the console output is annotated with a timestamp and a raw
* timestamp. While doing so, save the raw timestamps for later comparison with the
* decorated console log.
*/
List<String> annotatedLines =
new BufferedReader(new StringReader(consoleText)).lines().collect(Collectors.toList());
List<String> annotatedTimestamps = getTimestamps(consoleOutput, "//span[@class='timestamp']");
assertEquals(consoleText, annotatedLines.size(), annotatedTimestamps.size());
List<String> annotatedRawTimestamps = getTimestamps(consoleOutput, "//span[contains(@style, 'display: none')]");
assertEquals(consoleText, annotatedLines.size(), annotatedRawTimestamps.size());
for (int i = 0; i < annotatedLines.size(); i++) {
String annotatedLine = annotatedLines.get(i);
String prefix = annotatedTimestamps.get(i) + annotatedRawTimestamps.get(i) + ' ';
assertTrue(
String.format("annotatedLine: '%s', prefix: '%s'", annotatedLine, prefix),
annotatedLine.startsWith(prefix));
/*
* The annotated console output contains "Terminated" lines which don't appear in the
* decorated console log. In order to do the raw timestamp comparison below, we ignore
* such lines.
*/
if (annotatedLine.substring(prefix.length()).equals("Terminated")) {
annotatedTimestamps.remove(i);
annotatedRawTimestamps.remove(i);
annotatedLines.remove(i);
}
}
/*
* Ensure that the raw timestamps were correctly propagated from the decorated console log
* to the annotated console output.
*/
assertEquals(rawTimestamps, annotatedRawTimestamps);
}
private static List<String> getTimestamps(HtmlPreformattedText consoleOutput, String xpathExpr) {
List<String> timestamps = new ArrayList<>();
List<HtmlSpan> nodes = consoleOutput.getByXPath(xpathExpr);
for (HtmlSpan node : nodes) {
timestamps.add(node.getTextContent());
}
return timestamps;
}
@Issue("JENKINS-60007")
@Test
public void timestamperApi() throws Exception {
WorkflowJob project = r.createProject(WorkflowJob.class);
project.setDefinition(new CpsFlowDefinition("echo 'foo'\n", true));
WorkflowRun build = r.buildAndAssertSuccess(project);
r.assertLogContains("foo", build);
List<String> unstampedLines = new ArrayList<>();
for (String line : build.getLog(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) {
assertTrue(GlobalAnnotator.parseTimestamp(line, build.getStartTimeInMillis())
.isPresent());
unstampedLines.add(line.substring(27));
}
TimestamperApiTestUtil.timestamperApi(build, unstampedLines);
}
@Test
public void timestamperStep() throws Exception {
TimestamperConfig config = TimestamperConfig.get();
config.setAllPipelines(false);
config.save();
WorkflowJob project = r.createProject(WorkflowJob.class);
project.setDefinition(new CpsFlowDefinition("timestamps {\n echo 'foo'\n}", true));
WorkflowRun build = r.buildAndAssertSuccess(project);
r.assertLogContains("foo", build);
for (String line : build.getLog(Integer.MAX_VALUE)) {
assertEquals(
line,
line.contains("foo"),
GlobalAnnotator.parseTimestamp(line, build.getStartTimeInMillis())
.isPresent());
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_197 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace Cerbero\EloquentInspector;
use Cerbero\EloquentInspector\Components\Properties;
use Cerbero\EloquentInspector\Components\Relationships;
use Cerbero\EloquentInspector\Components\UseStatements;
/**
* The Eloquent inspector.
*
*/
class Inspector
{
/**
* The inspector instances.
*
* @var array
*/
protected static $instances = [];
/**
* The `use` statements cache.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $useStatements;
/**
* The properties cache.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $properties;
/**
* The relationships cache.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $relationships;
/**
* Instantiate the class.
*
* @param string $model
*/
protected function __construct(protected string $model)
{
}
/**
* Statically instantiate the class
*
* @param string $model
* @return static
*/
public static function inspect(string $model): static
{
return static::$instances[$model] ??= new static($model);
}
/**
* Clean up the given model information
*
* @param string|null $model
* @return void
*/
public static function flush(string $model = null): void
{
if ($model) {
unset(static::$instances[$model]);
} else {
static::$instances = [];
}
}
/**
* Clean up information of the current instance
*
* @return void
*/
public function forget(): void
{
unset(static::$instances[$this->model]);
}
/**
* Retrieve the inspected model class
*
* @return string
*/
public function getModel(): string
{
return $this->model;
}
/**
* Retrieve the `use` statements
*
* @return array
*/
public function getUseStatements(): array
{
return $this->useStatements ??= UseStatements::of($this->model)->get();
}
/**
* Retrieve the properties
*
* @return array
*/
public function getProperties(): array
{
return $this->properties ??= Properties::of($this->model)->get();
}
/**
* Retrieve the relationships
*
* @return array
*/
public function getRelationships(): array
{
return $this->relationships ??= Relationships::of($this->model)->get();
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_198 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import Icon from '../Icon';
Icon.register({
images: {
width: 576,
height: 512,
paths: [{
d: 'M480 416V432C480 458.5 458.5 480 432 480H48C21.5 480 0 458.5 0 432V176C0 149.5 21.5 128 48 128H64V336C64 380.1 99.9 416 144 416H480zM576 336V80C576 53.5 554.5 32 528 32H144C117.5 32 96 53.5 96 80V336C96 362.5 117.5 384 144 384H528C554.5 384 576 362.5 576 336zM256 128C256 154.5 234.5 176 208 176S160 154.5 160 128 181.5 80 208 80 256 101.5 256 128zM160 272L215.5 216.5C220.2 211.8 227.8 211.8 232.5 216.5L272 256 407.5 120.5C412.2 115.8 419.8 115.8 424.5 120.5L512 208V320H160V272z'
}]
}
});
|
github_open_source_100_1_199 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using OpenTK;
using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace OpenTK_Procedural
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
private bool Loaded = false;
private int ViewPortWidth;
private int ViewPortHeight;
private CellEngineStrategy CellEngine;
public Form1()
{
InvalidationCallback Invalidate = InvalidateGL;
Queue<ICellEngineState> Program = new Queue<ICellEngineState>();
Program.Enqueue(new SpawnState());
CellEngine = new CellEngineStrategy(Invalidate, 30, Program);
InitializeComponent();
}
private void InvalidateGL()
{
glControl1.Invalidate();
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Loaded = true;
GL.ClearColor(Color.Black);
SetViewPort();
CellEngine.Start();
}
private void SetViewPort()
{
ViewPortWidth = glControl1.Width;
ViewPortHeight = glControl1.Height;
GL.MatrixMode(MatrixMode.Projection);
GL.LoadIdentity();
GL.Ortho(0, ViewPortWidth, 0, ViewPortHeight, -1, 1);
GL.Viewport(0, 0, ViewPortWidth, ViewPortHeight);
}
private void glControl1_Resize_1(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!Loaded)
{
return;
}
SetViewPort();
}
private void glControl1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
if (!Loaded)
{
return;
}
GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit | ClearBufferMask.DepthBufferBit);
foreach(Cell Renderable in CellEngine.Renderable)
{
RenderCell(Renderable);
}
glControl1.SwapBuffers();
}
private void RenderCell(Cell Renderable)
{
double X = Field.TranslateCoordinatesX(Renderable.Rectangle.X, ViewPortWidth);
double Y = Field.TranslateCoordinatesY(Renderable.Rectangle.Y, ViewPortHeight);
double OffsetX = Field.TranslateCoordinatesX(Renderable.Rectangle.Width, ViewPortWidth);
double OffsetY = Field.TranslateCoordinatesY(Renderable.Rectangle.Height, ViewPortHeight);
GL.MatrixMode(MatrixMode.Modelview);
GL.LoadIdentity();
GL.Color3(Renderable.FillColor);
GL.Begin(PrimitiveType.Quads);
GL.Vertex2(X, Y + OffsetY);
GL.Vertex2(X + OffsetX, Y + OffsetY);
GL.Vertex2(X + OffsetX, Y);
GL.Vertex2(X, Y);
GL.End();
GL.Color3(Renderable.BorderColor);
GL.Begin(PrimitiveType.LineLoop);
GL.Vertex2(X + OffsetX, Y + OffsetY);
GL.Vertex2(X, Y + OffsetY);
GL.Vertex2(X, Y);
GL.Vertex2(X + OffsetX, Y);
GL.End();
}
private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
{
Loaded = false;
CellEngine.Stop();
}
private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
CellEngine.Start();
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_200 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.lamfire.utils;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
public class ImageScale {
private int width;
private int height;
private int scaleWidth;
double support = (double) 3.0;
double PI = (double) 3.14159265358978;
double[] contrib;
double[] normContrib;
double[] tmpContrib;
int startContrib, stopContrib;
int nDots;
int nHalfDots;
/**
* Start: Use Lanczos filter to replace the original algorithm for image scaling. Lanczos improves quality of the
* scaled image
*/
public BufferedImage zoomOut(BufferedImage srcBufferImage, int w, int h) {
width = srcBufferImage.getWidth();
height = srcBufferImage.getHeight();
scaleWidth = w;
if (determineResultSize(w, h) == 1) {
return srcBufferImage;
}
calContrib();
BufferedImage pbOut = gorizontalFiltering(srcBufferImage, w);
BufferedImage pbFinalOut = verticalFiltering(pbOut, h);
return pbFinalOut;
}
/**
* ����ͼ��ߴ�
*/
private int determineResultSize(int w, int h) {
double scaleH, scaleV;
scaleH = (double) w / (double) width;
scaleV = (double) h / (double) height;
// ��Ҫ�ж�һ��scaleH��scaleV�������Ŵ����
if (scaleH >= 1.0 && scaleV >= 1.0) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
} // end of DetermineResultSize()
private double lanczos(int i, int inWidth, int outWidth, double Support) {
double x;
x = (double) i * (double) outWidth / (double) inWidth;
return Math.sin(x * PI) / (x * PI) * Math.sin(x * PI / Support) / (x * PI / Support);
} // end of Lanczos()
//
// Assumption: same horizontal and vertical scaling factor
//
private void calContrib() {
nHalfDots = (int) ((double) width * support / (double) scaleWidth);
nDots = nHalfDots * 2 + 1;
try {
contrib = new double[nDots];
normContrib = new double[nDots];
tmpContrib = new double[nDots];
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("init contrib,normContrib,tmpContrib" + e);
}
int center = nHalfDots;
contrib[center] = 1.0;
double weight = 0.0;
int i = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= center; i++) {
contrib[center + i] = lanczos(i, width, scaleWidth, support);
weight += contrib[center + i];
}
for (i = center - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
contrib[i] = contrib[center * 2 - i];
}
weight = weight * 2 + 1.0;
for (i = 0; i <= center; i++) {
normContrib[i] = contrib[i] / weight;
}
for (i = center + 1; i < nDots; i++) {
normContrib[i] = normContrib[center * 2 - i];
}
} // end of CalContrib()
// �����Ե
private void calTempContrib(int start, int stop) {
double weight = 0;
int i = 0;
for (i = start; i <= stop; i++) {
weight += contrib[i];
}
for (i = start; i <= stop; i++) {
tmpContrib[i] = contrib[i] / weight;
}
} // end of CalTempContrib()
private int getRedValue(int rgbValue) {
int temp = rgbValue & 0x00ff0000;
return temp >> 16;
}
private int getGreenValue(int rgbValue) {
int temp = rgbValue & 0x0000ff00;
return temp >> 8;
}
private int getBlueValue(int rgbValue) {
return rgbValue & 0x000000ff;
}
private int comRGB(int redValue, int greenValue, int blueValue) {
return (redValue << 16) + (greenValue << 8) + blueValue;
}
// ��ˮƽ�˲�
private int horizontalFilter(BufferedImage bufImg, int startX, int stopX, int start, int stop, int y,
double[] pContrib) {
double valueRed = 0.0;
double valueGreen = 0.0;
double valueBlue = 0.0;
int valueRGB = 0;
int i, j;
for (i = startX, j = start; i <= stopX; i++, j++) {
valueRGB = bufImg.getRGB(i, y);
valueRed += getRedValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
valueGreen += getGreenValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
valueBlue += getBlueValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
}
valueRGB = comRGB(clip((int) valueRed), clip((int) valueGreen), clip((int) valueBlue));
return valueRGB;
} // end of HorizontalFilter()
// ͼƬˮƽ�˲�
private BufferedImage gorizontalFiltering(BufferedImage bufImage, int iOutW) {
int dwInW = bufImage.getWidth();
int dwInH = bufImage.getHeight();
int value = 0;
BufferedImage pbOut = new BufferedImage(iOutW, dwInH, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
for (int x = 0; x < iOutW; x++) {
int startX;
int start;
int X = (int) (((double) x) * ((double) dwInW) / ((double) iOutW) + 0.5);
int y = 0;
startX = X - nHalfDots;
if (startX < 0) {
startX = 0;
start = nHalfDots - X;
} else {
start = 0;
}
int stop;
int stopX = X + nHalfDots;
if (stopX > (dwInW - 1)) {
stopX = dwInW - 1;
stop = nHalfDots + (dwInW - 1 - X);
} else {
stop = nHalfDots * 2;
}
if (start > 0 || stop < nDots - 1) {
calTempContrib(start, stop);
for (y = 0; y < dwInH; y++) {
value = horizontalFilter(bufImage, startX, stopX, start, stop, y, tmpContrib);
pbOut.setRGB(x, y, value);
}
} else {
for (y = 0; y < dwInH; y++) {
value = horizontalFilter(bufImage, startX, stopX, start, stop, y, normContrib);
pbOut.setRGB(x, y, value);
}
}
}
return pbOut;
} // end of HorizontalFiltering()
private int verticalFilter(BufferedImage pbInImage, int startY, int stopY, int start, int stop, int x,
double[] pContrib) {
double valueRed = 0.0;
double valueGreen = 0.0;
double valueBlue = 0.0;
int valueRGB = 0;
int i, j;
for (i = startY, j = start; i <= stopY; i++, j++) {
valueRGB = pbInImage.getRGB(x, i);
valueRed += getRedValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
valueGreen += getGreenValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
valueBlue += getBlueValue(valueRGB) * pContrib[j];
// System.out.println(valueRed+"->"+Clip((int)valueRed)+"<-");
//
// System.out.println(valueGreen+"->"+Clip((int)valueGreen)+"<-");
// System.out.println(valueBlue+"->"+Clip((int)valueBlue)+"<-"+"-->");
}
valueRGB = comRGB(clip((int) valueRed), clip((int) valueGreen), clip((int) valueBlue));
// System.out.println(valueRGB);
return valueRGB;
} // end of VerticalFilter()
private BufferedImage verticalFiltering(BufferedImage pbImage, int iOutH) {
int iW = pbImage.getWidth();
int iH = pbImage.getHeight();
int value = 0;
BufferedImage pbOut = new BufferedImage(iW, iOutH, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
for (int y = 0; y < iOutH; y++) {
int startY;
int start;
int Y = (int) (((double) y) * ((double) iH) / ((double) iOutH) + 0.5);
startY = Y - nHalfDots;
if (startY < 0) {
startY = 0;
start = nHalfDots - Y;
} else {
start = 0;
}
int stop;
int stopY = Y + nHalfDots;
if (stopY > (int) (iH - 1)) {
stopY = iH - 1;
stop = nHalfDots + (iH - 1 - Y);
} else {
stop = nHalfDots * 2;
}
if (start > 0 || stop < nDots - 1) {
calTempContrib(start, stop);
for (int x = 0; x < iW; x++) {
value = verticalFilter(pbImage, startY, stopY, start, stop, x, tmpContrib);
pbOut.setRGB(x, y, value);
}
} else {
for (int x = 0; x < iW; x++) {
value = verticalFilter(pbImage, startY, stopY, start, stop, x, normContrib);
pbOut.setRGB(x, y, value);
}
}
}
return pbOut;
} // end of VerticalFiltering()
int clip(int x) {
if (x < 0) return 0;
if (x > 255) return 255;
return x;
}
/**
* End: Use Lanczos filter to replace the original algorithm for image scaling. Lanczos improves quality of the
* scaled image
*/
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_201 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>
// Dieser Code wurde von einem Tool generiert.
// Laufzeitversion:4.0.30319.42000
//
// Änderungen an dieser Datei können falsches Verhalten verursachen und gehen verloren, wenn
// der Code erneut generiert wird.
// </auto-generated>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace IECMate.Properties {
[global::System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute()]
[global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("Microsoft.VisualStudio.Editors.SettingsDesigner.SettingsSingleFileGenerator", "15.9.0.0")]
internal sealed partial class Settings : global::System.Configuration.ApplicationSettingsBase {
private static Settings defaultInstance = ((Settings)(global::System.Configuration.ApplicationSettingsBase.Synchronized(new Settings())));
public static Settings Default {
get {
return defaultInstance;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("BaseLight")]
public string theme {
get {
return ((string)(this["theme"]));
}
set {
this["theme"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool leerzeichen {
get {
return ((bool)(this["leerzeichen"]));
}
set {
this["leerzeichen"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("True")]
public bool zeilennummern {
get {
return ((bool)(this["zeilennummern"]));
}
set {
this["zeilennummern"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("13")]
public double schriftgrosse {
get {
return ((double)(this["schriftgrosse"]));
}
set {
this["schriftgrosse"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("0")]
public double fentser_top {
get {
return ((double)(this["fentser_top"]));
}
set {
this["fentser_top"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("0")]
public double fenster_left {
get {
return ((double)(this["fenster_left"]));
}
set {
this["fenster_left"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("900")]
public double fenster_hohe {
get {
return ((double)(this["fenster_hohe"]));
}
set {
this["fenster_hohe"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("1200")]
public double fenster_breite {
get {
return ((double)(this["fenster_breite"]));
}
set {
this["fenster_breite"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool fenster_max {
get {
return ((bool)(this["fenster_max"]));
}
set {
this["fenster_max"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string projekt_pfad_suche {
get {
return ((string)(this["projekt_pfad_suche"]));
}
set {
this["projekt_pfad_suche"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string such_begriff {
get {
return ((string)(this["such_begriff"]));
}
set {
this["such_begriff"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("0")]
public int tabcontrol_index {
get {
return ((int)(this["tabcontrol_index"]));
}
set {
this["tabcontrol_index"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string projekt_pfad_helfer {
get {
return ((string)(this["projekt_pfad_helfer"]));
}
set {
this["projekt_pfad_helfer"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("Steel")]
public string akzentfarbe {
get {
return ((string)(this["akzentfarbe"]));
}
set {
this["akzentfarbe"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string variable_1 {
get {
return ((string)(this["variable_1"]));
}
set {
this["variable_1"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string variable_2 {
get {
return ((string)(this["variable_2"]));
}
set {
this["variable_2"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string variable_3 {
get {
return ((string)(this["variable_3"]));
}
set {
this["variable_3"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string vorlage {
get {
return ((string)(this["vorlage"]));
}
set {
this["vorlage"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string pxnummer {
get {
return ((string)(this["pxnummer"]));
}
set {
this["pxnummer"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool hotkey {
get {
return ((bool)(this["hotkey"]));
}
set {
this["hotkey"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("A")]
public string hotkey_plain {
get {
return ((string)(this["hotkey_plain"]));
}
set {
this["hotkey_plain"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("Y")]
public string hotkey_comment {
get {
return ((string)(this["hotkey_comment"]));
}
set {
this["hotkey_comment"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("X")]
public string hotkey_beginend {
get {
return ((string)(this["hotkey_beginend"]));
}
set {
this["hotkey_beginend"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("de-DE")]
public string sprache {
get {
return ((string)(this["sprache"]));
}
set {
this["sprache"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("Q")]
public string hotkey_brackets {
get {
return ((string)(this["hotkey_brackets"]));
}
set {
this["hotkey_brackets"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool showtab {
get {
return ((bool)(this["showtab"]));
}
set {
this["showtab"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool showendofline {
get {
return ((bool)(this["showendofline"]));
}
set {
this["showendofline"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("False")]
public bool converttabtospace {
get {
return ((bool)(this["converttabtospace"]));
}
set {
this["converttabtospace"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("True")]
public bool updatesettings {
get {
return ((bool)(this["updatesettings"]));
}
set {
this["updatesettings"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string me_auswahl {
get {
return ((string)(this["me_auswahl"]));
}
set {
this["me_auswahl"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("fu fud ful fuO tuO puO svd it scc dat gz retain bat bin bak fws svl svd gif java " +
"class")]
public string file_ext_default {
get {
return ((string)(this["file_ext_default"]));
}
set {
this["file_ext_default"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("fu fud ful fuO tuO puO svd it scc dat gz retain bat bin bak fws svl svd gif java " +
"class")]
public string file_ext_user {
get {
return ((string)(this["file_ext_user"]));
}
set {
this["file_ext_user"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("True")]
public bool exakte_suche {
get {
return ((bool)(this["exakte_suche"]));
}
set {
this["exakte_suche"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("True")]
public bool offnen_mit_nppp {
get {
return ((bool)(this["offnen_mit_nppp"]));
}
set {
this["offnen_mit_nppp"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string projekt_pfad_dataview {
get {
return ((string)(this["projekt_pfad_dataview"]));
}
set {
this["projekt_pfad_dataview"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("Data Source=localhost;Initial Catalog=bu_dc_control;User ID=root;Password=root")]
public string sql_connection_string {
get {
return ((string)(this["sql_connection_string"]));
}
set {
this["sql_connection_string"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string projekt_pfad_kundenordner {
get {
return ((string)(this["projekt_pfad_kundenordner"]));
}
set {
this["projekt_pfad_kundenordner"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("Data Source=localhost;Initial Catalog=bu_dc_control;User ID=root;Password=root")]
public string sql_connection_string_default {
get {
return ((string)(this["sql_connection_string_default"]));
}
set {
this["sql_connection_string_default"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("30000000")]
public long LogFileSize {
get {
return ((long)(this["LogFileSize"]));
}
set {
this["LogFileSize"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("31")]
public int LofFileRetain {
get {
return ((int)(this["LofFileRetain"]));
}
set {
this["LofFileRetain"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("update_Dataview_simu_DB_to_vers_1_2_x_and_this_order.bat")]
public string update_bat {
get {
return ((string)(this["update_bat"]));
}
set {
this["update_bat"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner1 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner1"]));
}
set {
this["ordner1"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner2 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner2"]));
}
set {
this["ordner2"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner3 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner3"]));
}
set {
this["ordner3"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner4 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner4"]));
}
set {
this["ordner4"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner5 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner5"]));
}
set {
this["ordner5"] = value;
}
}
[global::System.Configuration.UserScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("")]
public string ordner6 {
get {
return ((string)(this["ordner6"]));
}
set {
this["ordner6"] = value;
}
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_202 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.FileType;
using GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.Formatting.SpaceTypeProviders;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
using JetBrains.Application.Settings;
using JetBrains.ProjectModel;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.CSharp.CodeStyle.FormatSettings;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.CSharp.Impl.CodeStyle;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Impl.CodeStyle;
namespace GammaJul.ForTea.Core.Psi.Formatting
{
[ProjectFileType(typeof(T4ProjectFileType))]
internal sealed class T4CSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider : DummyCSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider
{
private IEnumerable<IT4BlockSpaceTypeProvider> Providers { get; }
public T4CSharpCustomFormattingInfoProvider(IEnumerable<IT4BlockSpaceTypeProvider> providers) =>
Providers = providers;
public override bool NeedsOldEngine => true;
public override FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> AdjustFormattingSettings(
[NotNull] FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> settings,
[NotNull] ISettingsOptimization settingsOptimization
)
{
var cSharpFormatSettings = settings.Settings.Clone();
cSharpFormatSettings.OLD_ENGINE = true;
return settings.ChangeMainSettings(cSharpFormatSettings, true);
}
public override SpaceType GetBlockSpaceType(
[NotNull] CSharpFmtStageContext ctx,
[NotNull] CSharpCodeFormattingContext context
) => GetSpaces(ctx);
public override SpaceType GetInvocationSpaces(
CSharpFmtStageContext context,
FmtSettingsClassic<CSharpFormatSettingsKey> formatSettings
) => GetSpaces(context);
private SpaceType GetSpaces(CSharpFmtStageContext ctx) => Providers
.Select(provider => provider.Provide(ctx))
.Where(provided => provided.HasValue)
.Select(provided => provided.Value)
// default(SpaceType) == SpaceType.Default
.FirstOrDefault();
}
}
|
8518570_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Las Viadas es una localidad del municipio burgalés de Valle de Tobalina, en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León (España).
La iglesia está dedicada a san Andrés apóstol.
Localidades limítrofes
Confina con las siguientes localidades:
Al sureste con Herrán y La Revilla de Herrán.
Al suroeste con Leciñana de Tobalina y Parayuelo.
Al oeste con Santa Coloma.
Al noroeste con La Prada.
Demografía
Evolución de la población
{{Gráfica de evolución|tipo=demográfica|anchura=600|color_18=blue|nombre=Las Viadas |2000|10|2001|9|2002|9|2003|8|2004|8|2005|5|2006|5|2007|6|2008|7|2009|7|2010|8|2011|12|2012|12|2013|13|2014|13|2015|13|2016|13|2017|11|notas=}}
Historia
Así se describe a Las Viadas en el tomo XVI del Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar, obra impulsada por Pascual Madoz a mediados del :
Referencias
Localidades de la provincia de Burgos.
|
142213_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | L La Roca de Montpol ie n crëp te la Spania. L toca pra la ciadëina de crëps Prepireneies y à na autëza de metri.
Geografia
Referënzes
Crëp te la Spania.
|
16/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-01053065-document.txt_2 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | Apparaissait ici la dimension citoyenne de la recherche qui intervenait non pas seulement au moment du choix et de la construction de l'objet, ni même lors de la restitution des résultats, mais au coeur même du travail de terrain, dans cette relation aux acteurs qui générait un savoir, mais qui participait aussi au renforcement ou à la transformation des hiérarchies socio-raciales. Petit à petit, je tentais une approche radicalement différente de l'analyse des formes de racialisation à Cartagena. Si les politiques multiculturelles avaient contribué à une reconnaissance des différences, voire à l'empowerment de certains acteurs afrodescendants, ces dynamiques d'ethnicisation de la société coexistaient avec des logiques plus anciennes de racialisation des individus et de naturalisation des frontières entre groupes. Je souhaitais donc revenir sur les mécanismes de racialisation qui se maintenaient, rejaillissaient, se reconfiguraient au moment même où s'affirmait le régime multiculturel. Plusieurs discussions avec des collègues de l'URMIS (unité de recherche avec laquelle mon équipe IRD, l'UR Identités et mondialisation, allait bientôt fusionner) me convainquirent de l'intérêt de l'approche en termes de « racisme quotidien » développée en particulier par Philomena Essed. Il s'agissait de recueillir, par des entretiens approfondis, des récits d'expériences vécues de racisme. Mon scepticisme initial était grand puisque j'avais justement analysé le racisme à Cartagena dans une logique d'évitement, de stratégies de contournement qui permettaient de ne pas s'exposer au racisme. Mais ces stratégies devaient bien pouvoir, elles aussi, faire l'objet d'une mise en mots – et, au-delà, d'une appropriation par les acteurs eux-mêmes –. Je choisis de me centrer exclusivement sur les quelques afrodescendants actifs à Cartagena, afin de mieux saisir les télescopages entre revendication de citoyenneté ethnique et expériences quotidiennes d'assignation raciale. En ce sens, plus qu'une commune appartenance culturelle ou ethnique, c'était bien la discrimination raciale qui avait produit un engagement identitaire : la revendication de la différence naissait d'un déni du droit à l'indifférence. En outre, le contexte local de Cartagena avait évolué : alors que la ville était restée à l'écart du tournant multiculturel des années 1990, elle devenait, dans les années 2000, le coeur 29 d'une mobilisation nouvelle autour du racisme et de la discrimination. L'action de tutelle engagée par deux soeurs de Cartagena en 2004 contre deux discothèques accusées de racisme était le symbole de l'émergence de la thématique sur les agendas politiques et scientifiques, locaux mais aussi nationaux. Alors que les outils créés par les politiques multiculturelles et le cadre normatif d'ethnicisation ne faisaient pas sens à Cartagena, les organisations locales, les universitaires et certaines administrations se mobilisaient autour de la dénonciation du racisme. C'est dans ce cadre qu'une collaboration a été mise en place, en 2006, avec le groupe Texcultura de l'Universidad de Cartagena, qui avait déjà abordé la question du racisme, et l'ONG Funsarep, évoquée précédemment. En compagnie d'étudiants de l'Universidad de Cartagena, j'ai réalisé une série d'entretiens basés sur le recueil d'expériences vécues de racisme, qui ont servi de base à plusieurs thèses de licence à l'Universidad de Cartagena. Ces entretiens ont également donné naissance à un projet cinématographique original, mené par Jhon Narváez, jeune cinéaste, ancien étudiant de l'Universidad de Cartagena. Son court-métrage « Cartagena Social Club22 » visait à reconstruire, au cours d'une fête, des situations de racisme ordinaire à partir des entretiens réalisés avec les étudiants de l'université. Les tâtonnements autour de la question du racisme ont favorisé, en 2010-2011, l'élaboration d'un projet plus ambitieux soutenu par le Département soutien et formation de l'IRD (actuel Département Renforcement des capacités de recherche des communautés scientifiques du Sud) dans le cadre des Actions thématiques structurantes : « Approches méthodologiques et théoriques du racisme. Réseau international et ateliers », mené en collaboration entre l'URMIS, l'Universidad de Cartagena, l'Universidad de Quintana Roo, l'Universidad de Oaxaca, l'Instituto Cubano de Antropología. L'objectif était d'appliquer une même méthode en différents lieux : étudier le racisme quotidien, à partir de récits sur expériences vécues par les victimes du racisme, en réalisant des entretiens approfondis. Ces activités centrées sur le racisme ont incontestablement contribué à la formation d'étudiants23 et de jeunes chercheurs (post-doctorat de Mireille Eberhard dans le cadre du programme Eurescl sur lequel je reviendrai), à la mise en réseau d'équipes de recherche (à partir de l'organisation d'un séminaire/ réunion de travail au CIESAS à México en avril 2010, en présence de Philomena Essed et de tous les participants au projet), à l'exploration de méthodes comparatives d'analyse. Justifier la recherche pour le développement : l'invention du Tiers Monde24? (2004-2008)
Le fait de travailler en Colombie, sans représentation de l'IRD, en l'absence de collègues de l'IRD (en sciences humaines et dans la région Caraïbe) et dans un pays où il était impossible (pour des raisons de sécurité) de rester plus de quelques mois d'affilé, m'avait obligée à une découverte de la coopération sur le terrain sans véritable orientation et encadrement. La mise en place de la convention de recherche « Identités métisses, catégories métisses dans les sociétés post-esclavagistes. La Caraïbe de la Colombie au Mexique » était pour moi, je l'ai dit, un « baptême du feu » qui m'obligeait à interroger la notion même de « recherche au sud », tant au niveau de ses orientations théoriques, de l'histoire de sa mise en oeuvre que de sa réalisation concrète sur le terrain. Au même moment, j'étais confrontée à un courant de pensée postcolonial et subalterne, particulièrement fort en Colombie, qui remettait en cause, souvent amicalement, parfois radicalement, ma présence en tant chercheure incarnant une « hégémonie occidentale » de la connaissance et de sa production. La critique d'Arturo Escobar de la notion de « développement » était largement partagée en Colombie et j'avais l'impression de porter comme un fardeau mon appartenance à une institution qui se réclamait de ce même objectif de développement. Après une dizaine d'années de recherche en Colombie et avant d'initier de nouveaux projets au Mexique et au Belize, j'éprouvais le besoin de mieux comprendre la spécificité de cette « recherche pour le développement » que j'étais censée mettre en oeuvre. Si cette réflexion sur la recherche a accompagné de façon permanente ma pratique, elle a cristallisé dans ces années intermédiaires, passées principalement en France, du fait des mobilisations collectives autour de Sauvons la Recherche (SLR). Dans un contexte de remise en cause de la recherche publique, le collectif SLR, puis les Etats Généraux de la Recherche, ont rassemblé les chercheurs français au cours des années 2004 et 2005. Mon engagement dans ce mouvement, au-delà de sa signification plus personnelle et politique, a également constitué un formidable apprentissage en termes de réflexion sur les pratiques et les finalités de la recherche, notamment la recherche pour le développement. 24 31 souvent venus d'autres disciplines et ayant une longue expérience dans la pratique de la recherche pour le développement, mais aussi les collègues des services administratifs et techniques (et leurs fonctions, leurs conditions de travail, etc.). De plus, le CLOEG a été un lieu de débats sur la finalité de la recherche pour le développement, sur la signification du partenariat avec les pays du Sud, sur la relation entre recherche et société, sur la place de l'IRD dans la recherche Nord-Sud, etc. Si les propositions faites par les Etats Généraux de la Recherche ont finalement été ignorées ou détournées de leur sens, la mobilisation des chercheurs a sans doute eu plus d'impact au niveau du processus de concertation mis en place pendant un an, au cours duquel, de façon plurielle et démocratique, la recherche a été interrogée, dans ses principes comme dans son organisation. En ce sens, même si les années 2004-2005 marquent sans doute un certain ralentissement dans mon activité scientifique, elles constituent avant tout un intense moment de réflexion, d'apprentissage et de questionnement sur cette « recherche pour le développement » que j'étais amenée à mettre en oeuvre. Dans le débat national sur la recherche, nous devions notamment répondre à la question : en quoi la recherche au Sud est-elle différente, et complémentaire, de celle que font nos collègues des universités et des autres organismes en France 26? Il fallait aussi positionner la recherche au/ avec/ sur le Sud ou la recherche Nord-Sud par rapport à l'aide au développement. Les temps ne sont plus à l'ORSTOM (qui devient l'Institut français de recherche scientifique et technique pour le développement en coopération en 1984 avant de prendre le nom d'IRD en 1998) accompagnant la colonisation en Afrique et les travaux d'anthropologie du développement ont montré les dangers d'une recherche qui prétendrait donner des leçons de développement au Sud. L'implantation de l'ORSTOM en Amérique latine, à la fin des années 1970, constitue précisément une volonté de sortir du pré carré de l'Afrique francophone et de mener des travaux en collaboration avec des structures scientifiques nationales. Nos discussions collectives nous amenaient à quelques prises de positions. La recherche au Sud a pour objectif, comme toute autre recherche, de produire des connaissances, considérées comme des biens publics mondiaux et – c'est là son originalité – vise à rendre accessibles ces connaissances au Sud, en termes de circulation, de compréhension, d'appropriation. Il ne s'agit donc pas seulement d'une recherche au/sur le sud (faire son terrain au Sud et travailler au Nord), mais pas non plus d'une recherche qui prétendrait se substituer aux acteurs locaux du développement et, encore moins, aux chercheurs locaux. Certains éléments fondamentaux dans toute recherche acquièrent dans le cas du travail en partenariat une certaine spécificité : l'expatriation avec accueil dans une institution d'un pays du Sud, qui oblige à un apprentissage de nouvelles normes et pratiques scientifiques ; le type de rendu et de diffusion, notamment dans des revues éditées dans la langue locale et avec une circulation souvent limitée, non référencées et ne correspondant pas aux normes éditoriales internationales ; la création / insertion dans des réseaux tant entre le Nord et le Sud qu'entre les Suds eux-mêmes ; le rapport aux étudiants et même à la formation. 26 Voir en particulier les textes publiés dans la revue du SNCS : Elisabeth Cunin, Odile Hoffmann, « Les spécificités de la recherche en partenariat avec le Sud » et Kali Argyriadis, Elisabeth Cunin, Françoise Dureau, « L'AIRD, agence de moyens sans moyens ». VRS. La vie de la recherche scientifique, No. 377, Dossier : Relations Nord-Sud, 2009. 32 Ce questionnement de la « recherche pour le développement » se prolongeait dans une réflexion sur la place du chercheur français en Amérique latine dans un contexte de critique de l'anthropologie et d'essor d'un courant subalterne et postcolonial latino-américain. L' « anthropologie de la modernité », très présente notamment en Colombie, tend à déconstruire cette « modernité » qui n'est plus conçue comme une évidence universelle mais qui doit être replacée dans un contexte historique et social particulier. Elle nait du rejet de la neutralité supposée de la scientifique (l'occident est désormais ethnicisé) et de l'affirmation de la subjectivité de tout discours ; plus encore, les courants des études postcoloniales et subalternes (et leurs versions latino-américaines développées par des auteurs comme Walter Mignolo, Anibal Quijano, Enrique Dussel) réduisent la production de connaissances à une stratégie de domination de l'occident. Il s'agit dès lors, pour ce courant, de se distancier des canons du savoir académique (distinction entre disciplines, spécificités méthodologiques) et d'inventer de nouvelles pratiques scientifiques, qui seraient propres aux différents groupes sociaux mais aussi aux différents lieux géographiques. En Amérique latine, se développe ainsi une pensée qui se veut autonome et alternative, qui reposerait sur une épistémologie renouvelée se plaçant au coeur de la relation colonialité/ modernité. Comment le chercheur occidental peut-il/ doit-il se situer face à ces transformations de la pratique scientifique, qui mettent en question sa propre présence dans le Sud? Cette question est au coeur de la recherche en partenariat menée à l'IRD et, au quotidien, de nos relations avec nos collègues du Sud. Elle amène le plus souvent des réponses pragmatiques, provisoires, partielles, toujours insatisfaisantes, mais qui alimentent nos recherches. De fait, c'est un des privilèges – et une des difficultés – de cette recherche « ici et là-bas » que d'être intermédiaire entre des chercheurs et des courants théoriques qui souvent s'ignorent (les études afro-américaines latino-américaines et les travaux français sur la race et l'ethnicité par exemple) ou s'opposent (les études postcoloniales et leurs critiques par des auteurs comme J. F. Bayart ou J. L. Amselle). Je participais alors aux réflexions menées en Amérique latine par le réseau Red de Antropologias del Mundo – World Anthropologies Network (RAM-WAN), qui réunissait plusieurs grands noms de l'anthropologie latino-américaine (Arturo Escobar, Eduardo Restrepo, Gustavo Lins Ribeiro, Esteban Krotz, etc.). Aux canons traditionnels de l'anthropologie (tant méthodologiques que théoriques) venus de France, de GrandeBretagne et des Etats-Unis, plusieurs anthropologues latino-américains proposaient de substituer de nouveaux outils et principes, qui passaient par une réflexion sur la place de l'anthropologie dans la société et une redéfinition de l' « autre » (objet traditionnel de la discipline), mais également par une critique d'une anthropologie associée au colonialisme et à l'ethnocentrisme. Le réseau défendait une anthropologie critique de l'anthropologie, qui décentrait, historicisait et pluralisait ce qui était alors considéré comme l'Anthropologie, avec une majuscule. Il s'agissait de construire d'autres anthropologies et d'une autre manière, des anthropologies non coloniales et non ethnocentrées. J'ai participé aux activités du réseau RAM-WAN, notamment auprès d'Eduardo Restrepo (Universidad Javeriana) en Colombie (diffusion d'un article, traductions, organisation d'un séminaire). Je souhaitais à la fois comprendre les remises en cause de nos collègues, favoriser leur diffusion (du Sud vers le Nord), tout en ayant un point de vue critique par rapport à la dénonciation d'une « anthropologie occidentale » reconstruite comme un ensemble homogène, unifié, essentialisé. Attentive à l'apport de mes collègues, particulièrement 33 stimulant et dérangeant du fait de ma propre position, j'essayais aussi de les mettre en garde face à un retour aux métarécits, à la réification et au dualisme des catégories, pourtant dénoncés par ailleurs, face à un certain « européisme » qui réduisait la pensée européenne à un discours universalisant inspiré des Lumières et de la colonisation, dans une logique d'inversion des relations de pouvoir entre Nord et Sud. Cette réflexion s'est poursuivie au sein du bureau de l'AFA, Association Française des Anthropologues (2004-2006), qui m'a permis de mieux connaitre le champ anthropologique français (thèmes, formations, centres de recherche). Un de mes objectifs, en souhaitant contribuer aux activités de l'AFA, était de faciliter le dialogue et la connaissance mutuelle des différentes anthropologies dans le monde. Dans cette logique, avec deux collègues, Valeria Hernández (IRD, membre de l'AFA) et Mauricio Pardo (ancien sous-directeur de l'ICANH, Colombie), nous avons proposé un numéro spécial du Journal des Anthropologues sur le thème « De l'anthropologie de l'autre à la reconnaissance d'une autre anthropologie » (2007). L'anthropologie reflète la dynamique planétaire de construction de l'altérité et d'assignation de places dans l'ordre mondial identitaire ; or ce rapport d'altérité est également présent dans le champ anthropologique lui-même. Discipline fondée sur l'étude de la différence, elle a pourtant du mal à la prendre en compte en son propre sein. Car la différence n'est pas seulement un objet d'étude : elle structure le champ anthropologique dans ses orientations épistémologiques, ses modes d'institutionnalisation, dans le contenu et les supports de ses publications et autres canaux de recherche (appels d'offre, allocations de es, créations de formations universitaires et post-universitaires, etc.). Dans ce numéro du Journal des Anthropologues nous proposions de restituer cette multiplicité de points de vue telle qu'elle s'exprime dans divers contextes socio-politiques et intellectuels. En ce sens, plutôt que de reproduire une logique d'altérisation – non plus de nos objets mais de l'anthropologie –, nous tentions le pari d'une réflexion multilocalisée sur les représentations et les pratiques de l'anthropologie, en prenant comme point d'ancrage initial l'Amérique latine. Ce numéro a également été l'occasion de réaliser une série d'entretiens auprès d'anthropologues colombiens (dont l'un, avec Luís Guillermo Vasco, professeur à l'Universidad Nacional en Colombie, a été publié dans le Journal des Anthropologues), afin de matérialiser le dialogue sur les différentes façons de faire et de penser l'anthropologie. Plus récemment, les responsables de la revue Caravelle (spécialisée sur l'Amérique hispanique et lusophone et basée à l'Université de Toulouse le Mirail) m'ont proposé, à l'occasion du 50ème anniversaire de la création de la revue, de poursuivre ce questionnement en étudiant les ressorts et transformations de l'anthropologie américaniste au cours d'un demi-siècle. Plus que sur les « pères fondateurs » français de l'anthropologie américaniste, cet article porte sur les décalages et les malentendus entre anthropologie américaniste et anthropologie américaine, entre vision enchantée de la « découverte » du Nouveau Monde et mise en accusation d'une anthropologie consubstantielle d'une ambition colonialiste. La discipline anthropologique est-elle par définition porteuse d'un projet hégémonique? Renvoie-t-elle nécessairement à un rapport de domination politique? Scientifique? Plus que de comprendre l'influence de l'anthropologie française sur l'anthropologie latinoaméricaine, j'ai essayé de mener un raisonnement inverse : pourquoi certaines étapes clés de l'anthropologie latino-américaine (indigénisme, anthropologie de la modernité) se déroulent-elles sans l'anthropologie française, voire en rupture avec elle? Et, par ailleurs, 34 qu'est-ce que la référence à l'américanisme nous apprend sur l'anthropologie (institutions, orientations scientifiques) en France et en Amérique latine? Sociétés esclavagistes et post-esclavagistes (2008-2012) La phase de mise à distance de mes terrains colombiens (éloignement géographique, réflexion sur la recherche au sud) et d'orientation vers le Mexique et l'Amérique centrale correspondait aussi à un nouvel infléchissement dans la définition de mon objet de recherche. La « question noire » avait émergé en France, dans le champ politique et scientifique. En 2002, la loi Taubira reconnaissait l'esclavage comme un crime contre l'humanité, alors que de nombreuses associations antillaises se mobilisaient autour de la célébration de l'abolition de l'esclavage ; quelques années plus tard, en 2005, la « révolte des banlieues » rendait visible des phénomènes d'ethnicisation, de racialisation et de discrimination jusqu'alors peu évoqués. Le Black Atlantic de Paul Gilroy avait été traduit en français en 2003 (puis de nouveau en 2010) et de nombreux travaux s'intéressaient désormais à cette « France noire », alors que les séminaires sur la race et le racisme se multipliaient. C'est à ce moment que s'est constitué le CIRESC27, Centre International de Recherche sur les Esclavages, coordonné par Myriam Cottias (CNRS), et dont je suis membre du bureau depuis l'origine. Le CIRESC a été créé pour donner plus de visibilité à un domaine de recherche peu développé et peu valorisé par l'université française ; il souhaitait ainsi fédérer les chercheurs travaillant sur l'esclavage et ses conséquences, alors extrêmement dispersés, pour faire dialoguer les disciplines et les aires géographiques. Il s'agissait de faire dialoguer les travaux portant sur les traites africaine, méditerranéenne, atlantique, de confronter entre elles les analyses localisées et globalisées des sociétés esclavagistes, d'affirmer la complémentarité des approches historiques et contemporaines. Dans ce cadre, nous avons organisé le colloque « Recherches francophones sur les traites, les esclavages et leurs productions sociales et culturelles : bilan et perspectives » (Paris, 21 au 24 juin 2006), dont plusieurs textes ont été publiés par la suite28. Ce colloque a constitué une étape importante dans la mise en synergie de compétences et de questionnements scientifiques, contribuant ainsi à l'émergence et l'institutionnalisation d'un champ de recherche sur l'esclavage en France. Réservant un espace aux associations et aux enseignants, il visait aussi à inscrire la démarche de recherche dans un engagement citoyen. L'enjeu était aussi politique puisque l'objectif était de réintégrer l'histoire de l'esclavage dans l'histoire nationale, puis dans l'histoire européenne. Le souhait de créer des espaces de rencontre entre chercheurs s'est poursuivi avec l'organisation d'un séminaire du CIRESC à l'EHESS : « Communauté, Frontière, Identité : la traite et l'esclavage dans les sciences sociales » avec A. Mendes (Université de Nantes), D'abord sous la forme d'un Réseau Thématique Prioritaire (RTP), en 2005, puis d'un Groupe De Recherche International (GD ) et enfin d'un Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) depuis 2012. 28 Cottias Myriam, Cunin Elisabeth, Mendes Antonio (éd.), 2010. Les traites, les esclavages et leurs productions sociales et culturelles (XIVè-XXIè). Recherches francophones, Paris, éditions Karthala, collection Esclavage CIRESC. 27 35 2006-2007, puis avec Cédric Audebert (CNRS-Migrinter), 2007-2008. Cette logique a continué en Amérique latine au travers de ma participation au comité scientifique et d'organisation du congrès « Diaspora, nación y diferencia, poblaciones de origen africano en México y Centroamérica » (10 au 13 juin 2008 à Veracruz). En collaboration avec plusieurs institutions mexicaines (dont l'Instituto de Antropología e Historia, l'Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, le Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social), le congrès a rassemblé une centaine de chercheurs et visait à faire un état des lieux des recherches existantes, à confronter les travaux en cours au Mexique et en Amérique centrale et à dégager les pistes novatrices qui pouvaient guider les investigations futures. Un projet éditorial ambitieux est né de ce congrès avec la publication de quatre ouvrages en espagnol et un en anglais29. Tant le congrès que les publications voulaient rompre avec une approche en termes de « groupes ethniques » dont il fallait reconstituer l'histoire et l'identité (symbolisée par le terme de « troisième racine » au Mexique) pour privilégier des analyses plus contextuelles, s'intéressant à l'émergence – ou à la non émergence – de classifications raciales et ethniques. Ces colloques posaient à nouveau la question de l'ancrage national des recherches et de la circulation des catégories d'analyse. Dans le cadre d'un projet éditorial impulsé par Odile Hoffmann (alors directrice du Centre d'Etudes Mexicaines et Centre-Américaines), j'ai publié une anthologie de textes sur les afrodescendants dans les Amériques30, en sélectionnant quelques articles ayant marqué la recherche française sur ces questions pour les traduire à l'espagnol. Il s'agissait d'une part de rendre accessible à un public hispanophone certains écrits marquants sur les afrodescendants afin de favoriser la circulation des connaissances et la pluralité des approches. Si le savoir est un bien public mondial, la structuration même des champs scientifiques interdit trop souvent encore, dans les faits, sa diffusion et appropriation, et tend à reproduire les hégémonies politiques et économiques D'autre part, je souhaitais rappeler que la circulation de textes ne prenait son sens que par leur contextualisation, ici et là-bas. Au-delà de la question de l'imposition des références scientifiques états-uniennes, cet ouvrage souhaitait insister sur l'indispensable localisation et historicisation des catégories scientifiques, sur l'existence de « traditions nationales » qui mêlent dimensions politique et scientifique, sur la nécessité d'une analyse réflexive de ces « concepts en diaspora », attentive aux contextes scientifiques, politiques, culturels dans lesquels ils s'ancrent. Aussi bien, le succès de l'Atlantique noir en France avait amené plusieurs collègues à organiser un colloque autour de la figure de Paul Gilroy31. Ce fut pour moi l'occasion de 29 Odile Hoffmann (coord.). Politica e identidad : afrodescendientes en Mexico y America Central. México, INAH-UNAM-CEMCA-IRD, Africania, 2010 ; Elisabeth Cunin (coord.), Mestizaje, diferencia y nación. "Lo negro" en América Central y el Caribe. México, INAH-UNAM-CEMCA-IRD, colección Africanía, 2010 ; Juan Manuel de la Serna (coord.), De la libertad y la abolición: africanos y afrodescendientes en Iberoamérica, México, INAH-UNAM-CEMCA-IRD, Colección Africanía, 2010 ; María Elisa Velázquez (coord.), Debates históricos contemporáneos: africanos y afrodescendientes de México y Centroamérica. México, INAH-UNAM-CEMCA-IRD, Colección Africanía, 2011 ; Elisabeth Cunin, Odile Hoffmann, Blackness and Mestizaje. Toronto, Tubman Institute, à paraitre en 2013. 30 Textos en diáspora. Una antología de textos sobre afrodescendientes en las Américas, compilación e introducción. Coedición INAH- CECMA-IFEA-IRD, 2008. 31 Dont est issu l'ouvrage : Carlos Agudelo, Capucine Boidin, Livio Sansone (coord.), Autour de 'l'Atlantique noir'. Une polyphonie de perspectives. Paris, IHEAL, 2008. 36 revenir sur le passage des Amériques noires au Black Atlantic, de la no
tion oubliée
de
bastide au concept
à
succès
de Gilroy. Je m'
interroge
ais
notamment
sur la recontextualisation dans
le monde latino-américain des outils et concepts présentés par le Black Atlantic et s'appliquant avant tout à un univers de référence anglo-saxon, tant au niveau des pratiques des acteurs étudiés que du cadre scientifique dans lequel ces outils et concepts ont été
élaborés. Loin de prétendre valider ou mettre en cause la pertinence des analyses proposées dans « L'Atlantique noir »
l'objectif
était, dans une logique de déc lage heuristique, de les transposer à un autre contexte pour questionner la circulation des catégories d'analyse elles-mêmes et mieux saisir la multiplicité et la spécificité des situations étudiées. Les notions de « diaspora », d'« ethnicité », de « nationalité », d'« hybridité » n'avaient pas, en Amérique latine, le sens que leur donnait Gilroy dans l'univers de référence anglo-saxon. Les rapports sociaux n'avaient pas été racialisés de la même façon, les catégories ethniques avaient été produites selon des logiques sociohistoriques différentes. J'ai notamment dégagé trois points de divergence : place de l'autre occupée par les populations indiennes en Amérique latine, rôle du métissage dans la définition des identités nationales latino-américaines, pluralité et hiérarchisation de la diaspora noire. Le programme Afrodesc et le WP4 du programme Eurescl se situent au croisement de trois champs de recherche, qui correspondent aussi à trois ancrages institutionnels : les travaux 37 apparaissant en France sur l'esclavage et ses conséquences, en particulier autour du CIRESC ; la tradition d'étude des constructions sociales de l'altérité, notamment au sein de l'URMIS, Unité de Recherche Migrations et Sociétés ; les réflexions menées en Amérique latine sur les politiques de la différence, en particulier dans l'UR 107 Constructions identitaires et mondialisation. Au même moment, l'UR 107 a été amenée à se rapprocher de l'URMIS, fusion institutionnelle qui venait consolider les convergences scientifiques. La mise en place de la convention de recherche « Inclusion et exclusion à la frontière : nation et altérité au Mexique et au Belize » (2007-2011 avec renouvellement 2011-2015) entre le Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiories en Antropología Social (CIESAS), la Universidad de Quintana Roo (UQROO), le Centre d'Etudes Mexicaines et Centre-Américaines (CEMCA) et l'IRD coïncidait avec le démarrage de ces deux programmes et donnait le cadre institutionnel à mon séjour de 5 ans au Mexique, en tant que chercheure associée au CIESAS Peninsular à Mérida (2007-2009) et à l'Universidad de Quintana Roo à Chetumal (2009-2012). Le projet ANR-AIRD Afrodesc, en particulier, visait à croiser des « traditions » de recherche qui ne dialoguaient généralement pas entre elles du fait de leur ancrage disciplinaire entre sciences historique et contemporaine, mais aussi en raison de la distance entre leurs terrains d'enquête (Amérique latine, Caraïbe, France) et des frontières nationales qui marquent le champ scientifique planétaire. Une démarche complémentaire, entre approches historique et contemporaine, s'imposait afin de mieux comprendre les formes de ité et de rupture ayant marqué les sociétés esclavagistes et post-esclavagistes et les modes de resignification actuels d'un héritage douloureux. De plus, si notre objet était appréhendé dans sa dimension globale, au sein de l'espace ouvert par la traite transatlantique, le travail de recherche reposait sur la mise en commun d'études localisées mettant en lumière la diversité des dynamiques sociales, culturelles, politiques, intellectuelles liées à l'esclavage. Outre la réalisation de recherches empiriques originales, le travail conjoint depuis et sur les sociétés coloniales et colonisées devait permettre de confronter nos méthodes, nos références théoriques, nos productions (et leur diffusion) sur chacun des lieux retenus32. Pendant quatre ans (2008-2011), l'équipe de recherche s'est consolidée autour de trois perspectives de recherche, complétées par un axe transversal : - réflexion sur la race, la racialisation et leurs liens avec la mise en esclavage (axe 1 : « esclavage et racialisation, généalogie d'un stigmate ») ; - interrogation sur les politiques multiculturelles dans le cadre des rapports inégaux Nord-Sud et des constructions nationales (axe 2 : « nation, citoyenneté, identité ») ; - analyse des pratiques culturelles associées aux populations afrodescendantes, leurs significations et transformations (axe 3 : « circulation globalisée et relocalisation de signes culturels afrodescendants ») ; - l'axe transversal « Enseigner l'esclavage » a abordé les enjeux à la fois mémoriels, scientifiques et civiques liés à l'enseignement de la traite et de l'esclavage. Les lieux d'étude couvraient le Mexique et l'isthme centraméricain, jusqu'à la Colombie, une partie de la Caraïbe (Haïti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Cuba) et la France ; des terrains exploratoires ont été menés en Afrique (Sénégal, Nigeria). Lors du colloque final des programmes Afrodesc et WP4 Eurescl (Université de Nice, 8-10 novembre 2011), nous avons dégagé, avec Odile Hoffmann, trois apports essentiels de nos travaux qui sont autant de pistes pour des recherches futures. - Tout d'abord, quels sont les marqueurs de différenciation qui furent mobilisés, imposés ou appropriés au cours du temps pour produire ou reproduire des « spécificités » noires ou afrodescendantes? En début de programmes, nous avions particulièrement mis l'accent sur le rôle de l'esclavage et de son abolition dans la structuration des sociétés, et leur ation avec les mobilisations politiques et culturelles contemporaines. Puis l'accent s'est porté sur les rapports de pouvoir et les processus accélérés d'ethnicisation et de racialisation en cours dans l'ensemble des cas étudiés, sous des formes diverses. A côté de la diaspora noire originelle, issue de la traite et de l'esclavage de la modernité européenne, nous avons mis l'accent sur des diasporas, multiples, plus limitées, nées des rivalités coloniales et du capitalisme américain du 19ème siècle, pour lesquelles l'esclavage devient une référence parmi d'autres. - Dans quelle mesure, ensuite, cette distinction est-elle constitutive, ou pas, des Etats nations? Est-elle considérée comme endogène ou étrangère (au sens de « corps étranger ») aux sociétés, et par qui? Depuis deux ou trois décennies les organisations afrodescendantes se sont mobilisées contre leur invisibilisation historique dans les récits nationaux. En Amérique latine, ces revendications ont souvent abouti à la critique et au rejet de l'idéologie du métissage, qui avait été proposée comme fondement des identités nationales et qui est aujourd'hui interprétée par certains comme agent d'homogénéisation culturelle forcée aux 19 ème et 20ème siècles. En France, plus récemment, elles ont contribué aux débats sur le modèle républicain de citoyenneté indifférenciée. Dans les deux cas, le débat sur le métissage est largement idéologisé. Plus que l'objet « métissage », historiquement indéniable des deux côtés de l'Atlantique, c'est son interprétation qui devient enjeu politique. L'analyse de ces débats – ou leur relative rareté, en France par exemple – met en évidence les relations de pouvoir, de minorisation et de dépendance qui fondent l'intégration de l'autre au « nous » national. - Quelles sont, enfin, les politiques mises en place, au niveau national mais aussi, de plus en plus, inter et transnational, pour administrer cette altérité reconstruite, qu'elle soit imposée, reconnue, revendiquée ou assumée? Si, depuis les années 1980, les Amériques (Canada, Amérique latine) ont été une sorte de laboratoire globalisé du multiculturalisme, certains pays en Amérique centrale, dans la Caraïbe et en Europe n'ont pas suivi ces tendances et sont considérées parfois comme étant « en retard », selon un modèle d'évolution linéaire et généralisé vers l'émancipation multiculturelle. Nous contestons cette logique et proposons d'autres grilles de lecture, plus contextualisées et finalement plus à même de comprendre la complexité du présent et d'imaginer le futur hors des injonctions identitaires de tous bords : en réinterrogeant la relation indigénisme/ métissage/ multiculturalisme au Mexique; en valorisant les contextes locaux comme vecteurs appartenance et de mobilisation, y compris dans des espaces de migrations et circulations transnationales, dans la Caraïbe ; en mettant en avant une multiculturalité sociale sans multiculturalisme politique, au Belize ; ou encore en soulignant 39 l'instrumentalisation politique de ces enjeux et la permanence des assignations racistes, en France et en Colombie. Cette période a également constitué une nouvelle phase de mise en oeuvre de la recherche en partenariat, dans des conditions extrêmement différentes de celles que j'avais connues en Colombie et dans deux contextes (Mexique et Belize) eux-mêmes symétriquement opposés. Au Mexique, les institutions de recherche sont tout à fait performantes et largement tournées vers l'international ; en outre, les collaborations avec la France sont anciennes et multiples, notamment celles qui lient l'IRD au CIESAS. J'ai donc bénéficié d'un environnement institutionnel très favorable, d'un cadre scientifique déjà largement balisé et de mon insertion rapide dans des réseaux déjà constitués, grâce à la médiation d'Odile Hoffmann ; je réalisai aussi à quel point les programmes menés en Colombie l'avaient été de façon isolée et mesurai les bénéfices de se situer dans la continuité de programmes antérieurs, en termes scientifique et de partenariat. Avec un financement conséquent, une forte assise institutionnelle, une stabilité sur plusieurs années, les programmes Afrodesc et Eurescl ont été pour moi une formidable expérience de coordination d'activités scientifiques, d'invention de nouvelles pratiques, de questionnement de nos recherches, de rétroalimentations collectives, par la mise en place d'espaces de rencontre (réunions de travail, séminaires de recherche, symposiums dans colloques), d'outils de communication (site internet, bulletin interne), par nos publications collectives (documents de travail, numéros de revues, ouvrages) 33. Les enjeux de ces programmes se situaient également dans une logique d'élargissement du partenariat, des centres de recherche de la ville de México vers leurs antennes régionales (CIESAS Peninsular) ou vers des institutions faiblement insérées dans le champ scientifique (Universidad de Quintana Roo) mais aussi du Mexique vers l'Amérique centrale. Comme en Colombie, il me semblait que l'IRD avait un rôle à jouer pour mettre en relation le centre et la périphérie, à un niveau national (Cartagena/ Bogotá, Chetumal/México) et désormais régional (Mexique/ Amérique centrale, Mexique/ Belize). En Amérique centrale, en s'appuyant sur la présence de Carlos Agudelo, membre d'Afrodesc et Eurescl, comme responsable de l'antenne guatémaltèque du MCA, nous avons organisé plusieurs séminaires et tables rondes 34 ; nous avons également invités nos collègues centre-américains (ou travaillant sur l'Amérique centrale) aux séminaires réguliers organisés à México. Par ailleurs, nous avons souhaité, avec Odile Hoffmann, mettre en place de nouvelles collaborations avec des collègues et institutions au Belize. Dans ce pays aux infrastructures de recherche précaires voire inexistantes, nous avons multiplié les visites aux collègues, les invitations à se joindre à nos activités scientifiques 33 Le détail de ces activités est disponible sur le site http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/, dans la brochure finale du programme http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/IMG/pdf/AFRODESC_WEB_Planche.pdf et dans le rapport final remis à l'ANR http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/IMG/pdf/RapportFinalAfrodesc4.pdf. 34 Table ronde "Construcción de identidades y ciudadanía de poblaciones de origen africano en América central y México", VIII Congreso Centroamericano de antropología, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Febrero 21-25, 2011; Coloquio internacional "La inclusión de los afrodescendientes en América Central y México. Políticas públicas, factores globales y formas de acción de los movimientos negros", Ciudad Antigua, Guatemala, 23 y 24 de junio de 2011. 40 (colloques, publications), les participations à l'organisation de séminaires au Belize 35.
La coopération avec le Belize pose de nombreuses questions : comment justifier l'instauration d'un nouveau partenariat, dans un pays si éloigné des centres d'intérêt de la France (généralement absent des programmes sur l'Amérique centrale, sans représentation diplomatique française)? Quelle place pour une coopération française dans un pays tourné vers le monde universitaire anglo-saxon? Comment développer des programmes de recherche alors qu'il n'existe aucune formation de niveau master ou doctorat en sciences sociales? Pourtant, le Belize pourrait être, au contraire, considéré comme le paradigme même de la pertinence de la recherche pour le développement : coopération scientifique libérée de tout enjeu néo-colonial, politique ou économique, champ de la recherche à construire, rôle d'intermédiaire dans un partenariat inédit entre le Mexique et le Belize. A nouveau, ces ancrages multiples de la recherche en partenariat n'ont pas été sans conséquence sur la définition de mon objet de recherche : alors que mes collègues, à México, étaient des spécialistes reconnus internationalement dans l'étude des sociétés esclavagistes, mes interlocuteurs à l'Universidad de Quintana Roo ignoraient tout des travaux afroaméricains et voyaient encore moins la pertinence de mener une recherche dans ce cadre à Chetumal. Il me fallait – à nouveau! – justifier mon objet de recherche alors que je n'avais aucune légitimité scientifique au Mexique, trouver les sources et les arguments me permettant de contribuer aux débats entre spécialistes mais aussi de réinterpréter avec un angle d'analyse nouveau les travaux réalisés dans le sud-est du Mexique. De l' autre côté de la frontière, au Belize, ces questions ne se posaient pas puisque le champ de la recherche est quasi inexistant. Pouvais-je alors mener un programme de recherche sans partenaire? Ou avec des interlocuteurs nord-américains qui ont fait du pays un terrain privilégié d'enquête? Ne fallait-il pas adapter mes projets de recherche aux thématiques des quelques chercheurs identifiés (enseignant, membre d'association, responsable administratif), afin de « travailler ensemble »? Les enjeux se déplaçaient aussi à un niveau plus scientifique, notamment au Mexique. Altérité et nation au Mexique et au Belize (2008-2012)
Ce dernier moment de mon parcours de recherche poursuit la réflexion autour du binôme métissage/ multiculturalisme, avec des objets et des approches complètement différents, au Mexique et au Belize. Le Mexique est souvent considéré comme le « paradigme » du métissage ; il est aussi fortement associé au développement de politiques indigénistes puis à l'émergence de revendications indiennes autour notamment du mouvement néo-zapatiste. Le Belize, quant à lui, est marqué par une forte diversité ethnique et nationale de sa population et valorise une société définie comme pluriculturelle ; pourtant, il est difficile de parler d'une « nation multiculturelle » du fait de la priorité donnée à l'unité nationale et de l'absence même de politiques de la différence. En outre, si la « question noire » a diffusé, depuis les années 1990, sur la scène internationale et dans le champ de la recherche, le Mexique et le Belize en sont restés largement à l'écart : le Mexique en raison d'une logique dominante d'intégration des populations afrodescendantes dans le métissage, au sens culturel, mais aussi biologique, politique, idéologique du terme ; le Belize en lien avec l'ambiguïté même de la catégorie « créole » qui tend à associer les descendants d'esclaves au pouvoir et à la construction de la nation. Je retrouve ainsi une des questions centrales de ma réflexion, le rapport entre les paradigmes du métissage et du multiculturalisme, étudié dans le cadre des sociétés post-coloniales caribéennes. Cette réflexion s'enrichit avec l'introduction du contexte anglo-saxon, dont plusieurs caractéristiques sont en décalage par rapport à l'univers hispano-américain qui m'était plus familier : politiques coloniales s'adressant à des groupes ethniques spécifiques (qualifiées « divide and rule » au Belize), référence aux catégories de « créole » et « créolisation » plus que « mestizo » et « mestizaje », indépendances récentes (1981 pour le Belize). J'ai alors souhaité mener une comparaison, non pas systématique ou termes à termes, mais au niveau de certaines dynamiques sociales elles-mêmes, entre Mexique et Belize. Alors que j'avais plutôt travaillé dans un cadre urbain (Cartagena, Bogotá, Cali), à une échelle régionale (Caraïbe colombienne) ou transnationale (émergence de la catégorie afrodescendant sur la scène mondiale), je découvrais aussi le poids des ancrages nationaux, en lien avec la mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques et la construction d' « identités nationales ». Après avoir réintroduit les relations de pouvoir (politique, Etat, agences internationales) dans mon approche microsociologique initiale, il me semblait désormais nécessaire d'inscrire mon analyse dans une perspective historique, qui me permettrait de dénouer les fils de la sédimentation historique pour comprendre comment les logiques d'identification s'étaient transformées. Il me fallait adopter une perspective de sociologie historique s'intéressant à la généalogie des catégories d'altérité et à leurs usages, pour saisir leur genèse, leur transformation mais aussi leur disparition. Il s'agissait de s'intéresser aux dynamiques de construction sociale de l'altérité avant le tournant multiculturel (Mexique post- 42 révolutionnaire) ou à sa marge (Belize en quête d'union nationale) ; j'ai aussi souhaité interroger les formes d'altérisation et de ressemblance produites par le métissage et la créolité, analyser les politiques coloniales et nationales de construction des différences en dehors d'une logique multiculturelle. Je menais alors deux terrains, dans deux contextes socio-historiques et deux cadres scientifiques qu'il me fallait apprendre à connaitre ; dans le même temps, j'avais le sentiment gratifiant de percevoir, bien plus efficacement que sur mes premiers terrains colombiens, ce qu'il fallait observer, noter, chercher. Mes recherches ont alors connu une inflexion notable : prise en compte de l'immigration et du statut de l'étranger dans la construction des identités nationales, intérêt pour les administrations dans leur fonction d'application/ négociation des politiques. Nombreuses sont les publications qui décrivent, analysent, commentent la diversité ethnique et culturelle du Belize, comme le fait le plus remarquable de ce petit pays, intermédiaire entre Caraïbe et Amérique centrale. Pourtant, au-delà de ces discours séduisants, les s répétées au Belize, aujourd'hui, donnent à voir des relations sociales tendues, une ségrégation socio-spatiale effective, la persistance des clivages nés de la colonisation anglaise. Rappelons que la Grande-Bretagne, dans son empire colonial, a été guidée par un principe de gestion ethnico-raciale de la population ; dans la pratique, au Belize, cette politique de contrôle de la population s'est largement adaptée aux conditions locales et aux enjeux d'exploitation des richesses naturelles. Cette politique est néanmoins restée sous le nom de « divide and rule » dont l'objectif de division de la population en groupes ethnico-raciaux, situés territorialement, définis culturellement, est particulièrement dénoncé et amplifié – par les mouvements anti-coloniaux. L'indépendance, avec le départ de l'administration britannique, pose donc directement la question de la pérennité de cette politique. Le décalage entre le discours multiculturel harmonieux et les tensions ethniques perceptibles au quotidien interroge l'existence même du projet national. Historiquement, l'émergence d'une « société créole » et le développement d'une « dynamique de créolisation » ont contribué à identifier la nation en devenir aux « Créoles », catégorie ambiguë renvoyant à une double ascendance africaine et européenne. Dès lors, si les pays centre-américains voisins ont fait du métissage et de l'inclusion/ exclusion des populations indiennes le fondement des constructions nationales, l'articulation de la nation, la race et l'ethnicité, au Belize, a signifié, selon les contextes et les acteurs, la domination créole, la valorisation du multiculturalisme ou le dépassement des différences ethniques. Dans ce cadre, je me suis intéressée au principal récit sur l'histoire du Belize, celui de la bataille de Saint George's Caye, qui signe, en 1798, la victoire des Britanniques sur les Espagnols et leur occupation durable du territoire. J'ai étudié en particulier les commémorations de la Bataille de Saint George, principalement son centenaire (1898), qui illustrent la mise en place d'une « société créole » passant par l'invention d'un mythe (pré)national, basé sur le dépassement des antagonismes raciaux entre maîtres et esclaves et l'intégration marginale des « autres », appréhendés comme des minorités ethniques. Si la référence à la bataille de Saint George réussit le tour de passe-passe symbolique d'imposer un récit collectif à la fois pro-colonial et pro-esclavagiste, garantissant le statut dominant des « Créoles », la marche vers l'indépendance va rapidement montrer les limites d'un tel consensus, la lutte anticoloniale s'inscrivant également dans une réinterprétation de l'histoire de l'esclavage. Dans le même temps, la nouvelle nation fait face, au moment même de sa naissance (années 1970-80), à une population majoritairement mestiza, de 43 langue espagnole et religion catholique avec l'arrivée, au début des années 1980, de réfugiés centre-américains fuyant les conflits politiques et les crises économiques. Simultanément, les prétentions territoriales du Guatemala sur le Belize, s'appuyant sur les imprécisions des frontières coloniales et une interprétation différentielle des traités internationaux sur la région, ont longtemps freiné l'accession à l'indépendance du Belize. Ce contexte rend particulièrement sensible la question de la souveraineté nationale et contribue à l'ethnicisation du conflit territorial autour de l'indépendance du Belize. Afin d'analyser ces tensions entre colonialisme et nationalisme, entre société créole et société mestiza, entre appartenances caribéenne et centre-américaine, j'ai souhaité étudier la naissance et le développement de Belmopan, créée ex-nihilo pour devenir la nouvelle capitale du Belize indépendant. La ville est planifiée à partir de 1961, les travaux de construction commencent en 1965/66 ; à ce moment-là, l'indépendance apparaît comme une affaire de jours ou de semaines, au même titre que les autres territoires britanniques de la Caraïbe. Dans ce cadre, Belmopan est pensée et présentée comme la nouvelle capitale d'un nouveau pays. Pourtant, si Belmopan voit bien le jour en 1970, il faudra attendre encore plus de 10 ans pour que le Belize soit indépendant. La nouvelle capitale naît donc orpheline de sa nation. Au travers de l'étude de la fondation et du développement de Belmopan je me suis intéressée à la difficile naissance d'une société indépendante, qui s'accompagne d'une multiplication et d'une cristallisation des prises de position sur la définition même de la nation. En effet, l'abandon de l'ancienne capitale, Belize City, port de la côte Caraïbe, remplacée par Belmopan, située géographiquement au milieu du pays, constitue explicitement une rupture avec l'ordre colonial et une volonté de donner naissance à une nouvelle nation reposant sur une intégration plus équitable du territoire et de la population. Un dernier volet de ces recherches sur le Belize, en collaboration avec O. Hoffmann, porte sur les catégories ethniques dans les recensements de population depuis le 19 ème siècle. L'analyse des recensements donne à voir l'évolution de la logique de production administrative de catégories d'appartenance sur une base ethnique à trois moments distincts : époque coloniale, marche l'indépendance, naissance d'une nouvelle nation. Elle montre notamment la faiblesse de l'appareil institutionnel de l'Etat indépendant au moment où il souhaite imposer des catégories locales (créole, mestizo) au détriment des catégories coloniales (black, mixed) mais aussi la démultiplication actuelle des catégories d'appartenance, dont on peut interroger la traduction en termes de politiques multiculturelles et de revendications identitaires. Par ailleurs, côté mexicain, mes recherches en cours visent à replacer la péninsule du Yucatán dans l'histoire des migrations post-esclavagistes caribéennes et centre-américaines de la fin du 19ème et du début du 20ème siècle ; dans le même temps, il s'agit d'échapper au paradigme dominant de recherches exclusivement centrées sur la population maya de la région et de sortir du binôme indien/mestizo. A partir de l'étude spécifique de la création du Territoire de Quintana Roo (1902), à la frontière avec le Belize, je cherche à comprendre simultanément la naissance d'une nouvelle entité politico-administrative, à la marge de la nation, et ce qu'elle nous apprend sur la construction du « nous » national, l'inclusion/exclusion des « autres » (noirs et étrangers) et l'idéologie du métissage qui soustend le récit national. L'un des enjeux récurrents du Territoire de Quintana Roo est celui de 44 son absence de population et des mesures à mettre en oeuvre pour attirer de nouveaux habitants. Mais aussi pour définir ces habitants. Dans cette région frontalière, dont les limites internationales avec le Belize viennent à peine d'être établies (Traité Mariscal Spencer de 1893), le peuplement constitue un enjeu stratégique d'affirmation de la souveraineté nationale ; j'analyse alors l'affirmation d'un biopouvoir amenant à imposer les caractéristiques raciales et nationales de la population. J'étudie la transformation de la représentation de la région (d'une périphérie sauvage à une marge intégrable), de la nature (de la forêt à l'agriculture), de la tenure des terres (de la concession aux ejidos et coopératives) mais aussi de la population (intégration des indiens et exclusion des noirs). D'abord sous-peuplé, puis « mal peuplé », le Territoire s'inscrit dans une dynamique de mexicanisation, synonyme de « mestization » de sa population. Ces recherches sont présentées dans le manuscrit inédit pour la HDR « Administrer les étrangers : race, métissage, nation. Migrations afrobéliziennes dans le Territoire de Quintana Roo, 19021940 ». Elles sont complétées par une réflexion plus contemporaine sur les conséquences contemporaines de ces dynamiques d'intégration nationale. Avec la création de l Etat de Quintana Roo (1974), il fallut aussi lui « inventer », au sens d'Hobsbawm et Ranger, une histoire et une identité. Une première génération d'historiens, dans les années 1970-80, a écrit une histoire patriotique qui, sur le modèle de La Malinche et d'Hernán Cortés, permettait de réconcilier histoire coloniale et précoloniale au nom de la naissance d'une société métisse. Chetumal est ainsi présentée, dans les discours politiques, culturels, touristiques, comme le « berceau du métissage », en raison de l'histoire de Gonzalo Guerrero, marin espagnol échoué, au tout début du 16 ème siècle, sur la côte de la péninsule et ayant choisi de soutenir les Mayas plutôt que de repartir en Espagne. Je me suis intéressée à la naissance d'une histoire officielle du Quintana Roo, qui valorise certains acteurs (colons, rapatriés du Belize) et en oublie d'autres (travailleurs afrocaribéen), en l'associant à un régime d'authenticité lui-même situé dans le temps (le nationalisme de l'époque Cárdenas puis l'affirmation identitaire associée à la naissance du nouvel Etat). Le récit local inscrit le Quintana Roo dans l'histoire nationale postrévolutionnaire (quête d'autonomie, patriotisme) et mestiza (fusion des populations indiennes et espagnoles), justifiant son incorporation nationale. C'est ainsi que le discours officiel interprète la Guerre des Castes comme l'acte de naissance du Territoire du Quintana Roo, oubliant au passage qu'elle fut en grande partie dirigée contre le pouvoir mexicain ; c'est ainsi également qu'il ignore la présence de migrants afrocaribéens au début du siècle, associés à un régime politique (Porfirio Díaz) honni par l'idéologie postrévolutionnaire, à une économie dominée par les étrangers et à une forme de peuplement précaire et instable. Dans cette logique, je me suis arrêtée sur la présence d'une musique afrocaribéenne au sud de l'Etat du Quintana Roo. Il ne s'agit pas de définir la « musique noire » de façon substantielle, à partir de caractéristiques ethnico-raciales de ses auteurs ou d'une spécificité de sa composition, mais bien d'interroger les logiques d'altérisation qui permettent d'affirmer une culture majoritaire par rapport à une culture définie comme minoritaire. Dans le cas du Quintana Roo, mon hypothèse est que la « musique afrocaribéenne » est moins appréhendée en termes de différence que de ressemblance (le mestizo), que les marqueurs d'altérité exogènes (« afro », r) sont endogénéisés ou associés à l'autre national, l'indien.
Conclusion
Les aller-retour sur un même terrain (Cartagena) et l'exploration de nouveaux terrains (Bogotá, Cali puis Mexique et Belize) m'ont permis de poursuivre un même questionnement (autour du multiculturalisme et du métissage, de la race et de l'ethnicité, de la différence et de la ressemblance) alors que les acteurs, enjeux et contextes sociaux se transformaient. Dans le même temps, les cadres méthodologiques et théoriques ont euxaussi largement évolué, apportant de nouveaux outils et problématiques. J'ai ainsi tout d'abord étudié les logiques d'exclusion induites par le nouveau cadre multiculturel des années 1980-90 en m'intéressant au métissage comme une forme d'interaction sociale visant à la gestion quotidienne des apparences et des appartenances. Puis, en me situant à l'intérieur des institutions multiculturelles, j'ai essayé de comprendre comment les frontières de l'altérité étaient transformées, accentuées mais aussi figées et normalisées. Dans cette logique, le métissage changeait de nature et apparaissait comme une idéologie contradictoire du « vivre ensemble » : à la fois « mythe », illusion politique du dépassement des différences occultant un rapport de domination et idéal culturel d'une diversité harmonieuse et globalisée. Finalement, je me suis tournée vers les régimes d'altérité qui précèdent le tournant multiculturel (Mexique postrévolutionnaire) ou n'entrent pas dans ce cadre (Belize comme société pluriculturelle sans politiques multiculturelles) afin d'appréhender le métissage – mais aussi désormais la créolité – comme des politiques de construction de projets nationaux. Parallèlement, ce cheminement scientifique et géographique se traduit aussi dans les catégories utilisées pour qualifier mon objet. Au début de mes recherches, j'utilisais les termes « noirs » et « afrocolombiens » entre guillemets et généralement suivis d'une note de bas de page explicative comme s'il s'agissait toujours de se distancier de ces catégories et de justifier leur usage. Par la suite le terme « afrodescendant », popularisé notamment par la conférence de Durban en 2001, a fait l'objet d'un certain consensus, tant du côté des acteurs (militants, administrations) que des chercheurs ; mais il est resté principalement associé à l'espace géographique américain. Parallèlement, mes collègues historiens au Mexique préféraient les catégories « descendants d'africains » ou « descendants d'esclaves » alors que les travaux français, en particulier à l'URMIS, faisaient référence aux individus ou groupes « racialisés comme noirs ». Finalement, le terme « sociétés post-esclavagiste », utilisé plus récemment, vise à prendre en compte ces différences, sans trancher pour une appellation plutôt qu'une autre, tout en situant l'analyse dans des dynamiques sociales plus larges. Cette réflexion sur les catégorisations pourrait être poursuivie en précisant bien qu'il s'agit, au-delà des processus de nomination, de saisir les mécanismes de construction, transformation, institutionnalisation des frontières entre « eux » et « nous », qui passent par la mobilisation de critères de distinction liés à l'ethnicité, la race, l'esclavage, etc. Il s'agirait de combiner l'approche de sociologie historique mise en oeuvre ces dernières années avec un retour à des terrains plus ethnographiques contemporains, tout en entrant plus résolument dans une perspective comparative large (Caraïbe francophone/ anglophone/ hispanophone, Amérique/ Afrique). L'écriture de cette synthèse sur mon parcours de recherche correspond aussi à une nouvelle étape de ces allers et retours qui marquent ma pratique : insertion dans une équipe de recherche (URMIS) et une institution (Université de Nice) en France désormais, enjeux des 46 débats scientifiques, traduction en France des questionnements pertinents au Mexique et au Belize. L'entre-deux, tout en permettant d'emprunter à des courants théoriques et des espaces institutionnels multiples, donne aussi l'impression d'être toujours en décalage, jamais tout à fait à « sa place ». Les profonds bouleversements du monde universitaire et de la recherche ces dernières années ne facilitent pas la compréhension et l'adaptation aux structures existantes, ni le maintien d'une recherche qui vise à travailler « au Sud » tout en évitant l'écueil du néo-colonialisme. Depuis mon intégration à l'IRD en 2002 (et bien avant) la menace de sa disparition est récurrente ; les réformes récentes en font une coquille de plus en plus vide : déménagement qui lui a fait perdre une partie de son personnel, intégration des Unités de Recherche IRD à des UMR multi-tutelles, création de l'Agence Inter-établissements de Recherche pour le Développement à partir des ressources et compétences de l'IRD. J'espère pourtant avoir donné, dans ce mémoire, quelques éléments illustrant l'originalité d'une démarche dont la pratique et les objets sont à la fois différents et proches.
CUNIN [email protected] URMIS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis ISHSN-Campus Saint Jean d'Angely 3 Boulevard François Mitterrand, 06357 Nice CEDEX 4 Situation professionnelle actuelle - Chargée de recherche (CR1), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) depuis novembre 2002, UMR 205 Migrations et sociétés, http://www Responsabilités actuelles - Membre du bureau du Centre International de Recherche sur les Esclavages, CIRESC, coordonné par Myriam Cottias, RTP puis GDRI puis LIA du CNRS (depuis 2005). Membre du comité de rédaction de la collection Esclavages, Karthala-CIRESC - Membre du comité éditorial de la Revue Sur de México, coord. Esteban Krotz, UADY, Mérida (2010-2012) - Membre du comité d'organisation du congrès de la Association of Caribbean Historians, May 1418, 2013, Belize. Obtention d'un financement du comité des colloques de l'IRD et la Coopération régionale centre-américaine. - Membre élue du Comité Permanent de Ressources Humaines (CPRH) 19ème section, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012-13. 49 - Membre du Comité Scientifique du Pôle Amérique du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, 200132017. Responsabilités passées - Membre du bureau de l'Association Française des Anthropologues (2004-2006) - Membre du comité de rédaction du Journal des Anthropologues (2004-2006) - Membre du bureau du Centre International de Recherche sur les Esclavages, CIRESC, coordonné par Myriam Cottias, RTP puis GDRI puis LIA du CNRS (depuis 2005). - Membre du comité d'organisation et du comité scientifique du colloque « Recherches francophones sur les traites, les esclavages et leurs productions sociales et culturelles : bilan et perspectives », Paris, 21 au 24 juin 2006. - Membre du jury de la bourse Hector Rojas Herazo, Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano, juillet 2006 (28 projets de recherche, 2 bourses) - Membre du comité scientifique et du comité d'organisation du Congrès international "Diáspora, nación y diferencia. Los descendientes de africanos en México y Centro América", Veracruz, 10 au 13 juin 2008 - Membre du comité scientifique du "Primer Congreso Internacional de Raíces y Trayectorias de Afrocaribeños", UADY, Mérida, 3-7 novembre 2008. - Membre élue de la Commission des sciences sociales de l'IRD, CSS4 (2008-11) Coordination de et participation à projets de recherche anciens - Coordination du programme « Identités métisses, catégories métisses dans les sociétés postesclavagistes. La Caraïbe de la Colombie au Mexique », convention de recherche entre l'Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano, l'Universidad de Cartagena, l'ICANH et l'IRD, 2004-2006. - Participation au programme « Identités et mobilités » coordonné par Odile Hoffmann (IRD) et M. T. Rodriguez (CIESAS) entre l'IRD, l'ICANH (Colombie) et le CIESAS (Mexique), 2003-2005. - Membre du programme ECOS-Colombie « Au-delà des 'identités' : les sociétés régionales dans les nouveaux contextes politiques et migratoires » coordonné par Odile Hoffmann, 2002-2004. - Participation à l'Action Concertée Incitative Ville coordonnée par Elisabeth Dorier-April et Philippe Gervais-Lambony. Atelier de recherche exploratoire : « Comment la ville se fait : urbanité et vies citadines. Terrains, théories, méthodologies », 2003-2005. - Participation au groupe « Musiques populaires » coordonné par Sara Le Menestrel (CNRS), 20042006. 50 - Responsable du programme « Du métissage au multiculturalisme : catégorisation, identification et territorialisation. Une comparaison entre trois villes, Cartagena, Cali et Bogotá », Institut Français d'Etudes Andines (IFEA, Bogotá), 2001-2002. En collaboration avec l'Universidad de los Andes (CIDER) à Bogotá, l'Universidad del Valle (CIDSE) à Cali, l'Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano à Cartagena. - Membre du GIS (Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique) Amérique Latine « Recomposition urbaine en Amérique latine. du - Mise en place du site Internet « Recherches dans la Caraïbe » et coordination d'un réseau d'une cinquantaine de chercheurs travaillant sur la Caraïbe, 2002. - Co-organisation des séminaires mensuels de l'UR 107, IRD, 2003. - Co-organisation des Journées d'Etudes Doctorales sur la Caraïbe, avec Marie-José Jolivet (IRD) et Jean-Luc Bonniol (Université Aix-Marseille), IHEAL puis EHESS, juin 2001, 2003, 2004 et 2006. - Participation au Comité Local d'Organisation des Etats Généraux de la Recherche Nord-Sud et aux Etats généraux de la Recherche, 2004. 51 - Co-organisation, avec Jean-Luc Bonniol (Université d'Aix-Marseille) et Alfonso Múnera (Universidad de Cartagena) de la table-ronde « Genèse du préjugé racial et construction des catégories de couleur dans la Caraïbe », 37ème conférence de l'Association des Historiens de la Caraïbe, Cartagena, 9 au 12 mai 2005. - Co-organisation du panel "Turismo, cooperación o competición", Caribbean Studies Association, Santo Domingo, 30 mai – 4 juin 2005. - Co-organisation, avec Edgar Gutiérrez (Universidad de Cartagena), du colloque « Jornadas de Investigación sobre Carnavales y Fiestas », 16 et 17 août 2005, Universidad de Cartagena. - Co-organisation, avec Mauricio Pardo (ICANH), du symposium « Musique et Société », Congrès National d'Anthropologie à Medellin, du 24 au 27 août 2005. - Co-organisation, avec Federico Gallego (Universidad de Cartagena), des conférences de la división de sciences humaines de l'Universidad de Cartagena, 2006. - Co-organisation avec Virginie Laurent (IFEA) del Encuentro científico franco-colombiano, Alianza colombo-francesa, 22 septembre 2006. - Co-organisation avec O. Hoffmann (IRD) du panel « Ciudadanía étnica en el Caribe continental, as comparadas en el caso de las poblaciones afrodescendientes », Asociación Mexicana de Estudios del Caribe, Veracruz, 9-11 avril 2008. - Co-organisation avec N. Juarez (CIESAS) du séminaire "(No) balance de los estudios sobre descendientes de africanos en la península de Yucatán
.
Le
cciones de
una ausencia",
12 janvier 2009
, UADY.
-
Co-
organisation avec O. Hoffmann (IRD) du symposium "Etnicidad y nación: debate alrededor de Belice", 53ème Congrès International des Amémiranistes, México, 19 – 24 juillet 2009. - Co-organisation séminaire "Música Afrocaribeña en la Frontera: Herencia, Identidad, Mercado", Universidad de Quintana Roo, 15 octobre 2010. -
Co-
organisation avec G. Iturralde (CIESAS) du séminaire inaugural du projet "Aproximaciones metodológicas y teóricas al racismo". México,
CIESAS
, 27-29 avril 2010. -
Co-
organisation des
séminaires multi-situés (France
-
Mexique),
du programme Afrodesc, 20082011. Enseignements - TD-cours sur les méthodes d'enquête en anthropologie et en sociologie en DEUG 1, 64 heures, Université de Toulouse le Mirail, 1996-1999. - TD sur « Les grands problèmes de l'Amérique latine contemporaine », 50 heures (maîtrise), quatre groupes de TD. IHEAL, 1999-2001. - Cours « Les Théories des processus identitaires », 25 heures, maîtrise, coprésenté avec M. PépinLehalleur, IHEAL, 1999-2001. - « Cours pays Colombie – Venezuela », 25 heures (maîtrise, DEA et DESS), IHEAL, 1999-2001 - Cours de méthodologie, 50 heures (maîtrise, DEA et DESS), IHEAL, 1999-2001. - Cours « Les Amériques noires », maîtrise, 25 heures, IHEAL (avec O. Hoffmann), 2000-2001. - Cours « Las Américas Negras ». Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá), anthropologie, 2002 (étudiants de 3ème semestre d'anthropologie). - Cours « Relaciones raciales e interétnicas en Colombia. Una mirada interaccionista », Universidad del Valle (Cali), maestria de sociologie, 25 heures de séminaire intensif (24-25 mai et 31 mai-1er juin 2002). - Séminaire « Identités et villes. Méthodes d'enquête », Maestría en Estudios del Caribe, Universidad Nacional – San Andrés, 11-12-13 septembre 2003 (10 heures). - Cours « Les Amériques noires aujourd'hui », maîtrise, 25 heures, IHEAL (avec C. Agudelo), 2003-2004. - Séminaire « Anthropologie critique de l'identité culturelle : Afrique et Amériques noires » (avec M. Agier, K. Argyriadis y K. Tall), séminaire du Centre d'Etudes Africaines, EHESS, 2003-2004 (22 heures) - Atelier d'ethnographie urbaine, Universidad de Cartagena, avril – septembre 2005 (32 heures). - Atelier de recherche, Universidad de Cartagena, mars – septembre 2006 (avec différents professeurs de l'Universidad de Cartagena). - Séminaire de recherche, avec Antonio Mendes, « Communauté, Frontière, Identité : la traite et l'esclavage dans les sciences sociales », EHESS, CIRESC, 2006-2007
.
- Séminaire de recherche, avec Cédric
Audebert
, «
Commun
auté,
frontière
, identit
é : la traite et l'esclavage dans les sciences sociales »,
EHESS-CIRESC
, 2007-2008.
-
Cours de M1, «
S
ociété
s esclavagistes et
post
-esclavagistes »,
avec Christian
Ri
naudo, Master Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012-2013. 53
A
ctivités
d'évaluation
Evaluations d'articles pour les revues Historia Crítica, Boletín de Antropología, Palobra, Revista de Estudios Sociales, Desacatos, Autrepart, Ethnologies et pour différents ouvrages. Evaluation de dossiers pour l'Institut des Amériques (bourses de thèses, projets de colloques). Membre du jury de la bourse Rojas Herazo, Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano, juillet 2006 (28 projets de recherche à évaluer, 2 bourses). 54 Encadrement d'étudiants - Oscar
Quint
ero, doctorat de sociologie « Racisme et discrimination
à
l'université. Lecture croisée
des
sociétés française
et
colombienne
à partir de l'expérience vécue des é
tudiant
s noirs à Paris et Bogotá
» sous la direction de
Vincent Gouëset
, Université
de
Rennes
2. Membre
du
com
ité
de thèse
(avec Vincent Gouëset et Christian Poiret). Obtention d'une Bourse
de
Soutien de l'IRD, en mai 2006 (correspondante scientifique pour l
'
IRD
). Souten
ance
le 28 février 2013. -
Directrice
de la thèse de master de
Carlos Correa
, "Procesos de socialización familiar
y
relaciones raciales en la localidad del Ciruelo-Oaxaca: lo negro entre urdimbres y desencuentros", CIESAS Oaxaca,
2011
-2013. - Encadre
ment
de la thèse de master 2 de
Susana Lopez
, « Manifestations culturelles sur les côtes caribéennes
du
Quinta
na
Roo
(Mex
ique
). Mise(s) en scène de l'
identit
é à travers la
musique
'
noire
'
»,
IHEAL, Université Paris 3, 2012-2013. - Encadrement de la th
èse
de master 2 de Laura Fontanili, « Participation/ exclusion des populations noires dans les
projets
de rénovation urbaine, Guayaquil, Equateur », URMISUniversité de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012-2014. - Co-direction avec O. Hoffmann de la
thèse de master
2 de Karen Nuñez, « Le regard de l'autre : le discours de trois voyageurs anglais sur les
Miskitus
durant la première moitié du XIXe siècle », Master Migrations et relations interethniques, URMIS-Université Paris Diderot, 2011-2013. - Responsable du stage IRD de Marina Becerra, master 2 anthropologie, Université Paris 5, accueillie à la University of Belize, Belmopan, janvier-avril 2012. - Responsable du stage IRD de Joey Larhant, master 2 géographie, Université Rennes 2, UQROO, Chetumal, ja
-avril 2012. Membre du jury de thèse. - Responsable du stage IRD de Eva Fleur Riboli Sasco, master 2 anthropologie, Université Paris 5, accueillie au Centro de Estudios Interculturales, UQROO, Chetumal, janvier-avril 2011. - Directrice de thèse de licence de Reynaldo Chi Aguilar, « Racismo hacia los latinos en Belice », programme d'anthropologie, Universidad de Quintana Roo, 2011. - Membre du jury de thèse de master en histoire de Lilia Selene May Zalasar, "Migración de mayas y yucatecos en Honduras Británica 1848-1883", CIESAS Peninsular, 2010. - Javier Ortiz, maestria d'histoire, Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá). Encadrement, obtention d'une bourse locale de l'IFEA (Institut Français d'Etudes Andines), janvier 2006. 55 - Angelica Montes, DEA de sociologie sous la direction d'Odile Hoffmann (IRD), Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine, Université Paris 3, « L'image du noir dans l'historiographie colombienne contemporaine : le cas de Cartagena (1811-1815) ». Encadrement et participation au jury de soutenance (2004). Stage de 3 mois à l'IRD Bondy. - Jean-Pierre Sarrazin, doctorat d'anthropologie sous la direction de Marie-José Jolivet (IRD), « Représentations et valorisations de l'altérité en tant que'sources de sagesse spirituelle' en Colombie ». Boursier de l'IRD. Encadrement, accueil au sein de l'Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH). - Alda Berardinelli, étudiante en sociologie à l'Universidad Nacional (Bogotá), accueil et encadrement à l'Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano (février – juin 2006) pour la réalisation de son mémoire de fin d'études sur le thème « Mecanismos y dinámicas de exclusión espacial derivados de los servicios turísticos: una aproximación al Centro Histórico de Cartagena de Indias ». - Nathalie Lemétayer, maîtrise d'urbanisme sous la direction de Vincent Gouëset, Université de Rennes 2, « Développement touristique, revalorisation du patrimoine et planification urbaine à Carthagène des Indes, Colombie », mai-septembre 2004. Convention de stage avec l'Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano, encadrement. - Alicija Pakulska, maîtrise d'urbanisme sous la direction de Vincent Gouëset, Université de Rennes 2, portant sur le thème « habiter le patrimoine ». Séjour à Cartagena de février à juin 2006. Convention de stage avec l'Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano, encadrement. - Membre du jury de thèse de licence de José Luis Vega "Gente negra del barrio Cristo Rey: Historia, actividades económicas
y representaciones en Santa Marta", Programa de Antropología, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, septembre 2006. - Co-direction de la thèse de licence de Diana Padilla, "Tradición oral festiva en Cartagena", programa de literatura y lingüística, Universidad de Cartagena, décembre 2006. Publications Livres personnels Identidades a flor de piel. Lo 'negro' entre apariencias y pertenencias: mestizaje y categorías raciales en Cartagena (Colombia), Bogotá: IFEA-ICANH-UniandesObservatorio del Caribe Colombiano, 2003. Version française : Métissage et multiculturalisme en Colombie. Le "noir" entre apparences et appartenances, L'Harmattan, collection Connaissances des Hommes, IRD, 2004. Administrer les étrangers : race, métissage, nation. Migrations afrobéliziennes dans le Territoire de Quintana Roo, 1902-1940. Manuscrit inédit présenté pour la HDR. Coordination d'ouvrages Avec Edgar Gutiérrez, Fiestas y carnavales en Colombia. |
sn89053204_1921-05-01_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | PAGE SIX CfITION MOWERS OFFICE IS OPENED Georgia Association L ri der Sapiro Plan Be gins Business ATLANTA. April 0.-The Geo gia Cotton Grower-' Co-operative A.-'Pciution, which w. 1 have foi it purpose the ci -operative marketir. of more than ">OO,OOO bales of Geor gia cotton on the much di.-.-u.->*. ( alifr.rnia ar Sapiro plat:, a:.J wi has launched a convention of > t ton growers and agricultural Laue's •from 77 different coir tn - f fa state held in the state cap.t April 12. has <»r-elted at- ’ !.-.-y five here at • >""> Walton Btmu and is getting :eady f<— bu< res- O.| E. Tate, of Elberton. -< < t the organization committee wh t the Herculean task the organization i charge. The co-operativ< assoc will be confined s of Cotton and la’ :. ! .- cotton as 11 nt, hut April 12 cr.-ati t which patriotic Ge r to help t f'e '. may be >-f a-- ing an aux " known as " I ■ dueers' Oi g.. g As which any come a metnbt bership x* ■ . hit • ' who care to . v social ion. I't ciation r • f. w ; ’ nor less than a .. ing, flnaiK lag a iness m-t : n~m • ers thems< ive> ;>• is being formed h;. :> ' - ly binding ;i--> marketing agreement f--- r. J Victrolas and Victor Records ! KyJy< '*ug i i B' 1 KrwHHHH jIH jl » y w wHr-a ¥ 11 ® . » I i F ■’- f * * Come in and hear the May Records now on sale. $■ i ■ Howell’s Pharmacy Phone* 1 ] and 33. ♦- .--•,. —*— ■— You’re Invited I TO CALL at our showrooms, at any time that’s most convenient to you anrl take a ride in the New Oldsmobile Economy Four. ’ This invitation in no way places you under obligation to buy. We simply have a new and a very beautiful car that we are anxious for the public to - see and to drive. We want you to drive the Economy 1 our yourself, or if you prefer, we will gladly drive you. Drop in at any time, or if you prefer. , make an engagement bv phoning us at 140. REMEMBER THIS PLACES YOU UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO BUY SCHNEIDER MOTOR CO. x Phone 140 122 So. Jackson St. , WHAT’S MATTER WITH POULTRY INDUSTRY HERE BY W. F. RUE. Poultry Export. State College of Agriculture. Tht poultiy situation in the state of Georgia is much in this shape; a few | eople have grasped the idea of purebred poultry and are raising that sort of s’ >vk; t ev are receivin. iare< di:- f-. : <o*A a-; c-.s - me t hey :.< ■ . t ggs to market "Ci. ft . I >UU "’.'.’Cix .C'l It! ?. CV C■"/’’V* "V" k Fb. ■.fie cub. ’luv.crt, n wind the ’• d'. .c.d egg* ■ •> ■ * „■. ■ f ’ .»? c iiraet' . fl. ft 1 ti *. - iYY.- • ’ Z 'Y | into a great marketing unit • overing | trenundvus power in v-tab’ -hi-g • el pi icv of raw cot'on. oCtton of vari ous grades will be po-.a-d in sepa rate pools foi each grades and i, gi vv-. r putting cotton into or -f ’ est, proportionate t > the amount cotton he has pu' in, in tr.e entir pool. Membership in the association I will cost five dollars as an organiza tion fee. Thereafter, lheie are no lues, expenses for running the I- •- ne.-- being deducted proporti mate!;, from the amount returned to <a grower upon the xale of the cott -7 :l ie ..--m i; ’ secures :r. ■■ v .. : ■ The work of organizing the a-. I i. | rthi .. ha- ft ready ut»lv * » a!: 1 ':: - E.--' .- 1 T-s :7.. ■ ; ■!. .-.-de: t of the eiistit r pet I'le.. "Mr j.EZ' .. ■ funds - • 1 v ■ < f a.-., wiil be under hi* -.arc Ot:.-. ? ‘ f’:- ; s B-.-!.-•< chairman; Ben J Conver-. <T At a ’- ■ ■ ■< r.atrmai : a- I O E T: ’ . ’ E;b. rton, secretary’- The petxmnel of the rest of thv committee now includes H >’ W. >-. .1 H Milk. W. B. Hui 1 -L Y ft Ge Gam tt. J. 1. | ,'h. C. Bagley. J. T. Oiikls, T. J J Brown.'M F.’ An /rou-’. Dr.‘ O. .« Harden. W W W- M W J Wa • > ’ Harv< J'.rdai R F Wright. J H. Johnston, E, W Big-ar: Th- -t will ’.'-rv a-- ! !a'< -a ■ a ■ ■ i develop- throughout the -late. an<i I 1 subject so change by the committee I , duct bringing three and four cent per dozen more than tin- local, and the reason was very evident. Ten nessee eggs were better in quality, both on tn inside and outside of th-' shell. ‘1 he dealer speaking to m< about the two said : "Lord, at the e. you can easily see why these eggs art- worth more nie lli sent • o'oduc 1 1 b-ev <i>- larger in size. uniform with good firm shell- adn clean. Now v:th good firm shells and clean. <>w s- me locals jus’. in> small, all size-.. :i:tv well if it wasn’t ior wanting ■ do what I ■ an for my own stati; I . ' handle '(■■■ m at all." N m - the situation and here is a ■ -..cusation from one of Georgia’- •w] eitiezns. much a- he hated to . .mu it. What ate we going to do a' 'I? The writer hearing of the < putatl It of these Ten-lessee pro-' ducts and wanting “t<> bp shown . a tup to Chattanooga, Tenn. ■ d visited the wholesale house 01 ■ ■ « T-. ■ ■< ■ Egg 1 ?.nwhich ■ •arloau- of poultry product. • Lily. V.! the statements 1 bad heard were there verified by my own eyes. Hundreds of large, fat hens and roosters came in there, many of th'm v holly oi nearly purebred. The hens would average easily seven P'-u -.ds apiece, and the eggs to c0r ,1.-7- . i. Tri- gave me a clue to the ■' out pr-Idem, h the small -e. scrub’’ chickens of Georg:. :v - I had se<- eo:r:Hg into the A anta t irk>-t and vv i-.-h must be ft. . ’ --- tatfV-• of all Georgia. >uld not compare with those large, nurebred. vigorous birds from th-- i farmers in Tcnne-see. The first step then. 1 think, is the i placing -'f our mongrel stock with purebred. The day of the mongrel ; i- past, people begin to see that as -urely .•> it pays to keep purebred ’k of any kind. • does it nay to > i-vx:: purebred ehi-That plan. j nF Wk WH£ -e>; W.W > I zz'z' ■ "■-- 71 '• '4fr What Is A Chiropractic Adjustment? Q U- ' ■■ •■ .1 Jhiropractu Adjustment »< ;» *y is. :. .;• t: • Chiropractor's : ' ■ . .‘. oart of the ■’< • . ■ f >- 'V■ expert know- i ■ ■■’■ ■■ ...•<•. ■_.;. .■:. • f>> •- -v -• , and practice. ? - . - . . i :t ’ ■■ defects that • ■ . •■ t. ad it tn. .. . ..■■ ■<> t' .dr pro; er, tor- ■ . '<■ ’ n: t■■ .-. i. . (-. Wrr. ompltte nerve ■ f ••- of ' :s. :y : ..id up the weak _Tr!EBETTER WAY ro Tiealtm j 3 .: of r.r - t-.-ir.g. N'o drugs or ur- ■ ' ' KI-RO-PRIK-TK being en- • ■■■■•'. ■*-,•• the sciesCfic standpoint, t ’ ■>■•■■■: (J f ar< omplishment ie< - 1 . mark in health and es- CASSADY & RUNDLETT Primer Graduates CHIROPRACTOR Palmer Graduates MAIN OFF" C ; Beil Bid?., Americus Phone 195 B:t: >-, Rs< idand, Ga. ■—_ . _ | BUS?* ■ !' Ort ™ S t-rrw i on k Mobiles, >ri es,eic. H coni be purchased - <gj t in t r 1 3S| only in our store J gWe 4 e sole agents z ; AMERICUS DRUG CO. ‘ t 1*1! Amet'iciis, Ca. M& bM-__ .w V - •■ ■ .-' /.Z/ pcz :■ fcj &W#F3 R. r jS.'' ' j<* •*^--' > j/r~~ *■ —*' * >! THE AMERICUS TIMES-RECORDER. PLEASANT'W PROGRAMS FINE Closing Exercises At ( onsolidated School Great Success The programs for ti ■ dosing of Pleasant Grove co: -..idated rura. school iast week were largely attend ed ai.d highly enjoy<. 'I he : tage was m artistic;:lly decorated in pink and green, sout-i ern smilax and l.lm' tny Perkins’ roses being used. On Monday evening the curta'n was diawn back, she ng a stage ar ranged for the tableau. "The Aich of Success.’’ ’I hi datio: ->r tia.-c for the arch which was entitles t ha.acter was rd:u*< -1 on a stand, then the temporary support wa . placed, after which 1 icks sawed t•> term a perfect arch, ten in all, we’ , placed on at a time, each block being named a viitim, and as eac block was placed th. pupil recited :. short and Uppropriat. sentence, for on the title of the blocks, which wei Character. Cheerfulness Industry, Faith, Sincerity, hope. Courage. Charity, Perseveram . Virtue and Aim; all essential to success. The keystone was Education. The stone was placed by Col. .1. E. P. Shipp, ot Americus, who made an excellen. and highly appreciated talk on edu cation. Just before this talk the carried out. largo er.will of neces sity be produced ano the other mat ters will tni-’e care of themselves. 1 Pride in our stock when we do have purebreds will exert a powerful in fluence in causing u to care for the quality of the eggs we -ell. This will remedy our present “evu" th fact of '‘foreign’’ e;-g he.ng import ed into this state and selling for more ‘money in direct competition with ou . own. > .support for tr.e «Wt was tcmovv.i by ex-Suj>« i inte- o e- M ■ -> - >w iu . tlie woubl t of tt«< If i iigntiy bn!:’ l'h< ci'.ai.s witx .. gee. a sviTiiciit li »"■'»’ <• * ’•tftw. were t!\ pu.'iG tab • .. ’’u* t 'v tvavhc i". t .xc t: ;.>:<• v . wc p .tiv l I. : .1. V A ' College of \ t v S <’. intendent E.l M. Ma;- «-a <ol J I lf< entire pt, K w-.a 'o *.h n oullg V ( lij.vy e.: 1.. vv.. sent m to the t.s. -.cis have .. numbe: of thv' i . .. o ;., : or w hick v. v: < . S.. it ." v Militarv l»r . .. -• '’.t .•• S». Home Fame-. Pi. x.-,-;--v SO!' g. The play. .. whit h vvas ra; -t -. -tv. .. toi set o. ' pupils, vvas oc tv’ v each charav'tcr -g -,v d he- w :idt it. v vv e i ' . -X V . - - Os s ‘ not least < niov <V •, ■ vv held perfectly a: weil that shorn.- o: •:. ■ out entire nl.nv Misst - H. kn A v u. of Am«v. -. ' .•r. but;: Tm-’.-tv .. afternoon, t". Marco.-- -V weie t're<«’-; on NF • - ■ • and made <ll*nt •- . a which was great v . > >.’ Electric lights vv, •_. .* 'three nights bv F G Americus The average wealt : : -. . it. ", w rs in the I > s placed at Sl2od a : ..v r»J nr 1 1 Ihe 1 hree Tllrr iiia rni—awiT rnnin n n'i | Important 3L 3l‘ißSfci.ST *pi <F ivl are three clays in thesS life of every one —days TH that stand out as most import-9| a « M . v. anl —the day of the BIRTH :& the day of GRADUA FION from High School and College, and the day of MARRIAGE. These are days to be re membered and cherished. It is a happy eystom friends observe by giving tokens of their love and esteem- to help keep these Most Important Days green in memory's garden. And it is to the Jeweler that we most often turn for these remembrances, for it is he who can supply us with tokens that are BEAU I IFUL, PERMANENT and EXPRESSIVE, G. M. ELDRIDGE, Jeweler ' • ■‘The Public lie Pleased.” A Complete and Varied Line of Graduation Gifts. To Fit Every Pocketbook. WrT ITCKt ill 1 \ > I \ X.. > .1. hnblrmcfSatisfaaM . - vHfri \ US ior a ride in the new Buick.. Let us demonstrate its power; how 1 J simple it is to handle; how handy anti . 1 S comfortable. I ',l VT Z ; Learn how easily you can drain radiator \ and crank-case and reach the batteries. \ : - iv (ireater roominess and beautiful new lines will appeal to your comfort and pride. Buick utility is made constant by Author- / ' jm, 'iJ- J ized Buick Service. B|bi'■‘ll' 'if fl* Since January /, regular equipment /.-j'lZt V 'VSG, jvll on all models includes Cord Tires hofsksai VV j TgCi.—s I--' - ;; '"CY;.. !, , _ : WE ARE NOW DISPLAYING NEW MODELS. W. G. Turpin & Co. Phone 173 Americus, Ga. E. Lamar St.. VyHEN BETTCR ARE! BUILT, BUICK WILL BUILD THEM 1 ,n-jj^re-nT--T- - - DOOR SMASHED Bf SALE CROWD Show Case Overturned \iivi I loor Broken At Josey s ciuwdx .it .he NN J. Josey i Satu-. iiav mori'uh; mi, ce.-ded in \ .-.7 '.i- in the front door 1. CVC! .1 xhuWCSIM- Sind CllU.'illg ,'f ‘.he f'l'.'iing t<> .ig and ...V Two pence vvele slightly fill ' • -.ng gl.-i-v- .it wii> reported. \ .>• - v «tt ■ .y.:;> klv i epaireil . . e. et re>i to l-e ii.-.v a .■ . : thev lamed the S --. :\'ie the hour of .■ , ‘x -. .•ow !s hud jammed the ■ :e«.t v ■ --v' . file extra sales : .e v. (v. ■ csile for the peo M l V -, .-I' , t'. v'i-.i out of the . : . \ w , ■■ ".ee the clowd. '< 'l, \ee " 'conducting the. '■ Saturday ('•*■ o,c. e g more n c; that the sale i -e . .-■ ■ ' *‘>' thing, | .- V. . u’.i C- .- 'I.-. >. . -?! ves in lertis:.- olive ’.-ees kn >wn to . -ee • i- U>‘.»9. • xe-.x, ged to stand on ■ a-• wear vv .■ >,-en shoes. • -.- ~-e note -, S'JO print.ng .■ i City SUNDAY, MAY. 1. 1921. 1 i#■ *4 ; ’ The Library Table • rs d ■ i e t : *• « *'■ * Y 1 ■ • z BY C B. S. The periodicals cable t‘> T.ife And said: "We must convene!” Just Everybody’s doing it To discuss what they have seer, And heard and read! A (tub.- ;!:e the Vogue! We’ll meet in Vanity Fair For even the Country Gent email I Will like the Outlook there. And the Woman’s Home Companion Is Cosmopolitan too, And like every true American Enjoys ju.t what is new It’s up to Harper’s or to Scribner’s To say how oft we’ll meet, And Good Housekeeping can coe and serve Just what we want to eat! Digest we will need; f<idge will, of course, preside Aik.X the World’s Work in this Cen tury We will extol with pride. The Musical Courier will furnisi. songs And St. Nicholas so bright Will lie our Youth’ Companion To the Little Folks delight. The London News will write us up And'the Reader give a toast: 'Here s to the Review of Reviews In The Saturday Evening Post!’” A Philadelphia firm is making fuel biiquettes from sawdust. NOTICE. City books for returning 1921 tax are open from date to July 1. Clerk and Treasurer. E. J. ELDRIDGE, 12 ts. |
github_open_source_100_1_203 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace Mediconesystems\LivewireDatatables\Commands;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
class ComponentParser
{
protected $model;
protected $appPath;
protected $viewPath;
protected $component;
protected $componentClass;
protected $directories;
public function __construct($classNamespace, $rawCommand, $model = null)
{
$this->model = $model;
$this->baseClassNamespace = $classNamespace;
$classPath = static::generatePathFromNamespace($classNamespace);
$this->baseClassPath = rtrim($classPath, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . '/';
$directories = preg_split('/[.\/]+/', $rawCommand);
$camelCase = Str::camel(array_pop($directories));
$kebabCase = Str::kebab($camelCase);
$this->component = $kebabCase;
$this->componentClass = Str::studly($this->component);
$this->directories = array_map([Str::class, 'studly'], $directories);
}
public function component()
{
return $this->component;
}
public function classPath()
{
return $this->baseClassPath . collect()
->concat($this->directories)
->push($this->classFile())
->implode('/');
}
public function relativeClassPath()
{
return Str::replaceFirst(base_path() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '', $this->classPath());
}
public function classFile()
{
return $this->componentClass . '.php';
}
public function classNamespace()
{
return empty($this->directories)
? $this->baseClassNamespace
: $this->baseClassNamespace . '\\' . collect()
->concat($this->directories)
->map([Str::class, 'studly'])
->implode('\\');
}
public function className()
{
return $this->componentClass;
}
public function classContents()
{
if ($this->model) {
$template = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'datatable-model.stub');
return preg_replace_array(
['/\[namespace\]/', '/\[use\]/', '/\[class\]/', '/\[model\]/'],
[
$this->classNamespace(),
config('livewire-datatables.model_namespace', 'App') . '\\' . Str::studly($this->model),
$this->className(),
Str::studly($this->model),
],
$template
);
} else {
$template = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'datatable.stub');
return preg_replace_array(
['/\[namespace\]/', '/\[class\]/'],
[$this->classNamespace(), $this->className()],
$template
);
}
}
public static function generatePathFromNamespace($namespace)
{
$name = Str::replaceFirst(app()->getNamespace(), '', $namespace);
return app('path') . '/' . str_replace('\\', '/', $name);
}
}
|
563379_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Per Curiam.
Sometime in the year 1909, certain persons residing in Pierce county organized a cooperative company, called the "Home Grocery Company," for the purpose of conducting a grocery store for the benefit of its members, near Lakebay, in that county. The business was not successful financially, and soon became indebted in considerable sums to the wholesale dealers in groceries, and to certain of its members. On March 25, 1911, the defendant Engvall, then a member of the company, brought an action against his co-members having for its object the dissolution of the company and the subjecting of its property to the payment of its debts. To this action, all of the persons then members of the company were made parties, and all were served with summons. In due time certain of the defendants appeared and made answer to the complaint, putting in issue certain, allegations of fact therein alleged.
While the cause was pending for trial, the Tacoma Association of Credit Men filed a petition for leave to intervene in the action, claiming to be the owner and holder of sundry claims against the grocery company, assigned to it by dealers, who had sold groceries to the company on credit. Leave was granted and a complaint in intervention was filed. Later on the complaint was withdrawn, and an independent action was begun against the members of the company on the same claim, in the name of the association. This latter action was prosecuted to judgment on August 9, 1911, and later on certain property of the grocery company was purported to be sold under an execution issued on the judgment.
On October 2, 1911, the action first mentioned was brought on for trial, and at the conclusion of the same, the court appointed a receiver for the company's property, directed him to take possession thereof forthwith and report the condition of the affairs of the concern to the court. The re ceiver appointed immediately qualified, and without protest from any one, took possession of the property theretofore belonging to the company, and thereafter continuously retained the same in his possession. On January 3, 1912, the court entered a decree dissolving the grocery company, and directing that its property be sold by the receiver and the proceeds applied in payment of its debts, adjudging that there was due the plaintiff Engvall the sum of $1,050 and interest, and one Nathan Levin the sum of $700, being the sum due the dealers purported to be represented by the above mentioned association of credit men. Thereafter the receiver, pursuant to the order, proceeded to sell the property in his possession, whereupon the relator, claiming to be the owner of the property in virtue of the sale under the judgment taken in the name of the Tacoma Association of Credit Men, sought a writ of prohibition out of this court to -restrain him from so doing.
From the foregoing state of facts, it is manifest that the writ must be denied. The relator's remedy, if any he has, lies in the court of original jurisdiction. If the purported sale under which he claims title is valid, doubtless the court below will give him the desired relief; at any rate, it will be time enough to apply to this court after he has exhausted his remedies in the lower court. For us to entertain this proceeding now would be to make this court a court of original jurisdiction to determine the rights of property, instead of a court of review, as the constitution has made it in such cases. The writ applied for will be denied, and the temporary writ heretofore issued will be quashed..
|
github_open_source_100_1_204 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Balakin.VSOutputEnhancer.Parsers;
using Balakin.VSOutputEnhancer.Parsers.BuildFileRelatedMessage;
using Balakin.VSOutputEnhancer.Parsers.DebugTraceMessage;
using FluentAssertions;
using Xunit;
namespace Balakin.VSOutputEnhancer.Tests.UnitTests
{
[ExcludeFromCodeCoverage]
public class ParsedDataProcessorTests
{
[Fact]
public void EmptyEnumerableOnNullData()
{
var emptySpan = Utils.CreateSpan("");
var dataProcessorInterface = typeof(IParsedDataProcessor<>);
var assembly = typeof(ClassificationType).Assembly;
var dataProcessors = assembly.GetTypes()
.Where(t => !t.IsAbstract)
.Where(t => t.GetInterfaces().Any(i => i.IsGenericType && i.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == dataProcessorInterface))
.ToList();
foreach (var dataProcessorType in dataProcessors)
{
var dataProcessor = Activator.CreateInstance(dataProcessorType);
var processDataMethod = dataProcessorType.GetMethod("ProcessData");
var result = (IEnumerable<ProcessedParsedData>) processDataMethod.Invoke(dataProcessor, new Object[] { emptySpan, null });
result.Should().BeEmpty();
}
}
[Fact]
public void NotClassifiedTraceEventType()
{
var span = Utils.CreateSpan("-1");
var match = Regex.Match(span.GetText(), "(?<Type>.*)");
var data = ParsedData.Create<DebugTraceMessageData>(match, span.Span);
var dataProcessor = new DebugTraceMessageDataProcessor();
var result = dataProcessor.ProcessData(span, data);
result.Should().BeEmpty();
}
[Fact]
public void NotClassifiedBuildMessageType()
{
var span = Utils.CreateSpan("-1");
var match = Regex.Match(span.GetText(), "(?<Type>.*)");
var data = ParsedData.Create<BuildFileRelatedMessageData>(match, span.Span);
var dataProcessor = new BuildFileRelatedMessageDataProcessor();
var result = dataProcessor.ProcessData(span, data);
result.Should().BeEmpty();
}
}
} |
memoirsdukesain01johngoog_23 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | Jansenius, Cornelius, Bishop of Ypr^, ii 8a Joyeuse, Mar^chal de, i. 66, 67. EdNian^iABK, Count, tragical fata of, i. 61. Kourakin, Prince, foriuncs of, iii 87, 89. La Bou&lib, i 167. La Bruyere, death and character of, i87. La FeuiUade, Due de, i 87, 346, 347; disgrace of. 360. La Fontaine, death of, i. 66. \ La Grange, verses by, iii. 200, 201. Lamoiguon, death and anecdote of, i 32a Laiigl^e, i 16a ; Langres, Bishop of, death and cha i meter of, i. 82. I La Trappe, M. de, i .39, 40; portrait I of suneptitioutiiy executed, 93, 423 na>£x. 94; his opinion of Ftoelou'B Maxmes aes Saints^ 11 7, 118 ; receiv6B a black sheep into his fold, 131; death of 174,176. Laucnn, M. de i 82; married to the second dau^ter of M. de Lorges, 64, 126, 319; death and memoir of, iii. 383—410. La Yarenne, anecdote ol L 109. Lavienne, a favourite and confidant of the Kin^, i. 69. Law, John, ma arrival at Paris, iiL 62; his Bank project^ 63—67, 83; 125, 128: his Mississippi scheme, 821; collapse of his projects, 231 —239; flight of, 246, 247. Le N6tre, the Gardener, i 169; ii 84. Uonj Prince de, iL 1& Lesdigoi^ree, Dnchesse de, i. 295 — 297; death of. iiL 85. Longepierre's JSleetrOj i. 233. Lorges, M. de (brother of Madame de Saint-Simon), ii 22. Loiges, Mile, (afterwards Madame de Saint-Simon), L 62, 63. Lor^B, Mar^chal Due de, i. 2, 33; his eldest daughter married to Saint-Simon, 62, 63 ; illness of, 65; death, 251; ii. 377. Lorraine, Louis de, L 12. Lorraine, Chevalier de, i 12. Louis XIIL, King of France, anec- dotes of, i 25—27; character of, written by Saint-Simon, but not published, 240; ii. 230. Louis XIV., King of France, i. 2, 3: his natural children, 11 ; death of his brother, 213, et paluim ; his anger against Madame de Torcy, iL 3; threatened assassination of, 61, et passim ; makes his will, 307; illness and death of, 348— 356; memoir of, iL 357— iiL 31. Louis XV., birth of , iL 134, 223, note; iiL 45; visit to Czar Peter, 95, 164, 172; illness of, 277; con- valescence, 279, et passim. Louville, iii. 70, sqq. Louvois, M. de, i. 17; iL 83; iii. 5. Lude, Duchesse de, l 88, 89, 108. Luxembourg, Due de, i. 4, 6, 7, 31; his claim of precedence, 41 ; mar- riage of his dauizhter, 55; his debauchery and hmrionB cha- racter, ib. ; death, 56 ; suit for claim of precedence continued by his son, 56, 57. Mahony, an Liiah officer, braveiy of. L 197. Mailly,Comte8Be de, L 18; 379—381 Mailly, Mademoiselie de, L 166,167. Maine, M. du, marriage of, to a daughter of the Prince de Cond^^ L 20; cowardice o^ 69; loss of his children, 117; distinction be- stowed on, 145; iL 899—301; H passim^ 304, s^. iiL 144; anest of, 192. Maintenon, Madame de, L 11, 14, 15, 17, 32, 34, 74, 98, 105, 127, 145, 154, 181, 256, 257, 265; iL 35, 45, 52, 53, 75, 105, et passim, 286 ; retires to St Cyr, 356, 375; her marriage with the King, 380, 381; character and occupations of, iiL, 1 sqq, ; visited oy the Regent Orleans, 43; death o^ 204. Maisons, M. de, iL 295 ; sqq. 312; death of, 314 ; and extinction of his family, 315. Malplaque^ battle of, ii. 109 — 111. Mar^chal, the King's surgeon, iL 56, 77, 162, 302, 345. Mar^ge, story of, L 101, 102. MariUj and the sacks, i. 6. Marlaigne, Monastery of, L 5. Marlborough. Duke of, L 285-290^ 819, 382; ii. 27, 108, 109. Mary, Queen, death of, L 60. Maulevrier, L 305—311. Maupertuis, L 3. Mazarin. Cardinal, L 17; ii. 339. Meauz, M. de, i. 76^ 117, 118. M^dard, Saint, a rainy festival o^ L5. MeUleraye, Marshal de, ii. 136L Middleton,'iL 10, 11. Mignard^ the painter, death of, L 65 ; his beautiful daughter, 65, 83. Miramion, Madame de, death o^ L 85. Molina, P&re, iL 80, 257. Monaco, Prince of, L 96. Montchevreuil, M. de, i. 2a INDEX. 42S tf ontchevretdly Mme. de, L 10, 81. liontbason, MacUme de, i 119. If ontbron, awkward dancing of at two Court balls, L 10, 9a Montespan, Madame de, L 11, 99, 84, 351; death oi, 874-877; ii 873; iii. 386, 387. Montgeorges, i 151. Montpenmer, Mile, de, L 99. Nakuk, taking o£, L 7, 8; retaken, 71. Nangi8,i 304. Nantes, revocation of the edict of, iii a Navailles, Madame de, death of, L 154; ii. 375. Nemours, Duchesse de, death and character of, i 378, 379. Neuillant. Madame de, i. 154. Ninon de Vfinclos, i. 395—327. Noailles, Due de, military exploits of, in Spain, L 48, 53; stratagem of, 54, 55 : his brother made Arch- bishop 01 Paris, 81: his mft of a snuff- Doz to uie Daupnine, iL 908; Saint-Simon's quarrel with, iii 104, «Q^. Novion, Fr&ident de, L 95*. Noyon, M. de, i. 51. Olonnb, Comtesse, d', death of, ii Orange, Prince of (see William lU). Orange, Princess of (see Maiy, Queen). Orleans, Bishop of, his pious and modest character, i. 81; dispute with Rochefoucauld concermng a seat, 86, 87; death and anecdotes of, 362—364. ** Orondat," nickname of Villars^ L 116. Oijy, deception of, L 971. Oudenarde, battle of, ii 97 — ^81. PABABiRB^ Madame de, iii 966. Parma, Prmce of^ i 115. Pascal's ProvincuU Letters^ ii 80. Pelot, Madame, narrow escape of, i35. Pdre la Chaise, i 70, 81, 115, 131, 163 ; death and character o^ ii 76-78, 38a Permillao, i 137. Peter the Great, i 113 ; ii 934 ; his ▼isit to France ; iii 86, descrip- tion of, 93. Petit, the physician, death of, i. 951. Philip v., King of Spain, i 190, 964, 965 ; ii. 96, cnaracter of, iii 390— 399. Poland,iivid claimants to the throne of, i 101. Polignac, Abb6 de, i 101, 310, 811, 313. Pomponne, i 149, 144. Pontchartndn, M. de, i. 316. Pontchartiain, Madame de, i 139, 316. PortUnd, Duke of, his unsuccessful mission, i 114. Portocarrero, Cardinal, i 178, 186, 969, 266. P^raslin. i 196. Pretender, the Toung. (the " Prince of Wales,") birth 3, iii 275. Pretender, the Old (** the King of En^^d"), ii 7-9, 986 ; iii 48» 75. Pnmon, i 297. Puys^gur, i 270—271 ; ii 69. Pnysieuz, ple^isant boldness of, i 815. Rabelais, at church, ii 336. Rabutin, Bussy, his Histaire Amoureuie det Oavle$f i 85. Radne, i 44, death of, 137, 138. Rambure, ii 8. Ramillies, battle of, i 338, 389. Reineville. i 136. Retz, Cardinal, Memoirs of, iii. 195. Revel, i 196. Rheims, Archbishop of, his cham- pagne, i 167. Richelieu, (Cardinal, i 95, 96 ; ii 339. Rigault, his portrait of La Trappe, l93,94. Riglet, Pdre, iii 57. Rion, iii. 56, 212. Rochefort,Mar6chalede,i 17; con- duct of her dauditer, 89. Rochefoucauld, M. de la, his Me- moirs, i 30, 44, 57, 58. 86. 134, 138, 146 ; ii 15, 60, 61, death and character of, 959— 26L 424 INDEX. Rohan, Dnc He, iL 81. Rohan, Dacheaae de, L 133, 134 ; U.21. RoqneUnre, Mademoiselle de,ii 19. Rose, death and character ol i 801 -204. Royan, Mile, de, i. 62. Ryswick, peace of, i 100, 108 ; iL 861. Sabran, Madame de, mistress of the Regent d'Orleans, iii lia Saint Q^ran, Madame de, banish- ment of, i. 95. Saint-Herem, Madame de, eccen- tricities of, i. 229. Saint-Laurent, i. 12 ; iL 327. Saint -Simon, Claude Due de, S father of Saint - Simon) L 1 ; leath of, 24 ; account of his life, 25—30. Saint- Vallery, Madame de, L 20. Santeuil, cluuracter and unhappy death of, L 103. Saumeiy, impudence of, L 149. Savoie, M. de, L 171 : e^ mxpius. Savoy, Plnncess or (afterwards Ducheese de Bourgogne) L 91, 106, 107. Savary, assassination of, L 139. Scarron, L 105, 137, 154 ; iL 375, 376. Scarron, Madame (see Maintenon, Madame de.) S4gur and the Abbesse de la Joye, i. 228. Seraphin, Fskther, his Sermons, L 86. Servieu, Abb6, ii. 259. Ser^, Mile, de, L 209. Sevign^, Madame de, saying of, L 78 ; death and character of, 86 ; letters of, iL 379. Shrewsbury, Duke and Duchess of, ii. 242, 243. Soissons, Comtease de, L 23. Soubise, Abb^ de, L 159. Soubise, Madame de, L 17, 159 ; iL 375. Sourches, Mademoiselle de, i. 16. Spanish Succession, settlement of, L 17a Stair, Lord, English Ambassador, iiL 48. Staremberg and Stanhope, iL 151, sqq. Tkllirr, P^ ii. 78, 79, 175, 252— 858, 350; iiL 18, disgrace and death of, 208—204. Tees^, steward of Saint-Simon's father, defalcation of, L 4. Tess^ Count, marriage of his daughter, L 109 ; adventure of, 126, 385. Ticquet, attempted assassination oL L 151. Ticquet, Madame, L 151. Torcy, Madame de, the King's anger X'nst, ii. 3. ise, Comte de, L 5, 61, 316 817 J iii. 140. Tourville, Admiral L a Tr^moille, Due de la, i. 58. Tr^vouz, P^ du, L 208, 213 ; iL 126. Tnienne, M. de, i. 252, 33a Uni^enitus^ Bull, iL 252, 9qq. Ursms, Pnncesse des, l 188, 189, 261, sqq.; iL 26, 238, 264, tqq. ; disgrace of, 278, 345. Utrecht, peace of, iL 248. Valinooubt, iiL 140, 141. YalladolioL ii. 152. Valliere, Madame de la, ii. 363, 373. Vaides, M. de, L 29. Vassor, his History of Louis XUL, L 170 ; account of, 170, 171. Yatteville, Abb^ de, death and ex- traordinary career of, L 233—2? ". Vauban, L 4, 353-355; iL 161, 163 ; iiL 20. Vaudemont, Prince de, L 31, 68. Vaugayon, La, chequered caieer and suicide of, L 35—37. Venddme, M. de, replaces M. de Noailles, L 55 : debauchery of, 138 ; conduct ot, 321 ; character of, 331-334 ; ii. 27, 49, 66, fall of, 69—75. 149, 150, 286; misft- rable death of, 237. Vemeuil, M. de, L 18» Yerrue, Comteese de, L 171. Versailles, ii. 363. Vervins. i. 301. INDEX. 426 ^dftme da Chartres, L 1. 123. Yieayille, Madame de la, iL 19; death of, iii 47. Tillara^ Mai^cbal, iL IIQ, 111, 140, 141 ; iii 7& Yillan, M. de, L 16; death of, 116. Yillavidosa, battle oi^ ii 157. Villena, Marqnia de, liL 111— US. Villeri^, Mar^chal de, i 33, H 68, 69, 150, 195 : iii 987, 879, 347, iqq. ; fall ana aneat of, 857« Villeroy, Dnchesae de, i. 1. Yoltaira, exiled for a copy of aatiri- cal verseB, iii 67. Yoysin, iL 107. Ynllim, Madame de la, L 304, 305. William IIL, King of England, L 7, 31, 61, 68, 108, 114, 170, 176, 831; death OK^ 840— a4L nx KHB. Vol. m. F? DcL RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY University of California Richmond Field Station, BIdg. 400 1301 South 46th Street Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS To renew or recharge your library materials, you may contact NRLF 4 days prior to due date at (510) 642-6233 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW ipE C 12M0T DD20 12M 7-Oe. |
github_open_source_100_1_205 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.example.jetpackcompose.material
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.compose.foundation.Box
import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Column
import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxSize
import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.padding
import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateListOf
import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
import androidx.compose.ui.platform.setContent
import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
import androidx.ui.tooling.preview.Preview
import com.example.jetpackcompose.core.Amenity
import com.example.jetpackcompose.core.getAmenityList
import com.example.jetpackcompose.image.TitleComponent
class FlowRowActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
// This is an extension function of Activity that sets the @Composable function that's
// passed to it as the root view of the activity. This is meant to replace the .xml file
// that we would typically set using the setContent(R.id.xml_file) method. The setContent
// block defines the activity's layout.
setContent {
// Column is a composable that places its children in a vertical sequence. You
// can think of it similar to a LinearLayout with the vertical orientation.
Column {
TitleComponent(title = "Tap to select options")
SimpleFlowRow(getAmenityList())
}
}
}
}
// NOTE: FlowRow was labeled as an experimental API that required explicit opt-in starting
// dev14 version of compose. Commenting it out so that we can compile the repo without
// using additional compiler flags.
// We represent a Composable function by annotating it with the @Composable annotation. Composable
// functions can only be called from within the scope of other composable functions. We should
// think of composable functions to be similar to lego blocks - each composable function is in turn
// built up of smaller composable functions.
@Composable
fun SimpleFlowRow(amenityList: List<Amenity>) {
// Reacting to state changes is the core behavior of Compose. We use the state composable
// that is used for holding a state value in this composable for representing the current
// value of whether the checkbox is checked. Any composable that reads the value of "selectedIndices"
// will be recomposed any time the value changes. This ensures that only the composables that
// depend on this will be redraw while the rest remain unchanged. This ensures efficiency and
// is a performance optimization. It is inspired from existing frameworks like React.
val selectedIndices = mutableStateListOf<Int>()
// Box is a predefined convenience composable that allows you to apply common draw & layout
// logic. In addition we also pass a few modifiers to it.
// You can think of Modifiers as implementations of the decorators pattern that are used to
// modify the composable that its applied to. In the example below, we configure the
// Box to occupy the entire available width using the Modifier.fillMaxSize() modifier and
// also give it a padding of 4 dp.
Box(modifier = Modifier.padding(4.dp).fillMaxSize()) {
// FlowRow is a pre-defined composable that places its children in a horizontal flow
// similar to the Row composable. However, its different from the Row composable in that if
// the horizontal space is not sufficient for all the children in one row, it
// overflows to more rows.
// mainAxisAlignment is the alignment in the horizontal direction
// crossAxisSpacing is the spacing between rows in the vertical direction
// mainAxisSpacing is the spacing between the children in the same row
// FlowRow(
// mainAxisAlignment = MainAxisAlignment.Center,
// crossAxisSpacing = 16.dp,
// mainAxisSpacing = 16.dp,
// mainAxisSize = SizeMode.Expand
// ) {
// amenityList.forEachIndexed { index, amenity ->
// // Box with clickable modifier wraps the child composable and enables it to react to
// // a click through the onClick callback similar to the onClick listener that we are
// // accustomed to on Android.
// // Here, we just add the current index to the selectedIndices set every
// // time a user taps on it.
// Box(Modifier.clickable(onClick = { selectedIndices.add(index) }), children = {
// // Text is a predefined composable that does exactly what you'd expect it to -
// // display text on the screen. It allows you to customize its appearance using
// // style, fontWeight, fontSize, etc.
// Text(
// text = if (selectedIndices.contains(index)) "✓ ${amenity.name}" else amenity.name,
// overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis,
// modifier = Modifier.drawBackground(
// color = colors[index % colors.size], shape = RoundedCornerShape(15.dp)) +
// Modifier.padding(8.dp)
// )
// })
// }
// }
}
}
/**
* Android Studio lets you preview your composable functions within the IDE itself, instead of
* needing to download the app to an Android device or emulator. This is a fantastic feature as you
* can preview all your custom components(read composable functions) from the comforts of the IDE.
* The main restriction is, the composable function must not take any parameters. If your composable
* function requires a parameter, you can simply wrap your component inside another composable
* function that doesn't take any parameters and call your composable function with the appropriate
* params. Also, don't forget to annotate it with @Preview & @Composable annotations.
*/
@Preview
@Composable
fun SimpleFlowRowPreview() {
SimpleFlowRow(getAmenityList())
}
|