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While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he has also become known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary Michelangelo. Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works - including numerous unfinished works - he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction. Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. </Text>(...TRUNCATED)
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Renaissance <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Renaissance <s> Renaissance <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Renaissance <s> Renaissance <p> studied in <o> Renaissance studies </Graph>(...TRUNCATED)	<Text> :There are currently 6,795,130 articles on the English Wikipedia, some of which have been selected as vital articles. They are organized into five levels of vitality. Level 1 contains the ten most vital articles, and each further level expands on the selection of the previous level, as follows: The vital article lists are meant to guide the prioritization of improvements to vital articles and to monitor their quality. They are tailored to the English Wikipedia, unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have on Meta-Wiki. They are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles. For more on the history, process and purpose behind the vital article lists, please visit the FAQ page. The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum to cover all fields of knowledge. The museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation and resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, or independent spin-offs, the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881. The right to ownership of some of its most well-known acquisitions, notably the Greek Elgin Marbles and the Egyptian Rosetta Stone, is subject to long-term disputes and repatriation claims. In 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions. Although today principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". Its foundations lie in the will of the Anglo-Irish physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane , a London-based doctor and scientist from Ulster. During the course of his lifetime, and particularly after he married the widow of a wealthy Jamaican planter, Sloane gathered a large collection of curiosities, and not wishing to see his collection broken up after death, he bequeathed it to King George II, for the nation, for a sum of PS20,000. Rome is the capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, and a special comune named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 , Rome is the country's most populated comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio , along the shores of the Tiber. Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the cradle of Western civilization and Western Christian culture, and the centre of the Catholic Church. Rome's history spans 28 centuries. While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement for almost three millennia and one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe. The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans, and Sabines. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and metropolis. It was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called "Caput Mundi" . After the fall of the Empire in the west, which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy, and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the Renaissance, almost all popes since Nicholas V pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world. In this way, Rome first became one of the major centres of the Renaissance and then became the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic. In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The host city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization , the World Food Programme and the International Fund for Agricultural Development . The city also hosts the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean as well as the headquarters of many multinational companies, such as Eni, Enel, TIM, Leonardo, and banks such as BNL. Numerous companies are based within Rome's EUR business district, such as the luxury fashion house Fendi located in the Palazzo della Civilta Italiana. The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the Cinecitta Studios have been the set of many Academy Award-winning movies. Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 360,930 inhabitants in 2023, and 984,991 in its metropolitan area. Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance, becoming a major artistic, cultural, commercial, political, economic and financial center. During this time, Florence rose to a position of enormous influence in Italy, Europe, and beyond. Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The Florentine dialect forms the base of standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolo Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini. The city attracts millions of tourists each year, and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, Forbes ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world in 2010. Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion, and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor; furthermore, it is a major national economic centre, as well as a tourist and industrial hub. The Palazzo Pitti , in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the south side of the River Arno, a short distance from the Ponte Vecchio. The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a great treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry and luxurious possessions. In the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon and later served for a brief period as the principal royal palace of the newly united Italy. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919. The palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence. The principal palazzo block, often in a building of this design known as the corps de logis, is 32,000 square metres. It is divided into several principal galleries or museums detailed below. The Uffizi Gallery is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy. One of the most important Italian museums and the most visited, it is also one of the largest and best-known in the world and holds a collection of priceless works, particularly from the period of the Italian Renaissance. After the ruling House of Medici died out, their art collections were given to the city of Florence under the famous Patto di famiglia negotiated by Anna Maria Luisa, the last Medici heiress. The Uffizi is one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1769 it was officially opened to the public, formally becoming a museum in 1865. The building of the Uffizi complex was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici as a means to consolidate his administrative control of the various committees, agencies, and guilds established in Florence's Republican past so as to accommodate them all one place, hence the name uffizi, "offices". The construction was later continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti; it was completed in 1581. The top floor was made into a gallery for the family and their guests and included their collection of Roman sculptures. The cortile is so long, narrow, and open to the Arno at its far end through a Doric screen that articulates the space without blocking it, that architectural historians treat it as the first regularized streetscape of Europe. Vasari, a painter, and architect as well, emphasized its perspective length by adorning it with the matching facades' continuous roof cornices, and unbroken cornices between storeys, as well as the three continuous steps on which the museum fronts stand. The niches in the piers that alternate with columns of the Loggiato are filled with sculptures of famous artists in the 19th century. Milan is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.22 million residents. The urban area of Milan is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , is estimated between 4.9 million and 7.4 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU. Milan is the economic capital of Italy, one of the economic capitals of Europe and a global financial centre. Milan is a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art, chemicals, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media , services, research and tourism. Its business district hosts Italy's stock exchange , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies. In terms of GDP, Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy, has the third-largest economy among EU cities after Paris and Madrid, and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities. Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost part of the Blue Banana urban development corridor , and one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is one of the international tourism destinations, appearing among the most visited cities in the world, ranking second in Italy after Rome, fifth in Europe and sixteenth in the world. Milan is a major cultural centre, with museums and art galleries that include some of the most important collections in the world, such as major works by Leonardo da Vinci. It also hosts numerous educational institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total of enrolled students. Founded around 590 BC under the name Medhelanon by a Celtic tribe belonging to the Insubres group and belonging to the Golasecca culture, it was conquered by the ancient Romans in 222 BC, who latinized the name of the city into Mediolanum. The city's role as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity, when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire. From the 12th century until the 16th century, Milan was one of the largest European cities and a major trade and commercial centre; consequently, it became the capital of the Duchy of Milan, one of the greatest political, artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance. Having become one of the main centres of the Italian Enlightenment during the early modern period, the city subsequently became the industrial and financial capital of modern Italy. Capital of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, after the Restoration it was among the most active centres of the Risorgimento, until its entry into the unified Kingdom of Italy. Milan has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals. Many of the most famous luxury fashion brands in the world have their headquarters in the city, including: Armani, Prada, Versace, Moschino, Valentino and Zegna. It also hosts several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair, which are among the world's biggest in terms of revenue, visitors and growth. The city is served by many luxury hotels and is the fifth-most starred in the world by Michelin Guide. It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. In the field of sports, Milan is home to two of Europe's most successful football teams, AC Milan and Inter Milan, and one of Europe's main basketball teams, Olimpia Milano. Milan will host the Winter Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d'Ampezzo. Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 126 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are linked by 472 bridges. The islands are in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers . In 2020, around 258,685 people resided in greater Venice or the Comune di Venezia, of whom around 51,000 live in the historical island city of Venice and the rest on the mainland . Together with the cities of Padua and Treviso, Venice is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area , which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC. The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for almost a millennium, from 810 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important centre of commerce--especially silk, grain, and spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. For centuries Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian peninsula, leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today. The Venetian Arsenal is considered by several historians to be the first factory in history, and was the base of Venice's naval power. The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of Napoleon. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the Kingdom of Italy. Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the historic parts of the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, covering an area of 70,176.4 hectares . In view of the fact that Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat in terms of their ecology and the safeguarding of the cultural heritage, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination by UNESCO. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork. Venice is known for several important artistic movements - especially during the Renaissance period - and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of Baroque composers Tomaso Albinoni and Antonio Vivaldi. In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has been ranked many times the most beautiful city in the world. It has been described by The Times as one of Europe's most romantic cities and by The New York Times as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man". However, the city faces challenges including an excessive number of tourists, pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings. The Renaissance is a period in history and a cultural movement marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, covering the 15th and 16th centuries and characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of classical antiquity; it was associated with great social change in most fields and disciplines, including art, architecture, politics, literature, exploration and science. It began in the Republic of Florence. The Renaissance's intellectual basis was its version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "man is the measure of all things". Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the revived knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe: the first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of Dante and the paintings of Giotto. As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual and social scientific pursuits, as well as the introduction of modern banking and the field of accounting, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man". The term rinascita first appeared in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists , the corresponding French word, renaissance, was adopted into English as the term for this period during the 1830s. </Text>(...TRUNCATED)
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Salvator Mundi <p> owned by <o> Mohammed bin Salman <s> Salvator Mundi <p> genre <o> religious art <s> Salvator Mundi <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Salvator Mundi <p> instance of <o> painting <s> Salvator Mundi <p> significant event <o> auction <s> Salvator Mundi <p> significant event <o> conservation <s> ambassador <p> properties for this type <o> occupation <s> ambassador <p> properties for this type <o> position held <s> ambassador <p> instance of <o> diplomatic rank <s> ambassador <p> instance of <o> title of authority <s> ambassador <p> described by source <o> Ottův slovník naučný <s> ambassador <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> ambassador <p> main regulatory text <o> Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations <s> ambassador <p> instance of <o> occupation <s> ambassador <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> ambassador <p> part of <o> embassy <s> ambassador <p> subclass of <o> head of mission <s> ambassador <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> ambassador <p> part of <o> diplomatic corps <s> ambassador <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Ambassadors <s> ambassador <p> subclass of <o> plenipotentiary <s> ambassador <p> different from <o> minister plenipotentiary <s> ambassador <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> ambassador <p> honorific prefix <o> Ambassador <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Rudolf Dvořák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Otakar Hostinský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Arne Novák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Pekař <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Anton Gindely <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Miřiovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> 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contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Brábek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Chodounský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> genre <o> encyclopedia <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Hýbl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Koželuha <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Melichar <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Preissler <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Kropsbauer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Skočdopole <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Havrda <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Péro <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Hromádko <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Jaroš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 24 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 5 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 17 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 2 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 19 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 1 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 8 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 9 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 12 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 15 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 10 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaromír Jedlička <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Vaclík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaromír Hrubý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Tebich <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Vlach <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Stanislav Guth-Jarkovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Holeček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Martin Hattala <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Wojciech Gerson <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Václav Frič <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Klobouček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Boleška <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Kaván <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Hladík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jindřich Šercl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Tilšer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Kolář <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jindřich Fialka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Soukup <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Král <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Max Švagrovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Petr Kheil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Schwing <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Lukáš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Domalíp <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Ryska <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Brtnický <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Hofman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Dvořák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Hromas <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Demel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Michal Navrátil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Heller <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Chudoba <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Štěpánek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Dolanský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Bloman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Veselík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Thon <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Zdeněk Skuherský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Jireček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Vančura <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Václav Rais <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Đuro Šurmin <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eduard Fiala <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Spitzner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Rubeška <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Steffal <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Trümmel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Šimanko <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Svoboda <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Sixta <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Čeněk Klier <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Petrů <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Šediva <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Starý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Kozel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Chodounský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Cumpfe <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Klement Borový <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Šimáček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Hermann-Otavský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Kamil Henner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Jaroslav Maška <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Smolík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Tůma <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Jonáš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Svátek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Vladivoj Tomek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Bedřich Novák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Hynek Vysoký <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Hynek Kollmann <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Hynek Soldát <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Heřman Šikl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Novotný <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ignát Herrmann <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Otakar Pražák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Herain <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Heller <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Ježek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Malý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Srb <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Janošík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Hellmann <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Herzer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Ladecký <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> author <o> group of authors <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eliška Krásnohorská <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jakub Arbes <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Jirásek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Krásl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Antonín Zeman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vítězslav Janovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Švambera <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Augustin Urbánek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Alois Hora <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ferdinand Pantůček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Chalupa <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Mareš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Xaver Šalda <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Kameníček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Prušák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef V. Černý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Munzar <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Tumpach <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Reinsberg <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Vycpálek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Černý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Čermák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Pokorný <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Kummer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Miroslav Pražák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Trakal <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Čapek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Lukáš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Sládeček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Stupecký <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Gruber <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Klvaňa <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Scheiner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Lacina <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Serafínský Procházka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Novotný <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Táborský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Jandouš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Schauer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alfred Pulkrábek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ludvík Tošner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Holk <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Kramář <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Zdeněk Fibich <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Michał Hórnik <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Černý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jindřich Vodák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Lepař <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Lier <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Strakatý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Vincenc Diviš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Pražák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Ladislav Sýkora <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Václav Lego <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jindřich Matiegka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Krčmář <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Dědeček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jindřich Vančura <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Lev Winter <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Hajniš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Leander Čech <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Kristian Petrlík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Leopold Heyrovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Břetislav Šetlík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Štolc <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Havránek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Břetislav Jelínek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Pavlíček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Arnošt Winter <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Jirák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Nosek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bohumil Mareš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Merz <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Hanuš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emilie Schmutzerová <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Sládek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Červinka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Strnad <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Vlk <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Fischer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Thuma <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Heyduk <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Vrchlický <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Stjepan Radić <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav František Čelakovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Sýkora <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Vávra <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Lev Fáček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Schreyer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Červený <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Deyl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Rank <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Irenej Černý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Veverka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Mareš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Vilhelm <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Hejtman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Otto <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Johann Horbaczewski <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Konstantin Jireček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eduard Albert <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alphons Zak <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Rudolf Jedlička <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Bartoš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vilém Kurz <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vincenc Brandl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vincenc Prasek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Xaver Jiřík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Hellich <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Miloslav Kryštůfek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Plzák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Zdeněk Jahn <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Julius Philipp <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Böhm <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Petr <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vladimír Novák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Pšenička <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alexander Josef Bernard <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Zenker <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Kalousek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Tille <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Vlček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> August Sedláček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Ladislav Rieger <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Fait <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Makovička <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eugen Muška <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emil Ott <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Cyrill Purkyně <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ferdinand Polenský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Augustin Slavík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ferdinand Heller <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ferdinand Havrda <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Bayer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Bayer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eduard Šarša <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Bečka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Jaromír Hanel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Gustav Dörfl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Karel Hraše <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Gustav Friedrich <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> language of work or name <o> Czech <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Otto's encyclopedia <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Rudolf Krejčí <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Robert Novák <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Miloslav Stieber <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vilém Dokoupil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ondřej Schrutz <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Otakar Jiráni <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Rudolf Sládeček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vojtěch Jaromír Nováček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Otakar Ježek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Pavel Papáček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Otakar Šulc <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vojtěch Hanačík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vladimír Pech <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Petr Durdík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Hora <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Theodor Monin <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Thomayer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Zikmund Winter <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Rádl <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Josef Studnička <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Čuhel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Řehoř <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Jakubec <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Doubrava <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Emler <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Marie Červinková-Riegrová <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bohuslav Raýman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Ladislav Turnovský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Filip Počta <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Fiedler <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Klapálek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Drtina <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Ehrmann <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Dvorský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Müller <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Krejčí <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Ekert <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Xaver Kryštůfek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Stecker <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Zákrejs <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Zubatý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Kuchař <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Matouš Václavek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Martin Kolář <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ludvík Vaněk <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Achille Wolf <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ľudovít Vladimír Rizner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Srb <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Levý <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Fikrle <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ivan Kunšič <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Eduard Homolka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Leopold Maria Zeithammer <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Karásek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Augustin Žalud <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Augustin Pánek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Gottwald <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Arnošt Kraus <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Wenig <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Albert Vojtěch Velflík <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Truhlář <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Gabriel Pecháček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Kamper <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jiří Viktor Daneš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jaroslav Haasz <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Teige <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ladislav Burket <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Hynek Pelc <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Vrba <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> publisher <o> Publishing house Jan Otto <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Vavřinec Josef Dušek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Mikenda <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Vejdovsky <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Sitensky <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Václav Lochman <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Balcar <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Saska <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Primus Sobotka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Patrik Blažek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ottokar Feistmantel <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Rudolf Pokorný <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Chytil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Pavel Julius Vychodil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Kuffner <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bohumil Jaroslav Matějka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bohuslav Jiruš <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Palacký <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bedřich Bernau <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Jan Evangelista Chadt-Ševětínský <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Alois Strnad <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bohumil Bauše <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Bartoloměj Navrátil <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Ferdinand Pečírka <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Tilsch <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Kučera <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Antonín Randa <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Adolf Patera <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Jaroslav Rypáček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Štefan Kubín <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Julius Stoklasa <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Josef Václav Sládek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Edvard Jelínek <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Karel Kadlec <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Otakar Zich <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Soběslav Pinkas <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> Emanuel Chvála <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> contributor to the creative work or subject <o> František Koláček <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 16 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník naučný/Volume 26 <s> Ottův slovník naučný <p> has part(s) <o> Ottův slovník 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director / manager <o> Klaus Albrecht Schröder </Graph>(...TRUNCATED)	<Text> :Francesco Melzi, or Francesco de Melzi , was an Italian painter born into a family of the Milanese nobility in Lombardy. He became a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci and remained as his closest professional assistant throughout his career. After da Vinci's death he became the literary executor of all da Vinci's papers, editing them into a manuscript on painting he published as Tratatto della Pittura or a compilation entitled the Codex Urbinas. Francesco's father, Gerolamo Melzi, was an engineer for Francesco II Sforza's military, and a captain in the militia in Milan under Louis XII. Francesco lived with his family in the Villa Melzi in Vaprio d'Adda , which today is still under the ownership of the Dukes Melzi d'Eril. Francesco grew up in the Milanese court, and was raised with proper manners and was granted a good education, which included training in the arts. He was reasonably talented in the arts and worked very hard. As a member of a prominent family of the Milanese court, however, Francesco would have had political and social responsibilities as he got older that would have caused him to discontinue his studies in art had it not been for Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo returned to Milan for some time around 1505 and stayed with the Melzi family. It was there that he met Francesco for the first time, enticed by his good nature and handsomeness. In a biography of Leonardo da Vinci, it is argued that he felt compelled to stay in Milan longer than he had intended after meeting with the young Francesco. Francesco is described in literature as charming and graceful, an adolescent without the awkwardness or lack of manners typical of boys around this age. Francesco and another pupil of Leonardo's - Boltraffo - stood out from the other students as they were capable painters, very bright, and well-learned. Because of his upbringing in the high court, Francesco was gracious and dignified, and had a very good education. Shortly after they met, Francesco began studying and working at Leonardo's workshop and quickly became his master's favorite pupil, and the most devoted as well. Despite this, fairly little is written about the apprentice painter, and what is known about him is almost exclusively within the context of Leonardo. Other than Francesco, none of Leonardo's pupils went on to become respected artists. And although he is not well-known, Francesco is referred to as being the first person responsible for collecting, organizing, and preserving Leonardo da Vinci's notes on painting, and transforming it into a manuscript copy known as the Codex Urbinas. After Leonardo's death in 1519, Francesco returned to Italy and married Angiola di Landriani; with her he fathered eight children. One of his children, Orazio, inherited Leonardo's manuscripts after Francesco's death in 1569~1570. The Adoration of the Magi or Adoration of the Kings or Visitation of the Wise Men is the name traditionally given to the subject in the Nativity of Jesus in art in which the three Magi, represented as kings, especially in the West, having found Jesus by following a star, lay before him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh, and worship him. It is related in the Bible by Matthew 2:11: "On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother; and they knelt down and paid him homage. Then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they left for their own country by another path". Christian iconography considerably expanded the bare account of the Biblical Magi described in the Gospel of Matthew . By the later Middle Ages this drew from non-canonical sources like the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine. Artists used the expanded Christian iconography to reinforce the idea that Jesus was recognized, from his earliest infancy, as king of the earth. The adoration scene was often used to represent the Nativity, one of the most indispensable episodes in cycles of the Life of the Virgin as well as the Life of Christ. Stories throughout the Middle Ages started circulating, which speculated who exactly were the three kings who were famous for visiting the Christ child. Many people assumed that they came from somewhere in the east. Eventually it was decided that the three kings would represent the three main continents at the time; Europe, Asia, and Africa. The three names that prevailed over the centuries for the three kings were Gaspar , Melchior, and Balthasar. The prominence of this story, as well as the three kings or magi, is due to the great theological significance that the Biblical story holds, their exotic clothes and looks, as well as their great and expensive gifts. In the church calendar, the event is commemorated in Western Christianity as the Feast of the Epiphany . The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates the Adoration of the Magi on the Feast of the Nativity . The term is anglicized from the Vulgate Latin section title for this passage: A Magis adoratur. Salvator Mundi, Latin for Saviour of the World, is a subject in iconography depicting Christ with his right hand raised in blessing and his left hand holding an orb , known as a globus cruciger. The latter symbolizes the Earth, and the whole composition has strong eschatological undertones. The theme was made popular by Northern painters such as Jan van Eyck, Hans Memling, and Albrecht Durer. There are also several versions of the theme attributed to Titian, notably the one in the Hermitage Museum. One painting of the subject, simply titled Salvator Mundi, was attributed or reattributed to Leonardo da Vinci in 2011. This painting disappeared from 1763 until 1900 when it was acquired from Sir Charles Robinson. It was at the time thought to be a work by Leonardo's follower, Bernardino Luini, and was purchased for the Doughty House in Richmond, London by Sir Francis Cook. By this time Christ's face and hair had been extensively repainted. A photograph taken in 1912 records the work's altered appearance. In 2017, this painting sold at auction for US$450,300,000, the highest price ever paid for a painting. An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment. The word is also used informally for people who are known, without national appointment, to represent certain professions, activities, and fields of endeavor, such as sales. An ambassador is the ranking government representative stationed in a foreign capital or country. The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff, and vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity in the host country. Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, an ambassador has the highest diplomatic rank. Countries may choose to maintain diplomatic relations at a lower level by appointing a charge d'affaires in place of an ambassador. The foreign government to which an ambassador is assigned must first approve the person. In some cases, the foreign government might reverse its approval by declaring the diplomat a persona non grata, i.e. an unacceptable person. This kind of declaration usually results in recalling the ambassador to their home nation. In accordance with the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the ambassador and embassy staff are granted diplomatic immunity and personal safety while living abroad. Due to the advent of modern technologies, today's world is a much smaller place in relative terms. With this in mind, it is considered important that the nations of the world have at least a small staff living in foreign capitals in order to aid travelers and visitors from their home nation. As an officer of the foreign service, an ambassador is expected to protect the citizens of their home country in the host country. Otto's Encyclopedia , published at the turn of the 20th century, is the largest encyclopedia written in Czech. For its scope and the quality of the writing, it is comparable to the greatest world encyclopedias of its time, such as Encyclopaedia Britannica. At the beginning of the 1880s, Jan Otto, a Czech book-seller and publisher, began planning a new general Czech encyclopedia. He was inspired by the first Czech encyclopedia by F. L. Rieger, a fourteen-volume work published between 1860 and 1874, but wanted to go further. For a long time Otto could not find an eligible editor-in-chief until he began to cooperate with Jan Maly, a former co-editor of the Reiger's encyclopedia, who laid down a concept of the new work with a proposed name - Czech national encyclopedia in 1884. After Maly's death the following year, Otto found a new editor-in-chief, Tomas Masaryk later the president of Czechoslovakia, and in 1886 the actual work began . Work on encyclopedia then was slower than Masaryk promised. The next year, Masaryk got involved in a tempestuous dispute over the authenticity of the allegedly historical Zelenohorsky and Kralovedvorsky manuscripts and resigned from the editorship. Otto managed to establish a new editorial group from prominent technicians, theologians and representatives of Czech universities including figures such as Karel Boromejsky Madl. Their intensive work and the work of their collaborators lead to the publication of the first volume of the encyclopedia, under the name Ottuv slovnik naucny , in January 1888. From that point onwards, the work progressed without major problems and volumes were published regularly until the last one appeared in 1908. Otto's Encyclopedia consists of 28 volumes. It contains approximately 150,000 entries printed on 28,912 pages, using an estimated 130 million letters. There are nearly 5,000 images and illustrations and 479 pages of attachments in the encyclopedia. Around 55 main editors and 1,100 external collaborators participated in its creation. Immediately after finishing his encyclopedia, Otto began to plan a second, sixteen-volume revised edition and started to prepare its realization. The preparation was continued by others even after he died and during the World War I but it was never completed due to quickly rising expenses. The Nuttall Encyclopaedia: Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge is a late 19th-century encyclopedia, edited by Rev. James Wood, first published in London in 1900 by Frederick Warne & Co Ltd. Editions were recorded for 1920, 1930, 1938 and 1956 and was still being sold in 1966. Editors included G. Elgie Christ and A. L. Hayden for 1930, Lawrence Hawkins Dawson for 1938 and C. M. Prior for 1956. The Nuttall Encyclopaedia is named for Dr. Peter Austin Nuttall , whose works, such as Standard Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language , were eventually acquired by Frederick Warne, and would be published for decades to come. The title page proclaims this encyclopedia to be "a concise and comprehensive dictionary of general knowledge consisting of over 16,000 terse and original articles on nearly all subjects discussed in larger encyclopaedias, and specially dealing with such as come under the categories of history, biography, geography, literature, philosophy, religion, science, and art". The Republic of Florence , known officially as the Florentine Republic , was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere , who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members. During the Republic's history, Florence was an important cultural, economic, political and artistic force in Europe. Its coin, the florin, was the dominant trade coin of Western Europe for large scale transactions and became widely imitated throughout the continent. During the Republican period, Florence was also the birthplace of the Renaissance, which is considered a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic "rebirth". The republic had a checkered history of coups and countercoups against various factions. The Medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434 under Cosimo de' Medici. The Medici kept control of Florence until 1494. Giovanni de' Medici, who later became Pope Leo X, reconquered the republic in 1512. Florence repudiated Medici authority for a second time in 1527, during the War of the League of Cognac. The Medici reassumed their rule in 1531 after an 11-month siege of the city, aided by Emperor Charles V. Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as the first "Duke of the Florentine Republic", thereby transforming the Republic into a hereditary monarchy. A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. The term is descended from Latin, compono; literally "one who puts together". The earliest use of the term in a musical context given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from Thomas Morley's 1597 A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Music, where he says "Some wil be good descanters and yet wil be but bad composers". "Composer" is a loose term that generally refers to any person who writes music. More specifically, it is often used to denote people who are composers by occupation, or those who work in the tradition of Western classical music. Writers of exclusively or primarily songs may be called composers, but since the 20th century the terms 'songwriter' or 'singer-songwriter' are more often used, particularly in the tradition of popular music. In other contexts, the term 'composer' can refer to a literary writer, or more rarely and generally, someone who combines pieces into a whole. Across cultures and traditions composers may write and transmit music in a variety of ways. In much popular music, the composer writes a composition, and it is then transmitted via oral tradition. Conversely, in some Western classical traditions music may be composed aurally--i.e. "in the mind of the musician"--and subsequently written and passed through written documents. The Albertina is a museum in the Innere Stadt of Vienna, Austria. It houses one of the largest and most important print rooms in the world with approximately 65,000 drawings and approximately 1 million old master prints, as well as more modern graphic works, photographs and architectural drawings. The museum also houses temporary exhibitions. The museum had 360,073 visitors in 2020, down 64 percent from 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but still ranked 55th in the List of most-visited art museums in the world. The Albertina was erected on one of the last remaining sections of the fortifications of Vienna, the Augustinian Bastion. Originally, the Hofbauamt , which had been built in the second half of the 17th century, stood in that location. In 1744 it was refurbished by the director of the Hofbauamt, Emanuel Teles Count Silva-Tarouca, to become his palace; it was therefore also known as Palais Taroucca. The building was later taken over by Duke Albert of Saxen-Teschen who used it as his residence. Albert later brought his graphics collection there from Brussels, where he had acted as the governor of the Habsburg Netherlands. He had the building extended by Louis Montoyer. Since then, the palace has immediately bordered the Hofburg. The collection was expanded by Albert's successors. When his grandson Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen lived there until his death in 1895 it was called the Palais Erzherzog Albrecht. The collection was created by Duke Albert with the Genoese count Giacomo Durazzo, the Austrian ambassador in Venice. In 1776 the count presented nearly 1,000 pieces of art to the duke and his wife Maria Christina . Count Durazzo, who was the brother of Marcello Durazzo, the Doge of Genoa - "wanted to create a collection for posterity that served higher purposes than all others: education and the power of morality should distinguish his collection...." In the 1820s Archduke Charles, Duke Albert and Maria Christina's foster son, initiated further modifications to the building by Joseph Kornhausel, which affected mostly its interior decoration. After Archduke Charles, his son Archduke Albert then Albrecht's nephew the popular Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen lived in the building. In early 1919, the new socialist government of Austria confiscated, without compensation, both the building and the collection belonging to the Archduke Friedrich and evicted him. In 1920 the collection of prints and drawings was united with the collection of the former Imperial court library. In 1921 the building was renamed The Albertina. </Text>(...TRUNCATED)
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title of authority <s> position <p> different from <o> occupation <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> template has topic <o> scientist <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> template populates category <o> Category:Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> template populates category <o> Category:Pages using infobox scientist with conflicting parameters <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> subclass of <o> Template:Infobox person <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia infobox template <s> Template:Infobox scientist <p> template populates category <o> Category:No local image but image on Wikidata <s> academic conference <p> instance of <o> event <s> academic conference <p> subclass of <o> convention <s> academic conference <p> different from <o> proceedings <s> academic conference <p> different from <o> conference <s> academic conference <p> model item <o> Colloque Walter Lippmann <s> academic conference <p> subclass of <o> recurrent event edition <s> academic conference <p> subclass of <o> scientific event <s> academic conference <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Academic conferences <s> academic conference <p> different from <o> scientific organization <s> academic conference <p> facet of <o> scholarly communication <s> academic conference <p> part of <o> scientific conference series <s> academic conference <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Infobox academic conference <s> scholar <p> different from <o> scholar <s> scholar <p> facet of <o> knowledge <s> scholar <p> said to be the same as <o> scientist <s> scholar <p> subclass of <o> person <s> scholar <p> facet of <o> person <s> scholar <p> said to be the same as <o> expert <s> scholar <p> instance of <o> personality trait <s> scholar <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> scholar <p> described by source <o> Sachwörterbuch der Literatur (8 ed.) <s> scholar <p> has characteristic <o> erudition <s> scholar <p> instance of <o> occupation <s> scholar <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Scholars <s> Category:Scientists <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Scientists <p> category combines topics <o> person with this job, profession, occupation, or hobby <s> Category:Scientists <p> category's main topic <o> scientist <s> Category:Scientists <p> category combines topics <o> scientist <s> Category:Scientists <p> list related to category <o> lists of scientists <s> Category:Scientists <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> instance of <o> controlled vocabulary <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> instance of <o> thesaurus <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> maintained by <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> creator <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> copyright license <o> Creative Commons CC0 License <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> part of <o> Open Access at The Met <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> part of <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Initiative <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> main subject <o> depicting object <s> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <p> copyright status <o> copyrighted, dedicated to the public domain by copyright holder </Graph>(...TRUNCATED)	<Text> :Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour. Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of scientific practice, and overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, logic, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and the concept of truth. Philosophy of science is both a theoretical and empirical discipline, relying on philosophical theorising as well as meta-studies of scientific practice. Ethical issues such as bioethics and scientific misconduct are often considered ethics or science studies rather than the philosophy of science. There is little consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with the philosophy of science, including whether science can reveal the truth about unobservable things and whether scientific reasoning can be justified at all as leading to definite knowledge. In addition to these general question, philosophers of science consider problems that apply to particular sciences . Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to reach conclusions about philosophy itself. While philosophical thought pertaining to science dates back at least to the time of Aristotle, general philosophy of science emerged as a distinct discipline only in the 20th century in the wake of the logical positivist movement, which aimed to formulate criteria for ensuring all philosophical statements' meaningfulness and objectively assessing them. Karl Popper criticized logical positivism and helped establish a modern set of standards for scientific methodology. Thomas Kuhn's 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was also formative, challenging the view of scientific progress as the steady, cumulative acquisition of knowledge based on a fixed method of systematic experimentation and instead of arguing that any progress is relative to a "paradigm", the set of questions, concepts, and practices that define a scientific discipline in a particular historical period. Subsequently, the coherentist approach to science, in which a theory is validated if it makes sense of observations as part of a coherent whole, became prominent due to W. V. Quine and others. Some thinkers such as Stephen Jay Gould seek to ground science in axiomatic assumptions, such as the uniformity of nature. A vocal minority of philosophers, and Paul Feyerabend in particular, argue that there is no such thing as the "scientific method", so all approaches to science should be allowed, including explicitly supernatural ones. Another approach to thinking about science involves studying how knowledge is created from a sociological perspective, an approach represented by scholars like David Bloor and Barry Barnes. Finally, a tradition in continental philosophy approaches science from the perspective of a rigorous analysis of human experience. Scientific terminology is the part of the language that is used by scientists in the context of their professional activities. While studying nature, scientists often encounter or create new material or immaterial objects and concepts and are compelled to name them. Many of those names are known only to professionals. However, due to popularization of science, they gradually become part of common languages. Several categories of scientific terminology can be distinguished. The increasing focus of science on technological applications results in extensive search for new materials having unusual or superior properties. Their names can be categorized into new substances and registered trademarks and brand names, such as Teflon. Trademarks and brand names are vast fields on their own and are not covered in this article. Unlike laser and SQUID, many names of the new devices and techniques are commonly used in full spelling, e.g., scanning tunneling microscope, etc. Some devices like transistor, magnetron, etc., have integrated into our life so much that their names are no longer considered terminology and are rather neologisms. SIESTA, SQUID and SHRIMP are acronyms distinguished from siesta, squid and shrimp by capitalization. However, there are pairs of scientific terminology and common words, which can only be distinguished by context. Representative examples come from particle physics where certain properties of particles are called flavour, color, but have no relation to conventional flavor and color. Another famous example is frustration used to describe ground state properties in condensed matter physics, and especially in magnetic systems. The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous scepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation. Scientific inquiry includes creating a hypothesis through inductive reasoning, testing it through experiments and statistical analysis, and adjusting or discarding the hypothesis based on the results. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, the underlying process is frequently the same. The process in the scientific method involves making conjectures , deriving predictions from the hypotheses as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. A hypothesis is a conjecture based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question. The hypothesis might be very specific or it might be broad. Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies. A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis; otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be meaningfully tested. Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, it represents rather a set of general principles. Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry , and they are not always in the same order. Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research. A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an occupation by a formal job title. In order to be a social researcher or a social scientist, one should have enormous knowledge of subjects related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge of fields related to natural science . Professional associations provide one pathway to mature in the research profession. The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the Old French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577. This infobox may be added to an article by copy-pasting the code below at the start of the article, completing it and then grouping those parameters left unused together. Number of children , or list of names, in which case, separate entries using Template:Plainlist or Template:Unbulleted list. For privacy reasons, consider omitting the names of children of living persons, unless the children are independently notable. The HTML markup produced by this template includes an hCard microformat, which makes the person's details parsable by computers, either acting automatically to catalogue articles across Wikipedia or via a browser tool operated by a reader, to add the subject to an address book or database. For more information about the use of microformats on Wikipedia, please see the microformat project. Date-of-birth information will only be included in the microformat if {{birth date}}, or {{birth date and age}} are used in the infobox. . Be cautious about using these if the person is still living, per WP:DOB. An academic conference or scientific conference is an event for researchers to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines. Conferences usually encompass various presentations. They tend to be short and concise, with a time span of about 10 to 30 minutes; presentations are usually followed by a discussion. The work may be bundled in written form as academic papers and published as the conference proceedings. Usually a conference will include keynote speakers . The keynote lecture is often longer, lasting sometimes up to an hour and a half, particularly if there are several keynote speakers on a panel. In addition to presentations, conferences also feature panel discussions, round tables on various issues, poster sessions and workshops. Some conferences take more interactive formats, such as the participant driven "unconference" or various conversational formats. A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate . Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion. In contemporary English usage, the term scholar sometimes is equivalent to the term academic, and describes a university-educated individual who has achieved intellectual mastery of an academic discipline, as instructor and as researcher. Moreover, before the establishment of universities, the term scholar identified and described an intellectual person whose primary occupation was professional research. In 1847, minister Emanuel Vogel Gerhart spoke of the role of the scholar in society: scholar whose whole inward intellectual and moral being has been symmetrically unfolded, disciplined and strengthened under the influence of truth... No one faculty should be drawn out to the neglect of others. The whole inner man should be unfolded harmoniously. o be a scholar involves more than mere learning... A genuine scholar possesses something more: he penetrates and understands the principle and laws of the particular department of human knowledge with which he professes acquaintance. He imbibes the life of Science... his mind is transfused and moulded by its energy and spirit.</Text>(...TRUNCATED)
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<p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> sky <p> said to be the same as <o> celestial spheres <s> sky <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Sky <s> sky <p> different from <o> Niebo <s> Monalisa <p> different from <o> Mona Lisa <s> Monalisa <p> writing system <o> Latin script <s> Monalisa <p> instance of <o> given name <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> country <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> connects with <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> longest span <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> clearance <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> nighttime view <s> bridge <p> permanent duplicated item <o> bridge <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> image <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> owned by <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> architect <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> schematic <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> webcam page URL <s> bridge <p> properties for this 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properties for this type <o> designed by <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> World Heritage criteria <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> next crossing upstream <s> bridge <p> part of <o> street <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> next crossing downstream <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> part of <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> number of spans <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> place name sign <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> plaque image <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> Commons category <s> bridge <p> properties for this type <o> width <s> bridge <p> different from <o> causeway <s> bridge <p> subclass of <o> thoroughfare <s> bridge <p> different from <o> Bridge <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> The American Cyclopædia <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> bridge <p> different from <o> Bridges <s> bridge <p> has part(s) <o> abutment <s> bridge <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Bridges <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> bridge <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Bridge footer <s> bridge <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Bridges <s> bridge <p> has part(s) <o> deck <s> bridge <p> has part(s) <o> bridge span <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Arkeologisen kulttuuriperinnön opas <s> bridge <p> has part(s) <o> bridge pile <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> bridge <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Infobox bridge <s> bridge <p> subclass of <o> architectural structure <s> bridge <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Navigation bridges in the city Utrecht <s> bridge <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Navigation bridges of Rotterdam <s> bridge <p> instance of <o> geographical feature <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> bridge <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> instance of <o> human <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Italian <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> place of birth <o> Florence <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> place of death <o> Florence <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> country of citizenship <o> Florence <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> family <o> Gherardini <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> spouse <o> Francesco del Giocondo <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> given name <o> Lisa <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> field of work <o> Renaissance <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> sex or gender <o> female <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> said to be the same as <o> person depicted in Mona Lisa <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> place of burial <o> Monastery of Saint Ursula <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> family name <o> Gherardini <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> described by source <o> Obalky knih.cz <s> Lisa del Giocondo <p> family name <o> Del Giocondo <s> Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci <p> location <o> National Gallery of Art <s> Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci <p> instance of <o> art exhibition <s> Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci <p> main subject <o> Mona Lisa </Graph>(...TRUNCATED)	<Text> :Scientific terminology is the part of the language that is used by scientists in the context of their professional activities. While studying nature, scientists often encounter or create new material or immaterial objects and concepts and are compelled to name them. Many of those names are known only to professionals. However, due to popularization of science, they gradually become part of common languages. Several categories of scientific terminology can be distinguished. The increasing focus of science on technological applications results in extensive search for new materials having unusual or superior properties. Their names can be categorized into new substances and registered trademarks and brand names, such as Teflon. Trademarks and brand names are vast fields on their own and are not covered in this article. Unlike laser and SQUID, many names of the new devices and techniques are commonly used in full spelling, e.g., scanning tunneling microscope, etc. Some devices like transistor, magnetron, etc., have integrated into our life so much that their names are no longer considered terminology and are rather neologisms. SIESTA, SQUID and SHRIMP are acronyms distinguished from siesta, squid and shrimp by capitalization. However, there are pairs of scientific terminology and common words, which can only be distinguished by context. Representative examples come from particle physics where certain properties of particles are called flavour, color, but have no relation to conventional flavor and color. Another famous example is frustration used to describe ground state properties in condensed matter physics, and especially in magnetic systems. The public domain consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission. As examples, the works of William Shakespeare, Ludwig van Beethoven, Miguel de Cervantes, Zoroaster, Lao Zi, Confucius, Aristotle, L. Frank Baum, Leonardo da Vinci and Georges Melies are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain ; examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software ImageJ . The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission". As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons". Although the term domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient Roman law, "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term res universitatis meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of res communes, res publicae, and res universitatis in early Roman law. The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, while the Goths and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire English poet John Dryden to write, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface . However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art. The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Gregoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularizing the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Courbet's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendome column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871. "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, Raphael Lemkin envisaged the creation of two new international crimes : the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in the destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups. The proposal was not accepted. A figurative accusation of vandalism was applied towards the theology of Marcion of Sinope. The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the surface of the Earth. It includes the atmosphere and outer space. It may also be considered a place between the ground and outer space, thus distinct from outer space. In the field of astronomy, the sky is also called the celestial sphere. This is an abstract sphere, concentric to the Earth, on which the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars appear to be drifting. The celestial sphere is conventionally divided into designated areas called constellations. Usually, the term sky informally refers to a perspective from the Earth's surface; however, the meaning and usage can vary. An observer on the surface of the Earth can see a small part of the sky, which resembles a dome appearing flatter during the day than at night. In some cases, such as in discussing the weather, the sky refers to only the lower, denser layers of the atmosphere. The daytime sky appears blue because air molecules scatter shorter wavelengths of sunlight more than longer ones . The night sky appears to be a mostly dark surface or region spangled with stars. The Sun and sometimes the Moon are visible in the daytime sky unless obscured by clouds. At night, the Moon, planets, and stars are similarly visible in the sky. The Mona Lisa is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism. The painting has been traditionally considered to depict the Italian noblewoman Lisa del Giocondo. It is painted in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family. It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic. It has normally been on display at the Louvre in Paris since 1797. The painting's global fame and popularity partly stem from its 1911 theft by Vincenzo Peruggia, who attributed his actions to Italian patriotism--a belief it should belong to Italy. The theft and subsequent recovery in 1914 generated unprecedented publicity for an art theft, and led to the publication of many cultural depictions such as the 1915 opera Mona Lisa, two early 1930s films and the song "Mona Lisa" recorded by Nat King Cole--one of the most successful songs of the 1950s. The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known painting insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962, equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023. A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. The earliest bridges were likely made with fallen trees and stepping stones. The Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges across marshland. The Arkadiko Bridge, dating from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. The Oxford English Dictionary also notes that there is some suggestion that the word can be traced directly back to Proto-Indo-European *bhrew-. However, they also note that "this poses semantic problems." Neolithic people also built a form of boardwalk across marshes; examples of such bridges include the Sweet Track and the Post Track in England, approximately 6000 years old. Ancient people would also have used log bridges consisting of logs that fell naturally or were intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first human-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrucke Rapperswil-Hurden bridge that crossed upper Lake Zurich in Switzerland; prehistoric timber pilings discovered to the west of the Seedamm causeway date back to 1523 BC. The first wooden footbridge there led across Lake Zurich; it was reconstructed several times through the late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a 6-metre-wide wooden bridge to carry transport across the lake. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that was used until 1878; it was approximately 1,450 metres long and 4 metres wide. On April 6, 2001, a reconstruction of the original wooden footbridge was opened; it is also the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland. Lisa del Giocondo was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. Her name was given to the Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the Italian Renaissance. Little is known about Lisa's life. Lisa was born in Florence. She married in her teens to a cloth and silk merchant who later became a local official; she was a mother to five children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary life. Lisa outlived her husband, who was considerably her senior. In the centuries after Lisa's death, the Mona Lisa became the world's most famous painting. In 2005, Lisa was identified as a subject for a da Vinci portrait around 1503, strongly suggesting her as the model for Mona Lisa. Lisa's Florentine family was old and aristocratic but over time had lost their influence. They were well off but not wealthy, and lived on a farm income in a city where there were great disparities in wealth among its inhabitants. </Text>(...TRUNCATED)
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