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Animal testing on non-human primates As a result of the campaign, the researcher sent an email to the Primate Freedom Project stating "you win", and "please don't bother my family anymore." In another incident at UCLA in June 2007, the Animal Liberation Brigade placed a bomb under the car of a UCLA children's ophthalmologist, who performs experiments on cats and rhesus monkeys; the bomb had a faulty fuse and did not detonate. UCLA is now refusing Freedom of Information Act requests for animal medical records. The house of UCLA researcher Edythe London was intentionally flooded on October 20, 2007, in an attack claimed by the Animal Liberation Front | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8010519 | Animal testing on non-human primates |
Animal testing on non-human primates London conducts research on addiction using non-human primates, and no claims were made by the ALF of any violation of any rules or regulations regarding the use of animals in research. London responded by writing an op-ed column in the "LA Times" titled "Why I use laboratory animals." In 2009, a UCLA neurobiologist known for using animals to research drug addiction and other psychiatric disorders had his car burned for the second time. In infectious disease research, China invests more than the U.S. does in conducting research on non-human primates | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8010519 | Animal testing on non-human primates |
Animal testing on non-human primates "Select agents and toxins" refers to a list of over 60 substances that pose the greatest risk to public health, and China uses non-human primates to test treatment of these select agents and toxins more than the U.S. does. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8010519 | Animal testing on non-human primates |
Critical historiography approaches the history of art, literature or architecture from a critical theory perspective. is used by various scholars in recent decades to emphasize the ambiguous relationship between the past and the writing of history. Specifically, it is used as a method by which one understands the past and can be applied in various fields of academic work. While historiography is concerned with the theory and history of historical writing, including the study of the developmental trajectory of history as a discipline, critical historiography addresses how historians or historical authors have been influenced by their own groups and loyalties | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Critical historiography Here, there is an assumption that historical sources should not be taken at face value and has to be examined critically according to scholarly criteria. A critique of historiography warns against a tendency to focus on past greatness so that it opposes the present as demonstrated in the emphasis on dead traditions that paralyze present life. This view holds that critical historiography can also condemn the past and reveal the effects of repression and mistaken possibilities, among others. For instance, there is the case of the counter discourse to the so-called hegemonic epistemologies that previously defined and dominated the Black experience in America | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Critical historiography Some authors trace the origin of this field in nineteenth-century Germany, particularly with "Leopold von Ranke", one of the proponents of the concept of "Wissenschaft", which means "critical history" or "scientific history", which viewed historiography as a rigorous, critical inquiry. For instance, in the application of "Wissenschaft" to the study of Judaism, it is maintained that there is an implied criticism of the stand of those advocating Orthodoxy. It is said to reveal the tendency of nationalist historians to favor the pious affirmation of the orthodox in attempts to restore pride in Jewish history. A type of critical historiography can be seen in the work of Harold Bloom | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Critical historiography In "Map of Misreading", Bloom argued that poets should not be seen as autonomous agents of creativity, but rather as part of a history that transcends their own production and that to a large degree gives it shape. The historian can try to stabilize poetic production so as to better understand the work of art, but can never completely extract the historical subject from history. Also among those who argue for the primacy of historiography is the architectural historian Mark Jarzombek. The focus of this work is on disciplinary production rather than poetic production, as was the case with Bloom | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Critical historiography Since psychology – which became a more or less official science in the 1880s – is now so pervasive, Jarzombek argued, but yet so difficult to pinpoint, the traditional dualism of subjectivity and objectivity has become not only highly ambiguous, but also the site of a complex negotiation that needs to take place between the historian and the discipline. The issue, for Jarzombek, is particular poignant in the fields of art and architectural history, the principal subject of the book. Pierre Nora's notion of "ego-histories" also moves in the direction of critical historiography. The idea of these histories is to bring into focus the relationship between the personality of historians and their life choices in the process of writing of history | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Critical historiography It is also proposed that, in architecture, critical historiography involves a strategic choice to approach the position of architecture within the given Symbolic order. This is demonstrated in the way Kenneth Frampton and Manfredo Tafuri associated Marxism with the Frankfurt School's critical theory. A critique of critical historiography cites the risk of judging the realities of the past by the yardstick of what is true in the present so that it becomes illusory and can obscure identity. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8017687 | Critical historiography |
Shark tourism is a way for tourists to see sharks the ocean rather than in an aquarium. It is a form of eco-tourism intended to show in that local shark species are more valuable alive than dead. Instead of opting for a one time economic benefit of harvesting sharks for their body parts, communities are enabled to assist tourists who want to see live sharks. People can get close to the sharks by free- or scuba diving or entering the water in a protective cage. Species commonly seen in shark tourism activities include Great white shark viewing is available at the Neptune Islands in South Australia, South Africa, Isla Guadalupe in Mexico, and New Zealand. Great white sharks are usually viewed using shark cages to protect the diver | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Because of the exceptional visibility underwater in Isla Guadalupe, more outside the cage diving is done than anywhere else. The great white shark viewing industry was founded in the 1970s by pioneer Australian diver and great white attack survivor Rodney Fox in South Australia | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism He was the sole world-wide operator until the South African industry was founded in early 1989 by Pieter van der Walt who was joined shortly thereafter by pioneer diver and underwater photographer George Askew who handled promotions and put South African cage diving "on the map" with the publicity he got - until they split in Jan 1992, after they, together with famous Australian divers, Ron and Valerie Taylor, did the world's first dive amongst great white sharks without a cage and completely unprotected. This dive was directly responsible for the upsurge in shark tourism – especially free-diving (i.e. out of cage) swimming with big sharks | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism When operators around the world became aware that the great white was quite approachable and not likely to attack they considered whether the other sharks with bad reputations like Tigers, Bulls and Oceanic's might be safe enough to swim with too. This proved to be the case and shark tourism has become a multi-million-dollar a year industry. In attempts to protect the great white shark species, in some places such as South Australia, there is mandatory logbook reporting and photograph/identification required to monitor how cage-diving tourism may impact white sharks involved in these tourism interactions. The Bahamas is a favorite region for pelagic sharks. Divers in the Bahamas experience reef sharks and tiger sharks while they are hand-fed | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Isla Guadalupe, Mexico has been named a Biosphere Reserve in an effort to control the shark diving activities there. Although the practice of shark diving proves to be controversial, it has been proven very effective in attracting tourists. Whale sharks, while not traditionally harvested for their fins but are sometimes harvested for their meat, have also benefited from shark tourism because of snorkelers getting into the water with the gentle giants. In the Philippines snorkelers must maintain a distance of four feet from the sharks and there is a fine and possible jail time for anyone who touches the animals. Several shark species are known from shark feeding dive sites within the Pacific Region | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Grey reef sharks are the main feeders in places such as the Great Barrier Reef, Micronesia and Tahiti. Silvertips and Black Tips Reef Sharks tend to be more seen around the Papua New Guinea coastlines. Bull sharks are found around Mexico, Playa del Carmen in particular. Whale sharks attract a large amount of tourists each year to South Ari Atoll in the Republic of Maldives, yet, there is still some ambiguity regarding the economic extent of the attraction of these animals. Thus, making conservation/ implementation of management methods difficult to conduct | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Additionally, whale sharks in the waters of the small town of Oslob, on Cebu islands in the Philippines, The sharks have become a top tourist attraction, local governments in the Philippines have followed along in the legalization of feeding these animals in attempt to attract more tourists. Although a huge commercial success, there is growing concern for the implementation of regulation and protection for the whale sharks and its marine environment. The coral reefs in the Philippines are being harmed greatly by the overpopulation of sharks and people in the area. As the population increases immensely so does the opportunity for the coral reefs to diminish | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Sharks are overpopulating because they are being fed by tour operators and it is attracting many more sharks to the area than there naturally would be. This is causing the sharks to be more aggressive with people because they are getting too comfortable with people because they are associating feeding time with the people that are tossing the food to them. Free Diving This type of shark tourism is done by professionals that dive down with the individuals that are partaking in the tourism event. A diver takes a small group of people down approximately 40 meters deep where the shark actions takes place | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Often times sharks do not pay much attention to the divers, but in rare cases when there are threatening times the operator uses his/her training skills to prevent an attack from occurring. Ningaloo Marine Park in Western Australia is the site of an annual whale shark aggregation. This site is a very popular tourist site, as whale sharks are incredibly gentle creatures that pose very little threat to humans. Introduced in 1997 and revised to its current version in 2013, the Department of Parks and Wildlife is responsible for a whale shark management program designed to protect the whale shark species and regulate human interaction with them | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism The shark tourism industry is meant to educate and increase awareness of the natural environment as well as generate profits for the local people. Data from the years 2006 to 2010 on whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, has been evaluated to determine the scale of the tourism operations and the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions between whale sharks and humans; for example: whale shark tours at Ningaloo increased by about 70%. The whale shark management program of Ningaloo Marine Park relies on the "Conservation and Land Management Act of 1984" (CALM Act) and the "Wildlife Conservation Act of 1950" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism The CALM Act requires tour operators to obtain a commercial tourist activity licence, and the Wildlife Conservation Act requires a wildlife interaction licence for each protected species a tour may come in contact with. This includes the whale sharks but is not limited to whales, other shark species, and dugongs. Under these laws, the Western Australian government is able to regulate how tourists interact with whale sharks and to what extent. A maximum of 15 operators are allowed to obtain licences at a given time. In addition, only one tour vessel is allowed to travel to the whale sharks while the rest must stay 250 metres away | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Only ten swimmers are allowed in the water at a time, which controls the crowding of the area, and tourists are prohibited from feeding or touching the whale sharks. Whale sharks are considered a vulnerable species and have been targeted by fishermen for many years. In Ningaloo Marine Park, they are entirely protected. The whale sharks in the area are considered highly valuable in the ecotourism industry, as the industry provides numerous jobs to local people and brings in $12 million USD annually. Tourist interest in wildlife tourism continues to grow, and the whale shark tourism industry is expected to increase through the year 2020. Previous economic valuation of whale shark tourism (in US million dollars) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Valuations reported in other currencies were converted to US$ using the average official rate for the year of 2007. Passive and active forms of shark tourism are believed to conserve the species by generating commercial value to their lives in the natural world. In North Carolina wreck divers regularly visit the World War II shipwrecks to dive with the Sand Tiger sharks that make the wrecks their home. The shark tourism industry conducted a search, using a global questionnaire; detecting that 42% of operators conducting shark tourism used an attractant to lure sharks, and that 93% of operators surveyed regulated their practices using codes of conduct. Business Related to Shark Tourism opened up a beneficial economic opportunity all over the globe | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism This helps the poverty stricken areas of the Bahamas, Moorea, Maldives, Australia and many more places around the globe. The only things needed for shark tourism to take place is sharks, which are found almost everywhere in the oceans encompassing the world. is positively impacting the lives of many, as conductors are making good money to take the people down into the water to view the sharks and the people are paying big money to do just this.Tourism providers often provide food to attract sharks to areas where they can be more easily viewed, although this is controversial. In Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the states of Hawaii and Florida shark feeding is prohibited. Hawaii had several issues with the banning of shark feeding | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism The initial law that prohibited it was passed in 2002, but many locals realized the tour companies were not following this law and pushed for stricter enforcement. Sharks, or "mano" as they are called by the local Hawaiians, are viewed as sacred. Early Hawaiians worshiped and protected the sharks which they saw as family gods or "aumaka". In recent years, shark cage diving has become a very profitable tourist attraction in the state. Native Hawaiians were not pleased with this at first due to the fact that the companies were luring in the sharks using bait; they viewed these animals as sacred and feeding them for entertainment was said to be unjust | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism There was also speculations that by feeding them, the sharks would begin to associate the boats and humans with food. For this reason, a bill was passed in Hawaii in 2002 that banned the feeding of sharks in state waters, which is about 3 miles off shore. Beqa Lagoon is home to eight species of sharks, each of which are very prominent around feeding sites. Shark diving and shark feeding is very popular in the area, locals have been swimming with the sharks for close to three thousand years. The local people have many myths about these creatures passed down from antiquity. They are easily spotted in the waters of Beqa Lagoon Resort, which is their primary feeding ground. in places such as this is very profitable in Fiji, generating around 42 million USD | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism Palau is home to three species of sharks; the grey reef shark, the leopard shark, and the whitetip reef sharks. Palau's waters have many coral reefs, which are home to grey reef sharks, the most commonly seen of the three. Whitetip reef sharks are also seen around coral reefs, and are much more curious than the other sharks. Many tourists and locals are fascinated by these creatures, so that shark diving has become a big part of many tourists incentive to go to Palau. Studies have shown that shark diving and shark tourism in general is a major contributor to the economy of Palau. Over $18 million USD is generated every year, which accounts for close to 10% of all domestic product in the country | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Shark tourism The local communities and government benefit, receiving over $1 million and $1.5 million USD respectively. Many people are involved in interest groups such as the late iDive Sharks Network that aim to celebrate and promote safe and responsible shark diving activities. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8026538 | Shark tourism |
Nose ring (animal) A nose ring is a ring made of metal designed to be installed through the nasal septum of pigs (to prevent them from rooting) as well as domestic cattle, usually bulls. In pigs, nose rings are alternatively pierced through the rim of the nose. Nose rings are often required for bulls when exhibited at agricultural shows. There is a clip-on ring design used for controlling and directing cattle for handling. Nose rings are used to encourage the weaning of young calves by discouraging them from suckling. Historically, the use of nose rings for controlling animals dates to the dawn of recorded human civilization. They were used in ancient Sumer and are seen on the Standard of Ur, where they were used on both bovines and equines | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) There are theories that the rod-and-ring symbol are a shepherd's crook and a nose rope. The nose ring assists the handler to control a dangerous animal with minimal risk of injury or disruption by exerting stress on one of the most sensitive parts of the animal, the nose. Bulls, especially, are powerful and sometimes unpredictable animals which, if uncontrolled, can kill or severely injure a human handler. Control of the bull may be done by holding the ring by hand, looping a piece of rope through it, clipping on a bull staff. A rope or chain from the ring may be attached to a bull's horns or to a head-collar for additional control | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) With an aggressive bull, a short length of chain or rope may be left hanging loose from the ring, so when he ducks in a threatening manner, the bull will step on the chain and be deterred from attacking. This lead may also facilitate capture and control of a frisky bull. Bull rings are usually about in diameter, depending on the size of the bull. Bull rings are commonly made from aluminium, stainless steel or copper, in the form of a pair of hinged semicircles, held closed by a small brass bolt whose head is broken off during installation. If a ring needs to be removed (for example, if the bull has grown out of it), it is cut or unscrewed. The ring is normally placed on the bull between 9 and 12 months of age | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) It is usually done by a veterinarian, who pierces the septum with a scalpel or punch. Self-piercing rings (with sharp ends designed to be pressed through the septum and then pulled together with a screw) have been available for many years; these are also usually installed by a veterinarian rather than the owner. Calf-weaning nose rings or nosebands provide an alternative to separating calves from their mothers during the weaning period. They have plastic spikes which are uncomfortable for the mother, causing her to reject the calf's efforts at suckling. Weaning nose rings are also available for sheep and goats. These nose rings (usually made of plastic) clip onto the nose without piercing it, and are reusable | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) Self-locking or spring-closing show-lead nose rings, also called "bulldogs" or nose grips, are removable rings that do not require the nose to be pierced. They are often used on steers and cows, along with a halter, at agricultural shows, or when handling cattle for examination, marking or treatment. They stay shut until released, and usually have a loop for the attachment of a cord or lead rope. They give similar control to a bull ring without the need for permanent attachment. Bull-holders, also known as bull-tongs, have a pliers action and are used for short periods on grown cattle when they are being mouthed or drenched. A chain, rope or strap keeps the grips closed and may be passed over a bar at the front of a head bail to elevate the head | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) The thumb and forefinger may also used in this way on smaller animals. Rooting is the act of a pig nudging into something with its snout, such as into the dirt to unearth plants to eat. In some circumstances, owners of pigs may find this undesirable. Nose rings make rooting painful for the animal, although a ringed pig may still able to forage freely through leaf litter and surface vegetation. Pig nose-ringing may sometimes be required by local regulations, as when farm pigs are released into public woods to pannage (such as on the New Forest in southern England). Nose rings specifically designed for pigs usually consist of open copper or steel wire rings with sharp ends, about one inch (about 2.5 cm) in diameter | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) These are typically clipped to the rim of the nose instead of through the septum, as this is far more painful to the pig and is considered "thus more effective for deterring the pig from rooting than piercing through the septum is". As they may sometimes become dislodged, an adult pig may be given three to four rings. For safety reasons, many show societies require bulls over 12 months to be led with a nose ring. A bull may be led by a rope tied through the ring, although a halter (headcollar) is usually also used so as not to rely unduly on the nose ring for control. If the bull has horns, the lead rope may also be fastened around those and then passed down through the nose ring. Some shows require other cattle to be led with nose grips (bulldogs) | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) Several methods exist for handling a bull with a ring installed. One method of leading a bull is to have one person on either side of the bull with both halter lead ropes through the ring, which prevents the bull from gaining pace and also from running into the handlers. Another practice is for one handler to use a rope and the other a bull-staff attached to the ring. It is estimated that 42% of all livestock-related human fatalities are a result of bull attacks, and only about one in twenty victims of a bull attack survives. Dairy breed bulls are particularly dangerous and unpredictable; the hazards of bull handling are a significant cause of injury and death for dairy farmers in some parts of the United States | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) Most cattle breeders recognize the importance of looking after expensive bulls that are expected to improve herds and profits. Nonetheless, the dangers of bull handling, particularly from dairy bulls in close quarters, are regularly proven by the obituaries. Good bull management and safety practices require caution in handling beef and dairy bulls, and use of the nose ring and chain is a recommended precaution for modern farmers. However, in many regions, particularly in the beef industry, bulls do not have nose rings unless they are to be exhibited and they are generally driven about as other cattle would be | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) Cows with young calves can be particularly dangerous if protecting their young, and cattle in general, including calves, steers and bullocks, do cause many serious human injuries and deaths. Generally the use of both a ring and a halter, and management of the bull by two people, is the preferred method today for controlling the bull. Typically, a bull was led by a wooden staff with a steel end that snapped into the ring. A long rigid steel or wooden bull staff locked into the ring could also be used to push a bull out of a pen without requiring the handler to enter the pen for cleaning or feeding. Because of the risk that the bull may drive the staff into the handler if the bull misbehaves many handlers prefer to avoid their use nowadays | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) One current veterinary text still recommends the use of a staff in addition to the halter: Many handlers rely on a nose ring to control a bull. But a ring in his nose is no good unless you have a bull staff and use it. A bull staff is a pole with a snap in the end that clips to the bull ring. Leading a bull with a staff gives you a lot more handling power as the bull can't get any closer to you than the length of the staff allows. Leading him only by a chain in the ring lets him run over you at will. Most dairy or beef farms traditionally had at least one, if not several, bulls for breeding purposes. The handling of an aggressive, powerful animal was a practical issue with life-threatening consequences for the farmer | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) The need to move the bull in and out of his pen to cover cows exposed the farmer to serious jeopardy of life and limb. Being trampled, jammed against a wall or gored by a bull was one of the most frequent causes of death in the dairy industry prior to 1940. As suggested in one popular farming magazine, "Handle [the bull] with a staff and take no chances. The gentle bull, not the vicious one, most often kills or maims his keeper." When allowed outside his pen, the bull typically was kept in a halter connected by a strap snapped into the ring in his nose for ease of control | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) In the bull pen, the use of a ring connected by a cable to a fixed point was recommended as a means of controlling and securing the bull while allowing a degree of movement by the subject bull. If the pen was strong enough, the bull could be turned loose, and if needed, placed in a stanchion. Farmers who lacked an assistant, or a bull staff, had no choice but to adopt other means. Some farmers elected to move their bulls by tying a rope to the ring and tying the other end of the rope to a farm tractor, providing both motive power and a degree of protection from the angry bull. The efficacy of this technique is doubtful, and may depend on the size of the tractor and of the bull; one authority has "seen a bull lift the front end of a tractor like a toy" | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Nose ring (animal) Others used dogs and horses. Not all farmers could afford specially designed and manufactured bull handling products, which were not readily available until the 1980s. The experimental improvisation of techniques for bull handling, as in many aspects of family farming, was a common practice. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8050342 | Nose ring (animal) |
Henry Pachter was a Marxist intellectual and a libertarian socialist activist. Perhaps best known as an essayist, who dealt with both historical and political matters, he also authored a number of books on a variety of subjects. An exile from the Nazi regime, deeply concerned with the lessons offered by the Weimar Republic, he taught at the New School for Social Research and then at the City College of the City University of New York until his death in 1980. Born in 1907 in Berlin, Pachter joined the German Youth Movement as a teenager and, following a split in its ranks, the German Communist Party (KPD) in 1926. He enrolled in the history department at the University of Berlin and, by 1928, found himself expelled from the KPD | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8051695 | Henry Pachter |
Henry Pachter He then joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD), where he worked under Rudolf Hilferding at the legendary journal, Society, and finished his dissertation in 1932 on “The Proletariat Before 1848.” He would remain a libertarian socialist for the rest of his life. By the end of 1933, Pachter had been forced to flee to Paris where he took odd jobs, taught at the Universite Populaire, agitated for creating a “popular front” of all antifascist forces, and ultimately served as a publicist for the POUM, a mixed group of Trotskyist and socialists that served the loyalist cause during the Spanish Civil War | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8051695 | Henry Pachter |
Henry Pachter Briefly a member of the anti-Nazi underground in which he helped edit probably the first resistance journal, Proletarian Action, he wound up in the Gurs prison camp, before coming to the United States in 1940. Soon enough he was working for the Office of Strategic Services, and part-time for the Institute for Social Research at Columbia University, before becoming a founding member of "Dissent" and entering the academy. understood Marxism as a critical method capable of questioning its political employment from a historical and materialist standpoint that emphasized the ability of the working class (rather than a party) to control its destiny. He never viewed it as a “science” or a form of economics guaranteeing the inevitable victory of the proletariat | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8051695 | Henry Pachter |
Henry Pachter In this respect, his intellectual lineage derived from Karl Korsch and the libertarian socialism associated with Rosa Luxemburg. His writings were primarily inspired by his political commitments: a work on the Weimar Republic and the Spanish Civil War; a study of economic policy under Mussolini and another dealing with the fascist use of language; the character of authoritarian political parties; foreign policy; the role of reform, and the meaning of socialism. In Pachter’s view, socialism exhibited a fundamental tension between its need to engage the world even as it projects a vision of society as it should be. That tension prevented Pachter from identifying socialism with any movement or party | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8051695 | Henry Pachter |
Henry Pachter Indeed, as he once put the matter: “One cannot have socialism; one is a socialist.” | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8051695 | Henry Pachter |
CrustaStun The is a device designed to administer a lethal electric shock to shellfish (such as lobsters, crabs, and crayfish) before cooking. This avoids boiling a live shellfish which may be able to experience pain in a way similar to vertebrates. The comprises a stainless-steel box approximately the size of a domestic microwave oven containing a tray with a wet sponge and an electrode. The shellfish is placed in the box and when the lid is closed, the wet sponge conducts the current which electrocutes the animal with a 110 volt, 2–5 amp charge. It is reported the renders the shellfish unconscious in 0.3 seconds and kills the animal in 5 to 10 seconds, compared to 3 minutes to kill a lobster by boiling or 4.5 minutes for a crab | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8052493 | CrustaStun |
CrustaStun The inventor of the device, Simon Buckhaven, worked for two years with scientists from the University of Bristol to develop the device which is manufactured by a company in England, at an estimated cost of £2,500 (in 2009). There are claims that shellfish killed with the taste better than those killed by boiling. Waitrose, Tesco and other major supermarkets in the United Kingdom have insisted that all shellfish products supplied to them are killed using this method. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8052493 | CrustaStun |
Social medicine The field of social medicine seeks to implement social care through as a scientific field gradually began in the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent increase in poverty and disease among workers raised concerns about the effect of social processes on the health of the poor. The field of social medicine is most commonly addressed today by public health efforts to understand what are known as social determinants of health | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Social medicine The major emphasis on biomedical science in medical education, health care, and medical research has resulted into a gap with our understanding and acknowledgement of far more important social determinants of public health and individual disease: social-economic inequalities, war, illiteracy, detrimental life-styles (smoking, obesity), discrimination because of race, gender and religion. Farmer et al. (2006) gave the following explanation for this gap: "'The holy grail of modern medicine remains the search for a molecular basis of disease | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Social medicine While the practical yield of such circumscribed inquiry has been enormous, exclusive focus on molecular-level phenomena has contributed to the increasing "desocialization" of scientific inquiry: a tendency to ask only biological questions about what are in fact biosocial phenomena."' They further concluded that "'Biosocial understandings of medical phenomena are urgently needed"'. Social care traditionally takes a different look at issues of impairment and disability by adopting a holistic perspective on health | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Social medicine The social model was developed as a direct response to the medical model, the social model sees barriers (physical, attitudinal and behavioural) not just as a biomedical issue, but as caused in part by the society we live in – as a product of the physical, organizational and social worlds that lead to discrimination (Oliver 1996; French 1993; Oliver and Barnes 1993). Social care advocates equality of opportunities for vulnerable sections of society. German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) laid foundations for this model. Other prominent figures in the history of social medicine, beginning from the 20th century, include Salvador Allende, Henry E. Sigerist, Thomas McKeown, Victor W. Sidel, Howard Waitzkin, and more recently Paul Farmer and Jim Yong Kim | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Social medicine In "The Second Sickness", Howard Waitzkin traces the history of social medicine from Engels, through Virchow, through Allende. Waitzkin has sought to educate North Americans about the contributions of Latin American Social Medicine. In 1976, the British public health scientist and health care critic, Thomas McKeown, MD, published The role of medicine: Dream, mirage or nemesis?, wherein he summarized facts and arguments that supported what became known as the McKeown's thesis, i.e. that the growth of population can be attributed to a decline in mortality from infectious diseases, primarily thanks to better nutrition, later also to better hygiene, and only marginally and late to medical interventions such as antibiotics and vaccines | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Social medicine McKeown was heavily criticized for his controversial ideas, but is nowadays remembered as "'the founder of social medicine"'. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8071055 | Social medicine |
Self-destructive behavior is any behavior that is harmful or potentially harmful towards the person who engages in the behavior. Self-destructive behaviors have been shown by many people throughout the years. It is on a continuum, with one extreme end of the scale being suicide. Self-destructive actions may be deliberate, born of impulse, or developed as a habit. The term however tends to be applied toward self-destruction that either is fatal, or is potentially habit-forming or addictive and thus potentially fatal. is often associated with mental illnesses such as borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia. was first studied in 1895 by Freud and Ferenczi when they first recognized how traumatic experiences affected the development of children | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior Freud and Ferenczi noticed that children who were raised in an unhealthy environment were more often the ones to act out and take part in self-destructive behavior. Freud concluded that self-destructive behavior is influenced by one's ego or superego and aggression. Depending on how strongly influenced one is, it will increase the intensity of one’s destructive behavior. Guilt is a leading factor for one's superego. For instance, growing up with alcoholic parents can increase one’s self-destructive behavior because they feel guilty that they didn't provide them with the help they needed. Since they failed to help their parents overcome these obstacles, they feel as if their parent's failed because of them | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior Then, they use harming themselves as a coping mechanism to their guilt and failure. Freud additionally states that the aggression in self-destructive behavior is influenced by a personal motive. Just as cultural and environmental factors can play an important role of this, social factors can as well. For example, say a child was bullied all through middle school, the way to get rid of his pain the child would take action in self-destructive behavior, such as self-harm or yelling. With investigations Freud and Ferenczi formed a hypothesis that people with self-destructive behavior suffer from "forbidden fantasies, not memories," meaning that since the action isn't supposed to be done, self-destructive people get a stronger drive to take part in these actions | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior comes in many different forms that varies from person to person. Therefore, superego and aggression is different in every person. may be used as a coping mechanism when one is overwhelmed. For example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. This would make submission of (or passing) the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it. may also manifest itself in an active attempt to drive away other people. For example, they may fear that they will "mess up" a relationship. Rather than deal with this fear, socially self-destructive individuals engage in annoying or alienating behavior, so that others will reject them first | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior More obvious forms of self-destruction are eating disorders, alcohol abuse, drug addictions, sex addiction, self-injury, and suicide attempts. An important aspect of self-destructive behavior is the inability to handle the stress stemming from an individual's lack of self-confidence – for example in a relationship, whether the other person is truly faithful ("how can they love someone like me?"); at work or school, whether the realization of assignments and deadlines is possible ("there is no way I can complete all my work on time"). Self-destructive people usually lack healthier coping mechanisms, like asserting personal boundaries. As a result, they tend to feel that showing they are incompetent is the only way to untangle themselves from demands | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior Successful individuals may self-destructively sabotage their own achievements; this may stem from a feeling of anxiety, unworthiness, or from an impulsive desire to repeat the "climb to the top." is often considered to be synonymous with self-harm, but this is not accurate. Self-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many other guises. Just as personal experience can affect how extreme ones self-destructive behavior is, self-harm reflects this. Overall, personal experience and mental health problems is what effects self-harm. Childhood trauma via sexual and physical abuse, as well as disrupted parental care, have been linked with self-destructive behavior | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior Usually, behavior like this results from the lack of realization of healthy coping mechanisms. Because there's not a lot of focus on specific mental health problems, such as self-destructive behavior, people aren't being educated on specific ways that could benefit or even prevent these people from acting out. Additionally, people who have experienced some form of childhood trauma, such as abuse or neglect, can make them develop with psychological issues that can lead to bigger problems. Aside from this, a need for attention or a feel good sensation can ultimately cause this behavior. A prime example of this would be addiction to drugs or alcohol | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Self-destructive behavior In the beginning stages, people have the tendency to ease their way into these unhealthy behaviors because it gives them a pleasurable sensation. However, as time goes on, it becomes a habit that they can not stop and they begin to lose these great feelings easily. When these feelings stop, self-destructive behavior enhances because they aren't able to provide themselves with that feeling that makes mental or physical pain go away. Changing ones self-destructive behavior can be difficult, and may include major stages that one passes through on the way to recovery. The stages founded by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982 included precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8084306 | Self-destructive behavior |
Heavy-tailed distribution In probability theory, heavy-tailed distributions are probability distributions whose tails are not exponentially bounded: that is, they have heavier tails than the exponential distribution. In many applications it is the right tail of the distribution that is of interest, but a distribution may have a heavy left tail, or both tails may be heavy. There are three important subclasses of heavy-tailed distributions: the fat-tailed distributions, the long-tailed distributions and the subexponential distributions. In practice, all commonly used heavy-tailed distributions belong to the subexponential class. There is still some discrepancy over the use of the term heavy-tailed. There are two other definitions in use | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution Some authors use the term to refer to those distributions which do not have all their power moments finite; and some others to those distributions that do not have a finite variance. The definition given in this article is the most general in use, and includes all distributions encompassed by the alternative definitions, as well as those distributions such as log-normal that possess all their power moments, yet which are generally considered to be heavy-tailed. (Occasionally, heavy-tailed is used for any distribution that has heavier tails than the normal distribution.) The distribution of a random variable "X" with distribution function "F" is said to have a heavy (right) tail if the moment generating function of "X", "M"("t"), is infinite for all "t" > 0 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution That means An implication of this is that This is also written in terms of the tail distribution function as The distribution of a random variable "X" with distribution function "F" is said to have a long right tail if for all "t" > 0, or equivalently This has the intuitive interpretation for a right-tailed long-tailed distributed quantity that if the long-tailed quantity exceeds some high level, the probability approaches 1 that it will exceed any other higher level. All long-tailed distributions are heavy-tailed, but the converse is false, and it is possible to construct heavy-tailed distributions that are not long-tailed. Subexponentiality is defined in terms of convolutions of probability distributions | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution For two independent, identically distributed random variables formula_7 with common distribution function formula_8 the convolution of formula_8 with itself, formula_10 is convolution square, using Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration, by: The "n"-fold convolution formula_12 is defined in the same way. The tail distribution function formula_13 is defined as formula_14. A distribution formula_8 on the positive half-line is subexponential if This implies that, for any formula_17, The probabilistic interpretation of this is that, for a sum of formula_19 independent random variables formula_20 with common distribution formula_8, This is often known as the principle of the single big jump or catastrophe principle | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution A distribution formula_8 on the whole real line is subexponential if the distribution formula_24 is. Here formula_25 is the indicator function of the positive half-line. Alternatively, a random variable formula_26 supported on the real line is subexponential if and only if formula_27 is subexponential. All subexponential distributions are long-tailed, but examples can be constructed of long-tailed distributions that are not subexponential. All commonly used heavy-tailed distributions are subexponential. Those that are one-tailed include: Those that are two-tailed include: A fat-tailed distribution is a distribution for which the probability density function, for large x, goes to zero as a power formula_28 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution Since such a power is always bounded below by the probability density function of an exponential distribution, fat-tailed distributions are always heavy-tailed. Some distributions, however, have a tail which goes to zero slower than an exponential function (meaning they are heavy-tailed), but faster than a power (meaning they are not fat-tailed). An example is the log-normal distribution . Many other heavy-tailed distributions such as the log-logistic and Pareto distribution are, however, also fat-tailed. There are parametric (see Embrechts et al.) and non-parametric (see, e.g., Novak) approaches to the problem of the tail-index estimation | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution To estimate the tail-index using the parametric approach, some authors employ GEV distribution or Pareto distribution; they may apply the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE). With formula_29 a random sequence of independent and same density function formula_30, the Maximum Attraction Domain of the generalized extreme value density formula_31, where formula_32. If formula_33 and formula_34, then the "Pickands" tail-index estimation is where formula_36. This estimator converges in probability to formula_37. Let formula_38 be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with distribution function formula_30, the maximum domain of attraction of the generalized extreme value distribution formula_31, where formula_32 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution The sample path is formula_42 where formula_19 is the sample size. If formula_44 is an intermediate order sequence, i.e. formula_45, formula_46 and formula_47, then the Hill tail-index estimator is where formula_49 is the formula_50-th order statistic of formula_51. This estimator converges in probability to formula_37, and is asymptotically normal provided formula_53 is restricted based on a higher order regular variation property . Consistency and asymptotic normality extend to a large class of dependent and heterogeneous sequences, irrespective of whether formula_54 is observed, or a computed residual or filtered data from a large class of models and estimators, including mis-specified models and models with errors that are dependent | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution The ratio estimator (RE-estimator) of the tail-index was introduced by Goldie and Smith. It is constructed similarly to Hill's estimator but uses a non-random "tuning parameter". A comparison of Hill-type and RE-type estimators can be found in Novak. Nonparametric approaches to estimate heavy- and superheavy-tailed probability density functions were given in Markovich | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution These are approaches based on variable bandwidth and long-tailed kernel estimators; on the preliminary data transform to a new random variable at finite or infinite intervals which is more convenient for the estimation and then inverse transform of the obtained density estimate; and "piecing-together approach" which provides a certain parametric model for the tail of the density and a non-parametric model to approximate the mode of the density. Nonparametric estimators require an appropriate selection of tuning (smoothing) parameters like a bandwidth of kernel estimators and the bin width of the histogram | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Heavy-tailed distribution The well known data-driven methods of such selection are a cross-validation and its modifications, methods based on the minimization of the mean squared error (MSE) and its asymptotic and their upper bounds. A discrepancy method which uses well-known nonparametric statistics like Kolmogorov-Smirnov's, von Mises and Anderson-Darling's ones as a metric in the space of distribution functions (dfs) and quantiles of the later statistics as a known uncertainty or a discrepancy value can be found in. Bootstrap is another tool to find smoothing parameters using approximations of unknown MSE by different schemes of re-samples selection, see e.g. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8092200 | Heavy-tailed distribution |
Fear of commitment In self-help literature, fear of commitment is the avoidance of long-term partnership or marriage. The concept is often much more pervasive, affecting school, work, and home life as well. The term "commitmentphobia" was coined in the popular self-help book "Men Who Can't Love" in 1987. Following criticism of the perceived sexist idea that only men were commitmentphobic, the authors provided a more gender balanced model of commitmentphobia in a later work, " He's Scared, She's Scared" (1995). When aversion to marriage involves fear it's called gamophobia. A hatred of marriage is called "misogamy". Besides the common criticisms of self-help, Harvard psychologist Deborah DePaulo has written books such as "Singleism" on the stigmatization of single people | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8094825 | Fear of commitment |
Fear of commitment The use of the term "fear" or "phobia" imparts an inherent linguistic bias. It recasts specific lifestyle decisions (such as bachelorhood vs. marriage, or a conscious decision to remain childfree by choice) implicitly as generalised, irrational phobias while failing to identify, describe or address an individual's specific motives. For instance, the men's rights movement, citing high divorce rates and expensive alimony and legal costs, would speak not in terms of "fear of commitment" but of "marriage strike" to reflect their position that non-marriage is an entirely valid, logical position based on rational consideration of the economic factors involved. | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8094825 | Fear of commitment |
Nice guy A nice guy is an informal term for an (often young) adult male who portrays himself with characteristics such as being gentle, compassionate, sensitive and vulnerable. The term is used both positively and negatively. When used positively, and particularly when used as a preference or description by someone else, it is intended to imply a male who puts the needs of others before his own, avoids confrontations, does favors, gives emotional support, tries to stay out of trouble, and generally acts nicely towards others. In the context of a relationship, it may also refer to traits of honesty, loyalty, romanticism, courtesy, and respect | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy When used negatively, a nice guy implies a male who is unassertive, does not express his true feelings and, in the context of dating (in which the term is often used), dishonestly uses acts of friendship and basic social etiquette with the unstated aim of progressing to a romantic or sexual relationship. The results of the research on romantic perception of "nice guys" are mixed and often inconsistent. Herold & Milhausen conclude: "The answer to the question 'Do nice guys finish last?' is complicated in that it is influenced both by the measurement instruments used and by subject characteristics | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy " Studies that explicitly use the term "nice guy" sometimes cite research that does not directly use the term, but which addresses behaviours which are often associated with disingenuous "niceness". One difficulty in studying the "nice guy" phenomenon is due to the ambiguity of the "nice guy" construct. Participants in studies interpret "nice guy" to mean different things. In their qualitative analysis, Herold and Milhausen found that women associate different qualities with the "nice guy" label: "Some women offered flattering interpretations of the 'nice guy', characterizing him as committed, caring, and respectful of women. Some women, however, emphasized more negative aspects, considering the 'nice guy' to be boring, lacking confidence, and unattractive | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy " The "jerks" were also divided into two categories, "as either confident, attractive, sexy, and exciting or as manipulative, unfaithful, disrespectful of women, and interested only in sex." Nice guys are sometimes suggested to be overbearing or lacking in a vision and ambitions, these opinions suggest self-confidence as key point and area of improvement. Researchers have therefore operationalized the "nice guy" and "jerk" constructs in different ways, some of which are outlined below. Various studies explicitly try to elucidate the success, or lack thereof, of "nice guys" with women. Jensen-Campbell et al. (1995) operationalized "niceness" as prosocial behavior, which included agreeableness and altruism | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy They found that female attraction was a result of an interaction of "both" dominance and prosocial tendency. They suggest that altruism may be attractive to women when it is perceived as a form of agentic behavior. Nice guys are usually seen as twice more attractive than men who prefer to present themselves as neutral, and eight times more attractive than the "jerks" in a dating profile. Social dominance enhances female attraction to a male who has shown in the relationship niceness, traits of kindness and warmth stated by women looking for long-term relationships, and less status and physical attractiveness | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Sprecher and Regan (2002) found kindness and warmth, expressiveness, openness and humor, as desirable traits of a long-term partner, less so social status indicators like future earning potential (wealth). Participants suggested they wanted more humor, expressiveness and warmth from their partner than is expressed with their friends. Herold and Milhausen (1998) asked a sample of undergraduate women "You meet two men. One, John, is nice but somewhat shy. He has not had any sexual experience. The other, Mike, is attractive, a lot of fun, and has had intercourse with ten women. Both wish to date you. Whom do you choose?" 54% reported a preference for "John", 18% preferred "Mike", and the rest had no preference | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Urbaniak and Killman (2003) constructed vignettes of four hypothetical dating show contestants: "Nice Todd" vs. "Neutral Todd" vs. "Jerk Todd" vs. "Michael", who was created to be a control. "Nice Todd" described a "real man" as "in touch with his feelings", kind and attentive, non-macho, and interested in putting his partner's pleasure first. "Neutral Todd" described a "real man" as someone who "knows what he wants and knows how to get it", and who is good to the woman he loves. "Jerk Todd" described a "real man" as someone who "knows what he wants and knows how to get it", who keeps everyone else on their toes, and avoids "touch-feely" stuff. "Michael" described a "real man" as relaxed and positive | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy In two studies, Urbaniak and Kilmann found that women claimed to prefer "Nice Todd" over "Neutral Todd" and "Jerk Todd", relative to "Michael" even at differing levels of physical attractiveness. They also found that for purely sexual relationships, "niceness appeared relatively less influential than physical attractiveness." After acknowledging that women's preference for "niceness" could be inflated by the social desirability bias, especially due to their use of verbal scripts, they conclude that "our overall results did not favor the nice guy stereotype." McDaniel (2005) constructed vignettes of dates with a stereotypical "nice guy" vs. a stereotypical "fun/sexy guy", and attempted to make them both sound positive | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Participants reported a greater likelihood of wanting a second date with the "nice guy" rather than with the "fun/sexy guy". A 2008 study at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces showed, that "nice guys" report to have significantly fewer sexual partners than "bad boys". Barclay (2010) found, that when all other factors are held constant, guys who perform generous acts are rated as being more desirable for dates and long-term relationships than non-generous guys. This study used a series of matched descriptions where each male was presented in a generous or a control version which differed only whether the man tended to help others | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy The author suggests that niceness itself is desirable to women, but tends to be used by men who are less attractive in other domains, and this is what creates the appearance of "nice guys finish last". Judge "et al" (2011) concluded, that "Nice guys do not necessarily finish last, but they do finish a distant second in terms of earnings ... yet, seen from the perspective of gender equity, even the nice guys seem to be making out quite well relative to either agreeable or disagreeable women". These studies also cite other research on heterosexual attraction that does not mention the "nice guy" term. They interpret various studies on female attraction to various traits in men (e.g., dominance, agreeableness, physical attractiveness, wealth, etc | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy ) and on the sexual success of men with different personality traits, to shed light on the "nice guy" phenomenon. Sadalla, Kenrick, and Vershure (1985) found, that women were sexually attracted to dominance in men (though dominance did not make men likable to women), and that dominance in women had no effect on men. Bogaert and Fisher (1995) studied the relationships between the personalities of university men and their number of sexual partners. They found a correlation between a man's number of sexual partners, and the traits of sensation-seeking, hypermasculinity, physical attractiveness, and testosterone levels. They also discovered a correlation between maximum monthly number of partners, and the traits of dominance and psychoticism | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Bogaert and Fisher suggest that an underlying construct labelled "disinhibition" could be used to explain most of these differences. They suggest that disinhibition would correlate negatively with "agreeableness" and "conscientiousness" from the Big Five personality model. Botwin, Buss and Shackelford (1997) found that women had a higher preference for surgency and dominance in their mates than men did, in a study of dating couples and newlyweds. A number of viewpoints have arisen in popular culture that revolve around the concept of the "nice guy", irrespective of the preceding research. A common aphorism is that "nice guys finish last." The phrase is based on a quote by Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher in 1946, which was then condensed by journalists | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy The original quote by Durocher, referring to the Dodgers' bitter rivals, the New York Giants, was, "The nice guys are all over there, in seventh place." (1946 July 6), about the 1946 New York Giants – seventh place was actually "second-to-last" place in the National League; many variants appear in later works, including Durocher's autobiography, "Nice Guys Finish Last". The Giants would finish the 1946 season in the National League cellar, while Durocher's Dodgers would end up in second place | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Though this is the origin of the phrase, Durocher's remark was specific to the context of baseball, and indeed to the context of that set of players, rather than intended as generally applicable to male/female relationship dynamics or in any other context and his allegation of a cause-and-effect relationship between being nice and finishing last was at most merely implicit – it can also be interpreted as "Nice guys, but they will finish last", rather than "all nice guys finish last". Simplistically, the term "nice guy" could be an adjectival phrase describing what appears to be a friendly, kind, or courteous man | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy The "nice guys finish last" phrase is also said to be coined by American biologist Garrett Hardin to sum up the selfish gene theory of life and evolution. This was disputed by Richard Dawkins, who wrote the book "The Selfish Gene". Dawkins was misinterpreted by many as confirming the "nice guy finishing last" view, but refuted the claims in the BBC documentary "Nice Guys Finish First". The "nice guys finish last" view is that there is a discrepancy between women's stated preferences and their actual choices in men. In other words, women say that they want nice guys, but really go for men who are "jerks" or "bad boys" in the end | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Stephan Desrochers claims, in a 1995 article in the journal "Sex Roles", that many "sensitive" men, based on personal experience, do not believe women actually want "nice guys". According to McDaniel, popular culture and dating advice: "...suggest that women claim they want a 'nice guy' because they believe that is what is expected of them when, in reality, they want the so-called 'challenge' that comes with dating a not-so-nice guy." Urbaniak & Kilmann write that: Another perspective is that women do want "nice guys," at least when they are looking for a romantic relationship. Desrochers (1995) suggests that "it still seems popular to believe that women in contemporary America prefer men who are 'sensitive,' or have feminine personality traits | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy " Women have differing opinions about whether "nice guys finish last" sexually or not. Herold and Milhausen found that 56% of 165 university women claimed to agree with the statement: "You may have heard the expression, 'Nice guys finish last.' In terms of dating, and sex, do you think women are less likely to have sex with men who are 'nice' than men who are 'not nice'?" A third view is that while "nice guys" may not be as successful at attracting women sexually, they may be sought after by women looking for long-term romantic relationships (however, "nice guys need not lose all hope, with studies showing that while women like 'bad boys' for flings, they tend to settle down with more caring types" – the "bad boys" tending to exhibit the dark triad, i.e | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy , "the self-obsession of narcissism, the impulsive, thrill-seeking and callous behaviour of the psychopath and the deceitful and exploitative nature of Machiavellianism". It is a possibility that women leave to escape their circumstances of abuse, disease or pregnancy to seek a chance with the nice guy (they rejected previously), afterwards. Herold and Milhausen claim: "While 'nice guys' may not be competitive in terms of numbers of sexual partners, they tend to be more successful with respect to longer-term, committed relationships." Another study indicates that "for brief affairs, women tend to prefer a dominating, powerful and promiscuous man | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy " Further evidence appears in a 2005 study in Prague: "Since women can always get a man for a one-night stand, they gain an advantage if they find partners for child-rearing." The terms "Nice Guy" and "nice guy syndrome" can be used to describe a man who views himself as a prototypical "nice guy," but whose "nice deeds" are deemed to be solely motivated by a desire to court women. From said courting, the 'nice guy' may hope to form a romantic relationship or may be motivated by a simple desire to increase his sexual activity. The results of failure are often resentment toward women and/or society. The 'nice guy' is commonly said to be put by women "into the friend zone" who do not reciprocate his romantic or sexual interest | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Third wave feminist interpretations tend to see this resentment as being based upon an assumption by men that they are entitled to sex and are therefore confused when they find that it is not forthcoming despite their supposed 'niceness'. More male orientated interpretations claim that the resentment is down to the fact that society, and the vast majority of people in spoken conversation, claim to be attracted to traits such as honesty, integrity and kindness, when in reality more superficial considerations trigger attraction. According to this interpretation people who display wealth, good looks, dominance and confidence tend to succeed more in romance than do 'nice guys' | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy Nice guys are therefore resentful at the inconsistency between what people claim to be attracted to and by how they act in reality. In early 2002, the web site Heartless Bitches International (HBI) published several "rants" on the concept of the Nice Guy. The central theme was that a genuinely nice male is desirable, but that many Nice Guys are insecure men unwilling to articulate their romantic or sexual feelings directly. Instead, they choose to present themselves as their paramour's friend, and hang around, doing nice things for her in hopes that she will pick up on their desire for her. If she fails to read their secret feelings, Nice Guys become embittered and blame her for taking advantage of them and their niceness | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Nice guy The site is particularly critical of what they see as hypocrisy and manipulation on the part of self-professed Nice Guys. According to journalist Paris Martineau, the extremely misogynistic incel and red pill movements (part of the anti-feminist manosphere) recruit depressed, frustrated men – who may suffer from "Nice Guy syndrome" – into the alt-right | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8097692 | Nice guy |
Tetrapharmakos The () "four-part remedy" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι ("Kuriai Doxai", the forty Epicurean "Principal Doctrines" given by Diogenes Laërtius in his "Life of Epicurus") in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life. They are recommendations to avoid anxiety or existential dread. The "tetrapharmakos" was originally a compound of four drugs (wax, tallow, pitch and resin); the word has been used metaphorically by Roman-era Epicureans. to refer to the four remedies for healing the soul. As expressed by Philodemos, and preserved in a Herculaneum Papyrus (1005, 4 | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8120627 | Tetrapharmakos |
Tetrapharmakos 9–14), the "tetrapharmakos" reads: This is a summary of the first four of the forty Epicurean "Principal Doctrines" ("Sovran Maxims") given by Diogenes Laërtius, which in the by Robert Drew Hicks (1925) read as follows: In Hellenistic religion, the gods were conceived as hypothetical beings in a perpetual state of bliss, indestructible entities that are completely invulnerable. Gods in this view are mere role models for human beings, who are to "emulate the happiness of the gods, within the limits imposed by human nature." As D. S. Hutchinson wrote concerning this line, "While you are alive, you don't have to deal with being dead, but when you are dead you don't have to deal with it either, because you aren't there to deal with it | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8120627 | Tetrapharmakos |
Tetrapharmakos " In Epicurus' own words in his Letter to Menoeceus, "Death means nothing to us...when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist," for there is no afterlife. Death, says Epicurus, is the greatest anxiety of all, in length and intensity. This anxiety about death impedes the quality and happiness of one's life by the theory of afterlife: the worrying about whether or not one's deeds and actions in life will translate well into the region of the gods, the wondering whether one will be assigned to an eternity of pain or to an eternity of pleasure. Sustenance and shelter, these things can be acquired by anyone — by both animal and human — with minimal effort, regardless of wealth | Religion&Philosophy&Ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8120627 | Tetrapharmakos |