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People’s exposure to environmental noise dropped nearly in half during the early months of the coronavirus pandemic, according to University of Michigan (U-M) researchers who analyzed data from the Apple Hearing Study. An article summarizing the results appears on the Michigan News website.
Researchers at U-M’s School of Public Health and Apple Inc looked at noise exposure data from volunteer Apple Watch users in Florida, New York, California, and Texas. The analysis, one of the “largest to-date,” included more than a half million daily noise levels measured before and during the pandemic.
Related article: Apple Announces Hearing Study with University of Michigan
Daily average sound levels dropped approximately 3 decibels during the time that local governments made announcements about social distancing and issued stay-at-home orders in March and April, compared to January and February.
“That is a huge reduction in terms of exposure and it could have a great effect on people’s overall health outcomes over time,” said Rick Neitzel, associate professor of environmental health sciences at U-M’s School of Public Health. “The analysis demonstrates the utility of everyday use of digital devices in evaluating daily behaviors and exposures.”
The four states reviewed in this analysis had differing COVID-19 responses in terms of stay-at-home orders, which showed through the data.
“California and New York both had really drastic reductions in sound that happened very quickly, whereas Florida and Texas had somewhat less of a reduction,” Neitzel said.
Initially, the largest drop in environmental sound exposure was seen on the weekends, where nearly 100% of participants reduced their time spent above the 75 dBA threshold (a sound level roughly as loud as an alarm clock) between Friday and Sunday.
“But after the lockdowns, when people stopped physically going to work, the pattern became more opaque,” Neitzel said. “People’s daily routines were disrupted and we no longer saw a large distinction in exposures between the traditional five working days versus the weekend.”
These data points allow researchers to begin describing what personal sound exposures are like for Americans who live in a particular state, or are of a particular age, or who have or do not have hearing loss.
“These are questions we’ve had for years and now we’re starting to have data that will allow us to answer them,” Neitzel said. “We’re thankful to the participants who contributed unprecedented amounts of data. This is data that never existed or was even possible before.”
The Apple Hearing Study is “the first of its kind to collect data over time in order to understand how everyday sound exposure can impact hearing.” The study data will also be shared with the World Health Organization (WHO) as a contribution toward its Make Listening Safe initiative.
The study continues to recruit participants. To learn more about the study or to download the Research app to participate, visit: Apple Hearing Study.
Images: U-M, Apple | <urn:uuid:bd47fcfa-7b5d-4211-948f-cfd731e380b6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hearingreview.com/inside-hearing/research/environmental-noise-exposure-decreased-due-to-covid-19-restrictions-research-finds | 2024-02-23T23:10:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.963415 | 643 | 2.8125 | 3 |
On the 24th February 1912, only a few weeks before the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank, a far more modest steamer was launched on the other side of the world. 109 years later, the TSS Earnslaw still plies the water on Otago’s Lake Wakatipu and has become a New Zealand icon and is one of the oldest coal fired steamers still in operation anywhere in the world.
EARLY BOATS ON LAKE WAKATIPU
In 1860, one of Queenstown’s early European inhabitants, sheep farmer William Rees, needed a way to ship his wool out of the area so he purchased a whaleboat and launched it on Lake Wakatipu. Called the Undine, it was the first vessel to regularly sail on the lake. The whaleboat was hauled by bullock sledge from Bluff to Kingston, a gruelling trip of 167km (103miles). On arrival the bullocks were put on board and taken to his sheep farm at Queenstown Bay. Once gold was discovered in the Shotover River in 1862, the Undine was used heavily to transport people and supplies. This boat had the honour of carrying the first consignment of gold, some 25,000 ounces, out of the Wakatipu gold diggings. At today’s gold prices that one shipment was worth more than 55 million New Zealand dollars!
The 1860s gold rush brought thousands of miners and merchants into the region so more boats were in demand. Two private firms were established to build and run steamers on the lake with other companies setting up business later on. In addition to many sailing craft, a number of steamers were brought to Lake Wakatipu, mostly from Dunedin. Steamers sailing on the lake during the 1860s included the Expert, Victoria, Wakatip, Moa and the Nugget. The Nugget, later renamed the Alexandra, was cut in half and shipped from Melbourne in 1862 and transported by bullock wagon to Kingston then assembled and launched within three days. Wood was the main fuel for the paddle steamers as well as for domestic and commercial heating. Ships were kept busy carrying firewood to Queenstown, and that explains why there are no large trees around the Kingston area today. Virtually any price could be charged for passenger and freight fares. Passengers on the Moa were charged £3 per head from Kingston to Queenstown, quite a hefty price for the short voyage.
LEGENDARY LAKE STEAMERS
When looking at the history of steamships on Lake Wakatipu, four stand out for the length of service around the lake, Antrim, Ben Lomond, Mountaineer and Earnslaw. The first of the ‘famous four’ was the wooden paddle steamer Antrim. The 56 ton ship was built at Greenstone on the western shores of Lake Wakatipu from local timber. Launched on October 28th 1868, the modest steamer made her first trip under steam on 1st January 1869. Initially a wood-burner, it was converted to coal-fired boilers in 1885. Despite the Antrim’s tall funnel, passengers often complained about the hot sparks that tended to cascade onto them in certain weather conditions especially when sailing at her top speed of 8 knots. Like the ships to follow, the Antrim provided a crucial service to those living at the various farms that had been established around the shores of the large lake. The Antrim was taken out of service in 1905 and dismantled in 1920. Her boiler remains in use to haul the Earnslaw up a slipway for bi-annual servicing.
Initially called Jane Williams, the Ben Lomond replaced the Antrim. It was launched at Queenstown in 1872 and immediately established regular daily services up and down the lake. The Ben Lomond carried 131 passengers and had a cargo capacity of 25 tons. It was privately owned and operated until 17th of April 1903 when it was purchased by the government for 3,350 pounds and operated by the New Zealand Railways. NZR extended the length of the superstructure and enclosed it to provide more comfort for passengers. The ship’s top speed was just 1.5 knots faster than the Antrim but overall, the Ben Lomond was quite an improvement on her predecessor. In 1951, at 80 years of age, and, at the time, the oldest steamer on Lloyd’s register, the ship was withdrawn from service. Although affectionately known as ‘the Ben’ there were growing complaints about the comfort onboard and it was obvious that the ship had not kept up with the times. She was stripped of all her fittings and sunk in Kingston Bay in 1952. There have been plans from time to time to raise the wreck and either display it as a relic of Queenstown’s history or to refurbish it for service but all attempts have been abandoned for various reasons.
The steel hulled paddle steamer Mountaineer was a vast improvement on any lake steamer that had gone before. Built in Dunedin and transported by rail in sections to Kingston, it was assembled and launched on 11th of February 1879. It could carry 200 passengers and 30 tons of freight. This increased capacity was by now required because the railway line from Invercargill to Kingston was completed in 1878 and resulted in an upsurge in tourists wanting to experience Queenstown and the attractions that even then were on offer.
By 1899 there was growing dissatisfaction with the excessive charges made by the Lake Wakatipu Steam Shipping Company which held the monopoly for lake transport. At this time, the government wanted to increase the patronage on the Kingston railway line, particularly during the summer months, but the high shipping charges made travel to the lake too expensive for many. To overcome this issue, the government purchased the Lake Wakatipu Steam Shipping Company and took possession of its ships on 3 November 1902. The Mountaineer plied the waters of Lake Wakatipu until it was sold in 1932 to the owners of Walter Peak Station where it was used as a houseboat. The old ship was finally scrapped in 1941.
TSS EARNSLAW ARRIVES
In August 1909 the government announced that a new ship would be built for Lake Wakatipu. It was to be a twin-screw coal-fired steamer of 330 tons designed to carry over 1,000 passengers. New Zealand Railways awarded a £20,850-pound contract to Dunedin shipbuilders John McGregor and Company to build the vessel at their Otago foundry and engineering works. The keel was laid on 4th of July 1911. The ship was named after Mount Earnslaw, a 2889-metre (9478ft) peak at the head of Lake Wakatipu. At 51.2 metres long, (167ft) the new lake steamer would be by far the biggest vessel on the lake, and the largest steamship ever built in New Zealand. When construction was finally completed, the Earnslaw was dismantled. All the quarter-inch steel hull plates were numbered for re-assembly much like a jig-saw puzzle. Then the parts were loaded on to a series of goods trains and transported from Dunedin to Kingston at the southern end of Lake Wakatipu, a distance of 268km (167miles).
At the time of launching the Ben Lomond was used to tow the new steamer to the Kingston wharf for fitting out. The partnership of the Ben Lomond and the Earnslaw that started on this occasion lasted 40 years until the Ben Lomond was scuttled near Kingston in 1952.
‘LADY OF THE LAKE’ SAILS
The inaugural sailing of the stately new steamer took place on Friday 18th October 1912. At Lumsden, a special train from Dunedin joined up with an even larger train from Invercargill and travelled to Kingston where the Earnslaw’s boilers weresteamed up and ready to go. With flags fluttering the shippulled away from the wharf bound for Queenstown to the accompaniment of the Invercargill Highland Pipe Band. There were many dignitaries on board and it was a quick trip to Queenstown where a large crowd waited to welcome their new steamer. They were impressed with the size and appearance of the ship and celebrations continued well into that night.
The next day was a public holiday in Queenstown allowing lucky ticket holders to travel on the Earnslaw’s all-day trip to the head of the lake at Glenorchy where a buffet lunch was held on board. For part of the return journey, the steamerwas put to full speed and reached Queenstown in one hour and fifty minutes, over one hour faster than previous ferries.
With the inaugural sailings being very successful, New Zealand Railways accepted the Earnslaw and it entered regular services on the lake. It served the lake side sheep stations for decades, carrying livestock, bales of wool, farm workers, and vehicles, along with a growing number of tourists who wanted to experience the unique daily workings of this grand old lake steamer.
In 1962, a 46km (28miles) road from Queenstown around the lake to Glenorchy was opened for traffic so all farm produce could finally be transported on trucks. The Earnslaw suddenly became surplus to requirements and in 1968 the ageing shipwas very nearly scrapped.
Fortunately, local travel company, Fiordland Travel (now called Real Journeys) leased the ship from NZR as they saw its potential as a tourist attraction. It proved a great decision and in 1982, the company purchased the Earnslaw and to this day continue to successfully run the iconic ‘Lady of the Lake’ between Queenstown and Walter Peak Station.
As very young children, my sister and I spent our school holidays with our grandmother in Queenstown. I can still remember spending a number of long days on the Earnslaw’s head-of-the-lake voyages. (It was a way to get us out of the way for a day I guess) On each trip, we were accompanied by nervous sheep who were penned on the open deck. Being essentially a water borne courier, the vessel stopped at a number of lakeside stations to drop off and collect livestock and other farm produce. It was a long day and it was a cold trip home as in those days, the ship had only canvas awnings around the main deck that did little to stop the chilling wind. We did a few of these trips over the years and on some of them, the pair of us were the only human passengers. Looking back on the experience, we were not well treated by the crew who left us to fend for ourselves against the cold weather. We would huddle at the base of the funnel to try and stay warm. Today, permanent windows weather proof the main deck making it far more comfortable for those travelling on the Edwardian era steamer.
I am surprised the history of the Lake Wakatipu steamers is not a better-known part of the Queenstown story. Maybe with a growing interest in New Zealand’s colonial history, this issue can be addressed and this fascinating chapter in the country’s pioneering history is made available to those who flock to the alpine resort to experience its awesome scenery and attractions. After all, the TSS Earnslaw is a treasured attraction and the only fully operational coal powered vessel in the southern hemisphere.
Ceidrik Heward is an Amazon TOP SELLING AUTHOR and has lived and worked in 7 countries working as a TV cameraman, director and film tutor. For the past 17 years he has focused on writing and has been published in magazines and newspapers in Europe, USA, Asia and the Middle East.
His interests include photography, psychology and metaphysics. He loves to read and always has at least 3 books on the go. He has written 22 manuals/books and has just completed his 4th short novel. Ceidrik believes sharing information and stories is the best way to stimulate the imagination and enrich our lives. | <urn:uuid:0142ecf7-8bfd-483c-af0c-1746cfa2d393> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hewardblog.com/lake-wakatipu-steamers/ | 2024-02-24T00:28:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.979683 | 2,525 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Ilango Adigal was a Jain monk, a Chera prince, and a poet. He is credited as the author of Silappatikaram, one of the Five Great Epics of Tamil literature.
In a patikam (prologue) to the epic poem, he introduces himself as the brother of a famous Chera King Ceṅkuṭṭuvan (Senguttuvan). Elizabeth Rosen states that this Chera king ruled over his kingdom in the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE.
But this is doubtful because a Sangam poem in Patiṟṟuppattu – the fifth ten – provides a biography of Ceṅkuṭṭuvan, his family and rule, but never mentions that he had a brother who became an ascetic or wrote one of the most cherished epics.
This has led scholars to conclude that the legendary author Ilango Adikal myth was likely inserted later into the epic. In a 1968 note, Kamil Zvelebil suggested that “this [Adigal claim] may be a bit of poetic fantasy, practiced perhaps by a later member of the Chera Dynasty [5th or 6th century] recalling earlier events [2nd or 3rd century]”.
Iḷaṅkõ Aṭikaḷ (lit. “the venerable ascetic prince”), also spelled Ilango Adigal or Ivangovadigal is traditionally believed to be the author of Silappatikaram.
No direct verifiable information is available about him. He is supposed to have been a prince who became a Jain monk based on a patikam (prologue) composed and added into the epic many centuries later.
Ilango is considered the younger son of Chera king Nedum Cheralatan and Sonai/Nalchonai of the Chola dynasty. His elder brother is believed to be the reputed warrior-king Senguttuvan.
The young Ilango chose to abandon the royal life because a priest had told the royal court that the younger prince will succeed his father, and Ilango wanted to prove him wrong.
But these traditional beliefs are doubtful because the Sangam era text Patiṟṟuppattu provides a biography of king Nedum Cheralatan and king Senguttuvan, and in neither is Ilango Adigal ever mentioned.
The author was a Jaina scholar, as in several parts of the epic, the key characters of the epic meet a Jaina monk or nun. The last canto of the epic lines 155-178, mentions “I also went in”, whose “I” scholars have assumed to be the author Adigal. The epic also mentions, among other details, the “Gajabahu synchronism”.
These verses state Adikal visited the Animal sacrifice by king Senguttuvan in the presence of Gajabahu, someone believed to have been the king of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) between 171 and 193 CE. This has led to the proposal that Adikal lived in the same period. These lines also mention that he became a sannyasi in a monastery outside Vanci – the capital of the 2nd-century Chera kingdom (now parts of Kerala). This declaration has been interpreted as quitting and becoming a Jain monk.
According to Kamil Zvelebil, all this must have been a false statement added by Ilango Adikal to remain a part of the collective memory in the epic he wrote. Adikal was a Jain who lived a few centuries later, states Zvelebil, and his epic “cannot have been composed before the 5th- or 6th-century”.
Gananath Obeyesekere – a scholar of Buddhism, Sri Lankan religious history, and anthropology, consider the epic’s claims of Gajabahu and the relationship between Ilango Adigal and Senguttuvan to be ahistorical, and that these lines are likely “a late interpolation” into the Tamil epic.
The author was likely not a prince, nor had anything to do with the Chera dynasty, says R Parthasarathy, and these lines may have been added to the epic to give the text a high pedigree status, gain royal support, and to “institutionalize the worship of goddess Pattini and her temples” in the Tamil regions as is described in the epic.
According to another Tamil legend, an astrologer predicted that he would become the ruler of the land. To stop this, and let his elder brother be the king, the prince became a Jain monk taking the name of Ilango Adigal.
The Silappatikaram epic attributed to Ilango Adigal inspired another Tamil poetic epic called Manimekalai. This poetic epic acts as a sequel to Silappatikaram. It revolves around the daughter of Kovalan (the protagonist of Silappatikaram) and Madhavi (who had an affair with Kovalan in Silappatikaram), named Manimekalai. Although Manimekalai’s mother was Madhavi, she worshipped goddess Pattini (Kannaki, Kovalan’s wife).
>>> Read about Ottakoothar | <urn:uuid:f77eb110-308d-47d7-9a8d-43c68a86e2f5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://historyflame.com/ilango-adigal/ | 2024-02-24T00:32:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.972928 | 1,133 | 2.75 | 3 |
What is a safe sleep environment?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends:
- Placing your baby on their back on a firm surface, such as in a crib
- Having your baby sleep in the same room with you but on a separate surface for the first 6–12 months of life
- Making sure there are no blankets, pillows, toys, or other items in your baby’s sleeping area
- Offering a pacifier, without any strings, stuffies, or attachments to them, at naptime and bedtime
What about bedsharing?
Bedsharing isn’t recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, but it is ultimately up to the family to decide what’s best for them. If you’re thinking of bedsharing, make sure to follow these guidelines:
- Safe sleep environments are firm, flat surfaces.
- No sofas, armchairs, or pillows.
- Safe sleep is substance-free.
- This includes alcohol, drugs, and medicines that increase drowsiness.
- Safe sleep is supine.
- Baby is always on their back.
- Safe sleep is smokeless.
- This includes being away from people, clothing, and objects exposed to smoke.
- Safe sleep is spacious.
- Beds should be away from walls or other furniture to ensure baby doesn’t get wedged between the objects.
What about lying down while breastfeeding?
If you lie down in bed with a baby to breastfeed, use the cuddle curl. This position protects the baby from unexpected movement. Here’s how it works:
- The baby is lying on their back while the mom is on her side facing the baby.
- The baby’s head is aligned with the mom’s breast.
- The mom’s legs are curled so they’re below the baby to prevent baby from sliding down.
- Whichever of the mom’s arms is under her is curled above and around the baby to prevent baby from moving up.
What else can I do to keep baby safe at night?
Other ways you can help keep baby healthy and reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are:
- Breastfeed, if you can, as it is linked to safe sleep for both baby and mom.
- If you don’t breastfeed, make sure baby gets skin-to-skin contact in other ways, like laying baby across your bare chest while you’re watching TV or reading. Skin-to-skin contact is a great way for all caregivers to bond with baby.
- Make sure your baby receives all recommended vaccines.
- Tummy time is important to help babies develop strength so they can eventually roll over. When your baby is awake and supervised, lay them on their tummy for short periods while offering encouragement and toys.
How much should my baby sleep?
Remember, all babies are different. While it’s nice to have guidelines, your baby’s sleep will develop in its own way.
Age | Average total sleep hours | Typical sleep patterns | Recommendations |
0–3 months | 17 | No pattern | The first 6 to 8 weeks are the hardest. Hang in there! |
By 3 months | 15-17 | 5-6 naps per day | The pattern of sleep and wake times emerge. |
3–6 months | 15 | 3–4 naps a day | Longer stretches of sleep begin to happen at night. Try to create a sleeping schedule. |
6–9 months | 14–15 | 3 naps, with the longest at lunchtime | Create a bedtime routine to help baby become a good sleeper. |
By 9 months | 14 | 3 hours of napping | Babies should adapt to the schedule well and sleep at regular times. |
9–12 months | 14 | 2 naps | Avoid late afternoon sleep. |
12+ months | 13 | 1 nap | Have baby nap for about 2.5 hours. |
Most babies are ready to go to bed for the night at around 7 p.m.
How do I know when baby needs a nap?
Signs your baby is tired can include:
- Acting fussy
- Rubbing their ears
- Crying or red eyes
- Arching or jerking
- Staring blankly
Sleeping tips from experts
- Keeping your baby up later doesn’t help them sleep longer. Try sticking with a regular bedtime.
- Create a simple nighttime routine to help your baby form regular sleep habits. Practices such as bath time or reading can help cue baby that it is time to sleep.
Tips for the first year
- Take all the naps you can by trying to sleep when your baby sleeps.
- Avoid the urge to compare your baby with others. All babies are different.
- Challenge yourself to ask for help. People want to help but often don’t know what you need. Try asking visitors to bring a meal or do a chore.
- Make time to laugh and exercise. You can include baby in your walks—fresh air is good for both of you.
- Take a break to spend some time alone, even if it’s brief.
- Talk to your health care provider if you feel like your moods have changed. Depression and anxiety are very common during and after pregnancy. Help is available.
TRADITIONAL SLEEP IS SAFE SLEEP.
A conversation about traditional safe sleep and cradle boards with Salisha Old Bull of the Salish and Crow tribes. | <urn:uuid:2becef2f-4b99-4653-b23b-9f2e12f47bcd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hmhb-mt.org/moms-and-families/parenting/safe-sleep/ | 2024-02-24T00:54:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.936296 | 1,174 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Drones are one of the most technological innovations of man. Drones are very helpful in several industries like the health sector, construction industry, agricultural sector, and military sector. There are special types of drones used in different types of industries.
The different drones used by the military include Avenger drone, Northrop Grumman drone, MQ-1 Predator drone, RQ-170 Sentinel drone, MQ-8 Fire Scout, RQ-12 Wasp, ScanEagle drone, Black Hornet Nano drone, Switchblade drone, RQ-7 Shadow drone, MQ-4C Triton, RQ-21 Blackjack drone, and Stalker drone.
Drones are widespread in civilian life, and you will rarely go a week without seeing one. Military drones are used in various ways by the armed forces, and they come in different sizes and types.
Types Of Military Drones
Drone technology is evolving daily; hence its applications are limitless. Indeed, the military has been using them for years, and they are becoming increasingly common in military operations. The type of drones used for military operation is different from those used for recreation and photography; we will look at the types of military drones.
Class I Drones
This class of drones is the lightest and slowest, and they are usually utilized for surveillance or reconnaissance operations. They are small enough to be carried by one person and can fly for up to two hours. This class of drones includes three different drones; micro drones, small drones, and mini drones.
This set of drones has a weight that is less than 330 pounds. They can be employed for target acquisition, intelligence, munitions delivery, surveillance, combat damage assessment, communications relay, and reconnaissance. An example of a micro drone is the Micro Raven; AeroVironment manufactures it.
The Micro Raven is the lightest and smallest drone. It is a backpackable device that weighs under four pounds. It is employed by the military for reconnaissance operations and has a flight time of 90 minutes. It has a wingspan of a little over two feet and a top speed of 50 mph. It also has a GPS receiver, allowing it to track its whereabouts and return to its launch spot.
This set of drones is the largest and heaviest, and they are used for strike missions, electronic warfare, ISTAR, convoy protection, battle air traffic management, and decoys. A nice example of a small drone is the MQ-X; General Atomics produces it. You can equip this drone with several weapons like the Hellfire missiles.
The flight time of the MQ-X is up to 16 hours, and the top speed is 300 mph; it is the most advanced military technology available. It features a low-profile design that makes it difficult to spot, and it can fly for long periods without refueling. This drone possesses excellent mobility and is ideal for surveillance and hostile tracking.
Mini drones serve the same goals as micro-drones, but you can also use them for more complex tasks, including strike missions, electronic warfare, and suppression of enemy air defenses. An example of a mini drone is the SkyRanger; it is used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and search and rescue operations.
The SkyRanger can fly for almost 2 hours and has a wingspan of five feet. It has a high-resolution camera to take good pictures from great heights. Because it can deliver real-time intelligence on dangerous circumstances, this drone is perfect for military and law enforcement applications.
Class II Drones
This class of drones is also referred to as tactical drones; they give ground forces a real-time picture of the battlefield, helping them make better decisions. Class II drones are faster and larger than Class I; they are mostly used for offensive operations, intelligence gathering, and strike missions.
Class II drones are used to conduct search and rescue missions, track enemy activity, and provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance. These drones can cover a vast sea or land area because they can fly continuously for two weeks. A Sperwer drone is an example of a Class II drone.
The French military uses the Sperwer drone, an unmanned aerial vehicle; it was created in 2001 and has been operational since 2003. The Sperwer can be fired from either air platform or the ground and is controlled by a single person. It uses an infrared camera and is used for target acquisition or reconnaissance.
Class III Drones
Strategic drones, also known as Class III drones, are used in the most advanced military missions. They are big, fast planes with much range and endurance; these drones fly above enemy territory on surveillance missions or hit specified targets from a high altitude.
The drones in this class can fly for several days and carry heavy loads like missiles and bombs. Laser-guided bombs, anti-tank guided missiles, and air-to-surface missiles are the most common weapons they carry. Let us look at a few Class III military drones.
The Predator Drone
The Predator is a US Air Force combat drone that General Atomics Aeronautical Systems manufactured. It was originally deployed in 1995 and has since seen action in several conflicts like the Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kosovo wars. The Predator is a stealthy unmanned aerial vehicle that can fly for about 20 hours.
It has an infrared camera and a laser designator/illuminator for targeting reasons. The Predator carries two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles with a range of up to five kilometers. This drone is one of the well-known drones in the military world as it has seen a lot of action in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Northrop Grumman developed the Global Hawk for the US Air Force as a high-altitude, long-endurance drone. It is employed for missions, including intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance. This drone can fly for almost 3 hours at heights of up to 65,000 feet; it can also fly up to 12,300 nautical miles and carry out its job for 24 hours.
The Global Hawk drone has many sensors to collect intelligence data from high-altitude sites. It has a wingspan of 116 feet and is powered by a single Rolls-Royce turbofan engine with a thrust of 15,000 pounds. It can attain a speed of up to 391 mph and has a takeoff weight of 32,500 pounds.
How Big Are Military Drones?
Military drones come in three different classes; the Class III drones are the biggest size of military drones. The class I drones are the lightest drones and weigh about 330 pounds. The class II drones have a weight range between 330 pounds to 1,322 pounds; they are quite heavy and have a heavier payload than the Class I drones.
The biggest-sized military drone is the Class III drone. This set of drones weighs above 1,322 pounds; due to their big size and heavyweight, they carry heavier payloads like bombs and have missiles.
Similar post: What Does a Police Drone Look Like at Night? [ANSWERED]
How High Do Military Drones Fly?
Military drones are used for different reasons, and their purposes play a huge role in how high they will fly. Class I drones are used for surveillance, reconnaissance, intelligence, and target acquisition. The drones under this class can fly for as high as 4000 meters. Class II drones used for organic battalion level can fly as high as 5,5oo meters.
Class III drones are used to conduct strikes and perform reconnaissance missions. These drones can fly for as high as 9000 meters; this altitude range is the highest a military drone can fly.
Drones have been increasingly popular recently, with police and military worldwide employing them for various purposes. They have already been shown to be great and useful assets in various industries, and their potential is endless. As technology advances, we may continue to see several upgrades on military drones.
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Shawn Manaher loves to play with new toys and dive into new hobbies. As a serial entrepreneur, work definitely comes first but there is always room for hobbies. | <urn:uuid:fa153aa8-607d-46ba-b50a-d9e90efacf51> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hobbynation.net/military-drones/ | 2024-02-23T22:35:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.94837 | 1,706 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Managerial Accounting - Budgeting
Is this a static or flexible budget?
Answer: This is a flexible budget because it provides budgeted data for different levels of activities. The Charter School budget shows the budget for 120, 100, and 66 students.
What is total revenue (excluding grants) per student?
Answer: When grants are excluded, the total revenue per student is $6,063 for all the three levels.
What are the total expenses per student?
Answer: The total expenses per student for the 100 level is $5,283, for the 120 level is $4,518, and for the 66 level the total expenses per student is $7,646.
Do all expenses seem necessary?
Answer: Yes, all the expenses seem necessary apart from the field trip expenses. All the other expenses seem necessary in running the Charter School. The field trip expenses are not necessary; they are just like entertainment expenses, which are not necessary (Robinson, 2007).
What are the general benefits of preparing this budget?
Answer: the general benefits of preparing this budget include:
Improving the school targets and offering guidelines for achieving its goals.
Identifying the weaknesses of the school for the implementation of new plans by the school administration.
From the budget, the school administration can specify the objectives in the medium and long-term.
The school administration can direct efforts on expenses that are necessary for running the school and avoid those that are not necessary.
Discuss how this budget is likely to be used for the control function.
Answer: This budget is likely to be used for the control function by providing an action plan to ensure that the school’s actual activities have least deviated from the planned activities. In this manner, it could be used to ensure that the actual expenses of the school do not deviate by far from the planned expenses (Robinson, 2007).
Variance analysis is a traditional tool used for planning and control. Comment on advantages and disadvantages of using this approach for performance evaluations.
Answer: The primary advantage of variance analysis as an approach for performance evaluation is that it points out the actual activities that largely deviate from the planned activities. For this reason, the tool draws the attention of management to activities where the planned activities are different from the actual outcomes (Shim & Siegel 2008). The main disadvantage of using the variance analysis too is that it is more difficult to apply it in the service sector organizations since major portions of their costs are comprised of overhead expenses rather than product expenses (for example, direct material cost, direct labor cost, etc.) (Shim & Siegel 2008).
Do you have any suggestions for complementary or alternative performance measures?
Answer: Other possible performance measures that could be used in the place of variance analysis include; input measures, output measures, process measures, and outcome measures. | <urn:uuid:024cc9c1-f7e2-494d-933d-0cbb2fdcca84> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://homework-lab.com/examples/managerial-accounting-budgeting-3280 | 2024-02-24T00:23:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.930547 | 583 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Lottery is a form of gambling in which players bet on a number or series of numbers. The winner receives a cash prize, often after paying a small fee to participate. Many states have legalized lotteries, and many give a portion of the proceeds to charitable causes. The history of lottery dates back centuries, with biblical mentions in the Old Testament and Roman emperors using them to distribute property and slaves. In modern times, it is a popular pastime for many people and a major source of revenue for state governments.
In order to increase the odds of winning, many players buy more tickets. However, this is not a guarantee of victory. The key to success is making calculated choices based on mathematical predictions. Although no one has prior knowledge of what will happen in the lottery, math can help you make better decisions that will give you a better chance of winning.
The popularity of lotteries is often attributed to the fact that they provide funds for public goods, such as education. The funds are seen as being better than raising taxes or cutting public spending. This argument is a powerful one, especially in times of economic stress. However, studies show that the state government’s actual fiscal condition does not have much impact on whether a lottery gains or loses popular support.
It is also important to remember that the lottery is a form of gambling, and therefore, it can be addictive. While some people have made a living from the game, others have found themselves in dire financial situations. To avoid this, it is important to practice responsible gambling, and never gamble with your last dollar. There is no guarantee of winning, and you should always be sure to have a roof over your head and food on the table before betting.
Most modern lotteries allow participants to select the set of numbers that they want to be in the drawing, and they also usually have a box or section on the playslip where the player can mark to indicate that they will accept whatever set of numbers the computer randomly chooses for them. This option is useful for players who do not have the time or energy to research their numbers and try to predict the winning numbers.
Some people are so desperate to win the lottery that they risk their lives by buying large quantities of tickets every week. This is called “FOMO.” The fear of missing out on a big prize makes them want to buy as many tickets as possible. While this strategy may work for some people, it is not a sound long-term plan.
Another way to increase your chances of winning is to play the Powerball or Mega Millions, both of which offer huge prizes. However, be aware that the jackpots for these games are almost always paid in equal annual installments over 20 years. In addition, the value of these prizes is significantly eroded by inflation and taxes. | <urn:uuid:aa428f03-c4cf-4abe-b030-77a25e9b216a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://insighttalentsolutions.com/how-to-win-the-lottery-4/ | 2024-02-23T23:40:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.976883 | 573 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A number of studies have shown links between depression and internet use. This being the case, who better than the 19th Century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) to be named as the official philosopher of the internet?
For thorough-going gloom, it is hard to beat Schopenhauer. “Life is an unpleasant business,” he said as a young man to explain why he wanted to be a philosopher. “I have resolved to spend mine reflecting on it.” A photograph taken the year before he died, with his touseled hair, wizened face and grimly-set mouth, is a portrait of a life dedicated to proving that life is all about suffering.
And, of all the things that made Schopenhauer suffer, none, perhaps was more painful than the stupidity of critics who failed to appreciate his originality, depth and acuteness. For most of his career he was either ignored or disparaged, so he had plenty of time to reflect upon how mistaken they were and why. After his death he was recognised as a towering landmark of modern philosophy – but by then it was too late for him to revise his opinion of dim-witted humanity.
Fortunately for us, Schopenhauer made good use of his opponents’ errors. He gathered them together into a slim volume which appeared in English in 1896, long after his death. It was republished in 2004 as The Art of Always Being Right: Thirty-Eight Ways to Win When You Are Defeated (available at a bargain price on Kindle).
In the age of Twitter (and the Maestro of Twitter, Donald Trump) there can be no better guide to argumentation on the internet than Schopenhauer. Brief op-eds, comment boxes and Twitter demonstrate every day – every minute – the truth of his cynical observation that argument is “the art of disputing, and of disputing in such a way as to hold one’s own, whether one is in the right or the wrong”.
Why don’t people take the truth more seriously on the internet? Why do so many disputes escalate into scorched earth battles? Schopenhauer’s explanation is characteristically pessimistic:
it is simply the natural baseness of human nature. If human nature were not base, but thoroughly honourable, we should in every debate have no other aim than the discovery of truth; we should not in the least care whether the truth proved to be in favour of the opinion which we had begun by expressing, or of the opinion of our adversary. That we should regard as a matter of no moment, or, at any rate, of very secondary consequence; but, as things are, it is the main concern. Our innate vanity, which is particularly sensitive in reference to our intellectual powers, will not suffer us to allow that our first position was wrong and our adversary’s right.
What if you find yourself in the awkward position of realising that your opponent is right or that your own position is hopelessly weak? Schopenhauer comes to the rescue with 38 devious tricks for victory. You need look no further than the comment box beneath a controversial article on the internet or a heated discussion amongst talking heads to see how relevant they are.
For instance, here is some advice for the self-confident and arrogant:
“When your opponent has answered several of your questions without the answers turning out favourable to the conclusion at which you are aiming, advance the desired conclusion,—although it does not in the least follow,—as though it had been proved, and proclaim it in a tone of triumph. If your opponent is shy or stupid, and you yourself possess a great deal of impudence and a good voice, the trick may easily succeed.” (Trick 14)
If you know how to get under an opponent’s skin, you can try this:
“This trick consists in making your opponent angry; for when he is angry he is incapable of judging aright, and perceiving where his advantage lies. You can make him angry by doing him repeated injustice, or practising some kind of chicanery, and being generally insolent.” (Trick 8)
Similarly, a hot-headed opponent can be tripped up egging him on:
“Contradiction and contention irritate a man into exaggerating his statement. By contradicting your opponent you may drive him into extending beyond its proper limits a statement which, at all events within those limits and in itself, is true; and when you refute this exaggerated form of it, you look as though you had also refuted his original statement.” (Trick 23)
If you are debating with another expert, but see that you are losing, you can use the ignorance of your listeners as a weapon:
“If you have no argument ad rem [pertinent to the argument], and none either ad hominem, you can make one ad auditors [to the audience]; that is to say, you can start some invalid objection, which, however, only an expert sees to be invalid. Now your opponent is an expert, but those who form your audience are not, and accordingly in their eyes he is defeated; particularly if the objection which you make places him in any ridiculous light.” (Trick 28)
Colour your language.
“Of all the tricks of controversy, this is the most frequent, and it is used instinctively. You hear of ‘religious zeal,’ or ‘fanaticism’; a ‘faux pas’ a ‘piece of gallantry,’ or ‘adultery’; an ‘equivocal,’ or a ‘bawdy’ story; ‘embarrassment,’ or ‘bankruptcy’; ‘through influence and connection,’ or by ‘bribery and nepotism’; ‘sincere gratitude,’ or ‘good pay.’” (Trick 12)
This stratagem is very, very useful so long as no one is fact-checking the debate – and normally no one is:
“You may also, should it be necessary, not only twist your authorities, but actually falsify them, or quote something which you have invented entirely yourself. As a rule, your opponent has no books at hand, and could not use them if he had.” (Trick 30)
In some circumstances, mock humility works a treat, preferably accompanied by a smirk and a wink at the audience.
If you know that you have no reply to the arguments which your opponent advances, you may, by a fine stroke of irony, declare yourself to be an incompetent judge: “What you now say passes my poor powers of comprehension; it may be all very true, but I can’t understand it, and I refrain from any expression of opinion on it.” In this way you insinuate to the bystanders, with whom you are in good repute, that what your opponent says is nonsense … This is a trick which may be used only when you are quite sure that the audience thinks much better of you that of your opponent. A professor, for instance, may try it on a student. (Trick 31)
The Assumption of Effortless Superiority is an excellent way of kicking the ball into the long grass.
“If you are confronted with an assertion, there is a short way of getting rid of it, or, at any rate, of throwing suspicion on it, by putting it into some odious category; even though the connection is only apparent, or else of a loose character. You can say, for instance, ‘That is Manichaeism,’ or ‘It is Arianism,’ or ‘Pelagianism,’ or ‘Idealism,’ or ‘Spinozism,’ or ‘Pantheism,’ or ‘Brownianism,’ or ‘Naturalism,’ or ‘Atheism,’ or ‘Rationalism,’ ‘Spiritualism,’ ‘Mysticism,’ and so on.” (Trick 32)
Schopenhauer was not as Machiavellian as these cynical ploys suggest. Within the limits of his own metaphysical framework, he was a seeker after the truth. His motto was vitam impendere vero (to dedicate one’s life to the truth) and sophistical evasion disgusted him. A life of discouragement and rejection had made him a keen observer of how little the truth is respected in public discussion. He would have understood how Twitter mobs weaponise words.
This article has been from MercatorNet under a Creative Commons license. | <urn:uuid:812bbc9b-666e-4b54-8ad4-1c250ccf4ef7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://intellectualtakeout.org/2019/02/how-to-win-arguments-when-you-havent-a-leg-to-stand-on/ | 2024-02-23T23:16:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.969287 | 1,855 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fiber is found in plant foods. In most plants, there’s some part of the plant your body can’t digest or absorb. This is called dietary fiber. Because fiber isn’t digested by your body, it passes through your digestive system and out your body relatively “whole.” Most plant foods contain both soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber dissolves in water, but forms a gel-like substance. It’s effective in helping lower your cholesterol and glucose levels. On the other hand, insoluble fiber doesn’t dissolve in water. Because insoluble fiber is bulky, it helps move your food through your digestive track. Which helps with constipation or irregular stools. For the greatest health benefits, you should aim to eat a variety of high-fiber foods that include both soluble and insoluble fiber.
Benefits of eating more fiber
Sure, you’ve been told to eat more fiber. It’s healthy, after all. But do you know the benefits of including enough fiber in your diet on a daily basis? Here are the benefits of a diet rich in fiber:
- Fiber keeps you regular. If you’ve experienced problems with constipation or irregular (watery) stools, adding more fiber to your diet can help bulk up your stool. Whether your stools are coming out too easily, or not at all, fiber can help.
- Fiber helps keep your bowels healthy. Eating more fiber may help reduce your risk of developing hemorrhoids and may even prevent colorectal cancer.
- Fiber can protect against breast cancer. A study published in the journal Pediatrics found a significantly lower breast cancer risk for women who had a higher intake of fiber during adolescence and early adulthood.
- Fiber lowers your cholesterol. Soluble fiber can help to lower your cholesterol levels, mainly your “bad” cholesterol levels. Fiber can also help your heart health and improve your blood pressure.
- Fiber helps you stay full longer. When you eat whole foods that contain good amounts of fiber, you’ll feel satisfied for longer. Which means you’ll eat less in the long run and still feel full. Plus, calorie for calorie, you’ll be eating less when you fill up on whole foods like fresh produce or whole grains than if you fill up on other foods. This means when you start including more fiber into your diet, you might also see the numbers on the scale go down.
- Fiber helps to control your blood sugar levels. This is good news if you’re a diabetic. Soluble fiber slows the absorption of sugar. Eating adequate amounts of fiber can also help you reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
How much fiber do you need?
You’re committed to eating more fiber. But how much do you need? The American Diabetic Association recommends healthy adult women eat at least 25 grams of fiber daily and healthy adult men at least 38 grams. Unfortunately, if you’re anything like the average American, you’re only getting about 15 grams of fiber daily, which leaves room for improvement.
Tips for eating more fiber
Eating more fiber doesn’t have to be difficult. In fact, you just need to be more aware of your dietary intake and concentrate on eating more whole foods. Try these tips:
- Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Chose whole-grain options whenever possible. Swap out white breads for whole-grain breads, white rice for brown rice, and whole-grain flours for white flours in your baking.
- Eat more legumes. Add beans, lentils, or peas to your favorite meals to add a little extra flavor and a lot of fiber.
- Choose high-fiber breakfast items. Breakfast is an easy way to add more fiber to your day. Just opt for high-fiber breakfast cereals, oatmeal, or whole grain toast instead of your usual sugary cereal or white bagel.
- Include fiber in every snack. Fresh fruits and vegetables or whole-grain crackers make a fast and easy snack.
- Drink water. Fiber works best with water, so stay hydrated for the best results.
- Add more fiber slowly into your diet. Adding a lot of fiber to your diet too quickly can cause gas, bloating, and stomach cramps. Instead, increase your fiber intake slowly over a few weeks.
A note about fiber supplements
Eating more fiber can be challenging, so you might be tempted to keep eating your regular diet and just add a fiber supplement. Supplements are quick and easy; you can use them daily with little planning, and no matter how well you eat you may still need a fiber supplement to combat digestive issues. But whenever possible, try to get your dietary fiber through fresh, whole foods. A fiber supplement doesn’t contain all the nutrients whole foods do. Which means you’ll be missing out on some amazing health benefits if you only take a supplement. | <urn:uuid:775886b7-6916-4602-8904-b799ac2b0361> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/why-you-need-fiber-in-your-diet-and-how-to-follow-up | 2024-02-23T22:28:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.932426 | 1,038 | 3.203125 | 3 |
If you have reached this help article, it likely means that you know what jitter is - at least at some level. That said, before continuing with this article, we suggest that you read this help article to better understand how to view and interpret in-session diagnostics and stats, and then come back here to continue forward.
Internet jitter happens when the Internet connection between two musicians is not sufficiently reliable. JamKazam, when streaming audio between musicians, usually slices up audio into 400 packets per second - so that's one packet every 2.5 milliseconds. These packets get sent over the Internet, and if these packets don't arrive in the right order and exactly on time, bad things happen to your session audio. To prevent these bad things, if there is jitter JamKazam must use a buffer - basically a mini-queue where we stash these audio packets - and the more jitter there is, the more buffer there must be to prevent your audio from getting trashed. And the bigger the buffer, the more latency. So if we have to create a buffer of 4 packets, we have just added 4 * 2.5 = 10 milliseconds of latency to your connection. Which is obviously bad. And thus, a stable and reliable Internet connection is incredibly important.
So with that as a context, let's look at the screenshot below. In the Internet section of the diagnostics display for the musician Seth, you can see that Connectivity = WiFi (which has a red dot to indicate trouble), and that the two Jitter stats are also both in the red. This will definitely negatively impact both latency and audio quality in this session.
If you see Internet jitter in the red zone on any connection with another user in your session, and if this jitter is either constant, or is periodic but frequent enough to make your session unplayable or really annoying, here are some things you can check that may be causing Internet jitter in your session:
The first thing to look for is the Connectivity stat. If this says "WiFi" for the other musician, this indicates that the other musician is using WiFi rather than a "Wired" Ethernet connection from their computer to their home router. WiFi almost always causes jitter problems in sessions because WiFi routers can almost never keep up with the packet rate that JamKazam drives in sessions. This has nothing to do with how much bandwidth someone has. So if you see WiFi here, that is a problem, and you should ask the other musician to get an Ethernet cable (and an Ethernet adapter if needed) to fix their connection.
If you both are on wired Ethernet connections, then the next thing we advise you try is for both you and the other musician to close the JamKazam application, and then both reboot your computers and both power cycle / reboot your home routers. It can be surprising how often routers can get sideways on performance. This won't show up when browsing/shopping on Amazon, but it can wreak havoc on ultra-low latency streaming sessions.
If this doesn't clear the jitter problem, you're starting to get into thornier problems with fewer answers.
The next question would be - what technology does each of your ISPs (Internet service providers) use to power your Internet service - fiber, cable, DSL, or satellite?
- Satellite is definitely going to be a problem - both for latency and for jitter. If you have satellite Internet service, it's really unlikely that you will be able to effectively use JamKazam.
- DSL is generally the next worst form of broadband cable. We have seen DSL Internet work OK, but just as often we have seen it fail. If one of you is using DSL Internet, that is likely the problem.
- Fiber and cable broadband Internet service both usually are solid and won't generally cause jitter problems.
So if either you or someone else with whom you want to play is on satellite or DSL Internet service, your best bet is to switch your Internet service to a different provider if another ISP offers either cable or fiber service to your home address.
If you are on cable or fiber Internet and are still having jitter problems after all the suggestions above, then it's possible your ISP simply has a poorly architected network in your particular area. We have seen this before. Or it's possible one of these other solutions might save you:
- It's worth reporting to your ISP that you are having jitter problems on your Internet service, and to ask your ISP if they will replace your home router (assuming they provided your home router), or if you provided your own home router to purchase a new router. Sometimes a new router will fix these kinds of problems.
- It's also worth reporting to your ISP that you are having jitter problems on your Internet service, and to ask your ISP if they will send a technician to inspect your lines physically. We have personally experienced situations where, for example, a squirrel had gnawed on the line delivering Internet service outside the house, so that there was a physical cable problem that was causing intermittent Internet problems. Other physical problems can cause weird Internet reliability problems from normal wear and tear over time. | <urn:uuid:ea65756c-ac7f-4f82-ae84-08bdb8cfcb63> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jamkazam.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/66000122475-high-jitter-causing-excessive-latency | 2024-02-23T22:52:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.955062 | 1,062 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Locusts. Darkness. Slaying of the first born.
Though Passover is still a few months away, we are in the thick of the Exodus narrative in our weekly Torah reading cycle. This week, we read about the last three plagues that God visits upon Pharaoh as punishment for refusing to let the Hebrew slaves leave Egypt. The plagues cripple Egyptian society as locusts “cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen” and the darkness pervades so that “no one could see anyone else or move about for three days.” Yet while Pharaoh momentarily considers releasing the Hebrews from bondage after each plague, he ultimately refuses to back down.
As I reflect on this famous story from a coffee shop in Washington, D.C. during the third week of a government shut-down, I cannot help but see its relevance. While there are no locusts and the sun is shining, the public museums are closed, garbage lines the streets, and the roads are empty. The glimmer of the city has darkened. Unseen are the families whose lives are being held hostage.
We don’t yet know how this government shut-down will end, but we do know the tragic ending of Pharaoh’s story. Pharaoh’s obstinance causes God to send the ultimate punishment: the slaying of all Egyptian first-born. The Torah tells us: “At midnight the Eternal struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on the throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner, who was in the dungeon, and the firstborn of all the livestock as well. Pharaoh and all his officials and all the Egyptians got up during the night, and there was a loud wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead.” Only after this plague does Pharaoh finally relent and say to Moses: “Up! Leave…and go!”
This plague finally changes Pharaoh’s mind because he was so deeply and personally affected by it. No punishment could be more painful than the death of his own child. Only after this experience is he willing to blink, and Moses seizes the opportunity to lead his people out of bondage, not even allowing them a few minutes for their bread to rise lest Pharaoh change his mind yet again.
In these verses, it is easy to see Pharaoh as the villain who lacks empathy. But just like in our own lives, nothing in the Torah is ever that simple. After each plague, Pharaoh has a moment of clarity where he wants to free the Israelites. But immediately after Pharaoh relents, God “hardens his heart,” and forces him to change his mind and hold the Israelites back. Why does God prevent Pharaoh from freeing the Israelites? Perhaps God is trying to demonstrate the universal human tendency to get stuck in a position or in a mindset. Most people have had the experience of taking a stand or making a claim and then feeling that they can’t back down, even if they might want to. Saving face can often feel as important as doing the right thing. It takes a tragedy for Pharaoh to humble himself and to let go of his desire to look consistent.
In our current moment, political leaders on each side of this government shut-down battle appear stuck in their respective positions. One side seems inured to the hardship of furloughed government workers, while the other refuses to take the time to understand why this particular issue is so important to some Americans. The result is an ugly stalemate where both sides are entrenched in their positions, unwilling to back down, leaving innocents in the cross hairs.
A moment of vulnerability ended the stalemate between Pharaoh and the Israelites. It will take a similarly humane moment to end our current government stalemate. But I am optimistic. If Pharaoh and Moses — arguably the two most stubborn figures in the Hebrew Bible — can do it, so can our leaders. | <urn:uuid:e0dc5bdd-0f6d-4da7-8fb6-c45211dfb697> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jcpdowntown.org/to-end-a-stalemate/ | 2024-02-24T00:24:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966457 | 817 | 2.765625 | 3 |
OHIO’S CHARTER SCHOOLS
This new tool is designed to help the citizens of Ohio better understand how publicly-funded charter schools are faring and how they compare to traditional public schools.
This website provides data from the Ohio Department of Education on how schools are performing, the percentage of money spent in the classroom, and how much money is deducted from state aid to public school districts and transferred to charter schools. Additional data can also be found by clicking on the name of the district and the name of a charter school.
With nearly 400 charter schools operating in Ohio with less accountability than traditional public schools, it is important that parents, educators and policymakers be able to see the comparative performance of charter schools, as well as what they are costing local school districts.
Ohio’s students deserve great public schools whether they are “traditional” schools or taxpayer-funded charter schools. We hope that The Ohio Charter School Accountability Project will provide some of the information necessary for parents, taxpayers and policy makers to make wise and cost-effective choices. Nothing is more important to the future of our state.
Share your story
Tell us something about the successes or failures at your school and we’ll add them to our growing list of stories from educators and parents like yourself. | <urn:uuid:8967f5bd-b4b9-4175-955f-b572a3360955> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://knowyourcharter.com/ | 2024-02-24T00:35:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966465 | 261 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Using the Alcone Dirac XT as an example we want to explain to you how to turn a kit into a finished loudspeaker.
But with little patience you'll identify the crossover components, the connectors, the screws for fitting the drivers and the damping material yourself.
The crossover comprises most components, but due to the supplied crossover building plan it quickly becomes clear which components should be used for the crossover. Polarity is immaterial since all our components are bipolar.
It's best to lay out all components on a PCB or wooden board, exactly like shown in the plan. Afterwards they should be connected by soldering them.
Important is to connect those components according to the plan – components not connected in the plan should not have any contact with one another.
It's also important to determine where the drivers are going to be connected. Those points should be clearly marked, after they have been soldered. Polarity is crucial. Therefore, it's mandatory to mark plus and minus.
The loudspeaker cable should now be soldered to the marked locations on the crossover. Generally, one of the two wires is marked; cable with transparent insulation usually have a red or black line as marking. It makes good sense to always use the same marking for a specific polarity (we always use the marked wire for +).
The second crossover should be put together the same way.
Important is that you check the individual sizes together with the carpenter when picking up the wooden boards. The next step is to draw all holes on the correct panels, like bass reflex port, cut-out for the terminal or binding posts and the hole in the bracing panel.
For the cable entry point into the sealed cabinet you just drill two small holes (roughly the diameter of one wire) next to one another and use a file to remove the wood between the two holes. This ensures that the holes are as small as possible and are easy to seal with glue. Only now, the bracing panel, the cover and the bottom panel are put in place and glued.
The three panels have to be flush to ensure that the baffle rests perfectly. We used a baffle that was cut by a carpenter, since the cut-outs, especially the one for the Alcone AC 5.25 HE-S, could be quite complicated. If the baffle is a hint too large that can be fixed with a grinding machine.
Finally, when these panels are fitted and the glue has dried, the side panels should be fitted. Also here, it's important that the boards are flush with the front. Attach and glue one side panel at a time and use some weights to keep them in place. At this time a base might be attached to the bottom panel if the wood is not thick enough.
After all panels are in place and the glue has dried any gaps can still be sealed with glue, e.g. the cable entries to ensure that the cabinet is completely sealed.
Only the baffle is still missing. It makes sense to order the baffle after the rest of the cabinet has been put together. There is always the possibility that the wood gauge wasn't 100 %...
Before you fit the baffle the damping material has to be attached to side and rear panels or pushed into the tweeter and midrange compartment. With a little glue the damping material can be fixed in position.
Now the baffle is going to be fitted and glued in place using some weights.
Before fitting the drivers the terminals have to be soldered firmly to the crossover and the sealing tape has to be attached around the driver cut-outs.
After the drivers have been screwed into place the loudspeaker is finished.
The reward for all the trouble is listening to the first record.
Have fun. March 2007 Philipp Zukowsky | <urn:uuid:b1610f49-53e4-450d-a8cc-54b72b66a35a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lautsprechershop.de/kundenprojekte/philipp/dirac_bauen_en.htm | 2024-02-23T23:26:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.959186 | 779 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Artistic By Design Center, Inc.
“Our music curriculum stresses the importance of music literacy (the theory and concepts of music) not just learning to play music. We use state-of-the art technology and computer-based teaching tools. Weekly Classes are in 30 and 60 minute sessions.
By year’s end the cumulative knowledge that our students gain is significant.”
Photos and videos
No reviews (yet)
Frequently asked questions
What is your typical process for working with a new student?
I determine their purpose and intent in taking lessons. The teacher, parent and student signs a contract to work together to ensure the student’s success in achieving his/her tailored goals.
What education and/or training do you have that relates to your work?
Music major with over 20 years of teaching experience.
Do you have a standard pricing system for your lessons? If so, please share the details here.
30 minute lessons for ages 6-11 @ $25. Ages 12 and up 60 minute lessons @ $35.
What advice would you give a student looking to hire a teacher in your area of expertise?
Be sure you want to learn to play an instrument.
What questions should students think through before talking to teachers about their needs?
See previous statement. | <urn:uuid:95d40e9f-00cf-4d25-83a9-741ffe153667> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lessons.com/oh/cleveland/guitar-lessons/artistic-by-design-center-inc?service=ebsJTBcw | 2024-02-23T22:45:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.950869 | 270 | 2.53125 | 3 |
"And going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh" (Matthew 2:11).
This weekend is the observation of the Feast of the Epiphany, also known as Three Kings Day.
The date marks the arrival of the Magi, who worshiped the infant Jesus as a king.
"As the world embraces the dawn of a new year, the timeless tale of the Magi, the wise men from the East, continues to resonate profoundly," said Pastor Lucas Miles of Nfluence Church in Granger, Indiana.
Three Kings Day, said Miles, "is a culturally rich holiday celebrated on January 6th. It commemorates the ancient quest taken by the enigmatic Magi in search of the Christ child."
In some cultures, Three Kings Day is celebrated with the exchanging of gifts, honoring how the Magi gave the child Jesus gifts.
The story of the Magi is told in the Gospel of Matthew, Miles told Fox News Digital — yet there are many things up for debate regarding the actual identity of the men.
Still, there are many things that we do know, said Miles.
"The Magi were experts at celestial navigation," he said. "They were most likely superiorly educated and well-traveled."
They were also very important, said the pastor.
"The significant attention drawn from King Herod by their arrival in Judea implies that this was no ordinary or insignificant procession of travelers," he said.
"Of course, the attention they garnered from Herod might have also stemmed from their opulent cargo — gold, frankincense and myrrh — intended as offerings in worship to the infant Jesus," Miles added.
But "regardless of where the Magi originated from, their journey, guided by a celestial beacon in pursuit of an extraordinary purpose, holds significance as we embark on a fresh chapter in our lives."
The heart of the story of the Magi's journey is "an invitation — a call for us to participate in discovering God's plan and purposes," said Miles.
"In the midst of an election year fraught with looming political anxieties and economic uncertainties, the story of the Magi illuminates a profound lesson about the potential challenges we may face as we follow God’s guidance," he said.
The Magi followed the star through strange lands and faced many obstacles on their journey, said Miles, "yet their unwavering faith propelled them forward, even if it meant disobedience to the king."
"The Magi remind us that earthly rulers rise and fall, but our true king, Christ himself, transcends above this worldly realm," he said. "As believers, we await his second appearance, not as a child, but as the King of kings, and Lord of Lords."
The story of the Magi, said Miles, "is a testament to the enduring power of faith, courage and conviction, resonating across cultures and generations."
He continued, "It calls us not only to seek the divine but to embody principles of righteousness and justice in our actions, inspiring hope and guiding our steps as we embark on the journey ahead."
In reflecting on the journey of the Magi, "let us heed its lessons and embrace the promise of new beginnings, guided by faith and a steadfast commitment to righteousness and biblical justice in all our endeavors," said Miles. | <urn:uuid:8af1b321-dca4-4ec1-832d-5249d850104c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://letzkeepitreal.com/news/view/103170 | 2024-02-23T23:37:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966834 | 713 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The AI Influence
Artificial Intelligence, or as most people know it, AI, has penetrated various aspects of life. Technology enthusiasts and developers are pushing AI's boundaries and imprinting this technology on as many fields as possible. AI's ability to generate, modify, and interpret images has revolutionized industries such as movie production, marketing, and graphic design. But artists are now turning the tables on AI, subverting its influence on image generation.
Understanding Data Poisoning
Data poisoning is a unique phenomenon that artists use to manipulate AI. While AI learns from data sets it is exposed to, artists introduce 'poisoned' data to misdirect or interrupt this learning process. It is an ingenious way of hacking AI systems without having to delve into complex codes, instead opting to influence via the data input.
Artists vs. Machines
Artists are using this technique to wage a subtle war against image-generating AI algorithms. They perceive AI as stealing their unique creative process, hence their fight back. By sabotaging AI's image origins, they can force these systems to produce flawed or nonsensical graphics, proving the supremacy of human creativity against machine learning.
Data Poisoning: Case Studies
Several artists have experimented with data poisoning, with interesting results. One artist, Josephine Bosma, used this method to test a face-detection system. She fed the system distorted images of a face until it began interpreting the abnormalities as normal facial structures. The end result? The system began producing grotesque, deformed faces - a far cry from the standardized and ordinary faces it was initially programmed to generate.
Subverting the Norms
Another case involved an artist who challenged a system designed to detect and decode text in images. They fed the algorithm images containing purposely obscured words and phrases until it began to misinterpret regular text. This method challenges the norms AI uses and raises questions about the system's ability to handle unforeseen variables.
Decoding Artist Intentions
In applying data poisoning, artists aim to prove their creativity can't be usurped by AI. The purposeful deformation and distortion in their creations underscores the uniqueness of their creative process. These artists are trying to convey that while AI can create and generate data, it lacks the human touch, diversity, and aberration that make art intricate and beautiful.
Implications of Data Poisoning
However useful in charting a new discourse around AI, data poisoning presents a security threat. Malicious actors may exploit data poisoning to skew AI algorithms for harmful intentions. Hence, while the concept seems exciting and revolutionary, it does carry inherent risks.
How AI Reacts
AI, for its part, often reacts to data poisoning in fascinating ways. Instead of malfunctioning or breaking, they integrate the poisoned data patterns into their operations. This process allows them to generate unique, sometimes unsettling, results which challenge our perception of normal.
Artistic data poisoning may have repercussions beyond just technological manipulation. By exposing the inherent flaws and limitations in AI's ability to mimic human creativity, these artists could potentially inspire a re-evaluation and redefinition of what it means to be creative.
Data poisoning is not just an act of rebellion; it is also a learning and exploration process. Artists are using it to probe the boundaries of AI, challenging the technology to adapt, learn, and evolve.
Exploring New Frontiers
As more artists experiment with data poisoning, they are pushing the boundaries of AI's capabilities. This exploration serves as valuable research for software developers to enhance AI's resilience and response to unusual data patterns.
Understanding the Ethical Boundaries
At the same time, the use of data poisoning raises questions about the ethical boundaries of manipulating AI. Though it may be in the name of art or research, should users be permitted to deliberately confuse or misdirect AI algorithms?
Art’s Influence on AI
Just as art influences society, it can also influence AI. Through techniques such as data poisoning, artists can shape AI's learning pattern and resultant outputs. This process equips AI with new skills and perspectives, enriching its functionality.
A Journey of Self-Discovery
As artists experiment with data poisoning, they inadvertently learn about AI's capabilities and limitations, pushing the boundaries of their own creativity. In essence, it's a journey of self-discovery as they understand more about their own creativity and how it contrasts from AI's patterned learning.
Leaving a Mark
Through their acts of sabotage, artists force AI and its developers to contend with unpredictability, pushing developers to improve their systems. In this way, artists are leaving their mark on the trajectory of AI development.
An Evolving Dynamic
As the use of AI in image generation becomes more pervasive, the jagged edge between technology and creativity might blur even more. Direct interventions like data poisoning offer a counterpoint to AI's influence, making the dynamic between AI and artists a continuously evolving phenomenon.
All said and done, artists' use of data poisoning is a rebellious yet fascinating exploration of AI's capabilities. It encompasses the humanistic need to apply the coup de grace to the argument of AI superseding human creativity. Plus, while we celebrate the advancements AI offers, it's essential to acknowledge its limitations and the potential implications - be it positive or negative. | <urn:uuid:8c062c8f-2894-4666-9b19-1dfcdae2b006> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://levelupplayer.net/technology/artists-are-sabotaging-ai-with-data-poisoning-to-get-back-at-image-generators/ | 2024-02-24T00:05:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.929731 | 1,066 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Are Standard Tests Accurate at Spotting Concussion?
TUESDAY, April 5, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- Outdoor sports season is nearly here, and with rough play comes the risk of concussion.
But one of the most-used tools to assess sports-related concussion from the sidelines isn't as precise as one might like, a new study argues.
Intense exertion from playing sports could cause some of the symptoms listed on the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool-3rd Edition (SCAT3), researchers found in a study of rugby players.
"Some of them can have a high symptom severity score which is not related to a head impact," said lead researcher Stephanie Iring, a doctoral student at Rutgers University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in Newark, N.J. "It's related more to the fatigue that they experience or other bodily injury that they might have experienced."
Headache-related symptoms were most strongly associated with an actual concussion, Iring and her colleagues found.
Other symptoms measured by the SCAT3 — fatigue or neck pain, for example — are less strongly linked to a concussion and could owe simply to exertion, the results showed.
Concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or body hit that causes the head and brain to move back and forth, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
About 3.8 million sports-related concussions are reported each year in the United States, the researchers said in background notes. Studies of NFL players have raised concerns that repeated concussions could lead to long-term brain injury.
Medical professionals have developed the SCAT3 as a way to determine whether a player has suffered a concussion.
The tool includes questions about red flag symptoms like neck pain, headache, muscle weakness and vision problems, as well as tests used to assess memory, awareness, reasoning, balance and coordination.
For this study, the researchers set up a concussion laboratory tent at the Can-Am Rugby Tournament, an annual event in upstate New York.
The researchers performed the SCAT3 test on 80 men and women who received a blow to the head while playing rugby and on 129 people ("controls") who had just completed a tough match.
The investigators found that the SCAT3 test overall was effective at identifying people who had been concussed versus those who were simply exhausted from playing sports, Iring said.
Players with a head injury had significantly more symptoms listed on the tool — reporting 26 symptoms on average compared to about nine for uninjured players, the findings showed.
"However, if you look at the data closely, you see that there's a number of players that are control players that report symptoms that are just as high as the concussed players," Iring said.
Analysis revealed concussed players tended to report more symptoms related to headache — pressure in the head, headache, feeling slowed down, dizziness or not feeling right.
"This is a better predictor of the players that reported concussions compared to the controls," Iring said.
This new study adds to a growing body of evidence that suggests the SCAT3 might need revision, said Kristen Dams-O'Connor, director of the Brain Injury Research Center at Mount Sinai in New York City.
"What we really need to do is to identify the constellation of symptoms that are most closely associated with a clinically concerning head trauma," she said.
In the meantime, doctors working on the sidelines need to keep in mind that the SCAT3 lists some symptoms that will be normally felt by people who are simply worn out from an energetic match, Dams-O'Connor added.
The SCAT3 tool itself has a disclaimer saying that it should not be used as a stand-alone method to diagnose concussion, said Tamara Hew-Butler, an associate professor of exercise and sport science at Wayne State University in Detroit.
"The diagnosis of a concussion does rely on more than just a stand-alone symptom scale," Hew-Butler said.
Iring presented the findings Tuesday at a meeting of the American Physiological Society in Philadelphia. Findings presented at medical meetings are considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
The Concussion Legacy Foundation has more about concussions.
SOURCES: Stephanie Iring, doctoral student, Rutgers University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, N.J.; Kristen Dams-O'Connor, PhD, director, Brain Injury Research Center of Mount Sinai, New York City; Tamara Hew-Butler, DPM, PhD, associate professor, exercise and sport science, Wayne State University, Detroit; presentation, American Physiological Society meeting, Philadelphia, April 5, 2022 | <urn:uuid:093c5232-32b7-42e7-ac41-b3de02c78b92> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://library.covenanthealth.com/RelatedItems/6,1657039326 | 2024-02-23T22:56:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966439 | 977 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In 1872, the United States Congress established Yellowstone National Park as a “public park...for the benefit and enjoyment of the people” and placed it under the purview of the Secretary of the Interior. Yellowstone was the first of many national parks, historic sites, and monuments to be set aside for public use by the United States government. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson created the National Park Service to manage these federal lands. The enabling legislation of the National Park Service, referred to as the Organic Act of 1916, defines its primary functions to “promote and regulate the use of Federal areas known as national parks, monuments, and reservations … [and] conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”¹
The materials in this primary source set come from the Abby Williams Hill and John M. Canse collections. Abby Williams Hill (1861-1943) was a landscape painter who worked primarily in the American West. In the 1920s and 30s, she undertook a project to paint the national parks in the West. Hill was an avid outdoorswoman and a passionate advocate for the parks. She felt that increased tourism within the parks was causing damage to the natural environment and blamed both the tourists and federal officials for this problem. John M. Canse (1869 - unknown) was a pastor for the University Methodist Episcopal Church in Seattle, Washington during the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909. Canse collected pamphlets, books, and maps on the history and development of cities and counties in Washington and Oregon, as well as materials on railroads, highways, bridges, and national parks.
The documents in this source set relate to the national parks with a particular focus on the tension between conservation and public enjoyment of the lands. The many guidebooks included here illustrate how the United States government, businesses such as railroads and tourism companies, and others constructed the natural environment and the various ways in which visitors were encouraged to experience the parks.
¹"National Park Service Organic Act." Environmental Issues: Essential Primary Sources, edited by Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner, Gale, 2006, pp. 286-289. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3456400112/GVRL?u=taco25438&sid=GVRL&xid=a4bc1df5. Accessed 12 April 2021. | <urn:uuid:0f1697fc-96b8-4bb5-ad3e-2a44f6d43aa8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://library.pugetsound.edu/c.php?g=1138975&p=8311155 | 2024-02-23T22:57:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.95497 | 528 | 3.671875 | 4 |
How to Subject Guides Generally Work:
Subject guides, also known as research guides or pathfinders, are curated compilations of resources that help users explore and navigate information related to a specific subject or topic. They are typically created by librarians or subject specialists to assist library patrons in finding relevant materials for their research or learning needs. In this article, we will explore how to subject guides generally work.
Section 1: Focused Content:
Subject guides are meticulously crafted to concentrate on a specific subject, topic, or academic discipline. The goal is to provide users with a centralized and organized collection of resources tailored to their research needs within a particular area of interest. Here’s a breakdown of what makes the content of subject guides focused:
1.1 Narrow Scope: Each subject guide is designed with a narrow scope, focusing on a well-defined subject or academic discipline. This ensures that the resources included are directly relevant to the topic at hand, preventing information overload and streamlining the research process for users.
1.2 Targeted Audience: Subject guides are created with a specific audience in mind, such as students, researchers, or professionals within a particular field. This audience-centric approach allows librarians to tailor the guide to the needs and proficiency levels of those seeking information on the subject.
1.3 Thematic Organization: The content within a subject guide is thematically organized to present a coherent and structured overview of the chosen subject. This organization makes it easier for users to navigate the guide and locate relevant resources based on their specific research requirements.
1.4 Inclusion Criteria: Librarians carefully select resources for inclusion in subject guides based on predetermined criteria. These criteria may include the authority of the source, relevance to the subject, and the comprehensiveness of the information. By adhering to strict inclusion criteria, librarians ensure that the resources recommended in the guide meet high standards of quality and reliability.
1.5 Alignment with Curriculum: For academic subject guides, there is often a close alignment with the curriculum of educational institutions. Librarians collaborate with educators to understand the specific topics covered in courses, ensuring that the guide supports the learning objectives and research goals of students.
Section 2: Curated Resources:
Once the subject guide is designed with a focused content structure, the next crucial aspect is the curation of resources. Librarians or subject specialists play a key role in selecting and compiling a diverse range of relevant materials to support users in their research. Here’s an explanation of how resources are curated for subject guides:
2.1 Diverse Resource Types: Librarians include a variety of resource types to cater to different learning preferences and research needs. This may encompass books, academic articles, multimedia materials, databases, websites, and more. The inclusion of diverse formats ensures that users have access to a comprehensive set of information sources.
2.2 Quality Control: The selection process involves a thorough evaluation of the quality and reliability of each resource. Librarians consider factors such as the author’s credibility, the publication source, and the accuracy of the information. This quality control mechanism aims to present users with trustworthy and authoritative content.
2.3 Relevance to the Subject: Every resource included in the subject guide is directly relevant to the chosen subject or topic. Librarians carefully assess the content to ensure it aligns with the scope and objectives of the guide, enhancing its utility for users conducting research within that specific domain.
2.4 Currency: Keeping information current is a priority in resource curation. Librarians regularly update the subject guide to reflect the latest developments in the field. This may involve replacing outdated resources with more recent publications or incorporating emerging trends and research findings.
2.5 Accessibility: Librarians consider the accessibility of resources to ensure that users can easily obtain or access the recommended materials. This may involve providing direct links to online articles or specifying the location of physical resources within the library.
2.6 User-Friendly Annotations: To assist users in understanding the relevance of each resource, librarians often provide brief annotations or descriptions. These annotations highlight key points, topics covered, and the potential usefulness of each resource, aiding users in making informed decisions about which materials to explore further.
Section 3: Organization:
The organization of a subject guide is a crucial aspect that contributes to its usability and effectiveness. Librarians carefully structure the content in a thematic and user-friendly manner to facilitate easy navigation and access to relevant information. Here’s an exploration of how subject guides are organized:
3.1 Thematic Segmentation: The content within a subject guide is segmented into thematic sections or categories. Each section focuses on a specific aspect or subtopic related to the broader subject. This thematic segmentation allows users to quickly identify and navigate to the areas of the guide that align with their research interests.
3.2 Logical Flow: Librarians establish a logical flow of information within the guide, ensuring that users can follow a coherent path as they explore different resources. The sequence of sections is designed to guide users through introductory materials, core concepts, specialized topics, and additional resources in a logical progression.
3.3 Hierarchy of Information: Information is organized hierarchically to highlight the importance and relevance of different resources. For example, essential readings or foundational texts may be prominently featured, while supplementary materials are presented in supporting roles. This hierarchy aids users in prioritizing their engagement with the resources.
3.4 Search and Browse Features: To enhance user convenience, subject guides often include search and browse features. Users can quickly locate specific resources or topics through search functionalities, while browse features may include an alphabetical index, allowing users to navigate the guide alphabetically if they have a specific resource or topic in mind.
3.5 Clear Headings and Labels: Each section and subsection within the subject guide is labeled with clear and descriptive headings. This makes it easy for users to identify the content they are looking for and understand the focus of each section without having to delve into the details.
3.6 Cross-Referencing: Librarians may incorporate cross-referencing elements within the guide. For instance, they might suggest related resources or refer users to specific sections for more in-depth exploration of related topics. Cross-referencing enhances the interconnectedness of information within the guide.
Section 4: User Assistance:
In addition to providing curated and organized resources, subject guides often include elements of user assistance to support individuals in effectively utilizing the information available. Librarians strive to enhance user skills and understanding of how to navigate the resources. Here’s a look at how user assistance is integrated into subject guides:
4.1 Guidance and Tips: Librarians may include guidance and tips on effective research strategies. This can encompass advice on database searching, citation styles, evaluating sources, and other research-related skills. Such guidance aims to empower users with the knowledge and skills needed to conduct successful research within the subject area.
4.2 Tutorials and How-Tos: Subject guides may incorporate tutorials or step-by-step instructions on using specific databases, tools, or research methodologies. These tutorials serve as valuable resources for users who may be less familiar with certain research techniques or digital platforms.
4.3 Contact Information for Assistance: Librarians often provide their contact information within subject guides, encouraging users to reach out for personalized assistance. This may include email addresses, phone numbers, or details about virtual or in-person office hours. This direct communication channel facilitates a supportive and responsive environment for users seeking additional help.
4.4 Library Workshops and Training: Information about upcoming library workshops, training sessions, or events related to the subject area may be highlighted. These opportunities allow users to further enhance their research skills and stay informed about new developments in the field.
4.5 FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions): To address common queries and concerns, librarians may include a section of frequently asked questions in the subject guide. This anticipates the information needs of users and provides quick answers to common inquiries.
4.6 Interactive Elements: Some subject guides may incorporate interactive elements, such as quizzes, self-assessment tools, or discussion forums. These features engage users in a more participatory manner, promoting active learning and collaboration within the research community.
Section 5: Updates:
To ensure the continued relevance and usefulness of subject guides, a crucial aspect is the regular and timely updating of content. Librarians undertake ongoing efforts to keep the information current and reflective of the latest developments within the subject area. Here’s an exploration of how updates are managed in subject guides:
5.1 Monitoring Changes in the Field: Librarians actively monitor changes, advancements, and emerging trends within the subject area. This includes staying informed about new publications, research findings, and evolving perspectives. By staying abreast of developments, librarians can assess the need for updates in the subject guide.
5.2 Periodic Review: Subject guides undergo periodic reviews, during which librarians evaluate the existing resources for accuracy, relevance, and currency. This review process may be scheduled at regular intervals, such as academic semesters or annually, to ensure that the guide aligns with the most recent scholarship and information available.
5.3 Addition of New Resources: As new and noteworthy resources become available, librarians add them to the subject guide. This includes incorporating recently published books, articles, online databases, and other materials that contribute to the depth and breadth of the guide’s coverage.
5.4 Removal of Outdated Materials: To maintain the guide’s integrity, librarians remove outdated or obsolete resources. This involves retiring materials that are no longer considered current or relevant to the subject. Removing obsolete content helps streamline the guide and ensures that users are presented with up-to-date and reliable information.
5.5 Notification of Updates: Librarians may communicate updates to users through various channels, such as library newsletters, announcements on the library’s website, or direct notifications within the subject guide itself. Keeping users informed about updates encourages them to revisit the guide and access the latest resources.
5.6 Collaboration with Faculty: Librarians may collaborate with faculty members to incorporate changes in the curriculum or to align the subject guide with specific course requirements. This collaborative approach ensures that the guide remains a valuable resource for students and researchers within academic institutions.
Section 6: Accessibility:
In addition to content curation, organization, user assistance, and regular updates, subject guides emphasize accessibility to ensure that users can easily discover and utilize the provided resources. Accessibility involves making the information within the guides available and usable for a diverse audience. Here’s an exploration of how accessibility is addressed in subject guides:
6.1 Online Availability: Subject guides are often made available online, allowing users to access them remotely from anywhere with an internet connection. This online accessibility promotes convenience and ensures that users can explore the guide at their own pace and from various locations.
6.2 Searchability: Subject guides are designed with search functionality, enabling users to quickly locate specific topics or resources. This search feature enhances the efficiency of information retrieval, especially in guides with extensive content.
6.3 Clear Navigation: The structure of subject guides is crafted with clear and intuitive navigation. Users can easily move between sections, categories, and resources, facilitating a seamless browsing experience. Clear headings, subheadings, and links contribute to the user-friendly navigation of the guide.
6.4 Mobile Responsiveness: Recognizing the prevalence of mobile devices, subject guides are often designed to be mobile-responsive. This means that the layout and functionality adapt to various screen sizes, providing an optimal viewing experience on smartphones and tablets.
6.5 Alternative Formats: Librarians may offer alternative formats for resources within the subject guide. For example, providing downloadable PDFs or alternative text descriptions for images ensures that individuals with different needs or preferences can access and understand the information.
6.6 Multilingual Support: In multicultural or multilingual settings, subject guides may be designed to accommodate different languages. This inclusivity enhances accessibility for a diverse user base, ensuring that language differences do not present barriers to understanding and utilizing the guide.
6.7 Assistive Technologies: Subject guides may incorporate features that support assistive technologies, such as screen readers or text-to-speech tools. Ensuring compatibility with these technologies enhances accessibility for users with visual or auditory impairments.
6.8 Printed Materials: While many subject guides are digital, librarians may provide print versions for those who prefer or require physical materials. These printed materials can be made available within the library for users to consult in person.
In conclusion, subject guides stand as dynamic and indispensable tools within the library landscape. Through focused content, curated resources, thoughtful organization, user assistance, regular updates, and a commitment to accessibility, librarians craft these guides to be invaluable companions for researchers, students, and library patrons. Subject guides not only serve as gateways to a wealth of knowledge but also embody the evolving nature of information within specific disciplines. As librarians continue to adapt to technological advancements and changing user needs, subject guides remain a testament to the enduring relevance of libraries as information agencies committed to providing accessible, organized, and up-to-date resources for the enrichment of learning and research endeavors.
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- Kvenild, C. (2014). “Web Scale Discovery Services.” Libraries Unlimited.
- Howard, V., & Thompson, M. (2005). “Web-Based Instruction: A Guide for Libraries.” American Library Association.
- Klipfel, K. M., & Cook, D. (2018). “Agile Methodology for Developing and Measuring Library Services.” American Library Association.
- Johnson, P. M. (2013). “Fundamentals of Collection Development and Management.” American Library Association.
- Harris, C. H. (2015). “Embedded Librarians: Moving Beyond One-Shot Instruction.” American Library Association.
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In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital era, the concept of info-culture has become paramount in shaping societies and organizations. Info-culture refers to the set of values, attitudes, and practices that govern the way individuals and groups interact with information. In a world where information is abundant and easily accessible, fostering a positive info-culture is essential for harnessing the benefits of knowledge and innovation. This article explores the essential features of info-culture and initiatives to take for the development of info-culture.
Concept of Info-culture:
Info-culture refers to the collective mindset, values, and practices that govern how individuals and communities interact with information in the digital age. It involves the cultivation of information literacy, open communication, adaptability, and continuous learning. At its core, info-culture emphasizes the importance of knowledge sharing, collaboration, and inclusivity, creating an environment where information is leveraged for innovation and societal progress. In today’s rapidly evolving landscape, fostering a positive info-culture is essential for navigating the vast sea of data and harnessing the benefits of information in a meaningful way.
Features of Info-Culture:
Here are the key essential features of info-culture:
1. Information Literacy: At the heart of info-culture lies information literacy. This feature involves the ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use information. Individuals with strong information literacy skills can critically assess sources, distinguish between credible and unreliable information, and navigate the vast expanse of data with confidence. An info-culture promotes the development of these skills through education and training, empowering individuals to make informed decisions.
2. Open Communication: Info-culture thrives on open communication channels. It emphasizes the importance of transparent and accessible information sharing within organizations and communities. Open communication fosters collaboration, encourages the free flow of ideas, and establishes an environment where knowledge is not hoarded but shared for the collective benefit. In an info-culture, individuals are encouraged to communicate openly, facilitating innovation and problem-solving.
3. Adaptability and Continuous Learning: Given the rapid pace of technological advancements, an info-culture values adaptability and continuous learning. Individuals and organizations are encouraged to embrace change, stay updated on emerging trends, and continuously enhance their skills. This feature ensures that knowledge remains relevant in a constantly evolving landscape, enabling proactive responses to challenges and opportunities.
4. Knowledge Sharing: A fundamental aspect of info-culture is the emphasis on knowledge sharing. This involves creating platforms and mechanisms that facilitate the exchange of insights, experiences, and expertise. Whether within organizations or across communities, promoting a culture of sharing contributes to collective learning and the acceleration of innovation. Info-culture recognizes that knowledge grows when it is shared.
5. Collaboration and Interdisciplinarity: Info-culture encourages collaboration and recognizes the value of interdisciplinary perspectives. Breaking down silos and fostering collaboration between different fields of knowledge leads to holistic problem-solving approaches. By promoting interdisciplinary studies and projects, info-culture creates an environment where diverse insights converge, resulting in innovative solutions to complex challenges.
6. Accessibility and Inclusivity: An inclusive info-culture ensures that knowledge is accessible to all, irrespective of socio-economic backgrounds, geographical locations, or physical abilities. Initiatives promoting digital inclusion, providing free access to educational resources, and designing user-friendly interfaces contribute to creating a more equitable information landscape.
7. Critical Thinking and Evaluation: Info-culture places a high value on critical thinking skills. The ability to question, analyze, and evaluate information sources is crucial in distinguishing between reliable information and misinformation. Educational institutions play a pivotal role in instilling these skills, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking in navigating the vast sea of information in the digital age.
Initiatives to Take for the Development of Info-culture:
The development of a robust info-culture requires concerted efforts and strategic initiatives across various sectors. These initiatives aim to foster a positive environment where information is not only abundant but is also effectively utilized for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole. Here are the initiatives for the development of info-culture:
- Educational Reforms:
- Integration of Information Literacy: One of the primary initiatives involves integrating information literacy into educational curricula at all levels. Schools, colleges, and universities should incorporate modules that teach students how to locate, evaluate, and use information critically. This initiative ensures that individuals develop essential skills to navigate the information landscape.
- Promotion of Interdisciplinary Studies: Encouraging interdisciplinary studies fosters a more holistic approach to problem-solving. Educational institutions can establish interdisciplinary programs, encouraging students to explore connections between different fields. This initiative promotes a broader understanding of complex issues and prepares individuals to tackle real-world challenges collaboratively.
- Technological Infrastructure:
- Digital Access Initiatives: Governments and organizations must invest in initiatives that provide widespread digital access. This includes improving internet connectivity in remote areas, ensuring affordability of digital devices, and promoting digital literacy. Bridging the digital divide is crucial for creating an inclusive info-culture.
- Innovation Hubs and Tech Incubators: Establishing innovation hubs and technology incubators creates spaces for collaboration and idea generation. These environments support the development of new technologies and solutions by bringing together individuals from various backgrounds. Incubators can provide resources, mentorship, and a conducive atmosphere for innovation to thrive.
- Corporate Practices:
- Promoting Knowledge Sharing Platforms: Organizations play a pivotal role in fostering an info-culture within their workforce. Implementing internal platforms that facilitate knowledge sharing, such as intranet systems and collaborative tools, encourages employees to share their expertise. Regular knowledge-sharing sessions can be organized to promote a culture of learning and collaboration.
- Continuous Learning Programs: Employers should actively support continuous learning programs for their employees. This can involve providing resources for professional development, supporting attendance at workshops and conferences, and incentivizing further education. By investing in the continuous learning of employees, organizations contribute to the adaptability and resilience of their workforce.
- Government Policies:
- Information Accessibility Regulations: Governments can shape info-culture through legislation. Implementing regulations that ensure information accessibility, open data initiatives, and transparency requirements for public institutions contribute to a more informed and empowered society. These regulations create a framework for responsible information management.
- Support for Research and Development: Governments should allocate resources and provide incentives for research and development initiatives. This support can be directed towards both academic research institutions and private enterprises. By investing in R&D, governments contribute to the creation of new knowledge, technologies, and innovations that benefit society at large.
- Community Engagement:
- Promoting Local Information Hubs: Establishing local information hubs can empower communities by providing access to relevant information. These hubs can offer resources, workshops, and training programs to enhance information literacy at the grassroots level.
- Community-Based Knowledge Sharing Events: Organizing community-based knowledge-sharing events, such as seminars, workshops, and discussion forums, encourages individuals to share their experiences and expertise. These initiatives create a culture of learning and collaboration within communities, contributing to the development of a positive info-culture.
- Media Literacy Programs:
- Promoting Critical Media Consumption: Initiatives aimed at promoting media literacy are crucial in the digital age. Education programs that teach individuals how to critically consume and analyze media content help in combating misinformation. This initiative empowers individuals to make informed decisions based on reliable information.
- Collaboration with Media Outlets: Collaborating with media outlets to promote responsible journalism and fact-checking initiatives contributes to building a trustworthy information ecosystem. Supporting media literacy programs through partnerships with news organizations enhances the overall quality of information available to the public.
- Global Collaboration:
- International Information Exchange Programs: Facilitating international collaboration in information exchange programs fosters a global perspective on knowledge. This can involve partnerships between educational institutions, research organizations, and governments to share insights, research findings, and technological advancements.
- Cross-Cultural Initiatives: Promoting cross-cultural initiatives that facilitate the exchange of information and ideas between diverse communities enriches the global info-culture. Encouraging collaboration on a global scale contributes to a more interconnected and inclusive knowledge landscape.
In conclusion, the concept of info-culture is integral to navigating the complexities of the digital age. Fostering a positive info-culture requires a collective effort from educational institutions, organizations, governments, and individuals. By prioritizing knowledge sharing, collaboration, and continuous learning, societies can harness the transformative power of information for the benefit of all. Initiatives at the educational, technological, corporate, and governmental levels are essential in building a resilient info-culture that adapts and thrives in the face of constant change. As we continue to embrace the digital era, cultivating an info-culture becomes not only a necessity but a driving force for progress and innovation.
Former Student at Rajshahi University | <urn:uuid:2070372a-059d-4cb4-a018-ffccd90ce232> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://limbd.org/info-culture-features-of-info-culture-initiatives-to-take-for-the-development-of-info-culture/ | 2024-02-23T23:16:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.893864 | 1,822 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Special libraries are distinct from public and academic libraries because they are unique information hubs designed to meet the specific needs of a particular organization, industry, or community. These libraries are customized to cater to a specific field, offering carefully selected collections and resources that closely align with the interests and requirements of their users. Special libraries can be found in various settings, including corporations, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and research institutions. They gather materials related to the core activities of the organization, such as industry-specific publications, technical reports, proprietary databases, and research documents. The main goal of a special library is to support the mission and objectives of the organization it serves. It achieves this by providing timely and relevant information that facilitates decision-making, research, and innovation within that specific context. Librarians in special libraries play a crucial role in managing information, disseminating knowledge, and supporting research. They tailor their services to meet the unique needs of the organization and its stakeholders. In the rest of this article, we will explore special library: types, objectives, services of special library, and role of special libraries in cultural context.
Definitions of Special Library:
A special library, according to the traditional librarian, is a specialized information center designed to serve the unique needs of a particular organization, industry, or group. These libraries focus on collecting, organizing, and disseminating information tailored to the specific requirements and objectives of their parent institution.
From the viewpoint of an information scientist, a special library is a curated repository of knowledge and resources, strategically managed to support the decision-making processes within a specific domain. These libraries leverage information science principles to ensure efficient access, retrieval, and utilization of information for the advancement of their specialized field.
For a corporate professional, a special library is a vital resource hub within an organization, providing targeted information to enhance productivity, innovation, and strategic planning. It serves as a knowledge powerhouse, offering insights, research, and data that directly contribute to the company’s success and competitive edge.
An academic scholar sees a special library as a niche collection of scholarly materials dedicated to advancing research and education in a specialized area. These libraries play a crucial role in supporting academic pursuits, offering in-depth resources that cater to the specific curriculum and research interests of a particular discipline.
From a technology enthusiast’s standpoint, a special library is a dynamic information ecosystem leveraging cutting-edge technologies. It incorporates digital platforms, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to efficiently manage, update, and disseminate specialized information, staying abreast of the latest developments in the field.
For a community outreach advocate, a special library is a valuable resource center that fosters community engagement and empowerment. It serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, hosting events, and collaborating with local stakeholders to address the unique informational needs of the community it serves.
From the perspective of an archivist, a special library is a carefully preserved repository of documents, records, and artifacts, ensuring the long-term preservation of valuable information. These libraries play a critical role in safeguarding the historical and cultural heritage of a specific domain or organization.
Types of Special Libraries:
Special libraries can be categorized further depending on factors like the founding organization’s nature and broad subject specialization. Here are a few examples:
1. Legal Resource Centers: These special libraries are established within legal institutions, law firms, or organizations dealing with legal matters. They house legal texts, case law, statutes, and other legal resources essential for legal professionals and researchers.
2. Corporate Libraries: Special libraries within corporate settings cater to the information needs of employees within a specific industry or business. They may focus on areas such as finance, marketing, human resources, or industry-specific research, providing valuable insights for decision-making.
3. Museum Libraries: Museums often have special libraries that support the research and curation of their collections. These libraries house materials related to art, history, archaeology, and other disciplines relevant to the museum’s focus.
4. Media and Broadcasting Libraries: Libraries in media organizations, television stations, or radio stations focus on collecting information related to journalism, broadcasting, and media studies. They may include archives of news articles, media production resources, and materials on communication studies.
5. Nonprofit Organization Libraries: Special libraries associated with nonprofit organizations cater to the unique information needs of these entities. They may focus on topics related to social justice, philanthropy, advocacy, and nonprofit management.
6. Environmental Research Libraries: Libraries within environmental research institutions or organizations concentrate on resources related to environmental science, ecology, climate change, and sustainability. They support researchers and professionals working in environmental fields.
7. Architectural and Design Libraries: Special libraries in architectural firms or design organizations house resources related to architecture, urban planning, and design. They provide access to architectural drawings, design principles, and materials for professionals in the field.
8. Libraries in Religious Institutions: Religious organizations often have special libraries containing religious texts, theological studies, and materials relevant to the spiritual and educational needs of the institution’s members.
9. International Organizations Libraries: Libraries within international organizations, such as the United Nations or World Health Organization, focus on collecting information related to global issues, international relations, and diplomacy. They support the work of professionals engaged in international affairs.
Objectives of Special Library:
The objectives of a special library are designed to align with the unique needs and functions of the organization or community it serves. Here are objectives that commonly associated with special libraries:
1. Support Organizational Goals: Special libraries aim to directly contribute to the achievement of organizational objectives. By providing targeted and specialized information resources, these libraries empower decision-makers, researchers, and employees to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their work within the organization.
2. Facilitate Research and Development: Special libraries play a crucial role in supporting research and development activities within an organization or industry. They aim to build comprehensive collections of resources relevant to the specific field, fostering innovation, problem-solving, and the generation of new knowledge.
3. Enhance Decision-Making: Special libraries strive to improve the decision-making processes by offering timely, accurate, and relevant information. Whether in a corporate, government, or research setting, these libraries enable stakeholders to make informed decisions, thereby contributing to the overall success and advancement of the organization.
4. Provide Specialized Information Services: The primary objective of a special library is to deliver specialized information services tailored to the unique needs of its users. This includes reference assistance, literature searches, document delivery, and other services that facilitate easy access to pertinent information within the library’s domain.
5. Build and Preserve Specialized Collections: Special libraries focus on building and maintaining collections that reflect the specific interests and requirements of their user community. This involves acquiring and curating materials such as books, journals, databases, and multimedia resources that are essential for research, learning, and decision-making.
6. Support Professional Development: Special libraries aim to contribute to the professional development of their users by providing access to current and relevant information in their respective fields. This supports ongoing learning, skill development, and the staying abreast of industry trends and best practices.
7. Foster Collaboration and Networking: Special libraries often act as hubs for collaboration and networking within a particular industry or community. By organizing events, seminars, and workshops, these libraries create opportunities for professionals and researchers to connect, share knowledge, and engage in collaborative initiatives.
8. Promote Information Literacy: Special libraries contribute to information literacy by educating users on how to effectively locate, evaluate, and use information resources. This includes providing training sessions, workshops, and educational materials to enhance the information literacy skills of the library’s user community.
9. Serve as a Resource Center: Special libraries function as centralized resource centers for their designated subject areas. They aim to be comprehensive repositories of information, ensuring that users can access a wide range of materials relevant to their field of study or work.
10. Adapt to Technological Advances: Special libraries have an objective to stay abreast of technological developments and leverage them to enhance information access and services. This involves adopting digital platforms, implementing information management systems, and utilizing emerging technologies to improve the overall library experience.
11. Contribute to Knowledge Management: Special libraries play a role in knowledge management within an organization by collecting, organizing, and disseminating knowledge resources. They help capture and share institutional knowledge, ensuring that valuable information is preserved and utilized effectively.
12. Meet Regulatory and Compliance Needs: In certain sectors, special libraries aim to support regulatory and compliance requirements by providing access to legal, industry-specific, and regulatory information. This helps organizations adhere to standards and guidelines relevant to their operations.
13. Provide Outreach and Community Engagement: Special libraries may have an objective to engage with the broader community, sharing knowledge and resources beyond the immediate user base. This can involve outreach programs, partnerships with educational institutions, and participation in community events.
Services of Special Library:
Here is a brief explanation of various services offered by special libraries:
1. Abstracting Service: Abstracting services involve the creation of concise summaries (abstracts) of articles, research papers, or documents. Special libraries provide abstracts to help users quickly understand the key points of a publication without having to read the entire document. This service is particularly valuable for researchers and professionals seeking specific information on a topic.
2. Indexing Services: Indexing services involve the creation of indexes or databases that catalog information resources based on specific criteria such as author, subject, or keyword. Special libraries index their collections to facilitate efficient retrieval of information. Users can use indexes to locate relevant materials quickly, enhancing the overall accessibility of the library’s resources.
3. Bibliographical Services: Bibliographical services focus on compiling and maintaining bibliographies – lists of publications related to a particular subject, author, or period. Special libraries create bibliographies to assist researchers and professionals in identifying relevant literature for their work, providing a valuable tool for literature reviews and comprehensive research.
4. Current Awareness Service (CAS): CAS involves keeping users informed about the latest developments, publications, and research in their field of interest. Special libraries offer CAS by providing regular updates on new acquisitions, recent articles, and upcoming events. This service ensures that users stay current with the latest information relevant to their work or research.
5. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Service: SDI services involve the automatic notification of users about newly available materials that match their specified interests or criteria. Special libraries use SDI to customize information delivery, ensuring that users receive targeted updates on topics, authors, or subjects of particular relevance to them.
6. Translation Services: Special libraries may offer translation services to make information accessible to users who speak different languages. This can involve translating documents, abstracts, or key information to facilitate a broader audience’s understanding and utilization of resources.
7. Reprographic Services: Reprographic services involve the reproduction of documents through methods such as photocopying or scanning. Special libraries provide reprographic services to allow users to obtain copies of materials that are not available digitally or for personal reference. This supports resource sharing and user convenience.
8. Press Clippings: Special libraries often compile and organize press clippings relevant to the organization or industry they serve. This service involves collecting newspaper articles, magazine features, or online news items related to specific topics, keeping users informed about external developments impacting their field.
9. Retrospective Literature Search: Retrospective literature search services involve searching for information in historical collections or archives. Special libraries conduct retrospective searches to identify and retrieve relevant materials from the past, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of a particular topic or subject.
10. Resource Sharing: Resource sharing services involve collaborative efforts to share information and materials among libraries or institutions. Special libraries participate in resource sharing networks to expand their collections, allowing users to access a broader range of resources beyond what is available in their own library.
Role of Special Libraries in Cultural Context:
Special libraries play a crucial role in cultural contexts by serving as dynamic information hubs that preserve, promote, and disseminate knowledge related to specific cultural domains. Here’s an exploration of their role in cultural contexts:
1. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Special libraries contribute significantly to the preservation of cultural heritage by collecting and archiving materials that reflect the cultural identity, traditions, and history of a particular community or region. This may include rare manuscripts, historical documents, artifacts, and multimedia resources that capture the essence of the culture.
2. Documentation of Cultural Practices: Special libraries document and catalog cultural practices, rituals, customs, and traditions through their collections. This documentation helps in maintaining a record of cultural evolution, ensuring that future generations have access to information about their cultural roots and practices.
3. Facilitation of Cultural Research: Special libraries support cultural research by providing researchers, scholars, and anthropologists access to a diverse range of materials. These libraries house books, journals, archival materials, and multimedia resources that contribute to in-depth studies on cultural phenomena, social structures, and historical developments.
4. Cultural Education and Awareness: Special libraries contribute to cultural education by making cultural resources accessible to a wide audience. They organize educational programs, exhibitions, and events that promote cultural awareness, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse cultural perspectives.
5. Multilingual Resources and Translation Services: In multicultural contexts, special libraries often offer multilingual resources and translation services to bridge language barriers. This ensures that cultural materials are accessible to a broader audience, promoting inclusivity and facilitating cross-cultural understanding.
6. Support for Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Special libraries play a crucial role in supporting and preserving indigenous knowledge systems. They collect and disseminate information related to traditional ecological knowledge, oral histories, and indigenous practices, ensuring the continuation of valuable cultural heritage.
7. Community Engagement and Collaboration: Special libraries actively engage with the local community to understand its cultural needs and preferences. They collaborate with cultural institutions, community organizations, and local experts to enrich their collections and create programs that resonate with the cultural context.
8. Promotion of Cultural Diversity: Special libraries contribute to the promotion of cultural diversity by curating collections that represent various cultural perspectives. They celebrate differences and highlight the richness of cultural diversity, fostering an environment that encourages respect and understanding across different cultural backgrounds.
9. Archiving Contemporary Cultural Expressions: Special libraries capture and archive contemporary cultural expressions, including literature, music, art, and media. This ensures that evolving cultural narratives and creative works are documented and preserved for future generations.
10. Cultural Diplomacy and Global Exchange: Special libraries contribute to cultural diplomacy by facilitating global exchange and collaboration. They may engage in partnerships with international institutions, share cultural resources, and participate in collaborative projects that promote cross-cultural understanding and dialogue.
11. Public Programming and Exhibitions: Special libraries organize public programs, exhibitions, and cultural events to bring the community together. These activities provide a platform for sharing cultural knowledge, fostering community pride, and creating spaces for cultural dialogue.
12. Integration of Technology for Cultural Preservation: Special libraries leverage technology for the preservation and dissemination of cultural content. This may include digitization projects, online archives, and virtual exhibitions that enhance accessibility to cultural materials.
In conclusion, the concept of a special library highlights how information is uniquely provided to meet the specific needs of organizations and industries. These specialized repositories go beyond what public and academic libraries typically do, focusing on the distinct requirements and goals of the entities they serve. Whether in corporate settings, research institutions, or elsewhere, special libraries play a crucial role in promoting knowledge, innovation, and effective decision-making within their designated areas.
The success of a special library is not just about having well-chosen collections; it also depends on the expertise of its librarians. Librarians act as strategic partners, ensuring that the information available aligns seamlessly with the organization’s objectives. By offering targeted resources, supporting research efforts, and serving as information hubs, special libraries become invaluable assets, making significant contributions to the progress and success of the organizations and communities they serve.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
What is a special library?
A special library is a unique information center designed to meet the specialized needs of a particular organization, industry, or community. It focuses on collecting, organizing, and disseminating information tailored to the specific requirements and objectives of its parent institution.
How is a special library different from a public or academic library?
Special libraries differ from public and academic libraries in that they are customized to serve the specific needs of a particular field, organization, or industry. They go beyond the conventional roles of public and academic libraries, providing targeted resources and expertise.
What types of organizations typically have special libraries?
Special libraries can be found in various settings, including corporations, government agencies, non-profit organizations, research institutions, legal firms, and other specialized entities. They cater to the unique information needs of these organizations.
What kinds of materials are found in special libraries?
Special libraries house materials related to the core activities of their parent organizations. This may include industry-specific publications, technical reports, proprietary databases, research documents, and other resources relevant to the organization’s focus.
How do special libraries contribute to organizational success?
Special libraries contribute to organizational success by providing timely and relevant information that supports decision-making, research, and innovation within the specific context of the organization. They act as valuable knowledge hubs tailored to the organization’s objectives.
What is the role of librarians in special libraries?
Librarians in special libraries play a vital role in information management, knowledge dissemination, and research support. They act as strategic partners, ensuring that the information landscape aligns seamlessly with the organization’s goals and objectives.
Can individuals from outside the organization access a special library’s resources?
Access policies vary, but some special libraries do allow external users, researchers, or the public to access their resources. However, access may be restricted to certain materials, and permissions might be required.
How do special libraries stay updated with the latest information in their field?
Special libraries stay current by actively acquiring new materials, subscribing to relevant publications, participating in professional networks, and engaging with industry events. This ensures that their collections reflect the latest developments in their specific field.
Do special libraries offer educational programs or events?
Yes, many special libraries organize educational programs, workshops, exhibitions, and events. These activities aim to promote cultural awareness, share knowledge, and create opportunities for networking and collaboration within their specific community or industry.
How can organizations benefit from having a special library?
Organizations benefit from special libraries by having access to tailored information resources that support decision-making, research, and innovation. Special libraries contribute to the overall success of the organization by ensuring that information is aligned with its objectives and goals.
Former Student at Rajshahi University | <urn:uuid:44494e7f-00b4-4dca-a88e-596079d44fa2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://limbd.org/special-library-types-objectives-and-services-of-special-library-role-of-special-libraries-in-cultural-context/ | 2024-02-23T23:44:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.914517 | 3,889 | 3.28125 | 3 |
There may be times when you need to debug certain log files or texts from one format or technically defined as number systems, to another. Luckily, Linux already has a built program to convert one number system to another.
In this tutorial, we learn about od command in Linux with examples.
“Od” which stands for octal dump, is a command found in most Linux Distros which translates input files with texts, strings or numbers and dumps it to the desired format.
The default format is in octal format, however, you can output signed and unsigned hexadecimals, ASCII characters, IEEE binary floating point, among others. You can use certain combinations of options to generate various formats with the requested representation of each byte vertically aligned.
The primary purpose of the conversion is not just to make certain log files human-readable, but the same is true for when compiling certain applications that needs to be communicated to a specific format such as octal or hexadecimal.
od [OPTION]... [FILE]...
The Linux od command should be already natively installed in your Linux system, however, in case it is not found, you can install it using the following instructions:
Debian / Ubuntu
sudo apt install coreutils
sudo dnf install coreutils
sudo yum install coreutils
sudo pacman install coreutils
How to use od command
In this part of the tutorial, we will show you how to use the od Linux command to convert certain inputs such as a text file to a number of different number formats.
It is important that before we start with the Linux od command options, we need to create a text file with alphanumeric and character content to be able to understand how the command works. In the following examples, we have created a file named input.txt and added some data.
Use the cat command to display your initial text file before we execute the od command.
Display File in Octal
In this section, we will use the Linux od command to print the input file content in octal format. To begin, use the -b option in the command line:
od -b input.txt
In this example, the previous contents of the input file, bearing numbers and some human-readable words, was converted into the octal number system. The initial column in the output data of od represents the byte offset in the said file.
Next, we will be demonstrating on how to print the input file into character format. To begin, affix the -c option in the command line:
od -c input.txt
In character output, the numbers and words are separated by the \n, meaning a new line took place.
The -A[x] flag will output the format for file offsets depending on which variable you replace x with. For example, affixing -An with -c option will print the input.txt file content in character format but with no offset information.
od -An -c input.txt
You can also skip a certain number of bytes when generating your conversion display output data. This is achieved by using the -j option. To illustrate this clearly, consider another set of input2 text file.
od -j4 -c input2.txt
In this example, the initial 4 bytes were skipped from the output. The output started with the octal system 010 and had skipped 001.
Limit the output width
You can also limit the output width being displayed by od. The correct variable for this is -w. It limits the output BYTES bytes per output line. When no value is specified, then the default 32 BYTES becomes the implied value.
od -w3 -An -c input2.txt
In this example, we’ve limited the number of column displays to 3, as such the output only displays the indicated number of column widths.
Display different format - Hex , Octal and Decimal
You can also set the display to the different formats available on od, whether hex, octal or decimal. The variable set is the -A option or --address-radix=[value]. It outputs format for file offsets depending on the value. The value is either one of d for the Decimal format, o for Octal format, x for the Hexadecimal format or n for None.
Format for Decimal
od -Ad -c input2.txt
Format for Octal
od -Ao -c input2.txt
Format for Hexadecimal
od -Ax -c input2.txt
As you can see, the contents of the input2.txt file is displayed in different formats by concatenating some special character with -A.
Limit the bytes
You can also limit the display bytes in output by using the -N option. You should be careful with this option when working with double-byte characters. If od is processing a double-byte character when it encounters the nth byte and this byte is not the last byte of the character, od displays ??? instead of the character.
For example to show only the initial 4 bytes of the file:
od -N4 -c input2.txt
Display in Decimal
The -i option will display the output as decimal integers.
od -i input2.txt
In this example, the numeric integers were converted into decimal format.
Hexadecimal with 2 bytes
The -x option will display the output as hexadecimal integers with 2 bytes.
od -x input2.txt
The output you can see as 2-byte units.
od command Options
Let's check some useful od options:
Options | Description |
-a | same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit |
-b | same as -t o1, select octal bytes |
-c | same as -t c, select printable characters or backslashescapes |
-d | same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units |
-f | same as -t fF, select floats |
-i | same as -t dI, select decimal ints |
-l | same as -t dL, select decimal longs |
-o | same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units |
-s | same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units |
-x | same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units |
The Linux od command is especially useful when debugging scripts for any unwanted changes in the contents or the characters. We have demonstrated the flexibility of the od command which has been commonly used throughout the Unix and Linux systems. od provides more formatting options when compared to hexdump and xxd.
In this tutorial, we have illustrated on how to use the od command through the Linux terminal and summarized the different options to convert data into octal and other formats.
You can explore more of the Linux od command by trying it firsthand with your own Linux device. In this way, you will be able to learn and appreciate its usefulness and versatility. | <urn:uuid:12f31e2a-3543-4060-b439-ddc86a660789> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://linuxopsys.com/topics/od-command-in-linux | 2024-02-23T23:46:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.830868 | 1,492 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Black Americans have endured police violence since the nation’s founding. The origins of American policing have been traced to slave patrols. Today, Blacks are more likely than whites to encounter police, to be stopped by police, and to be fatally wounded by police. In recognition of this history and ongoing experience of violence, the Movement for Black Lives (“M4BL”) has called for the defunding of the police; community control of policing; and the development of nonpunitive, noncarceral institutions for resolving social conflict, among other transformative changes.
In the wake of George Floyd’s murder and in response to a nationwide uprising against racialized police violence, these radical demands have received mainstream political attention. For the most part, these demands haven’t been expressed in the language of ordinary constitutional law. This is unsurprising. Legal scholars in conversation and solidarity with M4BL, including Amna Akbar, Jocelyn Simonson, and K. Sabeel Rahman, have recognized that M4BL takes an oppositional stance towards existing law.
It’s not my place or purpose to tell anyone how best to contribute to an ongoing freedom struggle in which, as a white male scholar of constitutional law, I am implicated but not centered. In the spirit of solidarity, however, I want to suggest that the Constitution’s text and history has a great deal to say about racialized police violence and offers potent weapons to movement lawyers and activists. As I discuss in a draft Article, “Antisubjugation and the Equal Protection of the Laws,” and will further detail in a work-in-progress, “Policing as Unequal Protection,” the Fourteenth Amendment has radical roots. In important respects, the current system of carceral violence and policing resembles that which the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to disrupt. Movement lawyers and activists have the opportunity to reclaim constitutional resources given us by radicals past from defenders of police subjugation.
The Fourteenth Amendment’s precise language has a radical history of its own. Beginning in the 1830s, radical abolitionists charged that Blacks were being denied equal protection for their “natural” rights, the most basic of which was the right to security against violence. They contended that governments had failed to secure their natural rights—specifically, by enacting discriminatory laws and declining to enforce nondiscriminatory protective laws. In annual conventions, Blacks charged that they had been “left to the assaults of the vile and vicious to do with us as they please … without redress.” The denial of equal protection of the laws led directly to subjugation—the exercise of arbitrary, uncontrolled power by whites over the lives, bodies, and possessions of Blacks.
These radical constitutional claims went from off the wall to on the table as the ranks of the antislavery movement swelled, eventually becoming common ground within the Republican-dominated Thirty-Ninth Congress that framed the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. It’s true the Fourteenth Amendment was a compromised document; most notably, it did not constitutionalize radical demands for Black suffrage. But the text of the Equal Protection Clause guarantees to all people protection against violence—by both state and “private” actors—and the Clause was designed to prevent subjugation. In particular, it was aimed at preventing the reassertion of white control over Black bodies following the abolition of slavery.
This promise went unfulfilled. Drawing upon its constitutional power to enforce the Equal Protection Clause, Congress enacted several statutes to protect Blacks against racial terror—terror that police in the former rebel states outright aided or were either unwilling or unable to abate. But the Supreme Court rendered these enforcement efforts largely ineffectual.
Most importantly, the Court in the Civil Rights Cases articulated what became known as the state-action doctrine, which holds that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to the acts of “private” parties—physically violent, socially demeaning, or otherwise. Together with Plessy v. Ferguson, which brazenly ignored the social significance of unambiguously “public” discrimination by the state of Louisiana, the Civil Rights Cases saw the most powerful lawyers in the land facilitating rampant private violence by racist lynch mobs and legitimizing Jim Crow.
Today, Blacks are subjugated by a criminal legal system that Michelle Alexander calls “the New Jim Crow”—a system constituted by two broad forms of exclusion. The first: mass incarceration and the exclusion of people with criminal records from civil institutions, including the franchise, the jury, public housing and certain types of employment. The second: the stigmatization of Blacks who have not been convicted of any crime as potential threats, to be disrespected, searched, and violently restrained. As in days past, the Court has been complicit in subjugation, grafting a requirement of individual, discriminatory intent into the Equal Protection Clause, despite the absence of any such requirement in the Clause’s text or history.
It is because of this Court-facilitated subjugation that Blacks suffer from what Monica Bell has conceptualized as a legal estrangement. As she writes, many Blacks do not “experience policing as a protective benefit.” Many are detached and alienated from the police, thanks to a “cumulative, collective experience of procedural and substantive injustice.”
This subjugation is a constitutional problem. Black lives are not equally protected because of the police. It is with considerable irony, then, that some legislators have invoked the equal protection of the laws to denounce the struggle against police violence, effectively arguing that racial subjugation is constitutionally required. There is no reason for movement lawyers and activists to accept this framing; we have the Constitution on our side.
Demands for defunding, community control, and nonpolice safety institutions are not demands to go unprotected. They are in part efforts to reclaim a constitutional right to equal protection that has gone judicially unenforced. Police departments are to be defunded because they inflict more violence than they prevent; they are to be community-controlled because violence-workers should be accountable to those most directly impacted by their work; resources are to be reallocated to other safety institutions that are better-equipped to reduce violence than are the police.
Perhaps the struggle for Black lives would not in fact be aided by federal judges determining whether municipalities are impartially allocating law-enforcement resources. The result might be more policing but less protection—and thus more subjugation. But movement lawyers and activists should not acquiesce in a judicial monopoly on constitutional interpretation, any more than did their radical predecessors.
The original abolitionists lacked confidence in the courts after the Supreme Court’s 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandforderased Black citizenship. Yet they addressed constitutional arguments to a Congress that erased Dred Scott by enacting the Fourteenth Amendment and for one brief, glorious moment put into practice what W.E.B. Du Bois called “abolition democracy.” Today’s Congress suffers from notorious collective action problems; but local efforts to pressure municipalities to shrink policing’s footprint are already meeting with more success today than at any time in recent memory.
Movement lawyers, in an ongoing dialogue with activists, clients, and marginalized communities, have reclaimed constitutional territory, participating in projects consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment’s spirit without asking the Court’s leave. Community bail funds can reduce subjugation by ensuring that whether someone is detained prior to trial does not turn how much cash they have available. Copwatching can reduce subjugation by implicitly threatening the police with public exposure of violence via video that the police do not control. Securing the right to counsel in eviction and civil-forfeiture proceedings reduces subjugation by ensuring that tenants aren’t subject to the arbitrary power of their landlords and makes it harder for police to profit by seizing vehicles, cash, or homes from people on the bizarre fiction that their “property” is guilty of criminal conduct.
Expressly framing these projects as constitutional projects isn’t just rhetorically effective. It’s a way of honoring a history of struggle and situating ourselves in it. And it forces lawyers reckon with their profession’s own complicity in racial subjugation.
Skepticism of the Constitution’s capacity to deliver transformative change is certainly warranted. But constitutionalism has proven a potent power-building tool for the powerless. The values of protection and antisubjugation are embedded in the text and history of the Fourteenth Amendment. Movement lawyers and activists participating in a centuries-old freedom struggle should take them up. | <urn:uuid:4ef2e604-6f35-463c-9aef-b130216712c7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lpeproject.org/blog/policing-as-unequal-protection/ | 2024-02-24T00:11:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.953087 | 1,778 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We all know the one kid who didn’t exactly score the best grades in school, but one day defied everyone’s expectations and found their form of success.
When it comes to intelligence, most people think of IQ (Intelligence Quotient). However, over the years, researchers have identified several other types of intelligence, including EQ (Emotional Quotient), SQ (Social Quotient), and AQ (Adversity Quotient), most of which have been dubbed as “soft skills”.
Truth is, you’ll benefit from honing each type of intelligence to excel in many areas of life – cultivating healthy relationships, better communication at work, and even a happier outlook on life. Read on to explore what each type means, how they differ from each other, and how you can be aware of your different facets of intelligence.
IQ: The Traditional Measure of Intelligence
IQ is a measurement of cognitive ability, which includes skills such as problem-solving, logical reasoning, and abstract thinking. It is usually measured through standardized tests, such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. IQ scores are often used to predict academic and professional success, and are also used to diagnose learning disabilities or developmental delays.
High IQ is a clear sign of intelligence, but it’s been found that many schools tend to have tunnel vision on grading students based on this criteria alone. That said, you can always train your brain with mental exercises to keep you sharp.
EQ: Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence, or EQ, refers to the ability to recognize and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. It includes skills such as empathy, self-awareness, and social skills. EQ is essential for building and maintaining relationships, resolving conflicts, and making effective decisions.
Part of being emotionally intelligent is also being able to recognize if you might need to work on your emotional intelligence. You can definitely improve EQ, especially with the right attitude.
SQ: Social Intelligence
Social intelligence, or SQ, is similar to EQ in that it involves understanding and interacting with other people. However, SQ focuses more on understanding the social structures and dynamics that underlie human behavior. People with high SQ are able to navigate complex social situations, understand group dynamics, and effectively communicate with others.
AQ: Adversity Intelligence
Adversity intelligence, or AQ, is the ability to cope with and overcome challenges, setbacks, and adversity. People with high AQ are resilient and able to adapt to new situations and challenges. They are also able to maintain a positive outlook and find opportunities for growth and learning even in difficult situations. If you look into your LinkedIn feed, you might come across content talking about how great leaders and entrepreneurs exhibit high AQ.
How a DNA Test Can Help You Discover Your Genetic Potential
While IQ, EQ, SQ, and AQ are all influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, research has shown that genetics can determine your intelligence and personality traits. The good news is, we have the technology available now to help anyone discover their genetic blueprint.
If you’re looking for one, CircleDNA is a state-of-the-art DNA test that offers a painless swab you can take at home.
By analyzing your DNA, CircleDNA can identify genetic markers that are associated with IQ, EQ, SQ, AQ, and other traits. This is not to say that your genetics have set your intelligence in stone, but rather gives you pointers on weaknesses you can improve on and map out decisions based on your strengths.
For example, if you have a genetic predisposition for high IQ, you may want to test the waters in careers that require advanced cognitive skills, such as scientific research or engineering. If you have a genetic predisposition for high EQ, you may be well-suited for careers in counseling, coaching, or management.
On top of that, you can also discover genetic markers for personality traits such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness. This information can help you understand your natural tendencies and develop strategies for personal growth and development. | <urn:uuid:a6fa6517-e593-4e76-8b44-f3e1ed3652d9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://magazine-admin.circledna.com/types-of-intelligence-iq-eq-sq-and-aq/ | 2024-02-24T00:07:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.960147 | 855 | 3.59375 | 4 |
You can copy and paste on Chromebooks just like on other computers. This can be accomplished with both key combinations, when you press specific key sets simultaneously and through the context menu you get a right click on things like web pages. If you have a touchscreen Chromebook or your Chromebook doesn’t have a right touchpad button, you can still copy and paste.
How to Select and Copy Text on a Chromebook
Copying and pasting text selections on a Chromebook is very simple. First, you need to find the text you want to copy, then you need to select it. When the text is selected, you can copy it with a key combination or by right-clicking.
Following is a guide on how to copy and paste text on a Chromebook using the right-click method:
1. Locate the text you want to copy. Text can be on a web page, in an email, or in any other document that allows text to be selected.
2. Left click the left edge of the text you want to select.
- Note: If your touchpad has only one button or the touchpad is fully clicked, it is left click by default.
3. While holding down the left touchpad button, drag the slider on the right side of the screen until you have selected the text you want.
4. With the text selected, right-click anywhere on the selection.
- Note: If your trackpad does not have a right mouse button, hold Alt while clicking. You can also tap the touchpad with two fingers instead of one to right-click. To right-click on a touch screen, hold your finger on the screen instead of touching it.
5. Select Copy.
6. Open the application where you want to paste the text. This can be an email, a Google Docs file, or anything else that lets you paste text.
7. Right-click where you want to paste the text.
8. Select Paste.
How to Copy and Paste on a Chromebook Using a Keyboard Shortcut
Besides the context menu, you can also use keyboard shortcuts to copy and paste text on a Chromebook. These are actually the same shortcuts used on Windows computers, which makes them easy to remember.
Here are the keyboard shortcuts to copy and paste on a Chromebook:
- press Ctrl + C copy
- press Ctrl + V paste
Tip: It’s easy to remember Ctrl + C since the C stands for copy. Ctrl + V may be harder to remember, but it may help to think of the V as standing for Velcro. This command cannot use Ctrl + P because it is used for printing.
Save Time: Copy a Web Page or Entire Document
Selecting text to copy the old fashioned way isn’t that difficult, but it can be inconvenient if you want to select an entire webpage or document, especially if you have to scroll down to see the full text. It may take a while or scrolling may cancel your selection.
If you want to quickly select a web page or an entire document, here is the key combination:
- press Ctrl + A select all
When the text is selected, you can copy it with the context menu by right-clicking or using Ctrl + C shortcut to copy the whole thing.
How to copy images from web pages
You can use the right-click context menu to save an image, or you can even copy and paste it into an image editing application. This allows you to edit the image to your liking before sharing it.
Here’s how to copy and paste an image to a Chromebook:
- Select the favourite image.
- Right-click the image, or hold Alt + Left-click.
- Select copy image.
- Open an image editing application and create a new image.
- Press Ctrl + V to paste the image.
Note: Some images cannot be copied this way, and some image editing applications do not allow you to paste copied images this way. If your image-editing application can open images from a universal resource locator (URL), right-click the image and select copy image URL instead.
How to Copy and paste Videos to a Chromebook
You can’t copy and paste a video to a Chromebook the same way you can copy images, but you can copy the URL. A video’s URL is the link you can share with people so they can also watch the video. So it’s very handy if you find a video you want to share.
To copy a video link to a Chromebook:
1. Locate a video you want to share.
2. Right-click on the video, or hold Alt + Left-click.
3. Select Copy Video URL.
- Note : Select copy video URL at current time to get a shareable link that will allow your friends to start the video at that time. This is useful if a video takes a while to start or if you want to share a particularly funny or interesting moment.
4. Open the app where you want to paste the video link. This can be an email, messaging app, or any other app that allows you to paste text.
5. Right-click where you want to paste the link, or hold Alt + Left-click.
6. Select Paste. | <urn:uuid:c6b15c52-ad80-4f58-8943-e7b33f1c5717> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mazingus.com/how-to-copy-and-paste-on-a-chromebook/ | 2024-02-23T23:13:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.84297 | 1,098 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Falcons Peregrinus Mini Sov. Sheet MNH
Falcons (/ˈfɒlkən, ˈfɔːl-, ˈfæl-/) are birds of prey in the genus Falco, which includes about 40 species. Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of the world except Antarctica, though closely related raptors did occur there in the Eocene.
Adult falcons have thin, tapered wings, which enable them to fly at high speed and change direction rapidly. Fledgling falcons, in their first year of flying, have longer flight feathers, which make their configuration more like that of a general-purpose bird such as a broad-wing. This makes flying easier while learning the exceptional skills required to be effective hunters as adults. There are many different types of falcon.
The falcons are the largest genus in the Falconinae subfamily of Falconidae, which itself also includes another subfamily comprising caracaras and a few other species. All these birds kill with their beaks, using a "tooth" on the side of their beaks—unlike the hawks, eagles, and other birds of prey in the Accipitridae, which use their feet.
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Please explore our store for more stamps, souvenir sheets, post-office collectibles and philately books and pre-philatelic items: | <urn:uuid:817e406e-2807-4d64-8596-8ed3547e45a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://meditative-philately.com/products/comoros-falcons-peregrinus-mini-sov-sheet-mnh | 2024-02-23T22:19:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.947064 | 317 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Posted in Articles, History, Literary/Artistic Criticism, Media Archive, Passing, Philosophy, Politics/Public Policy, United States on 2022-05-16 19:38Z by Steven |
The Boston Review
Meena Krishnamurthy, Assistant Professor of Philosophy
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Though a means of escaping and undermining racial injustice, the practice comes with own set of costs and sacrifices.
In Nella Larsen’s 1929 novel Passing, adapted by Rebecca Hall and distributed on Netflix last fall, Clare Kendry—a light-skinned Black woman—decides to pass as white. Clare grows up poor in Chicago; after her alcoholic father dies, she is taken in by her racist white aunts. When she turns eighteen she marries a rich white man who assumes she is white. Clare makes a clean escape until, some years later, she runs into her childhood friend, Irene Redfield, at a whites-only hotel; Irene, it turns out, sometimes passes herself, in this case to escape the summer heat. The storyline traces their complex relationship after this reunion and ends in tragedy for Clare.
Hall’s film adaptation joins several other recent representations that dramatize the lived experience of passing. The protagonist of Brit Bennett’s best-selling novel The Vanishing Half (2020), for example, decides to start passing as white in the 1950s at age sixteen after responding to a listing in the newspaper for secretarial work in a New Orleans department store. Much to her surprise, after excelling at the typing test, Stella is offered the position; her boss assumes she is white. Initially Stella keeps up the ruse just to support her and her sister, but passing also becomes a way for her to escape the trauma of her father’s lynching and the prospect of her own…
Read the entire article here. | <urn:uuid:9ac62cb2-3e23-4473-8734-066192528f29> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mixedracestudies.org/?tag=rebecca-hall | 2024-02-23T23:52:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.943809 | 390 | 2.984375 | 3 |
I'm just going to answer the question "What about tangent, or other functions", since the rest seems to have been fairly well handled.
All sounds that we hear as having a definite pitch or note can be represented by a periodic function. As I wrote in my comment, any repeated shape represents a periodic function. Most periodic functions, both in the real world and in theory, are pretty complicated, at least mathematically.
If we want to do math on the sounds we are hearing, we will have to get a grip on these periodic functions. What would really help is a way to simplify them. As discussed, Fourier analysis lets us do exactly that. We can take a complicated periodic function with some really annoying math and break it down into simpler periodic functions where the math is much easier.
The simplest periodic functions are sine and cosine, and they are virtually the same thing and they are closely related. Tangent is a very famous periodic function and is quite helpful in basic trigonometry (literally the study of triangles). Tangent has many other uses, but most people first see the tangent function as a way to analyze triangles.
Even though we usually learn about sine, cosine, and tangent at the same time, the tangent function is actually different from sine and cosine in some important ways. It is not continuous, which means you couldn't draw very much of it without picking up your pencil and putting it down again. It's even worse than that, because it has an infinite number of discontinuities (places where you have to pick up the pencil). Note that not only is this a stark contrast with sine and cosine, but also with periodic functions that model sound waves. Sound waves are continuous functions if we plot them out.
So if we want to take a periodic function and break it into simple pieces, we don't want to break it into tangent pieces. Tangent will not help us, it's really more likely to make things worse. When Fourier (the mathematician who invented Fourier analysis) was trying to take apart periodic functions, he was looking for a way to turn them into sines and cosines, not any other periodic function (and there are many).
I could write several pages on why sine and cosine are not merely simple periodic functions, there are actually the simplest possible ones, but I don't think this is the best place for that. Let me briefly say, however, that a circle is perhaps the simplest shape, and if you follow a point as it goes around a circle, its vertical movement traces out a sine wave at the same time that its horizontal movement traces out a cosine (this depends on where on the circle the point starts, but one will be sine and the other cosine, or at least one will be one quarter cycle behind the other in phase).
Below is a video of that, and hopefully this will give you a way to see how the sine wave (or cosine, same thing, really) is the simplest periodic function, and therefore the one we want to break more complicated functions into, and also the one that to our ears appears to be the most basic if we turn it into sound.
See also the Physics version of this question with a similar answer: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/352754/why-cosine-and-sine-functions-are-used-while-representing-a-signal-or-a-wave | <urn:uuid:9b379ba9-f787-423a-abde-35a4eafd1c6f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/32282/why-are-pure-tones-depicted-as-sine-waves | 2024-02-24T00:01:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.961889 | 728 | 3.09375 | 3 |
No, Your Dog Doesn't Really Prefer Your Face, Brain Scans Show
THURSDAY, Oct. 8, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- You may think your dog is gazing lovingly at your face, but a new study suggests that's not the case.
Hungarian researchers say dogs' brains may not process faces the same way human brains do.
Faces are such an important part of communication for humans and other primates that faces have a special status in the visual system, and areas in the human brain are specifically activated by faces.
But this study found that dogs don't have specific face areas in their brains.
The researchers, led by Nóra Bunford of Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, used magnetic imaging to compare the brain activity of 30 humans and 20 pet dogs as they watched brief videos of people and dogs.
The results revealed that human brains had a preference for faces. Some visual areas of human brains showed greater activity in response to a face than to the back of someone's head. Some of these brain regions also displayed species preference, with increased activity in response to seeing a human compared to a dog.
In contrast, dog brains only showed species preference. There was greater activity when they saw a dog than a person, and there was no difference in brain activity when dogs saw a face than when they saw the back of a head.
The findings were published Oct. 5 in the journal JNeurosci.
For more on pet-human bonds, visit Pet Partners.
SOURCE: JNeurosci, news release, Oct. 5, 2020 | <urn:uuid:720d43b9-6c75-4b6e-906f-ee3dda0376e2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://myhealth.ucsd.edu/RelatedItems/6,761935 | 2024-02-24T00:06:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.957091 | 332 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The phrase “periodontal probing” may sound scary on the surface, but it’s actually a completely normal activity that dentists perform every time they clean your teeth. In short, this function allows your dentist to understand the health status of your gums, what type of dental cleaning you’ll need, and if further steps need to be taken after the cleaning to ensure your gums are properly cared for.
When Does Periodontal Probing Occur?
A dental hygienist or your dentist will usually perform periodontal probing fairly early on in your dental visit. This is because they want to assess the health of your gums before they proceed with the cleaning. If your gums are healthy, you might just need a normal cleaning; however, if your dentist detects situations known as deep periodontal pockets, they’ll need to perform a deeper cleaning in order to ensure the bacteria and any trapped food and debris is removed properly.
What Are Periodontal Pockets?
Periodontal pockets are spaces that form between the gums and the teeth. Healthy gums usually have pockets that measure between 1 and 3 millimeters in depth. However, unhealthy gums can have much larger pockets, which can cause food to become trapped in this area, ultimately breeding bacteria that can lead to plaque, tartar, and gum disease.
When your dentist is performing periodontal probing, she’s measuring the depth of these pockets. This is when you’ll hear the dentist or hygienist call out a series of numbers like 2-3-2, 4-3-4, and so on. What you’re hearing is the measurement of depth of your periodontal pockets. When the number gets to four or greater, there is the possibility that you might have inflammation and eventually even experience tooth loss if the problem isn’t tended to immediately and correctly.
Does Periodontal Probing Hurt?
People who have healthy gums may not even feel a thing, and the process is over quite quickly. People who have unhealthy gums may feel a slight discomfort when the probe hits problematic areas, but it’s far from painful for most patients.
This process is nothing to be afraid of. In fact, it can save you from enduring a lot of pain down the road, especially if you’re heading toward needing a root canal or other dental procedures.
Are you searching for a dentist in Montreal who can perform root canals so your tooth pain will go away? We’re so glad you’ve found Centre Dentaire! Schedule an appointment with our team today! | <urn:uuid:a4b3a523-d750-4c8d-9bae-064fa9e45072> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nathaliekadoch.com/en/2019/10/30/what-is-periodontal-probing-and-does-it-hurt/ | 2024-02-23T23:39:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.936435 | 548 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Medical researchers are still discovering new ways in which humans are adversely affected by airborne and waterborne pollutants. Some people assume that what they eat and drink are the primary ways in which their environment can affect their health. But actually your skin and your lungs are your main interface to the outside world. In fact, your skin is your body’s largest organ, and it plays a crucial role in regulating your body’s temperature, and keeping the outside… outside! Your lungs and skin can easily absorb toxins for which they were never intended.
The most effective and healthy ways to reduce or completely eliminate these ailments that afflict our lungs and skin…
Conventional Western medicine typically turns to prescription drugs, to try to cure the problems or mask the symptoms. But these unnatural chemicals often do more harm than good. Consequently, people interested in more natural solutions are getting terrific results from speleotherapy and halo therapy.
Speleotherapy is essentially the treatment of respiratory diseases using the air found in underground caves. (See resource list below) Such air is typically rich in natural salt microns and ions, which have been found quite effective in reducing asthma, allergies, and other breathing problems, in addition to soothing irritated skin and restoring ionic balance within the body.
Speleotherapy is most popular in former Soviet bloc areas — such as East Germany, Romania, Armenia, and the Ukraine — for several reasons. Initially, Eastern European health practitioners and medical clinics did not have the financial resources for purchasing expensive Western pharmaceuticals, and so they turned to more traditional and lower-cost methods, including speleotherapy. The mountainous regions of Europe and Asia are well-known as having the best mines for ancient salt, as well as being the primary sources for crystal salts. These natural crystals — formed countless millennia ago — are also handcrafted into beautiful salt lamps that give off healthy negative ions, which have unique healing properties.
Who uses Speleotherapy and the results…
There are numerous medical modalities used by speleotherapy practitioners. For example, at the world-renowned Ukrainian Allergologic Hospital (UAH) located in the foothills of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains, three major types of treatment are offered: the healthy microclimate deep in their salt mines, water from those salt mines, and brine and mud from a nearby salt lake. UAH utilizes speleotherapy to treat patients with bronchial asthma, psoriasis, neurodermitis, allergic dermatitis, post-burn conditions, nervous system dysfunction, sex disorders, and chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNLD). During more than 30 years, an estimated 60,000 patients are reported to have been cured of their maladies.
As a result of people all over the world learning the benefits of speleotherapy, clinics outside of Eastern Europe are simulating the deep cave microenvironments, offering halotherapy (HT) in specially constructed rooms, halochambers, whose surfaces are coated with medicinal salt. Natural ionization of the air is supplemented with a dry sodium chloride aerosol, to maximize the health potential of the treatment while the patient is there. Halo therapy clinics have the advantage that they are more accessible to people living outside of Eastern Europe. Yet patients only get exposure to the healthy ions while they are at the clinic, which might be for only a few days or weeks per year.
See resources below for clinics around the world….
The most cost-effective solution by far is to create your own mini-halotherapy environment in your own home and/or office.
Thus you derive the health benefits of this remarkable therapy, every day that you choose, without having to travel anywhere. Many experts consider one device, the Salin Device to be the best air purifier/salinizer, partly because it is so effective at creating a halotherapy micro-environment, and also because it is quiet and well-made. In fact, Canada considers the Salin Device to be a Medical Device Class I, just as various clinical studies have demonstrated its value in alleviating respiratory diseases. Even more portable is the Salt Pipe, which is made of ceramic porcelain, and whose daily use helps to flush away impurities from the nasal passages, as well as helping to heal and calm inflamed lungs and airways. Salt pipes are now quite popular in Europe, and can be used by anyone anywhere. The final touches, beautiful glowing Solay salt lamps from the Himalayas, Poland and Persia.
Speleotherapy clinics around the world
Located in the Wazyn chamber about 250 metres below the surface, with a unique microclimate, it is an ideal place for treatment of respiratory diseases, asthma, and allergies. in addition to medical facilities, such as equipment for inhalations, the sanatorium provides the visiors with opportunities for recreation: gymnasium, table tennis, sport-gear/deckchair rental, and a snack bar…
The Sanatorium of the Salt Mine Bochnia
Salt Mine Wieliczka which works from XIII century is the oldest enterprise of salt industry on Polish land. For ages it was a source of polish treasury and material fundament of culture – today is the most willingly visited polish tourist object. Over 700 years of mining the salt deposit formed the contemporary spatial mining excavation structure. Hidden below the town, situated on 9 levels, reaching 327 m deep Wieliczka underground is nearly 300 km of galleries and 3000 chambers. 3,5 km route 64-135 m below ground level is available for tourists. Magnificent chapels, captivating underground lakes, original tools and equipment, traces of mining works give the comprehension about people’s fight against the elements, their work, passion and beliefs…
Salt Mine Wieliczka
Due to the extensive salt mining there have been left large underground halls, where a unique salt-mine microclimate has been created, with relatively constant temperatures, between 14 and 16 Celsius degrees, low humidity 66-70% and bigger pressure than on the surface 735-738 mmHg on average. The air is highly ionized, very effective in what the respiratory diseases treatment is concerned. Underground sanatoriums have been created here. The underground treatment was firstly held in the early 60es, in the Gh. Doja mine. In 1980, the treatment base was moved to the “50 horizon”, which lies at 120m underground, its width is of 20m, height 14m and length a few hundreds of meters… Praid Salt Mine in Romania | <urn:uuid:01b0e297-3169-4333-b02e-fe367cfe34ff> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://newssiiopper.co.uk/speleotherapy-cave-therapy-and-halotherapy-for-healthy-lungs-and-skin.html | 2024-02-23T22:52:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.948915 | 1,326 | 2.625 | 3 |
New Delhi (India Science Wire): It is estimated that there would be a twentyfold increase in the global marine traffic by 2050 which could lead to a sharp rise of invasive aquatic species by 90% in the ballast waters of the ships around the world if not controlled. Now a few innovative eco-friendly water treatment technologies are developed by a team of Indo-US scientists. It is a non-destructive process involving the construction of well or seabed gallery intake systems for the production of ballast seawater which would be made available to the ships virtually across all the global port facilities to provide contamination-free water. This new eco-friendly filtration technology would help to remove the invasive aquatic species from the ballast water economically for loading to the ships.
Fresh or salt waters that are used by a ship to ensure its stability are called ballast waters which are kept inside ballast tanks and cargo holds of a ship. The ships discharge these ballast waters at ports or other locations during a voyage as per the requirement for smooth sailing. Ships also fill up the ballast tanks when necessary for balancing in the rough sea. This process though essential for the safety of the ships is, however, threatening the marine ecosystems as undesirable macroscopic or microscopic bio-invasion takes place into the ballast water with eggs and larvae of fishes (called ichthyoplankton), bacteria or viruses etc. intruding into the ballast water which later gets released to another marine environment during the discharge where they take an invasive form in a new marine ecosystem which is not desirable for the other marine biota of that area. It happens due to the lack of well-developed filtration techniques.
One of the key features of this innovative water treatment technology developed by NIOT and NCCR scientists jointly with scientists from the United States is that it uses no chemicals. The process of filtration is non-destructive where well or seabed gallery intake systems are constructed for the production of ballast seawater which would be made available to the ships virtually across all the global port facilities to provide contamination-free water.
It is estimated that there is a discharge of 3 to 5 billion tons of ballast water per year containing invasive species which has been harming the marine ecosystem throughout the last century. Ballast water is considered as the primary vector responsible for the release and spread of invasive aquatic species with widespread detrimental ecological and economic consequences to the aquatic ecosystem. Ballast waters typically contain a variety of biological materials that include bacteria, microbes, eggs, small invertebrates as well as cysts and larvae of various species. Once they get released to the different parts of the world ocean system, they multiply and become invasive. They are also a major concern for creating various serious human health issues.
The authors of the current study predict that global marine traffic would be accounting for 80% of the world trade by 2050, and if ballast water treatment remains uncontrolled, growth of invasive species will accelerate by 90% worldwide. With the liberalization of world trade, marine transport is becoming cost-effective and a convenient mode of transport, prompting a worldwide demand for more container and cargo vessels. As a result, the demand for ballast water treatment systems is also anticipated to grow rapidly.
According to National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)&National Center for Coastal Research (NCCR) scientists involved in the project, the system has been designed to meet requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). IMO is the specialist agency of the United Nations (UN), which has implemented regulations to reduce risks to public health and the environment that result from the transfer of ballast water around the world. Many measures were being taken to resolve the issue over many years. But, until now, none of them was fully effective.
The authors of the present study suggested that priority invasive species in ballast water need to be controlled or eradicated, and measures to manage the pathway should be implemented to prevent their introduction. NIOT & NCCR team, in this new technology, established an effective and economical technical method to limit the risk of invasive species.
The idea was proposed by the research team comprising of Prince Prakash Jeba Kumar J., Ragumaran S., Nandagopal G., Vijaya Ravichandran of National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai, India and Ramana Murthy M.V. of National Center for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai, Thomas M. Missimer of Emergent Technologies Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, USA. The research paper has been published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. (India Science Wire) | <urn:uuid:6232aa6b-8026-4877-b955-9a1f255a4ba4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://newstrackplus.com/ecofriendly-technology-to-protect-marine-ecosystem-from-invasive-species-in-ballast-waters-of-ships/ | 2024-02-23T23:13:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.951213 | 951 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Virtual Reality is not a new challenge. The term existed approximately 60 years ago.
WHAT IS VIRTUAL REALITY?
Interact with a world without being in it.
Virtual Reality or better known as VR for its acronym in English (Virtual Reality) is a digitally generated three-dimensional environment, which creates the sensation of being immersed in it, generating a real appearance of an environment different from the one found.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Virtual Reality does not need an airplane to transport you to another world.
To immerse yourself in an experience it is necessary to have Virtual Reality glasses and a control, these are usually connected to a computer, console or cell phone that generates the virtual environment. For greater interaction there are gloves, sound effects, booths with special effects, among others.
Note: each virtual reality device needs different devices and mechanisms for its operation. On this site you will find a general list.
HISTORY AND ADVANCES OF TECHNOLOGY
A reality built for 60 years.
Virtual Reality was considered for the first time in the 60's by the director of photography Morton Heilig to perform a sensory theatrical experience where the user could live the experience in a sensor, a cabin with stereoscopic images, stereo sound, fans and smells. But this project could not be developed due to different factors, one of them was a lack of budget.
View source1961: HEADSIGHT
A company called Philco Corporation built the first virtual reality helmet, which connected to a system of closed-circuit cameras that shot images according to the angle of their position. It was the first immersive experience that included Virtual Reality glasses and was used for dangerous situations, one of them so that the pilots could have a clear field of vision in the dark.
View source1966: THE LAST SCREEN
The computer scientist Iván Sutherland built the first Virtual Reality helmet connected to a computer system. It was the first time that the graphics were created from a computer, with stereo images and designed so that the field of vision changes according to the user's movement. Something very similar to the contemporary, but with the technology of the time.
View source1971: GROPE
Engineer Frederick Brooks created the GROPE project in which he began the interaction in Virtual Reality, studying the molecules for touch systems
View source1976: VIDEOPLACE
The computer artist Myron Krueger developed a system in which a screen and cameras made people silhouettes interact and all their movements were projected on the screen. This was the beginning of the interaction with a 2D screen.
View source1982: VECASS
Armstrong Medical Research Laboratories developed a flight simulator, called Simulator of visually coupled airborne systems, where the fighter pilot used a Virtual Reality helmet to expand the vision outside the window thanks to the graphics provided.
View source1984: VIVED
Nasa developed a personal simulator where three-dimensional graphics and sounds could be seen, that is, videos in Virtual Reality.
View source1985: DATA GLOVE
The VPL company that developed and sold Virtual Reality products, one of these is the DataGlove, a glove that provides real-time tracking of the movement of hands and fingers transmitting to a processor that determines joint angles.
View source1989: BOOM
It was a small box with two eye holes that allow you to visualize two monitors with CRT technology and move in the virtual experience.
View source1992: CAVE
Instead of using a Virtual Reality helmet, the user first used glasses with an LCD shutter in a recreative box, which allowed an experience with more quality and resolution in the images.
View source1992: SEGA VR
It was the first video game in Virtual Reality, where thanks to glasses, a computer and headphones the user lived a totally immersive experience according to his time.
View source1994: VIRTUAL BOY
They were the first virtual reality glasses of the Nintendo brand that presented graphics in 3D colors.
View source2010: OCULUS RIFT I
Palmer Lucker, a technology enthusiast, developed the first Oculus VR Virtual Reality viewer CALLS oculus Rift, but by design it was launched to the developer market.
View source2014: OCULUS RIFT II
Oculus redevelops a developer kit with virtual reality glasses, with more pixels and an improved experience minimizing sudden movements.
View source2014: GOOGLE CARDBOARD
Google created the platform for users to create or buy their own Virtual Reality glasses suitable for Android phones at a low cost, providing a step-by-step idea with a folding cardboard template and two lenses.
View source2015: GEAR VR
The Samsung company in partnership with Oculus developed its first Virtual Reality glasses, where the 360 vision and wireless viewfinder were the protagonists. This device could only be used with some Samsung mobile phones
View source2018: LENOVO MIRAGE
Lenovo manufactures autonomous Virtual Reality glasses, that is, they offer an immersive experience without wires, cell phones or computers.
View source2018: OCULUS GO
Facebook develops its first autonomous Virtual Reality glasses at a low cost in the market, this with the aim of attracting new users to VR technology.1
View source2018: OCULUS RIFT
Facebook improves the Oculus Rift Virtual Reality glasses, special to connect to the computer and live an immersive experience in high quality.
View source2018: HTC Vive
HTC Corporation creates Vive VR its first Virtual Reality device consisting of a Virtual Reality glasses with 3-in-1 cable to connect to the computer and two wireless controls for an immersive experience.
The Covenant 30% | <urn:uuid:ef679c1d-0415-4818-a627-0e472e7fdd36> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://noahsvrk.com/pages/virtual-reality | 2024-02-23T23:28:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.925459 | 1,158 | 3.390625 | 3 |
More than 1.3 million people will be diagnosed with cancer each year. There will be 33,400 new cases of cancer in Georgia alone. PET imaging is rapidly becoming the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment planning of cancer. PET/CT scans provide complete information regarding the exact location, size, nature and extent of cancer – anywhere in the body.
Northside began using PET (Positron Emission Tomography) in 2001, and since that time has performed more oncology PET imaging than any other community hospital in Georgia. PET detects sites of cancer not seen by other imaging modalities, differentiating scar tissue from tumor and benign from malignant lesions. It also produces images showing metabolism or biochemical changes.
“The detailed information that a PET scan provides substantially increases the confidence that cancer diagnoses are correct and complete,” says James Weinstein, M.D.
Through use of X-rays, CT (computed tomography) produces an accurate anatomical image of the body – a “slice” of an organ or particular area. Together, PET and CT reveal a complete picture – providing both anatomic and metabolic information at one time, in stunning detail, to help physicians diagnose and localize cancer.
“Northside Hospital diagnoses and treats more than 3,000 cases of cancer each year,” says Dr. Weinstein. “The fusion of PET and CT imaging on one piece of equipment is the next wave of imaging technology.”
Before having a PET/CT scan, the patient receives a dose of a radiopharmaceutical tracer, which contains a sugar that accumulates in cancerous cells. During the scan, the tracer is detected by the system, creating an image of the patient and highlighting any abnormal physiology. This image helps physicians determine if disease is present, the location and extent of disease and how rapidly it is spreading.
“Combining PET and CT into one process shortens scan times by 30 percent,” says Dr. Weinstein, “therefore, increasing the patient’s comfort.” PET/CT also allows for earlier detection and diagnosis, more accurate staging and localization, and more precise treatment and monitoring.
Appointments are now being accepted. All scans are performed at Northside Hospital and are read by Northside Radiology Associates, P.C. physicians. | <urn:uuid:b1c58d7f-91c0-42f5-b551-b8aedaab9a94> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://northsideradiology.com/procedures/petct-imaging/ | 2024-02-23T23:19:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.936034 | 480 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Ohio Watersheds Are Crucial to
We all live in a watershed.
Residential areas, farms, forests, small towns, big cities …They’re all part of a massive watershed network. Watersheds cross municipal, county, state and even international borders.
They come in all shapes and sizes, encompassing millions of square miles or just a few acres. And like creeks that drain into rivers, small watersheds are almost always part of a larger watershed.
For instance, Ohio’s 23 major watersheds consist of 254 principal streams and rivers. But they all drain into either Lake Erie or the Ohio River. (See “Ohio’s Two Primary Watersheds,” below.)
Our landscape and all its activities interconnect with streams, lakes and rivers through their watersheds. Naturally varying lake levels, water movement to and from groundwater, and amount of stream flow influences them as well. The health of our waterways is largely determined by these dynamics between the land and the water.
Becoming Watershed Wise
Watersheds must be protected if they are to sustain life. When human activities alter the natural function of the watershed, residents can be adversely affected by frequent flooding and routine periods of drought.
The three leading causes of polluted waterways are:
- Bacteria (such as E. coli), and
- Excess nutrients (such as nitrogen- and phosphate-based fertilizers).
Watershed-wise practices help create a balance and allow nature to work in our favor. When properly employed, residential landscapes can function as healthy mini-watersheds. The Green Gardens Group (G3) provides training and certification for its Watershed Approach to landscaping. This approach includes four key elements:
- Build Healthy Soil
- Capture Rainwater
- Select Native, Climate-Appropriate Plants
- Use Highly Efficient Irrigation
Smart irrigation technology (smart controllers, rain and soil-moisture sensors, and pressure regulators) is a key component of this approach and ensures optimal irrigation system performance.
As an irrigation and landscape professional, are you practicing watershed-wise principles, or are you contributing to the problem? Here are a few tips:
- Promote smart irrigation controllers and other technology with your customers, to ensure that runoff is reduced or even eliminated.
- Utilize matched precipitation rate (MPR) nozzles.
- Suggest that your customers create hydrozones (groups of plants with similar water needs) to conserve water.
- Offer your customers natural alternatives to nitrogen- or phosphate-based fertilizers? And suggest integrated pest management instead of pesticides.
- Make sure that roof runoff is directed onto a grassy area, not a sanitary or storm sewer system.
- Suggest porous surfaces for landscaping (such as flagstone, gravel or interlocking pavers), rather than impervious surfaces like concrete.
- Consider installing irrigation systems that draw from rainwater or gray water, whenever possible.
- Remind your customers that irrigation system management is critical! Systems must be actively and constantly managed in order to be watershed wise.
We all affect the watershed, one way or another. Whether our individual influence is positive or negative is up to us. | <urn:uuid:c6ea3681-5bc0-4a99-96eb-b4aa1b87e9e8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ohioia.com/news/protecting-ohio-watersheds-2/ | 2024-02-23T23:29:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.918899 | 668 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Water quality and fish diversity in the Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia
Water quality and fish diversity in the Brantas River
This research aimed to determine the water quality and fish diversity in Brantas river. Three station for sampling locations were in the upstream (one station on Karangkates reservoir) and downstream (two stations on the Surabaya and Jagir river). Water quality parameters were BOD, COD, DO, pH, temperature, and the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, and Cd). Fish specimens was identified using fish identification book. The results of this research indicated that there was a difference in the water quality of upstream and downstream of the Brantas river. On the upstream, the source of pollution was mostly from fish catching, agriculture, and industrial activities. While on the downstream of the river it mostly dominated by industrial waste and domestic waste. The water quality in both stations had far exceeded the quality standards that was included in the polluted category. The concluded that Brantas river has been contaminated by waste (heavy metals), exceeded the water quality standard. The diversity of fish in the downstream (Surabaya river) has the highest diversity values, followed Jagir river and in the upstream (Karangkates reservoir) has the lowest value of diversity. Brantas river water was included in the category of moderate diversity. | <urn:uuid:fdfa60d8-9777-41b1-b8c5-13eb4727fb5e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ojs.berkalahayati.org/index.php/jurnal/article/view/100 | 2024-02-23T23:05:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.960694 | 283 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Human computer interface (HCI) is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study. In order to improve the usability of HCI, investigation of the interaction between human and computers is an important issue. In present study, we use a pointing movement experimental device with visual feedback control function which developed in our companion research to investigate the human movement characteristics. Fitts' law is a successful model of human movement that predicts the time required to rapidly move to a target. According to Fitts' law, the relationship between the movement time (MT) and the index of difficulty (ID) can be demonstrated as a linear function. Here, we designed a series of rectangle boxes as using in Fitts' study as pointing stimuli. Ten subjects were asked to do pointing movement with different visual feedback conditions. The findings of present study suggest that the pointing performance was not only depending on the size of targets but also the quantity of visual feedback information. Therefore, both visual feedback and target size need to considered for HCI design. | <urn:uuid:3c8bbbb1-417f-4d92-b3ab-2ccfa09db5f3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://okayama.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/evaluation-of-human-pointing-movement-characteristics-for-improve | 2024-02-23T23:51:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.958231 | 216 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This week on Ours to Protect we took a look at supporting birds in winter.
Did you know?….
- A number of bird populations are in decline.
- This is partially due to the use of pesticides.
- People can take steps in their own gardens to support the birds.
How can I help?….
- Planting native trees and plants can give birds support.
- If you are feeding birds try using seeds, particularly Irish seeds.
- Avoid white bread as it has little nutritional value for the birds.
- If you are interested, get out and see the birds that are around you.
- Resources are available to learn about birds and birdwatching. | <urn:uuid:ddf34059-4d76-4bbc-820f-9cbd5402c687> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ourstoprotect.ie/radio-kerry-weekly-tips-25-bird-boxes/ | 2024-02-23T22:51:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.96893 | 142 | 3.203125 | 3 |
As summer quickly approaches, you might be wondering the best way to keep your flock cool during hot summer months. Chickens are not very good at keeping themselves cool in extreme heat conditions. In fact, chickens are better at keeping themselves warm in winter than they are at keeping themselves cool in summer.
How Hot is Too Hot?
Temperatures over 90 degrees Fahrenheit can increase risks of heat stress and heat-related illness. A more dangerous combination though is prolonged hot temperatures and high humidity.
The degree of heat stress depends on a number of factors including, diet, breed, and living situations. If your chickens are a heavier breed, they can become overheated around 85 degrees Fahrenheit. On the other hand, lighter and small breeds do better in heat. Although, most chickens are uncomfortable in hot conditions.
Chickens cannot sweat, which means they cannot cool themselves like other animals can. Chickens get rid of excess heat from their combs, wattles, feet, and beaks. Which means breeds who have larger combs and wattles can cool themselves more efficiently than breeds with small wattles and combs.
Signs of Heat Stress
Chickens that are overheating usually pant, which means they breathe heavy through their open beaks and move their tongues up and down.
Additional signs consist of:
- Wings held out so they are away from their body
- Droopy, lethargic behavior
- Pale/Discolored combs and wattles
- Decrease in egg production and appetite
While all of these might sound a bit scary, if you take the right steps it is pretty easy to keep your flock cool during hot summer weather with minimal intervention.
Ways to Keep Chickens Cool in the Summer
There are a variety of easy ways to keep your flock cool during hot summer months.
It is very important that your chickens have a shady place to go on hot days. If your chicken run area is mostly sunny, add a tarp to cover your chicken run.
The OverEZ Chicken Run Tarp is great for protecting your flock from weather conditions, including hot and cold protection. It is made with heavy-duty canvas, which ensures the ultimate protection for your flock against weather elements and predators.
Cold Fresh Water
On really hot days it is vital to provide cold, fresh water. Keep the waterer in a shady place. You can also add electrolytes to their water to help keep your flock hydrated. Some chicken owners like to add ice to their waterers, or throw frozen treats in the waterer, which include frozen vegetables and fruits.
Treats for Chickens in Summer
Feeding your flock the right treats is very important, especially during hot summer months. There are some treats that can actually increase a chicken's body temperature. For example, many chicken owners question if chickens can eat corn in the summer. It is not a good idea to feed your flock corn or other high-carb treats during the summer, especially in high amounts.
Dry cracked corn and scratch are very high-carb, which means they will warm your chickens up from the inside out as they work to digest them. So, it is important to cut back or avoid chicken scratch in hot temperatures.
A great alternative for high-carb chicken treats are cold, refreshing treats such as watermelon, frozen peas, or frozen strawberries. Fill a large bowl with water and frozen treats and freeze them overnight. Set the bowl out the next day so your flock can pick at it as it thaws. You should only feed your chickens treats in moderation, especially in hot weather because chickens are eating less in general.
Freeze Chicken Feed
In order for chickens to maintain their health, it is important that they continue to eat their usual feed. One way to make it more appetizing is freezing the feed for about an hour before giving it to your flock. Cold material in their crop lowers their body temperature.
Ventilate the Chicken Coop
We recommend providing adequate ventilation inside the coop, especially when it is hot outside. Some customers have added fans to their coops to help with ventilation. Only do this if it is safe and electricity is available.
Another popular method of ventilation is adding a screened door to your chicken coop. The OverEZ Chicken Coop Ventilation Door allows you to easily add additional airflow to your coop. Assembly only takes a few tools and a few easy steps. Your flock will greatly appreciate this door especially when it's hot out!
Additionally, avoid overcrowding in the chicken coop and chicken run. It is important that there is at least 4 square feet of space inside of the chicken coop and 10 square feet of space outside.
Set Up a Kiddie Pool
Another way to help keep your chickens cool down is by setting up a kiddie pool. If they are able to keep their feet cool, this allows them to lower their body temperature. Some chickens will even dunk their heads into the water to help with keeping cool. Keep in mind that not every chicken enjoys this, it truly depends on your flock.
Provide Dust Bath Space
Chickens use dust baths for a variety of reasons including, to clean themselves, natural insecticide against parasites and bugs, prevents parasite infections, and it helps exfoliate a chicken's skin.
During the summer create a dust bathing space in the shade so your chickens can enjoy this routine in a cooler temperature.
Provide Natural Herbs
There are a variety of herbs that provide your chickens with a natural cooling effect, that will help them naturally acclimate to heat. These herbs include lemon balm, peppermint, and lemon grass.
Chickens know what to do to cool themselves down, they just need the resources to do so. Have more tips for keeping chickens cool during the summer? Share them in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:1e0f35b0-fda0-4797-ae9c-637d1c997595> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://overezchickencoop.com/blogs/from-the-chicken-coop/how-to-keep-your-chickens-cool-in-summer | 2024-02-24T00:36:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.956258 | 1,206 | 3 | 3 |
Professors and Higher Education Leading the Way in Promoting Divisive Education
November 13, 2022
Where is the divisive and racist teaching of America History coming from? A trio of professors has not only said that racist teachings help to unite American but has come up with a framework for School Board members to address Parents who are opposed to such un-American curriculum.
The report provides teachers and school leaders a three-step approach on how to address concerned parents, including: opening the conversation with a shared value both parties hold; "use active voice to name an antagonist (e.g., the people who are trying to divide us) and call out divide-and-conquer tactics;" and ending the conversation with a "strong, positive call to action that affirms common values," as opposed to being race-neutral or colorblind. | <urn:uuid:1425ba33-53c8-4e14-990e-b0a676a17f50> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://parents.americafirstpolicy.com/polling-data-and-news/professors-and-higher-education-leading-the-way-in-promoting-divisive-education | 2024-02-23T22:25:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966602 | 168 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sodom and Gomorrah
The stock image depicts the ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which according to the biblical account were located in the Jordan River valley. The cities were notorious for their wickedness, and as a result, God destroyed them with fire and brimstone.
The map shows the approximate location of the cities, which were believed to have been situated in the area around the southern end of the Dead Sea. The cities are marked with symbols and are surrounded by desert landscapes.
The map may be used to illustrate the historical and religious significance of the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the context of ancient biblical times. | <urn:uuid:6e61a68a-3c58-459b-9579-452580a90c1d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://parsef.com/product/sodom-and-gomorrah-2/ | 2024-02-23T22:27:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.977382 | 137 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A living will is a document intended to convey a patient’s preferences regarding end-of-life healthcare decisions when the patient cannot express them personally to a physician or other healthcare provider. A living will directs healthcare providers or a patient’s authorized representative about the types of medical care the patient wishes to have provided or to forgo at the end of life, consistent with the patient’s values and autonomy. A do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is a medical order issued by a physician or other practitioner authorized to issue medical orders that directs clinicians not to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest. A DNR order, by itself, does not address the withdrawal or withholding of any medical care other than resuscitation. Despite the prevalence of living wills and DNR orders, PA-PSRS reports received between June 2004 and September 2008 have revealed that healthcare providers, as well as patients and families, may not understand the differences between living wills and DNR orders. Misinterpretation of living wills and DNR orders may inadvertently result in the provision of unwanted care or the withdrawal or withholding of otherwise appropriate interventions. Accurate interpretation and implementation of these documents, in addition to effective planning and communication, is essential to ensure that a patient’s end-of-life preferences for medical care are honored.
The term “advance healthcare directive” refers to a number of different documents intended to convey a patient’s preferences about healthcare.1 Some advance healthcare directives are intended to appoint a person to make decisions on the patient’s behalf when the patient is unable to do so; some authorize another individual to admit the patient to a nursing home or other type of healthcare facility under certain circumstances; and some give specific instructions about what kind of and under what circumstances medical care is to be provided or withheld. A living will is a type of advance healthcare directive, specifying the life-sustaining treatments a patient wishes to
receive or forgo when the patient is no longer capable of making decisions for him- or herself
and has an end-stage medical condition
or is permanently unconscious.1 A patient may revoke a living will at any time, even at the end of life. In order to implement the terms of a living will in a clinical setting, a physician must determine that the patient is no longer competent and certify in writing that the patient is in an end-stage medical condition or is permanently unconscious.1
A do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is a medical order to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest. Typically, a DNR order is entered into a patient’s medical record after a discussion between the physician and the patient and/or a patient’s authorized representative.2 A DNR order may be entered into a patient’s medical record in the absence of a living will.
In addition to preserving a patient’s autonomy, one of the underlying purposes of living wills and DNR orders is to give healthcare providers direction regarding a patient’s preferences for end-of-life care and interventions. However, as reflected in PA-PSRS reports, there is confusion about how to interpret and implement these documents. From June 2004 to September 2008, PA-PSRS received more than 200 reports involving living wills and DNR orders. An understanding of the implications of living wills and DNR orders, as well as the understanding that these documents are not interchangeable, is important in providing appropriate and respectful clinical care. This article will discuss living wills and DNR orders as defined in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Strategies are presented to assist clinical staff, patients, and families to understand what these documents mean to help ensure that a patient’s wishes are communicated and appropriately carried out.
In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, patient self-determination is governed by the Living Will Act, which provides a statutory framework for healthcare decision making.1,3 The Living Will Act establishes that only competent adults or emancipated minors are able to make a living will. Pennsylvania law requires that the document be entered into the patient’s medical record, but entry into the medical record does not make a living will operational. A living will becomes operational only when a physician determines that the patient is incompetent
and certifies in writing that the patient has an end-stage medical condition
or is permanently unconscious.1 (See “Glossary of Selected Terms.”)
Certification of an end-stage medical condition can pose problems when the patient has an illness involving slow deterioration, such as with Alzheimer’s disease. Determinations of competency can be very difficult and present a challenge to the determining physician as well as other healthcare practitioners involved in the patient’s care. Competency is not static, and a patient’s decision-making capability may fluctuate. A patient may become confused when experiencing a high fever but be lucid when the fever has resolved. In addition, a patient may be found incompetent to make some healthcare decisions, but competent to make others.4 For example, a patient may be competent to consent to a chest x-ray but incompetent to agree to complicated surgery. Incompetence does not mean that the patient made a choice that others would not make, such as when a competent patient chooses to forgo recommended treatment.
Studies have demonstrated the lack of understanding about the meaning of terms found in living wills. A survey examined whether cohorts consisting of patients, their physicians, and family members understood the meaning of terms used in living wills. The cohort groups had high concordance (83%) regarding understanding of the term “the use of life support to keep patients alive.” However, 71% of patients, 42% of family members, and 27% of physicians responded that a living will could be used to guide treatment decisions in non-end-of-life clinical situations, reflecting a lack of understanding about when a living will becomes operative.5 Another study demonstrated that patients with living wills poorly understood the meaning of “life-sustaining therapies” and the implications of their advance directives. Of 755 patients admitted to a community teaching hospital during the study period, 264 study participants were surveyed regarding their understanding of CPR. Of these, 82 (31%) had living wills. Most (76%) created their living will with a lawyer or family member, and 7% involved a physician. After the patients were provided an explanation of the meaning of CPR, 37% of patients with living wills indicated they actually did not want CPR. Their living wills did not accurately reflect their treatment preferences.6
A DNR order is a medical order issued by a physician or other authorized practitioner that directs healthcare providers not to administer CPR in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest. A DNR order may be written in the absence of a living will or the conditions that would make a living will operative. A living will may contain a provision indicating that a patient does not desire CPR. However, if a patient’s preference to forgo CPR is expressed only in a living will, CPR will be withheld only when a physician has determined that the patient is not competent and has certified in writing that the patient has an end-stage medical condition or is permanently unconscious.1 Without such physician determination and certification or without a DNR order, the patient’s expressed preference for withholding CPR is not sufficient.2 In order for a patient’s preferences to be carried out, patients, families, and healthcare providers must understand the distinction between the circumstances under which a living will and a DNR order are applicable.
A DNR order is not subject to the preconditions imposed by the Living Will Act. A DNR order becomes operative only in the narrow context of cardiac or respiratory arrest regardless of the precipitating clinical event and
does not preclude otherwise appropriate treatments or life-sustaining interventions.2,7 Misinterpretation of DNR orders was demonstrated by a survey conducted in an outpatient cancer center, which showed that only 34% of the patients correctly understood the meaning of a DNR order; 66% of the patients did not realize that a DNR order would result in not being resuscitated even if the cause of the cardiac or respiratory arrest was potentially reversible.8
Patient Safety Risks Related to Living Wills and DNR Orders
The potential for misunderstanding the meaning and implications of a living will and DNR orders by healthcare providers, patients, and families may lead to withholding of desired interventions or administering unwanted interventions. Communication failures between providers, patients, and facilities may lead to the same results. These patient safety risks have been reported through PA-PSRS.
In the absence of a DNR order, CPR will be administered, if medically justified, unless a living will has become operative. A patient may undergo unwanted treatment (i.e., CPR) if he or she does not appreciate the important differences between a living will and a DNR order when expressing, in a living will, the wish not to undergo CPR. In addition, the risk of a patient receiving unwanted care or not receiving desired and appropriate care arises when healthcare providers do not interpret or implement a living will appropriately. Dobbins has shown that the existence of a living will may not affect healthcare decision making. A retrospective review was conducted of the records of 160 elderly patients who died in a community hospital to determine the effect of living wills on healthcare decisions. The findings demonstrated that a living will did not influence healthcare provider decisions about the use of life-sustaining treatment and the initiation of comfort care plans or the decision to treat the patient in the intensive care unit (ICU). The documents did influence healthcare providers to write DNR orders more often.9
From June 2004 to September 2008, 37 of the PA-PSRS reports related to living wills or DNR orders have involved patients receiving potentially unwanted interventions. Examples are as follows:
A patient was admitted through the [emergency department (ED)] after suffering a femoral fracture from a fall at home. The patient underwent an open reduction of the fracture and was transferred to the ICU postoperatively due to numerous preexisting comorbidities. The patient developed hypotension and tachycardia. A hospitalist was summoned to the bedside, and medications were administered. The patient then developed ventricular tachycardia. The patient did have DNR order but an attempt was made to resuscitate the patient. The resuscitation attempt was unsuccessful.
A patient was admitted through the ED with increased lung congestion and vomiting blood. Resuscitation status was not addressed on admission. The patient was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress due to pneumonia. No chest x-ray had been ordered. The patient was being assisted with breakfast and suddenly became unresponsive and stopped breathing. A resuscitation team was called. The patient had living will in the chart indicating no resuscitation. The hospitalist spoke with the attending physician, who stated the patient’s wishes were . . . DNR; however, the order was never given. The resuscitation was stopped, and the patient expired.
A patient with numerous comorbidities had a DNR order in the chart; when the patient’s vital signs changed, the patient was resuscitated despite the DNR order.
Misperceptions of the Meaning of Living Will and DNR
Researchers have raised concerns that DNR orders and living wills may be misunderstood by healthcare providers. A case series of patients with a living will presenting for treatment and their hospital course illustrated these concerns. In one case, the primary care physician (PCP) advised the emergency physician (EP) that a patient presenting with chest pain did not need to be admitted because the patient had a living will. The PCP interpreted the living will as imparting a DNR status. The EP disagreed with the PCP’s interpretation, and the disagreement resulted in a delay in treatment. In another case, a nurse delayed notifying the attending physician of a change in the patient’s clinical status. The nurse mistakenly interpreted the patient’s living will as meaning a code status of DNR. In a third case, the EP and PCP misinterpreted a living will, believing it to be operative. This resulted in less aggressive treatment of a myocardial infarction.10 The case series author stated that “just because a living will exists, its existence does not cause it to become activated. Also, it must be re-iterated that a DNR does not equal ‘do not treat.’”10
A recent study has shown that a misunderstanding of the meaning of a living will may unnecessarily put patients at risk when patients present for emergency care. A survey administered to physicians, nurses, and first responders at a 350-bed acute care and level II trauma center presented a fictitious living will and prompted respondents to assign a code status (DNR or full code) and define the level of care associated with the DNR code status. Seventy-nine percent of respondents assigned a DNR code status, and 70% construed DNR to mean “comfort care/end-of-life care.”11 Other studies support that DNR orders may be applied to broader treatment decisions and that interventions such as hospitalization, blood transfusion, central line placement, and intubation may be withheld based on the existence of a DNR order, even when a patient has not requested that these treatments be withheld.12,13,14
From June 2004 to September 2008, 93 of PA-PSRS reports regarding living wills or DNR orders indicated that a DNR order may have been misinterpreted as a directive to withdraw or withhold care, suggesting staff may not have understood the narrow scope of a DNR order. It is important to note that the reports do not convey the clinical context of the decision to withdraw or withhold care, which may have been based on other factors unrelated to the DNR order. Examples include the following:
A patient was transferred from the ICU to the telemetry unit. No monitors were available. . . . Staff phoned the doctor to see if they could discontinue the monitor on [another] patient who was DNR to use on this patient.
A patient was intubated and restrained due to the patient pulling on lines. . . . The patient was unable to be weaned from ventilator. Family and physician discussion revealed code status had been changed from full code to DNR. Restraints were removed, and the patient was extubated and expired.
A patient presented to the ED in cardiac arrest. After admission, the patient developed a fever. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The patient expired after the family made the patient a DNR and did a terminal wean [from the ventilator].
Shortly after admission, the patient went into respiratory arrest. The patient was intubated, and restraints were applied to prevent the patient from removing the endotracheal tube. The patient then requested DNR status, restraints and endotracheal tube were removed, and the patient expired.
A patient was on a Levophed® drip. When the drip began running out, no Levophed was available to mix another dose. The patient was a DNR, and Levophed was discontinued.
PA-PSRS reports show that there is a potential for a breakdown in communication between healthcare providers and between healthcare providers, patients, and families. Seventy-one reports submitted through PA-PSRS from June 2004 to September 2008 related to living wills or DNR orders indicated some form of communication breakdown. The majority of reports involved a lack of understanding of the meaning of the documents by families, lack of communication of the presence of a DNR order among healthcare providers, misidentification of patients, and failure to identify patients with DNR orders. All these issues may lead to a patient’s preferences not being carried out. Examples of these issues reported through PA-PSRS include the following:
A patient was admitted through the ED from a long-term care facility (LTCF). The patient’s [living will] was not sent with information from the LTCF. Shortly after admission, the patient had a respiratory arrest. A code was called, and the patient was successfully resuscitated. The family was called to notify of code. [The family] advised staff that the patient had [a living will] and was a DNR.
The physician ordered a DNR status; subsequently, the physician noted a DNR sticker was not placed on patient’s chart. No report was given to the nurse from the previous shift regarding code status, and no DNR armband was placed on the patient.
Patient was admitted from another facility as level 2 DNR. Family member states family discussed level of intensity with doctor and requested change to level 1 (DNR). Per family, doctor agreed that it was appropriate and told them that he would take care of it. The patient coded with family present. The family requested a code. The staff initiated resuscitation but then noted level 2 status and code stopped. A nurse spoke to the family, who stated the code status had been changed. The code team was recalled and resumed resuscitation. The patient was resuscitated successfully.
A patient was wearing a purple wristband (DNR) indicating code status. The band was removed, and an appropriate band for “do not use extremity” applied.
A DNR order was entered for a patient. The unit secretary prepared a DNR band and gave it to the nurse’s aide to apply to the patient. The nurse’s aide then passed it on to a second nurses’ aide, who applied the band to the wrong patient.
Patient had a blue armband indicating DNR order. No DNR order was found on the patient’s chart. [The discrepancy was] discussed with the patient, and the patient wanted full code status. The blue armband was removed.
Risk Reduction Strategies
As the above PA-PSRS reports indicate, living wills and DNR orders may be misunderstood by healthcare providers, families, and patients. Communication breakdowns, including the lack of appropriate documentation and patient misidentification, also present patient safety risks. Several strategies may be used to reduce this risk. (For additional resources, see “Companion Online Information.”)
The implementation of a DNR order may preclude a number of procedures, including chest compressions, cardiac defibrillation, medications, and endotracheal intubation.2 A DNR order may apply to any combination of these interventions, potentially leading to confusion. For example, a patient may want to be intubated but may not wish to receive any other treatment. DNR protocols have been developed that integrate these procedures; however, these protocols may differ among facilities in terminology, scope, and content. For example, PA-PSRS reports from different facilities throughout the state include the following terms: DNR A through D, DNR levels I through V, modified DNR II, and DNR/DNI.
In addition to inconsistent terminology, in Pennsylvania, a DNR order is not portable after the patient is discharged or transferred to another facility. The Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form has been recommended in other states as one mechanism for issuing a single medical order that reflects a patient’s end-of-life preferences expressed through a living will and is transferrable across care settings to help ensure the patient’s wishes are honored throughout the healthcare system.2,15,16 (The POLST form has
not been adopted in Pennsylvania, however, and current healthcare regulations preclude physicians from issuing medical orders that transfer from one facility to another in most cases. The Pennsylvania Department of Health currently has a task force reviewing the advisability of adopting a POLST-like medical order statewide.)
Healthcare providers can use a number of strategies to facilitate communication with patients and families regarding end-of-life treatment preferences. The following have been identified as key elements of a successful advance directive program and may be applied to the process of obtaining a DNR order.2,16
- Develop an individualized plan of care through a process of interaction with the patient that is specific to the patient’s values and goals, including consideration of the patient’s relationships, culture, and medical condition.
- Engage individuals who are close to the patient so that they understand and support the plan. Discuss with the patient and surrogate how much leeway the surrogate has in decision making.
- Document the plan, including identification of the designated surrogate in the event the patient is deemed no longer competent or able to communicate, in the form of an actionable directive that addresses wishes for treatment with specific medical orders reflecting the patient’s current treatment preferences.
- Plan for a proactive but appropriately staged and timed discussion about healthcare decisions. The discussion must be revisited when the patient’s prognosis becomes known or changes. Healthy adults can benefit from advance care planning to prepare for sudden, severe illness or injury. For individuals with advanced chronic disease and frailty, include a discussion regarding changing treatment goals as the patient’s prognosis changes. Plans should be updated over time and available when needed.
- Ensure that patients, families, and/or surrogates understand the terminology contained in a living will and/or DNR order, as appropriate.
Healthcare providers can improve their own understanding and their communication with each other about a patient’s wishes as expressed in a living will, the DNR order, or both, by implementing the following strategies:
- Establish ongoing education about living wills and DNR orders for residents, attending physicians, and nursing staff.2
- Ensure that residents, attending physicians, and nursing staff understand when a living will becomes operative.10,16
- Ensure that residents, attending physicians, and nursing staff understand that the existence of
a living will does not imply that a patient has a DNR order.10 - Ensure that residents, attending physicians, and nursing staff recognize that a DNR order applies only to cardiopulmonary arrest and has no effect on any other treatment decision. In other words, a DNR order does not mean “do not treat.”10
- Encourage physicians to obtain skills training in communication about end-of-life decision making.2
- Establish policies that require a discussion and documentation of any exception to a DNR order during the perioperative period, such as suspension of a DNR order during surgery.2
- Ensure that the existence of a living will is established on admission and documented in the patient’s medical record.2
- If the facility uses color-coded wristbands to communicate DNR status to clinicians, ensure that policies address who is responsible for applying and removing DNR color-coded wristbands and how DNR wristband information is documented and communicated.17
A living will is an important mechanism for providing guidance and direction to healthcare providers regarding a patient’s end-of-life preferences. A DNR order is one way a physician or other authorized practitioner can direct clinicians to respect a patient’s wishes about receiving CPR in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest. However, there is no substitute for collective, informed decision making and clinical judgment, requiring open communication between patients, families, and physicians. In order to communicate effectively, all parties involved must understand the meaning and implications of living wills and DNR orders. Living wills and DNR orders are intended to honor a patient’s end-of-life preferences. Through planning, education, and effective communication, healthcare providers can assist patients in realizing their end-of-life treatment goals.
- Living Will Act, enacted as part of Act 169 of 2006, 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5441
et seq. (2008).
- ECRI Institute. Do-not-resuscitate orders.
Healthc Risk Control 2008 Mar;2:Ethics 3:1-13.
- Pennsylvania Medical Society. Guide to Act 169 for physicians and other health care providers [online]. 2006 [cited 2008 Sep 3]. Available from Internet:
- Wilkinson A, Wegner N, Shugarman LR. Literature review on advance directives [online]. 2007 Jun [cited 2008 Sep 3]. Available from Internet:
- Upadya A, Muralidharan V, Thorevska N, et al. Patient, physician, and family member understanding of living wills.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 Dec 1;166(11):1430-5.
- Thorevska N, Tilluckdharry L, Tickoo S, et al. Patients’ understanding of advance directives and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
J Crit Care 2005 Mar;20(1):26-34.
- Berger JT. Ethical challenges of partial do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders: placing DNR orders in the context of a life-threatening conditions care plan.
Arch Intern Med 2003 Oct 27;163(19);2270-5.
- Rohrer JE, Esler WV, Saeed Q, et al. Risk of mistaken DNR orders.
Support Care Cancer 2006 Aug;14(8):871-3.
- Dobbins EH. End-of-life decisions: influence of advance directives on patient care.
J Gerontol Nurs 2007 Oct;33(10):50-6.
- Mirarchi FL. Does a living will equal a DNR? Are living wills compromising patient safety?
J Emerg Med 2007 Oct;33(3):299-305.
- Mirarchi FL, Hite LA, Cooney TE, et al. TRIAD I-the realistic interpretation of advanced directives.
J Patient Saf 2008 Dec;4(4):235-40.
- Beach MC, Morrison RS. The effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on physician decision-making.
J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 Dec;50(12):2057-61.
- Holtzman J, Pheley AM, Lurie N. Changes in orders limiting care and the use of less aggressive care in a nursing home population.
J Am Geriatric Soc 1994 Mar;42(3):
275-9. - Sulmasy DP, Sood JR, Ury WA. The quality of care plans for patients with do-not-resuscitate orders.
Arch Intern Med 2004 Jul 26;164(14):1573-8.
- Dunn PM, Tolle SW, Moss AH, et al. The POLST paradigm: respecting the wishes of patients and families.
Ann Long-Term Care 2007 Sep;15(9):33-40.
- Hickman SE, Hammes BJ, Moss AH, et al. Hope for the future: achieving the original intent of advance directives.
Hastings Cent Rep 2005 Nov-Dec; Spec No:S26-30.
- Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System. Update on use of color-coded wristbands. PA PSRS Patient Saf Advis [online]. 2006 Aug 9 [cited 2008 Oct 5]. Available from Internet:
Glossary of Selected Terms
Incompetency is a condition in which an individual—despite receiving appropriate medical information, communication support, and technical assistance—is documented by a healthcare provider to be unable to
understand the potential material benefits and risks involved in and alternatives to a specific proposed healthcare decision;
make that healthcare decision on his or her own behalf;
orcommunicate that healthcare decision to another person.
End-stage medical condition is an incurable and irreversible medical condition in an advanced state caused by injury, disease, or physical illness that will, in the opinion of the attending physician to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, result in death, despite the introduction or continuation of treatment.
is a medical condition that has been diagnosed, in accordance with currently accepted medical standards and with reasonable medical certainty, as a total and irreversible loss of consciousness and capacity for
interaction with the environment. The term includes an irreversible vegetative state or irreversible coma.
Life-sustaining treatment is a medical procedure or intervention that, when administered to a patient or principal who has an end-stage medical condition or is permanently unconscious, will only serve to prolong the process of dying or maintain the person in a state of permanent unconsciousness.
Source: 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5442 (2008).
- A living will applies only if the patient is incompetent and has an end-stage medical condition or is permanently unconscious.
- A living will does not apply to questions of day-to-day care, placement or treatment options, and other non-end-of-life circumstances.
- A do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is a medical order issued by a physician or other authorized practitioner that directs clinicians not to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest.
- A DNR order, by itself, does not include the withdrawal or withholding of any medical care other than resuscitation.
Companion Online Information
Caring Connections, a program of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, provides a variety of information about advance directives for patients and families.
Available from Internet:
Pennsylvania Department of Aging
Pennsylvania Medical Society
The Hospital & Healthsystem Association of Pennsylvania (HAP)
Hamot Medical Center
Ferdinando L. Mirarchi, DO, medical director, emergency medicine, Hamot Medical Center, presented an informational lecture on living wills and DNR orders at the University at Buffalo on September 10, 2008. See “To Live or Let Die! Living Wills and DNR Orders.”
Available from Internet:
The following questions about this article may be useful for internal education and assessment. You may use the following examples or come up with your own.
- A patient safety risk related to the misinterpretation of a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order by healthcare providers is the withholding or withdrawing of otherwise appropriate clinical interventions.
- A living will becomes applicable when all of the following conditions occur EXCEPT:
- A copy is provided to the attending physician.
- The patient is determined to be incompetent by the attending physician.
- The patient is determined to have an end-stage medical condition or to be permanently unconscious.
- The determination of all applicable conditions is confirmed with a second opinion.
- Living wills may be applicable to questions about day-to-day care, placement or treatment options, or other healthcare decisions involving patients who lack capacity in non-end-of-life circumstances.
An elderly patient with a medical history of stroke, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure is admitted after a fall at home. The patient is diagnosed with a hip fracture. The patient has a living will indicating she does not wish to undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which is placed in her medical record. Before surgery to repair her fractured hip, the patient reminds her physician that she does not wish to undergo CPR. After a discussion about the implications of the DNR order, the physician enters a DNR order in the patient’s medical record. On her second postoperative day, the patient’s condition deteriorates and she suffers a cardiopulmonary arrest.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the appropriateness of CPR for this patient?
- CPR may be withheld in the presence of the DNR order only if the patient was determined to be incompetent.
- CPR may be withheld based on the living will since the patient suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest.
- A healthcare provider may not withhold CPR based on the DNR order without the existence of the living will.
- The healthcare provider may withhold CPR based on the DNR order without the provisions expressed in the patient’s living will becoming applicable.
- All of the following are strategies that would help reduce the risk of misinterpretation and/or miscommunication of a living will or DNR order EXCEPT:
- Determine on admission whether a patient has a living will, and ensure that it is appropriately documented in the patient’s medical record.
- Recognize that obtaining skills training in communication about end-of-life decision making is best delegated to the hospital ethics committee.
- Ensure that residents, attending physicians, and nursing staff recognize that a DNR order applies only to cardiopulmonary arrest and has no effect on any other treatment decision.
- Ensure that patients, families, and/or surrogates understand the terminology contained in a living will and/or DNR order. | <urn:uuid:739ace90-21b1-40d4-8524-0e1e3eca7ef6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://patientsafety.pa.gov/ADVISORIES/Pages/200812_111.aspx | 2024-02-24T00:12:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.938102 | 6,786 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Meat by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts of slaughtered animals, such as organs and tissues. While they can provide a source of protein, the specific types of meat used are not specified, which may raise concerns about quality and digestibility.
Water Sufficient for Processing
Water is necessary for processing and maintaining the moisture content of the wet cat food.
Chicken is a good source of lean protein for cats. It is highly digestible and provides essential amino acids.
Poultry by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts of slaughtered poultry, such as organs and tissues. Similar to meat by-products, the specific types of poultry used are not specified.
Fish is a valuable source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids for cats. However, the specific type of fish is not mentioned, which may be important for cats with allergies or sensitivities.
Brewer's rice is a by-product of the rice milling process. It is a source of carbohydrates but lacks significant nutritional value.
Titanium Dioxide (Color)
Titanium dioxide is a white pigment used as a colorant in the cat food. It is generally considered safe for consumption.
Potassium chloride is a mineral supplement that helps maintain proper electrolyte balance in cats.
Salt is added for flavor enhancement. While small amounts are generally safe, excessive salt intake can be harmful to cats.
Sodium tripolyphosphate is a food additive used as a preservative and to retain moisture in the cat food.
Guar gum is a thickening agent derived from guar beans. It helps improve the texture and consistency of the wet cat food.
Calcium carbonate is a source of calcium, which is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth in cats.
Choline chloride is a nutrient that supports brain function and liver health in cats.
Carrageenan is a natural thickening agent derived from seaweed. While it is generally considered safe, some cats may be sensitive to it.
The provided vitamins (Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Thiamine, Niacin, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite Complex, Vitamin D3, Folic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin B12) are essential for various bodily functions and overall health in cats.
Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats. It is crucial for maintaining healthy heart function, vision, and reproductive health.
The provided minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Oxide, Manganous Oxide, Copper Sulfate, Calcium Iodate, Sodium Selenite) are important for various physiological processes and overall well-being in cats.
Beta Carotene (Color)
Beta carotene is a natural pigment that provides a yellow-orange color to the cat food. It is a precursor to vitamin A.
Sodium Nitrite (To Promote Color Retention)
Sodium nitrite is a food additive used to preserve the color of the cat food. While it is generally recognized as safe, excessive consumption can be harmful.
Crude Protein | 9.0% min |
Crude Fat | 4.5% |
Crude Fiber | 1.0% max |
Moisture | 78.0% max |
Ash | 4.0% max |
Taurine | 0.05% min |
Crude protein is an essential nutrient for cats as it helps in building and repairing tissues, promoting healthy growth, and supporting a strong immune system. A minimum of 9.0% crude protein in cat food is considered adequate for maintaining a cat's health and well-being.
Crude fat is an important source of energy for cats and aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. With a content of 4.5% crude fat, this cat food provides a moderate amount of fat which is beneficial for a cat's overall health.
Crude fiber helps in maintaining a healthy digestive system and preventing constipation in cats. With a maximum of 1.0% crude fiber, this cat food contains an appropriate amount of fiber for supporting a cat's digestive health.
Moisture content is crucial for a cat's hydration and overall well-being. With a maximum of 78.0% moisture, this wet cat food provides sufficient hydration to meet a cat's needs.
Ash content represents the mineral content in cat food. With a maximum of 4.0% ash, this cat food contains an acceptable level of minerals for maintaining a cat's health.
Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats as it supports healthy vision, heart function, and reproductive health. With a minimum of 0.05% taurine, this cat food provides an adequate amount of taurine to support a cat's overall health.
Pros and Cons
- The smell doesn't make me want to vomit
- It is cheap
- It has fewer ingredients than other low-cost cat foods
- The cats like it
- It has small bones and who knows what else (see photo)
- My own cats don't seem to like it
Pet Food AI has assigned 4 stars to 9 Lives Meaty Pate with Real Chicken Canned Cat Food.
This food is a good option for cat owners on a budget. It has a pleasant smell, is affordable, and has fewer ingredients compared to other low-cost cat foods. However, some customers have reported finding small bones in the food, which can be a concern. Overall, this food is suitable for cats who enjoy pate-style wet food and are not sensitive to the specific ingredients in this product.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is this food healthy for cats?
This food provides essential nutrients for cats, but it is always recommended to consult with a veterinarian to ensure it meets the specific dietary needs of your cat.
Can this food cause allergies?
This food contains common allergens such as poultry and fish. If your cat has known allergies to these ingredients, it may not be suitable.
Should this food be combined with others?
It is generally recommended to provide a balanced diet by combining wet and dry food. If combining, ensure the proportions are appropriate for your cat's age and activity level. | <urn:uuid:7f1fa715-4959-4ab8-89f7-22875f4a82b6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://petfood.ai/wet-cat-food-reviews/9-lives-meaty-pate-with-real-chicken-canned-cat-food-review | 2024-02-23T22:41:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.92561 | 1,301 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Last time, we looked at ways in which PHP 8.0 has become stricter. Today, we look at the next step in PHP becoming faster.
Computers don't actually understand programming languages; they understand very low level instructions no human could write by hand. There are many ways of getting from a human-readable language like PHP or Rust to a computer-understandable set of instructions.
The most basic, and usually most performant, way is to compile the human-friendly source code directly to CPU instructions "Ahead-of-Time" (AOT). Those instructions then get saved to a "binary" stand-alone executable file. Some common languages that take this approach include C, C++, and Rust.
The least performant, but usually easiest to write, translation method is interpreted languages, often called "scripting languages." In this case, there's an "interpreter" program that translates each statement of source code into machine code as it's "executed." PHP 3 worked like that, which is why PHP 3 was so amazingly slow compared to modern PHP.
Just in Time
The latest trend in compilation is the introduction of a "Just in Time" compiler, or JIT. A JIT compiler starts with the simplified intermediary language, and rather than interpreting it, it converts it on-the-fly to machine code, stores that machine code in memory, and executes that.
JIT compilers are very tricky, because in order to get good performance out of them you generally need to be selective in which parts of the intermediary language are compiled to machine code and which aren't. It's not always faster to convert to machine code, depending on the specific details of the code and the language in question. Additionally, the process of converting the simplified code to native machine code may take longer than just running the simplified code once and being done with it.
For that reason, most JIT compilers analyze the code as it's running to identify what parts would give the best bang for the buck and then compile just those bits. The net result, in theory, is that the program literally gets faster as it runs and as the JIT compiler in the virtual machine learns what parts of the code to bother optimizing.
The PHP JIT
PHP's new JIT has been a long time coming. It's actually been under development for several years and nearly shipped in an earlier form in PHP 7.4. Work toward making PHP JIT-capable was the impetus that led to the major rewrite of the engine that gave 7.0 its massive performance boost.
The PHP JIT is built as an extension to the opcode cache. That means it can be enabled and disabled either when building PHP itself or at runtime, via php.ini
How to configure it
The JIT extension is disabled by default. It can be enabled in php.ini
by setting opcache.jit_buffer_size
to a non-zero value. That controls how much space in memory the JIT can fill up with its optimized machine code. More is not always better, though, as the JIT could also waste time compiling code that doesn't really benefit from being compiled.
The other main setting is opcache.jit
, which controls four levels of JIT aggressiveness. These levels are represented as 4-digit numbers, although they’re not actually numeric values but four different aggressiveness controls. The RFC and documentation have more details, so we won't go into detail here.
There is no universally best configuration for the JIT. As is often the case with advanced tools like this, you'll need to experiment with your own application and tune it appropriately.
Will it help?
But will the JIT improve performance? The predictable answer, as always, is "it depends." For web apps, kinda maybe. For PHP as an ecosystem, immensely.
PHP, by design, usually runs in a shared-nothing configuration. After each request is handled, the program exits entirely. That gives the JIT very little time to analyze and optimize code, especially since most code in a typical web request is only executed once as the request is handled linearly. Besides, the largest part of those applications is often I/O (talking to the database, mainly), and the JIT can't help with that at all. The benchmarks that have been published so far show the JIT offering only a marginal boost to performance in typical PHP applications run through PHP-FPM or Apache.
Where the JIT has the potential to be really helpful is in use cases where PHP is often not considered today. Persistent daemons, parsers, machine learning, and other long-running CPU intensive processes are where the real benefits lie. Much like the Foreign Function Interface (FFI) (part 1, part 2, part3) support added to PHP 7.4, the goal here is to allow PHP to break out of being a first-class web language and into a first-class general server language.
PHP-Parser is "a PHP parser written in PHP." It's from the same Nikita Popov we've been mentioning throughout this series and is used by many static analysis tools on the market today, such as PHPStan. Nikita has reported that PHP-Parser runs in some cases as much as twice as fast with the new JIT engine.
There are machine learning libraries available for PHP, such as Rubix ML or PHP-ML. They're not as widely used as their Python equivalents, in part because, being interpreted, they tend to be slower than the C libraries with nice Python wrappers. With a JIT, however, these CPU-intensive tasks may end up being just as fast or possibly even faster as those available in other languages.
PHP is no longer just the fastest of the major web scripting languages. It's now a viable high-performance general data processing language, which puts persistent workers, machine learning, and other high-CPU tasks into the hands of millions of existing PHP developers around the world.
We primarily have Dmitry Stogov and Zeev Suraski to thank for the multi-year effort to make this RFC happen.
What feature of PHP 8.0 is going to save you the most typing? Tune in next week to see what feature we're ... promoting.
You can try out pre-release copies of PHP 8.0 today on Platform.sh, with just a one-line change. Give it a whirl, and let us know what your favorite features are. | <urn:uuid:ed4dc400-d2be-4b44-ad71-d2b0793efeae> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://platform.sh/blog/php-80-feature-focus-just-in-time-compilation/ | 2024-02-23T22:59:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.960774 | 1,348 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This week has been action packed. We started the week with a skipping workshop, where we learnt difficult individual and paired skipping techniques. The playground has been full of ropes this week – don’t forget to bring your ropes in next week.
Later in the week we were visited by a reptile roadshow, where we met and learnt about different snakes, lizards and bearded dragons. This really brought our class book, Joan Procter, Dragon Doctor to life. Did you know that reptiles smell with their tongues and that snakes have hundreds of ribs!?
In science this week we have been testing the permeability of rocks. The children made careful observations and recorded their findings.
Your RE home learning was wonderful, well done. I have enjoyed learning which Bible stories are the children’s favourites. We have started to learn about Psalms this week.
Spelling – homophones and near homophones.
here, hear, heel, heal, main, mane, mail, male, knot, not.
Please discuss the meaning of these words.
Research Mary Anning and create an A4 learning poster to share with the class on Wednesday during science. This website is useful
Maths: Next week we are moving on to estimation and rounding. To support this learning please follow the link below and complete the estimation and rounding tasks M1 – M5.
Reading: Please read for 10 minutes daily and ensure records are signed.
Have a lovely weekend | <urn:uuid:d0532b0c-29fe-4034-8b73-69864697fd67> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://popepaul.herts.sch.uk/autumn-1-week-5/ | 2024-02-23T23:47:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.971299 | 302 | 3.25 | 3 |
All About XPaths & Web Crawlers
February 17, 2023 | By David Selden-Treiman | Filed in: tutorials, web-crawler-development.The TL-DR
This article is an expert guide to XPaths, a powerful tool for web crawling and data extraction. It explains what XPaths are, how to write effective XPaths, and provides examples to help you better understand their use.
Web crawling, also known as web scraping, is the process of extracting data from websites for various purposes, such as data analysis, research, and marketing. One of the key components of web crawling is XPath, which is a powerful and flexible language used for navigating XML documents and HTML pages.
In this article, we’ll dive into everything you need to know about XPaths and their importance in web crawling. We’ll cover the basics of XPaths, how they’re used in web crawling, and some examples of XPath usage in real-world web crawling projects. We’ll also explore advanced XPath techniques, tools, and resources, so you can write more effective web crawlers and scrapers.
So, whether you’re a seasoned web crawler or a beginner just starting out, this article will provide you with a comprehensive guide to XPaths and how to use them in your web crawling projects. Let’s get started!
What Is An XPath?
XPath is a query language used for selecting and navigating elements in an XML document or HTML page. It provides a way to traverse through the structure of a document and access specific elements based on their attributes or properties.
The syntax of XPaths is similar to that of file paths on a computer. XPath expressions use slashes (/) to indicate a hierarchy of elements, and brackets ([ ]) to specify attributes or conditions for element selection.
There are two main types of XPath expressions: absolute and relative.
Absolute XPaths begin with a forward slash (/) and specify the full path to an element, starting from the root element of the document.
Relative XPaths, on the other hand, do not begin with a forward slash and specify the path to an element relative to the current element or context node.
In addition to these two types of XPaths, there are several types of XPath expressions you can use to select elements, including:
- Element names: Selects elements by their name, such as “//div” to select all div elements in the document.
- Attributes: Selects elements based on their attributes, such as “//a[@href]” to select all anchor elements with a href attribute.
- Text content: Selects elements based on their text content, such as “//p[contains(text(), ‘Some Text’)]” to select all p elements that contain the text “Some Text”.
An XPath expression is made up of different parts, including an axis, a node test, and a predicate. The axis specifies the relationship between the current element and the element being selected, the node test specifies the type of element being selected, and the predicate is an optional condition for selecting elements.
By mastering the basics of XPaths, you can effectively navigate XML documents and HTML pages to select and extract the data you need for your web crawling projects.
Why are XPaths Used in Web Crawlers?
XPaths are a critical tool in web crawling, enabling developers to navigate HTML pages and extract the data they need.
Web crawling is the process of automatically extracting information from web pages to gather data for various purposes, such as data analysis, research, or marketing. Crawlers or spiders are automated programs that crawl through web pages to collect data and follow links to discover new pages.
XPaths are a way to find and extract this desired data.
Here are some of the key benefits of using XPaths in web crawling:
XPaths provide a precise and flexible way to locate specific elements on a web page. XPaths use a variety of criteria such as element names, attribute values, and text content to select the exact elements you need.
By selecting elements based on their attributes, content, or position in the document, you can extract only the data you need and avoid extraneous data that can slow down your web crawling process. XPath expressions can also be customized to select different types of elements, such as tables, forms, or images.
XPaths are consistent across different web pages and websites, making them a reliable tool for web crawling. Once you’ve developed an XPath expression that works for a particular website, you can reuse it across different pages on that site or even on other websites with similar structures.
This consistency makes XPath an effective tool for data mining and analysis, as it allows you to extract large amounts of data from different sources in a consistent and efficient manner.
XPaths are adaptable to changes in the structure or layout of a web page. If a website updates its design or structure, you can adjust your XPath expressions to continue extracting the data you need. This adaptability is essential for web crawlers, as websites can change frequently, and keeping up with these changes is crucial for accurate data extraction.
XPath expressions can be adjusted to accommodate changes in the HTML structure, such as a new class or ID name, or the addition of new elements. They can also be dynamically generated based on the requirements of individual sites or pages.
However, there are also some limitations to using XPaths in web crawling.
For example, XPaths can be affected by changes in the content or structure of a web page, which can break your XPath expressions and require updates. In addition, some websites may use dynamic content or complex structures that are difficult to navigate with XPaths alone.
You’ll also need to be using a crawler system that can render the DOM of an HTML page for XPath data extraction. Usually, this means using a tool like Selenium, which requires more resources to effectively run and can be complex to work with.
In these cases, additional tools or techniques, such as custom coding or content extraction libraries, may be needed to extract the desired data.
Some Example Crawler Types Using XPaths
XPaths are used extensively in web crawling projects to extract data from websites. Here are some examples of XPath usage in real-world web crawling projects:
One common use of web crawling is to extract product data from e-commerce websites, such as Amazon or eBay. XPaths are used to locate product information, such as product names, descriptions, prices, and images, from the HTML structure of the web page. For example, an XPath expression could be used to select all the product names from a search results page, and another expression could be used to select the prices for each product.
Web crawlers are often used to collect news articles from various news websites. XPaths can be used to locate the headlines, summaries, authors, and publication dates of news articles. XPath expressions can also be used to navigate through the structure of a news website to find links to related articles or other topics.
Social Media Websites
Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn are another common target for web crawling. XPaths can be used to extract user data, such as profile information, posts, comments, and followers. For example, an XPath expression could be used to select all the posts by a specific user on Twitter, or to extract the list of followers for a LinkedIn company page.
Government websites are another popular target for web crawling, as they often contain public data and reports. XPaths can be used to extract information from tables, graphs, and charts on these websites. For example, an XPath expression could be used to extract the population data for a specific state or city from a government census report.
Web crawlers can also be used to collect job postings from job search websites such as Indeed or Monster. XPaths can be used to locate the job title, company name, location, and other relevant information from the HTML structure of the job listing pages. XPath expressions can also be used to navigate through the pagination links to extract job listings from multiple pages.
In each of these examples, XPaths are used to navigate the HTML structure of the web pages and select the elements containing the desired data.
XPaths can be customized to match the structure of the target website and extract the specific data needed for the project. Web crawling projects often require a combination of XPaths, regular expressions, and other techniques to accurately extract the desired data.
Examples of XPaths
To help you better understand how XPaths work and how to write effective XPaths, let’s look at some examples.
Here are several commonly used XPaths that you can use for web crawling and data extraction:
Selecting an Element by its ID
Description: Selects the element with the ID of “example” on the page. This is a common and simple XPath to use when selecting an element. This will select any type of element, as indicated by the ‘*’ wildcard.
Selecting an Element by Its Class
Description: Selects all elements with the class of “example” on the page. This is useful when you want to extract data from multiple elements that have the same class.
Selecting an Element by its Tag Name and Attribute Value
Description: Selects all div elements that have a class attribute of “example” on the page. This is useful when you want to select specific elements based on both their tag name and attribute value.
Selecting an Element by its Text
XPath: //*[text()=”example text”]
Description: Selects all elements on the page that contain the exact text “example text”. This is useful when you want to select elements based on their text content.
Selecting an Element by its Position
Description: Selects the second element on the page that has a class of “example”. This is useful when you want to select a specific element based on its position on the page.
Selecting an Element by its Parent
Description: Selects all p elements that are children of a div element with a class of “parent”.
Selecting an Element by its Attribute Value Containing a String
XPath: //a[contains(@href, “example.com”)]
Description: Selects all a elements on the page that have an href attribute containing the string “example.com”. This is useful when you want to extract data from links that match a specific pattern.
Selecting an Element by Multiple Attribute Values
XPath: //input[@name=”email” and @type=”text”]
Description: Selects all input elements on the page that have both a name attribute of “email” and a type attribute of “text”. This is useful when you want to select elements that match multiple criteria.
Selecting an Element by its Ancestor
Description: Selects all p elements that are descendants of a div element with a class of “ancestor”. The // operator selects all descendants regardless of their depth in the HTML tree.
Selecting an Element by its Position from the End
Description: Selects the last element on the page that has a class of “example”. This is useful when you want to select the last element that matches a specific criteria.
These are just a few examples of XPaths you can use for web crawling and data extraction. Remember to always test your XPaths and use relative XPaths whenever possible to avoid issues caused by changes to the HTML structure.
With practice and experience, you can become proficient in writing effective XPaths and develop powerful web crawling tools for a variety of applications.
Tips for Writing Effective XPaths
Writing effective XPaths is crucial for successful web crawling projects. Here are some tips to help you write effective XPaths:
Search for Displayed Text
When writing XPaths, it’s often best to look search within your page for the text that’s displayed to visitors. This can often be the most consistent part of the page, especially since ids and classes can change frequently. You can then use this to find elements around it.
For example, you might be looking for an H3 element with the value “Our Data”. To do this, I’d recommend that you use an XPath like “//h3[contains(text(), “Our Data”)]” instead of searching by id or by the class of the h3 element.
Understand the HTML Structure
To write effective XPaths, it’s important to understand the structure of the HTML documents you are crawling. Understanding the HTML structure will allow you to find the most efficient way to reach the elements you need.
You need to know the element tags and attributes used to identify the data you want to extract. You can use browser developer tools to inspect the HTML structure of a web page and identify the elements you need to select with XPaths.
Being able to find the most efficient paths will take some time and practice, at least in my experience. Over time, your skill at analyzing HTML structures will get faster and better.
Use Relative XPaths
Relative XPaths are XPaths that reference elements based on their position relative to another element. Using relative XPaths is preferred over using absolute XPaths because they are more resilient to changes in the HTML structure.
When using relative XPaths, try to use the shortest possible path to the desired element to avoid selecting unnecessary elements.
Avoid Using Indexes
Avoid using indexes in XPaths whenever possible. Indexes are fragile because they can change if the order of elements on the page changes. Instead of using indexes, try to use attributes or element content to identify the elements you need to select.
Test Your XPaths
Always test your XPaths before running them on a large dataset. Use a tool like the Chrome developer tools to test your XPaths on individual web pages.
Make sure they are selecting the correct elements, and the correct number of elements. If your XPath works, but selects too many elements, you’ll need to restrict it down.
It’s also a good idea to test your XPaths on different browsers to ensure compatibility.
Use Regular Expressions with XPaths
ometimes XPaths alone are not sufficient to select the data you need. In these cases, you can use regular expressions to filter the selected elements.
For example, you can use regular expressions to extract specific parts of element content or to match patterns in attribute values.
Be Careful With Dynamic Websites
You may also need to use XPaths to select elements based on their text content or to wait for specific elements to load before selecting them.
Remember to test your XPaths thoroughly and be prepared to adjust them as necessary to handle changes in the HTML structure or dynamic content. With practice and experience, you can become proficient in writing XPaths and develop powerful web crawling tools for a variety of applications.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using XPaths
When working with XPaths, it’s important to avoid common mistakes that can lead to incorrect or incomplete data extraction. Here are some common mistakes to watch out for:
Selecting the Wrong Element
One of the most common mistakes is selecting the wrong element with your XPath. This can be due to using an incorrect attribute, selecting a parent or child element instead of the desired element, or not taking into account the location of the element within the HTML structure.
Selecting Unwanted Elements
When you’re working with XPaths, it’s really easy to accidentally select too many elements, or elements that you don’t want, in addition to the ones that you do. Always be sure to look at the total number of XPath element matches to make sure you’re getting the expected number of results back.
Using Absolute XPaths
While absolute XPaths can be useful for selecting specific elements on a page, they are not recommended for web crawling projects because they are more prone to breaking when the HTML structure changes.
Always try to use relative XPaths instead.
Using Complex XPaths
XPaths can quickly become complex, especially when working with large and nested HTML documents. However, using overly complex XPaths can make them harder to understand and maintain, and can also lead to slower crawling performance.
Using a combination of search parameters, like element text, and finding elements relative to that can be the easiest, least complex way to find the right elements. It just depends on the specific site you’re trying to get data from.
Not Considering Dynamic Content
As mentioned earlier, dynamic content can be challenging for web crawlers, and can cause XPaths to fail. Be sure to take into account dynamic content when selecting elements with XPaths, and consider using a headless browser or tool like Selenium to render the page and extract data.
Not Testing XPaths
Finally, not testing XPaths can be a costly mistake. Testing XPaths thoroughly can help catch errors and ensure that they are selecting the correct elements. Always test XPaths on different web pages and browsers to ensure compatibility, and test them on large datasets to ensure they are efficient and accurate.
By being aware of these common mistakes and taking steps to avoid them, you can improve the accuracy and efficiency of your web crawling projects. Remember to test your XPaths, use relative XPaths, and consider the structure and dynamics of the HTML document you are crawling to ensure the success of your projects.
In conclusion, XPaths are an essential tool for web crawling and data extraction. With their ability to select specific elements on a web page, XPaths allow you to extract the data you need for your web crawling projects.
By following the tips and best practices outlined in this article, you can become proficient in writing effective XPaths, and avoid common mistakes that can hinder the success of your projects.
Remember that understanding the structure of the HTML document you are crawling is key to writing effective XPaths.
Use relative XPaths to avoid issues caused by changes to the HTML structure, and avoid using indexes whenever possible.
Test your XPaths thoroughly and consider using regular expressions to filter the selected elements when needed.
Be aware of dynamic content and use appropriate tools like headless browsers or Selenium to handle it.
Finally, avoid common mistakes like selecting the wrong element and using overly complex XPaths.
With practice and experience, you can become proficient in writing XPaths and develop powerful web crawling tools for a variety of applications. So, keep these tips in mind, and start writing effective XPaths for your web crawling projects today!
Looking for a Web Crawler?
Are you looking to have a web crawler developed? At Potent Pages, we specialize in custom web crawler development and content extraction on dynamic and complex sites. Contact us using the form below and we’ll be in touch about your project!
David Selden-Treiman is Director of Operations and a project manager at Potent Pages. He specializes in custom web crawler development, website optimization, server management, web application development, and custom programming. Working at Potent Pages since 2012 and programming since 2003, David has extensive expertise solving problems using programming for dozens of clients. He also has extensive experience managing and optimizing servers, managing dozens of servers for both Potent Pages and other clients. | <urn:uuid:f57a57ef-c00c-4ca5-9247-f648e319ab39> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://potentpages.com/web-crawler-development/all-about-xpaths-web-crawlers | 2024-02-23T22:39:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.889023 | 4,068 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Precision agriculture is more than just right source, right rate, right time and right place. It’s also about responsible conservation measures to help reduce nutrient and soil loss.
It’s anyones guess if the EPA will try to regulate farm field runoff. But irregardless of that, there are good programs in place now to help farmers pay for sound conservation practices that help reduce potential runoff.
The latest such initiative announced recently by the USDA-NRCS is a 12-state voluntary, incentive-based program to improve water quality in the Mississippi River Basin — heartily endorsed by the American Society of Agronomy (ASA).
“Clean water and profitable crop production are possible with deployment of crop production practices that have been developed by ASA members. The initiative will enable growers to put conservation practices into place on more acres. Our Certified Crop Advisers look forward to being able to work with producers to put the most appropriate practices into place for each field. Cleaner water and more sustainable production programs will result from this initiative,” says ASA President Mark Alley, Virginia Tech.
The USDA’s Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative provides a $320 million investment over four years to support programs in 12 states: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin to help farmers voluntarily implement conservation practices which avoid, control, and trap nutrient runoff, improve wildlife habitat, and maintain agricultural productivity.
According to Alley, agricultural researchers are committed to developing sustainable conservation practices to decrease soil erosion and nutrient runoff. ASA’s Certified Crop Advisers are uniquely qualified to provide nutrient management recommendations to farmers.
The goal of the USDA initiative is to target resources in those watersheds that could have the largest impact on improving water quality in the basin and the Gulf of Mexico. The program will be implemented by USDA-NRCS using funding from the Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative and other Farm Bill Conservation Title programs.
The causes of and solutions to the Gulf of Mexico’s hypoxia zone/dead zone in the Mississippi River basin will be discussed at the ASA Annual Meeting, Nov. 1-5 in Pittsburgh. Events include a presentation by Clifford Snyder, International Plant Nutrition Institute on Nov. 2, and a lecture by Duke University’s Curtis Richardson on Nov. 3. For more information on these lectures or other presentations about hypoxia, please visit www.acsmeetings.org or call 608-268-4948 or email [email protected]
For information about the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative, please visit: www.nrcs.usda.gov.
Check out this step-by-step guide to learn how this program works, and how you can implement it on your farm. | <urn:uuid:da33390d-e6e8-4ab4-a466-1237a2d07ada> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://precision.agwired.com/2009/09/30/precision-farming-and-water-quality-efforts/ | 2024-02-24T00:44:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.896232 | 577 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Brain chemicals can play a role in mood and some behaviors. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a prime example.
Many things contribute to your defining characteristics.
Childhood experiences, genetics, and the level of chemicals in your brain all influence what makes you, you.
Some experts believe that neurochemical imbalances may be the underlying cause of many mental health conditions.
When it comes to living with a mental health condition such as schizophrenia, experts have long theorized that one particular chemical imbalance may be responsible for some symptoms — the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
But there’s some controversy surrounding this theory. While some earlier research supports this theory, more recent theories focus on imbalances in the neural circuits in the brain rather than imbalances in neurochemicals.
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that too much dopamine in the brain — or too little — could directly contribute to symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly those of psychosis such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
This theory was introduced decades ago due to an observational link between administering dopamine-blocking medications and an improvement of symptoms.
Experts naturally assumed that the medications worked because they reversed an underlying condition of the disorder.
In other words, if blocking dopamine helped, experts felt it meant that there was too much to begin with.
What is dopamine?
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that helps send signals between neurons.
It’s released within specific brain circuits involved with the sensation of pleasure because it’s one of the neurotransmitters directly responsible for motivation and reward.
But dopamine is important for more than just behavior reinforcement and habit formation. It also impacts motor control, cognitive function, and maternal and reproductive behaviors.
It’s widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia was based primarily on observational results in its introduction.
Since then, numerous studies pointing at a definite link between dopamine changes and schizophrenia symptoms have backed up the results.
But a few challenges with this theory remain, despite the link being validated through study.
Just as dopamine has been established as an influencing factor, other relevant neurotransmitters have emerged.
A 2018 study summarized the modern dilemma well: Schizophrenia isn’t the only form of psychosis, and dopamine is no longer the only neurotransmitter linked to psychosis.
Study authors note that several interconnected pathways may be involved with symptoms of psychosis. Dopamine is only one of those three, and it may not be the most important or the most influential.
More research is needed to understand the role multiple neurotransmitters play in schizophrenia symptoms.
A 2020 review supports the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia based on years of testing and diagnostic imaging.
Unlike the original theory that focused primarily on excess dopamine and dopamine alone, the revised hypothesis makes room for other factors.
Experts have long witnessed an association between schizophrenia symptoms and dopamine changes in the body for many years, according to a
But the neurobiological framework for this relationship isn’t well understood.
This hypothesis has been challenged over the past 10 years, according to a
Positive symptoms vs. negative symptoms
Positive symptoms in schizophrenia are features that are added, such as hallucinations or delusions.
Negative symptoms indicate a loss in function, such as communication deficits or anhedonia.
For example, a 2018 study suggested that hallucinations, a well-known positive symptom of schizophrenia, may result from the complex interaction between excess dopamine in the striatal area of the brain and the processing of sensory perception.
In short, dopamine signaling issues may increase the chances your brain will “fill in the gaps” with its expectations rather than reality.
As for negative symptoms, a 2020 study suggests that low levels of dopamine or a dysfunction of dopamine receptors can mean areas of the brain responsible for motivation and reward aren’t being adequately stimulated.
While this accounts for particular negative symptoms such as blunted affect and alogia, more research is needed to understand the link between dopamine pathways and other negative symptoms.
For a long time, experts in the field were unable to explain why someone living with schizophrenia could experience challenges retaining information from rewarding events while at the same time overlearning irrelevant information.
Study authors hypothesized that dopamine dysfunction might strengthen some forms of learning while inhibiting others.
Research only suggests a link between dopamine levels and the manifestation of schizophrenia symptoms.
While the exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown, it’s considered highly heritable, according to a 2017 study.
So having a close relative who lives with schizophrenia might increase your chances of developing this mental health condition.
According to a 2017 study, many genes have been linked to schizophrenia, suggesting that this is a complex disorder with multiple layers of contributing factors.
Schizophrenia is a mental health condition characterized by positive and negative symptoms.
These symptoms may be partially explained by what’s known as the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia.
The theory suggests that excess dopamine contributes to positive symptoms such as psychosis, while low dopamine may be responsible for negative symptoms like alogia.
Research supports the theory that dopamine plays an important role in schizophrenia symptoms. But as more information emerges, other neurotransmitters may have similarly critical roles.
Schizophrenia can be an impairing, overwhelming condition. Symptoms of psychosis may place you in situations that can compromise your safety or the safety of others.
If you’d like to learn more about schizophrenia, are interested in more schizophrenia resources, or speak with a trained mental health representative, you can do so at any time by calling the SAMHSA National Helpline at 800-662-4357. | <urn:uuid:42477bf9-ce65-4795-a3e6-9dd3b78fcafe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/the-dopamine-connection-between-schizophrenia-and-creativity?utm_source=ReadNext | 2024-02-24T00:18:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.931664 | 1,157 | 3.375 | 3 |
What is on this page
- Eating Problems, Families and Trauma
- Understanding Eating Problems
- Family Dynamics and Eating Problems
- Therapy and Eating Problems
- The Importance of Early Intervention
Eating Problems, Families and Trauma
Eating problems, such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder, are significant mental health conditions that can considerably impact an individual’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. While these disorders are often thought of as being primarily related to issues of body image and self-esteem, research has shown that there are often deeper underlying issues that contribute to their development.
One area that has been found to play a significant part in the development of eating disorders is family dynamics. Family dynamics refer to the patterns of interaction and communication within a family. These dynamics can include conflicts, lack of communication, and unhealthy roles and boundaries within the family. Research has shown that these dynamics can contribute to the development of eating disorders by creating a sense of insecurity and a lack of control for the individual.
In addition to family dynamics, past trauma, particularly those experienced in childhood, can also play a role in developing eating disorders. Trauma can include experiences such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, or other adverse childhood experiences. These experiences can lead to shame, guilt, and a diminished trust in oneself and others, which can contribute to developing disordered eating behaviours.
Understanding the connection between family dynamics and past trauma and eating problems is essential as it can help individuals, family members and therapists address underlying issues and provide better support for recovery.
In this blog, we will explore how family dynamics and past trauma can contribute to eating problems, as well as the different types of therapy that can be used to address these underlying issues and support individuals in their recovery.
Understanding Eating Problems
Eating problems refer to a range of disorders involving abnormal eating patterns or distorted attitudes towards food. These disorders can include anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, and other subtypes and variants of these disorders.
Types of Eating Disorders:
- Anorexia nervosa: is characterised by a profound fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and an excessive restriction of food intake. Individuals with anorexia often have severely low body weight and may engage in extreme exercise and other compensatory behaviours to maintain this weight.
- Bulimia nervosa: is a condition characterised by binge eating, followed by purging (self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse), fasting, or excessive exercise. Individuals with bulimia often have an average body weight but may still have a distorted body image.
- Binge eating disorder: is a condition characterised by recurrent episodes of binge eating, which is characterised by eating large quantities of food in a short time, often to the point of feeling uncomfortably full and feeling a lack of control over eating during the episode. Unlike anorexia and bulimia, binge eating disorder is not usually associated with compensatory behaviours and individuals with this disorder may have higher body weight.
Signs of Eating Disorders:
Symptoms and warning signs of eating disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder but may include:
- Extreme weight loss or weight gain
- Preoccupation with food, weight, and body image
- Intense fear of gaining weight
- Distorted body image
- Refusal to maintain a healthy weight
- Constantly feeling cold
- Loss of menstrual period in women
- Hormonal imbalances
- Abnormal laboratory test results
- Social withdrawal
- Depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders
- Difficulty concentrating
- Fatigue and weakness
- Dizziness or fainting
- Irregular heartbeats or blood pressure
It’s important to note that not everyone with an eating disorder will have all these symptoms, and some people may have symptoms that aren’t listed here.
Family Dynamics and Eating Problems
Family dynamics can play a significant role in the development of eating disorders. Family dynamics refer to the patterns of interaction and communication within a family. Issues such as conflicts, lack of communication, and unhealthy roles and boundaries within the family can contribute to the development of eating disorders by creating a sense of insecurity and a lack of control for the individual.
Examples of specific ways family dynamics can impact eating behaviours:
- Overly critical or controlling parents who constantly comment on the child’s weight, appearance or food choices can create a negative body image, contributing to the development of an eating disorder.
- An emotionally unsupportive family environment, where feelings and emotions are not acknowledged, can lead to feelings of isolation and a lack of self-worth, which can contribute to developing an eating disorder.
- A family history of eating disorders can have an impact. Children brought up in a family where one or more members have an eating disorder may learn disordered eating behaviours and may be more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves.
Trauma can include experiences such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, or other adverse childhood experiences. These experiences can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, and a lack of trust in oneself and others, which can contribute to developing disordered eating behaviours. Trauma can also cause feelings of powerlessness, leading individuals to use food and weight control to regain control over their lives. Additionally, traumatic experiences can also cause an individual to dissociate from their body, which can contribute to the development of an eating disorder.
It’s also important to note that family dynamics and past traumas are not the only factors and that many people who have experienced them don’t develop eating disorders. But it is essential to be aware of the link between them and eating disorders, as it can help identify the underlying causes and provide better support for recovery.
Therapy and Eating Problems
Explanation of the different types of therapy available for eating disorders: Several types of therapy can be used to address eating disorders, including:
- Family-Based Therapy (FBT): This type of therapy involves the entire family and focuses on helping families re-establish healthy communication and interaction patterns to support the individual in their recovery.
- Integrative Therapy Approach: This type of therapy focuses on helping individuals understand and address the underlying emotional and social issues that may be contributing to their eating disorders.
- Transpersonal therapy: This approach considers the individual as a whole, including their spiritual and transcendent dimension. This type of therapy can be beneficial for individuals with eating disorders, as it can help them understand and address the deeper psychological and spiritual issues contributing to their condition. Transpersonal therapy can include techniques such as meditation, mindfulness, and self-reflection to help individuals gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationship with food, body, and the world. Transpersonal therapy can also help individuals to reconnect with their sense of purpose, meaning and inner wisdom, which can be essential for recovery.
- Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT): This type of therapy is a specific form of CBT that focuses on helping individuals to regulate their emotions, improve their relationships, and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
- Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR): This type of therapy is specifically designed to help individuals process and overcome past traumas.
Benefits of therapy for addressing eating problems:
Therapy can be highly beneficial for individuals with eating disorders. It can help individuals understand and address the underlying issues contributing to their eating disorders, such as family dynamics and past traumas. Therapy can also help individuals develop healthier coping mechanisms and improve their self-esteem and body image. Therapy can also help individuals establish and maintain healthy eating habits and improve their physical health.
Therapy can help individuals understand how their family dynamics and past traumas have contributed to the development of their eating disorder. It can also help individuals communicate effectively with their family members and address any conflicts or negative patterns of interaction contributing to their eating disorders. Additionally, therapy can help individuals to process and overcome past traumas, which can help them to let go of the negative emotions associated with the trauma and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
Ultimately, therapy can be an essential tool for supporting individuals in their recovery from eating disorders and addressing the underlying issues related to family dynamics and past traumas.
The Importance of Early Intervention
Early intervention is critical when it comes to treating eating disorders. The longer an eating disorder goes untreated, the more challenging to overcome. Early intervention can help individuals address the underlying issues contributing to their disorder and establish healthy eating patterns before the condition becomes more severe. Additionally, early intervention can help to prevent the development of serious physical health complications.
Family and friends can play a critical role in the recovery process for individuals with eating disorders. Support from loved ones can help individuals to feel less alone and more motivated to engage in treatment. Family-based therapy can also be a systemic approach involving parents and siblings in the therapy process to help create a supportive environment for recovery. Friends can also provide emotional support and encouragement and help the person with an eating disorder to feel less isolated.
It’s important to remember that recovery from an eating disorder is possible and that many resources are available to help individuals and their loved ones navigate this process. Encourage readers to reach out for help if they or someone they know is struggling with an eating disorder. | <urn:uuid:d8f983a5-9c19-4767-9206-4344ec6111b9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://psychotherapyresources.com/discover/eating-disorders/how-family-dynamics-and-past-trauma-can-contribute-to-eating-problems/ | 2024-02-23T23:25:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.960231 | 1,922 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Where Did Moses Go?
The second of the two sections of the Torah that we will read this Shabbos begins with the words:
“Vayeilech Moseh-Moses went, and he spoke the following words to all Israel.”
Indeed, the very name of this parsha is Vayelech-and he went.
All the commentators grapple with the question, were did he go? The Torah does not mention where he went, just that he went and spoke to all Israel.
Smooth Transference of Leadership
Kli Yakar explains that Moses went throughout the entire Jewish camp with agility to prove that his leadership was not ending because he was physically weak, but rather, because it was G-d’s will that he transfer leadership to his trusted disciple Joshua.
If he had not done so, the people would have thought that Joshua was not chosen by G-d and that they did not therefore have to listen to him the way they listened to Moses. Thus, Moses informed them that it was entirely G-d’s will that he pass away despite his physical ability to continue and that the transference of power from him to Joshua should not be challenged.
Ibn Ezra says that he went to each tribe to address them individually.
In the past, when Moses wanted to address the people, he would gather the nation and address them, as is befitting for a leader. One would have expected that his final address would have the entire nation gather around the Mishkan where he would deliver his message to them as he had done for the past 40 years.
But, Moses, the humblest man to have ever lived, upon reaching the pinnacle of his spiritual journey before his passing, does not summon the people to him but goes to them. Moreover, Moses does not take any shortcuts; he makes the effort to address each tribe individually. Precisely at the time it would have made more sense that the people come to him collectively to hear his farewell address, Moses alters his approach and goes to them.
Went to the House of Study
Targum Yonoson [a Midrashic Aramaic translation] provides a surprising explanation that Moses went to the Beis Ulfana-House of Study before delivering his last lecture. Presumably, Moses wanted to prepare his talk by refreshing his memory so that his words would be clear and leave no room for misunderstanding.
Here too, Moses demonstrated his humility as well as his dedication to his disciples. Moses could have easily relied on his brilliance and incredible memory and delivered his final message extemporaneously, but he wanted to impress upon us the responsibility of a teacher to be well prepared so that he does not short change his students.
Go Out of Your Comfort Zone!
Midrash Tanchuma provides a fourth explanation as to where Moses went that will tie together two of the foregoing explanations:
The Midrash states:
“Vayeilech-and he went” can only be explained as an expression of rebuke as it says, ‘Go and see G-d’s works [Psalms 46:9].’”
The implication here is that Moses went to rebuke the people.
The question arises, why would the Torah allude to Moses’ rebuking of the people with the expression of “going?” The Torah could have just said that Moses rebuked the people. Furthermore, the following words of Moses do not appear to be a rebuke.
A contemporary commentator, Yalkut Shimshon, answers the question by referring to a statement in Ethics of the Fathers [2:10] where the Sage Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai said to his students:
“Go out and see which is a good way to which a person should cleave.”
What did Rabbi Yochanan mean when he said “go out”? Where were they to go?
The answer is that Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai was not asking them to physically go outside, but to figuratively go out of their mindset. He did not want his students to base their answers on their own assumptions or on some superficial analysis. He wanted them to go out of their thought patterns, a paradigm shift, to discover the right path. We cannot rely on our preconceived notions and entrenched beliefs when we deal with existential questions about life and its purpose. And we cannot be content with our initial understanding but must seek continually to delve deeper into ourselves and into the subject matter and avoid giving, pat, hasty or off-the-cuff answers.
The verse from the Psalms cited above which states that we should “go out to see G-d’s works” means that we should not view the world superficially but recognize the Divine in everything by opening our eyes to see beyond the veneer.
This explains the meaning of the words “And Moses went” and how it was understood by the Midrash to be words of reproof. The rebuke did not lie in what Moses said but in what he did. The rebuke lay in the fact that Moses served as a model for us to never be too old to change our paradigm. He left his own comfort zone and viewed himself, G-d and the people in a totally new light. Despite his greatness and having been their leader for so long he challenged himself to go to the next level of leadership.
This was the ultimate rebuke.
This approach to Moses’ “going,” that it was a paradigm shift, ties in with the Ibn Ezra’s explanation that Moses physically went to each of the tribes instead of having them coming to him. The fact that Moses changed his approach from addressing them in one gathering of the people to one of going out to meet each tribe individually was another manifestation of his paradigm shift. Indeed, it serves as a powerful lesson for us all not to stand on ceremony and be prepared to change from our past behavior; even if the past was a good and righteous one. Moses did not have to say anything to impart lessons; his going out to them is what constituted the ultimate rebuke. He had no need to add to that by what he would say because the greatest sermon could not compare to actually witnessing Moses’ ability to change so dramatically.
This premise also connects to Targum Yonoson’s explanation that Moses went to the House of Study. This too was a manifestation of his ability to transcend himself. Precisely at the time when he was at his prime and did not need to refresh his memory, he changed course and humbly went to the House of Study to prepare himself to address the Jewish nation.
As we stand on the threshold of the Final Redemption, akin to the Jewish nation’s standing on the threshold of first entering the Land of Israel, it behooves us to follow Moses’ example of opening our eyes to view the world through the prism of the Era of Moshiach and Redemption. Especially as we stand on the threshold of the New Year 5784, reading about the Jews standing at the threshold of the Land of Israel, we must follow Moses’ example of going out of ourselves. | <urn:uuid:bc9ab5e7-e397-43df-868f-41c33233621b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://rabbigreenberg.com/read/parsha/nitzavim-vayeilech-moses-paradigm-shift/ | 2024-02-24T00:36:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.987784 | 1,489 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Web scraping is the process of extracting information from various websites for analysis, processing, storage, or use in marketing or other applications. It involves automatically retrieving data from online resources using specialized programs or tools, either directly or via a proxy. The extracted data is initially presented in HTML code, then transformed into user-friendly formats like text, tables, or databases. Web scraping serves multiple purposes:
- Data collection. It enables the extraction of details like product prices, exchange rates, statistics, news, and reviews from any website. This data aids in analysis and decision-making for technical or business purposes.
- Competitor monitoring and analysis. Companies use web scraping to track competitor activities, such as changes in prices, product assortments, and review ratings, providing insights into both direct and potential competitors' strategies.
- Market research. This technique is valuable for market research, gathering user opinions and reviews, and collecting statistical data. It is particularly useful before entering new markets, launching products, or making strategic business decisions.
- Content aggregators. Websites offering news, viral content, or event updates utilize web scraping to automatically gather and publish pertinent information. This approach saves time in content publishing and offers a competitive edge.
Online scraping's primary benefit is the automation of routine tasks like data collection from multiple sources, updating feeds, and other actions. It enables efficient resource and internet traffic management and reduces the need for manpower in the online industry. Where scraping once required 5-6 people, now it only needs a single debugger and analyst to monitor the web scraper and translate technical data into a format understandable for marketers and management.
However, web scraping must adhere to the legal and policy constraints of the source websites. Unregulated data collection can infringe on copyrights and privacy laws, potentially leading to legal issues. At best, scrapers could get blocked, preventing them from accessing data. To avoid IP address blocking, legitimate paid proxy servers are recommended, allowing for controlled request frequencies and mimicking real-user activities.
For enhancing request volume during web scraping, two main methods are advised:
- Proxy pool. This involves creating a pool of proxies, either automatically or manually, and selecting a random proxy for each request. This method helps bypass request number restrictions.
- Rotating proxy. This automatically changes proxies for each request, ensuring efficient request management and growth.
Specialized proxy services offer access to numerous proxy servers. Users can connect to these services, purchase proxy packages, and use APIs for automatic rotation. Tools like Python Scrapy provide libraries and methods (e.g., “random” or “itertools”) to enhance scraping efficiency.
Remember, any scraping methods must comply with web resource policies, like robots.txt, and consider administrators' restrictions. Ignoring these rules can lead to IP address blocking.
Advantages of proxies in web scraping
Private proxies are essential for SMM and SEO specialists engaged in web scraping and analytics. Their key advantage is user anonymity, as they mask the user's real IP address from the data source. Utilizing a proxy pool can boost request capabilities, enabling aggregators to update data more frequently and ensure its freshness and relevance.
Changing IP address
Using a proxy in web scraping, particularly for large or repetitive tasks, offers significant benefits. Here are the main advantages:
- Proxy servers conceal your real IP address, preventing blockages or access restrictions to your scraper. This also helps avoid sanctions from foreign websites that may restrict certain IP addresses.
- Many websites, especially those in the US or EU, might block or limit access based on IP origin. Proxy services enable you to circumvent these limitations. Rotating proxies, which use different IP addresses for each request, and residential proxies, which mimic local IPs, are particularly effective in this regard.
- Quality proxy providers offer large pools of proxies, allowing you to distribute the scraping load across multiple IP addresses. This enhances performance and enables simultaneous analysis of various services.
- Proxy servers can be selected based on geographic locations. This is beneficial for collecting region-specific data or checking product availability and pricing in different markets. Geographic location also influences request speed and the likelihood of successfully bypassing blocks.
- Investing in diverse proxy packages with varying IP addresses, regions, connection types, and protocols can significantly speed up data processing and overall productivity.
Using IP rotation, even with intense request frequency, minimizes the risk of detection by website security systems, allowing continuous analysis and data collection. Long-term monitoring and data gathering from a particular resource can lead to the creation of a comprehensive database, valuable for in-depth analysis.
Managing the number of requests
Effective management of request numbers during web scraping is crucial, especially when collecting data from multiple websites or when a source limits requests per IP. Using packet proxies or connection pools helps distribute requests across different IPs, reducing the likelihood of blocking and ensuring stable data access. Key considerations for managing requests through a proxy include:
- Prepare a list of proxies or buy a pool in advance. For seamless transitions between requests, it's crucial to switch quickly from one IP to another. Many proxy providers offer rotating packages where proxies change automatically every 2-5 minutes, with user-configurable intervals.
- Public proxy servers can be unreliable. Private paid connections are preferable for stable internet connectivity. Instead of rotating connections, regular proxy packages can be used, switched either in a set order or randomly by the webmaster or PC.
- Instead of sending all traffic from a single IP, redirect the connection through proxy servers provided by the service. This approach decreases the load on any single IP, increases scraping efficiency, and allows detailed monitoring without fear of blocking.
- Constantly monitor for errors and server availability. While proxy services simplify tasks, users must stay vigilant to any proxy failures or slowdowns in scraping, switching to another functional connection when necessary.
- To avoid detection, limit the speed of requests sent through the proxy. Many websites have limits on request rates, and their security systems may block requests that come in too rapidly.
- Opt for proxy providers that require authentication for their servers. This enhances online security, maintains anonymity, and protects personal data from leaks.
In summary, managing request volumes in web scraping demands careful attention and a strategic approach. Using proxy services can facilitate efficient and ethical data access, but it's essential to monitor diligently and prioritize safety and compliance with website policies.
Bypassing blocks and restrictions
Python tools and web scraping proxies are widely used to circumvent regional blocks, especially when researching competitors whose websites are hosted on servers in regions where access from your country is restricted. To navigate these limitations, consider the following options:
- VPN services. VPNs create private virtual networks with customizable geo-settings, effectively handling regional blocks. They mask your real IP address and reroute your internet connection through servers in different locations, allowing access to regionally restricted content.
- Proxy servers. These come with a variety of settings to bypass regional, state, and technical blocks, as well as censorship policies. For changing geolocation, static residential IPs are suitable. For enhanced privacy, dynamic or rotating addresses are recommended. Proxies operate by acting as intermediaries between your computer and the internet, allowing you to access content without revealing your real IP address.
Using these methods to unblock content not only facilitates better internet research outcomes but also enables the collection of specific data such as prices, ratings, reviews, and other relevant information from foreign websites.
Python and web scraping
Python stands out as a top choice for web scraping due to its straightforwardness, comprehensive libraries, and numerous integrated frameworks. It equips webmasters and developers with efficient tools for data extraction. Here's how Python proves beneficial in web scraping:
- Python's “Requests” library simplifies making HTTP requests to servers, enabling the retrieval of web pages. This library is adept at sending GET and POST requests and receiving HTML page content.
- With libraries like BeautifulSoup and lxml, Python excels in parsing HTML code. These tools facilitate the extraction and processing of data from HTML documents, streamlining the search for specific information.
- Python is adept at interacting with web APIs, retrieving data in formats like JSON or XML from portals that offer API access.
- The Selenium library in Python allows for browser automation, which is crucial for scraping interactive web pages that require navigation and data entry.
Additionally, Python shines in data processing and analysis post-extraction. Libraries such as Pandas are used for structuring and analyzing data, while Matplotlib or Seaborn assist in visualizing results. The data can be stored in various formats, including CSV, JSON, and databases.
Python libraries for web scraping
Data scraping with Python is achievable for users with intermediate proficiency in the language. Python's straightforward syntax, compatibility with third-party APIs, and helpful code hints simplify the process. Key libraries for site monitoring and extracting technical and analytical data include Requests, Selenium, ProxyMesh, and Scrapy. Each library serves a specific purpose and offers unique advantages, making them essential tools for SEO professionals.
This library offers a straightforward and effective way to perform HTTP requests in Python, commonly used for fetching web pages and data from servers. Its benefits include:
- A user-friendly interface for executing GET and POST requests.
- Comprehensive and accessible documentation, complete with usage examples.
- Support for session persistence, enabling the saving of cookies and session states across requests.
However, it's important to note that Requests lacks HTML parsing capabilities. For this task, additional libraries like BeautifulSoup are often employed.
This tool is widely used for automating web browsers to enhance scraping efficiency. Its key advantages are:
- It enables automatic control of the browser, including clicking elements, filling out forms, and executing other actions.
- It offers support for various programming languages, including Python.
However, Selenium is compatible with specific browsers like Chrome and Firefox. To use it, the corresponding Selenium WebDriver for the chosen browser must be downloaded separately.
A proxy provisioning service that allows network traffic to be routed through proxy servers. To work with ProxyMesh in Python, it is recommended to use libraries such as “Requests” to make HTTP requests through proxy servers. The code for connecting a proxy via ProxyMesh in Python looks something like this:
To interact with ProxyMesh resources, you will need to register on their platform, access their proxy servers, and obtain credentials (such as a username and password).
Scrapy is a robust and versatile web scraping framework widely used in marketing and IT analytics for extracting data from websites. Its key advantages include:
- Asynchronous processing for parallel task execution, boosting productivity.
- Comprehensive parsing tools, including a library for data extraction from HTML and various formats.
- High extensibility, offering numerous customization and integration possibilities.
While Scrapy is Python-based, it is ideally suited for substantial projects handling large data volumes.
TOP 5 proxy providers for web scraping
Effective web scraping hinges on using proxy servers for anonymity and overcoming access restrictions. Features like rotating IPs and integrated analytics tools simplify a webmaster's tasks. To ensure a swift, reliable, and uninterrupted scraping process without the risk of being blocked, selecting an appropriate proxy server service is crucial.
Proxy-Seller offers a diverse range of proxy servers, supporting HTTP, HTTPS, and SOCKS connections. Key benefits for web scraping include:
- A variety of proxy types, including mobile, ISP, and residential, with options for personal IPv4 and IPv6 channels.
- A user-friendly web panel for easy proxy management, enabling one-click changes to addresses, connection types, and locations.
- Assured high-speed connections, facilitating simultaneous processing of multiple websites without network lags.
Proxy-Seller provides various paid plans featuring different bandwidth options and access to international proxies. Visit their website to purchase a proxy package tailored to your specific needs.
BrightData (previously known as Luminati) offers a vast array of proxies and virtual browsers for anonymous web scraping and data collection. Their offerings include:
- A range of proxies, such as ISP, residential, mobile, and server proxies, catering to large marketing services and data centers.
- Reliable network performance with support for HTTP and SOCKS5 protocols, and IPv4 connections.
- Advanced privacy features like user agent masking and technologies to counter browser fingerprinting, ensuring webmasters' anonymity.
Additionally, BrightData provides flexible proxy usage options with transparent traffic consumption monitoring for users.
This proxy server service boasts excellent network performance, enhancing web scraping and site research processes. Key features include:
- Multiple connection protocols like HTTP, HTTPS, and SOCKS5, ensuring fast and stable connectivity.
- A variety of proxy types available for purchase, such as IPV4, IPV6, ISP, and Mobile. For web scraping, proxies with packet connections using diverse IPs are ideal.
- An option to choose proxies from over 30 countries.
Proxy-Sale offers a flexible pricing model based on the number and type of proxies, allowing webmasters to select plans according to their project scale. While free packages are available, they tend to be less stable and slower.
This platform offers rotational proxies, essential for efficient online site scraping. The highlight of this service is its rotating proxy and IP feature, changing every few minutes. Clients can purchase a vast proxy pool, integrate it with their web scraper, set it up, and then enjoy hassle-free operation without manual IP changes. Key aspects include:
- Support for various proxy types, including backconnect, HTTP, and SOCKS proxies.
- A stable connection with 99.98% uptime and data transfer speeds up to 1 Gbit/sec.
- Various paid plans with adjustable bandwidth and customizable proxy settings.
To evaluate the service, customers can start with a purchase of 5 proxies before upgrading to more extensive plans.
The service provides personal IP addresses, significantly reducing the risk of user blocking due to suspected spam, even with frequent requests. Its offerings include:
- Proxy servers supporting various protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, SOCKS4, and SOCKS5.
- High-speed private proxies with IPV4, IPV6, and mobile proxy connections.
- The option for users to specify their preferred network or subnet when ordering a proxy pool.
To get started, we recommend exploring Proxy-Seller and Brightdata, renowned for their specialized scraping tools and solutions. These providers offer a range of APIs for efficient data collection. Brightdata stands out with additional features like Web Unlocker, a scraping browser, and Web Scraper IDE - a library of templates and functions for custom scraper development.
In terms of tariff flexibility and pricing, Proxy-Sale, Youproxy, and Proxy-Seller offer a diverse array of options, suitable for both occasional and regular large-scale proxy needs. Their high-quality, 24/7 support ensures you find the best fit for your requirements.
For those requiring rotating or residential proxies, Stormproxies, Brightdata, Proxy-Seller, and Proxy-Sale are top choices. They are well-regarded and reliable, particularly for scraping purposes.
This overview aims to guide you in selecting a dependable and high-quality server and scraping tool provider. | <urn:uuid:d7db3d13-301b-4764-9478-f7d866194bde> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://rating-proxy.info/blog/how-to-increase-the-number-of-requests-when-web-scraping-using-a-proxy/ | 2024-02-23T22:49:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.898463 | 3,173 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Opposite(Antonym) of “nonabusiveness”
The antonyms of nonabusiveness are abusiveness, violence, and aggression. These antonyms convey a negative or harmful behavior towards others. They imply the use of force, intimidation, or harm to control or dominate others.
Definitions and Examples of abusiveness, violence, aggression
Learn when and how to use these words with these examples!
The act of using language or behavior that is harmful, insulting, or offensive towards others.
His abusiveness towards his colleagues made it hard for him to work in a team.
The use of physical force to cause harm, injury, or damage to people or things.
The protesters resorted to violence when the police tried to disperse them.
The act of initiating an attack, either physically or verbally, towards others.
His aggression towards his opponents made him unpopular among his peers.
Key Differences: abusiveness vs violence vs aggression
- 1Abusiveness is a term that describes harmful language or behavior towards others.
- 2Violence refers to the use of physical force to cause harm, injury, or damage to people or things.
- 3Aggression denotes the act of initiating an attack, either physically or verbally, towards others.
Effective Usage of abusiveness, violence, aggression
- 1Promote Nonviolence: Use nonabusiveness in conversations to promote peaceful and respectful interactions.
- 2Address Bullying: Incorporate antonyms in discussions to address bullying and abusive behavior.
- 3Encourage Empathy: Utilize these antonyms to encourage empathy and understanding towards others.
The antonyms have distinct nuances: Abusiveness refers to harmful language or behavior, violence denotes physical force, and aggression implies initiating an attack. Use these words to promote nonviolence, address bullying, and encourage empathy towards others. | <urn:uuid:dc86a4e2-3e13-4f87-9bf9-eb4422f9365e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://redkiwiapp.com/en/english-guide/antonyms/nonabusiveness | 2024-02-23T22:43:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.926099 | 395 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Widespread virus will infect more than two-thirds of the population
By Pascal Zamprelli
For most people, sexually transmitted diseases are considered a problem “other people” have to deal with. But many may be surprised to learn that there is one type of infection that over 70 per cent of people will have at some point in their lives, whether or not they are aware of it.
It is commonly known as HPV, which stands for human papillomavirus, and is often found in young, sexually active people. Over a hundred distinct types of the virus have been identified, potentially causing genital warts, and in some cases increasing risk of cervical cancer.
But “most of these infections are asymptomatic; you wouldn’t even know they were there,” said Dr. Ann Burchell,a former PhD student and post-doctoral fellow at McGill’s Cancer Epidemiology Unit and one of the principal authors of a groundbreaking study that explored HPV infections in new young couples – women aged 18 to 24 who are attending university or CEGEP and the male partners with whom they have been sexually involved for less than six months (when transmission is likeliest to occur).
The results are striking. More than half (56 per cent) of all participants were infected with at least one HPV type and almost half (44 per cent) were infected with an HPV type that causes cancer.
Published in the January 2010 issues of the journal Epidemiology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, the results also indicate that HPV is an easy virus to get and to transmit, and that there is a high probability that if you are in a sexual relationship and your partner has HPV, you will get it as well.
Even regular condom use decreases the risk of transmission only slightly, as HPV can be transmitted through skin-to-skin sexual contact, whether or not there is penetration.
But how does one know? “If there is a lesion or a wart present, they should be going to visit their health care provider to have that assessed,” Dr. Burchell said. But since often no such symptom is obviously present, she recommends regular Pap test screening for women.
“The thing that’s of concern is if an HPV infection is causing them any kind of lesion,” she said. “It’s hard to
anticipate which HPV infections are going to be those that produce a lesion, but that’s where Pap test screening is important. If an HPV infection is causing changes to the cells of the cervix that will get picked up in a Pap test. What’s important is that women are in regular care and are getting sreened.”
Dr. Burchell said that while the results are alarming, this must be balanced with a
reassurance that most of these infections aren’t going to cause disease. “Over half of the women had an HPV infection, but the vast majority of these won’t have any clinical disease present,” she said. “But we can’t be complacent because that small proportion that will progress to cause disease – it’s hard to know which women that will include. So we need to be vigilant and women need to be screened.”
If a Pap test suggests an abnormality, there are recommendations and guidelines in place, and a follow-up test may be recommended.
Prevention is key
These types of cancers, Dr. Burchell emphasized, are preventable. “Even if it happens to be that rare case where HPV is causing a disease, the treatments that are available for these pre-cancerous lesions are quite good, and cancer can be prevented. The rates of cervical cancer in Canada are considerably lower than they were before the onset of Pap test screening. Screening works.”
Dr. Burchell’s research is ongoing, and women who fit the target group (women 18-24 attending university or CEGEP and involved in a new relationship within the last six months) are encouraged to participate by visiting www.mcgill.ca/hitchcohort/ or phoning 514-398-8191. | <urn:uuid:65cf841e-3398-4857-b7a8-37581a7e7c30> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://reporter.mcgill.ca/high-hpv-rates-highlight-importance-of-screening/ | 2024-02-24T00:21:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.973463 | 872 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Stainless steels such as ferrritic, austenitic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels are well known for their corrosion resistance to varying extents. Among these, austenitic stainless steels exhibit superior corrosion resistance and better ductility. Therefore, the ability to give simple to intricate shapes in this grade of steel brings their potential for a wide range of applications. However, the austenitic stainless steel e.g. AISI 304 is known to undergo a strain induced martensitic (SIM) transformation during conventional cold rolling at room temperature. This strain induced martensite causes reduction in ductility and limits formability of stainless steel. Therefore, wavy rolling technique was developed to strengthen the stainless steel through microstructural refinement. In the current study, wavy rolling with 1.5 mm amplitude was conducted on 1 mm thick stainless steel sheet to different cycles ranging from 1-4. These rolled samples were characterized by optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for high resolution features in the material. This AFM examination bring out the details of grain refinement and topographical roughness emerging from crystalline and microstructural properties like orientation by color contrast after etching, precipitation, deformation bands, slip lines and shear bands with progress in rolling as referred by the number of rolling cycles here. The structural development is semi-quantitatively related to the degree of deformation and its effect on tensile properties during wavy rolling cycle. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. | <urn:uuid:ecedc680-e864-4d85-86df-e4b41c1eedc8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://research.iitj.ac.in/publication/afm-characterization-of-structural-evolution-and-roughness-1 | 2024-02-23T23:43:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.938075 | 309 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One of the important adverse impacts of climate change on human health is increases in allergic respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. This impact is via the effects of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature on sources of airborne allergens such as pollen and fungal spores. This review describes these effects and then explores three translational mitigation approaches that may lead to improved health outcomes, with recent examples and developments highlighted. Impacts have already been observed on the seasonality, production and atmospheric concentration, allergenicity, and geographic distribution of airborne allergens, and these are projected to continue into the future. A technological revolution is underway that has the potential to advance patient management by better avoiding associated increased exposures, including automated real-time airborne allergen monitoring, airborne allergen forecasting and modelling, and smartphone apps for mitigating the health impacts of airborne allergens.
Copyright the Author(s) 2023. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.Keywords
- Climate change | <urn:uuid:e5b0b490-b281-43d7-9dda-b088c41e9362> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/climate-change-airborne-allergens-and-three-translational-mitigat | 2024-02-24T00:52:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.907441 | 223 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Want to solve the puzzle of James Joyce’s Ulysses? You are in good company. “I’ve put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries,” Joyce notoriously boasted. This exhibit offers a playful and interactive introduction to cracking the code of Ulysses. When it was first published in 1922, British censors believed that the book was written in spy code. Though they may have been a tad paranoid, it is true that codes, enigmas, puzzles, and ciphers are pervasive in Joyce’s text. In fact, protagonist Leopold Bloom’s address, 7 Eccles Street, was originally the home of Joyce’s friend J.F. Byrne, a pioneering cryptographer who invented a machine for producing a supposedly “unbreakable” cipher.
In “Deciphering Ulysses” visitors are invited to learn about the famous novel as they decode Leopold Bloom’s clandestine letters, explore his recreated desk drawer, read what the United States Court of Appeals had to say about Joyce’s enigmas, and glimpse an early reader’s arsenal of maps and charts for understanding the text. You may not definitively solve the puzzle of Ulysses, but you will experience first-hand the delight Joyce took in play, with every reading of his novel yielding new combinations, outcomes, insights, and meanings. | <urn:uuid:83f89ff0-9e3f-4ef3-8b3d-1eac492dcc4e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://rosenbach.org/visit/exhibitions/deciphering-ulysses-a-playful-introduction-to-joyces-novel/ | 2024-02-23T22:35:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.961014 | 301 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This question originated from listening to a Dido song. "Got bills to pay" is a pretty common expression in English. It expresses the sentiment that we all have our expenses and in more general sense obligations / responsibilities that affect what we do and how we live. In Russian, however, there are two expressions that are similar, but not the same. Can you compare / contrast them?
"Платить по счетам" can both have a direct and figurative meaning:
- To pay bills in the direct meaning (used in formal speech). It is used when there are many bills to pay:
В связи́ с повыше́нием тари́фов на электри́чество, газ и во́ду не все жи́тели города смо́гут плати́ть по счетам. Due to the increase of the prices of electricity, gas and water, not all the inhabitants of the town will be able to pay the bills.
- To pay the bills in the figurative meaning. It means something like "the time has come to pay for something wrong you did in the past".
Пришло вре́мя плати́ть по счетам за оши́бки про́шлого. And now the bills are due to pay the errors of the past.
"Оплачивать-оплатить счёт (счета)" is more often used in singular and it means "to pay one concrete bill":
Мне ну́жно оплати́ть счёт за Интерне́т. I have to pay the Internet bill.
"Платить по счетам" is equal to "payback time". "Оплачивать счета" can be only used when you are literally paying bills.
However - first one can be used equally to second one sometimes. But it is very rare. If you say "пора платить по счетам" - it can be translated only as "payback time has come". | <urn:uuid:fab9a3a6-0a9a-4961-bb02-f8472a55cfd5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://russian.stackexchange.com/questions/6849/what-is-the-difference-between-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC-and-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0 | 2024-02-24T00:27:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.800819 | 643 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Partitive case is one of the most important and very difficult themes in Finnish language. You will use this case really a lot, if you’re going to speak Finnish, so take your time to learn all the endings, changes and using it.
Grammar from Tampere University: formation of the Partitive case in singular and plural, with different types of words; when to use it, with lots of examples, all translated into English. Partitive verbs with examples. Few exceptions. Finally, the object problem: Partitive VS Accusative.
One more table with Partitive formation both in singular and plural.
About Partitive case from The Finnish Teacher, both formation (singular) and use.
Here you can find a short lecture about Partitive case with many explanations and thoughts about using it.
If you want to check more advanced grammar and explanations, visit this page, where you can find information about Partitive stem and different types of words.
Why is the Partitive case so tricky? Read here different opinions.
One more page with short information on Partitive case, with formation and exceptions. | <urn:uuid:8939f0f1-667b-45df-a620-633563e57d24> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sanosuomeksi.com/en/arkistot/tag/partitiivi | 2024-02-23T23:16:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.91881 | 232 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A written essay is one of the most essential parts of the course. Most students don’t compose a written essay only because they do not know what composition writing is all about. This guide will provide you advice on how best to write a written composition. You can begin now and have your final part by the time that your class begins.
O The first thing that you should do if you get started writing a written composition is to get knowledgeable about the appropriate vocabulary. This will let you discuss the things which you would like to compose. You’ll also be able to write clearer in case you’ve got a more professional design.
O You should also be ready for writing an article. Read it over a few times before you begin. Look for errors and different ways of writing things. Be sure you understand the notion of the topic before you start writing. You’ll also learn how to organize your ideas when you understand exactly what to include and what to leave outthere.
O Another important tip about how best to write a written composition is to be sure you read the assigned reading content regularly. Learn exactly what’s happening from the assigned texts. You may learn how to structure your homework as you may learn to format and structure your reading material. You will also have a better comprehension of what you are reading and the best way to summarize it in a article.
O Another simple tip about the best way best free grammar correction to write a written essay is to get out there and do research. Get acquainted with the history free online spelling check of the subject and learn about the particular elements of the written text. Utilize the resources that are readily available to you so which it is possible to introduce a well-written piece of writing. If you find something which you are interested in, you will have a great understanding of how to provide the info.
O You will need to remember that there is no correct or wrong answer when you’re writing a written essay. The objective of the mission is to learn as much as possible about the topic. You will learn how to become as educated as possible. Despite the fact that your response is not necessarily correct, you will still be able to come up with a solution which makes sense. You’ll also have learned a bit about yourself, and that is always a good thing.
These are merely a few of the most important strategies on how best to write a written essay. You should also be able to apply these strategies to writing any other type of mission that you may have. Don’t feel bad about trying new things as it’s going to eventually repay.
Provided that you remember these tips, you’ll be well on your way to being in a position to write an essay. As soon as you have your essay completed, the quality of your writing will become clear. | <urn:uuid:e45524fd-6b18-4c66-bd4a-05b982e0b8d1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sefafrique.com/essay-writing-tips-how-to-compose-a-written-essay/ | 2024-02-24T00:01:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.967916 | 586 | 2.5625 | 3 |
RF attenuators are electrical components that are used to reduce the power of a signal without causing distortion of its waveform. They can be utilized in a wide range of test, measurement, and communication applications.
RF attenuator applications and parameters
RF attenuators can be used for the following purposes:
- Extending the dynamic range of measuring equipment
- Preventing signal overload in transmitters and receivers
- Impedance matching
- Reducing the effects of improper input/output terminations of oscillators, amplifiers, and test setups.
Important parameters of RF attenuators include the level of attenuation, the flatness over a specified frequency, range, VSWR, average and peak power-handling capability, size and height, and performance over a given temperature range.
Categories of RF attenuators
RF attenuators can be categorized into three types – fixed attenuators, manually tunable attenuators, and programmable attenuators. Our selection covers all those categories, and we also offer custom solutions to fit your specific application.
In fixed attenuators the resistor network is locked at a preset attenuation value. The resistors are set on the signal path to attenuate the power of the transmitted signal. This causes them to reduce power levels of a signal by a fixed amount with little or no reflections. Fixed attenuators can be unidirectional or bidirectional based on their application requirement. They are available as either surface mount, waveguide, or coaxial types. In a chip-based design, the different types of materials applied on the thermally conductive substrate develop the resistance. This resistance value depends on the dimensions of the chip and the materials used for chip production.
Manually tunable attenuators
Manually tunable attenuators are otherwise like fixed attenuators, but they have a button or knob for adjusting the attenuation levels. These attenuators provide attenuation values only from the pre-calibrated steps. Depending on the application, the manually tunable attenuators can be used in either chip, waveguide, or coaxial formats.
Also known as digital attenuators, programmable RF attenuators have wide attenuation and frequency ranges. A distinguishing feature of programmable attenuators is that a known amount of attenuation can be selected at high speed according to the state of a logic signal. Programmable attenuators switch-in discrete, finite attenuation states, usually in binary steps. Using semiconductor devices such as GaAs MESFETs, PIN diodes or MOSFETs to achieve different attenuation states, switching can be performed at speeds comparable to solid-state switches. Programmable attenuators are widely used in test equipment, such as signal generators, to control the output levels of test signals. Another common use for programmable attenuators is performance testing of various wireless communication systems.
Signal Solutions RF attenuators are available in both 50- and 75-ohm models, with attenuation ranging from 0 to 90 dB, frequency from 3 GHz to 67GHz, input power from 1W to 200W and covering a wide range of interfaces. We also provide custom design RF attenuators to perfectly fit the requirements of your specific application. Feel free to ask us for any kind of RF attenuator and we will meet your requirement.
Best selling Signal Solutions RF attenuator models:
- Fixed Attenuator, DC-6GHz, 2W, 6dB, SMA-Male to SMA-Female
- Fixed Attenuator, DC-6GHz, 5W, 10dB, N-Male-Female
- Fixed Attenuator, DC-6GHz, 50W, 30dB, N-Male-Female, Round Type
- Fixed Attenuator, DC-6GHz, 100W, 30dB, N-Male-Female
- Manually Variable Step Attenuator, DC-6GHz, 2W, 0-70dB, 1dB Steps, SMA-Female
- Manually Variable Step Attenuator DC-6GHz, 2W, 10-60dB, 10db Steps, SMA
- Programmable RF Attenuator, 8-Channel, 50-8000MHz
- Programmable RF Attenuator, 16-Channel 5-6000MHz | <urn:uuid:6af62fd6-2ebb-49ec-8fb8-8b0ccbbc1df9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://signalsolutions.eu/product/rf-attenuators/ | 2024-02-23T22:12:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.848875 | 906 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The sensor-based t-stick digital musical instrument, which was invented in 2006, offers great potential for virtuosic control over a diverse range of sounds and musical materials, as well as promising new forms of musical and gestural expression. The t-stick has been designed and constructed to permit a unique variety interaction techniques such as: touching, gripping, brushing, tapping, shaking, squeezing, jabbing, swinging, tilting, rolling, and twisting. As a result, a significant emphasis is placed on the gestural vocabulary required to manipulate and manoeuvre the instrument. The musical experience for both the performer and audience is characterised by a notable engagement between performer body and instrument.
The t-stick project grew out of a collaborative undertaking by music technologist Joseph Malloch and composer/digital instrumentalist D. Andrew Stewart at the Input Devices and Music Interaction Laboratory and the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music, Media and Technology (McGill University), in cooperation with performers as part of the interdisciplinary McGill Digital Orchestra project.
The ongoing development of the t-stick family is a result of continuing institutional and public support. To date, the t-stick has been presented in Canada, Mexico, Norway, the USA, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal and Korea Republic.
For more information and performance footage: | <urn:uuid:72d64ddc-6f16-4894-bd67-4b4dc27ef333> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sites.ulethbridge.ca/andrewstewart/tstick/ | 2024-02-24T00:42:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.922375 | 267 | 2.8125 | 3 |
11 Best Ways to Reduce Indoor Humidity
Indoor humidity can have a significant impact on our comfort, health, and the overall condition of our homes. Excessive humidity can lead to problems such as mold growth, musty odors, and even damage to furniture and building materials. However, there are several effective strategies to reduce indoor humidity and create a more pleasant living environment.
Implementing proper ventilation, using dehumidifiers, fixing leaks, and employing moisture-absorbing materials are just a few of the approaches that can help control humidity levels. By understanding and implementing these strategies, you can improve indoor air quality, prevent moisture-related issues, and promote a healthier and more comfortable home environment for you and your family.
Ways To Reduce Indoor Humidity in The House?
To reduce indoor humidity, you can take several measures. Here are some effective strategies-
Ventilation is essential for reducing indoor humidity levels. Proper ventilation allows for the exchange of stale, moist air with fresh, dry air from outside. Opening windows and doors, using exhaust fans in moisture-prone areas like bathrooms and kitchens, and implementing whole-house ventilation systems like ERVs or HRVs can help remove excess moisture and improve air circulation. By promoting airflow and the exchange of humid air with drier air, ventilation helps prevent condensation, mold growth, and discomfort associated with high humidity. Regularly ventilating your home is crucial for maintaining a healthy and comfortable indoor environment.
Dehumidifiers are valuable tools in combating indoor humidity. These appliances work by extracting moisture from the air, helping to reduce the overall humidity level in a room or area. Dehumidifiers are particularly effective in spaces prone to excess moisture, such as basements, laundry rooms, or areas with poor ventilation.
By pulling in humid air, cooling it, and collecting the condensed water, dehumidifiers can help prevent mold growth, musty odors, and damage to furniture or belongings caused by excessive moisture. They provide a targeted approach to reducing humidity and can be used in conjunction with other strategies like proper ventilation for optimal results. Regularly operating a dehumidifier can significantly improve indoor air quality and create a more comfortable and healthier living environment.
Fix leaks and repair water damage
Promptly addressing leaks and repairing water damage is crucial for maintaining a healthy indoor environment and reducing humidity. Leaks from roofs, windows, plumbing, or appliances can introduce unwanted moisture into your home, leading to increased humidity levels and potential mold growth.
Timely detection and repair of leaks are essential to prevent further water damage and mitigate the risk of excessive humidity. Additionally, repairing existing water damage, such as stains or weakened structures, is important to prevent ongoing moisture issues. By addressing leaks and water damage promptly, you can minimize the potential for elevated humidity, protect your property, and create a safer and more comfortable living space.
Properly vent appliances
Properly venting appliances is essential for reducing indoor humidity and maintaining a healthy living environment. Appliances that generate moisture, such as clothes dryers, stoves, and dishwashers, should be vented to the outside. Venting allows the moist air produced during their operation to be expelled, preventing it from accumulating indoors.
Ensure that the venting systems for these appliances are correctly installed, free from blockages, and vented to the exterior of your home. This helps to effectively remove excess humidity and prevent the buildup of moisture, which can lead to mold growth, musty odors, and potential damage to surrounding surfaces. Regularly inspecting and maintaining the venting systems of your appliances is crucial for proper ventilation and reducing indoor humidity levels.
Use air conditioning
Air conditioning is a valuable tool for reducing indoor humidity and maintaining a comfortable environment. When running, air conditioners cool the air by removing heat and moisture from the indoor space. As the air is cooled, its capacity to hold moisture decreases, leading to condensation and the removal of excess humidity. Air conditioning systems not only help regulate temperature but also act as dehumidifiers, especially in areas with high humidity levels.
It is important to ensure that your air conditioning system is properly maintained, including regularly cleaning or replacing filters, to maximize its effectiveness in reducing humidity. By running your air conditioner, you can create a more comfortable and drier indoor environment, improving overall air quality and preventing issues related to excessive moisture, such as mold growth and discomfort caused by high humidity.
Limit activities that produce moisture
Limiting activities that produce moisture is an effective strategy for controlling indoor humidity levels. Activities such as cooking, showering, and drying clothes indoors can significantly increase moisture in the air. To mitigate this, it is advisable to minimize these activities or take precautions to reduce moisture buildup.
When cooking, use lids on pots and pans to trap steam, and consider utilizing exhaust fans or opening windows to ventilate the area. While showering, use the bathroom exhaust fan to quickly remove humid air, and ensure the bathroom door is kept closed to prevent moisture from spreading to other rooms. When drying clothes indoors, opt for a well-ventilated area or utilize a vented dryer that expels the moist air outside. By limiting these moisture-generating activities or implementing proper ventilation, you can effectively manage indoor humidity and maintain a more comfortable and healthier living environment.
Insulate and seal
Insulating and sealing your home is a crucial step in reducing indoor humidity. Proper insulation helps prevent the infiltration of humid outdoor air and minimizes condensation on surfaces. Insulate walls, floors, and attics using materials with high insulation values to create a barrier that reduces heat transfer and prevents moisture from entering your home.
Additionally, seal gaps, cracks, and air leaks around windows, doors, and other areas where outside air can seep in. This prevents warm, moist air from infiltrating your home and mixing with cooler indoor air, which can lead to condensation and increased humidity levels. By effectively insulating and sealing your home, you can enhance energy efficiency, maintain stable indoor humidity, and create a more comfortable living environment while preventing issues associated with excess moisture, such as mold growth and water damage.
Monitor indoor plants
Monitoring indoor plants is important when managing indoor humidity levels. While plants offer numerous benefits, they can also release moisture through a process called transpiration. If you notice elevated humidity levels in your home, especially in the vicinity of your plants, it may be necessary to adjust the number or placement of your indoor plants. Consider grouping plants together in a well-ventilated area or relocating them to a space where excess moisture won’t be a concern.
Additionally, avoid overwatering your plants, as this can contribute to increased humidity. Monitor the moisture levels in the soil and ensure proper drainage to prevent water accumulation. By being mindful of your indoor plants and their impact on humidity, you can strike a balance between enjoying the benefits of greenery and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment.
Use moisture-absorbing materials
Moisture-absorbing materials are effective in reducing indoor humidity levels. These materials, such as silica gel packets or desiccant packs, have the ability to attract and absorb moisture from the surrounding air. Placing them in areas with high humidity, such as closets, storage spaces, or drawers, can help remove excess moisture and maintain a drier environment.
These materials work by chemically or physically absorbing water vapor, preventing it from contributing to the overall humidity levels. It is important to periodically check and replace the moisture-absorbing materials as they become saturated over time. By incorporating moisture-absorbing materials in areas prone to high humidity, you can assist in controlling moisture and preventing issues like mold growth, musty odors, and damage to stored items.
Keep moisture-generating activities outside
Keeping moisture-generating activities outside your home is beneficial for managing indoor humidity. Activities such as drying wet clothes, firewood, or other items indoors can introduce excess moisture into your living space. Whenever possible, take these activities outside to prevent the release of moisture into your home.
Hang clothes or use outdoor clotheslines for drying, and store firewood in a covered, well-ventilated area away from the interior of your house. By relocating these moisture-generating activities outdoors, you can avoid adding unnecessary humidity to your indoor environment and maintain a drier and more comfortable living space.
Managing indoor humidity is crucial for creating a comfortable and healthy living environment. To reduce indoor humidity, it is important to implement a combination of strategies. These include proper ventilation through the use of open windows, exhaust fans, and whole-house ventilation systems. Dehumidifiers are also effective in removing moisture from the air.
Fixing leaks and repairing water damage helps prevent the introduction of excess moisture. Insulating and sealing your home helps maintain stable humidity levels. Monitoring indoor plants and using moisture-absorbing materials can also assist in managing humidity.
Additionally, keeping moisture-generating activities outside and using air conditioning can contribute to reducing indoor humidity. By implementing these strategies, you can create a more pleasant and healthier living environment while preventing issues such as mold growth and damage to your home and belongings.
What causes high indoor humidity?
There can be many reasons for the high humidity in the house. Some of the major reasons for high humidity in the house are cooking, heaters, poor insulation, water leaks, breathing, the weather outside, poor air conditioner, etc.
How do you dehumidify a room naturally?
There can be many ways to dehumidify a room naturally. Some of the wats are improving insulation, getting a dehumidifier, using charcoal, and others.
Is 70 humidity in a house too high?
70 humidity is too high and can result in serious damage to the property. 30-60% is the best range to keep the humidity.
What removes moisture from a room?
Air conditioners and dehumidifiers can be a great way to get rid of the humidity in the house.
What is the best thing to absorb moisture?
Silica Gel, calcium chloride, clay, and coal are a few of the substances which can absorb moisture from your house. | <urn:uuid:5e546567-68a7-4e83-96bb-4a980c989585> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smilehvac.ca/blog/reduce-indoor-humidity/ | 2024-02-23T22:41:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.911024 | 2,092 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Afifty-five-inch flat-screen TV framed Abdul Alkalimat, Romi Crawford, and Rebecca Zorach, the three editors behind The Wall of Respect: Public Art and Liberation in 1960s Chicago. It stuck out—not because of its sheer size, but because it was a backdrop providing a constant reminder of the event’s purpose: the importance of visibility.
The book release and panel discussion, moderated by Northwestern University Press editor-in-chief Gianna F. Mosser and hosted by the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago on November 9, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the inauguration of the Wall of Respect—a mural that once stood on the side of a building at 43rd Street and Langley Avenue in Bronzeville. The event followed an exhibit on the Wall, curated by Alkalimat, Crawford, and Zorach, that ran from February to July at the Chicago Cultural Center.
Mosser started the event by asking Alkalimat, an activist and founding chairperson of the Organization of Black American Culture (OBAC), what historical events in the 1960s led to the formation of OBAC and the creation of the Wall of Respect.
“I have a lot to say tonight,” he said. “But I first have two things to say. How many people here actually saw the Wall?” A few hands shot up from the audience.
“Second thing,” he said, looking over to those raised hands. “A very important cultural figure in the history of the arts of Chicago is here tonight. A dancer, who brought the African diaspora home to Chicago. I want you to give a round of applause to Darlene Blackburn.” Blackburn, a Chicago dance instructor who appeared on the Dance section of the Wall, smiled from the audience.
Alkalimat then delved into timeline that led to OBAC’s creation of the Wall: the March on Washington and the Chicago Public Schools boycott in 1963, the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, and the emergence of Black Power in 1966.
The Wall was visual representation in a time when positive African American imagery was seldom found on billboards or recognized in the mainstream art world.
“There was activism, poetry, and this sort of being present and around the Wall,” Crawford, a professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, said as she flipped through images on the TV screen. “It was a site and locus for community activity all the time, and community members that were engaged in a diverse set of art practices.”
The Wall is not widely acknowledged in mainstream discussions even though it united dozens of artists, and, as Alkalimat put it, “brought people out of their studios and created a community of artists who felt responsible to each other.”
In spite of the Wall’s undervalued impact on today’s discussions about public art, photographic evidence like that in the book illuminates the Wall’s existence and broadens conversations. Packed with photos curated by Crawford, The Wall of Respect is a study of pieces of memories coming together. Without photographs, much of the discussion surrounding the Wall would not exist.
“The Wall is one of the few murals that has photography articulated and embedded into it,” she said. “The photographs reveal pertinent information about the Black liberation struggle. They give us cues to the kind of ways of being, in a vernacular sense, for some of the Black community that were the educators, artists, and conceptualists of the Wall—and also the people from the neighborhood.”
Because the mural depicted real people from real photographs, the community was able to connect to it.
One of the main goals of both the Wall and the event was to give name and presence to Black community figures erased by mainstream media. Crawford made a point during the event to name the photographers of the Wall who never had a chance to display their work in galleries: Billy Abernathy, Darryl Cowherd, Robert Sengstacke, Roy Lewis, and Onikwa Bill Wallace. They were Black photographers capturing Black experiences. Although their images are static, the everyday life the community found in them—and the interaction between their different styles—makes them feel alive.
The Wall included seven sections—Statesmen, Athletes, Rhythm & Blues, Religion, Literature, Theater, and Jazz—worked on by fourteen different artists. In display, it became a place of performance. Poets such as Alicia Johnson and Gwendolyn Brooks performed their work at the Wall. And not all the people depicted on the Wall were celebrities, Zorach noted. While most figures on the Wall were well-known nationally—like W.E.B. Du Bois and Malcolm X—many were widely unknown in the mainstream media, such as Blackburn, who shared African and Afro-Caribbean dance with Chicago Public Schools, and young Muslim women praying.
“They reflect the heroism of the ordinary person in the community,” Zorach said.
The structure of The Wall of Respect mirrors this visual structure. Poetry by Brooks written in dedication to the Wall, primary documents illuminating the founding of OBAC, interview transcripts with one of the lead muralists, William Walker, and photographs complementing the text are weaved throughout the 376-page book, similar to how different sections of the Wall, although embodying individual artistic styles, were woven together cohesively.
But as much as the Wall created a collective unity of artists and thinkers, it also caused controversy. Alterations were made to the Wall in later years, reflecting changing political sentiments. One significant alteration was the addition of a Ku Klux Klan figure.
“Rebecca has a slightly different take of this, and I support it, but I maybe support my take—which is that there was wrong done,” Alkalimat said. “It became the Wall of Disrespect.”
In the section of the book exploring responses to the Wall, Zorach writes about a “key moment of strife” during the Wall’s life. Walker allowed neighborhood residents to whitewash Norman Parish’s “Statesmen” section, so Eugene “Eda” Wade placed a KKK figure on the Wall.
“I’m not trying to defend his actions,” Zorach said. “But in some ways, it did open the Wall up to a different kind of change and involvement by people in the community.”
“Critical revision is an important part of the Wall,” Crawford added. “It makes it unlike any other works, even though it began in that beautiful moment of collective consensus of what it should be.”
Even though the Wall was torn down after a fire in 1971, it lives on in memory.
“The Wall lives on in community engagement art,” Crawford said. “I find myself bringing it up a lot to contemporary practitioners; so many don’t know about the Wall. It’s really useful to the current generation of artists.”
It lives on, also, in a single physical piece. The only part of the Wall remaining today, Crawford said in reply to a question near the end of the event, is a photographic piece of Amiri Baraka (formerly known as LeRoi Jones) captured by Darryl Cowherd. Cowherd returned to the neighborhood in a state of distress after five years in Sweden, and he had a strange feeling—so he put up a ladder and took the piece down.
The Wall’s location, 43rd Street, was considered downtrodden by outsiders, but was also known as “Muddy Waters Drive” because of its reputation as a gathering place for blues musicians.
“It was a cared-for location even though it was a forbidden zone,” Crawford said.
It continues to be cared for—and to be seen. While the Wall is no longer physically visible, the memory of its impact found in the people, the images, and the event provides a backdrop for a future lying in wait. | <urn:uuid:8ef2b809-cb38-4685-8f03-6ec0af06ee3a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://southsideweekly.com/wall-of-respect-public-art/ | 2024-02-23T22:44:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.973758 | 1,728 | 2.78125 | 3 |
ESA: Be The First to Catch Signals From Student-built AAUSAT5 Cubesat
To celebrate the launch of the student-built AAUSAT5 CubeSat from the International Space Station into low Earth orbit, ESA’s Education office challenges the amateur radio community to listen out for the tiny satellite.
Be the first to send in your recorded signal from AAUSAT5 and you will receive a prize from ESA’s Education Office.
Launched on 19 August to the ISS, the Danish student CubeSat is now waiting for its deployment from the Japanese Kibo module’s airlock. Sometime in the week of 5 October, an astronaut will manipulate a robotic arm to lift AAUSAT5 from the airlock and place it in orbit.
Once launched from the International Space Station the CubeSat will begin transmitting signals to Earth that can be picked up by anyone with common amateur radio equipment. ESA challenges anyone to record the signal and send it to us ([email protected]) and Aalborg University ([email protected]).
The first correct email received will win the following prices:
– ESA/AAUSAT5 poster with signatures of the team members
– ESA Education goodie bag
– Scale 1:1 3D printed model of the AAUSAT 5 satellite
AAUSAT5 is the 5th CubeSat designed and built by the University of Aalborg, Denmark. It is the 2nd AAUSAT satellite tested under ESA’s supervision as part of the ESA Education Office’s Fly Your Satellite programme.
The technical objective of AAUSAT5 is to test an improved version of an Automatic Identification System (AIS), which aims to track and identify ships transiting away from coastal areas and those in remote areas.
If successful, a satellite-based AIS system could enable the establishment and use of safe new shipping lanes.
Radio Contact Information:
AAUSAT5 contact: Downlink frequency 437.425 MHz
every 3 minute CW beacon 437.425 MHz 30 WPM (PARIS)
every 30 second Modulated beacon GMSK(FSK) 9600 bps
For more HAM radio information see here.
More information at ESA
Please report successful contacts with AAUSAT 5 to ESA ([email protected]) and Aalborg ([email protected]). | <urn:uuid:2e7d9832-7dda-49d0-b2ed-e9a1e2028313> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://spaceref.com/newspace-and-tech/esa-be-the-first-to-catch-signals-from-student-built-aausat5-cubesat/ | 2024-02-23T23:19:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.883751 | 500 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Standard Number | ISO 14577-1:2015 |
Organization | International Organization for Standardization |
Level | International |
Category | Test Method | Characterization | Measurement |
ISO 14577-1:2015 specifies the method of instrumented indentation test for determination of hardness and other materials parameters for the following three ranges: macro range: 2 N ≤ F ≤ 30 kN; micro range: 2 N > F; h > 0,2 µm; and nano range: h ≤ 0,2 µm. For the nano range, the mechanical deformation strongly depends on the real shape of indenter tip and the calculated material parameters are significantly influenced by the contact area function of the indenter used in the testing machine. Therefore, careful calibration of both instrument and indenter shape is required in order to achieve an acceptable reproducibility of the materials parameters determined with different machines. The macro and micro ranges are distinguished by the test forces in relation to the indentation depth. Attention is drawn to the fact that the micro range has an upper limit given by the test force (2 N) and a lower limit given by the indentation depth of 0,2 µm. The determination of hardness and other material parameters is given in Annex A. At high contact pressures, damage to the indenter is possible. For this reason in the macro range, hardmetal indenters are often used. For test pieces with very high hardness and modulus of elasticity, permanent indenter deformation can occur and can be detected using suitable reference materials. It is necessary that its influence on the test result be taken into account. This test method can also be applied to thin metallic and non-metallic coatings and non-metallic materials. In this case, it is recommended that the specifications in the relevant standards be taken into account (see also 6.3 and ISO 14577‑4). | <urn:uuid:07efef7a-2dc7-4ca6-bcef-ab85bd71da8d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://statnano.com/standard/iso/809/ISO-14577-1-2015 | 2024-02-23T22:30:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.831443 | 384 | 2.515625 | 3 |
cervical stitch also known as cervical cerclage is a treatment for cervical incompetence or insufficiency, when the cervix starts to shorten and open too early during a pregnancy, causing either a late miscarriage or preterm birth, and is performed on around two million women a year globally.
Surgeons use one of two types of thread for the stitch — the majority use a thicker woven thread, and around 20 per cent use a thinner thread.
The results indicated that the thicker thread is associated with a three-fold increase in rate of baby death in the womb when compared to the thinner thread (15 per cent compared to 5 per cent).
The thicker thread was also associated with an increased rate of pre-term birth rate compared to the thinner thread — 28 per cent compared to 17 per cent.
Women who received a stitch with the thicker thread had increased inflammation around the cervix.
There was also increased blood flow, which is associated with the cervix opening before labour.
Women who received the thicker thread had more potentially harmful bacteria in the vagina and around the cervix.
“Although the cervical stitch procedure still holds benefits for women overall, our results suggest the thicker thread may encourage the growth of potentially dangerous bacteria in the cervix. This may lead to premature birth or even loss of the baby,” said lead author Phillip Bennett, Professor Imperial, Imperial College London in Britain.
For the study, the team analysed 671 women in Britain who received a cervical stitch procedure to prevent miscarriage or premature birth at five hospitals over the last ten years.
Switching to the thinner thread for all procedures could prevent 1,70,000 premature births globally every year, and 1,72,000 intrauterine baby deaths every year across the world, the researchers suggested in the study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
“It’s important that women who have this procedure ask their obstetrician about what stitch they will receive because clinical practice can take time to catch up with research findings,” they concluded. | <urn:uuid:ca5ecbb6-f032-4b94-b504-a985bb900643> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://statyourself.com/thicker-cervical-stitch-may-premature-birth-mortality-rate/ | 2024-02-24T00:36:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.96016 | 418 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Though spinal cord injury is relatively common, with the incidence continuing to grow, there is only one medication used to treat this injury, and it is limited in its effectiveness. Methylprednisolone also comes with serious health risks and must be employed in a short 8-hour therapeutic window.
Given the successes observed with stem cell treatments for other nervous system injuries and diseases, scientists have posited that stem cell therapy could offer new opportunities to help those with spinal cord injury. As such, researchers recently conducted a study to determine whether a certain type of stem cell has the potential to treat spinal cord injury and whether that treatment would be safe to use in patients. The results of the study were published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.
In their study, the scientists used what is referred to as intrathecal transplantation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which are stem cells that come from fat tissue. They used these stem cells in 14 patients with spinal cord injury and evaluated the impact of these stem cells on the nervous system and on motor performance, and also monitored patients for any unwanted side effects.
Researchers did not see significant changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results over the 8 months following stem cell transplantation, but they did observe improvements in motor scores, suggesting that the stem cells were therapeutically effective against spinal cord injury. Importantly, the intrathecal transplantation of stem cells in these patients was not associated with any serious adverse events. Based on these results, scientists recommend that stem cell protocols are further investigated for their potential to treat patients with spinal cord injury.
Hur, JW et al. (2016). Intrathecal transplantation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treating spinal cord injury: A human trial. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 39(6), 655-663. | <urn:uuid:d5abb992-3477-47e6-bcce-6c6428270041> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://stemedix.com/stem-cells-appear-safe-for-treating-patients-with-spinal-cord-injury/ | 2024-02-24T00:10:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.950945 | 386 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Reading has a high priority within the curriculum and we promote a love of books and reading as soon as children enter Reception. We have a rich range of books across the school, and across the curriculum, and enjoy regular visits to our local library which is adjacent to our school. We have a wonderful school library with a rich variety of books. Events such as World Book Day are celebrated each year to raise the profile and enjoyment of reading, in addition to other special reading mornings and character days. We invite authors to come and visit and enjoy our daily reading sessions.
Phonics & Early Reading
Children begin their reading journey on entry to Reception and teaching phonics is the first important step in learning to read. Our teaching and learning is based upon Read Write Inc, which is a systematic way of teaching how to link sounds to letters, and blend them together to read. Phonics is taught daily from Reception through to Year 1 and Year 2, for guidance on the pronunciation of sounds see the video below.
Reading at Home
All children can change their home reading book as often as they like. It is expected that children read at least five times per week with an adult at home.
Further information on early reading can be found on the PowerPoint below which was shared during the Early Reading Meeting
Teachers model the reading process as part of lessons throughout the curriculum and ensure that children are challenged in their understanding of texts through questioning and discussion.
Whole Class Reading Using Literary Leaves (Years 2-6)
The Literary Leaves are a suite of book-based comprehension resources for Y2-Y6 designed to support teachers with the teaching of reading, using whole books, rather than extracts. They are created for use in a whole-class reading session or a guided reading session when the skills of reading comprehension are being taught.
Each Literary Leaf has 10-20 session notes, with each session focussing on a particular skills, ensuring that children secure these deeply. In many cases the same question stem is used several times to ensure the teacher can model how to answer this type of question, before the children have the opportunity to apply it themselves.
Reading For Pleasure
If you can encourage your child to read for pleasure, they will really reap the benefits. It might not seem like a particularly important task, but actually, research shows that reading for pleasure can be directly linked to children’s success throughout their time at school and even into adulthood.
Reading for pleasure opens up new worlds for children. It gives them the opportunity to use their imagination to explore new ideas, visit new places and meet new characters. Interestingly, reading for pleasure also improves children’s well-being and empathy. It helps them to understand their own identity, and gives them an insight into the world and the views of others.
Here are some ideas for encouraging your child to read for pleasure:
- Set aside a special time – just a few minutes a day is enough to create a reading habit.
- Get caught reading yourself – show that reading for pleasure is not just for children.
- Read to each other – if your child really doesn’t want to read on their own, then read together. You read a page, then they read a page. Or one of you could read any dialogue. Be brave and put on different voices.
- Value the books they choose to read – all reading is valuable for a child’s development. Some of us prefer non-fiction; some of us prefer comics. One child might like superhero books; another might a book of football statistics.
- Set a challenge – can they read ten books before they’re ten? Can they read a book from six different genres: a comic, an information book, a funny book, a sci-fi book, a classic and an instruction manual?
- Reading buddies – reading to a younger sibling can boost your child’s self-confidence and communication skills.
- Audiobooks – audiobooks allow children to experience a book above their own reading level. It also allows you to share a book together or make the most of those car journeys. Listening to a story over and over again can improve vocabulary and encourage deeper comprehension.
- Read-a-thon – join a sponsored reading event to raise money for charity.
- Stage and screen – use your child’s favourite films or games as a springboard into reading. Knowing the characters and storyline can be a helpful bridge into reading a longer story.
- Book club – find out about local book clubs.
Each of our Year Group Recommended Reads lists contains 50 books specially picked out for reading for pleasure in each primary year group. The lists are designed to provide some recommendations of age-appropriate and accessible books across a range of genres and styles.
This list has been collated by a company with the considerations of balance across different genres and styles. Some children naturally navigate towards non-fiction, while others find graphic novels or poetry the most enjoyable forms to pick up and read. Each list contains a balance of age-appropriate fiction, picture books, non-fiction, poetry and graphic novels, with a handful of novelty or tactile books added in too. We’ve also aimed to collate lists that cater for different reading styles, interest levels, publication dates (you’ll find some true golden oldies as well as brand new titles on each list) and also books that contain a diversity of characters and settings.
Additional Information/ Links | <urn:uuid:14e6edbf-a42c-4d4c-9d1f-09738a3c3dcd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://stphilipwestbrook.co.uk/curriculum/reading/ | 2024-02-23T23:17:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.959156 | 1,124 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Water is a precious natural resource that healthy ecosystems manage effectively- providing us with purified, fresh water and regulating water flow related to runoff and flooding. As outlined in the 2011 GWater Plan and consistent with GW's 2020 statement regarding Environmental, Social, and Governance Responsibility, GW is committed to reducing its water consumption, increasing rainwater retention, enhancing water quality and reducing the use of bottled water.
Moving Past Plastic
As part of the university's commitment to eliminate single-use plastics from campus, reusable water bottle filling stations are available in buildings across campus.
Find a filling station to fill your reusable water bottle.
GW has made significant investments since the summer of 2015 to reduce potable water consumption through the Eco-Building Program. The university has repaired or replaced toilets, replaced showerheads and installed aerators in more than 40 buildings, improving the water usage of approximately 2,100 toilets, 3,100 faucets, 1,700 showerheads and 180 urinals. In buildings where at least one year of post-retrofit data are available, water consumption during the most recent year was 29 percent lower than the historic average. | <urn:uuid:4289fa99-0bb0-4f88-b0b9-eb5cd7ddb6a8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sustainability.gwu.edu/fresh-water | 2024-02-23T23:29:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.943915 | 230 | 3.0625 | 3 |
MOGADISHU, Somalia — Hunger and loss make up a kaleidoscope in Somalia, but one scene stands out in my visit: A mom, Fardosa Ahmed, confides shyly that she had eight children but lost four of them, and now she fears she may lose a fifth, her daughter Catiko, who is sick, weak and motionless.
The tremble in Fardosa’s voice offers a reminder of the prospective human cost of the famine that, as I wrote in my last column, is looming this spring. United Nations officials are warning as loudly as they can about this impending catastrophe, which reflects the conjunction of two global forces driven by the West — and it’ll be up to us to choose which prevails.
The first is climate change, which is widely believed to be a factor in the drought here that is withering crops and killing livestock. Climate change is complicated, but my guess is that Fardosa would not be on the verge of losing a fifth child if we had not secured our standard of living by pumping carbon into the atmosphere for more than a century.
The second global force is a more promising one: the revolution in child mortality that has already saved tens of millions of lives and that enables us to help Somali children this year if that’s a priority.
One gauge of our progress in saving children’s lives:
According to one analysis of data, as recently as the 1920s, the child mortality rate in the United States was higher than it is in Somalia today — and since then it has plunged in America by more than 95 percent. In 1960, child mortality was higher in Mexico, Brazil, China and Turkey than it is in Somalia today.
We know how to save kids’ lives. At UNICEF in the 1980s and 1990s, an American executive director named James Grant — for my money, the most important U.N. official in history — oversaw an effort that slashed death rates in the developing world and saved perhaps 25 million lives. If we built statues of heroes based on their impact on the world, busts of Grant would adorn every town square.
All this underscores that we live in an age of miracles, when it is possible to multiply loaves and fishes, feed the hungry and overcome death itself. And we can do this remarkably cheaply.
Take Ubax Muhamad, a 5-year-old girl I met who weighs just 20 pounds. Preventing this kind of severe acute malnutrition in Somalia can cost as little as 15 cents a day, UNICEF says. The modern version of manna from heaven is a high-energy variant of peanut butter called Plumpy’Nut, costing $57 for a carton and lasting a severely malnourished child about two months.
Another effective way of fighting malnutrition is lower tech — promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. Only about one-third of Somali moms breastfeed exclusively for six months, and one highly regarded nonprofit that focuses on breastfeeding, Alive & Thrive, estimates that the lives of almost 10,000 Somali children a year could be saved with optimal breastfeeding.
One factor is suspicion of colostrum, the highly nutritious first milk that can be yellow and thick.
“The first milk is very bad — never give it to a baby,” one grandma, Hawa Ibrahim, who has lost seven grandchildren, told me. “Give honey instead, and then after two days you can give mother’s milk.” That’s terrible advice.
Other moms repeated the mistaken advice that on hot days, a baby needs to drink water as well as breast milk, or that other foods should be given to the baby beginning at three or four months.
Breastfeeding promotion has been underway in Somalia and is having an impact, for exclusive breastfeeding rates have risen sixfold since 2009 when they were only about 5 percent.
I know I’ll hear from some well-meaning readers who will say something like: What you describe is heartbreaking, but if we help Somalis won’t they just keep having kids who will then starve?
The answer is no.
It’s true that Somalia has one of the highest fertility rates in the world: 6.3 births per woman. But the number is already dropping, and there are three approaches that have worked globally to lower fertility: educate girls, improve contraceptive access and lower child mortality so families can be confident that their children will survive.
One of the dads I met, Saalax Abdiqadir, 22, has a 2-year-old girl who is severely malnourished and near death. When times are difficult, I asked him, does he think he and his wife should have fewer children, because they can’t afford to feed them, or have more children, in case some die?
“I want to have more babies, in case I lose one,” he replied.
So let’s have some empathy. For those asking how to help, check out the Dr. Hawa Abdi Foundation or the International Rescue Committee. And for government officials, a message: One lesson of history is that we can overcome famines — but it’s crucial to act early.
The next few months will be critical. I fear we’re going to miss that window.
Huge thanks to readers for donating more than $5.5 million so far to the three outstanding nonprofits in my annual holiday giving guide, including one that works in drought-affected areas of Africa. You can donate until Jan. 31. For more information, visit KristofImpact.org.
The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our email: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:7e9ce4f0-d708-4bf3-9d41-3ab1f0bf8962> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tamilresearchandnews.com/opinion/what-we-know-about-how-to-save-kids-lives/19754/ | 2024-02-23T23:50:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.963161 | 1,218 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Modern technological advancements have designed an era of novelty under the divine gaze of the Internet. The Internet has satisfied the mundane urge of having a dopamine hit to resolve life’s problems. As a result, the world has come up with millions of ways to reach the Internet. Among those millions of routes, an approach towards the Internet using a USB Wi-Fi adopter or an internal Wi-Fi card has become the surface of highlighted gossip. Thus it is crucial to know the different paths these two methodologies have taken to achieve the same goal. Now it is USB Wifi vs internal Wifi.
What is USB Wi-Fi?
A USB Wi-Fi is a portable network device that connects your PC or any device with a USB port to your Wi-Fi router, letting the user access the Internet quickly. This method of accessing the Internet is as easy as ABC because it only includes a plug-and-play operation to connect to the Internet. A USB Wi-Fi adopter has pros and cons. These devices often come without built-in antennas, are less complicated, and can be easily operated. Primarily they are portable. However, the absence of antennas provides poor service, and these devices have the probability of easy destruction.
What is Internal Wi-Fi?
Internal Wi-Fi is a complex methodology of adopting your PC into a quality internet connection and to attributes of Bluetooth. This methodology is tricky as it includes interference with the internal functionality of your pc to install a PCIe Wi-Fi card. These cards are placed in the PCIe slots on the motherboard. The PCIe card and the motherboard have direct connectivity, so the card holds more power. Thus it delivers much straightforward and speedy connectivity. Another reason behind this vital advantage is its built-in antennas developing a stable connection. Nonetheless, this method is not a mobile service.
How does Internal Wi-Fi Differ from USB Wi-Fi?
An internal Wi-Fi is a direct connectivity portal with the PC’s motherboard, leading to more robust and stable internet connectivity. This interconnection is designed by placing the PCIe card in the slot usually available in any motherboard. Inserting and establishing the card is similar to setting a graphic card in the motherboard. Upon the installation of the card, many advantages and disadvantages come with it. The direct connection with the PC’s motherboard allows it to provide a better link, while the procedure towards establishment is intricately complicated.
Moreover, the built-in antennas provide a more stable connection on your pc, while the relationship is only sometimes portable. The internal Wi-Fi adopter usually provides the user with an excellent connectivity experience; however, for the connectivity to work at its maximum potential; the pc should always be plugged in. Hence, immobility is a huge con.
Which Method Offers Better Speed and Performance: USB Wi-Fi or Internal Wi-Fi?
As said earlier, internal Wi-Fi is a direct connection with the motherboard via a PCIe slot. Thus, direct contact affects the success of the Wi-Fi card a lot as the card holds the record of attaining 2.4 Gbps while the USB Wi-Fi adopter is known to be less fast, attaining only a speed of 876 Mbps. Furthermore, the internal Wi-Fi cards will provide you with a better network range due to the availability of multiple antennas.
In contrast, the USB Wi-Fi adopter will lack in that apartment because of its absent antennas. The internal Wi-Fi can be utilized for longer hours as the bulkier design and the companionship of all the fans inside your computer helps it to remain the same as you work. However, a USB Wi-Fi adopter tends to be hot after a second as the surface area is tiny, and there are no external factors to reduce heat.
Which Method is Easier to Use?
These two methods of building an internet connection provide similar gold pits and junkyards. Nonetheless, the methods become more like home to the user with their straightforwardness. This homely sensation will only arrive if you have analyzed the two ways accurately, and we are here for you. The USB Wi-Fi adopter is the most accessible technology when discussing how easy it is to install it. It is a plug-and-play device. It also has a high potential to be carried from town to town.
Furthermore, there are no interferences with the internal process of your pc. Moreover, you can use the same device with multiple computers or laptops. In contrast, internal Wi-Fi should be installed after a humongous process inside the PC. Furthermore, the device is bulkier, causing more trouble. The adopter can only be transferred between a few devices simultaneously. So, it is evident that USB Wi-Fi is the easiest way to use it.
Which Method is More Mobile? USB Wi-Fi or Internal Wi-Fi
USB Wi-Fi or internal Wi-Fi? The burning question awaits an answer. However, this answer is far ahead of access. It would help if you considered the mobility and flexibility of these methodologies to reach the desired destination. The topic of USB Wi-Fi opens a discussion of mobility as it is effortless to transfer from place to place. Its trouble-free installation makes it a more flexible way of approaching the Internet.
In contrast, the internal Wi-Fi appears with a more extraordinary clash towards flexibility and mobility. Thus it is evident that installing internal Wi-Fi inside the motherboard every time you want to establish a connection is a nuisance. Swiping the same card between devices will make your heart sink to the extreme bottom. Nonetheless, USB Wi-Fi has one downside: it is more prone to destruction from internal facts, while the inner connection is safe and sound inside your computer.
Which Method is More Cost-effective: USB Wi-Fi or Internal Wi-Fi?
The two connectivity methodologies we have been discussing appear in two different price ranges, which beyond any doubt, will help you decide your ideal choice of internet connection. Typically an internal Wi-Fi card will cost $30 to $50. However, anything much higher than this price range will not provide any massive developments in the link but rather a modernization of the exterior design. Thus your purchase will be solely based on looks rather than the sheer quality of the device.
In that case, the most cost-effective and righteous decision is to remain within the price range. However, USB Wi-Fi can be discovered for around $20 as the product is usually made of plastic. Yet you are willing to pay more. In that case, you can purchase internal Wi-Fi. , Therefore, it is evident that the most cost-“practical “decision is to choose the better connection at a considerable price.
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Hi there! I’m Adam Block, a passionate tech enthusiast, writer, and a keen observer of the latest trends in technology, including home security systems. My journey with technology began at an early age, driven by a curiosity to explore and understand the mechanics behind every new gadget that enters the market. While I have a special interest in how technology can enhance home safety and security, my expertise isn’t limited to just that. My website is a testament to this diverse tech fascination, covering a wide range of topics from cutting-edge gadgets to practical tech solutions for everyday use. Through my articles, I aim to share insights that are both informative and engaging for tech lovers of all kinds. Thanks for stopping by, and I hope you find something here that piques your interest. Have a great day!
Contact me: [email protected]/ | <urn:uuid:3fbe0d81-0f0e-4f5f-b41a-488411b6083c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tecevil.com/usb-wifi-vs-internal/ | 2024-02-24T00:00:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.939808 | 1,632 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Spaying, also known as ovariohysterectomy, is a surgical procedure performed on female dogs to remove their reproductive organs. It is a common practice among pet owners to spay their dogs for various reasons, such as population control, prevention of certain health issues, and behavioral modifications. However, there is a long-standing debate among dog owners and experts regarding the impact of spaying on dog behavior. While some believe that spaying can significantly alter a dog’s behavior, others argue that it has minimal to no effect.
Spaying is often recommended as a responsible choice for pet owners to prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the number of stray dogs. By removing the ovaries and uterus, spaying eliminates the heat cycle in female dogs, which can be a stressful and challenging time for both the dog and the owner. Additionally, spaying can reduce the risk of certain reproductive diseases, such as uterine infections and mammary tumors, which can be life-threatening for dogs.
However, the impact of spaying on dog behavior is a topic of ongoing research and discussion. Some dog owners claim that spaying can lead to behavioral changes, such as reduced aggression, decreased roaming tendencies, and improved obedience. They argue that the removal of reproductive hormones can calm down a dog and make them more manageable and less prone to certain behavioral issues.
On the other hand, opponents of this view argue that spaying has little to no effect on dog behavior. They believe that a dog’s behavior is primarily influenced by genetics, training, and socialization, rather than hormonal changes caused by spaying. They argue that any observed behavioral changes after spaying may be coincidental or attributed to other factors, such as age or environment.
Do dogs behavior change after being spayed?
The short answer is- yes it will. Spaying and neutering both involve making permanent changes to your dog’s reproductive system, whether male or female. Dogs’ hormonal systems change based on their reproductive system, just like in humans! Hormones are in part responsible for some of our behaviors. Spaying is a common surgical procedure performed on female dogs to remove their reproductive organs. While the primary purpose of spaying is to prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the risk of certain health issues, many dog owners wonder if this procedure can also affect their pet’s behavior. The answer to this question is yes, dogs’ behavior can change after being spayed, but the extent and nature of these changes can vary from dog to dog.
One of the most noticeable behavior changes in spayed dogs is a decrease in aggression and territorial behavior. Female dogs that have not been spayed often exhibit aggressive behavior towards other dogs, especially when they are in heat. This aggression is driven by their instinct to protect their territory and attract potential mates. However, after being spayed, the hormonal changes in the dog’s body can significantly reduce these aggressive tendencies. Spayed dogs are generally calmer and less likely to engage in fights or display territorial behavior.
Another behavior change that can occur after spaying is a decrease in roaming behavior. Female dogs in heat have a strong instinct to find a mate, which can lead them to wander away from home in search of a potential partner. This roaming behavior can be dangerous as it exposes the dog to various risks such as getting hit by a car or getting lost. However, spaying eliminates the heat cycle and reduces the dog’s desire to roam, making them more likely to stay close to home.
Additionally, spaying can also have an impact on a dog’s energy levels and overall demeanor. Some dog owners report that their spayed dogs become less energetic and more relaxed after the procedure. This could be due to the hormonal changes that occur as a result of spaying. However, it’s important to note that not all dogs experience a decrease in energy levels after being spayed, and some may continue to be just as active as before.
Do female dogs behave better after being spayed?
After spaying or neutering, one of the most noticeable changes in both male and female dogs is a decrease in aggression. That’s because, as we mentioned before, spaying and neutering decrease hormones that can contribute to aggressive behavior — namely, testosterone in male dogs and estrogen in female dogs. Spaying, also known as ovariohysterectomy, is a surgical procedure performed on female dogs to remove their reproductive organs. This procedure is commonly done to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to reduce the risk of certain health issues, such as uterine infections and mammary tumors. However, there is a common belief that spaying can also improve a female dog’s behavior. In this essay, we will explore whether female dogs behave better after being spayed.
Benefits of spaying:
Before delving into the behavior aspect, it is important to understand the benefits of spaying. Spaying eliminates the heat cycle in female dogs, which can be a stressful time for both the dog and the owner. During the heat cycle, female dogs may exhibit behaviors such as restlessness, increased vocalization, and attracting male dogs. By removing the reproductive organs, these behaviors are eliminated, leading to a calmer and more relaxed dog.
Furthermore, spaying can also reduce the risk of certain behavioral problems. Female dogs in heat may become more aggressive or territorial, especially towards other female dogs. Spaying can help prevent these aggressive behaviors, making the dog more sociable and easier to manage.
Behavioral changes after spaying:
While spaying can have positive effects on a dog’s behavior, it is important to note that the extent of these changes may vary from dog to dog. Some female dogs may experience a significant improvement in behavior, while others may show minimal changes.
One common behavioral change observed after spaying is a decrease in roaming behavior. Female dogs in heat may try to escape from their homes in search of a mate, leading to potential dangers such as getting lost or being involved in accidents. Spaying eliminates the desire to roam, making the dog more likely to stay within the confines of their home.
What are the disadvantages of spaying a female dog?
Spaying young females significantly increases the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer), a common cancer in larger breeds with a poor prognosis. When female dogs are spayed before puberty, distinctly female disorders rise. The risk of recessed vulva, vaginal dermatitis, and vaginitis increases. Spaying a female dog is a common procedure that involves removing the ovaries and uterus to prevent the dog from reproducing. While there are many benefits to spaying, such as preventing unwanted pregnancies and reducing the risk of certain health issues, there are also some disadvantages to consider. It is important for dog owners to be aware of these potential drawbacks before making the decision to spay their female dog.
One of the main disadvantages of spaying a female dog is the potential for weight gain. After the procedure, a dog’s metabolism can slow down, making it easier for them to gain weight. This can lead to obesity, which can have negative effects on the dog’s overall health and well-being. It is important for dog owners to monitor their dog’s weight and adjust their diet and exercise routine accordingly to prevent excessive weight gain.
Another disadvantage of spaying a female dog is the potential for urinary incontinence. Some female dogs may develop a condition called urinary incontinence after being spayed, which can cause them to leak urine involuntarily. This can be a frustrating and inconvenient issue for both the dog and the owner. However, it is important to note that not all spayed female dogs will develop urinary incontinence, and there are treatments available to manage this condition if it does occur.
Spaying a female dog can also have an impact on their behavior. Some dog owners may notice changes in their dog’s behavior after being spayed. This can include increased aggression, anxiety, or changes in their social interactions with other dogs. It is important for dog owners to be aware of these potential behavior changes and to seek professional help if needed to address any issues that may arise.
Lastly, spaying a female dog is a permanent decision. Once a dog is spayed, they will no longer be able to reproduce. While this may be a desired outcome for many dog owners, it is important to consider the long-term implications of this decision. If a dog owner later decides that they want to breed their dog, they will not have that option available to them.
What is the best age to spay a dog?
According to the AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines, small-breed dogs (under 45 pounds projected adult body weight) should be neutered at six months of age or spayed prior to the first heat (five to six months). Spaying a dog is an important decision that every dog owner must make. It not only helps control the pet population but also provides several health benefits for the dog. However, determining the best age to spay a dog can be a bit tricky as it depends on various factors such as breed, size, and overall health of the dog.
One of the most common recommendations by veterinarians is to spay a dog before her first heat cycle, which usually occurs around six months of age. This is because spaying a dog before her first heat greatly reduces the risk of mammary tumors, which are more common in dogs that have gone through multiple heat cycles. Additionally, spaying a dog before her first heat eliminates the risk of pyometra, a life-threatening infection of the uterus.
However, it is important to note that the best age to spay a dog may vary depending on the breed. Large breed dogs, such as Great Danes or Saint Bernards, are more prone to certain orthopedic conditions like hip dysplasia. For these breeds, it is generally recommended to wait until they are fully grown and their growth plates have closed, which is usually around 12 to 18 months of age. This allows their bones and joints to develop properly before undergoing surgery.
On the other hand, smaller breed dogs, such as Chihuahuas or Pomeranians, tend to mature faster and reach sexual maturity at an earlier age. For these breeds, spaying can be done as early as four to six months of age. Early spaying in smaller breed dogs not only prevents unwanted pregnancies but also reduces the risk of certain reproductive diseases like pyometra and mammary tumors.
Are spayed dogs more calm?
The drop in estrogen level can become an immediate reason why the dog may seem to be calmer, simply because of its effect on the female reproductive cycle. But Neutering or Spaying is simply not the answer to your dog’s aggression problems. In many dogs, spaying has definitely helped ease their behavioral issue out. Spaying is a surgical procedure performed on female dogs to remove their reproductive organs, including the ovaries and uterus. Many dog owners wonder if spaying their female dogs will make them more calm and well-behaved. While there is no definitive answer to this question, there are several factors to consider when it comes to the behavior of spayed dogs.
Firstly, it is important to understand that the behavior of a dog is influenced by a combination of genetics, environment, and training. While spaying can have an impact on certain behaviors, it is not a guarantee that a spayed dog will automatically become more calm.
Secondly, spaying can have an effect on hormone levels in female dogs. By removing the reproductive organs, the production of estrogen and progesterone is significantly reduced. These hormones play a role in regulating a dog’s behavior, including their level of aggression and anxiety. Therefore, it is possible that spaying can lead to a decrease in certain behaviors associated with these hormones, resulting in a calmer dog.
However, it is important to note that not all dogs will experience the same behavioral changes after being spayed. Some dogs may show no difference in their behavior, while others may become more calm or even more energetic. Additionally, the age at which a dog is spayed can also play a role in their behavior. Dogs spayed at a younger age may have a different behavioral response compared to those spayed later in life.
What are the potential behavior changes that can occur in dogs after being spayed?
After being spayed, dogs may experience several behavior changes. One common change is a decrease in aggression. Spaying can help reduce aggressive behaviors such as territorial aggression, dominance aggression, and aggression towards other animals. This is because spaying removes the hormonal influence that can contribute to these behaviors.
Another potential behavior change is a decrease in roaming and escape attempts. Female dogs in heat often try to escape in search of a mate, but spaying eliminates the heat cycle and reduces the desire to roam. This can help prevent dogs from running away or getting lost.
Additionally, spaying can lead to a decrease in certain reproductive behaviors. Female dogs may no longer exhibit behaviors such as mounting, humping, or excessive licking of the genital area. These behaviors are often related to the hormonal changes associated with the heat cycle, which are eliminated through spaying.
How does spaying specifically impact a dog’s behavior?
Spaying, or the surgical removal of a female dog’s reproductive organs, can have a significant impact on her behavior. One of the most notable changes is a decrease in aggressive behavior. Female dogs that are intact, or not spayed, may exhibit more aggressive tendencies, especially when it comes to protecting their territory or during the mating season. However, after being spayed, these aggressive behaviors tend to diminish.
Another behavior change that can occur after spaying is a reduction in roaming behavior. Intact female dogs may have a strong instinct to wander in search of a mate, which can lead to them escaping from their homes or yards. Spaying can help reduce this urge to roam, making them less likely to run away or get lost.
Are there any negative behavior changes that can result from spaying a dog?
Yes, there can be negative behavior changes that result from spaying a dog. While spaying is generally considered to have positive effects on a dog’s behavior, such as reducing aggression and eliminating the heat cycle, there are some potential drawbacks to consider.
One possible negative behavior change is an increase in appetite and weight gain. Spaying can cause a dog’s metabolism to slow down, leading to a decrease in energy expenditure and an increase in food intake. This can result in weight gain if the dog’s diet is not properly adjusted. It is important for dog owners to monitor their spayed dogs’ food intake and provide them with a balanced diet to prevent obesity.
Can spaying help improve certain behavioral issues in dogs?
Yes, spaying can help improve certain behavioral issues in dogs. One of the main behavioral issues that spaying can help with is aggression. Female dogs that are not spayed may exhibit aggressive behavior, especially when they are in heat. By spaying the dog, the hormonal changes that occur during the heat cycle are eliminated, which can help reduce aggression. Additionally, spaying can also help reduce territorial marking behavior in both male and female dogs. Marking behavior is often driven by hormones, and by removing the reproductive organs, the hormonal influence is reduced, leading to a decrease in marking behavior.
Another behavioral issue that spaying can help with is roaming. Unspayed female dogs are more likely to roam in search of a mate, especially when they are in heat. This can lead to them getting lost or getting into dangerous situations. By spaying the dog, the desire to roam is reduced, making them less likely to wander off. Spaying can also help reduce certain types of anxiety in dogs. Hormonal imbalances can contribute to anxiety and spaying can help restore hormonal balance, leading to a calmer and more relaxed dog.
Are there any factors that can influence how spaying affects a dog’s behavior?
Yes, there are several factors that can influence how spaying affects a dog’s behavior. One important factor is the age at which the dog is spayed. Research has shown that dogs spayed before their first heat cycle tend to have fewer behavior changes compared to those spayed after their first heat cycle. Early spaying can help prevent certain behavior issues, such as aggression and roaming, that may develop as a result of hormonal changes during heat cycles.
Another factor that can influence the impact of spaying on a dog’s behavior is the individual dog’s temperament and personality. Some dogs may be more sensitive to hormonal changes and may experience more noticeable behavior changes after being spayed. On the other hand, some dogs may not show any significant behavior changes at all. It is important to remember that each dog is unique and may respond differently to spaying.
Spaying, also known as ovariohysterectomy, is a surgical procedure performed on female dogs to remove their reproductive organs. It is a common practice recommended by veterinarians to prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the risk of certain health issues in dogs. However, many dog owners wonder if spaying their female dogs will have any impact on their behavior.
Firstly, it is important to note that spaying does not have a significant effect on a dog’s overall behavior. While some minor changes may occur, such as a decrease in aggression or territorial marking, the procedure does not alter a dog’s fundamental personality traits. A dog’s behavior is primarily influenced by genetics, early socialization, training, and environmental factors, rather than their reproductive status.
One common misconception is that spaying will make a female dog less protective or less likely to guard their home and family. However, this is not necessarily true. A dog’s protective instincts are not solely determined by their reproductive organs but are rather a result of their breed characteristics and individual temperament. Spaying a female dog will not eliminate her natural instincts to protect her loved ones.
Another concern among dog owners is the fear that spaying will cause their female dogs to gain weight or become lazy. While it is true that spaying can lead to a slight decrease in a dog’s metabolic rate, it does not automatically result in weight gain. By providing a balanced diet and regular exercise, dog owners can easily prevent any potential weight gain and ensure their spayed dogs maintain a healthy weight. | <urn:uuid:43594151-f269-4092-9943-fedeb0a3bd02> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://teenytinytails.com/does-spaying-change-dog-behavior/ | 2024-02-24T00:07:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.966775 | 3,810 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The term "populism" has been smothered in negative connotations lately as though it is the preserve of sketchy characters like Donald Trump or Victor Orban. Yet theirs is a perversion of true populism, a ploy to foment and harness public discontent for ulterior purposes.
Having spent some time over the past several years exploring progressivism I came to realize that progressivism, like nationalism, came in two essentially contradictory iterations, positive and negative.
Negative nationalism, for example, is a blend of paranoia and xenophobia. It posits the "other" as a threat. Positive nationalism is internal and focuses on what is right and good within one's nation and what can be done to make it better. Negative nationalism perceives the nation as awash in threats and perils. Positive nationalism works to improve.
In today's New York Times, Harvard prof, Dani Rodrik*, considers populism in its positive context - an embodiment of the New Deal.
The early history of American populism, culminating in the New Deal, suggests a more productive and less damaging kind of populism. When populism succeeds, it does so not by cosmetic gimmicks but by going after the roots of economic injustice directly.
At the 1896 Democratic National Convention, the 36-year-old former Nebraska congressman William Jennings Bryan delivered what became one of the most famous lines of American political oratory: “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” Bryan’s immediate target was the gold standard, an emblem of the globalization of his day, which he blamed for the economic difficulties of what he called the “toiling masses.” Bryan ran for president that year as the joint candidate of the Democratic Party and of the People’s Party, also known as the Populist Party.
The populist backlash unleashed by advanced stages of economic globalization should not have been a surprise, least of all to economists. The warning signs are right there in the basic economic theory we teach in the classroom. Yes, globalization expands economic opportunities: There are gains from trade. But globalization also entails stark distributional consequences, with some groups almost always left worse off. Factory closings, job displacement and offshoring are the flip side of the gains from trade.
William Jennings Bryan ultimately failed in his quest for the presidency, and the People’s Party imploded because of regional and ideological divisions. But many of the Populists’ economic ideas, such as the progressive income tax, regulations on big business and much greater government control of the economy, were absorbed by the progressive movement and became part of the political mainstream.
It wasn’t until 1933 that the Populists’ main plank, the end of the gold standard, was adopted. By then the United States was mired in the Great Depression, and Franklin D. Roosevelt had decided the economy needed the monetary boost that adherence to the gold standard precluded. Internationalists complained that Roosevelt acted unilaterally, but he had little patience with orthodox economic ideas or shackles — foreign or domestic — on his conduct of economic policy. At home, he had to fight conservative courts to put his New Deal reforms in place.
By his day’s standards, and perhaps also today’s, Roosevelt was an economic populist. But the New Deal reinvigorated the market economy and saved capitalism from itself. It may also have saved democracy, as it helped staved off the dangerous demagogues and chauvinist ideologues, of which there were plenty (such as Father Coughlin and Huey Long).
If our economic rules empower corporations and financial interests excessively, then the correct response is to rewrite those rules — at home as well as abroad. If trade agreements serve mainly to reshuffle income to capital and corporations, the answer is to rebalance them to make them friendlier to labor and society at large. If governments feel themselves powerless to institute the tax policies and regulations needed to address the dislocations caused by economic and technological shocks, the solution is not just to seek more national autonomy but also to deploy it toward such reforms.
A populism of this kind can seem like a frontal attack on the economic sacred cows of the day — just as earlier waves of American populism were. But it is an honest populism that stands a chance of achieving its stated objectives, without harming fundamental democratic norms of tolerance and equal citizenship.
*Dani Rodrik was featured on this blog in August, 2016, for a piece he wrote for the Financial Times discussing what he described as "the inescapable trilemma of the world economy." He summed it up succinctly, "democracy, national sovereignty and global economic integration are mutually incompatible: we can combine any two of the three but never have all three simultaneously and in full.” | <urn:uuid:be741217-5c4a-43d0-9075-6b564771ecc7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://the-mound-of-sound.blogspot.com/2018/02/the-nyt-asks-what-does-real-populism.html | 2024-02-23T23:56:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.967102 | 981 | 2.671875 | 3 |
State Flowers List
All U.S. states have an official state flower, but how they picked them varies. Some did it quickly, while others did it as a tradition. State flowers are chosen to honor things important to the state's history or landscapes, often with schoolchildren voting on them. The first state flower, the coastal rhododendron, was picked by Washington in 1892, even before women could vote. It was recognized officially by the state in 1959. | <urn:uuid:33398ed8-6042-4cd8-9c0f-ca2665c53b89> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://the50unitedstates.com/state-flowers?ref=top-nav | 2024-02-24T00:36:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.985715 | 97 | 3.015625 | 3 |
SAN DIEGO – The Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego has opened “Hold Fast,” an immersive art exhibit that invites guests to explore the impact of climate change on the local kelp forest through the lens of three local artists and scientists.
Visitors to the aquarium can explore a labyrinth of cyanotype-printed giant kelp by photo-based artist and marine scientist Oriana Poindexter, come face to face with local species via gyotaku prints – the traditional Japanese method of printing fish – by artist Dwight Hwang and peer into the tiny world of kelp propagation with Scripps Oceanography doctoral student Mohammad Sedarat.
“Warming waters and giant kelp don’t mix. We have to be realistic about the outsized impact that climate change has on our local giant kelp forests,” said Megan Dickerson, Birch Aquarium’s director of exhibits and co-curator of the installation. “But at the same time, local people are doing beautiful things. “This ‘Hold Fast’ installation posits that the actions of local artists and scientists can give us hope that together, as a community, we can make collective change as we also acknowledge climate trauma.”
“Hold Fast” bridges “the worlds of art and science, and offers the opportunity to explore how our own talents can be harnessed as we work together to protect our ocean,” a statement from the aquarium read.
Poindexter is an artist and marine scientist who is documenting the changes in La Jolla’s local kelp forests through photo-based artwork. In “Hold Fast” her life-sized cyanotype prints on fabric create a kelp forest for guests to explore.
“The giant kelp forests off San Diego are ebbing and flowing despite the anthropogenic impacts that complicate their existence,” said Poindexter, co-curator of the installation. “My method to engage with the giant kelp forests is to free dive in, around, through them – and to collect specimens from which to artistically document both the environment and the experience.
“The physicality of this process is therapeutic for me as I grapple with the impacts of humanity on the environment,” she continued.
In “Hold Fast,” Hwang’s prints will focus on local kelp forest animals found off La Jolla shores.
Sedarat is a student at the Smith Lab at Scripps Oceanography whose research explores the impact of climate change on La Jolla’s kelp forest. His work in the exhibit is intended to demonstrate why giant kelp ecosystems have not returned since recent marine heat waves and explores what we can do to bring them back through genetic banking and propagation.
UCSD’s library is hosting an accompanying exhibit, “Ebb and Flow: Giant Kelp Forests through Art, Science and the Archives,” at Geisel Library now through April 21.
“Uniting archival material with contemporary art, this exhibit showcases works created as a result of continued observation of the local giant kelp forest environment by artists, scientists and community members over the past 134 years,” a statement from the university read.
“Hold Fast” will be on display until September 2024. It is included with the cost of general admission. | <urn:uuid:88627cd0-a143-4bfc-b044-e49eb2cb79c2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thecoastnews.com/birch-aquarium-debuts-exhibit-celebrating-giant-kelp-ecosystems/ | 2024-02-23T22:58:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.944489 | 708 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Brisbane-based clean technology company Graphene Manufacturing Group says its graphene aluminium-ion batteries can charge as much as 60-times faster than the best lithium-ion batteries, and are also longer-lasting and much safer, with a lower environmental impact than traditional batteries.
GMG was founded to develop energy storage products using its own in-house proprietary production process that produces GMG Graphene from methane rather than from mined graphite.
The resulting process produces graphene the company says is high-quality, scalable, tuneable, boasts low input costs, and has low contaminants, and which can be used in everything from watches to phones, and laptops, all the way up to electric vehicles and grid storage battery systems.
GMG and the University of Queensland announced in April a research agreement to develop graphene aluminium-ion batteries and initial performance data has been released after experiments were conducted at the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology at the University of Queensland.
The results are, to be put it simply, impressive.
Translating the numbers above, GMG’s graphene aluminium-ion batteries could deliver charging times as much as 22-times to 60-times faster than traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Energy density differs from power density in that energy density refers to how much energy a battery contains in proportion to its weight, whereas power density refers to how quickly that stored energy can be delivered.
In both instances, however, the potential benefits of graphene aluminium-ion batteries are well in excess of traditional counterparts.
Testing and research development continues, but GMG has already signed a license agreement with Uniquest, the University of Queensland commercialisation company, which provides GMG an exclusive license of the technology for battery cathodes.
Further, the coin cells which were tested are now being produced with an aim to begin customer testing in the fourth quarter of 2021.
“We are currently looking to bring coin cell commercial prototypes for customer testing in 6 months and a pouch pack commercial prototype – used in mobile phones, laptops, etc – for customer testing in 18 months,” said Craig Nicol, CEO and Managing Director of GMG.
“We are really excited about bringing this to market. We aim to have a viable graphene and coin cell battery production facility project after customer validation that we would likely build here in Australia.”
“This is a real game-changing technology which can offer a real alternative with an interchangeable battery technology for the existing lithium-ion batteries in almost every application with GMG’s Graphene and UQ’s patent-pending aluminium ion battery technology,” said Dr Ashok Nanjundan, GMG’s Chief Scientific Officer.
“The current nominal voltage of our batteries is 1.7 volts, and work is being carried out to increase the voltage to directly replace existing batteries and which lead to higher energy densities.
“The real differentiator about these batteries is their very high power density of up to 7000 watts/kg, which endows them with a very high charge rate.
Furthermore, graphene aluminium-ion batteries provide major benefits in terms of longer battery life (over 2000 charge / discharge cycles testing so far with no deterioration in performance), battery safety (very low fire potential) and lower environmental impact (more recyclable).”
Joshua S. Hill is a Melbourne-based journalist who has been writing about climate change, clean technology, and electric vehicles for over 15 years. He has been reporting on electric vehicles and clean technologies for Renew Economy and The Driven since 2012. His preferred mode of transport is his feet. | <urn:uuid:d10a2004-5505-4bca-b15b-9fe887bec072> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thedriven.io/2021/05/18/brisbanes-gmg-says-new-aluminium-battery-can-charge-20-to-60-times-faster/ | 2024-02-23T23:30:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.961768 | 744 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hair is continuously growing and being replaced and the follicles are constantly creating new hair from nutrients in the body.
The foods people eat affect how their hair grows and its quality. Certain proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are especially important for strong, healthy hair.
- As hair is mainly made up of proteins, a protein diet that includes meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, yogurt, soybean, etc. is helpful.
- Good iron intake will ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to hair and help promote good hair growth. So, iron-rich foods, such as green leafy vegetables, dates, etc. should be included in your diet.
- Diet should include a good source of folic acid and vitamin B12, such as Eggs, Soya, Walnuts, and chickpeas. Vit B12 deficiency commonly seen in vegeterians.
- Vitamin E rich foods include green leafy vegetables, nuts, grains, vegetable oils, etc. So, add these vitamin E food sources to your diet.
- Along with the proper diet, hydration is equally important to ensure a good supply of nutrients to the hair follicles. So, an adequate intake of water is also important.
- Recently lot of patients with hair loss and Baldness are found to be having vit D deficiency. So regular sun exposure is must to have healthy hair. | <urn:uuid:ea737987-d4a2-437e-89c7-3867ac48c3c3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://totalhomeopathy.in/hair-and-scalp/diet-for-hairloss | 2024-02-24T00:27:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.972129 | 282 | 3.1875 | 3 |
05 Dec Mental Health and Road Safety in the Transport Industry: A Critical Focus
The transport industry plays a vital role in keeping our societies connected and economies moving. However, behind the scenes of this essential industry, there are unique challenges that can impact the mental health and well-being of those involved, particularly the drivers themselves. Mental health concerns in the transport industry not only affect the individuals working within it but can also have serious implications for road safety. In this blog, we will explore the importance of mental health and road safety in the transport industry and discuss ways to address these issues effectively.
The Mental Health Challenges in the Transport Industry
Working in the transport industry often means long hours on the road, away from home and loved ones. This lifestyle can lead to feelings of isolation, stress, and anxiety for drivers. Meeting tight deadlines, dealing with traffic congestion, and constantly staying focused on the road can take a toll on their mental well-being. It is crucial to recognise the signs of mental health struggles, such as mood swings, irritability, withdrawal, or changes in sleeping and eating patterns. Creating an environment where drivers feel safe discussing their feelings and providing access to mental health support resources is essential.
The Impact of Mental Health on Road Safety
Mental health concerns can significantly impact road safety in the transport industry. Fatigue, stress, and distractions resulting from poor mental health can impair a driver’s ability to make quick decisions and react appropriately on the road. This not only endangers their own lives but also puts the lives of other road users at risk. According to studies, mental health-related issues contribute to accidents and injuries in the transport industry. By addressing mental health concerns and promoting road safety measures, we can work towards minimising these risks.
Promoting Mental Health and Road Safety in the Transport Industry
Raise Awareness: Educate drivers, employers, and industry stakeholders about the importance of mental health and road safety. Encourage open dialogue about mental health issues, reduce stigma, and promote an understanding of how mental well-being directly impacts road safety.
Implement Support Programs: Companies in the transport industry should prioritize the well-being of their drivers by implementing mental health support programs. This can include access to counselling services, employee assistance programs, and regular mental health check-ins. Creating a supportive work environment can go a long way in improving driver mental health.
Provide Training: Offer training programs that address stress management, fatigue prevention, and coping mechanisms for drivers. By equipping them with the tools and knowledge to manage their mental health effectively, we can enhance their overall well-being and contribute to safer roads.
Encourage Work-Life Balance: Promote the importance of work-life balance for drivers. Implement policies that ensure reasonable working hours, adequate rest breaks, and time off. Supporting drivers in finding a healthy equilibrium between their professional and personal lives can positively impact their mental health and road safety.
Peer Support Networks: Establish peer support networks or mentorship programs where experienced drivers can provide guidance and support to those facing mental health challenges. Connecting drivers who have overcome similar struggles can foster a sense of camaraderie and create a support system within the industry.
Advocate for Policy Changes: Collaborate with industry associations, policymakers, and regulators to advocate for policies that prioritise mental health and road safety in the transport industry. This can include implementing mandatory mental health assessments, ensuring fair working conditions, and promoting road safety awareness campaigns.
By focusing on mental health and road safety in the transport industry, we can create a safer working environment for drivers and improve overall road safety. Supporting drivers’ mental well-being not only benefits their quality of life but also contributes to a more efficient and reliable transport system.
Remember, mental health is a complex issue, and it’s crucial to seek professional help if you or someone you know is struggling. Organisations such as Lifeline (13 11 14), employee assistance programs, and healthcare professionals can provide appropriate guidance and support.
Together, let’s prioritize mental health and road safety in the transport industry for the well-being of all involved.
We dive a little deeper into this over on the TradieWives podcast, where we chat with Rod Hannifey about his initiative ‘Open Road, Open Up.’
Jump over and have a listen!
** This blog post is proudly sponsored by our TradieWives partners, Finlease. Finance that fits – because You’re Already Managing Too Many Tools 🙂
Find the awesome team here – www.finlease.com.au ** | <urn:uuid:dcebf0b8-fa1a-48a1-9926-d25a6fb5f4b3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://tradiewives.com.au/mental-health-and-road-safety-in-the-transport-industry/ | 2024-02-23T23:20:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.940692 | 936 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Gardening & Landscaping Asked on January 6, 2022
I bought a yellow dragon fruit (Pitaya) and extracted the seeds. After soaking the seeds in water in preparation for sowing, I noticed that a thick clear sac (called mucilage) swelled around the seeds.
There is a lot of literature around mucilage of tomato seeds. The general consensus is this mucilage prevents the seed from germinating while inside the fruit/vegetable. So one must soak the tomato seeds in water to dissolve the mucilage before sowing in soil.
All the literature on dragon fruit is littered with technical jargon that will make my head explode, so I thought I’d make some analogy with tomato seeds. The opposite effect seemed to have occur with dragon fruit seeds. The mucilage is now stronger than ever. I have difficulty removing it as it is extremely slippery and gooey when ruptured. What are your tips to remove this?
Get help from others! | <urn:uuid:35baa958-c3d4-41b1-b319-35161ec6c6b8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://transwikia.com/gardening-landscaping/how-to-remove-mucilage-from-dragon-fruit-seed-for-better-germination/ | 2024-02-23T22:17:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.952453 | 203 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Now that you have learned about American political culture, institutions (Constitution, law, federalism) and their role in shaping American politics, government, civil rights, and civil liberties, please take a moment to reflect back on your responses to the questions posed at the beginning of this module.
In 600-700 words, address each of the following questions:
- Explain how political culture has shaped the kinds of laws that we have adopted as a country. Then, provide an example of this.
- Explain how particular political organizations or institutions have shaped the nature of our civil rights and liberties. Then, provide an example of this.
- Explain how particular historical events have shaped the nature and scope of our political institutions. Then, provide an example of this. | <urn:uuid:7372d9fd-4a98-4ff4-a4e5-1eba930cfe1f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://urgentnursingassignments.com/american-political-culture-journal-social-science-homework-help/ | 2024-02-24T00:26:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.951322 | 154 | 3.96875 | 4 |
- Introduces a wide range of ethical theories: Important to the foundation of ethical decision-making is an in-depth understanding of general culturally relevant ethical theories that represent most world philosophical views. In addition to covering mainstream theories, this book introduces a wide range of ethical theories from Western, Eastern, Middle Eastern, Pan African, Native American, and Latino ethical perspectives.
- Offers numerous examples: Case studies are provided throughout the text to show how to apply diverse ethical theories to clinical practice. The authors also discuss how to negotiate between an enhanced ethical perspective based on diversity and professional standards codified and mandated in this country.
- Provides a systematic ethical decision-making model: Ethical decision-making has become a critical part of the training and practice of professional counselors and they can benefit immensely from systematic training in this area. The model in this book provides practitioners with a broad based approach to ethical decision-making, and ultimately improves the ethical decision-making process for counselors.
Intended Audience: This is an ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on professional standards and ethics in the fields of Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Psychology. | <urn:uuid:a35e08e8-ec43-4bb5-adc4-5e1e0999e169> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/cab/culturally-relevant-ethical-decision-making-in-counseling/book226870 | 2024-02-23T23:47:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.920077 | 231 | 2.75 | 3 |
If you have lived in Utah for long, you know how hot and dry the summer can often be. That heat and lack of moisture can be tough on trees, even well-established trees. At Tree Co. we specialize in helping Utah homeowners protect their trees in all seasons – including summer. If you want to know more about protecting trees in summer, we are your go-to resource.
What to Do – Protecting Trees in Summer
There are a few key things we think are important for protecting trees in summer. These include:
1. Mulch around trees – but not too much!
Years ago, many homeowners were not aware of how much mulch can help trees. Today, most homeowners have heard of the benefits of mulch. The right layer of mulch will help with moisture retention in the soil. It will also provide insulation from the hot Utah sun. Mulch is a must-have when you have trees in your yard.
However, it is important to note that you can overdo the mulch. Too much mulch can lead to insect infestations. Just one thick layer of mulch is usually plenty to provide the benefits of mulch for your trees. Aim for three or four inches of mulch in a diameter of around four feet around the base of the tree.
2. Get the right amount of water to your trees.
You are probably already watering your trees during the Utah summer. But are you watering enough, or too much? The challenge here is that different species of trees have different watering needs. Younger trees need more water, too. So, how do you calculate how much water to use?
The Utah State University Center for Water-Efficient Landscaping gives a good explanation of a tree’s watering needs – but it’s still fairly general. We recommend a consultation from one of our tree experts to determine exactly how much water your trees need – and the best way to get them that water.
3. Make sure to prune your trees properly.
A well-pruned tree is going to be healthier and more efficient than a tree that is not pruned correctly. Pruning removes unnecessary or potentially harmful plant material. That leaves behind only the parts of the tree that you want and need – which helps the tree stay healthy.
A damaged tree will be less likely to survive a Utah summer than a healthy tree.
Let Us Help with Protecting Trees in Summer
You don’t have to figure out how to protect your trees this summer all on your own. Tree Co. is here to help. We know exactly what to do to keep your trees as healthy as possible. Our services include tree trimming, tree pruning, stump removal, and more.
Please give us a call at (801) 386-2405 or complete our online contact form to schedule a free bid. We are standing by to answer your questions and to help you take great care of your trees. | <urn:uuid:27d34d7e-4f4b-4f65-a97d-eed3811a58b5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://utahtreeco.com/protecting-trees-in-summer-what-to-know/ | 2024-02-23T22:36:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.963752 | 607 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you’ve been feeling unusually tired, struggling with concentration, feeling dizzy, getting leg cramps, feeling low on energy or having trouble sleeping, you might have an iron deficiency or even be anaemic.
When you’re low on iron, or anaemic, it can affect all aspects of your life leading to vitamin B12 deficiency and bone marrow suppression which impacts red blood cell production and overall health.
What is anaemia?
Anaemia is one of the most common disorders to affect the blood, which is part of the fluid that supplies nutrition and oxygen to every part of the body and transports waste materials which are eliminated out of the body.
Anaemia can mean there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a reduction in the quantity of haemoglobin in the blood; it can also be a sign of deformities in the haemoglobin molecules in the blood which affect their ability to carry oxygen.
Iron deficiency is the most common form of anaemia and often caused by not getting enough, or being able to absorb, iron in the diet. Infants, toddlers, elderly and pregnant women are most susceptible to this type of anaemia as they have high iron requirements during this period of life.
There are also other forms of anaemia such as megaloblastic anaemia, when the red blood cells are large – this is caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiency; or haemolytic anaemia, caused by a genetic or chronic disease like Leukaemia or a bone marrow disorder.
Treating anaemia and iron deficiency
When practitioners see clients, it’s very helpful when they come with their bloods done, because this reinforces their clinical belief in what we can pick up in an Ayurvedic pulse reading.
In finding a treatment to these imbalances, it’s first important to understand where the problem arose in the first place. We are all about treating the cause.
In Ayurveda, anaemia and low iron comes from a weak agni (digestive fire) and the formation of ama (toxins) as well an imbalance of pitta dosha in the body, aggravated by vata.
This is often caused by eating foods that are too sour, salty, hot or pungent; foods that aren’t right for your body type; foods are that are not compatible at the same time (such as eating milk and fish together); and repressed feelings of anxiety, fear, anger or grief.
More than just taking a good iron supplement
When people are iron deficient in the West, there’s a belief that the best thing you can do is eat a big steak. That’s not necessarily the case. Actually, you’ll be better placed making a bone broth, which pulls out the nutrients from the meat. This is much easier for the body to digest and absorb the protein (the meat can actually be discarded).
When treating, first of all, agni needs to be re-kindled so it can support proper digestion and get the fat in your body working better to facilitate absorption and the liver working to build red blood cells.
Rakta dhatu – how our red blood cells are formed
Rakta dhatu refers directly to the blood – the red blood cells, tendons and bile. But it’s a whole lot more than blood, it’s also the main fire of the body, which is responsible for invigorating the mind and body. When rakta dhatu is healthy you’ll feel passionate, sharp, focused and able to hit your goals; when its in excess, heat in the body increases and there may be inflammation issues; when depleted the body will feel cold and stiff and mentally, you won’t be very focused or sharp. These are often the first signs of iron deficiency.
Rakta dhatu also originates in the liver. When it’s low, the qualities of pitta dosha are weak and you might feel cold (at this point your body will hold on to heat causing constipation, reduced urination and sweat), this comes with a pale, or dusty grey complexion and a sense of confusion – again early signs you should look out for as we are all about treating the cause and not the symptoms. The earlier you catch a problem, the quicker and easier it is to treat.
Increased rakta dhatu for a long period of time can become intense and cause burn out. Your body will find it difficult to hold on to heat, it becomes cold and easily tired and worn out. Now it becomes a vata imbalance as a result of pushing yourself too hard.
Nourishing the seven tissues
Ayurveda describes seven dhatus, or tissues, that are built sequentially over 36 days. This really brings to the life the phrase, ‘you are what you eat’.
First the food you eat is digested by agni (digestive fire) with the waste excreted, next the usable portion passes through the liver, further broken down into elements. The first tissue formed is rasa dhatu (plasma) and a small amount of less refined ojas along with waste is released. Rasa represents the fluids (extracellular and intracellular parts) of the body and is responsible for nourishing and strengthening the blood. Once the digestion process is complete, it gets converted into a liquid and is transformed into blood tissue.
When the rasa, or plasma, is refined it becomes rakta dhatu (blood tissue). This is also responsible for nourishing the body by carrying macro- and micro-nutrients to the body-cells and tissues through the circulatory system or blood vessels.
Next it travels through the rest of the tissues mamsa dhatu (muscle tissue), medha dhatu (fat tissue), asthi dhatu (bone tissue), majja dhatu (nerve tissue), shukra dhatu (reproductive fluid) the most refined tissue in the body with the most accumulated ojas, then on to the final product, supreme ojas which nourishes the body and is the seat of all health.
Treating low iron, blood issues and the seven tissues
When iron levels are low, or you’re feeling foggy headed and unable to kick goals, or burnt out, the best place to start is with a detox, as this will re-boot your system. We suggest a full – detox and re-set to support all the digestion and elimination of toxins and the ability to absorb and provide nourishment for the body. If you know you are not reaching your potential, you may be only 28 day away from being your vibrant self.
In the meantime, you will do well to look closer at your diet – ensuring it’s light but nourishes the tissues. Foods that are high in iron include: raisins (soaked overnight) eaten in the morning with porridge helps with anaemia and also increasing rasa data (formation of blood); apples (cooked for better digestion), pomegranate, spinach, kale, fenugreek, date, onions, figs and celery are also great.
Try to avoid tea and coffee as this hampers the absorption of iron. Working in the hot sun or too much exercise and staying up late can also aggravate pitta. | <urn:uuid:92c305fa-f35c-4c68-8fa9-9f5e9f1bff1b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://vadikherbs.com/blogs/news/ayurveda-and-anaemia | 2024-02-24T00:35:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.948937 | 1,547 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Because illegal aliens typically earn so much less than natives, their economic contribution is much less than their numbers would suggest— and immigration enthusiasts incessantly claim.
But illegal aliens' cost to the American taxpayer is another matter. For example, the children of illegal aliens are currently being educated at American taxpayer expense because of the Supreme Court's disastrous 1982 Plyler vs. Doe decision. The expense of this is high and disproportionate:
To put it another way, illegal aliens are imposing an additional cost amounting to $900 per American child (i.e. child of American-born parents) in the public school system.
What about the total impact of immigration on education? More than one in five K-12 students are immigrants (legal or illegal) or the children of immigrants. We know this thanks to the Current Population Survey, a sort of mini-census taken each month by the Census Bureau. The survey asks respondents if they are immigrants and if their parents were immigrants—legal status unspecified—thus allowing us to isolate the impact of immigration on school enrollment.
The October 2001 Survey shows:
K-12 education now costs $415 billion, or 4% of GDP. Based on the enrollment figures, immigrants must account for at least one-fifth of this amount, or about $85 billion.
More importantly, immigration (legal and illegal) is responsible for virtually all the recent growth in school-age population. We can see this by comparing the CPS reports for October 1998 and October 2001. In that period:
[Number fans click here for tables.] | <urn:uuid:9a68ae7c-df59-4c18-9062-26d98a04802f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://vdare.net/articles/national-data-educating-illegals-costs-900-per-american-child | 2024-02-23T23:28:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.957084 | 316 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Texas just approved a bill banning the use of ‘Meat' And ‘Beef' Labels On plant-based And Cell-Cultured Food.
House Bill 316 was passed by lawmakers this week in order to prevent brands mislead consumers.
The bill strictly defines ‘beef' and ‘chicken' as ‘any edible portion of a formerly live and whole cattle/ chicken carcass, and not produced synthetic or artificial means'.
The label ‘meat' must not contain any lab-grown, cell-cultured, insect, or plant-based food in products.
The bill started a lot of \ controversy online, with a slew of social media where users criticize the long reach of the meat industry's influence.
Do consumers get confused by plant-based labels?
Earlier this year, a study debunks the idea that consumers get confused by ‘meat' and ‘milk' labels on plant-based products.
The study – conducted by Cornell University –found ‘consumers are no more likely to think that plant-based products come from an animal if the product's name incorporates words traditionally associated with animal products than if it does not'.
Moreover, it argues ‘omitting words that are traditionally associated with animal products from the names of plant-based products actually causes consumers to be significantly more confused about the taste and uses of these products'.
Doesn't this contradict exactly what the study was about? | <urn:uuid:0afe0c0e-9901-4a3a-b098-87c49b070a07> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://vegansbay.com/texas-approves-bill-banning-meat-and-beef-labels-on-vegan-food/ | 2024-02-24T00:54:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.949018 | 299 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Rhees, Wittgenstein, and the Swansea School
In his book Philosophical Analysis, which chronicles the development of analytic philosophy between the two World Wars, J. O. Urmson rightly notes that ‘the division of philosophers into schools is always a somewhat artificial matter, since every philosopher worthy of the name will say what he thinks, whether it agrees with the thoughts of his colleagues or no’. In regard to logical positivism, he admits, the term ‘movement’ may not have been entirely misguided, since its advocates did share a set of basic tenets about the nature of philosophy, the conditions of meaningful speech, the futility of metaphysics, etc. The analytic philosophers of his own time, on the other hand, ‘fight shy of the sort of general philosophical pronounce-ments which could count as basic tenets’, their views and methods reveal-ing at best a certain kind of ‘family resemblance’. Urmson’s observations also hold for the group of philosophers known as the ‘Swansea School’. Unlike, for example, the Vienna Circle, the Marburg School, or the Frank-furt School, whose inquiries were largely focused on scientific method and critical Marxism, the philosophical activities of the Swansea School neither revolved around a particular branch of philosophy, nor were they intended to yield a shared doctrine or commonly accepted ‘solutions’ to particular philosophical issues or puzzles.
20th century philosophy; Rhees Rush; Swansea school; Swansea school Wittgensteinians; Wittgenstein Ludwig; correspondence; philosophy
- There are currently no refbacks. | <urn:uuid:56caaa58-6b73-43ec-9d7d-890a7f4013fb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wab.uib.no/ojs/index.php/agora-ontos/article/view/2225 | 2024-02-23T23:28:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.953739 | 334 | 2.609375 | 3 |
With the coronavirus taking center stage as a full-blown pandemic, people worldwide are now taking drastic precautions to help prevent the spread of the disease. One of the most commonly practiced and effective methods of doing so is through social distancing.
These are the measures that governments, companies, and individuals put in place to help limit social interaction and thus drastically reduce the chance of interpersonal transmission in our day to day lives.
However, while these measures are effective, they aren't always 100% practical. According to the CDC, to practice social distancing effectively, we should remain at least 6 feet or around 2 meters apart from one another from those who are not members of your household.
Yet, life continues to go on, and people still need to take public transport and use ridesharing services such as Uber and Lyft to get to their place of employment and so on. But, is it safe to do so during Covid-19?
Let's find out…
What are the risks of using a taxi or ridesharing services?
First things first, it's obvious that taking an Uber or a Lyft will likely violate the CDC's social distancing guidelines as it is difficult to remain at least 6 feet away from the driver while you're in the car. Of course, there are larger vehicles where this may be possible, but for the most part, you will be well within this space.
Unfortunately, there are no studies that can quantify the exact risk of using a ridesharing service, and it is extremely difficult to gauge just how safe or unsafe they are.
Covid-19 virus particles can live on surfaces for up to seven days, depending on the material that it's located. This gives rise to the possibility that an infected person leaving surfaces in the car contaminated, which could subsequently put the next passengers and driver at risk.
On top of this, unless you are driving in a convertible, or if all the windows are down, the passengers and driver will be sharing the same recycled air thanks to the AC. While Covid-19 is not thought to be airborne, it can still travel through the air over small distances and can easily spread in these circumstances.
How to make taxis as safe as possible
Both Lyft and Uber themselves are urging people only to travel if they must, limiting all trips down the essential ones. However, at the time of writing, Lyft has suspended all of their international services and is only running in North America until further notice.
Both Lyft and Uber are distributing cleaning supplies such as hand sanitizer and face masks to drivers so they can stay as safe as possible throughout these times.
Lyft has stated clearly in their Health Safety Program that there are new safety requirements that must be adhered to, such as the mandatory use of face masks and leaving the seat adjacent to the driver vacant.
Here is a statement from the Lyft website:
"According to the CDC and local health officials, people who have been diagnosed with COVID-19, suspect they may have it or are being evaluated for it should not use rideshare, public transportation, or taxis."
While this shows that some level of due diligence is being carried out, there is no way of controlling this. A large percentage of infected people are asymptomatic and may have no idea they are infected, which means they would have no reason to avoid ridesharing services.
Insurance coverage and COVID-19
There are now multiple rideshare insurance options that help protect drivers against illness and lost earnings due to contracting the virus.
Uber insurance offers drivers a multiple of options (depending on the country you are located). If a driver falls ill as a result of Covid-19, there are programs that step in to provide the driver with a daily payment to help cover their loss of earnings.
While there is limited information on specific Lyft insurance, they have made a $6.5M commitment to drivers and communities. This is the statement from their website:
"We're providing funds directly to qualifying drivers diagnosed with COVID-19 or put under individual quarantine by a public health agency — an amount determined by the driver's previous activity on the Lyft platform." | <urn:uuid:a7acf1aa-3fb0-4672-b611-b339c97a13eb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://webwriterspotlight.com/is-it-safe-to-take-uber-or-lyft-during-covid-19 | 2024-02-24T00:26:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.97276 | 855 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Jules Verne’s long lost novel “Paris in the 20th Century” contains an interesting passage on windmills by the father of science fiction. Set in the 1960s, a mere 100 years into the future when Verne wrote the book in 1863, Verne describes hydrogen-powered “gas cars” using internal combustion (after Lenoir’s invention but long before Daimler’s auto in 1889) electric lighting, and possibly one of the earliest references to the use of electricity for execution, questionably more humane than the Guillotine.
Though prescient in some ways, Verne’s recently published book missed the central role of electricity in modern life. Instead, he envisioned a system of compressed air that performed many of the functions electricity does today. This compressed air was pumped into and stored in Paris’ catacombs by “1,853 windmills established on the plains of Montrogue” outside the city.
Verne provides no further discussion of the windmills but uses the business combine that has monopolized the compressed air system, like today’s utility monopolies (EDF in the French context), as one of the novel’s bureaucratic protagonists.
It’s interesting that in the mid-nineteenth century at least one European literary figure could envision a future where wind farms of thousands of wind machines powered entire cities.
Paris au XXe Siecle, Jules Verne (Paris: Hachette 1994), ISBN 2 011 235118 2, 216 pages, paperback. | <urn:uuid:04fd77d3-ac29-4e10-adf8-b79cc044784c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wind-works.org/jules-verne-looks-at-wind/ | 2024-02-23T23:19:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.917569 | 328 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A new report released by the World Poverty Clock, has listed Nigeria as the country in the world with the highest number of extremely poor people, officially displacing India which hitherto was the country with the highest number of poor people.
The report states that extreme poverty in Nigeria is growing by six people every minute, the highest number in the world.
The report pointed out that at the end of May (2018), Nigeria had an estimated 87 million people in extreme poverty, compared to India’s 73 million.
The report further stated that in Africa, D.R Congo may soon overtake India as number two, while Africa may be home to additional 3.2 million people living in extreme poverty by the end of 2018.
The World Poverty Clock report further states that of the 10 countries on this extreme poverty list, only Ethiopia is on track to meet the United Nations’ SDG of ending extreme poverty by 2030. The report also stated that
It also says outside the top 10, only Ghana and Mauritania are on track with the target.
See the list of top 10 extremely poor countries below.
Nigeria- 86.9 million poor people
D.R Congo- 60.9 million people.
Ethiopia- 23.9 million people
Tanzania- 19.9 million.
Mozambique- 17.8 million
Kenya- 14.7 million people
The least four are Uganda, South Africa, South Sudan and Zambia with 14.2, 13.8, 11.4 and 9.5 respectively. | <urn:uuid:bb62d1a0-5302-4a93-b31c-db495c29d7eb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wiseloaded.com/nigeria-overtakes-india-as-the-country-with-the-most-poor-people-see-report/ | 2024-02-23T22:51:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.955368 | 319 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Teaching young students about housing and clothing can be a fun and interactive experience with the right resources.
This worksheet is designed to engage class 3 students in learning about different types of houses and clothing items, while also reinforcing important vocabulary and concepts. With colorful illustrations and interactive activities, this worksheet is sure to keep students interested and excited about learning.
Match the type of house to its picture.
In this section of the worksheet, students will be presented with a series of pictures of different types of houses, such as a bungalow, apartment building, and igloo. They will then need to match each picture to the correct type of house, using the vocabulary words they have learned. This activity helps students to develop their visual recognition skills, as well as their understanding of different types of housing.
Label the different parts of a house.
In this activity, students will be given a picture of a house and asked to label the different parts, such as the roof, windows, door, and chimney. This helps students to develop their vocabulary and understanding of the different components that make up a house. Teachers can also use this activity to introduce more complex vocabulary related to architecture and construction.
Match the type of clothing to its picture.
In this activity, students will be given a set of pictures of different types of clothing, such as a t-shirt, pants, and a jacket. They will then be asked to match each picture to the correct name of the clothing item. This activity helps students to develop their vocabulary and understanding of different types of clothing, as well as their ability to match pictures to words. Teachers can also use this activity to introduce more complex vocabulary related to fashion and clothing styles.
Identify the season in which each type of clothing is worn.
In addition to matching pictures to the correct names of clothing items, this interactive worksheet also challenges students to identify the season in which each type of clothing is typically worn. For example, students may be asked to match a picture of a winter coat to the winter season, or a picture of a swimsuit to the summer season. This helps students to understand the practical uses of different types of clothing and how they vary depending on the weather and climate.
Draw and label your dream house and the clothing you would wear in it.
This interactive worksheet is a fun and creative way for class 3 students to explore the concepts of housing and clothing. Students are encouraged to use their imagination and draw their dream house, labeling the different rooms and features. They are also asked to think about the clothing they would wear in their dream house, considering factors such as the climate and activities they would engage in. This activity helps students to understand the relationship between housing and clothing, and how they work together to meet our basic needs and preferences.
In the world of education, understanding the basic concepts of housing and clothing is essential for children. It's vital to teach them about different types of houses and the clothes we wear, and one way to achieve this is through engaging worksheets and activities. These teaching resources, designed for class 3 students, provide an interactive and fun way to learn about housing and clothing, as well as the reasons why we need shelter and clothes. Let's delve into these educational materials and their importance in teaching housing and clothing to class 3 students.
Different types of houses worksheets are an excellent resource for children to learn about various housing options available, such as types of houses in India for class 3. These worksheets can be found in resources like housing and clothing class 3 pdf, housing and clothing class 3 notes, and class 3 science housing and clothing materials. They enable students to explore the diverse range of houses and understand why we need a house as explained in class 3 EVS. Moreover, teaching materials like housing and clothing for class 3 ppt and housing and clothing grade 3 worksheets can help students grasp the subject matter more effectively.
Worksheets on clothes we wear are another valuable educational tool for class 3 students. Clothes we wear worksheets and clothes we wear worksheets for class 3 teach children about various clothing items and their purposes, addressing the question of why do we need clothes in class 3. By using these worksheets, students can learn about different types of clothes, their uses, and why they are essential for protection, comfort, and social reasons.
Housing and clothing class 3 question answers are an essential component of class 3 science housing and clothing question answers, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of the subject. These resources, often found in housing and clothing class 3 pdf and housing and clothing class 3 notes, allow students to test their knowledge and ensure they have a firm grasp of the material.
To supplement the learning process, housing and clothing worksheets for class 3 CBSE are an excellent addition to the educational toolkit. These worksheets, tailored to the CBSE curriculum, provide a structured approach to learning about housing and clothing for class 3 students. With engaging activities and relevant content, these worksheets make the learning process enjoyable and effective.
The importance of shelter and clothing is addressed in materials like why do we need shelter class 3 and why do we need a house class 3 EVS. These resources help children grasp the fundamental reasons behind the need for shelter and clothing, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
To further enhance the learning experience, housing and clothing MCQ for class 3 and housing and clothing class 3 MCQ offer multiple-choice questions that test students' knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. These questions can be found in housing and clothing class 3 pdf, housing and clothing class 3 notes, and class 3 science housing and clothing materials, providing an interactive and engaging learning experience for students.
In conclusion, the use of various educational resources like different types of houses worksheets, worksheets on clothes we wear, housing and clothing class 3 question answers, housing and clothing worksheets for class 3 CBSE, and housing and clothing MCQ for class 3 ensures a comprehensive and engaging learning experience for class 3 students. These materials not only teach students about housing and clothing but also help them understand the reasons behind the need for shelter and clothes. By utilizing these resources, educators can ensure that class 3 students have a solid foundation in housing and clothing concepts, preparing them for more advanced learning in the future.
Housing and clothing for class 3 questions and answers
Question: What are the main reasons we need a house?
Answer: We need a house for protection from weather conditions, safety from wild animals and intruders, and to have a comfortable place to live, work, and rest.
Question: Name three types of houses.
Answer: Some examples of types of houses are: apartments, bungalows, and igloos.
Question: What materials can be used to build houses?
Answer: Houses can be built using various materials like bricks, cement, wood, mud, and even ice.
Question: Why are clothes important?
Answer: Clothes are important because they protect our body from harsh weather conditions, keep us comfortable, and help us maintain personal hygiene. They also serve as a means of self-expression and conforming to cultural norms.
Question: Name three types of clothes we wear in summer.
Answer: In summer, we typically wear cotton clothes, t-shirts, and shorts to stay cool and comfortable.
Question: Name three types of clothes we wear in winter.
Answer: In winter, we usually wear woolen clothes, jackets, and sweaters to keep ourselves warm and protected from the cold.
Question: What type of clothes do we wear during the rainy season?
Answer: During the rainy season, we wear raincoats, waterproof jackets, and gumboots to protect ourselves from getting wet and staying dry.
Question: Why are traditional houses in India made of mud and bricks?
Answer: Traditional houses in India are made of mud and bricks because these materials are readily available, cost-effective, and provide natural insulation against heat and cold, making them suitable for the Indian climate.
Question: What is the purpose of wearing a hat or cap?
Answer: Wearing a hat or cap serves several purposes, such as protecting our head and face from the sun, keeping our head warm during cold weather, and sometimes as a fashion accessory or part of a uniform.
Question: Why do we wear different clothes for different occasions?
Answer: We wear different clothes for different occasions because each occasion has its own social and cultural expectations. For example, formal clothes are worn for official events, while casual clothes are worn during leisure activities. Wearing appropriate clothing helps us fit in and show respect for the occasion. | <urn:uuid:b481e88f-521a-4dcb-979d-5f568969d301> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://witknowlearn.com/worksheet/view/370/housing-and-clothing-class-3-worksheet | 2024-02-23T22:39:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.96448 | 1,780 | 4.375 | 4 |
cataclasm (KAT uh klaz uhm) (
Disruption; breaking down: This winter's heavy ice and snow resulted in a cataclasm of electrical and phone lines in several parts of the country.
cataclysm (KAT uh kliz" uhm) (
1. A sudden and violent upheaval or disaster that causes great changes in society: The revolution could result in a worldwide cataclysm.
2. A terrible and devastating natural disaster; such as, a flood: An earthquake can cause a great cataclysm; especially, in a densely populated area.
The summer cataclysm of hail and heavy rains caused a cataclasm of the dikes along the river and a terrible cataclysm of flooding in the river bottoms.
"A cataclysmic event is happening in the oil producing country that is threatening to reduce its oil exports to zero within the foreseeable future."
(s) (noun), cataclysms
1. Something that causes great destruction, violence, upheaval, etc.: During the winter of 2013 and 2014 there were floods, extreme cold air blowing from the Arctic causing below freezing temperatures with great quantities of snow and ice; as well as other related
cataclysms; especially, in Canada and the United States.
Revolutions that have been going on in several countries have resulted in severe cataclysms for many of the citizens living in those areas and also for some of the neighboring nations.
2. Etymology: from French
cataclysme, which came via Latin from Greek
kataklusmos, "deluge"; from
kata, "down" +
kluzein, "to wash".
© ALL rights are reserved.
© ALL rights are reserved.
Go to this Word A Day Revisited Index
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A reference to a cataclysm.
(adjective), more cataclysmic, most cataclysmic
1. Pertaining to a great and general flood of water, a deluge: "The cataclysmic rain showers have altered the physical situations in the country because so many people have lost their homes and their living conditions have been devastated."
2. Figuratively, a political or social upheaval that sweeps away the old order of things: "The cataclysmic terror attacks have caused great changes in the social structures of the country."
3. A reference to sudden and violent upheavals or disasters that cause great changes in people's lives: "The severe flooding of a certain country was one cataclysmic disaster, but then the same territory suffered more cataclysmic sufferings from an extreme drought that destroyed crops and caused starvation for thousands of people."
A giant cell involved in the absorption of cartilage.
A congenital or acquired condition in which minute nodes are formed in the hair shafts; splitting and breaking, complete or incomplete, may occur at these points or nodes.
Disequilibrium of the colloid system of the body that is associated with anaphylactic shock and thought to be caused by the presence of undigested colloids in the blood.
A surgical instrument like a strong forceps.
It was once used to crush and then extract the skull of a fetus in order to facilitate the delivery of the baby in cases of obstructed labor.
Made up of minute fragmental particles, often used to designate a type of rock.
Breaking or destroying trees; a destroyer of trees.
One who demolishes idols.
Related break, broken-word units: | <urn:uuid:fbb0ba3c-8553-48a4-bc79-f43cf8a77eae> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wordinfo.info/unit/490/page:2 | 2024-02-23T22:46:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.927083 | 735 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Last modified: 28 Jun 2018 10:27
This course looks at how history is written. It considers the problems involved in studying and explaining the past, and the many dilemmas faced by historians in reconstructing it. By examining the ways in which history has been written from the Ancient Greeks to Postmodernism, it considers the limits of historical study, asks whether history can ever be a science, and reveals the assumptions behind the various approaches to history that inform its writing. It is designed to provide honours history students with an essential understanding of what they are doing when they study history. Download course guide
Study Type | Undergraduate | Level | 3 |
Session | Second Sub Session | Credit Points | 30 credits (15 ECTS credits) |
Campus | Old Aberdeen | Sustained Study | No |
This course introduces students to how Clio, the Muse of History, has inspired historians to carry out their craft ever since the invention of history as a discipline two and a half thousand years ago. Students examine how and why the way historians have approached the past has evolved over time. In this course, student also practice a number of approaches to the study of history themselves. The course also encourages students to debate the ways in which historical awareness makes an essential contribution to informed and active citizenship.
Information on contact teaching time is available from the course guide.
There are no assessments for this course.
Formal written feedback is normally provided within 3 weeks. It will focus on specifics of structure, level of critical thinking and other academic attributes. Seminars will include oral feedback during the weeks between provision of written feed back. | <urn:uuid:79dd7d9e-a291-4476-b1d1-eb417e721cf9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/courses/undergraduate/2016-2017/history/hi356j | 2024-02-24T00:13:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.952402 | 332 | 3.578125 | 4 |
A space technology lab to test equipment bound for the Moon and Mars.
The Extraterrestrial Environmental Simulation (Exterres) Laboratory is the first of its kind in Australia and allows researchers to develop, simulate and test semi-autonomous rovers in lunar and Martian surface environments.
Students are able to undertake real world space technology and robotics projects and understanding how technology will perform when exposed to harsh extra-terrestrial environments.
The Lab is a platform for global cooperation and collaboration across industry, outreach, agencies and other institutions.
- Location: Ground Floor, Engineering North, North Terrace Campus
- Size: 250m2
- Architect: ARM Architecture
- Construction Partner: Sarah Constructions
- Two Regolith Thermal Vacuum Chambers (rTVAC), including a 9m2 sealed lunar simulant pit and 27m2 sandpit which can be tailored to simulate specific off-world environments.
- 3D motion capture system that allows detailed analysis of the capabilities of experimental robotics.
- High-power laser, a vacuum furnace and a box furnace.
- A large-scale 3-D printer.
Completed: March 2022 | <urn:uuid:dde1d0ae-e99c-4e9c-8ac1-b3be657a2274> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.adelaide.edu.au/infrastructure/projects/completed-projects/exterres-laboratory | 2024-02-24T00:44:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.873913 | 234 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Bagawat Geeta, Class 32
Continuing his talk, Swamiji reminded us that Arjuna wanted to know about Sthita Pragyaha. Sthita Pragyaha is one who has acquired Self Knowledge. Sri Krishna deals with the topic in two parts.
- Traits of Sthita Pragya or lakshanani and
- How to become Sthita Pragyaha or the Sadhanani.
Natural traits of sthitha pragyaha were pointed out in previous class as:
- One who is happy with himself.
- He does not depend upon any external condition for happiness.
- He maintains equanimity in all situations
- He is free from attachment, fear and anger.
Now, discussing how to become a Sthitha Pragyaha, the first step is to become a pragyaha. A Pragyaha is one who has received self-knowledge. This is obtained by listening to Vedanta Sravanam. Then he has to eliminate all doubts about the knowledge. Swamiji says doubtful knowledge is as good as ignorance. Elimination of doubts is obtained by self-reflection or asking the Acharya. This sravanam and mananam will make me a Pragyaha.
It is the emotional mind that faces the situation and I am not always able to handle it. A transformation in the emotional personality has to occur. A cognitive change (also called intellectual change) to emotional strength to remain balanced at all times has to occur. Attachment, depression, jealousy anxiety are all emotional problems. This emotional transformation takes me from Pragyaha to Sthitha Pragyaha.
Sri Krishna has been describing this process from shloka # 58 onwards. Here he now prescribes three exercises:
- Sensory control: Sense objects enter the mind through the five sensory controls. Sri Krishna says we need to close the doors to sense objects. If not, all types of rubbish will enter our mind. A word, a picture, they all can excite our senses. This process of sense control is called Damaha. Damaha is very important in our path to knowledge.
- Even with senses under control, sense objects can slip in and enter our mind. Then, what should I do? Once thought has entered, we need to control them. Do not allow continuation of the thought. This is in my control. Use will power to nip the thought in the bud. Thought discipline is called Kshama. Kshama is also very important in our path to knowledge.
- Dwelling upon the teaching of the Acharya through reading, writing (notes) or finding some one to share with (or talk to) and relive the shravanam is called Nidhidhyasanam.
So in one form or the other, relive the sravaṇam. Reliving the sravaṇam, reliving the class, is called Nidhidhyasanam. This is an extremely important exercise. Therefore we have to spend time either on the same day or before coming to the class to review your notes.
Relived Sravaṇam helps in assimilating. It gradually transforms the mind.
While I may not be able to claim that I am a Gyani, I can say that, as compared to the past, I do not worry too much about incidents anymore.
Of all the three exercises Sri Krishna emphasizes Sense control or Damaha as most important.
Shloka # 64:
“Approaching objects with senses free from attachment and aversion, and controlled by the mind, the man who has mastered his mind wins serenity.”
Refreshing our mind about this shloka,
Swamiji says, our body is like a vehicle, the sense organs are like the wheels of the vehicle and the mind is like it’s steering. This is the example given in the Kathopaniṣad. We should never lose control of this body vehicle. We need to use the steering to control the wheels and drive cautiously.
A person who is able to live such a disciplined life he obtains Prasadam or tranquility of mind. Such a person is free from violent emotions and the frequency
of his violent reactions are also reduced significantly. As the intensity of his reactions reduces, so does his recovery period as well.
For me, as a student, while they (emotional turmoil) will not be totally eliminated I am now able to better manage them.
Therefore, Arjuna practice these three disciplines.
“Serenity won, sufferings come to an end; the reason of that man, whose mind is serene, soon becomes steadfast.”
What is the advantage of an equanimous mind?
Prasada here means Shanthi or balanced or Samatvam. Prasada Budhi provides two benefits. They are:
- Removal or destruction of all sorrow. Happiness need not come from the outside world. Outside world cannot give us happiness. “I” am the source of my happiness. Just like for a dog when chewing the bone, the bone hurts his mouth and the mouth bleeds. The dog enjoys its own blood even as it chews the dry bone, thinking the bone is bleeding. So too for a human being, the sense object is like a bone. We bring our own happiness to the dry sense object and enjoy it. By removing mental disturbances we can bring out our own happiness. Once the disturbance is gone joy comes from within.
- When the mind is calm, Self Knowledge becomes well rooted. When mind is calm Self Knowledge is well assimilated.
“The un-integrated mind has no wisdom; nor can such a person have yearning (for Self Knowledge). Wihout such yearning, no peace (is possible). For one lacking peace, how can there be happiness?”
Here Sri Krishna highlights Kshama and Dama. These two disciplines are very important.
Who is a student? One who has the concentration of a crow and the eye of a crane looking for fish on shore of a river. His food should be less; sleep should be less and dress simple.
We need the qualities of a student for Vedanta studies. For listening, reflecting and Nidhidhyasanam, all three stages, you require Kshamaḥ and Damaḥ. Therefore Arjuna, build up these two values first and foremost.
Yuktaha is one with control of Kshama and Dama. Without this Pragyaha is not possible. Without this control Nidhidhyasanam is also not possible.
Without sravanam, mananam and Nidhidhaysanam peace of mind is not possible. Swamiji reiterated that Gita study is done in a class. Hence he does not use the word ‘Discourse’ or ‘Pravachanam’ ‘Upanyasam’ etc. Here teaching is involved, concentration is involved and there is connection between each class. While purpose is not academic, the purpose is total transformation of the way I look at life and that transformation brings peace of mind.
Therefore, Gita study brings the practical benefit of Shantih. Therefore Arjuna, if you want peace of mind, study and assimilate the Gita.
Shloka # 67:
“The mind that conforms to the roving senses robs (one) of perceptions, just as the wind sweeps the boat off its course.”
Next two shlokas are on sense control. Without sense control Atma Gyanam cannot occur. Even if knowledge does take place, somehow at crucial moments the sense organs will take away the knowledge. Suppose sense organs wander everywhere without my permission and with it the mind also wanders, they will not allow knowledge to take place.
Sri Krishna provides an example. If a man travels on a boat he needs to direct the boat. If not, the blowing wind will take it anywhere it wants. It does not require my permission and the boat may capsize. Similarly, the sense organs can be carried away and can destroy our Budhi.
Here Gyanam is an analogy for the boat. Gyanam takes one across ocean of Samsara. If boat is destroyed, I am also destroyed, due to lack of sense control.
Shloka # 68:
“Therefore, O hero, his wisdom is stable whose senses have been withdrawn on all sides from their (respective) objects.”
With this shloka, Sri Krishna concludes Sthitha Pragyaha Sadhanani topic. Since sense control plays an important role, the seeker’s sense organs must be controlled. Suppression of sense organs is however not prescribed. Western Psychologists consider Eastern religions as suppressing. Eastern systems say both suppression and expression are dangerous. Gita prescribes intelligent regulation. Stopping the river is also dangerous; because if you stop a river, there will be flood; and if you let the river flow in its own direction, then also it becomes waste of water; because it will go into the ocean. If you will not stop the river, nor allow the river to flow into the ocean, what do you do? Dam the river and channelize the water in the direction that you want. Gita prescribes channeling the energies of the sense organs and mind. A lot of our mental energy is wasted any way. We need to use our intelligence and mental energy wisely. We need to get back our capacity for concentration. We had this capacity as children. We still have that capacity. In the name of growth, we have lost that concentration. We have also lost the photographic mind that we had a child. It is not that we do not have it; we just have not used that faculty. Therefore, a seeker should master the sense organs. Then he can receive the knowledge and the knowledge will be well assimilated as well.
With best wishes, | <urn:uuid:80edf371-c6e5-4f0e-86ae-bc52a4867ec5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.advaidam.com/2016/07/06/bagawat-geeta-class-32/?print=print | 2024-02-23T23:33:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.955 | 2,090 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Agnes Scott College was established in 1889 with a distinctive mission: to educate women for the betterment of their families and the elevation of their region. Today, that mission has evolved into a commitment to educate students from around the world to “think deeply, live honorably and engage the intellectual and social challenges of their times.”
The college was named in honor of Agnes Irvine Scott, a Scots-Irish immigrant who upheld a strong sense of integrity and intellectual curiosity. Her son George Washington Scott was the college’s primary benefactor, and the Rev. Frank Henry Gaines, minister of Decatur Presbyterian Church, was the founding president.
Initially named the Decatur Female Seminary in 1889 and renamed Agnes Scott Institute in 1890, the college was chartered as Agnes Scott College in 1906 and was the first institution of higher education in Georgia to receive regional accreditation.
Academic and Moral Leadership
Student self-government under an honor code has been a hallmark of the College since 1906. Agnes Scott has been a member of Phi Beta Kappa since 1926 and has also been a founding member of many national and regional educational associations. Since the early 1920s, the college has ranked in the top 10 percent of American colleges whose graduates go on to earn Ph.D. degrees.
Founded in the Presbyterian educational movement that started with Princeton University, Agnes Scott continues to be related to the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). However, its Board of Trustees is an independent, self-perpetuating governing body.
Diversity With Unity
The Agnes Scott student body has expanded to include people who represent the diversity in the United States and the world, including people who are returning to college to complete their degrees. The engagement of the Agnes Scott community in the intellectual, cultural and social issues of its times represents both the proud history and the bright future of the college.
Learn More About our History
The Betty Pope Scott Noble '44 College Heritage Center, a museum displaying historical documents, photographs and artifacts relating to Agnes Scott (the person and the institution) and the Scott family, is located in McCain Library.
The oldest building on campus – Agnes Scott "Main" Hall – was erected in 1891 and is still in use today. You can find out more about Main Hall and other historic buildings by visiting McCain Library’s campus history page. | <urn:uuid:eac71321-6f39-4e74-abdd-4f8928b7b500> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.agnesscott.edu/about/history/index.html | 2024-02-23T23:58:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.970968 | 488 | 2.625 | 3 |
Re-X Before Recycling Prize
The Re-X Before Recycling Prize will award up to $5.6 million in federal funding and technical assistance from U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories. The prize is designed to stimulate innovation and private investment in circular economy approaches that can transform waste streams into diverse, integrated circular supply networks and contribute to a robust, environmentally sustainable economy.
The prize is seeking innovations to unlock new or expanded supply chains that can reintegrate end-of-use products into the economy via re-use, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and/or repurposing (“Re-X”) before recycling.
Today, the U.S. manufacturing sector predominantly follows a linear model of production in which raw materials are mined, transformed into manufactured goods, used, and discarded. To fully decarbonize the U.S. economy, the country must create new, circular supply chains to keep materials in use beyond a single life cycle. And while recycling plays an important role in this circular economy, approaches that extend the lifetimes of goods could save more energy and emissions over time than recycling alone.
That’s why DOE’s Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office launched the three-phase Re-X Before Recycling Prize. The prize is looking for innovations that could keep materials in use beyond a single life cycle and increase the recovery and reuse rate of end-of-use products. Extending the lifecycles of these products reduces the embodied energy and carbon of manufactured goods, strengthens regional manufacturing supply chains, increases U.S. security of supply, create jobs, and reduces environmental burdens related to landfilling, incineration, and extraction.
Circular supply chains are complex with diverse value propositions, in part because end-of-use product stream compositions vary by region and over time. The prize is designed to support competitors to overcome these difficulties and help the country transition from a linear to a more circular economy, region by region.
The Re-X Before Recycling Prize invites competitors to work on one of two categories: established or emerging waste streams. Learn more about the types of innovations of interest to the Re-X Before Recycling Prize in the official prize rules.
The Re-X Before Recycling Prize has three phases that will run from 2023 to 2025. During Phase 1, also called Identify!, competitors will identify new or expanded circular supply chain opportunities and the innovations needed to realize them and deliver community benefits. During Phase 2, called Prepare!, competitors will prepare to develop their innovation. During the final Phase 3, Develop!, competitors will continue to advance their idea toward implementation.
Phase 1: Identify!
In Phase 1, teams will identify a new or expanded Re-X supply chain opportunity including its potential community benefits and create a plan. Up to 20 winners will receive $50,000 in cash. Winners will also receive consulting support from a national laboratory (worth up to $5,000) to identify analysis that could help maximize their idea’s potential impact and benefits.
To win Phase 1, teams will achieve the following:
- Opportunity & Innovation Identification: Identify an innovation that, if implemented in a new or expanded Re-X supply chain, would deliver substantial environmental, economic, and community benefits.
- Plan development: Develop a plan to advance the innovation from its current state towards implementation in a viable Re-X supply chain.
Phase 2: Prepare!
In Phase 2, which is open to new competitors, as well as participants from Phase 1, teams will further advance their idea and plan. Up to 10 winners will receive $150,000 in cash and up to $100,000 in technical assistance for analysis from a national laboratory that could inform enhancements to increase the idea’s impacts and benefits.
To win Phase 2, teams will achieve the following:
- Deepen Insight: Leverage national laboratory expert analysis, consultation, and other resources to deepen insight into environmental, economic, and community benefits of the innovation, plan, and Re-X supply chain.
- Plan Refinement: Based on progress made and insights gained, refine your plan to advance your innovation towards implementation in a supply chain.
- Network Activation: Cultivate a network of mentors and partners to help advance the proposed innovation and understand how to increase the potential positive impacts on communities.
Phase 3: Develop!
Phase 3 is only open to selected winners from Phase 2. Phase 3 winners will demonstrate substantial progress towards implementing their innovation in a viable Re-X supply chain that will continue beyond the prize period. Up to four winning teams will receive $500,000 in cash.
To win Phase 3, teams will achieve the following:
- Plan Execution: Demonstrate that you are advancing your innovation by executing your plan.
- Network Development and Community Engagement: Cement ecosystem partnerships through community engagement to ensure you can implement your supply chain innovation.
- Post-Contest Planning: Develop a long-term plan to implement your innovation in a viable Re-X supply chain and provide a compelling case that there is, or will soon be, sufficient resources to keep the effort going beyond this prize contest. Incorporate insights gained from analysis performed a national lab to improve your innovation and maximize benefits from realizing the supply chain. | <urn:uuid:67ec91fa-1328-4a1c-a22b-50fbec60eb05> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.americanmadechallenges.org/challenges/re-x-before-recycling | 2024-02-24T00:37:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.929489 | 1,098 | 2.78125 | 3 |
‘Footprints…Our Past, Planet, and Society is an integrated social science series for classes 1-10. It conforms to the latest NCERT syllabus and follows guidelines of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. The series dots a thematic approach and connects learning with key concepts or ideas. It is designed to equip both teachers and learners to meet the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) Scheme and derive maximum benefit from the teaching and learning experience.
• The series is based on the Green School Initiative of the NCERT, promoting Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), and includes innovative ideas and strategies for achieving the objectives of ESD
• Designed to develop 21st century skills and engage learners in exploratory and hands-on activities to acquire basic cognitive and psychomotor skills through observation, classification, inference, etc.
• Helps in developing values that aim at inculcating in students a mindset to work towards protecting our planet.
• Picture-based activity, The Buzz, to introduce the core theme of the chapter and rouse students’ interest in the subject
• Bee Wise encourages students to learn and imbibe life skills—thinking skills, social skills and emotional skills; Bee Nice instills core values in students.
• Learn by Doing encourages experiential learning and helps in creating knowledge through active experimentation | <urn:uuid:945316af-bebf-4e81-a8e6-ef53f2bcf952> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.apnaschoolstore.com/product/enhanced-footprints-our-past-planet-and-society-class-7-macmillan-education/ | 2024-02-24T00:00:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.899422 | 277 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
By JASON URBANUS
Monday, May 20, 2013
Fifth-century Britain was a tumultuous place, wracked by violence, upheaval, and uncertainty. The Roman Empire was crumbling throughout western Europe as waves of barbarian invaders overran its borders. By A.D. 410, groups of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began crossing the North Sea from Germany and southern Scandinavia to claim land in Britain that had been abandoned by the Roman army. These tribes succeeded Rome as the dominant power in central and southern Britain, marking the beginning of what we now call the Anglo-Saxon Age, which would last for more than 600 years.
While the story of this period is known to us in broad strokes, in archaeological terms, there remains much to uncover. The early Anglo-Saxon period is a time whose events are often shrouded in fantasy. This fantastical view can be traced to later, Christian writers who described the pagan world of the fifth and sixth centuries as being inhabited by wizards, warriors, demons, and dragons. Legendary tales, passed down, were often the subject of later Old English works of poetry. Perhaps the most famous of all is the epic work Beowulf, whose eponymous hero battles monsters and fire-breathing dragons. But some of the details of early Anglo-Saxon life that have been gleaned piecemeal from texts are now being confirmed by archaeology. Such is the case with the recent surprising discovery of a Saxon royal feasting hall.
For the last six years the Lyminge Archaeological Project has investigated the modern village of Lyminge, Kent, located a short distance from the famous white cliffs of Dover. Researchers from both the University of Reading and the Kent Archaeological Society are documenting Lyminge’s transition from a pagan royal “vill” into a significant Christian monastic center. The settlement encompasses both the pre-Christian and later Christian Anglo-Saxon periods and is proving valuable in understanding the development of early English communities. According to Alexandra Knox, archaeologist and Lyminge Archaeological Project research assistant, the work there is supplying a key piece of the puzzle. “The history of the Christian conversion in Kent,” Knox says, “the historically earliest kingdom to be converted in the Anglo-Saxon period, is integral to our understanding of the creation of medieval and, indeed, modern England.”
The Christian Anglo-Saxon community in Lyminge founded an important “double” monastery—home to both monks and nuns—dating from the seventh to ninth century. The existence of this monastery has been known from at least the middle of the nineteenth century, when Canon Jenkins, a local vicar and amateur archaeologist, discovered the remains of the ancient monastic complex. But apart from these Christian ruins, little was known about Lyminge’s earlier history.
By KATE RAVILIOUS
Monday, April 08, 2013
Working amid the confusion of the East India Docks in London in the early 1800s was perilous trade. In the holds of rolling ships, men could be crushed by falling barrels and chests. On deck, grappling hooks swung wildly, and carelessly loaded containers burst, sometimes showering longshoremen with toxic substances such as iodine, phosphorous, asbestos, and lead. Losing one’s footing was often a death sentence—crushed between ship and dock or drowned in the filthy Thames.
There was no shortage of men willing to take these risks. The Industrial Revolution in Britain was booming and immigrants flooded in from Ireland and the continent in search of work. Many ended up on the docks or in the factories of London’s East End. Wages were low and homes scarce—four of every five families lived in filthy single rooms. Open sewers ran down the streets and the air was clogged with soot.
Industrialization took its toll on the community’s health. Their only bulwark against frequent disease outbreaks and horrific injuries was the London Hospital. But among the very sick or seriously hurt, even admission to the hospital did little to improve chances of survival. Infection was rife on the wards and surgery was a brutal business. The standard treatment for a broken bone was amputation, and there were no anesthetics or antiseptics.
In a way, though, for such a bustling, desperate neighborhood, death often represented opportunity. Medical science was undergoing a revolution of its own, and the corpses of the recently deceased were in high demand by surgeons and medical students. Though it was illegal, there was a roaring trade in dead bodies.
Until now, little was known about exactly what nineteenth-century medical professionals did with those cadavers, or how far they were prepared to bend the rules to get them. The recent discovery of a long-forgotten cemetery on the grounds of the London Hospital is illuminating some of these practices and, while some of the details are not for the squeamish, they have much to tell us about the foundation upon which modern medicine is built.
By JUDE ISABELLA
Monday, April 08, 2013
Since first being unearthed in New Mexico in the late nineteenth century, the striking ceramic bowls made a millennium earlier by people living in the Mimbres River Valley of the American Southwest have inspired countless counterfeiters, a clay art festival, a burglary at the University of Minnesota’s anthropology department, and even a line of railroad dinnerware.
While their undecorated outsides appear unremarkable in technique and form, their insides are magic, a canvas for haunting depictions of tortoises, fish, jackrabbits, and sometimes humans, as well as intricate geometric designs. The black forms on a white background create an arresting contrast.
For more than a century, beginning in the late tenth century A.D., thousands of these black-on-white bowls were produced, with distinctive designs more spectacular and elaborate than those of any other culture in the Southwest. “It was strikingly unique,” says Steve LeBlanc, an archaeologist at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, who has studied the pottery makers since the 1970s.The figurative painting on the bowls—sophisticated composite animals and complex scenes and stories—sets Mimbres pottery apart from that of neighboring cultures, where geometric shapes dominated. Then, in 1130, according to the archaeological record, the manufacture of the bowls stopped.
The Mimbres lived in an area that today is nestled in New Mexico’s southwest corner, spilling over the border there with Arizona, and dipping into the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Archaeologists consider Mimbres a subset of the Mogollon culture. Mogollon is one of three major cultures of the ancient American Southwest, along with the Anasazi, also referred to as the Ancestral Pueblo, and the Hohokam. The Ancestral Pueblo are known for large, sophisticated village sites and road systems, such as Pueblo Bonito at Chaco Canyon. The Hohokam engineered complex irrigation canals, unrivaled by other pre-Columbian cultures in North America. Traced to a.d. 200, the Mogollon stretched across the mountainous region near today’s Mexican-American border, living in semiunderground dwellings. Overall, they did not farm intensively. The Mimbres, however, used irrigation methods similar to those of the Hohokam to exploit the fertile floodplains of the Mimbres River in order to produce corn, squash, beans, and other crops.
A surprising cannon in Central Park, Hawaiian Buffaloes underwater, ancient Panama’s first shamans, and 4,400-year-old curry in India | <urn:uuid:51890281-c7e4-4ed7-85c1-deffdfb36a0b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.archaeology.org/issues/89-1305/features/(Private%20Collection/(Private%20Collection/(Courtesy%20Michelle%20Hegmon,%20Arizona%20State%20University) | 2024-02-24T00:16:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.963583 | 1,623 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Roofing: What Is It?
The roof is the covering of a building or other structure that protects against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. Roofing Round Rock TX is the construction and installation of this structure.
The roof drains rainwater away from the house, preventing it from collecting around the foundation and causing foundation problems. It also prevents the water from seeping into the walls and other parts of the house.
A roof is an important part of a building that protects it and its contents from the weather. It protects against rain, snow, sunlight, extreme temperatures, and wind. A roof also provides insulation and structural stability. The type of roof structure that is used depends on the type of building and the roofing material. The roof can be a simple and lightweight covering, such as asphalt shingles, or it can be more elaborate and expensive, such as real slate. The structure of a roof is also determined by the architectural style and the needs of the building.
The main components of a roof are rafters, ridge boards, sheathing, and flashing. The rafters are horizontal pieces of wood or metal that run lengthwise through the roof. They meet at the apex of the roof and form the main framework. They are supported by a king post, which is the center of a triangle, and struts that extend out from it. The ridge board is a piece of timber (or sometimes steel) that rests at the top of the rafters and completes the internal structure.
In modern buildings, trusses are often used in place of traditional rafters. These are engineered components that supplement rafters and are typically premade. They may be made of wood or steel and are designed to support a specific type of roof covering. They are attached to the rafters by means of sheathing and fastened with screws or nails.
Roof sheathing is a layer of plywood or other sheet materials that is attached to the rafters and acts as the base for the covering. It is often reinforced with sheathing underlayment to provide additional strength and waterproofing. The sheathing is then covered with an underlayment and a roofing material such as felt, asphalt shingle, or tile.
A roof flashing is a metal sheet that is installed at critical areas of the roof. It adds protection from water penetration in valleys, where the roof plane meets a vertical surface such as a wall or chimney, and around other roof features such as skylights and edges. The roof is also equipped with gutters, which are pipes that carry rainwater away from the roof.
Types of roofs
There are a number of different roof types, materials, and designs. Some are more common than others, but they all serve the same function: to protect the building from rain, snow, and other weather conditions. The roof can be crafted from a variety of materials, including asphalt shingles, clay or concrete tiles, wood shakes, and metal. It can also be flat, pitched, or vaulted.
Pitched roofs are the most common type of roof. They have a sloped surface and are usually made of shingles or other roofing material. The most popular type of pitched roof is the gable, which has two slopes on each side that meet at the top. Gable roofs are easy to build, shed water well, and provide good ventilation. They’re also aesthetically pleasing and can be used with almost any building design.
Another type of roof is the gambrel. It has a steep lower slope and a gentler upper slope. Its distinctive design makes it ideal for barns and log cabins. Its steep walls are also useful for extra living space, and they can be easily adapted to accommodate dormer windows. Gambrel roofs are also less likely to break or collapse than gable roofs.
Hip roofs have four sloped sides that meet at a central ridge. They’re easy to construct and can be adapted to any building design. They’re also more stable in high winds and can support heavy snowfall. A variation on the hip roof is the half-hip, which has two shorter sides and eaves.
Saltbox roofs have a distinctive shape that adds to the character of a house. They’re a popular choice in the Northeast because they can withstand heavy snow and rainfall. They’re more expensive than other types of roofs, but they can add value to a home. Butterfly roofs have an inverted gable design and can be used with solar panels, rainwater catchment systems, and large windows. They’re often seen on modern houses, but they can also be used as a detail or addition to a different type of roof. Finally, dome roofs are shaped like bowls and can be used as a feature or as a complement to a different type of main roof.
There are a number of different materials that can be used to cover a building. Some are more common than others, and each has its own unique benefits. Some roofing materials are more environmentally friendly than others, and some are better suited to certain climates than others. Choosing the right material for your roof is essential to ensuring that it will provide adequate protection and last for as long as possible.
The most common roofing materials are asphalt shingles, wood shingles, and metal. These are generally considered to be the most cost-effective and durable options for homeowners. There are also many new eco-friendly roofing materials being developed that can help reduce a home’s energy costs.
In the past, rudimentary roofing structures made of sticks, mud, or straw were commonplace. However, as civilizations grew more sophisticated, so did their roofs. Today, roofing materials are extremely diverse and can be found on buildings of all shapes and sizes.
Wood shingles are sawn from bolts of wood, typically cedar, and come in a variety of colors and textures. Some are glazed with mineral granules to create a decorative effect. Others are treated with chemicals to protect against rot and insect infestation. Some of these shingles can have a life expectancy of up to 30 years.
Other types of wood shingles include cypress, redwood, and western red cedar. Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, but all have a natural beauty that is highly appealing. Slate, on the other hand, is quarried from natural rock and cut into rectangular slabs. This is a costly roofing option, but it is also very durable and attractive.
Another type of roofing is called membrane, or single-membrane systems. These are typically used for flat or low-slope roofs. Usually, these systems consist of a layer of waterproof membrane supported by either an organic or glass-fiber mat with bitumen in between. The bitumen is typically asphalt or coal tar, but there are alternatives, such as cold-applied adhesives.
There are several different types of roof membranes, including EPDM (ethylene propylene diethylene), TPO (thermoplastic olefin), and PVC. These are very durable and can withstand high winds. They can be loose-laid or fully adhered to the deck. These roofs are also fire-resistant, reducing the risk of fire damage to the structure below. | <urn:uuid:a10e728a-47bf-4cb0-aebc-b76bc0ef73f8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.artsroofs.com/roofing-what-is-it/ | 2024-02-24T00:35:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.969497 | 1,510 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The USS Duffy (DE-27) was an Evarts-class destroyer escort laid down on October 29, 1942, and launched on April 16, the following year. It was commissioned on August 5, 1943, under Comdr. G. A. Parkinson’s command with the hull number DE-27 and served in the U.S. Navy for 2 years until it was decommissioned on November 9, 1945. During its activities, the ship carried a complement of 156 people on board and had its main missions in Leyte, Maloelap, Mille Atoll, and San Francisco. After the decommissioning, the ship was struck from the Navy List and sold for scrapping in 1947. For the services brought to the country during World War II, the USS Duffy received 2 battle stars. Although asbestos is no longer used for shipbuilding, it can still be found on some older ships that were constructed in the late 1970s. If you think you were exposed to asbestos while serving aboard the USS Duffy (DE-27), it’s important to talk to your doctor and have routine health monitoring to catch asbestos-related diseases in the early stages. This can lead to a better treatment plan and significantly help improve patient survival rates and quality of life. | <urn:uuid:66040198-ad66-4609-8047-9e413d65a22b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.asbestos-ships.com/ships/uss-duffy-de-27 | 2024-02-23T23:13:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.97951 | 259 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits