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[ [ "In answer to the question, the scientific advisor to Interstellar, <PERSON>, considered the effects of tidal forces on Miller's planet in quite some detail, and in fact the mass of Gargantua was set by the requirement of having the planet not be ripped to shreds.\n(Note: I gave a lot of this material in comments to <PERSON>'s answer, but given the ephemeral nature of comments I think it is better to give it in an answer of its own).\nThe first requirement is that the orbital radius of Miller's planet is just a little larger than Gargantua's horizon, $R = G M/c^2$, where $M$ is the mass of Gargantua. Following the Technical Notes in The Science of Interstellar, the tidal force on <PERSON>'s world is given by:\n$g_{\\mathrm{tidal}} = \\frac{2 G M}{R^3} r$,\nwhere $r$ is the radius of <PERSON>'s planet. The gravitational acceleration on <PERSON>'s planet is given by:\n$g = \\frac{G m}{r^2}$,\nwhere $m$ is the mass of <PERSON>'s planet. For the planet not to be torn apart, $g_{\\mathrm{tidal}} < g$, and from combining these two expressions we can deduce that the limiting density of <PERSON>'s planet is $\\rho = \\frac{3}{2 \\pi} \\frac{M}{R^3}$. Note that this assumes that the planet is a spherical rigid body; a more sophisticated argument used in <PERSON>'s answer assumes that the planet is a deformable fluid ellipsoid gives a similar result, but with a larger prefactor.\nThe value for $\\rho$ thus sets the value of $M / R^3$, and combining this with the horizon equation gives a unique solution for the mass and radius of Gargantua.", "24" ], [ "Using a value of $\\rho = 10,000$ kg/m$^3$ gives $M = 3.5 x 10^{38}$ kg and $R=2.5x 10^{11}$ m. These values were then rounded off to $2 x 10^{38}$ kg (about 100 million suns), and an orbital radius of $1.48 x 10^8$ km.\nThis value of $\\rho$ is pretty high. Most rocks have densities of about 2,000 - 3000 kg/m$^3$. A more reasonable value would be obtained by increasing the value of $M$ since $\\rho \\propto 1 / M^2$. However, as Thorne explained in The Science of Interstellar:\nI want to keep the numbers simple and there's a lot of slop in this one, so I chose [Gargantua's mass to be] 100 million [solar masses].", "24" ], [ "All 2-body systems end up tidally locking each other. In fact, the Earth is slowly going into tidal locking with the Moon, it just takes a lot longer for the larger body to lock with the smaller one (the moon is of course already locked). In your case, it is expected that a binary system of asteroids would be tidally locked.\nI simulated the asteroids orbiting the sun at one AU, where the sun has position {0,0,0} and a velocity which offsets that of the asteroids.\nLet's assume our asteroids have an average density of $~1000\\frac{kg}{m^3}$.", "788" ], [ "Then the mass of asteroid of $3\\left(km\\right)$ diameter with a volume of $\\frac{4}{3}\\pi 1.5^3\\left(km^3\\right)\\approx14\\left(km^3\\right)=14\\times10^9\\left(m^3\\right)$ has a mass of $14\\times10^{12}\\left(kg\\right)$\nWe can estimate the relative velocity by means of an idealized circular motion, in which case $a=\\frac{v^2}{r}$. We also know that the acceleration due to asteroid 2 is $$G\\frac{m}{r^2}=6.674\\times10^{-11}\\left(N \\frac{m^2}{kg^2}\\right)\\frac{20\\times10^{12}(kg)}{\\left(1.5\\times10^4\\right)^2(m^2)}=5.93\\times10^3\\left(\\frac{m}{s^2}\\right)$$ And thus: $$v=\\sqrt{ar}=\\sqrt{1.5\\times10^4(m)\\times5.93\\times10^3\\left(\\frac{m}{s^2}\\right)}=0.3\\left(\\frac{m}{s}\\right)$$\nThis gives us a good aprroximation, and with some testing, it turns out that $0.4\\left(\\frac{m}{s}\\right)$ gives us a good orbit:\nSo, let's use the following statistics:\nAsteroid 1\nMass: $14\\times10^{12}$\nPosition:$\\left(AU,0,0\\right)$\nVelocity:$\\left(0.4\\frac{m}{s},29780\\frac{m}{s},0\\right)$\nAsteroid 2\nMass: $20\\times10^{12}$\nPosition:$\\left(AU,15\\times10^3,0\\right)$\nVelocity:$\\left(0,29780\\frac{m}{s},0\\right)$\nMeaning they have an initial distance and velocity relative to eachother of $\\Delta s=13\\times10^3$,$\\Delta v=0.4\\frac{m}{s}$.\nBehaviour\nOur asteroids have a steady near circular orbit around the sun, the orbit takes about 390 Earth days:\nThe distance between the asteroids fluctuates slightly, both in the short as long term, this is more realistic than perfectly circular orbits. The long term fluctuation is due to the influence of the sun, this gives the distance between the asteroids over 2 earth years:\nTidal locking\nThe asteroids rotate very slowly around eachother, and will almost certainly be tidally locked.\nEccentricity and Stability\nThis configuration is stable over single digit years, the precise configuration needs to change for stability to be maintained over more years.\nFor decades long stability, the eccentricity actually seems to decrease, regardless of the initial situation, however when the orbit eccentricity becomes too low (the orbits become highly circular), the orbits become suddenly less stable, here is the plot over 200 years:\nAs you can see, after 70 years or so, the asteroids start to draw closer together. Increasing velocity accuracy, draws this out,\nLet me know if you need anything else, I love this stuff.\nMy guess is this means it's really difficult to find a stable orbit between such two small objects, however by increasing the accuracy of the velocity, it should be possible for the orbit to be stable for a few thoasand years, though such a configuration would be highly unlikely to occur naturally.", "374" ], [ "This is an attempt to elaborate on <PERSON> answer with a simplified mathematical model and some calculations.\nTo take a simplified view of a supernova, let’s assume that all of the gravitational binding energy of the star is converted into kinetic energy, radiation, etc during the blast. Assuming that the star has radius $R$, mass $M$, and uniform density $\\delta=3M/4\\pi R^3$, its gravitational binding energy is equal to $$\\frac{3GM^2}{5R}$$ For our sun, this is about $2.3\\cdot 10^{41}$ joules. Wow!\nNot all of this energy would be directed straight towards Earth. Let’s assume the supernova explodes symmetrically in all directions. Then, by the time this energy reaches Earth, it will be spread out over the surface of a sphere with radius equal to the distance between the Earth and the sun.", "921" ], [ "The fraction of this energy that hits the Earth is approximately equal to $$\\frac{\\pi R_E^2}{4\\pi \\text{AU}^2}\\approx 4.5\\cdot 10^{-10}$$ where $R_E$ is the radius of the Earth and $\\text{AU}$ is the Astronomical Unit (distance between the Earth and sun). Thus, the amount of energy received by the Earth is about $$(2.3\\cdot 10^{41}\\space\\text{J})(4.5\\cdot 10^{-10})\\approx 1.04\\cdot 10^{32}\\space\\text{J}$$ To estimate how much damage that would inflict, let’s calculate the binding energy of the Earth: $$\\frac{3GM_E^2}{5R_E}\\approx 2.24\\cdot 10^{32}\\space\\text{J}$$ Surprisingly, that’s actually greater than the amount of supernova energy that would reach Earth! This means that the Earth wouldn’t be completely obliterated.\nHowever, as mentioned in <PERSON> answer, it would be very nearly obliterated. Although there wouldn’t be enough energy to completely disintegrate Earth, it would probably rip off the atmosphere and the upper layers of the Earth’s crust. It’s doubtful that your people would be able to dig deep enough underground to protect themselves.\nEDIT: According to <PERSON> the comments, my estimate for the energy output of a supernova is off by a factor of $1000$. So if there were any doubts before about whether a human bunker could survive, they can be safely dismissed.", "921" ], [ "In order to generate an elliptical orbit, you need to have a force which is equal to the required centripetal force:\n$$F=m\\frac{v^2}{r}\\rightarrow a=\\frac{v^2}{r}$$\nAccording to <PERSON>'s Theorem, this can only be solved with a potential for an inverse square force, or a radial harmonic oscillator potential.\nSo we cannot attain a circular orbit, is that a problem? No.\nI generated a system for our sun, Earth, and moon, dependent on a linear inverse force. What we find is that we need to rescale the Gravitational constant to the negative 22nd order. (For clarity's sake I avoided using astronomical units).\nSo if we set $G = 6.6740831\\times10^{-22}$ we find the following orbit patterns:\nWe can further decrease the orbital eccentricity when $G \\rightarrow 4\\times10^{-22}$\nNote however, that in the long term, the eccentricity will always increase, even for optimal $G$, take the following radial Sol-Earth distance over 500y:\nThere are more problems though, for instance, would a star even form with this Gravity configuration?\nNote that in this configuration, the acceleration of gravity due to Earth on its surface would be $0.000375m/s^2$ instead of $9.8m/s^2$ As the gravity drops off more slowly, but is also significantly more massive, a habitable planet would be much more massive, but such massive planets might also more easily form under these parameters.\nAnd here is where things get really interesting, if we suppose that our planet has a mass of $m_{earth}=5.97237\\times10^{28}$, four orders higher than that of the current Earth, gravity at the same radius would be $3.75m/s^2$, and we get the following 1000 year progression:\nMy suspicion is that the collapse happens 4 orders of magnitude slower, meaning you would have at least $10^5y$ of stable orbit, possible a million (1Ma).\nIf you could have a planet with a mass of order $O\\left(29\\right)$, then you might get a near-stable orbit over evolutionary time scales, however getting such a large concentration of Earth (oxyen, quartz, aluminium, lime, iron, magnesium) might be difficult to attain, except maybe in a late-stage galaxy.\nI do think the peculiar circumstances would make the formation of large planets more likely as distance is less of a factor for matter to come together.", "24" ], [ "Consequently we would expect fewer planets, but of higher average mass. However, it is also possible this situation would lead to more uniformity in mass distributions. You would have to run some galaxy wide gravity calculations for that one, and recalculate the result of the background radiation. These are things beyond my scope.", "24" ], [ "A number of answers and comments have suggested that this would affect the axial tilt or orbit of Earth, so let's first work out the likely mass of the dragon to see how plausible those scenarios are.\nThe land area of Asia is $44.58 \\cdot 10^{12} m^2$. (1) The continental crust is $30-50 km$ thick.(2) Density of the crust ranges from $2.2$ to $2.9\\;g/cm^3$.(3) This suggests that Asia has a mass of about $2.94 \\cdot 10^{21} kg$ to $6.46 \\cdot 10^{21} kg$, which is between 1/1000 and 1/2000 of Earth's total mass. We'll take the larger number as a worst case scenario (although in practice, dragons are probably less dense than rock).\nNow let's have the dragon fly up to the edge of the atmosphere, 100 km up (4). The total mass of the Earth-Dragon system is, of course, unchanged, so we just need to see how much the center of mass moves. Taking the old center of mass as our zero point, the dragon is a point mass of $M_{earth}/1000$ at 100 km + the earth's radius, or 6,456 km. The earth is a point mass of $999 \\cdot M_{earth}/1000$ at -25km, since the Asia-shaped part we removed was all on one side.", "921" ], [ "Which gives us a center of mass 18.5 km away from where it used to be. The orbit won't care; even if the dragon flies away entirely, the orbital radius will change by less than 1 in 30 million; we can just add another leap day once every billion years or so and everything works out.\nThe center of mass of the remaining Earth has only moved by $0.1\\%$, but it's no longer on the axis of rotation, so there will be a small but measurable change in axial tilt. Of course, when dealing with this much mass, small-but-measurable probably still means enough torque to cause the worst earthquakes in human history, but I'm afraid we've reached the limit of what I can calculate exactly.\nThe more immediate problem is that if the crust flies away, we now have an area of exposed mantle the size of Asia. The closest event in history to that would be the eruption that formed the Siberian Traps. Those are 7 times smaller than the exposed area (and the actual area that erupted would be smaller still), and that event is one of the more likely causes of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, which wiped out 95% of all life, but arguably cleared the way for the rise of the dinosaurs. It's somewhat appropriate that this time, it's the rise of a giant reptile that leads to the extinction event, instead of the other way around.", "921" ], [ "This is because Newtonian physics, such as $F=ma$, is only accurate for small masses and low speeds.\nAs mass and/or speed approaches astronomical scales, Length Contraction (altering perceived lengths) and Time Dilation (altering perceived time) become significant factors in any calculations involving distances and times, and the observed conditions from the static reference frame and from the moving reference frame begin to diverge.\nLooking at this situation while taking only time dilation into account is a relatively simple way of approaching the question. Assume that your one-kilogram object is an analogue clock with a seconds-hand, and you are a static observer watching the clock with a telescope as it accelerates away from you. From your perspective, the clock's hands will appear to slow down so that the seconds-hand takes more and more time to reach the next tic mark. The apparent increase in duration can be calculated with the function\n$$ Dilation \\ Factor = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt {1 - \\frac{v²}{c²}}} $$ where $c$ is the speed of light and $v$ is the velocity as a percentage of $c$.\nFor simplicity, set the speed of light to $1$ and let $v$ be any value between $0$ (inclusive) and $1$ (exclusive).", "562" ], [ "When you observe the clock to be moving at 10% the speed of light, $v$ is $0.1$ and the apparent time dilation is $\\approx 1.005$ ⁠— that is, you will have to wait ≈1.005 of your seconds for the clock to show one second. To get a dilation effect of 1.1, the clock needs to move 41.66% of lightspeed.\nIf you measure the moving clock's acceleration using the time displayed on the moving clock itself, the calculated acceleration will always stay constant. But if you measure it using the time displayed on a static clock next to you, the acceleration will appear to decrease as the inverse of the time dilation factor.\nAt 41.66% of lightspeed, you will see the clock take 1.1 seconds to accelerate the same amount as it did when it first began accelerating.\nAt 74.55% it will take 1.5 seconds.\nAt 86.6% it will take 2 seconds, appearing to accelerate at only half of the initial rate.\nAt 99.98611%, it will take a full minute - an apparent acceleration of one sixtieth of the initial rate.\nAt 99.9998%, one second on the moving clock will take five hundred seconds by your clock.\nYou can probably see where this is going.\nThe faster the clock is moving, relative to a static reference frame, the more time it takes to gain another meter-per-second of speed. As its apparent speed becomes infinitely close to lightspeed, its apparent acceleration becomes infinitely close to zero, and the lightspeed barriar will never be broken.\nYou can reach the same end result by observing time dilation from the clock's accelerating reference frame instead of the static observer's reference frame, or by observing length contraction from either reference frame. In all cases, one of the values in $acceleration = \\frac {distance} {time^2}$ is being altered and one is held fixed, determining the value for the third.", "562" ], [ "Questions about the potential characteristics of a hypothetical Planet 9\nSo, I'm writing a story. Most of the main story is set near Planet 9, which has finally been found somewhere far out in the outer solar system.\nSo first, I’ve been working on determining the probable characteristics of Planet 9.\nIn line with predictions, it’s an ice giant (a gas-rich sub-Neptune composed of an icy-rocky core with a H-He rich envelope) which is approx 7 earth masses.\nThe most recent article I can find on the topic from <PERSON> and <PERSON> seems to predict that Planet 9’s perihelion is likely 340(+80/−70) AU, that its aphelion is likely 560(+260/-140) AU, and that the semi-major axis is 460(+160/-100) AU. Unless I am sorely misunderstanding this paper (and I could be), the numbers provided seem to be a range of numbers which they think Planet 9 could fall into.\nhttps://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ac32dd/pdf\nI’ll assume that the perihelion is 340 AU and that the aphelion is a bit further out - 750 AU.\nThe semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which is the sum of the perihelion and aphelion.\nSo semi-major axis = (perihelion+aphelion)/2.\nThe orbital eccentricity is the ratio between the difference and the sum of the perihelion and the aphelion.\nSo eccentricity = (aphelion - perihelion)/(aphelion + perihelion).\nSo, after crunching the numbers based on these initial assumptions: Its perihelion is 340 AU, its aphelion is 750 AU, its semi-major axis is 545 AU, and its orbital eccentricity is 0.38.\nNow, in order to estimate the orbital period, I’ve applied <PERSON>’s third law of planetary motion for a quick back-of-the-box calculation. If we measure the period (T) in years and the semi-major axis (a) in AU we can use a^3 = T^2.\n545 cubed is 161,878,625.", "710" ], [ "The square root of that gives us an orbital period of approximately 12,723 years.\nI have a few concerns. I'd like to know if my numbers are solid here, and if they are consistent with Planet 9's hypothesised characteristics given what we know.\nFurthermore, I'm planning for it to have two main moons. One is approximately the size and mass of Ganymede, with similar gravity, whereas the other is the size and mass of Charon.\nI have no clue if I can give it moons that large and still have it remain consistent with their models for Planet 9, but I’m unfortunately not well-versed enough in this to tell. If someone could help with this, that would be fantastic.\nFinally, I have a question regarding how to calculate its diameter. I'm not yet sure how I would yet go about doing that.", "710" ], [ "All the existing answers nicely explain the issue, but I'll add some numbers to the discussion:\nIn 2018, 112 objects have been launched to orbit. Let's assume a typical rocket mass of 500 t and a payload of 10 t (values for the Falcon 9). Of these 112 objects, 30 were launched into high orbits where part of the rocket exhaust may have escaped Earth's sphere of influence (SOI), and four (<PERSON> Tesla Roadster, InSight, Parker Solar Probe, and BepiColombo) were launched into interplanetary orbits where they and their upper rocket stages, escaped Earth's SOI themselves.\nFor high orbits, we can assume that about half of the payload's mass leaves Earth's SOI in the form of rocket exhaust. For payloads that are launched into interplanetary space, we can assume that an additional 10 tons are sent in the form of the launcher's spent upper stage.\nAssuming that 2018 is a representative year and those guesses are about correct (variations from 0.1 to 10 would be possible),\n* The total launched mass is $5 \\cdot 10^7\\ kg/year$\n* The total satellite mass increases by $1 \\cdot 10^6\\ kg/year$\n* The total satellite mass in high orbits increases by $3 \\cdot 10^5\\ kg/year$\n* The total mass leaving Earth's SOI, from both interplanetary launches and rocket exhaust of high-orbit satellites, is $3 \\cdot 10^5\\ kg/year$\nAs discussed in the other answers, the mass of satellites that stay inside Earth's SOI has no influence on the distance between Earth and the Sun. The only relevant part is the $3 \\cdot 10^5\\ kg/year$ that are launched away from Earth.\nAs you correctly noted, the mass itself isn't relevant, the impulse is, so let's assume that the mass leaves Earth at 10 km/s.", "24" ], [ "The fastest-ever spacecraft to leave Earth was New Horizons at 16 km/s, while a typical Mars transfer takes 6 km/s. Rocket exhaust is typically much slower, on the order of 3 km/s.\nWe arrive at an impulse of $ 3 \\cdot 10^9\\ Ns / year $, or an average force of $ 100\\ N $.\nBut in which direction is the force applied? For interplanetary probes the ejection direction depends on your intended destination and transfer plan, while for rocket exhaust from satellites in high orbits it's pretty much random. All in all, I guess that it will pretty much even out. After all, in 2018 two launches were to higher solar orbits and two were to lower solar orbits.\nIf the force is applied in the same direction in which Earth is moving, it is accelerated and thus lifted into a higher orbit. If the force is applied in the opposite direction, it is decelerated and moves into a lower orbit (closer to the Sun).\nThe orbital energy of Earth is calculated as $ -\\frac{ G \\cdot M \\cdot m_{Earth}}{2a}$, where G is the constant of gravity, M is the total mass of the Earth-Sun system, and a is the semi-major axis (average distance between Earth and Sun).\nThe power at which Earth is accelerated or decelerated is $\\frac{dE}{dt} = Fv$, where F is the force of acceleration and v is the orbital velocity of Earth. We arrive at\n$a(t) = - \\frac{G \\cdot M \\cdot m_{Earth}}{2 \\cdot (E_0 \\pm F v t)} = - \\frac{G \\cdot M \\cdot m_{Earth}}{2 \\cdot E_0} \\cdot \\frac{1}{1 \\pm \\cfrac{F v}{E_0} \\cdot t} $\n$\\frac{da(t)}{dt} = - \\frac{G \\cdot M \\cdot m_{Earth}}{2 \\cdot E_0} \\cdot \\frac{da(t)}{dt} (\\frac{1}{1 \\pm \\frac{F v}{E_0} \\cdot t}) = - \\frac{G \\cdot M \\cdot m_{Earth}}{2 \\cdot E_0} \\cdot \\frac{\\mp \\frac{F v}{E_0}}{(1 \\pm \\frac{F v}{E_0} \\cdot t)^2} $.", "234" ] ]

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[ [ "I had laser eye surgery a long time ago and they have an interesting approach to destroying minute amounts of material behind a lens (aka my eye). They use two half strength beams that when focused independently intersect at the spot (delivering 100% power) where they want to burn away lens material. This was done repeatedly to remove a thin layer over a wider surface area with a high degree of 3 dimensional precision and minimal collateral damage.\nIf you multiplied this several times and had 10 or 100 or more lower strength lasers targeting specific high value targets, each laser would interact minimally with the barrier/glass dome reducing the effects of dirt/defects/heating. If the dome was underwater, sufficient ambient cooling might occur. All you need is multiple attack vectors with direct line of sight to the target (easy when attacking from above in a world with gravity sufficient to hold down water).\nAnother way to look at this is how a natural concave lens works or even a magnifying glass. It bounces/refracts light off a dome shaped surface/lens to focus on one point in the middle. In effect it's an infinite number of \"lasers\" pointing low power light into one spot of high intensity power.\nDon't quote me, but I believe this multi laser approach might also be in use for military grade anti missile defense \"shields\" since it naturally provides layers of redundancy and reduces the risk of friendly fire/innocent casualties. For example slicing the wings off a nearby plane in the line of fire as the laser is tracking the target. Note that in this situation, the laser is aided by the explosive nature of the missile and fragility of precision guidance systems.", "898" ], [ "It's doesn't have to produce devastating destructive power on it's own.\nEdit: there could be quite a cinematic opportunity here. It would literally be raining down lasers. You'd have people see little red dots appear like rain drops unaware of what's happening. A side on shot would show a \"downpour\" of red lines, and everything bathed in red. The lines would then swing around searching for a target. Masses of them would swarm on people or anything combustible. Then the explosions would start; barrels, gas mains, aircraft wings in mid flight... panic and people running seeking shelter. Large clouds of smoke and debris would refract the lasers into a blinding lightshow. When the dust clears, slowly the lasers switch off one by one like the lights on a stage.", "580" ], [ "Effects of shielding on length of modern warfare\nIn my setting there are particle shields that can be extended from a central source given enough power and particles to fuel the shield. This is a world where armor has outpaced weapons (nuclear weapons are a non factor). In essence unlike our world, getting the first shot off is not a guaranteed kill, especially for armored conflicts. Machines of war in general are durable because of shielding in this setting. Meaning that units can retreat and fall back faster compared to how we operate today. It would also mean that the actual physical armor isn't completely destroyed compared to a mission/full kill of today.\nHow much of an effect would this have on the durations of war (5,10,15,20 etc years),given that to knock out an enemy would require punching through the shield before the enemy retreats. This is also assuming that factions have built their doctrine on ensuring that their casualties are kept to a minimum and are swapping shielded and unshielded units back from the frontline as much as they can.", "347" ], [ "For the sake of argument assume that the time it takes to recharge a shield from absolute zero can range from a couple of days, to weeks. The shielding system can be mounted on structures and much larger machines etc, an adequate amount of particles just have to be fed to it and sustain coverage over such a large area.\nThis is a world with ETC (electro chemical) guns, railguns, hypersonic weapons etc, basically a little more than near future. A whole slew of other defensive counter measures exist in place as well for the survival onion. The shielding is the last resort. Active defense systems, stealth, advanced camouflage, adversarial camo/camera input, better smokes etc. All designed to make it hard to get close to hitting in the first place.\nTLDR: Would particle shielding increase the duration of near future modern war between peer factions on full war footing/economy, if so by how much.\nEdit: There is an upper limit on how many particles one can charge at once. There's some heavy sunk cost fallacy past a certain point, for example you can't reliably shield a Nimitz Class carrier completely and expect to shrug off a barrage of anti-ship missiles. The generators themselves are heavy and is a design consideration when building things like tanks or shoving generators in buildings or shielding a PART of a ship.", "898" ], [ "How feasible would it be to build and field a tv/radio guided drone against aerial targets without modern technology?\nI have a constantly moving floating island that is looking to augment its air force against numerous threats in the sky. Having long run out of resources that don't grow out of crystals or biomaterial on the island, the majority of its resources come from attacking and excavating other islands. Islands which may have native hostile life or intelligent life.\nAt times multiple islands may be fighting each other or over the same piece of unclaimed land, so control over the skies around the island is critical. The air force operates a range of aircraft. One of which acts like a fleet defense aircraft. Only it defends the island, hurling long range missiles in beyond visual range combat. It combines a powerful radar, high fuel load, and decent computerized technology (pre 2000s military tech). However, due to limited resources and scales of industry they are unable to field many of these platforms. Furthermore, it takes a lot longer to re arm and refuel (does not use normal jet fuel). The large distances involved compound the situation.\nIn offensive actions it acts as a long-range missile platform, however once it expends its ammunition it cannot contribute any offensive action short of EW. To offset this lack of combat capability, drones carrying a load of missiles have been developed. Essentially missile trucks. Once a fighter expends its ammunition, they circle a drone carrier, link with a drone and fly off with one. Essentially a soft reload of sorts.\nWhile their exists automation on the island, there is no artificial learning, machine learning or deep learning. They are unable to make transistors at such a small level with the necessary computer science to enable truly autonomous aircraft control that is combat rated. As such the drone is only capable of basic auto pilot and preprogrammed holding patterns. Some even use electromechanical computers.", "46" ], [ "More advanced maneuvers require the use of a human operator who is in a parent fighter aircraft who establishes a link to the drone.\nThe human operator is essentially a back seater/weapons system officer (WSO) w/ a slightly extended suite. Using a combination of TV and radio guidance, the WSO flies the drone manually from their aircraft. The fighter's onboard radar handles targeting information for the drone. Once a target is locked on, the WSO executes a fire command, from which the drone will fire a missile. The missiles that can be fired include both active and semi active missiles. During such operations, the fighter won't be pulling any aggressive maneuvers except for defensive actions. It'll stay at distance firing away with missiles, aiding older generation fighters. After firing its magazine, the WSO will fly the drone back to an airship and land it while the fighter circles in a holding pattern.\nHow feasible would it be to build and field such a drone that utilizes TV and radio command guidance against air targets without access to modern technology\nAssume technology (military and industrial) is capped to pre 2000s, there is no contemporary AI control or advanced flight mapping technologies that you'd expect to see on either Loyal Wingman or FCAS' drones. All flight maneuvers short of a pre-planned takeoff or basic holding pattern will be done by a human operator over wireless.\nNotes:\n1. Total fuel load of parent fighter aircraft is of no concern\n2. The drone mounts a forward-facing camera and a few sensors across the aircraft. The WSO gets a HUD and relevant data superimposed onto the view they receive from the drone. Their station is equipped to handle these drones.\n3. WSO/back seater is pilot trained and qualified to fly these drones\n4. The targets these drones will be firing at will range from anything involving primitive aircraft to 5th gen aircraft platforms. While the island in question may not be able to build high transistor density chips, that doesn't mean other islands cannot. There are enough flying based organisms that pose a threat to warrant this aircraft to be sortied against them as well.\n5. Size can vary between something as small as a jet powered drone or as big as an F16.", "160" ], [ "Things would be extremely bad. for large values of extreme.\nStars are a balancing act of external radiation pressure exactly counteracting the gravitational attractive force. By increasing gravity stars suddenly have 2% more gravitational potential energy they need to shed to regain equilibrium. How much energy is that? The gravitational potential energy of the sun is 10^41 Joules. Or roughly the same energy as would be released if the entire earth were to be anhiliated with anti-matter. 2% of that is huge and it suddenly appears out of nowhere. So, very quickly the sun has to shed about 10,000 times its yearly energy output. Life is certainly not going to survive that, but this happens for every star in the galaxy.", "921" ], [ "Many, many will jumpstart to a higher order of fusion at the massive sudden increase in pressure and temperature, if they start iron-burning, you are in trouble.\nExpect every supergiant to go supernova concurrently and many lesser stars to flare with the energy output comparable to a nova, any life that survives the semi-nova/flare of the sun will be wiped out by the bombardment of gamma rays that will be bathing the earth for the next few thousand years.\nEvery black hole will get a bit bigger all of a sudden as escape velocity increases, eating part of its accretion disk. Hard to say what effect this would have actually, but sounds like it may cause trouble.\nDepending on exactly how the increase in gravity is carried out, even more esoteric things might happen. It is a well known unsolved problem in physics that the gravitational mass and inertial mass of matter are independent yet appear to always be exactly the same. As in, there are no laws that say they should be the same nor does it naturally arise from any currently accepted theories, but observationally it is always the case that they are identical to the limits of measurement. It is a good thing too as the exact correspondence between gravitational and inertial mass makes a lot of things like having stable orbits work. If you were to increase gravity by increasing gravitational mass and not inertial mass, suddenly things like angular momentum and stable orbits get all sorts of wonky. It is hard to say if solar systems are even possible in such a case.\nAll in all, it is a bad idea. Unless you are an energy being that really wants the universe to end in a big crunch instead of a big chill in which case crank up that constant, but expect biological life to take exception.", "801" ], [ "Realistically overcoming point defenses with starfighters and their role in combat\nI'm developing a game right now focused on starfighter based combat where the character is a pilot of said starfighters. I had intended for bombers to be surgical strike craft, taking out weak points that would otherwise be out of view for opposing capital ships. Fighters would then serve as escort or interception for/against bombers.\nThe big advantage I see to the starfighters and bombers currently designed for the setting are that a great number of them are made for both atmospheric and space combat (some [expensive] models are even capable of re-entry on their own.) They could essentially double as atmospheric fighters in the case of planetary landing.\nIn reality, I'm certain they would be easily picked off by point defenses alone. Most likely a high power laser that could vaporize most of the fighter before they could even get a good visual on their target.\nSo, I wanted to turn here for suggestions on making starfighters a more viable while keeping it mostly realistic and get thoughts on the solutions I've thought of. What are some other realistic means of countering, or at least reducing the effectiveness of point defenses?\nSolution one - Laser-resistant armor:\nA new technology or alloy has rendered the most effective forms of point defense useless against fighters, forcing them to use less reliable means.", "898" ], [ "I don't want to have them jam tracking systems, but maybe their hulls are layered with something that is resistant/reflective to high power light-based weapons such as lasers. And more powerful, larger, lasers that could overpower that defense become too hard to turn quick enough to track. I feel it is a weak option as other point defense systems could easily take their place.\nSolution two - Situational use\nAnother thought was creating scenarios where ships have to fight in close proximity where fighters might shine. The only reason I can think to force capital ships into close quarters would be for the sake of capturing stations and other points of interest that require boarding, but I'm not sure about putting that in every battle. I could see fighters being reserved for exactly those battles and being left in hangar in long range engagements (which from a gameplay standpoint sucks a little bit of variety out of the game, unfortunately.)", "898" ], [ "What observable traits set the MilkyWay apart from other Galaxies?\nIn a short story, Earth's humanity dies off to a plague and a few thousands years later a space faring race plants a new seed of humans in attempt to restore what civilization used to be.\nThe Earth is effectively the same, though biomes may change and a couple thousand years of wild evolution have passed (so a wild dog might look a bit different but it's still clearly a canine). The method of \"planting the seeds of civilization\" is apparently instantaneous to the humans, as if one day, everyone just woke up as if they had just gone to sleep normally the day before. At that point, the seed planters take their leave and observe from afar without interaction. (The story spans hundreds of years as they observe)\nIt's just one big city, outfitted with the tools and resources necessary to farm, process, and produce what a population of that size would normally consume. The humans have been granted the know how on how to operate the machines and build a sustaining civilization. Satelittes and cell phones don't exist but they would later be reinvented. Their next generation being the first humans that actually would need to learn how to walk, talk, read.", "302" ], [ "Their parents are somewhat programmed to work together in building a sustainable \"start\" to the civilization (even if they aren't exactly aware as to why) and would come off as very literal and set in their ways while their children are more creative, looking at the world in increasingly philosophical ways.\nOther than the knowledge of the world around them and how to survive though, these humans do not have a living past in memory. They don't have a notion of \"where did we come from\" and this first generation largely doesn't care. Their children though ask such questions, using the tools and technologies we have now and in the near future to rediscover the universe outside of the Earth. This generation spawning a renascence of invention and discovery in the absence of war and while crime is still a distant concept while everyone's needs are met. Some conflicts arise between competing theories and discoveries.\nWithout a history, polytheist stories (where the milky way got it's name in reality) or previous inspirations, they need something to name it. What observable traits set the Milkyway apart from other galaxies? Also keeping in mind they don't have a distant probe to view it from anywhere but Earth. They can see distant galaxies while they are deciding on a name.\nThis naming period may last a few years as these fresh explorers catch up to our current IRL astronomical knowledge and begin sending out orbital telescopes similar to our own.\nTypical DM brain, I can make a world, but fail to find a good name.", "693" ], [ "What are the risks with massive banks of batteries/capacitors?\nIn redesigning a large number of my ships, I've decided that having larger ships generate enough power for FTL was too convenient and made balancing the factions varied FTL methods difficult (both for writing and game development.) To work around this, I'm moving the ships towards having large banks of capacitors/batteries that store energy for later use (FTL or other power-intensive equipment.) The ships would need to recharge off their reactors between jumps/warps.\nThis also presents a new weak point on many of these ships, I think.\nShips are powered by fusion reactors (plural for redundancy reasons) and store the excess power that isn't running the ship into capacitors and batteries for later use. These capacitors and batteries would likely work similar to those we have today but with advances in energy storage density. Fusion reactors have the added benefit of being the \"safer\" forms of nuclear power in that a runaway reaction is not possible as fuel is added on demand and to maintain the reaction.", "284" ], [ "If a system fails and takes away conditions needed to maintain fusion, the reaction ceases. Contained heat and energy might disperse into the local hull, but the rest of the ship would likely survive.\nBatteries would be used for taking over powering ship systems in the case of a local reactor failing while the nearest reactor transitions towards higher capacity of output to compensate.\nCapacitors would be used for systems that require all of that energy in an instant: massive weapons with slow firing cycles and various FTL drives being the two primary examples.\nBoth of these capacitors and batteries would function much like what we have presently, only with advances in energy storage density. Batteries storing energy through chemical reactions and capacitors storing the electrons themselves.\nIf these ships were storing massive amounts of energy, astronomical by our standards since we are talking about faster than light travel, I could imagine damage to these banks causing a catastrophic discharge of the energy contained. Something that would likely vaporize the ship in a near instant along with anything nearby.\nWhat would likely happen if they were struck in combat or something collided with the ship? And are there means to prevent this violent discharge, protect the ship itself from it, or redirect it away from the ship?\nIf it could be directed, I can imagine fleet formations being set up so that friendly vessels are never in the path of these discharges.", "284" ], [ "I am new to this community so I'm not able to respond to other answers. You specifically mention that the FTL drive works by using an \"<PERSON>-style warp bubble\" and people seem to not be knowledgeable on what that entails and apparently unwilling to spend a few seconds on google to find out.\nThis drive works by expanding space behind the craft and shrinking space in front of the craft to propel it forward, propelling the craft at FTL speeds. This is almost a perfect analogy to how atmospheric pressure differences cause liquid to rise up a straw, propelling liquid into your mouth.\nThe craft, if moving at all, would only be using it's main engines enough to thrust into the next zone of shrunken space, it would actually be traveling at a rather low speed, enabling it stop almost on a dime, as it were. This is one of the methods theorists believe \"observed\" \"alien\" craft travel, allowing them to make immediate turns, and velocity changes without any delay. The G-forces of some of these \"observed\" craft would be enough to kill a human outright.\nThis rules out air resistance. The craft is barely moving, it at all.\nThis engine also does not work using <PERSON>'s third law of motion, as it is not an exhaustive engine; Modern rocket engines work by pushing particles out of the bottom, this does not. Thus, this also rules out saying things like \"By engaging your warp drive, you just detonated 500 billion trillion nuclear bombs on the surface of Earth\". Although you do require that much energy to achieve your result, the energy is not expelled from your craft.\nFrom my perspective you really only have 2 options here\n* The space distortion is so large that it engulfs the planet you are in because of science reasons. Expanding or contracting the space that a living create exists in probably kills it. It also would destroy the planet itself probably. I'm no physicist, but probably.\n* The second and probably one you'd want to go with since this builds off of an idea that you came up with yourself, negative matter.", "947" ], [ "You could again go 2 different ways with this.\n+ Negative matter is a colloquial equivalent of antimatter. Creating a ton of negative matter in atmosphere is a pretty good way of ensuring that a ton of it interacts with the atmosphere. Congratulations, by firing your warp drive you have just detonated 500 billion trillion nuclear bombs on the surface of Earth, killing yourself and the entire planet.\n+ Negative matter is not a colloquial equivalent of antimatter, but more like the mathematical concept of negative. Using the very simple equation 1 + (-1) = 0, every bit of negative matter you create collides with the atmosphere and blinks out of existence and your drive fails to function.\nEdit in response to <PERSON> edit\nI still don't really agree with the conclusions you've drawn. I used an analogy about sucking liquid through a straw, but with more thought I think a better analogy is surfing. The alcubierre drive creates a \"wave\" so to speak and the ship simply rides it. Less abstract, if you shrunk the space in front of you from 100 meters to 1 meter, by moving 1 meter and expanding space behind you back to it's normal \"width\", you've actually moved 100 meters.\n* Regarding air molecules, that is not what would happen. The drive only compresses or expands space itself, it does not directly interfere or interact with the atoms and molecules within. However, a possible consequence of this that I didn't think about before is that compressing space with atmosphere in it would create a very real \"wall\" of air, which actually exponentially brings air resistance back into this equation and the challenges that presents. The ship could burn up and be destroyed before actually escaping the atmosphere\n* Atmosphere is entering and exiting the warp horizon at exactly more or less the same speed and furthermore, are not accelerated in any way, except for the atoms that the ship pushes out of the way\n* I'm not sure why a cylinder of atmosphere would be removed, I assume that's due to the conclusion that the inside of the warp would collect atmosphere faster than it can exit as it travels but that wouldn't happen\n* \"gravitational and electromagnetic interactions between matter and energy inside the warp bubble and matter and energy outside the warp bubble\" You may be onto something here as being inside a gravity well strong enough, such as a planet, could introduce variations in the \"compression-ratio\" significant enough to rip the ship apart when the drive engages. Even if that wouldn't happen, I think it definitely sounds SCIENCEY! enough to be plausible.\nFurther regarding compressing matter, Film Theory did a video on Ant-Man before and he said that compressing a human to the size of an ant would cause the molecules to get so close together that you would collapse into the singularity of a black hole and consume the entire planet.", "947" ] ]

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[ [ "First off, please please please choose something other than a \"special type of radiation\" from an \"unstable nuclear reactor prototype\" that caused a \"sympathetic detonation\" of all nuclear power plants. I almost stopped reading after that point... then realized the whole point of this forum is to give useful feedback.\nMy guess is that your point isn't so much \"radiation kills adults\" as it is \"nobody lives to be an adult,\" in which case I'd recommend having a bio-electrical nanobot accident that targets people whose is the perfect breeding ground but doesn't develop to the right maturity until a certain age.\nOne more note is that you say the internet still works but phones don't. Firstly, they run on nearly the same systems nowadays, so really that's not an issue. However, since the nuclear power plants died, many data centers are going to be offline (after their local backups fail). When those die, any other servers relying on them will start to stray and soon die.", "998" ], [ "Keep in mind that the internet isn't a thing you can set up and forget - it requires varying levels of maintenance by every individual organization on the internet. It WILL start failing fairly quickly. Not to mention that, when the adults died, they took with them the passwords to get into the various servers and server rooms to do maintenance.\nBut to get to your real question... In the near term, you'll have issues with procreation since young people are more at risk of having issues than people in their 20s. You'll also have the hormone-induced interpersonal drama without any adults to help temper it, so you'll likely quickly have factions form, some of which potentially going to war. It won't be until age 26 or so that the less-aggressive ones can start coming back together.\nSince their bodies aren't aging, they'll need some way to distinguish their age (or, as they'll perceive it, their intelligence/seniority), which may be in the form of ranks or shirts with their age written on it.\nIn the end, though, society would revert to the old-west era of America until the adults' wisdom is recaptured. Except that they'd have a lot more technology that they don't understand and can't fix.", "998" ], [ "The first problem with things in space is that everything moves fast - REALLY fast. For example, when you're near a planet, it's not that gravity is just too weak to pull you in - it's that you're going really fast and are counteracting gravity. To put a number to it, the international space station is traveling at 17,000 MPH.\nWith today's bi-propellant technology, if your shield were in the ISS's orbit and 90% of it was fuel and a missile was coming in behind you, the best you could do is go roughly 6,000 MPH in the other direction. However, you wouldn't actually go 6,000 MPH in the other direction: you would instead start falling back to Earth irritatingly quickly.\nChanging orbits with today's technology is very difficult.\nFurthermore, missiles flying in space are limited in what they can do because they have to carry all their fuel with them and accelerate it as well. This is why ballistic missiles are just ballistic: it's hard to affect changes in your trajectory when you would also have to carry fuel... so they just don't carry fuel and fly. We then lob little things at them to get in their way (EKV: Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle, which is literally a thing that gets in the way of incoming missiles and runs into them - sound familiar?). These are incredibly expensive and rely heavily on the other target being predictable (in this case, ballistic) so they can minimize fuel usage and cost.\nBut you asked about the future...\nWhy did I say everything above? Because, in the future, if you have interplanetary travel, you must have solved the engine inefficiency problem and made it trivial to produce engines that can just do whatever you want.", "199" ], [ "However, your space ships still have structural issues, so they can only maneuver so quickly (unless, I suppose, the entire hull is lined with small engines so it can perfectly distribute forces). Presumably they may have also created some sort of an inertial damper to let them maneuver more quickly.\nSo let's say the enemy missiles and you both have the technology to make everything maneuver exactly how you want: you still lose because you're still playing defense and defense is always reactionary. If you get your shield right in the way of the missile (because your technology lets you do this effectively), then their missile would just change its course (because their technology also lets them do that). So you figure out how their algorithm works and make your shield predict theirs, so they change theirs. (Note: this is exactly how defense works nowadays too).\nRegardless of your level of technology between now and then, you CAN put a shield (whether it be something already in space or something like EKV) between you and them, but you always have a disadvantage that they will have the same maneuverability abilities and they control the game (again, defense is always reactionary). Plus your [big metallic] shield tends to get destroyed when it gets hit. Plus yours has to be a lot more expensive because it has to be more capable than theirs, so they can always exhaust your resources by just firing lots of them at you.\nA shield like that really isn't any more effective than shooting their missile with your missile - except that your missile doesn't have to happen to be in the right spot [as much] as a shield does.\nThis, by the way, is the genesis of energy weapons.\nSome more related examples\nUsing some numbers from wikipedia...\nThe US's \"Minuteman\" ballistic missiles cost $7 Million and [technically] only take a few people to operate them from a single silo.\nThe US's EKV program is hard to estimate the cost of, but [1] says they cost about $90+ Million each. It costs more than 10 times as much to defend against a single ICBM as it does to launch one. But this isn't the whole story, because to be able to hit a flying thing, you first have to detect the flying thing (with radars, which have limited range and precision) and transmit that information (which can be jammed) and launch against it, so you have the cost of all of those pieces too.\nThis cost differential has always been and probably always will be so.\n[1] - http://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/07/24/ballistic-missile-defense-how-much-does-a-gbi-interceptor-cost-july-24-2012/", "898" ], [ "Setting the where aside for a moment, I think the first question is how would your average person go anywhere in that case?\nIf gravity were to suddenly start pulling everything sideways at 9.8 m/s², then anyone who happened to be outside at the time is probably already dead. They would have \"fallen\" sideways (or been dragged along the ground, if the pull is sideways and slightly downwards), accelerating until either they reached terminal velocity or until they slammed into the nearest building, tree, or cliff. Basically anyone more than about 20 feet from a vertical surface is likely to sustain serious injuries when the gravitational pull shifts, if they're not killed outright. In either case, those people aren't likely to be going anywhere.\nYour most likely survivors will be people who were inside of buildings at the time. And probably only smaller, wider buildings, with a low center of gravity, as skyscrapers probably cannot withstand a 1G horizontal load. So a person inside of a house, for instance, has a decent chance of surviving the transition. So too does the house, if it has a deep/well-anchored foundation. The person inside could move around (inside the house, that is) by walking on the walls. Once they want to go outside, it's another problem entirely.\nIf gravity is pulling things sideways, then essentially every door in every house/building now opens to a sheer cliff. To go anywhere, a person needs to traverse that cliff. Which for a person of average strength/physical fitness and not in possession of advanced rock-climbing knowledge and equipment is going to be virtually impossible over any nontrivial distance.", "947" ], [ "Maybe a professional climber who happened to survive the initial event unscathed and had their equipment on them at the time would be able to make some progress. However <PERSON> is probably screwed once all the food in the house is gone.\nBut let's assume you've got someone who survived the gravitational transition and is able to move about (and let's assume that the planet hasn't torn itself apart or otherwise been rendered completely uninhabitable...which is liable to happen from a strictly scientific standpoint but also not really any good for storytelling). Where do they go? I can think of a few options:\n* Forests - If you can safely reach a dense forest (and it's still standing; taller trees may well suffer the same fate as skyscrapers), you may be able to use the trees to move around more easily. Moreover, they may provide a source of shelter, and any birds and other small woodland critters that survived may provided a source of food (which is easily accessible, as \"climbing\" a tree is now as easy as walking horizontally along its trunk). Over time you could potentially construct walkways/bridges and similar structures to make moving around easier and safer.\n* Shopping Centers - Think grocery stores, malls, and similar buildings that tend to be large, short, wide, and solidly constructed. These may still be largely intact, would provide a decent-sized surface to move around on, and will contain extensive stores of preserved goods that you're going to need in order to survive. If you can get inside they might provide some decent shelter as well, although the typical layout (large, cavernous interior spaces) might make this quite hazardous. Given sufficient time and resources, however, you could potentially rework all of that interior space in a way that better accommodates sideways gravity.\n* Natural Cliffs - Ideally you want to get back into a situation where a large area of solid ground exists in the \"downwards\" direction. The best option for that sort of thing would be eastward-facing cliffs, and/or mountain ranges (if they're steep enough). Cliffs located near farmland/fertile soil might be ideal, as with a bit of effort you should be able to liberate some of that soil (if the gravitational transition didn't do so on its own) and relocate it to your cliffs. Then you could look at reestablishing basic agriculture, expanding your living area by quarrying the surrounding area, and possibly creating a tunnel network to access nearby locations of interest.", "121" ], [ "Don't change the mass - change the density.\n(Soft science ahead - all hands brace for impact!)\nOne thing you probably shouldn't do is change Ganymede's mass. That would change its orbit (and its influence on the other moons) in unavoidable and easily observable ways. You'd have to do some elaborate hand-waving to make Ganymede appear to be its apparent mass while having a very different actual mass.\nTo have a solution from changing the density will still require some hand-waving, but maybe it's allowable in a \"cotton-candy-scifi\" universe...you can be the judge of that!\nTo attain earth-like gravity in your caves, we would have to: 1) make Ganymede's core unnaturally dense and its mantle unnaturally light, and 2) place your caves much closer to the core. The handwaving required to make this happen is two-fold:\nFirstly, to actually concentrate Ganymede's mass this much in the core, you could not use any naturally occurring material in the known universe. Materials made of conventional elements are too light, and electron- or neutron-degenerate matter would not remain compressed under earthlike gravity--it would explode.", "24" ], [ "So...probably the best soft-sci-fi solution (without invoking artificial gravity generators) is that Ganymede's core contains degenerate matter which for some reason can't decompress. (Is it special matter? Is it in a fluke, naturally occurring statis field? Handwave!) Similarly, you'll need to handwave a material to compose Ganymede's mantle that is extremely light and somehow looks to our telescopes like a salty ocean. (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Composition ) Which bring us to our next point...\nWe will need to handwave some of our observations of Ganymede's physical appearance and its moment of inertia factor ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor ). To be honest, I don't think there will be any self-consistent and elegant way to explain away all of the observations we've made of it. But at the very least, try to have a reason for why Ganymede's surface is or appears to be made up of water ice and silicate rock, and why it appears to have a subsurface salty ocean and an iron-rich core.\n(To tackle the surface, I would offer this...our extremely light mantle-material is somehow also fairly tough and rigid, and the silicate rock of the surface is mostly layers of dust/fragments from meteor impacts.)", "70" ], [ "Many of the issues you described stem from forgetting one key fact: Velocity is not an absolute. It is relative.\nShips flying at 1000 km/s are not inherently immune to projectiles flying 1 km/s if those proectiles are fired by another ship going 1000 km/s in the same direction, because the projectiles' 1 km/s is added to the firing ship's 1000 km/s. If it wasn't, then firing a forward-aimed gun while in motion would be suicide - you'd hit yourself because you're moving faster than the projectile you fired.\nTo put it another way, a bullet fired from an AK-47 has a muzzle velocity of 710 m/s. I am currently moving at a velocity of approximately 30 km/s (relative to the sun), or about 42 times the bullet's speed. Does this make me immune to gunfire? No, because the gun is moving at the same 30 km/s (relative to the sun) as I am, and the 710 m/s of the bullet's muzzle velocity is added to that, not an independent quantity.\nTo have a prolonged engagement (longer than a single salvo as they fly past each other), ships don't need to \"slow down\", they need to match velocities - but the final matched velocity can still be absurdly high (relative to the local star, or planet, or whatever other reference point you might prefer) as long as they are more-or-less at rest relative to each other.\nRegarding evasion, you're right that it's extremely effective against dumb projectiles at long ranges, but this is purely a function of the time it takes for the projectile to reach the target and the rate at which the target can accelerate to evade.", "898" ], [ "The velocity of the target is not a factor, aside from how it affects the projectile's time to target - a very high velocity towards the attacker makes evasion harder, not easier, because it reduces the available time in which to evade the attack.\nAnd that pirate who's running dark? They can still be moving at a very high speed because, in space, you only need to burn engines to change your velocity, not to maintain it. So, if they know that ships tend to pass through an area with a specific velocity (both speed and direction are relevant here!), they can match that vector at a distance beyond sensor range, then coast through the target area with engines off until they notice potential prey nearby and fire up the engines to make minor course corrections and approach.\nIn overall conclusion, though, deep-space combat, as a rule, isn't entirely realistic in the first place, unless the aggressor already knows where exactly their target is going to be, either because the target is following a known trade route or because they have intel on the target's planned movements. Why? Because \"Space is big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space.\" (<PERSON>)\nThe Earth's oceans are microscopically tiny compared to even the volume of space within the moon's orbit, never mind the solar system as a whole or looking at interstellar space, but, even so, terrestrial naval battles tend to happen near ports or other significant locations, or along major trade routes for things like commerce raiding, not at random locations on the high seas. Similarly, space combats are most likely to happen near planets, Lagrange points, or other significant locations, not because closer ranges and lower relative velocities make targeting easier, but because it's nigh-impossible to even find your target anywhere else.", "947" ], [ "How to efficiently deorbit space junk\nSetting: Nearish future where corporate space ventures have had maybe a hundred years of launching satellites and missions and tourists into earth's orbit.\nIssue: Launching anything is difficult now because you've got to make it through a million bits of space junk. Picture that scene in Wall-E where <PERSON>'s ship has to smack its way through a bunch of junk in earth's atmosphere.\nPartial solution: Contractors are hired to go up into space in their ships and get rid of that trash so that things like communications satellites and manned missions don't get obliterated and rockets can be launched more easily.\nProblem with the partial solution: De-orbiting space junk takes fuel. Some of this stuff has a lot of Delta-V. Matching speed, docking, and deorbiting the space junk would take tons of fuel... more than is probably possible or efficient for removing the volume of junk that needs to be removed.", "199" ], [ "Blowing up the junk doesn't work, it just turns one big trash bullet into a thousand tiny trash bullets traveling at the same speed as before in a less predictable orbit.\nMy idea: A ship that interfaces with and steers a giant tunnel of an electromagnet onto space junk, then acts as a huge railgun and fires the junk either to escape velocity or back into earth's atmosphere. Is this feasible? Is there an easier solution? If you like this solution, how do you think something like this would work? I like it because the trash-moving method can be accomplished electronically and charged with solar cells... but I feel like there must be a less cumbersome solution that doesn't require a massive orbital railgun (very expensive for the space trash company)\nNo magic, no infinite fuel sources, and as cheap as possible for the most profit per bit of junk deorbited.\nEdit: I'm particularly interested in keeping my crew and their ship in space for as long as possible to avoid costly launch/reentry. Economy is a huge factor here - it needs to be cheap. Picture a company looking to make the most off of a low wage crew.", "199" ], [ "You mean every human was just born this way? Every person just has this field capable of withstanding 20 full force hits from a two-handed long sword?\nThe simple answer is that a lot of medieval weaponry wouldn't have been invented, and what weaponry was created would mostly be for the purpose of hunting animals not humans.\nHumans would most likely have learned to use their energy shields against each other in fights rather than build weapons for that purpose, given that the field as described would have been the hardest, and most durable, thing known to humans at that time.\nFor example: you state that the \"the armor could only become weaker than another point by a user deliberately shifting energy around themselves\", which means that other areas would presumably be made stronger by doing this. The obvious question is: to what extent? Could I condense all of the power of my energy field down to a cylinder 1cm or so in diameter that projected 30-40cm out from my right hand? If so then I could presumably punch that through someone else's energy shield and their body.\nCome to think of it, you describe this as a field, which means that it is not constrained by 3 dimensional physics. I could therefore theoretically project the field outward as a 2 dimensional plane that had width and length, but no thickness.", "477" ], [ "That plane would be able to penetrate other fields because it would have no actual surface area on the leading edge. It also means that it would pass through the person inside the field without damaging them - again 2 dimensions, so no penetration. So what would be the use of this? Well the field wouldn't harm the person as it passed through them, but it would create a barrier that would not allow things like oxygen or blood to pass through it.\nBeyond that most of the weaponry created would probably be designed for distance attacks using projectiles with a high mass since the field allows inertia to be transferred to the user.\nI also expect there would have been a lot more use of fire as a weapon since the field as you describe it seems to resist penetration but otherwise still allow energy to pass through it.", "477" ], [ "<PERSON> answer is pretty much unassailable (can't top first-hand experience!) but here's a hand-wavery kind of answer that may give you some ideas for how to adapt your original idea:\n1) Containment: as <PERSON> explained, you need a magnetic trap to contain antimatter, and it would be very difficult (if not outright impossible) for a living creature to sustain such power levels. So I suggest that the beast be engineered with plutonium slugs in its heavily-armored spine which can fuel the containment fields within its gut.\n2) PewPew!: The beast could have a metallic weave internal along the antimatter-storage pouch, leading along its throat and out its mouth. When it wants to destroy something in front of it, it would stretch the normally spherical field into a needle-width tube that sprays an extremely narrow stream of antimatter (on the order of milligrams, as <PERSON> suggested).", "300" ], [ "The magnetic containment field would end shortly after its teeth, causing the antimatter to violently detonate in whichever direction the dragon was aiming.\n3) Additional considerations: since the field would be passively supported by a nuclear reaction, rather than the dragon's organic processes, it would be maintained even in the event of the beast's death (as long as its gut or spine weren't blown up). In addition, it wouldn't have any way of generating its own antimatter, so it would have to be supplied externally (possibly it would be \"born\" with a 10g supply, and use only a few milligrams for a sustained burst).\n4) An all-natural alternative: if you wanted to mix a fantasy and sci-fi setting, and have an antimatter-blasting dragon without needing genetic engineering, you could use the same suggestions above, with the additional caveat that the creature would slowly accumulate the necessary raw materials within its skeleton over the course of millenia. So, younger dragons would spew radiation clouds, older ones would be able to shape the radiation with magnetic fields, and ancient dragons would have a small amount of antimatter (accumulated over millenia) to fire.\nAgain, it's all handwavium, but hopefully there's something here you can use to bolster your original idea.", "160" ] ]

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[ [ "Trinidadian Man Transforms Pothole Into a Hot Tub in Humorously Effective Protest · Global Voices\nA screenshot from the “Massive Pothole” video that went viral in Trinidad and Tobago shows a fed-up citizen, <PERSON>, using a pothole outside his home as a jacuzzi.\nIn Trinidad and Tobago, protest action can take many forms — online campaigns, hunger strikes, waste burning, even swims-cum-boat rides between the two islands — but never before has a man-sized pothole been turned into a jacuzzi:\nThe man, who was identified only as “<PERSON>” by the social media user who shot and uploaded the video on January 4, 2018, had come to the end of his tether after 10 days of calling the Water and Sewerage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (WASA) to fix a leak that was so severe it had eroded part of the street in front of his house, with the ironic twist that he was no longer receiving a pipe-borne water supply to his home.\nSo he did the next best thing — he took a relaxing soak in the pothole.\nThanks to his creatively outrageous protest action, <PERSON> immediately became a social media sensation, even gaining regional kudos for his tactics. The very next day, WASA dispatched a crew to fix the leak and repair the massive hole.\nFacebook user <PERSON> posted photos of the WASA crew at work and joked:\nWAYZ! As of 1:45am, <PERSON>’s jacuzzi is no more! There goes my weekend plan! ? I kid. WASA wukkin!\nWOW! As of 1:45am, <PERSON>’s jacuzzi is no more! There goes my weekend plan! ? I kid. WASA is working!\nWhich is not to say that the organisation didn't get properly pummelled on social media.", "142" ], [ "WASA already has a reputation for digging up roadways for maintenance purposes and then failing to restore the roads to their former condition. There is a standing joke in Trinidad and Tobago about “official potholes”, which have been left unattended for so long that the easiest thing to do is simply paint a white line around it to alert motorists to the danger.\nAndrew James didn't find the situation in the least bit amusing:\nShameless in a so called devolving country bad administration bad people just collecting pay under false pretense at the expense of taxpayers\n<PERSON> was amazed that the pothole jacuzzi video going viral was what it took for the problem to be fixed; fellow Facebook user <PERSON> agreed:\nSo thats how to get things done in this country…you have to get on social media..okay ..? ✔ for Mr.<PERSON>… lesson learnt\nDisgust with essential services aside, netizens were completely captivated by <PERSON>:\n#<PERSON> fuh d win https://t.co/uKVS7MPGkn\n— <PERSON> (@St_Ans) January 5, 2018\nOn Facebook, <PERSON> said:\nGive this man an award….\nAnd some antibiotics too.\n<PERSON> replied:\nApparently embarrassment is the key to getting the government to act in this country ?. I'm opening some hot springs […] if anyone would like to patronize.\n<PERSON> concurred:\n?????People really have to be extreme in this country to get results\nPerhaps, but <PERSON>'s ingenuity did get results, which just goes to show that a little humour can go a long way — and he emerged as a hero into the bargain. To <PERSON>, it was a win/win situation:\n<PERSON> is a darling and <PERSON> showed up WASA's incompetence\nFinally, <PERSON> thought the country should properly acknowledge <PERSON>'s ingenuity:\nThe entire nation should do this\nWell done <PERSON> you deserve a national award", "142" ], [ "Trinidad & Tobago: <PERSON>’s Woes · Global Voices\nThe headlines in Trinidad and Tobago's mainstream media over the last couple of days have focused on a Reuters exclusive report that <PERSON>, son of former football executive and FIFA Vice-President (now the country's controversial Minister of National Security) <PERSON>, is allegedly assisting the FBI with its investigations into corruption allegations in the international football governing body.\nSocial networking sites like Facebook were busy with discussion over the news, but most of the comments were posted on private walls or threads. One exception was the Facebook group PNM Abroad, which is a diaspora organisation that supports the current opposition party, the People's National Movement. Minister <PERSON> is part of the People's Partnership coalition government. Unsurprisingly, most recent activity on the page had to do with all things <PERSON>, including a request by the group's leader, <PERSON>, to:\n‘LIKE’ and ‘SHARE’ this status if you are willing to JOIN ME outside the MINISTRY OF NATIONAL SECURITY to DEMAND the removal of <PERSON>\nThe plea got 112 likes but only 22 shares.\nIn another update, the group asked its followers what they would like to say in a letter to <PERSON>; comments included everything from people quoting Bible verses to calling for his resignation. <PERSON> wrote:\nIn light of the current reports in the media, pertaining to your son <PERSON> and yourself regarding ongoing FBI and IRS investigation, which is now confirmed by law enforcement agencies, it would be prudent of you to do one of the following: (1) Temporary suspension as Minister of National Security and from National Security Council until the investigation has been completed or (2) Resign as Minister of National Security and from National Security Council. This letter is in no way politically or personally motivated, it is of a matter of national interest.", "957" ], [ "Whatever your decision, let it be known that it is of great importance to maintain and retain this nation's image as a whole as one that believes in high morals and integrity at all levels, including those in public office.\n<PERSON> was a bit more direct:\nPlease do the right thing and resign from politics. You are a disgrace to the nation.\nOf course, Twitter was in a flurry as well.\n<PERSON>: @kristalicia @tv6tnt Sorry but there is only ONE story this morning. #FBIinvestigation #<PERSON> why so silent?\n@apf17: Smh and this man still continues to manage such an important portfolio….that of national security #madness #<PERSON>\nOne tweet even linked to an article by journalist <PERSON>, long known as a whistleblower on corruption within FIFA and archenemy of <PERSON>. The link was also being shared on blogs and news sites.\nBloggers of course, put in their two cents’ worth as well. Diaspora blogger Jumbie's Watch thought a quote by <PERSON>, Trinidad and Tobago's leader of the opposition, summed it all up:\n‘What the country is seeing in the international media is the name of Trinidad and Tobago being portrayed, not by <PERSON> or by <PERSON> for deeds well done, but by <PERSON> and the Government, who seem to think that there is no such thing as shame.’\nThe Eternal Pantomime, as of this posting, was the only blog (thus far) to address the report in any kind of detail, taking issue, first of all, with the Prime Minister's response:\nTrinidad and Tobago is no longer a banana republic…as of last night with Reuters news service confirming that <PERSON>’s son, and possibly <PERSON> himself, are indeed under investigation, her vague press release in which she says she will wait on an official corroboration is just too hollow for words.\nThe Prime Minister spent last month in Haiti, right next to the US AG and even members of the FBI. Talk of <PERSON> detention in the US had begun since December 2012 on the day he was caught at the airport with an alleged lump sum of money he had failed to declare at customs…allegedly. And yet in February, with the US AG sharing the same meeting space as you, not a question was asked?\nThen you return to Trinidad and <PERSON> asks you to follow up on these allegations and still nothing?\nThe post went on to address the impact of all this on the country itself:\nYou see, we aren’t a banana republic anymore…we are THE BANANA REPUBLIC.\nIn future when films are being made where the setting or crime taking place in a banana republic, it is Trinidad and Tobago’s name that will be used.", "957" ], [ "After a 12-hour blackout, Trinidadians wonder if their power supply is a shot in the dark · Global Voices\nThe moon rising over the silhouetted mountains of Trinidad's northern range on February 16, 2022, during an island-wide blackout. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nAt about 12:30 p.m on February 16, there was an island-wide power outage in Trinidad, which lasted until approximately 12:30 a.m. the following morning, with some areas of the country getting their electricity supply back sooner; others later.\nThe Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (T&TEC) stated that “a fault” had developed in its system, causing two major lines 220 KV (220,000 Volt) lines to trip at stations in the south and central parts of the island:\nThis resulted in system instability and caused all the generating machines operated by IPPs to trip, leading to a loss of supply to all customers in Trinidad.\nThe sister isle of Tobago was not affected by the blackout. In its statement, T&TEC also placed some of the burden of “get[ting] power back onto the grid for distribution to […] customers” on Independent Power Producers (IPPs).\nHowever, electricity wasn't the only thing that needed to be restored. The outage had a ripple effect, with citizens left without internet and access to data, with many not even being able to make phone calls. Just as distressing was the fact that water supply was also affected, leaving many citizens without two of the most essential utilities. The Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) has since estimated that it could take them as long as three days to fully restore the water supply across the island.\nIn addition, there were traffic delays caused by the non-functioning of traffic signals at major intersections, and online school, which is still the channel by which most children are getting an education, was disrupted.\nSome people took the outage in their stride, appreciating the slower pace by making time to admire the moon or watch the dance of fireflies.\nHad a gander at the moon last night – in the midst of the island wide blackout pic.twitter.com/AzX6Etof8U\n— <PERSON> (@Panyol) February 17, 2022\nOthers, like <PERSON>, opted for a humorous approach:\nBout AD Wagon and 4 Wheel Van.", "1019" ], [ "Either yuh with a man with generator or a man with solar power #thatisall\nFor many, the lack of electricity would have been more bearable if the water supply hadn't also been affected:\nCan't remember the last time I had to use a bucket of water to get things done….thanks for making sure I have those skills intact TTEC 😂 #noelectricity #blackout #trinidad\n— <PERSON> (@nicholasgpersad) February 16, 2022\nOther social media users, however, were upset at the situation. On Facebook, <PERSON> weighed in:\nLesson:\nT&Tec is obsolete and has been for a while now. At least for residential homes.\nEveryone should get solar generators for their houses. They are quite attainable now. Get a good electrician who will guide accordingly.\nIf you can’t get immediately, take your time save your cash, but get it as soon as you can.[…]\n<PERSON> also offered details about a solar-based alternative, though at least one commenter on the thread said the loss of electricity was not a big deal for her, she just wished she had been more prepared. In fact, on some WhatsApp chats and social media pages, netizens expressed frustration over both the frequency of outages and not being properly informed, though <PERSON> had a different perspective:\nT&TEC’s Manager, Corporate Communications, did a good interview based on their 1 am release today @tv6tnt Apologized, stuck to known facts, and promised more when details come to hand. She closed by emphasizing that this was an “anomaly” since service is generally reliable 🙌\n— <PERSON> (@Panyol) February 17, 2022\nStill, this Twitter user was not satisfied:\nSoooo ummm what happened? I feel like I deserve an explanation #Blackout #Trinidad\n— <PERSON> (@superfinelady) February 17, 2022\nFacebook user <PERSON> questioned why there seemed to be “no back-up generators or business continuity plans for our national power supply”, and was curious as to whether customers would be able to claim damages for claim for “ruined frozen food, and sockets and appliances blown when power returned.", "142" ], [ "Floods take parts of Trinidad by storm · Global Voices\nA screenshot of an overturned car that was pushed by the flood waters into the St. Ann's river on the outskirts of Trinidad's capital, Port of Spain, on August 3, 2021. Screenshot taken from a YouTube video by TTT Live Online, titled “Flash Floods Affect Maraval And St. Ann's”.\nTrinidad and Tobago is in the midst of its wet season and on August 3, experienced several bouts of intense rainfall which the country's meteorological office had warned might include “the threat of street flooding […] gusty winds [and] isolated flash flooding”.\nAlthough the met office explained that “near-normal rainfall is likely for August to October, but August is likely to be wetter than usual,” no one quite expected the degree of flooding that took place at various locations across the country.\nEven as the rains were coming down, people were sharing images and videos across social media platforms. The video below, shared widely via WhatsApp, was taken by a driver who was travelling along Saddle Road, in the country's northwest, which runs parallel to the Maraval River:\nhttps://globalvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/WhatsApp-Video-2021-08-03-at-4.09.18-PM.mp4\nThe following photos were also taken along Saddle Road, just further south, at a point where the river course passes underneath the roadway:\nTwo different angles of the flash flooding in Maraval, Trinidad, on August 3, 2021. Photos shared widely via WhatsApp.\nThis video, also forwarded numerous times on WhatsApp, was taken from the vantage point of a residence off Saddle Road, close to the area's Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) sub-station:\nhttps://globalvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/WhatsApp-Video-2021-08-03-at-4.14.50-PM.mp4\nOn Facebook, the Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center posted various videos it received from social media users in different parts of the country, including these two, also from Maraval—but flooding was also taking place in nearby St. Anns, as the water levels of the St. Ann's River rose rapidly.\nComments on the Eckel Avenue flooding prompted social media users to address the question of how construction projects are approved.", "709" ], [ "It is a pressing issue that the Trinidad and Tobago Society of Planners (TTSP) and the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects (TTIA) have been drawing public attention to via a series of articles in the media.\nFacebook user <PERSON> commented:\nIf you drive that road you'd notice how the contractor paved over the drains in the road. So the road is a river every time it rains.\nTrinidad and Tobago Weather Center posted another video, this time on Duncan Street in downtown Port of Spain, within close range of the ironically named East Dry River, which burst its banks:\nThis video, shared via WhatsApp, shows flooding in the same general area, along what appears to be either Picadilly or Observatory Street in east Port of Spain:\nhttps://globalvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Eeast-POS.mp4\nComments on various posts called out the practice of littering, which was exacerbating the problem.\nBy late afternoon, as the floodwaters began to subside, clean-up efforts began, with disaster management teams being mobilised to help clear away the mud and debris left behind. As at the time of publication, no casualties were reported, though there was damage to property and vehicles:\nCitizens were warned to expect traffic delays, especially because the capital's main traffic hub, City Gate, was badly affected:\nWhile some commenters were quick to blame the government, Facebook user <PERSON> addressed her compatriots:\n[…] ask yourselves if any of u have ever thrown garbage onto the streets of port of Spain, if yes, then you carry just as much blame for your stupidity. Use a bin or take your garbage home!\n<PERSON> answered:\nThis goes hand in Hand. The Borough/City council has to make sure all drainage [is] cleared […] months before the Rain season. Also y'all that don't like to call on them when you're disposing your beds, fridges etc. You just take it [and] dump it at the side of the road or in the rivers. I've seen ppl do this then cry [and] complain when their homes get washed away.\n<PERSON> added:\nThis is what happens when no maintenance work is done! Drains aren't cleared! Rivers aren't dredged! River banks destroyed! Illegal development not stopped!", "142" ], [ "In Trinidad and Tobago, baby, it’s cold outside · Global Voices\nAmbient temperature. Photo by <PERSON> on Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0.\nEach new year in Trinidad and Tobago typically brings with it wonderful weather—bright, sunny days as the dry season draws closer, tempered by the tail end of cool, Christmas breezes—but from January 3 and beyond, temperatures dipped to such a degree that social media channels were quickly inundated with posts expressing shock at how chilly it was.\nIn a country accustomed to monthly averages of 26.5 degrees Celsius (78.8 degrees Fahrenheit), there were routine reports of lows of less than the typical 23°C (73.4°F).\nWhile members of the Trinbagonian diaspora living in temperate climes found the reaction laughable, locals felt no shame whatsoever in bundling up, and advising others to do the same:\nWe could see temperatures tonight dip below 20°C in most areas of Trinidad.\nInterior parts of the country could see temperatures as low as 17°C.\nThe record coldest at Piarco (Trinidad's climate reference site) is 16.1°C, which occurred on the nights of Jan. 21st & 30th, 1964.\n— <PERSON> (@KalainH) January 5, 2022\nThe Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center explained that the chilly temperatures were caused by a North American cold front, noting:\nOver the last several days, a cold front made its way across the entirety of the Eastern Caribbean and has since stalled over northern South America. A strong high-pressure system has also moved in behind the cold front, bringing brisk winds, dry air, and ultimately cooler temperatures to T&T and much of the Eastern Caribbean. […] This dry and cool airmass, originating over North America and made its way down to the Caribbean, due to the atmospheric circulations over the Atlantic.\nWhile moisture and temperature increased on its journey to T&T, the conditions remained dry and stable enough to hinder clouds’ development. Situations like these are not frequent, but they tend to occur a couple of times during our dry season.\nThe post added that such low temperatures during this time of year are normal, given that the Northern Hemisphere is currently in the throes of winter.", "1019" ], [ "There were also other factors to which the Weather Center attributed the cooler temperatures, including sparse cloud coverage, northeasterly winds occurring at lower atmospheric levels, and low levels of moisture in the atmosphere. The Center confirmed that several areas in central and south Trinidad recorded temperatures below 20°C (68°F):\nThe coolest temperature recorded via a calibrated thermometer was in Penal [in the south of the island] at 17.63°C [63.7°F] while a thermometer (uncalibrated) recorded a minimum low of 15°C [59°F] in Lengua, Barrackpore [slightly north of Penal].\nVia its Facebook page, the Trinidad and Tobago Weather Center also took the opportunity to contexualise the issue by reposting an article from January 2021, in which it noted that “temperature is relative”:\nIt seems that our ‘cool’ temperatures in Trinidad and Tobago are not enough to consider ‘cold’ to the Trinbagonian diaspora. Yet, we don’t hear our local crowd berating the diaspora when the sun makes an appearance in their temperate regions, claiming it’s too hot for temperatures that would be just another day in T&T.\nTemperatures, whether it is cold or hot, is relative to the region it is recorded. 32°C (90°F) is a warm, but average daily maximum high in T&T but would be excessively hot in places like New York or the United Kingdom. Similarly, 18°C (64°F) is a very cold temperature for T&T, located in the tropics, while it would be a cool day in temperate regions of both northern and southern regions of the world, even requiring a jacket to head outdoors.\nIn Trinidad and Tobago, many people chose to stay indoors, some with a hot cup of tea, while a few Twitter users made light of the situation:\nI supposed to have a tiny birthday eve lime tomorrow that I was gon have outdoors because of <PERSON> and one friend say she coming in she winter jacket 😅\n— caroline.n.t. (@carolineneisha) January 5, 2022\nWhile it may not quite be winter jacket weather and weather experts agree that the likelihood of it ever snowing in Trinidad and Tobago remains “near impossible,” there is no doubt that—for a country that lies just about 10° north of the equator—it's cold outside.", "1019" ], [ "Trinidad & Tobago: Election Fever · Global Voices\nWith one action, the prorogation of Parliament, Trinidad and Tobago‘s Prime Minister thrust the country into election mode. (The constitution of the twin island republic states that from the moment Parliament is dissolved, a general election must be held in no fewer than 35 days and no more than 90). As the news broke, the blogosphere was rife with speculation that the move was made to pre-empt a no-confidence motion against <PERSON> that had been scheduled for debate today in the House of Representatives, as well as to avoid the fallout over the report of the Uff Commission of Enquiry into the Construction Sector, which was critical of the modus operandi of the state-owned Urban Development Corporation of T&T (UDeCOTT) – which is not to say that bloggers are not asking other critical questions, some even as basic as “When?”\nTrinidad and Tobago girls, politics, sports, technology, carnival, and lifestyle, however, starts with the “Why?”:\nWhy now? Why would the Prime Minister risk losing Government with not even 3 years of his five-year term behind him?\nWhy? Why when the country can still call on record revenue and a commanding majority in Parliament?\nThe analysts are pinning it on the no-confidence motion; or <PERSON>. But as <PERSON> asked when speaking on the Columbine shootings, “Whatever happened to crazy?”\nIt's quite possible <PERSON> is just a nut. A lunatic.\nBut, the blogger continues, there may be some method to the “madness”:\nSuppose you're <PERSON> and you have the preliminary findings of the <PERSON> investigation into <PERSON> and <PERSON>…\nAt that point it suddenly hits the Prime Minister; the PNM will lose the Elections if they wait five years, and worse yet, in a few months time, there is a definite concern that his own Party will finally realise what all have said, that he, Mr. <PERSON>, is the millstone 'round the PNM's neck.\nHe thinks farther ahead, what would happen if his Party turns against him? Well they'd see new leadership, wouldn't they…Who would they turn to, he ponders? Dr.", "957" ], [ "<PERSON>!\nNow if you were Prime Minister <PERSON> you'd know that is your worst case scenario. So how do you stop that? You call a General Election!\nIt's a win-win scenario for <PERSON>.\nIn contrast, gspottt‘s focus is squarely on “engaging in the political process and advocating for what GLBT people need” and posts a survey to that effect.\nTwitter (#Trinidad) is also abuzz with the news. @izatrini asks:\nSo when is election in #Trinidad and #Tobago http://qtwt.us/cvkq\n<PERSON> links to a recent article in Foreign Policy magazine and quips:\nhttp://ow.ly/1whQS – Let the politicking begin! #trinidad – PS don't read if you intend to vote #PNM – you might just get swayed!\n@nissandookeran, meanwhile, advises tweeple to check online to verify whether they are registered to vote:\n#trinidad Check your voter registeration status, takes less than 2 minutes here: http://ebctt.com/registration.php\n…and @nplaughlin muses:\nSo: a general election some time in the next three months. #Trinidad\nRegional bloggers are also weighing in on political developments in Trinidad and Tobago. Moving Back to Jamaica comments:\nThe battle has begun between the PNM and UNC/COP over who will rule Trinidad and Tobago, courtesy of a snap election called by Prime Minister <PERSON> yesterday.\nLast night, this fact was ignored in our television newscasts. This morning, only a single newspaper bothered to mention it in a report lifted verbatim from the news-wires.\nWhy should Jamaicans care?\nWell, we need to remember that the person being elected is also the de facto CEO of some of our most important companies.\n<PERSON> goes on to examine “the stake that the Trinidadian government has in Jamaica's economy”:\nNow that elections are upon us all, what's the deeply unpopular <PERSON> likely to do?\nWill he defend the equally unpopular Air Jamaica deal as he fights for his political life? Or will he abandon his aspirations to rule the airways of the region, leaving the Government of Jamaica with empty hands?\nHow much does he value the deal?", "142" ], [ "Trinidad & Tobago: Opposition Wins Again; Government Still Optimistic · Global Voices\nThe results of the St. Joseph by-election in Trinidad have come in and – just as in the recently concluded Local Government Elections – the opposition People's National Movement has emerged victorious. The seat was previously held by former Justice Minister <PERSON> of the People's Partnership coalition government. Twitter and Facebook have both seen netizen commentary about the outcome.\nEarly on, journalist <PERSON> if people were calling the seat too quickly:\n#PNM celebrating by-election win in #Trinidad.Some not so sure it's over. What u think? #stjoseph. @wgibbings @CNC3TV @tv6tnt\n— <PERSON> (@john_yearwood) November 5, 2013\n<PERSON> was convinced that the PNM would hold on to its lead:\nWe got a winner #PNM #UNC #ILP is wetting after wetting #ByElection #StJoseph @tv6tnt @CNC3TV @cnewslive #PNMvictory pic.twitter.com/y0Z7GBcgMJ\n— <PERSON> (@porkman1986) November 5, 2013\nEven before the official results were announced, the Ccn Tvnews Facebook page felt secure enough in its sources to post that:\nPNM Candidate <PERSON> wins the St. Joseph By-Election: PNM 6308 votes; ILP 1986 votes; UNC 5605; IND 303 votes; DNA 9 votes. (53 of 53 stations) Source: Solution By Simulation\nMuch of the reader commentary on that post referred to the “wetting” that government's candidate <PERSON> promised his political rivals. <PERSON> said:\nian[‘s] wetting after wetting has back fire[d] on him\nThe official results that were released later that night confirmed the early trends.", "142" ], [ "An official statement from the Elections and Boundaries Commission noted that the opposition's candidate led the government's by 779 votes; just over 50% of the eligible population voted.\nThe PNM's official Facebook page, which changed its cover photo in anticipation of the by-election, wasted no time in celebrating the win:\nCongratulations to <PERSON> MP for St. Joseph.\nThank you for leading the way to the next General Elections!!\nImpact on Governance soon quoted the opposition leader, Dr. <PERSON>, in this tweet:\nThis #Government has no mandate to continue to govern #Trinidad and #Tobago. Dr. <PERSON>. #TTPolitics #byelection #StJoseph\n— Impact on Governance (@IOGTTProject) November 5, 2013\nThe government wasn't quite prepared to admit defeat, though, seeing that its losing candidate came in at what some supporters thought was a strong second place. According to the C News Live Facebook page, <PERSON> himself noted that:\n“In 10 days time I have done a lot. What it takes some MPs 5 years I did in 10 days…”\nFacebook user <PERSON> was not surprised at the government's reaction:\nSo! PNM won!\nWaiting for KPB to come and ‘explain’ to us why it's really a UNC victory!\nFinally, the memes started coming, with one of the most blunt referring to the then-teenager at the centre of this controversial story, who happens to be <PERSON> sister:\nMeme by Trini Public Sector Comics – www.facebook.com/trinicomics\nThe thumbnail image used in this post is by <PERSON>, used under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic Creative Commons license. Visit <PERSON> flickr photostream. All Facebook status in this post that do not belong to public pages have been used with permission.", "142" ], [ "Former Trinidad & Tobago Prime Minister <PERSON> Dies, Days After Being Diagnosed with Leukemia · Global Voices\n<PERSON> thanking his constituents post-2010 election, which he and his party lost. Photo by <PERSON>, used under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license.\nOn July 2, 2016, Trinidad and Tobago netizens woke up to the news that <PERSON>, who served three terms as prime minister of the twin island republic, had died from acute myeloid leukemia. His wife had publicly shared his diagnosis just the day before, asking people to pray for him as he began cancer treatment. No-one expected <PERSON> to pass away so quickly; his family made the announcement on his official Facebook page:\nAt 8:15AM today, Former Prime Minister <PERSON> passed away peacefully at the San Fernando General Hospital after battling Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Former Prime Minister <PERSON> was surrounded by his family and loved ones.\nThe <PERSON> family would like to thank everyone for their prayers, love and support during this trying time.\nFuneral arrangements will be announced in due course.\nIn the blogosphere and on social and mainstream media, tributes to <PERSON> soon began.", "357" ], [ "The popular politics and sports website, Wired868, republished a statement by <PERSON>, a minister of parliament and the public relations officer for the People’s National Movement, the party which <PERSON> led (and which is currently in government):\nOn behalf of the members […] and […] the Executive of the PNM, I take the opportunity to express our sincerest and heartfelt condolences to Ms <PERSON>, her sons and Mr <PERSON>’s wider family.\nMr <PERSON> served Trinidad and Tobago for decades as a leader with great vision and his passing is a loss to the Nation and to his party, the PNM.\nWe join in prayer for his soul and his family and thank him and his family for his life and his invaluable contributions.\nThe current leader of the opposition, <PERSON>, also paid her respects to <PERSON>, despite the fact that they had been bitter political rivals:\nIt is with deep sadness that we heard of the passing of former Prime Minister <PERSON>.\nOn behalf all in the Parliamentary Opposition and the United National Congress [the current opposition party], we send our heartfelt sympathies and prayers […]\nMr <PERSON> was Prime Minister by electoral victory three times in our history – 1995, 2002 and 2007.\nHe is also our longest serving Parliamentarian and one of the longest serving Public Servants in the region.\nIndeed, his wife <PERSON> has always exemplified strength and fortitude in her family, something which was clear throughout their public life.\nThe grief we share at his passing is, without doubt, grief that will be shared by our fellow nations in the region.\nWe wish the <PERSON> God's guidance and support and pray that the former Prime Minister will find a place of joy and rest.\nOn his Facebook page, Senator <PERSON> posted an old campaign video of <PERSON>, saying:\nA most memorable line, ‘<PERSON>, we stepping up with you’. Thanks for the service and thanks to the <PERSON> family for allowing our former Prime Minister and Political Leader to serve. Rest in peace, Mr. <PERSON>.\nSome of <PERSON>'s regional peers remembered him as “a sincere advocate for regional integration”.\nOn Twitter, users remembered <PERSON>'s repartee on the electoral campaign trail as well as his eloquence in public speaking:\n\"We will beat dem in de east\nWe will beat dem in de west\nWe will beat dem in de north\nWe will beat in d south….\"\n—<PERSON>\n— † (@smokeohontas) July 2, 2016\n\"Our people will be at the center of all development, without people my Dear friends there can be no development…\" – <PERSON>\n— <PERSON> (@ClydeenMcDonald) July 2, 2016\nMany other users of the microblogging service — including CARICOM‘s official Twitter account — also offered condolences:\nSad day for CARICOM.Former PM <PERSON>,one of its true champions has fallen.His contribution in health&security will not be forgotten\n— CARICOM (@CARICOMorg) July 2, 2016\nRest in Peace\nThe Honorable <PERSON> 🙏🏾 pic.twitter.com/0NcEHQC7KW\n— The BadGentsclubtt (@Badgentsclubtt) July 2, 2016\nRest in peace to our Former Prime Minister,<PERSON>. A nation mourns a national great.", "357" ] ]

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[ [ "Reviving the Cree and Ojibwe languages of Manitoba with TikTok · Global Voices\nScreenshot of the @micec.mb TikTok account.\nAs a child growing up in the Fox Lake Cree Nation in Northern Manitoba, Canada, <PERSON> would hear the Ininímowin (Cree) language from her grandparents. However, the language was not passed on her mother and consequently not to <PERSON> either. “As I grew older, I heard less and less Ininímowin until I believed it was lost,” she would recount in an email interview with Rising Voices.\nFast forward to the present day, and <PERSON> has moved to Winnipeg and has started working at the Manitoba Indigenous Cultural Education Centre (MICEC), a nonprofit educational organization that provides programs and services to help raise awareness of Indigenous cultures in the Province of Manitoba. This Canadian Province is located in Cree, Dakota, Dene, Ojibway, and Oji-Cree traditional First Nations territories, and the Métis Nation.\nAfter she began working at the MICEC, <PERSON> saw diverse ways to promote these languages, including social media. She joined forces with <PERSON>, actively involved with sharing the Ojibwe language, and they begin creating TikTok videos on the Centre’s account (@micec.mb). Combining humor, everyday language use, and relatable situations, these videos are contributing to making the language accessible, especially during the ongoing pandemic when many people were at home. The results have been gratifying, as <PERSON> shared with the News Site of the University of Winnipeg, where she is currently studying:\n“Young people are seeing it and saying “Thank you, I heard my granny say this as a kid,’ ‘I haven’t heard my language in years, thank you,’ or ‘I didn’t know I could still learn my language,’” <PERSON> said. “The comments make it worth it.”\nPhoto provided by <PERSON> and used with permission.\nIn this short interview with Rising Voices she shares further information about herself, her language, and her digital activism:\nRising Voices (RV): What is the current status of your language both offline and on the internet?\n<PERSON> (SN): There are 5 dialects of the Cree language, which also vary by community.", "811" ], [ "My family speaks the n dialect (Swampy Cree), and my community’s dialect of Cree will die in the next 10-20 years with our last remaining fluent speakers. In other communities across Manitoba I would estimate that there are less that 500 fluent speakers under 50. When our older fluent speakers pass we will rely on these few young people, and their children to carry the language both online and offline. The n dialect is lacking in language learning resources, however, there are people who are working hard to create them alongside our remaining fluent speakers. The y dialect (Plains Cree) is in much better shape, with a higher number of speakers under 50, and many more online and offline resources.\nRV: What have been the biggest challenges for you during your activities to promote your language and culture on the internet? And what are some of the ways that you have been trying to overcome these challenges?\nSN: My biggest challenge has been finding the time to create content with other work commitments. I do my best to create content when I can, and in the past have created a collection of videos to post when I cannot record regularly.\nRV: What are your main motivations for your language digital activism?\nSN: My main motivations are the Indigenous youth who are just like me when I was 15. The Indigenous youth who think their culture and language are lost. I hope that when they see us, and hear us, they can see and hear themselves; I hope I can help at least one person who is like me, to pick up their language again.\nRV: What are your hopes and dreams for your language?\nSN: I hope that Ininímowin stays with us long enough for my grandchildren, or my great grandchildren, or my great-great grandchildren and so on, to learn the language as their first language, and understand the complex culture that is embedded in every word. That is all I hope for.", "507" ], [ "How indigenous women in Canada heal through art · Global Voices\n“Fringe”, by artist <PERSON>. Photo taken by the author at the Exhibit “Rebecca Belmore: Facing the Monumental“, at Montreal's Musée d'art Contemporain in 2019\nIn the Canadian winter of 2002, passers-by walking through Vancouver’s Downtown East Side could see <PERSON>, from the Indigenous Anishinaabe Nation, nailing her long red dress to a telephone pole. She struggled to free herself, and then once released, her dress hanging in tatters and her underwear exposed, she silently read the names of the missing women that she had written on her arm. She concluded her performance by shouting the names one by one.\n<PERSON> is a multidisciplinary artist, and this is part of her work, called “Vigil”. Through it, she commemorates the lives of the missing and murdered Indigenous women who have disappeared from the streets of Vancouver. She wants “to let each woman know that she is not forgotten: her spirit is evoked, and she is given life by the power of naming”.\nThe performance, now shown in a video in <PERSON>'s exhibits, may surprise distracted observers, but the reality is that in Canada — frequently ranked at the top of lists rating global quality of life – Indigenous women suffer high rates of violence. In 2014, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) confirmed that 1,017 indigenous women have been murdered and that 164 have disappeared since 1980, even though indigenous women only constitute 4.3 percent of the country's female population.\n“Vigil”, by artist <PERSON>.", "216" ], [ "Photo taken by the author at the Exhibit “Rebecca Belmore: Facing the Monumental“, at Montreal's Musé d'art Contemporain, in 2019\nResearch conducted by the Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC) has found that aboriginal women are almost three times more likely than non-aboriginal to be killed by a stranger. Indigenous women and girls are either murdered by strangers (16.5 percent of the time), acquaintances (17 percent), or a partner (23 percent).\nNWAC’s research concludes that aboriginal women experience violence by both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, the vast majority of whom are men. It also reveals that only 53 percent of murder cases involving aboriginal women and girls have resulted in charges of homicide — well below the 84 percent national clearance rate for homicides in the country.\nThe association Quebec Native Women (QNW) has stated that before the arrival of Europeans, indigenous women played an essential role in the health, spirituality, education, economy and politics of their communities. This dynamic changed drastically through the imposition of “European patriarchy” policies, which have continued to the present.\nAccording to researchers from various Canadian universities, such as Marie-Pierre Bousquet and <PERSON> , systematic colonialist policies imposed by the Canadian federal government have sought to assimilate indigenous people into a Euro-Canadian lifestyle, thereby eroding native culture and identity.\nOne such policy is the Indian Act, in force since 1876, which dictates how the federal government rules on matters related to indigenous people. Originally aimed at the progressive extinction of Canada's indigenous population, anthropologist <PERSON> says this law still affects their legal capacity and undermines their autonomy.\nQNW calls this “erasure ideology”, which began with “the progressive theft of the territories” of indigenous women and forced them to go “from loss to loss” of resources, autonomy, identity, and culture.\nFor QNW, the consequences of colonialism include the disadvantageous socio-economic context in which indigenous women live today, which in turn leads to increased risks to their very existence. In fact, violence against indigenous women in Canada has been called genocide .\nTo overcome their suffering, indigenous women have denounced and resisted a colonialist, racist, and sexist system. Slowly but surely, art has become an important tool for both expression and catharsis, allowing them to reclaim an alternative, incisive, and heartbreaking version of their history while coming to terms with society's role in their current challenges as well. Here are some of their most stirring artistic expressions:\n“1181”, by <PERSON> (2014)\nNails — all 1181 of them — were hammered by <PERSON> onto a tree stump, each one representing a case of murdered and missing indigenous women recorded by police statistics.\n“1181”, by artist <PERSON>.", "112" ], [ "DigiGlot Newsletter: Welsh-language rock music finds a place on streaming music platforms · Global Voices\n“Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch” is the name of a village in Wales and is also the place with the longest name in Europe, as seen as a Welsh language exhibit at 2009 Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Photo by <PERSON> and used under a CC BY 2.0 license.\nThe DigiGlot Newsletter is a bi-weekly collaborative newsletter that reports on how indigenous, minority, and endangered language communities are adopting and adapting technology to increase the digital presence of their languages, and in the process changing the internet landscape by increasing linguistic diversity online.\nTwo million plays and counting\nScreenshot from Spotify with the number of plays (as of January 29, 2019)\nIn late 2018, Welsh rock band Alffa became the first group to release a song in the Welsh language that hit one million plays on the Spotify streaming platform with the song “Gwenwyn”. This achievement is especially noteworthy because the band wasn’t particularly well known outside of Wales, but thanks to Spotify’s reach, listeners from as far away as Brazil and Mexico discovered a song in a language spoken by approximately 700,000 people. <PERSON>, a columnist with the Guardian newspaper who herself is Welsh, dug deeper to inquire why a Welsh language song became so popular. She spoke with <PERSON> of the music distributor PYST, who credited the Spotify platform's openness to music in all types of languages. “What’s beautiful is that Spotify judge the songs on musical merit, not the language or the band,” <PERSON> said. “Nobody knew <PERSON> outside a small part of Wales. This is testament to the strength of the song.” Since that earlier story was published, the Welsh song has hit two million plays.\nCree language podcast shares the stories of Cree elders in Northern Quebec\nA new Cree language podcast started by <PERSON>, a journalism student from Nemaska, Québec, aims to help young people develop their Cree language-speaking abilities. He noticed a trend of young Cree people increasingly speaking English and wanted to help provide more digital content in Cree, so he started a podcast sharing the stories of Cree elders. The In Eeyou Istchee podcast “promotes Cree diversity, respect, and freedom of expression” and helps bring the Cree language to speakers and learners, wherever they are.", "507" ], [ "The podcast can be found on iTunes and Soundcloud.\nMalian linguistic organization petitions Voice of America to use official Bambara orthography\nIn 2013, the international broadcaster Voice of America (VOA) started transmitting in the Bambara language, one of the official languages of Mali, spoken by approximately 15 million people. VOA also has a Bambara-language website which recently attracted attention for employing a “Frenchified” version of this Manding language and not the official orthography developed and promoted by the government and partner institutions such as the African Academy of Languages.\nDr. <PERSON>, a linguist, researcher, and teacher of Manding languages noticed the VOA's use of French orthography. <PERSON>, author of the book African Languages in a Digital Age, wondered whether the reason for this was a scarcity of keyboards to enable writing in the official <PERSON> orthography. Ultimately it might boil down to VOA's determining that only a small portion of their audience can read <PERSON> orthography, but <PERSON> also points out that this is probably an untested assumption. The Cercle Linguistique Bamakois has initiated a petition calling on VOA to adopt the official orthography. The petition points out the effort and resources that went towards the development of the orthography, and that international broadcasters such as Radio France International have made an effort to use the official orthography on their websites.\nA language app to teach kids the indigenous languages of Canada\nKOBE Learn is an app designed to help young users learn common words and phrases in Ojibway, Cree and Oji-Cree, the traditional languages of First Nations communities in northwestern Ontario, Canada. The app is collaboration between the local Board of Education, language teachers, elders and community members. The Board was seeking a modern teaching tool that could help to carry indigenous languages into the future.\n“Many of our elders are passing away, each day, and it's really important to keep what we have now,” said <PERSON>, the Board's native language lead. “A lot of our children entering school are not speaking their first language. So this is one small way of retaining, keeping the language.”\nIs there an app for that (in Welsh)?", "507" ], [ "DigiGlot Newsletter: App links refugees with volunteer translators · Global Voices\nThe DigiGlot Newsletter is a bi-weekly collaborative newsletter that reports on how indigenous, minority, and endangered language communities are adopting and adapting technology to increase the digital presence of their languages, and in the process changing the internet landscape by increasing linguistic diversity online.\nRefugees arriving in a new destination face a variety of challenges, including, very often, a language barrier. Being unable to understand and communicate in the language of the new environment can make accessing important information and services that much more difficult. The refugee crisis is global: the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimates that 68.5 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced.\nA new mobile app called Tarjimly (“translate for me” in Arabic), available for iOS and Android, seeks to lower this language barrier by connecting refugees and aid workers with volunteer translators offering their skills remotely via smartphone. The app connects refugees and translators via live chat, where they can choose to communicate by text, audio or video chat.\nThe app was launched in 2017 to offer support to people affected by the Syrian refugee crisis and the US Travel Ban. Co-founder <PERSON> said via email that there are now 8,000 registered volunteers speaking approximately 90 different languages. The most frequently used languages include Arabic, Farsi, Greek, French, Pashto, Spanish, and Italian. The Tarjimly team has been receiving requests for languages such as Tigrinya, Rohingya, Kurdish, and Somali, among others, and there is an urgent need for bilingual volunteers speaking those languages to register on the site. Additionally, there has been increasing interest in adding volunteers proficient in Latin American indigenous languages, in order to better serve people seeking asylum along the US-Mexico border.\nLanguage immersion students can now code in Hawaiian\nA group of Hawaiian programmers has translated coding language from English to Hawaiian, to help school kids in language immersion programs code in Hawaiian. The promoters of this initiative have faced unexpected challenges, such as finding terminology that is culturally relevant without sacrificing accuracy and avoiding direct translation. The programmers believe that the initiative will help people gain a deeper understanding of their work, and avoid rote learning of English terms.\nOnline platform boosts availability of storybooks in minority languages\nMultilingual reading material for children that is engaging and entertaining is of paramount importance for language revitalization, yet there is little such material available for minority languages. StoryWeaver is an online platform created in India that allows free and open creation and sharing of storybooks in 130 different Indian and other global languages, such as Marathi, Dhopadhola, Mixe, and Shona.", "507" ], [ "StoryWeaver allows storytellers to create books that are freely accessible and downloadable by others for distribution or translation into other languages. Organisations working with tribal communities in India have found the platform to be of great use, as it enables quick and easy production of storybooks in the mother tongue of children in those communities. Storyweaver currently hosts more than 10,000 storybooks, all available under a Creative Commons license, and has been accessed online by about a million readers.\nMapping “declining and emerging” writing systems from around the world\n“A language dies every two weeks” has become an altogether too familiar headline. An aspect of this story that is seldom reported is that certain scripts, or writing systems, are also endangered. A project called the Atlas of Endangered Alphabets documents over 100 systems used to transcribe languages that could disappear unless a special effort is made to preserve them. Some of these scripts are thousands of years old, others were created less than two centuries ago. But all face the same challenge: without a digital interface designed to allow people to type using that alphabet, they are very likely to disappear in the next decades. The central element of the site is a map that allows users to navigate by country and sample texts written in extraordinarily beautiful scripts.\nScreenshot of the Endangered Alphabet map. Click to see the full map.\nLearning Anishinaabemowin on Facebook\nTwo Anishinaabemowin (Ojibway) speakers are using Facebook to teach their language to anyone anywhere in the world who wishes to learn it. <PERSON> and <PERSON> regularly post videos featuring a word of the day, along with detailed explanations of their meanings and significance. Learners can also connect with each other and share knowledge in a Facebook group called “Anishinaabemowin With Roy Tom.“\nOjibway Word Of The Night ! Bear , birch bark canoe !????✌?✌?✌????\nGeplaatst door Roy F. Tom op Zaterdag 1 december 2018\nFunding opportunities\n* The Endangered Language Fund’s 2019 round of Language Legacies grants is now open.", "507" ], [ "Cultural activist from Guyana’s Wapishana tribe tries to revive a near-extinct language · Global Voices\nThe first graduating class (2011) of Wapishana teachers after receiving their certificates to return to their villages to teach Wapishana literacy to others. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\nIn the midst of Guyana's lush rainforests, nestled between the Rupununi River and Brazilian border, dwells the Indigenous Wapishana tribe. Linguist and cultural activist <PERSON> hails from an isolated Wapishana village, yet, he speaks less Wapishana — an Indigenous Arawakan language spoken in Guyana and Brazil —than English.\nNow, he's trying to revive the dying language.\nAccording to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, more than 40 percent of the world’s languages are endangered. In 1997, concerned about the dwindling number of Wapishana-literate adults, <PERSON> formed the Wapichan Wadauniinao Ati’o (WWA, meaning “Wapishana for our Descendants”), to help revive the Wapishana language.\nIn 2011, the WWA embarked on a four-year Wapishana Adult Literacy Programme to preserve the community's language, culture and land resources, in keeping with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recommendations. <PERSON> says that by preserving endangered languages, people access their stories in their own tongue, thereby retaining strong roots.\nLanguage is about communication — but it's also an instrument of knowledge and power.\n<PERSON> maintains:\nIn our part of the world of formerly colonised countries, ‘true decolonisation’ is still lacking, for there is still the continuation of colonial structures and mentalities in the context of the independent nations.\nGlobal Voices corresponded with <PERSON> via email about his vision for the Wapishana language.\nLinguist and cultural activist <PERSON> in Leiden, The Netherlands, where he teaches at the university. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\nGlobal Voices (GV): What inspired you to want to preserve this language and how do you see it making a difference?\n<PERSON> (AD): I realised that I did not know my own cultural heritage or background very well, despite being able to speak the language. It’s not that the knowledge was hidden, but due to my exposure to mainstream culture, I had not been actively involved in the activities of my culture. I missed out on a lot on trips to the deep forest and the wide-ranging savannah … and the practical lessons passed on by our elders through on-the-spot occurrences … I felt incomplete when it came to knowing my roots — I missed a sense of belonging — of being Wapishana. I wanted to do something about it.\nGuyana's 9,000-strong Wapishana population was no longer equivalent to the number of speakers (around 5,000 or less).", "811" ], [ "As people favoured the national language, English, as well as Creole and even Portuguese, our Indigenous language was no longer being passed on to the next generation. There is a growing number of young adults who speak only English.\nThe WWA's literacy programme has revitalised the language in 17 villages in south Rupununi by increasing literacy at the grassroots level. This … gave people a sense of pride and expanded their self-esteem. There are now approximately 1,000 Wapishana-literate people.\n<PERSON>: What other activities does the WWA undertake?\nAG: At the WWA centre, we archive language data, strengthen the capacity of local WWA tutors to train others, promote the language through reading and spelling competitions, and collaborate with like-minded partners. People have even been inspired to produce their own reading materials. The WWA is recognised as the local authority for the translation of certain documents, and we have got approval from the Ministry of Education for a Wapishana/English pilot project in three villages …\n<PERSON>: What have been some of the challenges?\n<PERSON>: Through the literacy courses, we have managed to preserve the language to a large extent; However, participation dwindled toward the end of the four-year programme. Part of the struggle was that we also needed a more advanced level programme. A considerable number of youth were not motivated enough to participate … English tends to be promoted, celebrated and exalted at the expense of native languages, which are seen as old fashioned.\nThe WWA has to create programmes that span generations … [to] ‘create space’ for the Wapishana language in modern technology …\nStudents learning to read and write in the Wapishana language. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.", "811" ], [ "What it’s like to encounter the Frisian language in nearly every space in daily life, even online, in Fryslân in the Netherlands · Global Voices\nImage taken by <PERSON> and used under a CC BY 2.0 license.\nEditor's note: From April 20-26, 2022, <PERSON> will be hosting the @EuroDigitalLang rotating Twitter account, which explores how technology can be used to revitalize European minority or regional languages. Read more about the campaign here.\nSince 1928, the Afûk has been a well-regarded organization with a mission to promote the Frisian language and culture in all types of spaces in the Dutch province of Fryslân. The language has managed to remain in daily life, and, according to the Afûk, nearly all of the province’s 642,000 residents understand the language. According to the Afûk website, “this means that you will encounter Frisian and use it everywhere in the province: at the baker’s, at the supermarket, at the library, at the doctor’s office, at school, at the card club, on the sports fields, on signs for cities and villages, in the media, in the theatre and at work.”\nThe Afûk’s contributions include providing language courses for adults, publishing electronic books and magazines, creating apps, and providing consulting services for companies and organizations on creating policies to encourage the language’s use.\nPhoto provided by <PERSON> and used with permission\nThe organization was well-known to <PERSON>, who was raised by parents who were both Frisian language speakers. It was only when she moved away from Fryslân to study at the University of Groningen did she grow to appreciate how unique the language is and “the social, psychological and political factors that are connected to speaking a minority language.” She soon switched from studying English to studying Frisian, and shortly after graduating started to work for the Afûk, where she has remained for twenty years. Currently she holds the position of project leader of the international projects.\nRising Voices interviewed <PERSON> over email.\nRising Voices (RV): What is the current state of your language both online and offline?\n<PERSON> (MV): At the moment a little more than half of the population in Fryslân speaks Frisian as their first language and around 75 percent of the population speaks Frisian on a daily basis. Almost all of the province’s approximately 650,000 inhabitants can understand the language: about 95 percent. This means that you’ll come across Frisian everywhere in everyday life.\nHalf of all Frisians are able to read Frisian easily. However, a small proportion of Frisians have a good written command of their language. This number has steadily increased in recent years.", "811" ], [ "This is due to education and the increasing use of social media in Frisian. There are concerns about the language transfer from parents to their children. That is slowly decreasing and one of the most important factors to keep a language alive.\nThe online state is on an intermediate level so to speak. On the one hand, several applications have been developed. On the other hand, it are usually not the big tech companies that automatically develop their applications in Frisian.\nThe following applications are now available:\n* Google Translate through community development\n* Facebook in Frisian through community development\n* Gboard and Swiftkey as automatic text predictors\n* Frisian as a language in Microsoft Office with built-in spelling and grammatical corrector on Windows operating systems (however, this has to be downloaded separately, and is not automatically integrated in updates and when people buy Microsoft Office software).\n* Navigation in Frisian through Waze\n* Online Frisian-Dutch dictionaries and translation tools\nRV: What are your motivations for seeing your language present in digital spaces?\nMV: It is very important for a language to be present in the daily life of people. Maybe even more so for a minority/small/minoritized language. You should be able to use your language anytime, everywhere. For a majority/dominant language, that is a given; for a smaller language you always have to fight for your space and compete against the power of the bigger language. Your language has to be present at those places where your (potential) speakers are. And since we are all present in the digital world, your language should definitely be present there as well.\nRV: Describe some of the challenges that prevent your language from being fully utilized online.\nMV: For the big tech companies investing in smaller languages is economically not very interesting. That means you always have to ask and lobby for it and that it takes a lot of time for your language to be included.", "897" ], [ "Given that the series draws so heavily from Native American mythology, and given what I know as a social worker serving Indigenous communities in Canada. It seems that <PERSON> is borrowing the owl motif from the original peoples of 'Turtle Island' (North America). Many First Nations (Native) groups regard Owls as a symbol of death and a bad omen. You will remember seeing many Haida style totems of Owls in <PERSON> office and other rooms at 'The Great Northern'.\n\"Native American symbols are geometric portrayals of celestial bodies, natural phenomena and animal designs. Native American bird and animal symbols and totems are believed to represent the physical form of a spirit helper and guide. The meaning of the Owl symbol signifies a bad omen. According to Native American legends and myths of some tribes the Owl is a symbol of death.", "919" ], [ "The owl is a creature of the night and was strongly associated with the supernatural. The circles around the eyes of an owl are believed to be made up of the fingernails of ghosts. Owls were also believed to be messengers from beyond the grave and would deliver warnings to people who had BROKEN TRIBAL TABOOS [relevant to the incest themes of TWIN PEAKS]. Even to hear an owl hooting was considered to be an unlucky omen. The Pueblo people, including the Hopi tribe, associated owls with their belief in witches [Dugpa's & Lodge Sorcery?] and the feathers of owls have a very sinister significance. For additional information refer to Power Animals.\" - From https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/owl-symbol.htm (emphasis and parenthesis mine)\nBy all this I mean to add credence to the theory which states that the significance of Owls in the series is indeed a connection to the occultism of the Black Lodge and the malevolent spirits therein, as well as the way in which these entities are a reflection of the dark side of the townsfolk (<PERSON> and <PERSON> chiefly especially in exploiting their daughters, but most others in some sense also).\nIn the spirit of psychoanalytic interpretation of <PERSON>'s cannon I wish also to state that an ethnopsychiatric perspective on the <PERSON> mythology would suggest that they are a representation of what <PERSON> called the 'Death Drive' or Thanatos in opposition to Eros or Love. Remember that the the keys to the white and black lodges are love [empathy] and fear [annihilation anxiety] respectively I wonder if <PERSON> has read <PERSON> work on the Good and Bad object (read: breast; peaks?) as much of his work seems to deal with schizoid defences such as splitting (the sorting of experience into polar categories of good vs evil, nurturance and pleasure vs neglect, anxiety and frustration).", "404" ], [ "‘Linguistics is in everything’ from astronomy to everyday life, says this linguist from Trinidad & Tobago · Global Voices\nDr. <PERSON> at a reading at Paper Based bookstore in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\nThis is the second instalment of an interview with linguist <PERSON>, who won the Trinidad and Tobago segment of a worldwide competition aimed at finding a pair of names for an exoworld, hosted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in honour of its 100th anniversary.\nGraphic summarising the winning entry from Trinidad and Tobago in the NameExoWorlds competition. Image courtesy <PERSON>.\nThe names <PERSON> put forward for the new star and its co-relating exoplanet, are Dingolay and Ramajay, the linguistic significance of which was explored in Part 1 of this series, in which <PERSON> notes that the name selection was also a triumph for <PERSON>. (If you want to stargaze and find the exoworld, Universe Guide offers detailed directions.)\nAs our conversation continues, <PERSON> talks about the importance of language itself, and how linguistics is — in her words — “in everything … it's like maths and physics.”\n<PERSON>: Why do you think your win was significant for <PERSON>, and what type of resources does the language need?\n<PERSON>: <PERSON> has been here at least since 1783, for over 235 years. The year 2019 was significant for <PERSON> — it was the 150th anniversary of <PERSON> “The Practice and Theory of Creole Grammar”, republished on its 100th anniversary and available in print and on archive.org; Patois pioneer professor emeritus <PERSON>, professor of Creole linguistics, educational research and development, won the Chaconia Medal Gold for language and development; and <PERSON> made it to the stars — all great for a language that has had little recognition and respect.\nPatois absolutely needs resources — print, digital and more. We have a language documentation project afoot, and [language teacher] <PERSON> and I trek across the country interviewing as many Patois-speaking elders as possible, and filming, transcribing, translating and archiving. We have a Facebook page and <PERSON> has a YouTube channel. We can’t do it alone though.", "550" ], [ "We hope to embark on community-based language development, with “The Guide for Planning the Future of Our Language”.\nBased on the work of professors <PERSON> and <PERSON>, and colleagues of CRILLASH, Université des Antilles in Martinique and the Folk Research Centre of St Lucia, we've also developed a project about the Patois alphabet that's now in its pre-final version. We hope that the author, <PERSON>, will finish her dictionary soon.\nImage of The Patois Alphabet project, courtesy linguist <PERSON>, used with permission.\n<PERSON>: What is the state of Patois in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider region — and why do you always insist on capitalising the word?\n<PERSON>: Antillean or Atlantic French-lexicon Creole is alive and well in many countries of the Caribbean, and it is the Number 2 language of the region, after Spanish. Thanks to Haiti, it is also the Number 1 language of CARICOM, even with 13 English-official countries.\nPatois was once spoken by every creed and race in this country. It belongs to no one and everyone. Unfortunately, it is dying in Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada and Venezuela, since it is no longer a first language.\nHere, however, it is so interwoven into our everyday speech that most of us don’t even recognise that some things we say are Patois or due to Patois. We haven’t truly grasped the impact of Patois on what and how we speak: calques, vocabulary in the areas of flora, fauna, foods, folklore and festivals, music, place names, our syntax, pronunciation, and intonation. Patois itself has borrowed from many other languages in our space, sharing a symbiotic relationship with them. It's time for a return to roots to explain the present, and to understand our uniqueness.\nWith 12,200 entries, Patois may constitute only 10 percent of <PERSON> edited “Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad and Tobago”, but it’s deep in our marrow and linguistic DNA. Everyone needs to get this dictionary and get it now.\nI insist on capitalising my name, my language, my nationality.", "550" ] ]

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[ [ "Mage Knight: the Board Game came to my attention when it hit the top of the Geek. There were two things that were fairly unanimous: this game had a monster learning curve, and it is one of the best solitaire games.\nThe first is a major deterrent for me. I used to play Avalon Hill wargames and was able to learn games up to the intermediate level. However, I’ve since gravitated towards easier games, so I wasn’t certain I would be able to grasp this. The second, however, is a major draw for me. I play mostly solo, so games that play well alone is important for me. I decided to take a chance on it when I found it (first edition) at a local toy/hobby store after it was sold out pretty much everywhere else.\nI’m happy to report that this game is a peculiar bundle of contradictions.\nContradiction 1: This game is difficult to learn, but it isn’t complicated, but it’s freaking complex.\nLearning the game came in several stages for me. First, I spent a week working through the walkthrough booklet. Then I became comfortable with it and was able to play, but had to constantly stop and look up things. Then I became comfortable with it and was able to play without looking up things, only to realize in retrospect that I had made some errors in play where I had known the rules but had trouble juggling all the mechanics. Then I became comfortable with it and was able to play and juggle the mechanics, only to realize from reading various threads that I had played certain aspects of it incorrectly where I had misunderstood the rules. My education with the game continues, but I’d like to think I’m making some progress.\nThere are several reasons for this game’s complexity. Most games are modular in the sense that you can learn parts of the game at a time. You can focus on movement, then you can focus on combat, then you can focus on unit stats, etc. Mage Knight is so tightly integrated that you can’t really learn any aspect of the game without understanding how everything else works. Once you’ve finally graduated in understanding how things tie together, then you can add in the rest of the elements that can be taken modularly. This is, in fact, how the walkthrough is structured and why it is so important in learning the game. But this tight integration is also the reason that finding what you need in the rule book is so problematic. I’ll go into more detail on this later.\nAnother reason for the complexity is that the different elements aren’t consistent with one another.", "52" ], [ "You can’t really learn a universal rule that applies to everything, because each element introduces its own exceptions. For example, if you don’t defeat all the monsters in some locations, you leave the monster. Others require you to discard the monster and draw a fresh monster when the location is tackled again. There are several offers, but each is handled differently. The game is very procedural and has a lot of technical nuances that have to be learned.\nBut the inconsistencies among the various elements gives each element its own feel. For example, gaining a spell allows you to select one of three displayed in the offer. So you know before gaining a spell whether there's anything that you really want. When you gain an artifact, you draw the number of cards from the artifact equal to the number of artifacts you have gained that turn plus one, and you never know beforehand what you will draw. You examine them and return the one you don't want back to the bottom of the artifact deck. So you know what you'll gain beforehand when you earn a spell, whereas you won't know what you will gain when you receive an artifact. That, for me, makes the technicalities worth the effort.\nOnce you’ve conquered learning the game, you then confront the challenge in actually playing. This is a highly challenging game, and certain elements seem impossible when you dive into it. You have to juggle several different resources. You have skill tokens, mana in both your inventory and the source (the mana dice), your hand of cards and the various effects each card provides, your units, your influence adjustment from your reputation, and the way these resources interact. This is why it’s so important to learn by playing the First Reconnaissance scenario several times.\nSo Mage Knight is certainly a game that requires a lot of dedication to learn. So that means it’s complicated, right? Well, mostly yes, but not quite. There was a very peculiar part of my learning process where I felt like Dr. <PERSON> in the Star Trek episode, “Spock’s Brain” where Dr. <PERSON> learns how to perform brain surgery from a device. I reached a point where I said to myself, “Oh, of course!", "884" ], [ "Does the world really need another Civ game? If you had asked me a year ago, I probably would have said no. Not only is it a crowded genre, it’s crowded with classics. There’s the old <PERSON> game from Avalon Hill, still played by people with more time than I have. <PERSON> Through The Ages is one of the highest-rated games on Boardgame Geek. <PERSON> and Fantasy Flight cashed in on the popular computer game license a couple years ago with their own civ game. And I’ve personally always had enormous respect for <PERSON> Mare Nostrum. That doesn’t begin to touch on less epic games that incorporate aspects of civ games (like Settlers of Catan and Innovation) or that transport the genre to a more speculative setting (like Eclipse or Runewars). It is into this cramped space that <PERSON> felt compelled to launch his sophomore effort, Clash of Cultures.\nFans of this type of game will be able to guess the high points: explore territory, conquer neighbors, collect resources, research technology, etc. What matters is how it accomplishes these things. This game is played over six rounds, each consisting of three turns for each player. A turn consists of three actions that the player picks from a list of possibilities. Actions could be to spend resources to get an advance for your civilization, or to move units around the board and attack neighbors and barbarians. A lot of other actions are wrapped up in a single one, called a city activation. This is how you build more troops, expand your cities, or collect resources. If you activate the same city more than once in a turn, it can put them in a bad mood, so that’s something else to manage. You can improve the moods of your cities with a civic improvement action as well. As the game goes on, your civilization becomes more spread out, and you have the opportunity to build wonders and create whole empires. There are also smaller objective cards, one dealt to each player per round. These are good for a couple of VP as you accomplish them. At the end of six rounds, players score points based on what they’ve accomplished, and the high score wins.\nFor a civilization game, it’s pretty streamlined. Indeed, the biggest advantage that Clash of Cultures possesses is how it strips away the hassles that make civ games such a challenge to play.", "697" ], [ "<PERSON> has an uncanny knack for knowing exactly how far to push an element before it becomes too much. He never overthinks the design. Consider the objective cards. It can be something of a swing to get a hand full of objectives that don’t work for you, but just dealing them randomly one at a time is a good move. It’s cleaner than putting several of them face-up (Twilight Imperium style) or some draft where you can choose them. Just deal them and be done with it, I say.\nBut the good thing here is that it doesn’t feel like all strategy has been sacrificed at the altar of simplicity. Instead, Clash of Cultures removes impediments to learning mechanics so that you can focus on learning strategy. Again, the objectives are a great example. They each contain two ways to claim the card, one more building-focused and the other based on military might. If one direction isn’t working for you, maybe the other one will. The advances are another good example. Tech trees in civ games tend to be loaded with prerequisites, requiring the player to jump through a few hoops to get what they want. There’s a small level of foundational stuff that must be built here, but the advances are much more straightforward to attain. They all have the same cost as well, which means it’s easier logistically to get them into play. It has just enough resistance to keep the game grounded, but not so much that it feels like work.\nThe advances deserve a little more mention, because I think it’s where the game shines the most. I really like the ability a player has to focus in a specific direction and tinker with their society in a certain way. Of special note are the government advances, which focus your civilization as a democracy, autocracy, or theocracy. I really like the specificity here, because each government type comes from a particular type of society, and then shapes the things that happen afterwards. There’s a wonderfully organic feeling to the advances, and it’s something that permeates the whole game. You aren’t given a special racial power at the beginning, but your society is dictated by what advances you choose, what your neighbors are doing, and your geographical location. It flows wonderfully, the perfect balance between player choice and outside circumstances.\nBut the best thing I can say about Clash of Cultures is that it hides its seams very well.", "237" ], [ "Introduction: In Splendor, players assume the role of wealthy Renaissance merchants who trade gems for exquisite jewels of beauty. Splendor is a 30-minute-long abstract card drafting and engine-building game for 2 to 4 players.\nReview: Splendor contains a small number of really high-quality parts. The cards feature a beautiful material, white borders on the backs to assist hide wear and extremely attractive front graphics that look fantastic without borders. Also, there are gems, which come in 6 various hues and are excellent poker chips.\nThe card display is the center of the game's action. A player's turn is comprised of one of the following 4 actions.\nPick three stones of various colors.\nPick 2 identical-colored diamonds (as long as all the gems of that color are present in the bank when you take them)\nPut one development card on hold and take one gold token.\nBuy one face-up development card or one that has already been reserved.\nThere are two methods for earning points. There are development cards that may be used that are worth points, and each game will have several nobles that can be used that are also worth points.\nA player must discard the tokens shown in the card's lower left corner in order to buy a face-up or reserved development card. Purchasing development cards provides two advantages. They might first be point-worthy. The card will also offer the player a constant discount on future development cards.\nAt the end of her turn, a player determines whether she has at least the quantity and color of cards the noble is seeking in order to entice him to visit her.\nThe game may be summed up like that. It's a sprint to 15 points in this game. If a player has 15 points after the game is over (and everyone has had an equal number of turns), the player with the most points wins.\nThe minimal weight and short play duration of Splendor definitely lessen my major complaint about it. The randomness of the draw might make all the difference. It can be annoying to see a card you really need go off the board in a multiplayer game before you even have a chance to get it. Similar to this, buying a face-up development card in a two-player game involves the danger of getting a card that your opponent can actually use.\nThere are numerous aspects of Splendor that I adore. Its simplicity would be the first thing. Two key ratios come to me when I consider how much I enjoy a game: the time it takes to set up in comparison to how much fun I have playing it, and the time it takes to play in comparison to how much fun I have playing it.", "629" ], [ "These similarities make sense to me because time is the most valuable resource we possess. Splendor succeeds admirably on both of these scales. It takes 90 seconds to set up the game, approximately 5 minutes to explain it, and perhaps another 30 seconds to play it. Also, there is a highly enjoyable, juicy gaming experience during that period.\nThe magnificent tiles appeal to me as well. There are no color diamonds that are intrinsically more valuable than any other because the three unique decks of development cards are spread equally among them. That is now different thanks to the noble tiles, which instantaneously increase the value of whatever color gem the nobles want. The nobility put a lot of effort into keeping each game interesting, despite the static nature of the card decks.\nI've already mentioned how easy the game Splendor is. There are hardly many regulations and turns are fairly brief. Notwithstanding those elements, the game can—and probably will—become quite bloody very quickly. Those that make poor choices could find themselves eliminated from the game after a few turns. When one of your opponents swipes the perfect card off the board and receives a wild gold token as compensation, your attempt to wait until you have enough gems to buy it could leave you in terrible, soul-crushing agony.\nThe game's speed is maintained by two regulations that I haven't yet discussed. There is a limit of 10 gem chips per player. Your strategy to collect a lot of diamonds and then go on a spending binge has failed. I also forgot to mention that each player is only allowed to have three cards in her reserve at any given moment. So while you can grab the cards your adversaries are undoubtedly coveting, wouldn't those three reserve places be better suited to holding the cards you actually need?\nBy keeping each player's tableau and gem stock public, Splendor also maintains the tension of a good card drafting game - the balance between going for more cards for yourself to advance your engine and going for cards you think your opponents need. By allowing players to immediately take a card from the display even if they are unable to pay for it right away, Splendor gives the game a sense of worker placement.\nSplendor is a fantastic game that, I'm sure, will go completely unnoticed by most players.", "237" ], [ "Tongiaki was one of the first games I picked up when I started buying European style games. It can be a chaotic game with a rapidly changing board and board positions, which may not appeal to everyone. Still, while I have bought many games since I picked on Tongiaki, it still makes it onto the table on a regular basis.\nTongiaki is a game of Polynesian exploration in which your tribe is trying to get a foothold on as many islands as possible. Of course, everyone else’s tribe has the same goal. While you will need the help of other tribes to reach some of the islands, the ultimate control of the islands will always be a competitive struggle. There will be times when cooperation will give way to the strategic need of drowning people.\nTongiaki comes with a box full of pretty components. There are thirty-two tiles, sixteen ocean tiles and sixteen land tiles, including the starting island, Tonga. The tiles are hexagons with curving sides, which makes them look quite a bit like ninja throwing stars. Each tile has a red dot on it, which is used to determine orientation for placement.\nThere are enough pieces for six different players in red, green, purple, orange, blue, and yellow. Each player gets fifteen little wooden ships which are the outlines of the Polynesian sailing ships called Tongiakis, which is where the name of the game comes from.\nTo start the game, the island of Tonga is set in the middle of the playing area. The back of Tonga is white, as opposed to the blue of the other tiles, making it easy to pick out. The rest of the tiles are then shuffled. Each player gets a set of ships.\nEvery island has a number of beaches with each beach having a number of slots for boats. The starting island, Tonga, has six beaches, each with three slots. At the start of the game, the players go around twice, placing a ship on one of the slots until every player has two ships on the island. They are not allowed to fill up any beach.\nAfter everyone has their two ships on Tonga, the set up is finished and the game is ready to begin.\nOn your turn, you have two choices.", "349" ], [ "You can either expand your population on one island, which might lead to migration, or you can king an island, if you have sole occupancy of that island.\nMost of the time, you’ll be expanding your population. That’s the real meat of the game. When you expand your population, you double the number of ships you have on one island. However, you cannot put down more ships than there are beaches on the island, so there are going to be times you don’t get to out and out double.\nIf you fill up a beach, then that will lead to migration, which is how you get more tiles out onto the board.\nSome of the beaches have more than one launch, which indicates the direction the migrating ships will go. The player who caused the migration picks which launch the boats will leave from and then draws a tile and places it. If the tile is an island then it was a pretty easy migration. You take all of the boats from the beach and distribute them onto the beaches of the newly found island. You must place at least one boat in each beach before you add a second boat to any beach.\nAnd yes, since some of the beaches are quite small, with only two slots, it is possible to discover a new island, populate and then have an immediate migration. Sometimes, one player’s turn can turn into a chain reaction, changing the board considerably.\nHowever, half of the tiles in the game are ocean tiles, which are riskier. Each ocean tile shows a number of ocean paths, many of which have numbers on them from two to four. The numbers are the number of DIFFERENT colors of boats needed to cross that ocean path. It’s not the size of the fleet but the diversity of the fleet that matters. If there are not enough different colors in the fleet, the fleet is lost, everyone drowns, and those ships go back to their owners.\nHowever, if the fleet is able to make it, another tile is drawn and added to the board. If it is an island, the island is populated the same way as previously mentioned. If it’s another ocean tile, the process keeps on going until either the fleet drowns or an island is found.\nBy mid game, there should be a pretty well defined chain of islands and known ocean paths.\nIf you are the only person on an island, you have the option of kinging that island. Instead of expanding, you place one of your ships on the mask that is in the center of the island and any other ship you have on the island returns to supply.", "349" ], [ "My opinion on replayability is pretty controversial, so you'll have to figure out whether fifty plays of a half hour game, not all of which were fun, is a lot or not.\nThis review discusses Dominion, the original base set. I’m also trying not to mention the expansions because a base game should stand on its own, not be a $40 piece of shareware. I’ve played 150+ games of Dominion so far, including the expansions.\nWhat is Dominion?\nDominion is a game of cards, where you use cards to buy more cards, which will help you to acquire more and better cards, ultimately culminating in buying the cards that will let you score the most points (which are also cards). There’s some side theme and the cards have names, but that’s really all you need to know, and this description honestly encapsulates the feel of the game. The player with the most points at the end of the game wins; if there is a tie, the player who took the fewest turns wins, if applicable.\nRules summary\nEach player starts with an identical deck of ten basic cards. A player starts with a hand of five cards, drawing from their deck at the end of each turn and reshuffling when the deck runs out. Play progresses with Actions, Buy(s), Cleanup; there’s an initial action phase, where players have one action to play an action card, to gain some benefits, which could include coins, actions, additional buys, or additional cards, among other things. Once a player runs out of actions or chooses not to play any more actions, they can play as much treasure as they have in hand during the Buy phase to gain additional coin to buy a card in the supply. The selection of cards includes ten kingdom cards chosen at the beginning of the game, as well as a range of treasure cards and victory cards. Once a player uses up their buy(s) or chooses not to buy cards, they discard their hand and any played cards to their discard pile, then refill their hand with five cards.\nI don’t know who these people are, but they’re playing Dominion\nThe ten kingdom cards in the center form the basis for the strategy and replayability of the game.", "629" ], [ "There are literally millions of possible combinations, based on a statistic that is posted ad nauseam on these forums, and there are limitless combinations of cards you could buy over the course of the game. Almost all of these combinations aren’t very good, but some people will have a lot of fun trying out various mixes of cards, independent of trying to win the game. The kingdom cards range from the simple (draw three cards) to the fairly simple (put a silver on top of your deck and all other players must put a victory card on top of their deck or reveal a hand with no victory cards), so the learning curve is usually fairly friendly in terms of actually understanding the game (unlike most other games in the top ten). There are attack cards, which usually hurt all other players, and a reaction card, which protects you from an attack if the reaction is in your hand.\nAlthough I’ve done my best to make the game sound simple, there is a lot of initial depth in putting the kingdom cards together, and a game that has depth based on simple initial rules would be a big winner in my book. A lot of that depth is gone once a person realizes that treasure is always there and is often better than the kingdom cards, but there are opportunities to pull off a killer combo with most random layouts. A killer combo that lets you buy victory point cards effectively is a lot more rare than the killer combo that lets someone play five time-consuming cards to gain a grand total of four coin, so the game can drag out a bit with beginners. There are also more subtle forms of strategy, like trashing (removing from your deck) the weak starting cards or clogging your opponents deck with useless curse cards; since the cards you buy over time are typically much better, you’ll be better off if your deck is based more around your new cards. Still, the game usually boils down to relatively simple combinations of 1-3 types of kingdom cards with a lot of treasure, and the complicated combos that would add a lot more replayability are usually lacking.\nThe game escalates over time as your deck (hopefully) improves, until you can buy the most expensive victory card (Province, 6 points) with some consistency. Most games center around buying Provinces, although some games will focus around picking up the cheaper one and three point cards, or scooping up the Gardens kingdom card (worth one point for every ten cards in your deck) when it comes out. Those games tend to be more interesting and thus are less common than the generic race for Provinces.", "884" ], [ "A while back, I reviewed Tichu, the classic climbing game. For those who don’t feel like finding the review, let me save you the trouble: it’s a terrific game. You should buy it, okay? But here’s its one weakness: it requires four people. Yeah, I know you can play Tichu three-handed. But that’s pretty clearly not the way it was meant to be played. It involves dummy hands, switching partnerships, and individual scoring. It works, but it’s not ideal. And forget about even trying Tichu with two people. It doesn’t work. So what is the short-handed Tichu addict supposed to do?\nThe answer used to be “play something else,” but that’s no longer the case. Because a couple of years ago, Haggis dropped like a sheep’s stomach full of tense play and climbing-game goodness. Haggis is essentially a climbing game meant for two or three players. By “climbing game,” I mean that it’s something along the line of <PERSON> or <PERSON>. The person who leads plays a certain kind of combination, and the other players must play a higher form of the same combination (like say, a higher set of three cards) or pass. The person who plays the highest combo takes the cards. <PERSON> has a couple of key points that distinguish it from other climbing games. First of all, each player has three wild cards, an unsuited <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>. These can be used to form combinations, or as a bomb (more on those in a minute). This is nice because it keeps someone with the “best hand” from just steamrolling the other players. There’s always a possibility that those wilds will create something even bigger. Secondly, the hand combinations are a little different. Since there are five suits, you can play anywhere from a single card to five of a kind plus all three wilds, to make eight of a kind. If you play a sequence of cards, they all have to be in the same suit.", "755" ], [ "You can also play two or more identical sequences in different suits. Those sequences are difficult to form sometimes, so the wilds are a welcome addition.\nLet’s talk about bombs. In Tichu, a bomb is any straight flush or four-of-a-kind. They can be played out of turn to win the trick, and then can only be beaten by a bigger bomb. They are fairly rare, and it’s a cause of rejoicing when you are dealt one. In Haggis, there are bombs that can be formed from your hand, but your wild cards can also be formed into a variety of different bombs. So everyone has at least one bomb in a hand. This isn’t a problem though, because people don’t often use their wilds this way. Why? Because winning with a bomb gets you the lead, but requires you to give the cards won to your opponent. All cards that can form bombs are point cards, so it can be a real wrench to give your opponent points from your hand to get the lead. Sometimes it’s necessary, but usually only as a last resort. It’s a terrific way to assure that bombs don’t throw the game off too much, and it makes for one of the most difficult choices in the game.\nOne reason that Tichu works is because of the act of calling “Tichu!” If you think you can go out first, you can stake some points on it. <PERSON> allows for this as well. Before you make your first play you can make a big bet or a little bet, which will bet 30 or 15 points, respectively. If you go out first, you get the points. Otherwise they go to your opponent. In this respect, I feel that Tichu does better. Part of this boils down to the more complex combos available in Haggis, which make it more difficult to assess your hand and decide whether or not to bet. This gets better with experience, but it didn’t come as naturally to me as it did in Tichu. The other factor is that most of your points in Haggis come from going out. You receive five points per card in your opponent’s hand. So if you storm through and stick them with a hand full of cards, you will score more than you will from a bet. In Tichu, the bulk of points is scored from successful Tichus, so the temptation to call “Tichu” is very strong. Bets work in Haggis, but they don’t quite capture the same sense of risk.\nBut overall this game works.", "755" ], [ "Everyone loves a good bar. Bottom-shelf shots, double-fisting beers, and countless hours of brawling while calculating THAC0.\nThis concept began as a re-working and modernization of the classic 1980 Yaquinto title Swashbuckler. <PERSON> and family eventually came to the realization that the result was a different animal altogether. The Dragon & Flagon was born and gamers worldwide-well, at least those who attend my game nights-rejoiced.\nThis is a mechanically solid programming game with a very light and inviting theme. Don’t let the cheery artwork and cutesy 3D scenery (seriously, have you seen those mugs and chairs?) hoodwink you into thinking this is a light gateway game though. The engine behind the body has a stable full of horsepower and the entire package is quite clever.\nThe Dragon & Flagon - where the only thing that's spilled more than beer is blood.\nThe goal is to amass the most fame by bashing each other over the head with scenery. Every blow you land steals fame from the target and the hostess with the mostest at the final bell is the lord of the barroom brawl. It’s a simple concept executed with a relatively straightforward action programming structure.\nPlayers have a large hand of cards with mostly common actions and a few unique ones only their character can perform. In between each time segment, effectively a round, you program a card face down into your first and second action spaces. When your turn pops up you flip your first card and execute it.\nAfterwards you slide your second card down to the first slot and program a new card in position two. Your character marker jumps forward a number of spaces on the time track depending on the maneuver you executed, and then you await your next action. The time track itself has a slight Red October vibe, but thankfully the execution is much more interesting here.\nA cast that actually represents the variety of everyday life.\nI will say that for a silly and over the top theme the mechanical weight is heavier than you’d expect. Filling empty action slots, maneuvering a large hand of cards, fiddling with the time track, and managing lingering status affects-all of these can come across as occasionally cumbersome and take you out of the action. It gives the game a procedural feel at times where the action is segmented out in small dollops.\nFortunately the action is worth the wait. You pick up chairs or mugs, hop atop tables, literally yank rugs out from under drunk bystanders, and swing from chandeliers.", "755" ], [ "Any game where I can climb a table, get pelted by a thrown stein, and then leap off to kick the Paladin in the head has my vote.\nThe trick is that the conclusion of each action can be extremely satisfying and dramatic. You can pull off interesting combos like boasting your superiority and then landing a risky flying kick. The points pour in and your enemies lay in a pool of tears and ale.\nAdding to the flair is the very powerful unique special card each character possesses. You can only unlock this card if you grab the magical dragon flagon located at the center of the room. You’ll have to dive across tables, duck a few blows, and produce some fancy footwork to grab the thing, but it will certainly be worth it.\nWhen you trigger those special action cards you feel like a super hero. You’ll blast up a part of the bar with a cannon shot, react with blazing speed and avoid programming, or bring the power of god down upon the patrons. The rest of your crew will wish they slipped out before last call.\nBeyond those awesome dramatic moments the design ultimately triumphs because it knows how to pull off action programming, at least in a 2016 sense. The key to this genre is producing moments of chaos without feeling punishing. You need to maintain the balance between effectiveness and incompetence which produces humorous outcomes. Serving both in even doses is as difficult as balancing on one foot while half the bar is pelting you with mugs.\nThe Dragon & Flagon succeeds in this aspect because it’s undeniably smart. It keeps the programming to only two action cards so that you can continually adjust. When dazed from an attack, or when profusely chugging beer if you’re the pirate, you have to fill a third action slot. That amount of severity is perfect as it’s a penalty to have to think and plan ahead amid a scene full of chaos. Yet you never are excluded from participating or affecting the playing field.\nEven when you script an action that is not allowed, such as a throw when you don’t have anything in your hands, the game never slaps you down. You merely discard the card and progress one space on the time track, ready to act immediately again in the next round. It’s clever and refined and just feels right.", "237" ], [ "Lord of the Rings, designed by <PERSON> and released in 2000, was among the first popular collaborative games in which players work together to defeat the game. Ten years ago, this was an unusual idea. The instructions go to great length to get this now-obvious concept across--players don't play against each other, they work together.\nTen years later, collaborative and semi-collaborative games are flourishing. Games like Pandemic, Ghost Stories, Arkham Horror, Shadows Over Camelot, and Space Alert ask players to work together and are well received by gamers.\n<PERSON>'s epic provides a natural theme for a collaborative game. Each player plays one hobbit as the group works its way through Middle Earth and four key scenes from the books (Moria, Helm's Deep, Shelob's Lair, and Mordor,) in their attempt to reach Mordor and destroy the ring. The board art is remarkable. Coupled with the pace of the game and the hazards faced b the hobbits, players really start to get a sense that they are on the central quest of the Lord of the Rings epic. Naturally, the goal is to destroy the ring before <PERSON> overtakes the hobbits.\nThe basic mechanic of the game is one of drawing cards and playing them at appropriate times. For each scenario, players must complete a single task by playing a number of cards of a certain type. However, along the way, they must also collect heart, ring, and sun tokens, without which they will lose ground to <PERSON> at the end of each scenario. Additionally, before each player may take an action on their turn, they must turn over event tiles. Some of these move the hobbits along in positive ways, others cause hazardous events to occur. Each hazardous event that occurs is worse than the previous. This adds an element of urgency to the game. Players must complete the task required by the scenario, collect the resources they need, then move on to the next scenario as quickly as possible.\nLord of the Rings Compared to Pandemic:\nMechanically, LotR and Pandemic share some elements. Both involve collecting cards, at times trading cards so that the right player has the right cards, and playing cards to stop something bad before disaster strikes. Much of what you actually do during each game is look at your cards and potential actions and plan how to use those limited resources to fend off problems.", "937" ], [ "Both games also establish urgency through a card-turning mechanism that could result in a hazard of some type. Both games also include a special card that allows players to look ahead to see how close a disaster is to striking.\nThough the card play element is somewhat similar between the two games, they ultimately feel quite different. First, the themes are very different, though I find both appealing. Unlike LotR, Pandemic follows no established story. Instead, it begins simply with a setup in which players are attempting to stop disease from spreading across the world. To the extent that an individual game of Pandemic has a plot, it is driven by the luck of which cards are draw. These cards determine where disease takes root, and what tools you have to combat it. The luck of the draw in where disease is in the beginning of the game can make a large difference in how the game plays out.\nIn LotR, on the other hand, the setup and the plot of each game is basically the same. This is a tradeoff between the two games. In order to stick to the theme and follow the books, Knizia had to form the game to follow the same basic path each time. Though this may hurt replayability, it does make the game quite immersive.\nPandemic also introduces a spatial element not present in Lord of the Rings. Players must use actions to move about the board. At some points, it is useful for players to be close to each other on the map, for example to transfer cards. At other points, it is necessary to split up in order to allow players to combat disease in different areas of the world.\nBoth games allow a range of difficulty levels. While the easiest level of LotR is a bit harder than the easiest level of Pandemic, LotR has a steeper learning curve because each game presents the same hazards in the same order.\nLord of the Rings Compared to Ghost Stories:\nI have not played as many games of Ghost Stories as I have of either LotR or Pandemic, so the comparisons here will be somewhat more cursory.\nGhost stories has some elements in common with both LotR and Pandemic. It shares the need to collect items (here tokens, not cards) and use them appropriately to combat hazards (ghosts) that appear through the drawing of cards. All three games also allow each player to play as one role or character that has some special ability.\nGenerally, Ghost Stories is more like Pandemic than it is like LotR.", "699" ] ]

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[ [ "‘When I Think of Trinidad, I See It in Technicolor’: A New Music-Theatre Work Takes the Stage · Global Voices\n<PERSON> as title character <PERSON>; photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nJab Molassie, a new work of music-theatre that is a modern, Caribbean take on <PERSON>'s nearly century-old The Soldier's Tale, premieres this Thursday in Trinidad's capital city.\nThe play's titular character, <PERSON>, is one of the most enduring characters of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, portraying what is known as “devil mas”. <PERSON> costumes are typically very simple: the horns and tail are sculpted out of wire and covered with fabric or plaster of paris. Most Jab Molassies carry chains and a pitchfork and douse themselves with grease, mud, or red and blue paint. They produce a frighteningly commanding rhythm with tin pans and whistles, while dancing suggestively (or “wining” in local parlance) in a hypnotic performance — usually on the streets of the city during the annual Carnival celebrations.\nThe Little Carib Theatre in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nNow, thanks to the Calabash Foundation for the Arts, a non-profit created to provide both funding and developmental support for new and original theatrical works in the twin island republic, the Jab Molassie will take to the stage at The Little Carib Theatre, a long-standing bastion of artistic integrity in the country. It is not the first time a Jab Jab will grace the Little Carib's stage, but it is the first time that it will do so as one of the main characters in a music-theatre production, with an entirely original score created by a Trinidadian composer.\nWhat is also unique about this new work is the level of global collaboration it has received from some of the best creative talent in the industry. Inspired by the poetic parlance and vibrant culture of Trinidad and Tobago, American Double Bassist <PERSON> wrote the libretto. Award-winning, London-based playwright and director <PERSON>, who has Jamaican roots, is directing the production. British conductor <PERSON> is on board as musical director.", "264" ], [ "A group of exceptionally accomplished musicians from all over the world comprise the Jab Molassie orchestra, while the cast boasts some of the best local performers whose strengths include everything you would expect in a work of music-theatre: singing, dancing, and acting.\nJab Molassie's librettist, <PERSON>. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nIn this post, Global Voices continues its conversation with the librettist, <PERSON>, and the composer, <PERSON>.\nGlobal Voices (GV): How do both of you think this indigenous stage production benefitted from international collaboration?\n<PERSON> (CK): I would turn this question around and say how has this American author and double bassist benefitted from collaborating with local artists…my best answer is when my father asked me why on earth would I want to leave London for Trinidad I said, ‘When I think of London I see it in black and white and sepia tones and when I think of Trinidad I see it in technicolor.’\nDominique Le Gendre (DLG): This production has only been strengthened by the collaborations: the musicians who played for the workshop were of the highest calibre possible and some of them were way beyond our expectations. The piece itself makes demands of everybody, taking both the performers and the musicians out of their comfort zones, so that everyone involved has to go beyond themselves. To do this, the singers need help with their singing from someone who can combine the best that a classical training has to offer with our own performers’ talents. The professionalism and generosity of all of these collaborators can only be a bonus because of what they add to the performance. <PERSON> as conductor and <PERSON> as director both bring skills and expertise that we do not have here in Trinidad. If we are to really achieve our fullest potential in any realm, we must collaborate with the best people so that we learn from them and raise our own professional standards.\n<PERSON>: Tell us more about the choice of <PERSON> as director. What has she brought to Jab Molassie?\nCK: <PERSON> is a very fine writer, as well as a director with over 30 years’ experience. She has been wonderfully supportive in allowing me to have a voice in the workshops and rehearsals for the premiere. I am incredibly grateful for her generous spirit…not all directors take kindly to writers’ notes!\n<PERSON>: I have worked with <PERSON> for over 15 years in London.", "550" ], [ "Artist <PERSON> taps into the ‘eternal connections’ of Black Caribbean ancestry · Global Voices\nAn art enthusiast takes in a piece in <PERSON> Turntable Series, during her solo exhibition at at Kunstinstituut Melly in The Netherlands, October 2021. Photo by <PERSON>, courtesy Kunstinstituut Melly, used with permission.\nThe lush, tree-filled backyard of Jamacian-born, Trinidad-based artist <PERSON> urban childhood home was to have an impact on her creative process that she could never have imagined when she first received her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the groundbreaking Parsons School of Design in the 1980s. Over the course of her long career, her work has expanded from amazingly intricate jewellery pieces to large-scale installations that merge sculpture with elements of multimedia.\nIn her latest solo exhibition at Kunstinstituut Melly in The Netherlands, “Bathed in Sacred Fire,” <PERSON> takes those natural elements that made such an impression on her in her youth and uses them to launch a discussion about Caribbean identity. Her art deftly strips bare the region's traumatic colonial past, presenting it in such hauntingly beautiful and empowering ways that you dare not look away, lest you miss a precious and powerful detail.\nAn art enthusiast takes a photo of <PERSON> “Real Princess”, which features a cedar chest combined with plexiglass, mirror, antique crystal, pig bones, coconut shells, paper and lace. Photo by <PERSON>, courtesy Kunstinstituut Melly, used with permission.\nNeither is her commentary monolithic. Instead, it oozes the kind of magical realism that allows us to connect with experiences of indigenous Africa, with the horrors of the Middle Passage and slavery, all the way to postcolonial sociopolitical issues and race relations at play in the Americas. None of it feels preachy; instead, each piece portrays tangibility and truth in a very personal way. It's a raw, tender examination of ancestry with a distinctly contemporary artistic approach.\n<PERSON> love of literature adds further context to the exhibit, as quotes by poets like <PERSON> and <PERSON> hover on the wall space behind certain pieces. Via email, I interviewed the artist about her vision for this exhibit and what she wants people to take away from it.\nArtist <PERSON> (in black with headtie) in conversation with <PERSON> (in red) and <PERSON> (far right) of the contemporary art collective Sour Grass, which curated the exhibition. Photo by <PERSON>, courtesy Kunstinstituut Melly, used with permission.\n<PERSON> (JMF): One of the things I love most about your art is that it’s fearless.", "216" ], [ "You’re not afraid to experiment and take risks, whether it be with materials, subject matter, or even how you combine them to make a statement. Where does that come from and how does it inform your art—especially when you’re trying to say something difficult?\n<PERSON> (JTG): <PERSON> said, ‘The great task of any culture is to keep the invisibles attached.’ Trying to locate the ‘invisibles’ excite me! There are so many questions for which I am seeking understanding and so this is my work. I want to rigorously delve into this challenge. I am interested in the insidious psychic dissonance of the colonial project and, as a believer in lifelong learning, being satisfied with the status quo for me is to surrender to fear. If you only create from a comfortable familiar place you don’t grow. Without taking risks and pushing boundaries, my art would remain stagnant and my creative spirit would have been wasted on my fears.\nThis curiosity feeds my experimentation.I feel frustration with the gulf in my knowledge of our heritage. My most recent work considers the indigenous heritage of the wider Caribbean, particularly Taino and African cosmology. This work is a tool for reflection, exhuming the forgotten mysteries of the Indigenous and African presence by creating visual poetry in sculpture that is saturated with metaphors, motifs and materials that celebrate our First Peoples. I purposefully use materials [feathers, shells, stone, gourds, seeds, wood, bones and architectural detritus] that I find in the environment to reinforce my connection to specific geography.\n<PERSON> ‘Terra Preta,’ which uses an array of materials, including Queen Palm fronds, macaw feathers, bicycle wheels, wood, silk, recycled cast iron, bronze, ribbon and an ostrich egg. Photo by <PERSON>, courtesy Kunstinstituut Melly, used with permission.", "216" ], [ "‘Linguistics is in everything’ from astronomy to everyday life, says this linguist from Trinidad & Tobago · Global Voices\nDr. <PERSON> at a reading at Paper Based bookstore in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\nThis is the second instalment of an interview with linguist <PERSON>, who won the Trinidad and Tobago segment of a worldwide competition aimed at finding a pair of names for an exoworld, hosted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in honour of its 100th anniversary.\nGraphic summarising the winning entry from Trinidad and Tobago in the NameExoWorlds competition. Image courtesy <PERSON>.\nThe names <PERSON> put forward for the new star and its co-relating exoplanet, are Dingolay and Ramajay, the linguistic significance of which was explored in Part 1 of this series, in which <PERSON> notes that the name selection was also a triumph for <PERSON>. (If you want to stargaze and find the exoworld, Universe Guide offers detailed directions.)\nAs our conversation continues, <PERSON> talks about the importance of language itself, and how linguistics is — in her words — “in everything … it's like maths and physics.”\n<PERSON>: Why do you think your win was significant for <PERSON>, and what type of resources does the language need?\n<PERSON>: <PERSON> has been here at least since 1783, for over 235 years. The year 2019 was significant for <PERSON> — it was the 150th anniversary of <PERSON> “The Practice and Theory of Creole Grammar”, republished on its 100th anniversary and available in print and on archive.org; Patois pioneer professor emeritus <PERSON>, professor of Creole linguistics, educational research and development, won the Chaconia Medal Gold for language and development; and <PERSON> made it to the stars — all great for a language that has had little recognition and respect.\nPatois absolutely needs resources — print, digital and more. We have a language documentation project afoot, and [language teacher] <PERSON> and I trek across the country interviewing as many Patois-speaking elders as possible, and filming, transcribing, translating and archiving. We have a Facebook page and <PERSON> has a YouTube channel. We can’t do it alone though.", "550" ], [ "We hope to embark on community-based language development, with “The Guide for Planning the Future of Our Language”.\nBased on the work of professors <PERSON> and <PERSON>, and colleagues of CRILLASH, Université des Antilles in Martinique and the Folk Research Centre of St Lucia, we've also developed a project about the Patois alphabet that's now in its pre-final version. We hope that the author, <PERSON>, will finish her dictionary soon.\nImage of The Patois Alphabet project, courtesy linguist <PERSON>, used with permission.\n<PERSON>: What is the state of Patois in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider region — and why do you always insist on capitalising the word?\n<PERSON>: Antillean or Atlantic French-lexicon Creole is alive and well in many countries of the Caribbean, and it is the Number 2 language of the region, after Spanish. Thanks to Haiti, it is also the Number 1 language of CARICOM, even with 13 English-official countries.\nPatois was once spoken by every creed and race in this country. It belongs to no one and everyone. Unfortunately, it is dying in Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada and Venezuela, since it is no longer a first language.\nHere, however, it is so interwoven into our everyday speech that most of us don’t even recognise that some things we say are Patois or due to Patois. We haven’t truly grasped the impact of Patois on what and how we speak: calques, vocabulary in the areas of flora, fauna, foods, folklore and festivals, music, place names, our syntax, pronunciation, and intonation. Patois itself has borrowed from many other languages in our space, sharing a symbiotic relationship with them. It's time for a return to roots to explain the present, and to understand our uniqueness.\nWith 12,200 entries, Patois may constitute only 10 percent of <PERSON> edited “Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad and Tobago”, but it’s deep in our marrow and linguistic DNA. Everyone needs to get this dictionary and get it now.\nI insist on capitalising my name, my language, my nationality.", "550" ], [ "2017 Commonwealth Short Story Prize Winner Trinidadian <PERSON> Talks Writing · Global Voices\nWriter <PERSON>; photo used with her permission.\nWith a humourous, tender and engaging story about a father-son bond, Trinidad and Tobago-born writer <PERSON> copped the 2017 Commonwealth Short Story Prize for the Caribbean region; she was also this year's overall winner. In “The Sweet Sop”, she masterfully explores the difficult themes of love and death without getting maudlin, and deliciously sweetens a sour relationship with all manner of chocolate.\nGlobal Voices chatted with her about her win, her writing and Caribbean literature in general.\nGlobal Voices (GV): Congratulations on winning this year’s Commonwealth Short Story prize (Caribbean). The narrative around your success has been that you are a “first-time author” and that you pretty much came out of nowhere to win this prize, but you have been honing your craft for a long time now. Can you tell us about your journey?\n<PERSON> (IP): The notion of a writer emerging fully formed is simply a version of the genius myth. I have been writing for the past five years persistently trying to understand how words slide and fall and play. I’ve written a novel and [am] working on another. I haven’t been writing short stories and the prize incentivizes me to look at this form more seriously.\nMy journey to writing has been circuitous. I have had two other lives. [I was] an academic lawyer and later I trained as an artist. Looking back, the thread that binds it all is the power of words.\n<PERSON>: The beauty of “The Sweet Sop”, your story that so impressed the panel of judges with its originality, strength of characterisation and humour, is that it spoke of universal experiences with a distinctly Trinidadian voice. How did you accomplish that?\n<PERSON>: Caribbean voices are as distinct and as easily understood as, for example, the Irish or Scottish voices we unquestioningly accept. I think this generation of writers is making a stand against the othering of Caribbean\nvoices as ‘patois’ or ‘first nation language’. Good stories and poems will always find a space because they speak to our common humanity. Trini humour warms my heart and I am delighted it touches others.\nGV: Has blogging been useful in honing your writing skills, especially with regard to the short story format? What has it taught you as a writer?\nIP: I am not a regular blogger but starting the blog was crucial to making writing a more central part of my life. We had moved from London to Barbados and I set myself the task of writing a 900-word weekly essay on this new life.", "550" ], [ "It doesn’t sound like much but it provided structure, discipline and forced me to be more observant. Notes From A Small Rock gave me the space to experiment and get feedback from readers. I really ought I to feed that beast more often.\n<PERSON>: Not only are you a writer, you are a parent, too. How did your family react when you won the prize, and how do you balance being a wife, mother and writer?\n<PERSON>: The whole family was proud. Even our teenaged twin boys muttered something about my prize being cool. The boys are my first obligation and until they leave for university in the next year or so my world is determined\nby their needs. That is my choice. The time and head space I reserve for writing is also sacred but what that looks like depends on whether it is holiday or term time or if the boys have exams. My husband is incredibly supportive of my writing as I am of his work [he's an economist]. We struggle on as a team — compromising and firefighting.\n<PERSON>; image used with her permission.\nGV: How has social media factored into your ability to share and promote your work and connect with other Caribbean writers?\nIP: I spend far too much time on Facebook and Twitter and excuse it because I live on an island that is 14 by 21 miles. It is my portal to interacting with other writers worldwide as well as my interface with news services and various publications. But I never confuse a virtual friend with the kind that turns up for lunch and you are both still talking and laughing as the moon is rising.\nGV: Speaking of other writers, who inspires you?\nIP: I read widely to catch a glimpse of the zeitgeist and I read strategically depending on the challenges I am trying to overcome in my own writing. For craft, <PERSON> work is inspiring. I re-read <PERSON>’s As I Lay Dying more often than I care to admit. This summer’s best find has been The Story of a Brief Marriage by <PERSON>.", "820" ], [ "Musician <PERSON> on how the pandemic is bringing Trinidad & Tobago Carnival back to itself · Global Voices\nTrinidadian musician <PERSON> (centre) and her band Moyenne have been reimagining the Carnival space not only via their music, which melds jazz, calypso and steelpan, but also through the ways in which COVID-19 has forced them to innovate. Photo courtesy Esdelle, used with permission. Photographer: <PERSON>.\nIt's no surprise that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the cancellation of Trinidad and Tobago's 2021 Carnival celebrations. What is surprising to some Carnival stakeholders is that the National Carnival Commission (NCC), the state body that oversees the festival, has advised that it will not be hosting any virtual events, despite the fact that other world-famous Carnivals, most notably the one in New Orleans, will be taking the celebrations online come February 15 and 16.\n<PERSON>, former calypsonian turned politician who is now the NCC chair, has defended this position by saying that Carnival is “a contact sport” that needs to be “peopled.” Instead, the NCC proposes to do a retrospective on 100 years of the national festival. <PERSON> added Carnival is a money-earner for the country and that he had to ensure that any taxpayers’ dollars spent would provide a return.\nHis stance sparked criticism, not only from the artists, designers, musicians and performers whose livelihoods depend in large part on Carnival events—many of whom are hosting both virtual and COVID-19-compliant, in-person events on their own—but also from those who understand the national festival to be much deeper and more significant than a mere contributor to the country's gross domestic product (GDP).\nOne of those artists is musician <PERSON>. Soon after the pandemic hit, she and her band Moyenne, a Trinidad and Tobago-based jazz group that is firmly rooted in the country's calypso and steelpan tradition, began offering performances via podcast, under the name of their studio, the Ethnic Jazz Club. <PERSON> has also been using her blog to discuss how people can reconnect with Carnival in much more meaningful ways now that the pandemic has upended the status quo. Through both email and phone, we discussed the possibilities.\nMusician <PERSON>.", "264" ], [ "Photo courtesy Esdelle, used with permission. Photographer: <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> (JMF): Trinidad and Tobago would ordinarily be in the throes of Carnival fever by now. How is the absence of the festival this year affecting you?\n<PERSON> (CE): On the surface, [I feel] numbness, which could translate to mean I feel a sadness and loss. My Carnival is in steelband … Panorama and J’ouvert. It is a place where I meet up with decades-old friends, plan, inspire, meet younger [musicians] and rekindle warmness with elders. I am missing that deeply.\n<PERSON>: In your blog post, you observe that the practice of Carnival is “being met in the same way many of the tenets of Carnival originally were, with restrictions and repression.” How does your Backyard Jam concept fit in?\nCE: In the post I was suggesting that the Backyard Jam is how we [are] celebrating this year, and this and all might be shut off, just like many other Carnival yards were banned in the earlies. I say this with no citations of any sources. The way it influenced me, though, is to look at how Carnival creativity is engendered in a close (relationship-wise) space, and then vibrates out. This further propels me to continue the model we have of a studio that produces work for our patrons, but now spirals out by showing [what we do] to a wider audience by broadcasting video recordings of it.\nThe Backyard Jam is word of mouth, [based on] contributions not fees, and participation in an activity—not consumption of a product—which is where Carnival is currently at, so … it is a return.\n<PERSON>: You mention “a return to an awareness of self and a restoration of cultural confidence” emanating from this fresh understanding of Carnival’s purpose.\nCE: Cultural confidence … you kinda have to have it in a small space 'cause you can’t bullshit people when they are in close range, so you have to clearly decide what you're doing and this always requires a bit more reflection and remembrance.", "550" ], [ "Trinidadian activist and writer <PERSON>, who did the ‘work of social history,’ has died · Global Voices\nActivist and writer <PERSON> taking part in the open mic event at the Calabash Literary Festival, 2007. Photo by <PERSON> on Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.\nTrinidadian writer and staunch advocate for LGBTQ+ rights, <PERSON>, passed away on March 4 after a long battle with colon cancer. He was 58 years old.\n<PERSON> was one of the founders of the Coalition Advocating for the Inclusion of Sexual Orientation (CAISO), a civil society organisation that champions human rights issues for Trinidad and Tobago’s LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex) communities and has built partnerships with feminist and other activist organisations.\nCAISO aptly dubbed him its “Director of Imagination,” and in its statement on his death praised the way in which he “embodied fighting for justice using creative imagination and instilled in us the importance of collective voice and effort.”\n<PERSON> said that his work at CAISO was about three things that excited him—analysis, alliances, and advocacy:\nLeadership in CAISO provides opportunities to learn so much about policy and government, like how easily anyone can engage officials in a small place. I’ve grown to understand and own concerns of movements CAISO’s built alliances with—children’s advocates, violence survivors, people with disabilities, the highway rerouters—and admire the generosity and passion of other leaders. CAISO’s given me space to practise imagination. Imagination is as critical to social justice as power. Unless we imagine more just futures and how we get there, change won’t come.\n<PERSON> deeply understood the concept that justice for one must translate into justice for all; his death prompted an outpouring from like-minded organisations such as Cause An Effect, which aims to improve the lives of people with disabilities in Trinidad and Tobago:\nThank you <PERSON>, for your tireless work in the advocacy space. […] Thank you for your service and all that you did, with the time that you had.\nHis friend and colleague, Dr. <PERSON>, who lectures at The University of the West Indies’ Institute for Gender and Development Studies, noted the way in which <PERSON> would automatically make connections between seemingly disparate groups:\nMore than ten years ago, <PERSON> gave a speech I’ll never forget.", "357" ], [ "It was on reproductive rights, but he somehow wove in Spiritual Baptists, LBGTI folk and others you wouldn’t think share the same cause. If all who understood discrimination or life at the margins of state law and social acceptance were able to connect to each other’s desires for inclusion, then we could strengthen each other’s struggle to equally belong as many different bodies.\nIn their online tributes, colleagues and friends remembered his courageousness and mentorship of young people, the significance of his work, and his love of life even when “actively dying.”\nDoing the “work of memory”\n<PERSON>, who wrote a weekly column for the Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, used the platform to publicly share his battle with cancer, announcing in a May 2020 article that his condition was terminal. His refreshing candour in that piece caused it to be liberally shared across social media platforms at the time:\nMy genes had bred a cancer that’s a better activist than me, which had promptly spread. I was Stage IV. […] And I am going to cuss the next person who tells me that, despite the bad news, they are praying for my total recovery.\nThere comes this moment when you realise—or decide—that what you are doing is dying. And that you need to quickly learn how to.\nPart of that process was what <PERSON> called “the work of memory”:\n[…] recording what I remember; and helping others to remember the paths I have trodden by leaving better markers of them—memoir-writing and archiving. This is not work only for the well-known. Indeed, in some ways it is work that is far more important for those not in the public record to undertake. […] It is the work of social history.\n<PERSON>, the writer\nAs a writer, <PERSON> contributed to several publications, including the book “Beyond Homophobia,” which aimed to disrupt the perception of the region as deeply homophobic by focusing on “the experiences and agency” of Caribbean LGBTQ people.", "357" ], [ "Trinidadian <PERSON>, visionary of ‘play and performance’, leaves behind a precious legacy · Global Voices\nA portrait of Trinbagonian playwright, actor and director <PERSON>, by <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nOn April 27, 2020, one of the pillars of Trinidad and Tobago's film and theatre community — actor, playwright and director <PERSON> — died suddenly of a heart attack, leaving the heart of a nation in pieces. He was 71 years old.\n<PERSON> dedicated his life to the performing arts, writing both stage and screenplays, directing theatrical and film works and often appearing on stage and screen as an actor or interviewer.\nAfter getting his bachelor's degree in drama and education from the University of Alberta in 1973, <PERSON> cut his teeth in community theatre in Canada; he also did work in prisons, where he created workshops for the inmates using role-play as a technique. A lifelong learner who enjoyed the questions just as much as the answers, <PERSON> earned a diploma in film and advanced television production from the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in 1980.\nBoth qualifications served him well when he returned home and became an integral part of the pioneering group of television producers that created “Gayelle” [this clip features his brother, <PERSON>], a cultural magazine-type series that began to transform the landscape of regional television in the mid-1980s.\nFor many years, <PERSON> apprenticed as an actor and director with Nobel laureate Sir <PERSON> in the seminal Trinidad Theatre Workshop (TTW), where he performed in the world premiere of <PERSON>'s “The Joker of Seville” and “O’ Babylon” (1975-81).\nSpeaking with me by telephone, <PERSON>, one of the founders of Banyan Limited, the video production company through which <PERSON> put his unique artistic stamp on various indigenous soap operas, drama series, and current affairs programmes, recalled that <PERSON> was so deeply involved in the TTW that he was “widely viewed as <PERSON>'s heir apparent”. He described <PERSON> as “an ultimate artist and renaissance man” who would often develop scripts from improvised sessions with other theatre giants like <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\n“He loved satire skits and social commentary,” <PERSON> said. “He was always off the wall, but very authentic — and very socially committed.” He remembers the pairing of <PERSON> and fellow actor <PERSON> in the “Gayelle” series as “wonderful”, noting that <PERSON> would usually insist they approach topics from an unexpected angle.", "357" ], [ "“<PERSON> would, therefore, do interviews for events like the Hindu festival of Phagwa,” <PERSON> explained, while Sitahal, of Indian descent, would host segments on things like the Orisha religion. In Trinidad and Tobago, where the population is almost evenly split between people of African and Indian descent, <PERSON> helped make the country's rich cultural diversity more inclusive, and accessible to everyone.\n<PERSON>, who co-hosted “Gayelle” with <PERSON>, said on Facebook:\n<PERSON>’s pursuit of truth had no room for pettiness, for jostling for stardom, for ethnic competition, pretense and pappyshow. […] Making Gayelle was always a hunt for the unexpected twist that would flip a situation out of the mundane.\nA promotional still from <PERSON> play, “Jean and Dinah”. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nIn a career that spanned five decades in various media — in his words, “play and performance in space, street, stage and screen” — nothing <PERSON> ever worked on was short of original ideas. Some of his most recognised pieces of work, staged through his Lordstreet Theatre Company, include the critically acclaimed play “Jean and Dinah” (based on The Mighty Sparrow's famous 1956 calypso of the same name), “The Brand New Lucky Diamond Horseshoe Club” (a musical collaboration with calypsonian <PERSON>), and “Miss Miles, Woman of the World”, a play based on the life of Trinidadian political whistleblower <PERSON>. He also co-directed the award-winning BBC/Banyan documentary, “And The Dish Ran Away With The Spoon”.\nFilm producer <PERSON>, who worked with <PERSON> at Banyan from 1990, remembers him as “the ideas man”.", "357" ], [ "‘In a lot of the post-colonial world, so much of what really drives us is suppressed’ · Global Voices\nGhanaian born, South Africa-based architect, novelist and educator <PERSON>, during her visit to Trinidad, June 2018. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nThis is the second instalment in our interview series with Professor <PERSON>, head of the Graduate School of Architecture at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. You can read the first post here.\nWhen you think of the role of an architect in society, you might think about the importance of creating a physical environment that's a snapshot of human civilisation. Or about organising space based on needs, aspirations and hopes of a particular culture.\nBut in societies like the Caribbean, not everyone uses an architect's services — often to their detriment. Why? <PERSON>, an architect and writer who recently visited Trinidad and Tobago on the invitation of the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects and Bocas Lit Fest, has an idea.\nShe thinks this might have something to do with how people perceive the purpose of an architect. Many people do not realise that purpose extends way beyond design and plans — it is connected to a great many other things, including technology and human relationships.\nGlobal Voices (GV): So what is the role of an architect in modern-day society?\n<PERSON> (LL): I’m always drawn to Spain as a model because I believe it takes in more architecture students per capita than any other country. However, although record numbers of people study architecture there, Spain graduates the smallest number — in relation to the number that its schools take in — who go on to work as practising architects. So architecture is seen as a really interesting, fundamental degree, and even if people go through the full five years, they often go into many other fields that may have something to do with the built environment but not necessarily architecture or design. The mayor of a small village, for instance, might have studied architecture and therefore understands the power and value of a really good piece of civic architecture — so big cities like Madrid and Barcelona are not the only places where projects are happening. Spain is quite democratic in the way in which good architecture or civic space is commissioned.\nIn the post-colonial world, there's an insecurity around our relationship with education and training that’s just part and parcel of our thinking — so, the attitude generally is, if you start studying architecture, by God you’re going to finish, and then work for a big practice, earn a good living and so on, which perpetuates the idea that architecture is a professional discipline for those who can afford it. I think that’s the complete wrong way to think about it. I run an architecture school now in Johannesburg.", "216" ], [ "It’s the biggest postgraduate school in South Africa, we are now into our third cycle of graduates, and it’s been quite a radical curriculum change. We’ve got graduates now who go off into multimedia, theatre design, web design…things that are sort of spatial, alternative forms of practice. Architecture is a much more lateral, broader, much more diffuse discipline than the way it has conventionally been taught. To make the point more clearly, unlike medical students, for example, who practice on the body of a patient; unlike lawyers, who train with language and rhetoric, students of architecture never build buildings — only representations of them.\nStudents of Johannesburg's Graduate School of Architecture during the school's 2017 Summer Show. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\n<PERSON> (LL): Representation, in effect, is almost its own discipline. It’s their language, whether that’s in film, multimedia, photography, collage, montage — the range of visual tools available to students today is almost endless. The historical tools — plans, sections, and elevations — are absolutely vital in terms of instructing someone how to build. But they’re not the only means by which a project can be drawn or represented. To add to the complexity, modern construction methods are their own speciality. If you were to look at the façade of a building today, even as an architect at the top of your game, you’d be hard-pressed to explain how it ‘works’. But just because something is new or modern doesn’t mean it’s without complications and challenges.\nWhere new means of communication have been very successful — and it goes back to this issue of social media — is in disguising themselves in the language of the old. Facebook uses terms like “Like” and “Friend” — but you are not my friend in the conventional sense of the word. Young people today have less and less sense of the conventional or traditional meaning of words and as a result, their understanding of the world has shifted.", "216" ] ]

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[ [ "Dune: Part Two\nI don’t even have the words to describe a cinematic experience such as this one. It’s truly the feat of a lifetime; the visuals are immersive on an unmatched level, and everyone in this cast is a movie star... like they have <PERSON>….. I cannot believe I got to see this in theaters during opening weekend with my own two eyes (which I will most definitely be bragging about in 20 years) and am now so invested that I’m gonna make it a point to read all of the books before Messiah arrives.", "647" ], [ "Dune: Part Two\nNot only does <PERSON> adapt <PERSON> behemoth sci-fi odyssey to perfection, it also just so happens to be the absolute peak of big budget filmmaking, or maybe just the peak of cinema in general. The hype is real.\nThis proves that audiences want something made with genuine care, where they will notice when a big group of people are passionate enough to bring something like this to life. Every single person involved in this should genuinely be so proud. I never wanted this to end and I wanted to live in this world forever.\nA monumental film in every single way.", "19" ], [ "This is the most pure form of passion displayed on screen I’ve ever seen. You can tell <PERSON> had this in his mind his entire life. He delivered. It’s time for everyone else to step it up, because this is the new gold standard.", "529" ], [ "The First Slam Dunk\nFor nearly 9 months, this film has dominated Japanese theaters that continued to fill in a packed audience. Now, the film is leaving theaters this week, and I had to experience the excitement once more… in DOLBY. 3rd time, and I am still not bored from watching it. Now knowing the lore, I am invested in these characters more than ever.", "79" ], [ "Seeing the hardships each team member went through to achieve victory was thrilling. I just keep thinking about the film’s sound design, because it masterfully utilizes to its storytelling elements. Every aspect of production from a viewers standpoint is just damn near perfect. I’m really gonna miss it… thank you Slam Dunk, for brightening up my day. I will mostly definitely buy the bluray for this one.", "583" ], [ "Game of Thrones: The Last Watch\nAnd now your watch is ended\nLook, I know working on movies is all I ever really talk about, but you gotta understand, it’s undoubtedly the greatest thing there ever was. A truly beautiful delve into, to be fair, a pretty shit season, The Last Watch is amazing. There’s so much love, so much passion, so much camaraderie in this fucking production.", "291" ], [ "I truly love films about filmmaking, and having finally worked on film sets of this scale, having been able to experience what this documentary shows firsthand, it’s a beautiful thing. Being able to recognize everything that’s going on, how it works. The fog of mystery behind filmmaking has lifted and its even more magical than ever. I love Game of Thrones more than maybe any other show, and what an amazing, bittersweet homage to it’s farewell.", "291" ], [ "Night on Earth\nThis may be one of my new favorite movies ever. Night on Earth does the “slice of life” concept better than almost any film I’ve seen. This is the type of movie that you love but wish that you were the one to make it first. The idea of following five different taxi drivers in five different cities perfectly fits my taste in film.", "462" ], [ "All of the conversations and situations are so captivating and well written. The Rome storyline alone is entertaining enough to be a whole movie. Very After Hours-esque which is one of my all time favorites films. An amazing cast as well! 9.8/10", "962" ], [ "<PERSON>\nI should’ve known I’d give this one five stars.\nRarely in recent times, have I left a movie still feeling caught up in its world and not ready to return to the real one. Perhaps it’s the desire to log it on letterboxd or other social media and move on (ironic I know) or the fact that I’m at a busy time of life so simply don’t have time.\nHowever, there have been a special few movies that have left me in awe. Oppenheimer just made the list.", "378" ], [ "I know I’m a little late to seeing it so there’s not much to add to the conversation but I just want to express how enthralled I was in the story and how it’s one of those films that makes me want to make films.\nAs the credits rolled, the old woman sitting next to me asked me what I thought of it. We had a nice conversation about it and at the end we shook hands and parted ways. It’s such a simple thing but having a pleasant conversation with a stranger in a cinema about a story you both just experienced is something I didn’t know I was missing.\nAlso at the end someone said “wait this isn’t <PERSON>” lol.", "596" ], [ "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\nI would consider a dog’s wagging tail to be one of the purest expressions of happiness in nature.\nTo say the MCU is a rollercoaster of ups and downs is an understatement. There are those that say it’s all been terrible since Avengers Endgame, that since then, Marvel Studios have lost their touch, and now serve their larger story of sludge that leads into the next Avengers movie rather than a story that carries some sort of meaning.\nAnd while there have been some projects I’ve genuinely enjoyed since Endgame (I was a huge fan of Wakanda Forever and Loki, and Multiverse of Madness was really damn fun), I’m also inclined to agree with that statement. To name a few, Eternals, Thor: Love and Thunder and the most recent Ant-Man film all bored me nearly to sleep; I had no interest in seeing them in theaters and once I finally got around to forcing myself to watch them, they were exactly as I expected them to be: vapid, corporate black holes where creativity goes to die and I witness my will to watch movies shrivel and die with each one liner.\nAfter seeing Black Panther: Wakanda Forever in theaters and shedding tears, feeling my heart swell with emotions, despite all its flaws, I felt as if I had just witnessed a nebula from a dying star, one last significant, heart-jerking project from a studio conglomerate right before being suffocated under its own weight.", "457" ], [ "And thus, in the months leading up to Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, I was hoping and praying that this would be good - and I am so, so happy to report that I was not let down.\nPhew.\nEven the smallest of us, the ones that feel the most insignificant, the ones not described as “higher life forms” - they do not matter any less.\n“Everyone deserves a second chance.”\nWhen that quote was spoken, it all clicked into place for me, and it made me grin from ear to ear. All these creatures and characters, all of the vast lifeforms teeming throughout the halls of Knowhere, they all stand equally - despite the differences among them, the beauty and happiness they exude is contagious (along with a Florence and the Machine needle drop that gave me full body chills). Back to the dog’s wagging tail - in all of humanity’s expressions of emotion and art, there is nothing as genuine, earnest and full of happiness and love as the tail of a dog that is ferociously wagging without refrain.\n<PERSON> is the greatest character in the MCU. Couldn’t have asked for a much better birthday movie, and if this is the last MCU movie I ever see in a theater, I think I'd be okay with that.", "1009" ], [ "Spider-Man: No Way Home\nEven on my second viewing, I can confirm that every single thing in this film was still an absolute pleasure to watch. <PERSON> arc has finally come full circle from being the kid who depends on others into being the responsibility-bearing Spider-Man that we know and love. I’m so excited for what lies ahead of MCU <PERSON>! Anyone know how to erase your memory? I wanna watch this film for the first time all over again 🥺\nAnyway, the audience reactions today was really weak though, and it makes a HUGE difference than what I experienced on the opening day 💔", "995" ] ]

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[ [ "7 Segment Clock - Small Printers Edition\nIntroduction: 7 Segment Clock - Small Printers Edition\nUpdate - 2021/07/15\nSketch v7 available. I also recommend having a look at the notes about electronics when building one of my things! https://www.instructables.com/ClockSketch-V7-Part-...\n--\nYet another 7 Segment Clock. xD\nAlthough I have to say it doesn't look that crazy when watching my Instructables profile. It probably get's more irritating the moment you have a look at my thingiverse profile.\nSo why did I even bother to do another one? Actually the answer is pretty simple...\nWhile playing around with another project I came up with another way to route the led strip inside the modules. To \"test my theory\" I just had to build one to make sure it works out as expected.\nAnother major aspect while designing this was people with very small printers. My other things usually are printable on replicator-style printers and i3-style printers with common bed sizes - this one here requires a maximum of 107mm x 89mm x 23mm, so it is printable on printers like the Wanhao i3 Mini (100x120).\nAlso this is the first of my 7 segment clocks using led strips with 30 leds/m. The other ones are using 60 leds/m, so this is a bit different.\nEach segment is lit by 2 leds, so there's 28 leds inside the double digit-modules and another 4 inside the dots-module. Total 60 leds, no \"wasted ones\" in between (+32 leds if building the 6 digit version).\nThe finished clock is 234mm x 93mm x 38mm.", "1014" ], [ "(360mm wide for 6 digits version).\nStep 1: Notes\nThis documentation will miss quite a few details, like schematics, power limits and so on. Basically it is exactly the same as my other clocks, like S7ripClock here on Instructables. Please have a look at that one for details, this is using the same electronics and the sketch is based on the same source. Requirements are the same with some differences:\nInstead of 9x M3 6-10mm screws you'll need:\n12x M3 (8-12mm, I've used 8mm) (20 pcs if building the 6 digit version)\n2x M3 (12-16mm, I've used 14mm)\nInstead of LED strips with 60 leds/m you'll need:\n60x WS2812B leds, 30 leds/m (other things like non-coated etc. apply, read S7ripClock instructions!)\nEverything else is identical. Arduino/ESP (experimental) support, schematics, buttons, usage instructions.\nUsage instructions/Features on YouTube\nUpdate - 22.12.2020\nIn case you'd like to build this and do own a printer with a bigger build plate (object: 231.4mm x 85.2mm) have a look at Step 9 before starting to print parts...\nStep 2: 3D Printed Parts / Software Sketch\nTo build the clock as shown you will need:\n2x Frame_LR.STL\n2x Cover_LR.STL\n1x Frame_Dots.STL\n1x Cover_Dots.STL\n1x Diffusers_Dots.STL\n2x Diffusers_LR.STL\n1x Bracket_A.STL\n1x Elec_Case.STL (includes spacer-part, case lid and two \"hold buttons in place\"-things)\n1x Feet.STL\n1x Cable_Covers_A.STL\nAdditional parts If building the 6 digit version:\n1x Frame_X.STL\n1x Cover_X.STL\n1x Frame_Dots.STL\n1x Cover_Dots.STL\n1x Diffusers_LR.STL\n1x Diffusers_Dots.STL\n1x Bracket_B.STL\n1x Cable_Covers_B.STL\nWall widths are always multiples of 0.5mm, so I recommend printing this using an extrusion width/line width of 0.5mm. Using medium print speeds the total print times are roughly 9.5 hours for all the black parts, 3 hours for the diffusers.\nNo supports needed, no overhangs > 45° and no bridging or anything that might make this a difficult print. Just avoid \"the elephant's foot\" ;)\nPreviews shown are at 60mm/s infill, 36mm/s outer perimeters and 42mm/s for solid infill at 0.25mm layer height using 2 perimeters/outlines/shells.", "1014" ], [ "Lazy 7 / Quick Build Edition\nIntroduction: Lazy 7 / Quick Build Edition\nUpdate - 2021/07/15\nSketch v7 available. I also recommend having a look at the notes about electronics when building one of my things! https://www.instructables.com/ClockSketch-V7-Part-...\n--\nYes. Another one. I'll copy/paste the infos I've put up on Thingiverse here, this documentation is only really needed for the led strip routing.\nRecently I published the 7 Segment Clock - Small Printers Edition, the first 7 segment display I built using led strips with 30 leds/m.\nOne thing that wasn't really possible was using a single led strip for the whole clock, like Lazy 7 / One.\nBut Lazy 7 / One does require lots of material and is not really something you're going to print within a few hours.\nThen I remembered I only had published one 7 Segment Clock using a vertical layout, the Retro 7 Segment Clock - SE. And I'm not really a big fan of that one. The \"open frame\" design doesn't help readability in my opinion and it doesn't feature dots between HH/MM.\nThis is the result. Some kind of mix between the SPE and L7/One. It's a bit tricky coming up with reasonable names - but at least I'll try to stick to \"Lazy = Single Strip\", just like inside the Lazy Grid Clock v2 ;)\nThis one requires a printer with a build size x/y of at least 179.5mm x 107mm, Z max is somewhere around 20mm.\nThere's 2 leds inside each segment. 4 digits = 28 segments = 56 leds. Adding the\ntwo dots (2 leds each) we end up using 60 leds, no \"wasted ones\".\nI did several changes to (hopefully) make it fit on printers like the Prusa Mini.", "1014" ], [ "The goal of this thing was to make it an easy and fast print and build - so slicing everything down to small parts again would have somehow defeated one of the design goals...\nStep 1: Printed Parts / Settings / Sketch\nWall Widths are always multiples of 0.5mm, so I strongly recommend using an extrusion width/line width of 0.5mm when slicing/printing this.\nI recommend printing everything except the diffusers using black material.\nPETG will be quite wobbly on thin parts like this.\nMaterial requirements:\nca. 150g black PLA\nca. 50g transparent/natural PLA\nThere's some screenshots of the previews at 60mm/s base/infill speed, 36mm/s outlinesand 42mm/s solid layers. Layer height is 0.25mm, 2 shells/perimeters.\nAvoid elephant's foot on the frame part. It will make putting in the diffusers harder. All parts are chamfered towards the build plate so this shouldn't be too much of a problem.\nI've started using Cura (4.8.0) more frequently ~10 days ago. So if you're interested in having a look at the settings I've been using to get the fuzzy skin on the outside and grid infill on the first layers, have a look at the Cura project file (L7-QBE-Frame.3mf).\nAlso added the project file I was using for printing the diffusers (L7-QBE-Diffs-All.3mf).\nStep 2: Requirements / Instructions\nElectronics are the same as on most of my other things. So for schematics and/or details please have a look at the instructions of those:\nSchematics, notes about buttons and required parts (except screws and led strip):\nS7ripClock - Basic Edition\nThe led routing is close to this one, so if you're looking for more pictures of that:\n7 Segment Clock - Small Printers Edition\nThere's also quite some info on the Retro 7 Segment Clock over on Thingiverse.\nIt's based on the same sketch as the other ones, so features/instructions from this video are also valid for this one: Features/Usage Instructions\nRequired Parts\nTo build this clock you don't really need that many parts. Apart from the electronical components (see S7ripClock documentation) you will need:\n2m of led strip, WS2812B, 30 leds/m, 60 total\n(other restrictions apply here, too. Like no coated/waterproof ones, thin ones only)\n8 screws, M3x8-12 (M3x10 min. for the case screws when using optional feet)\nPrinted Parts\n1x L7-QBE-Frame.stl\n1x L7-QBE-Frame-Cover.", "646" ], [ "Retro 7 Segment Clock - the Final One(s)\nIntroduction: Retro 7 Segment Clock - the Final One(s)\n2021/10/20 - Update\nAdded the XL version (4 LEDs / segment). Parts/Info can be found at the bottom of this Instructable. So there's now 4 options available (3/4 LEDs, 4/6 digits).\n--\nHere's another set of 7 segment modules including a clock example. There's nothing really new on this one, it is meant as a replacement for my most popular (according to the broken stats on another site) clock so far, the \"Retro 7 Segment Clock - Regular Edition\".\nWhile working on ClockSketch v7 and adding support for older designs I noticed I absolutely don't like many, many things about the current design and this somehow forced me to do an update.\nAs before the whole design consists of the digits module and a center/dots module. Some of my designs (like Lazy 7 / One or S7ripClock) required different modules depending on their positions (often an additional 3rd module for 6 digit versions). This is not the case here, the modules can be daisy chained to as many as you'd like to.\nSince it's an update I tried to keep the requirements for printing the parts the same as before. The biggest footprint is to be found on the digits cover at 176.25mm x 146.95mm. So this design should still be printable on many printers (default 20x20, prusa mini, makerbot clones).\nThe clock is running ClockSketch v7, so you will have to get the sketch from that Instructable (Step 3). I highly recommend reading that Instructable if you're going to build any of my designs.\nMost comments are about the sketch anyways, so I'll keep \"Hardware\" like this seperated from the \"Software\" in this case.\nThe finished clock is 392mm (6 digits: 608mm) x 147mm x 30mm in size, not including the optional feet.", "1014" ], [ "Wall mount is included right in the back mount, hole spacing is exactly 100mm. Oh, of course... there's 3 LEDs inside each segment, just as before. The dots module will use 2 LEDs per dot. Total LED count is 103 (6 digits: 157).\nFor a list of features have a look at the ClockSketch v7-Instructable, there's a lot of combinations possible (Arduino, ESP8266, various RTCs, settings, ldr support, 12/24h format and so on). This Instructable is only about the clock example for this module and as shown in the pictures - using a Arduino Nano and a DS3231 RTC (ZS-042).\nSupplies\nThe clock example (4 digits version) requires the following 3d printed parts:\n* 1x 7SCv3_Backplate.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Backplate_Cover.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Cable_Covers.STL\n* 2x 7SCv3_Digits_Cover.STL\n* 2x 7SCv3_Digits_Diffusers.STL\n* 2x 7SCv3_Digits_Frame.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Dots_Cover.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Dots_Diffusers.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Dots_Frame.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Elec_Case.STL\n* 1x 7SCv3_Feet.STL (optional)\nI recommend printing everything except the diffusers from black material. I've been using transparent/natural PLA for the diffusers. If you'd like to get a different colored front I recommend swapping filament after 2-3 layers when printing the front covers. Printing them completely in white will result in light leaking into other segments.\nMaterial usage heavily depends on print settings, but using PLA it's about ~390g/~140g (black/transparent).\nNon-printed parts required:\n* 103x WS2812B LEDs, 5V, 60 LEDs/m, individually addressable, IP30 (IP65/67 will NOT fit)\n* 1x Arduino Nano (ATmega328, 5V)\n* 1x RTC module, DS3231 / ZS-042 modules recommended\n* 2x push buttons, 6mm x 6mm (button length ~1.5mm-3.", "1014" ], [ "Triangulum - 3D Printed 3-Hand Clock\nIntroduction: Triangulum - 3D Printed 3-Hand Clock\nHey!\nSo this is a project I started April 8 2021, and since then, it has changed quite a bit. The basic idea was to make a clock shaped like a triangle. This morphed into a 3-hand clock with a moon phase tracker.\nThe name Triangulum fits well because it is a triangular constellation, much like the shape of the clock.\nThis clock uses the same code as the Holo Clock with some minor improvements. You may find the use of both the imperial system and the metric system at the same time confusing, but this had to be done because the tubing is measured in imperial units and the clock was designed in metric units.\nIf you have any questions or comments, please let me know!\nSupplies\nIf there are any missing materials, please let me know!\n3D printer\n3 colors of filament (Black pla, white pla, and silk copper pla were used in this model)\nMasking tape\nSuper glue\nDremel with cutting disk bit (Or any tool that can cut brass tubing)\n11/32\" brass tube*\n1/8\" brass tube*\n3/32\" brass tube*\n1/16\" brass tube*\nArduino nano every (or standard version)\n28byj48 stepper motor\nUln2003 driver case\n6 male to female jumper wires\nSmall breadboard\nDouble-sided foam tape (3M brand was used here)\n2 M1 screws\n12 M4 screws\n6 M3 washers\nSandpaper\nSilicone or graphite lubricant\nFlat black paint (optional)\n9V battery\n9V battery adapter (must connect to a breadboard)\nXacto knife\n*All tubes are available in one pack here.\nStep 1: CAD and Mechanical Version\nBefore I begin the build, I'd like to show you the first vision of the clock.\nBefore I decided to use Arduino, it was going to be powered by a weight. This didn't work out that well because of friction and stability issues. The first picture above is of the original concept. As you can see, it has a weight train and an escapement. Had it not been for these problems, the clock wouldn't lack the one thing I hoped to include, ticking.\nStep 2: How It Works\nThe clock is powered by a stepper motor which turns 1/15 of a rotation each second. This 1:15 ratio is divided by four to create a 1:60 ratio, which is the seconds.", "120" ], [ "The 1:60 ratio is then divided by 60 (the 60 is split into a 1:10 and a 1:6 ratio) to create a 1:3600 ratio, which is the minutes. The 1:60 ratio is then divided by 12 (the 12 is split into a 1:4 and a 1:3 ratio) to create a 1:43200, which is the hours.\n60 seconds = 1 minute\n3600 seconds = 1 hour\n43200 seconds = 12 hours\n1 rotation of the minute hand = 60 rotations of the second hand\n1 rotation of the hours hand = 43200 rotations of the second hand\nOne of the harder parts of the gear train was the moon phase tracker. Its ratio is 99:2924 (it is split into a 1:4, a 9:17, and a 11:43 ratio), which produces a lunar month length of 29.53535 days. This is close to the actual length of the lunar month, 29.53059 days. It's not perfect, but it is accurate enough.\nStep 3: Print the Parts\nAll framework parts and gears should be printed in silk copper.\nHand parts and the moon phase tracker cover should be printed in Black\nNumber dial and moon disk have special printing processes which will be described in the next step.\nStep 4: Special Part Printing\nThese two parts (moon frame.stl and number dial.stl) need to be printed in a different way than the other parts.\nThe print must be paused halfway through and the filament must be changed. There was a special setting for this in my slicer. I set moon frame.stl to pause at 0.6 mm and number dial.stl to pause at 1.5 mm. This creates a flawless dual colored part.\nThere is a second version of number dial.stl that uses IIII for 4 instead of IV.\nNote:\nDo not change filament type, but use the exact same brand and type (i.e. Sulnu Pla White to Sunlu Pla Black, not Sunlu Pla White to Hatchbox Pla Black).", "646" ], [ "3D Printed LED Mood Lamp\nIntroduction: 3D Printed LED Mood Lamp\nI've always had this fascination with lamps, so having the ability to combine 3D Printing and Arduino with LEDs was something I needed to pursue.\nThe concept is very simple and the outcome is one of the most satisfying visual experiences you can put in a lamp format.\nPlease bear in mind that this was my first ever Arduino project, so not everything might be as perfect or as efficient as it could be, but it works. I'll get better with more practice :)\nIf you want the visual version of these instructions, please see the youtube video, and while you're there, make sure to subscribe to see my other projects :)\nEnjoy!\nStep 1: Safety\nYes, I know, but it can never be stressed enough!\nThis project involves soldering and the use of a hot glue gun which brings with it the possibility of burns. So please make sure you are comfortable using a soldering iron or ask for help from someone who does.\nIt is also recommended to use protective goggles for eye protection.\nPlease take all necessary precautions in order to complete the project safely and also have fun!\nStep 2: Things You'll Need\nPrinted Parts\nThe files for the model from MyMiniFactory: Link\nThe outer cover for the lamp should be printed in white PLA. I used Filamentive Natural Transparent as it diffuses the light nicely and also doesn't block it. The outer shell should be printed at 0% infill, 2 perimeters, 10 bottom, and 10 top layers.Any layer height is good, i used 0.2mm layers.\nThe bottom and inner column can be printed at pretty much any settings you wish (without supports).\nI used Petg for the column as it can withstand heat better than PLA.", "492" ], [ "I used 20% infill, 2 perimeters and 4 top and bottom layers. No supports are necessary.\nThe bottom was printed in wood filament at 0.2mm layers, 2 perimeters, 4 top and bottom layers and 20% infill.\nThe tint button extention was printed in standard black PLA at 100% infill as it's very small.\nElectronics\nArduino Nano: Link\nLM2596 DC-DC Step Down: Link\nTactile Touch Push Button: Link\nDC Jack: Link\n5v 30mm fan (Optional): Link\n2 Meters RGB LED Strip (WS2812B - 60 LED per Meter): Link\nPower Supply: Link\nSome Red, Black, Yellow wires: Link\n2 x M3x12 Screws: Link\n2 x M2x10 Self Tapping Screws: Link\nSketch for all light effects: Link\nTools\nHot Glue Gun: Link\nSoldering Iron: Link\nMultimeter: Link\n3D Printer (Obviously) with at least 200mm volume in height - too many to choose from. however, if you're in the market for one, I highly recommend the Prusa MK3s or if you want something more budget-friendly, the Creality Ender 3 is also pretty decent\nStep 3: Wiring Diagram\nThis is the complete wiring diagram for lamp.\nThe fan is not necessary. I designed it to counteract any possible heating from the LEDs, however, since you will most likely not use full brightness chances of the LEDs getting that hot to melt PETg are impossible.\nIf you are printing the LED column with PLA though and thinking of leaving it running for prolonged periods, the fan will definitely help in keeping things cool.\nStep 4: LED Strip and Fan Assembly\n* Solder a black, red and yellow wires to the end of the LED strip.\n* The Black wire should go on the GND pad\n* The Red wire should go on the +5v pad\n* The Yellow wire should go on the Din pad\nNOTE: take note of the direction of the arrow on the LED strip. The wires should be soldered with direction of the arrow not against it as in the photo.\n* Insert the 3 wires through the whole at the bottom of the column and pull them all the way through.\n* Remove the sticker cover from the back of the LED strip and attach the strip to the column in a spiral direction going upwards. 2 meters should be enough to cover the whole column while leaving around 2mm space between the rotation of the strip.\n* Take the hot glue gun, and just put a little dab of hot glue at the end of the strip and also at the beginning to hold both the strip and the wires in place.\n* if you are installing the fan, place it at the bottom of the column as in the photo and attach it using the 2 M3x12 screws.\nNOTE: The orientation of the fan is important.", "635" ], [ "Magnetic Levitating Lamp\nIntroduction: Magnetic Levitating Lamp\nThe magical Arduino-powered magnetic levitating lamp. A fully 3DPrintalble project for beginners.\nFor me, it was an exploration as a beginning designer on how you can work with magnets and make something float out of nowhere. My goal was for people to be amazed the first time they see it working. Interested in what I do more? follow my Instagram! or my youtube.\nSupplies\nMaterials:\n3D Models: Cults3D\nDon't have a 3Dprinter? Try the new PCBWay 3Dprinting service\nPla filament: https://amzn.to/3I9mKXm\nLeds (WS2812 60led/m): https://amzn.to/3KKUfkn\nMagnet Diameter: 12.7mm Height: 5mm x2: https://www.adafruit.com/product/9\nSmall magnet: (Magnet neodymium 5mm x 3mm)\nMagnetic switch (or Reed switch): https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/Grove-Magnetic_Switch/\nArduino Nano Every: https://amzn.to/35UbocM\n5v Plug: https://amzn.to/3wcDcUi\n5V Ban Plug: https://amzn.to/3tUcAVE\nSilicon wire(More flexible the better!): https://amzn.to/3tUI5in\nTools:\nSoldering Iron\nGlue\n3D printer\nScrewdriver\nStep 1: 3D Print All the Parts\nFor this lamp, you will need 7/8 parts to be printed. You can find these parts Here.\nGeneral printing settings:\n* Infill 20-100%\n* No supports\nLed holder settings:\n* Infill 100%\nWhy 100%? Because you want to diffuse the lights nicely!\nStep 2: Making the Led Diffusion Holder\nYou will need 3 wires going from the LEDs to the base of the lamp. This bit is the hardest of the whole build.\nPreparation/Materials:\n* Cut 3 wires with a length of 130mm (You have some room for trial and error)\n* Cut a piece of the led strip that fits into the Diffusion body.\n* Get your soldering Iron\n* Get the Diffusion body, Diffusion top and the led clip.\nSteps:\n1. First solder all the wires onto the led strip. I used for ecstatic looks only white wire. Make sure to mark the wires on the end so when you attach them to the Arduino you won't get confused.\n2. Pull the wires all the way through the little hole in the Diffusion body.\n3. Attach some glue to the inside of the led strip and put it (with tweezers) inside the Diffusion body. And if your LEDs don't wanna stay on the little piece inside the Diffusion body attach the led clip in the middle of the LEDs.\n4. Braid the wires for an esthetic look.\n5.", "635" ], [ "Place a magnet into the Diffusion top.\nStep 3: Preparing Power Input\nYou can also choose to do this with batteries, a power bank, or something else. This is what I found to be the best for me.\nPreparation/Materials:\n* Hot glue/Superglue\n* Female powerjack connector\n* Lamp underside\n* Red and Black cables\nSteps:\n1. Glue the power jack connector to the opening in the Lamp underside.\n2. The cables we will need to use in the Arduino soldering step.\nStep 4: Making Magnetic Switch\nThis is optional. This is the feature that it turns off when you attach it to the base of the lamp. You can also choose to just unplug it and only put a magnet in the base. Depends on the availability of the parts ;)\nPreparation/Materials:\n* Magnetic switch\n* Small magnet\n* 3 Wires\n* Magnet/Switch base\n* Soldering Iron\n* Pliers\nSteps:\n1. Take from the magnetic switch the white piece off with your pliers.\n2. Solder 3 wires on the SIG, VCC and GND.\n3. Superglue the magnet on the round side of the Magnet/Switch base and slide the switch into place. Note that we need to test if the switch isn't being triggered by the small magnet. Because if it is triggered the system will not work! We will test this in the Programming step.\n4. Place the Magnet/Switch base on the desired location in the Lamp underside where you want to have your lamp to shut off when placed on the Lamp base.", "611" ], [ "Simple Arcade Button Ideas for Your Projects\nIntroduction: Simple Arcade Button Ideas for Your Projects\nOne thing that I've always needed for my projects is a simple form of input and output. At first, it was a simple push button and an led on a breadboard. The breadboard mounted buttons are inconvenient. So I created a 3D printed stand to hold an arcade button. Because some arcade buttons came with LEDs (and a built in resistor) it was a natural to use them as an output. These work great for Arduino and simple projects. As the projects (and processors) grew in complexity, I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) provided a solution.\nThis instructable describes a common configuration that I have used in dozens of projects. It will describe two different communication methods, direct and I2C. It use arcade buttons and pre-made wiring harnesses.\nThis instructable will describe how to build several different versions of a button pad. There are STL files provided for two different styles of mounts, freestanding and a version that is meant to attach to an aluminum extrusion like 80/20. The mounts are sized for 30mm or 24mm buttons.\nThis project will require access to a 3D printer and some soldering skills.\nSupplies\nhttps://www.adafruit.com/product/3657\nStep 1: Print the Frame\nBefore you can start on the electronics, download the approprate file for the use and size of button and print it.\nThe freestanding frames can also be attached to an extruded alumunim beam.\nThree 30mm Button freestanding: www.thingiverse.com/thing:3172573\nThree 30mm Button 8020: www.thingiverse.com/thing:3172579\nThree 30mm Button Din Rail: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4893143\nThree 24mm Button freestanding: www.thingiverse.com/thing:3172579\nThree 24mm Button 8020: www.thingiverse.com/thing:3172579\nStep 2: Selecting the Parts\nFirst decide on the button size and color to be used in the project. Decided if the buttons should be illuminated. (Note, not all colors of illuminated buttons work at 3.3V. The 12V buttons require additional circuitry to make work.", "769" ], [ "Check the product description or the data sheet.)The following buttons have been tested and have worked for us.\nArcade Button with LED - 30mm Translucent Clear: www.adafruit.com/product/3491\nArcade Button with LED - 30mm Translucent Blue: www.adafruit.com/product/3491\nArcade Button with LED - 30mm Translucent Green: www.adafruit.com/product/3491\nMini LED Arcade Button - 24mm Translucent Clear: www.adafruit.com/product/3491\nMini LED Arcade Button - 24mm Translucent Blue: www.adafruit.com/product/3491\nThere are other sources of arcade buttons, such as Amazon and AliExpress.\nTo complete the button wiring, pick up some arcade wire harnesses. The one listed below has a common ground cable and individual cables for the button and LED.\n2.8mm Interface Wires to LED Push Button for Arcade Game www.amazon.com/Easyget-Interface-Button-Arcade-Machine\nOr you can use the SparkFun QWIIC buttons. (See the description in step four for more information)\nStep 3: Direct Wiring\nThis is the most basic version. You attach the buttons to wires and mount them to the printed button holder. The wires are directly attached to your project. If the button has an LED, it can be attached too.\nSome things to think about.\n1. Check the voltages your project uses. Some colors of LEDs will not work at 3.3V.\n2. Check to make sure the LEDs in the button are protected by a current limit resistor.\n3. Arcade buttons are bouncy; really really bouncy. Your code should take this into account. See debouncer-library-python for more information.\n4. The arcade button cables are a lot easier to use to connect to the buttons. Trying to solder directly to the buttons can be difficult. www.amazon.com/Easyget-Interface-Button-A...\nFor more information:\nArduino\nwww.instructables.com/Plug-and-Play-Arcade...\nCircuitPython\nlearn.adafruit.com/arcade-button-control-b...\nStep 4: If You Decided to Just Use SparkFun Arcade Buttons.\nSparkfun, through Spark-x has a nice arcade button with a built in QWIIC connector.\nwww.sparkfun.com/products/15591\nwww.", "379" ], [ "Music PlayBox - ITTT\nIntroduction: Music PlayBox - ITTT\nHKU Assignment\nWelcome to my \"If This Then That\" Project.\nFor this project I made a simple music box where you can play several chords of instruments. You can choose which instrument you want to play (piano/guitar) and which chord you want to play per button.\nIn this instructable I will show you my concept, iterations and a short reflection. I will also share an electronic scheme and the code with explanation.\nSupplies\n* Arduino Uno R3\n* Small Sized Powerbank\n* Laser Cutted 3mm MDF Box (MakerCase.com)\n* 1k Ohm Resistor\n* YX5200 DFPlayer Mini MP3 Module\n* TCA9548A I2C Multiplexer\n* 2 x 8 cm Experiment Print (Islands)\n* Jumper Cables\n* 20 cm Tinned Cables\n* 3 x 0.96 Inch OLED 128 x 64 pixels I2C Display\n* 1602 LCD I2C Display\n* Small Wooden Planks\n* 3W 40mm Speaker\n* Rotary Encoder KY-040\n* 3x Mini Pressure Switch\n* Piano Hinge\n* Screws / Bolts / Nails\nStep 1: Concept\nFor me brainstorming always takes way too long, so I wanted to make it easy for me this time. The first thing I decided was what purpose it has. I wanted to make something that solves a common problem. In this case the problem that learning an instrument can be quite difficult and that it potentially scares people away from making music. If I could solve this problem by simply making a tool/device that makes it easy to make music, it could mean a lot for those people.\nWith this purpose I also figured that I really wanted to make something that plays music. Thus making the brainstorming a lot easier and more focused for me. And so I started drawing something that makes it easy for people to play any chord with any instrument they want. The result is a device that has in this case four display. Three for displaying the chords and one for displaying the instrument. The music would be played through a small speaker and you can play the chords with the buttons under the displays.\nThe device has to be easy-to-view so that people don't get confused. Meaning that the amount of buttons has to be limited, only the essential should be present, in this case a volume switch, buttons to change the instrument and an on/off switch.\nStep 2: Working With an LCD Display\nThe LCD Display is an important component of the device. It shows important information such as the volume and instrument. That's why it was important for me to get familiar with it. I've set up a simple system, where you have to enter a pattern with a keypad.", "485" ], [ "The display gives you feedback on whether it's correct or incorrect.\nStep 3: The MP3 Module\nBoy oh boy... What a drama was this little thing. At first for a very long time it would never work, it would always give me the error to check the connection or sd card, not knowing that using an usb extender doesn't work well with the serial communication of the arduino... So after a while I figured, let's try if it works if I connect the arduino to the usb port directly and all of the sudden I got sound. After that I started figuring out how to make it work with buttons and play from different folders.\nStep 4: Triple OLED Displays\nThe OLED Displays can also be considered as one of the most essential components of this device. To make it easy for myself I first connected one display. This was easy to set up following a few tutorials, but this quickly changed when I wanted to connect two more displays. After a lot of reading I found that two displays were no problem, because you could change the address of one, so that they are individually controllable. But whenever you need more than two of the same displays, things start to get tricky... The most simple solution was to get a multiplexer. After connecting that to the arduino I was able to connect up to eight displays.\nEverything went well in the begining with all three of them displaying some simple centered text. But after I added more functionality to my device things started to get weird. Suddenly one of the displays started to not display anything anymore, and sometimes it did display something. After a lot of rewriting code and debugging my teacher finally found the solution. I was running out of SRAM that my displays needed. So after optimizing the code by changing ints to int8_t and writing serial prints to the flash memory, things started working again! Yay.\nStep 5: Laser Cut Design\nAfter everything was working I had to make a design for the case.", "611" ] ]

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[ [ "There is no general way to solve all recurrence relations, however, there is a general way to solve all homogeneous linear recurrence relations exactly by employing linear algebra.\nThe idea is as follows: 1) For a linear recurrence relation of size $k$, e.g. $a_n = c_1 a_{n-1} + c_2 a_{n-2} + ... + c_k a_{n-k}$, write down $k$ consecutive iterations from $n-k$ to $n$.\n2) Transform the set of $k$ equations into a matrix-vector form of dimension $k$. The $n$-steps of the addition of the linear recurrence combined with the $k$-dimensional vector of initial values will become a recurrence of an $n$-step $k \\times k$-dimensional matrix multiplication followed by one last matrix-vector multiplication on the right side with the initial vector.\n3) rewrite the $n$-step matrix multiplication of $A$ into $A^n$\n4) diagonalize the matrix $A$ into three matrices: $A = TDT^{-1}$ of which $D$ is a diagonal matrix and $T$ is regular. In some corner cases, $A$ might not have a diagonalized form, in which case one should attempt to find the (more general) <PERSON> normal form of $A$ instead. 4.1) This means one need to find all eigenvalues $\\Lambda$ and their corresponding eigenvectors $V$ of $A$. 4.1.1) One need to find all roots of the characteristic polynomial of $A$ to get its eigenvectors and corresponding eigenvalues.\nNote that $D$ can easily be expressed in a closed form depending on $A$'s eigenvalues $\\lambda_1 ... \\lambda_k$, and both of $T$ and $T^{-1}$ can easily be expressed in a closed form depending on its eigenvectors $v_1 ... v_k$. At this point I would recommend to drop the parameters $c_1 ... c_k$ from the equation and abstract them away using the above $\\Lambda_i$ and $v_i$ for readability.\n5) now rewrite $A^n$ into $(TDT^{-1})^n = T D^n T^-1$.", "945" ], [ "Note that $D^n$ can easily be computed from $D$, since it is diagonal.\n6) figure out an easy way to formally multiply this equation out. I recommend leaving the vector of initial values out until the very end. When finally computing $A^n * b$, note that one only need the last row of the resulting product, meaning one can leave out all others.\n7) Depending on what one intend to do with the recurrence relation, it may be time to substitue $c_1 ... c_k$ back into the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.\n8) The resulting equation gives $a_n$ explicitly depending only on the initial values $a_0, a_1 ... a_{k-1}$ and either $c_1, c_2 ... c_k$ or $\\lambda_1 ... \\lambda_k$ and $v_1 ... v_k$.\nThese results can be generalized for linear recurrences with affine components of n added (functions depending only on n), and even further for small polynomial, exponential and some other components depending only on n. However, it's not possible to generalize this explicit closed formula for linear recurrences for arbitrary functions depending only on n, because doing so would require a closed explicit form for arbitrary series given its sequence function, and AFAIK that's impossible.\nAs soon as recurrences with more than one operand are generalized from linear to polynomial recurrences, things become very complicated. Even if we allow only quadratic recurrences of a single step, things are already complicated and there are almost no non-trivial exact solutions (only a countable infinite subset out of the uncountable infinite parameter space actually do have closed forms). One neat example is $a_n = 2*a_{n-1}^2 - 1 = \\cos(2^n \\arccos(a_0))$, which comes from the double angle cosine law. Generally, for finding one of those sparse explicit solutions to general polynomial recurrence relations, one have to consider <PERSON> theory and keep track of repetitions, which can be done using functional properties of trigonometric or polynomials of exponential functions.\nIf one generalize even further, all bets are off.", "945" ], [ "Can I take advantage of a nearly banded A in AX=b?\nI am working on a 1D drift-driffusion problem in a finite-difference (FD) approach.\nI hade 3 equations per node ($3N$ in total): electron continuity $E_i$, Poisson $P_i$, hole continuity $H_i$. With corresponding variables: electron concentration $n_j$, potential $V_j$, hole concentration $p_j$.\nBy rearranging the problem has a banded matrix, the Jacobian $A$ takes the following form, with shape $(3N\\times 3N)$\n$$A = \\begin{pmatrix} A_{1,1} & A_{1,2} & & & & & \\ A_{2,1} & A_{2,2} & A_{2,3} & & & & \\ & A_{3,2} & A_{3,3} & A_{3,4} & & & \\ & & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\ddots & & \\ & & & A_{N-2,N-3} & A_{N-2,N-2} & A_{N-2,N-1} & \\ & & & & A_{N-1,N-2} & A_{N-1,N-1} & A_{N-1,N} \\ & & & & & A_{N,N-1} & A_{N,N} \\ \\end{pmatrix}$$\nwhere\n$$ A_{i, j} = \\begin{pmatrix} {\\partial E_i}/{\\partial n_j} & {\\partial E_i}/{\\partial V_j} & {\\partial E_i}/{\\partial p_j} \\ {\\partial P_i}/{\\partial n_j} & {\\partial P_i}/{\\partial V_j} & {\\partial P_i}/{\\partial p_j} \\ {\\partial H_i}/{\\partial n_j} & {\\partial H_i}/{\\partial V_j} & {\\partial H_i}/{\\partial p_j} \\end{pmatrix} $$\nOwing to that data structure, I have been using scipy.linalg.solve_banded to solve for $X$ in\n$$AX = b$$\nwhere $b$ is a $(3N \\times 1)$ shaped vector.\nMy problem comes from that I want to add an equation that controls the potential at one end (say on the left) based on the value of total fluxes of $n$ and $p$ at both ends.\nAs a result the additional equation depends on $(n_1, V_1, p_1, n_2, V_2, p_2)$ but also $(n_{N-1}, V_{N-1}, p_{N-1}, n_N, V_N, p_N)$.\nTherefore, if I was to include this new equation in $A$ to form a $(3N+1 \\times 3N+1)$ Jacobian $A'$, the bandwith would suddenly become much larger. Though I can optimize this by inserting the new equation in the middle row of $A$, the banded representation would remain very sparse.\nMy question is then: is there a way I can solve for $X'$ in $$A' X' = b'$$\nwhile keeping the advantages of the banded structure of $A$?\nEDIT addressing comments\nHere is a visual example of the Jacobian before (left) and after reordering (right).", "490" ], [ "The last column/line, highlighted in yellow, is the additional equation that fails to fit the banded structure. Elements in dark gray background are non-zero, elements in white are zeros, elements in light gray background are zero, but a future version of my physical could in principle make them non-zero so an ideal solution would not exclude that possibility.\n(click to enlarge)\nDisclaimer: I do not pretend to be the author of this ordering method. I have read it a few years ago in a software manual I believe ...", "614" ], [ "I'll drop the bracket notation for mathematical clarity.\nThere are an important caveats for the adiabatic theorem. First of all, $H$ is assumed to be non-degenerate, and must stay non-degenerate, ie level crossing are forbidden. Intuitively, you need to match the spectra of $H(t)$ at different times. This is a first sufficient condition.\nAlso, in general, even when you impose normalisation, the $\\phi_n(t)$ are not uniquely specified. There is a gauge invariance which consists of multiplying each of them by a time dependent phase $e^{i\\theta_n(t)}$. This is why only closed loops in parameter space give rise to the geometric object known as Berry curvature. This means that when constructing such a basis, you need to constantly resolve this ambiguity. It also means that when you find a candidate, you can construct many more assuming the $\\theta_n$ are differentiable.\nTo make the discussion more simple, I'll assume a finite dimensional Hilbert space, the general case is more technical. One way to construct a solution, only assuming the differentiability of $H$ and the preserved non-degeneracy. The simplest way is to show that they are the solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) that you can easily obtain using non degenerate perturbation theory.\nAssume you've found such a solution. First of all, you need to define the $E_n(t)$, and check their differentiability.", "976" ], [ "This is done by using Cayley-Hamilton and seeing the spectrum as roots of varying polynomial. You can now use a general property of polynomials depending differentiably on a parameter which says that as long as its roots stay non degenerate, the roots can be matched at all values of the parameter and are differentiable under the parameter. You can easily convince yourself of this fact for low degrees since there are some explicit formulas.\nNow that you have the spectrum, say you found a candidate normalised $\\phi_n(t)$. Taking the derivative of their defining property $H\\phi_n= E_n\\phi_n$, you get: $$ (H-E_n)\\dot\\phi_n= -(\\dot H -\\dot E_n)\\phi_n $$ and you want to invert the $H-E_n$ to get the ODE, but you can't since $E_n$ is an eigenvalue. The equation actually defines $\\dot\\phi_n$ up to added multiple of $\\phi_n$ which is the consequence of the previously mentioned gauge invariance. You can choose to resolve the ambiguity by enforcing $\\langle \\dot \\phi_n,\\phi_n\\rangle=0$ which has the advantage of being compatible with the normalisation conservation $\\Re \\langle \\dot \\phi_n,\\phi_n\\rangle=0$, and is typically the implicitly chosen convention in perturbation theory. I now defined $n$ perfectly valid ODE's whose solutions satisfy you problem by construction.\nHope this helps.\nEdit\nI'll just clarify the mathematical reasoning. The French call it a demonstration by \"analyse-synthèse\" (couldn't find a translation), ie you assume you have the solution and accumulate enough necessary conditions until you are all set to construct the solution from scratch.\nFor your question, I assumed I found a basis depending differentiably with $t$, and followed through the equations to find a ODE that it would satisfy. The only tricky part is due to the non-unique nature, you need to additionally make a consistent choice so that the ODE is well defined. This is the \"analysis.\" The \"synthesis\" which I left out is simply checking that the ODE I found actually has a solution. This can easily be seen using classic mathematical theorems such as Cauchy-Lipschitz. In addition, using the unicity of the ODE's solution once specifying the initial conditions (here, assume you start out in a eigenbasis), it is guaranteed that the constructed solution is a solution of the original problem.", "976" ], [ "The methods which one uses to understand or even construct <PERSON>'s theorem do indeed belong to the wide class of methods which are used also in chaos theory, but the connection is rather loose. I will describe how you can understand even this loose connection.\nWhen we have a dynamical system in classical mechanics, we need to analyze whether it is integrable or not. Integrable means that along the trajectories of the system, we have enough integrals of motion such as angular momentum or energy so that we can express all the future positions and velocities in terms of the initial data in terms of quadratures (possibly implicit formulas featuring definite integrals).\nConsider the example of a particle moving in 1 dimension in a time-independent potential $V(x)$. For this particle, we know that it conserves energy along its motion $$E = \\frac{1}{2}m \\left( \\frac{dx}{dt} \\right)^2 + V(x)$$ We can thus express its velocity in terms of the initial energy and position $$\\frac{d x}{ dt} = \\sqrt{2 (E - V)/m}$$ As long as $dx/dt \\neq 0$ you can formally rewrite this system as $$\\frac{d x}{\\sqrt{2 (E - V)/m}} = dt$$ And after integration you end up with $$\\int_{x_0}^{x} \\frac{d x}{\\sqrt{2 (E - V)/m}} = t - t_0$$ this is what would be called a solution in terms of quadratures.\nFor a higher-dimensional classical-mechanical (Hamiltonian) systems, we have theorems such as Liouville-Arnold's theorem which tells us that if a suitable set of integrals of motion exists, then there exists a solutions in terms of quadratures. More specifically, for a system of $N$ degrees of freedom, one needs a set of $N$ integrals of motion which are independent and in involution via the <PERSON> bracket.\nFor bound motion, this ends up in the motion breaking up into $N$ independent periodic motions with $N$ generally independent \"fundamental\" frequencies. Consider a particle moving in a plane and a central potential:\nThe motion breaks up into 1) a periodic oscillation in the distance from the centre (the periastron and apoastron), and 2) the periodic rotation around the center. If these two frequencies do not match, we get a quasi-periodic motion, a trajectory which is not periodic in the sense of reaching the same point and velocity at a finite time but which still breaks up into a regular product of periodic motions.\nHowever, if there is not a sufficient amount of integrals of motion, the motion gets chaotic. It is notoriously difficult to analytically prove that there is not a sufficient number of integrals of motion for the given set of trajectories in a dynamical system and that these trajectories will thus necessarily get chaotic.", "453" ], [ "There are some methods such as the <PERSON> integral (sometimes called Poincaré-Melnikov-Arnold integral) which can show that small layers of chaos in the phase space exist. (<PERSON> used something of this sort to prove chaoticity of the three body problem.) But actual investigations in chaos are mostly built around numerical or semi-numerical approaches.\nBut now I am getting to <PERSON>'s theorem; you can actually sort of prove <PERSON>'s theorem by thinking about integrability.\nThe reason is that when you have a system which is \"too integrable\", the number of fundamental frequencies reduces. For instance, the motion of a particle in three dimensions will generically have three fundamental frequencies, but the motion in a spherically symmetric and stationary potential will have just two. This is due to the fact that stationarity will give you an energy integral of motion (due to <PERSON>'s theorem), and three angular momenta arise due to three rotation symmetries (think Euler angles, not polar coordinates $\\vartheta, \\varphi$). Not all the angular momenta are in involution but it does not stop them from acting as a constraint which restricts the freedom in which the fully integrable trajectory can wobble. Specifically, the conservation of the whole angular momentum vector restricts the motion to a plane as shown above. So, in spherical systems you end up with an \"overly integrable\" system which has effectively two degrees of freedom and only two fundamental frequencies.\nNow comes the motion in the $1/r, r^2$ potentials. These have special additional symmetries which make the posses additional integrals of motion.", "976" ], [ "Equivalent of multiple-scale analysis for a linear ODE\nI came across the method of multiple-scale analysis and was intrigued, because I am trying to solve a linear ODE with multiple characteristic timescales. When I apply the method as described, say, here, I find that the zeroth-order solution is the exact solution! This is exactly what I don't want, because conventional methods have not been successful in integrating this equation numerically. I was very interested in the possibility of approximating the solution.\nDerivation\nI will briefly recount what I tried, which follows the linked document closely.\nSuppose I have an operator $A = A_0 + \\epsilon A_1$ in dimensionless units, where $\\epsilon \\ll 1$.", "935" ], [ "The equation I want to solve is $\\dot{y} = A y$.\nSuppose I assign two timescales, $t_0 = t$ and $t_1 = \\epsilon t$, as described in the document. Then, when I take the time derivative and gather terms of the same power of $\\epsilon$, I get\n$$\\left(\\frac{\\partial y_0}{\\partial t_0} - A_0 y_0\\right) + \\epsilon \\left(\\frac{\\partial y_0}{\\partial t_1} + \\frac{\\partial y_1}{\\partial t_0} - A_1 y_0 - A_0 y_1 \\right) + \\mathcal{O}!\\left(\\epsilon^2\\right) = 0$$\nThe solution to the first (order unity term) is\n$$ y_0 = e^{A t_0} x_0!\\left(t_1\\right) $$\nand, when we solve the second term with this solution substituted,\n$$ y_1 = e^{A_0 t_0} x_1!\\left(t_0\\right) + e^{A_0 t_0} t_0 \\left(A_1 x_0!\\left(t_1\\right) - \\frac{\\partial x_0}{\\partial t_1}\\right) $$\nNow, solving for the parenthetical term to go to zero (because it's secular),\n$$x_0 = e^{A_1 t_1} z_0$$\nSubstituting this back into $y_0$ from earlier, we find that\n$$y_0 = e^{A_0 t_0 + A_1 t_1} z_0 = e^{\\left(A_0 + \\epsilon A_1\\right) t} z_0$$\nwhich is exactly the solution to the linear equation.\nOther attempts\nI have tried to implement a kind-of IMEX (?) scheme, where I solve\n$$ e^{\\epsilon A_1 h} y^{n+1} = e^{A_0 h} y^n $$\nwhich is implicit for the fast timescale and explicit for the slow timescale. This also doesn't work, because it is only valid until the simulation time reaches the slow timescale. The next logical thing to do is to have a transition from this scheme to a fully-implicit scheme when the time is large enough, but, in practice, that is too computationally expensive.\nQuestion\nI am curious to know if I've just done this wrong, but also if there are methods in the same spirit as the multiple-scale analysis that would work for a linear ODE.", "402" ], [ "Terminology:\n* polytope: the object we're talking about, it has dimension N.\n* face: a polytope of dimension N-1.\n* intersection (point): a polytope of dimension N-2\n* edge: a polytope of dimension N-3 Edge\n* volume: quantity in units^N representing encompassed space\nIn principle it's the same deal in any dimension.\n1) find intersecting faces and replace them with segmented versions\n2) procedurally delete all faces and points that are not part of the union (start with faces that are connected to faces whose inside face is facing an outside face)\n3) calculate volume with the irregular volume algorithm (subtract dimension-facing from non-dimension facing)\nIn detail:\n1) Intersectiong faces.\nA polytope of dimension N will have faces of dimension N-1 and intersection points of dimension N-2.\nIf ABC ZYX are two 2-polytopes AB and ZY intersect\nwe find the intersection I by equating the line through AB to the line through BC two times 0=ax+by+c\nThe new segments would be AI, BI, ZI, and YI.\nIf ABCD and ZYXW are two 3-polytopes ABC and ZYX intersect\nwe find the intersection IJ by equating the plane through ABC to the plane through ZYX two times 0=ax+by+cz+d\nand delimiting it by its intersection with the segments AB, BC, AC, ZY, ZX, ZX, and choosing the two inside points of the four valid points (1-2-3-4, 2 and 3 are inside points, 1 and 4 are outside points)\nthe contour line of all line segments can then be used to cut up the faces by various means, such as grabbing the intersegment corners and drawing segments to the surface corners (without segment (e2) overlap)\nIf ABCDE and ZYXWV are two 4-polytopes ABCD and ZYXW intersect\nwe find the intersection IJK by equating the space through ABCD to the space through ZYXW two times 0=ax+by+cz+dw+e\nand delimiting it by its intersection with the planes ABC, ACD, BCD, ABD, ZYX, ZXY, ZYW, ZXY, YXW, and choosing the three inside segments of the six valid segments (draw up possible polytopes and check whether all points not in the polytope are contained, these other points are your intersection segments)\nthe contour plane of all plane segments can then be used to cut up the bodies by various means, such as grabbing the intertriangle corners and drawing segments to the body corners (without triangle e3 overlap)\nIf ABCDEF and ZYXWVU are two 5-polytopes ....\nIf A and B are two N-polytopes and some $X=\\subset A$ intersects with some $Y=\\subset B$ we find the intersection I by equating $\\Sigma_{i=0}^{N} dim_i quant_i$ of X and of Y, and delimit it by the innermost intersection with the valid permutations of X and Y (which should be half of all intersections).\nAs you can see it's recursive.\n2) deciding which faces are extraneous\nAssign an extra quantity to each face maybe to decide whether it's facing in the direction of its normal or not. If the segmented neighbors' normals cross (or reach a minimum (they should cross)) behind the direction of the normals, then one of the two needs to go.", "7" ], [ "use a hidden variable process (such as systems of equations) to figure out which after you've crosschecked the entire neighborhood. then you can either keep all faces attached to \"essential faces\" or delete the disjoined ones.\n3) irregular volume algorithm\nyou should know this: take a face and its projection on one axis, and calculate its volume. add or subtract it from the total volume depending on whether the normal (modified by its modifier) points to or away from the axis.", "964" ], [ "I know this is an old question, but I have just set a similar problem for myself today and found this question after solving it.\nDisclaimer: I was only concerned with the equilibrium shape (the \"catenary\" for discrete case), so if the OP was after the dynamics of such a system, this won't serve as an answer. However, the last comment from the OP indicates the interest in the following method.\nAs <PERSON> said in the comments, to compute the equilibrium shape (the \"catenary\" for discrete case) the most simple way seems to be the method of Lagrange multipliers.\nFor (my own) convenience, the g vector is up instead of down, so the catenary is standing.", "359" ], [ "Also, I'm using Cartesian coordinates.\nThe example of the result is above, with the smooth curve representing a catenary in the usual sense, with the arc length equal to the sum of all \"rod lengths\" between the point masses. I have taken the support points out of consideration and set the supporting rod length to be half of the length between two masses, just for convenience.\nThe arc length is taken as the fixed value $L=3$ with $l=L/6=1/2$; and the distance between support points is $2$.\nSolution for the particular case above, since it's simple enough to infer the general case without additional comments.\nDue to the symmetry, it's enough to consider only the part with $x>0$.\nThe one and only equilibrium condition in this case is the minimum value of the potential energy for the system, and since I have directed the gravitation up, we need to maximize the sum of $y_k$:\n$$\\text{maximize} \\quad f=y_1+y_2+y_3$$\nSubject to constraints:\n$$\\begin{cases} g_1=(y_1-y_2)^2+(l/2-x_2)^2-l^2=0 \\ g_2=(y_2-y_3)^2+(x_2-x_3)^2-l^2=0 \\ g_3=y_3^2+(x_3-1)^2-l^2/4=0 \\end{cases}$$\nLagrangian multiplier method involves introducing additional variables for each constraint, and writing down the Lagrange function:\n$$L=f-\\sum_k \\lambda_k g_k$$\nThen the necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the maximum of $f$ will be:\n$$\\nabla L=0$$\nThen the general method requires building a Hessian matrix with the second derivatives, but there's no need in this case! We know that all $x_k,y_k$ should be real and positive, and as far as I can see, there's always a single solution like that (for any arc length I tried I mean).\nConsidering all the partial derivatives, we recover our original constraint equations, and $5$ additional ones:\n$$\\begin{cases} (y_1-y_2)^2+(l/2-x_2)^2-l^2=0 \\ (y_2-y_3)^2+(x_2-x_3)^2-l^2=0 \\ y_3^2+(x_3-1)^2-l^2/4=0 \\ 1-2 \\lambda_1 (y_1-y_2)=0 \\ 1+2 \\lambda_1 (y_1-y_2)-2 \\lambda_2 (y_2-y_3)=0 \\ 1+2 \\lambda_2 (y_2-y_3)-2 \\lambda_3 y_3=0 \\ \\lambda_1(l/2-x_2)-\\lambda_2(x_2-x_3)=0 \\ \\lambda_2(x_2-x_3)-\\lambda_3(x_3-1)=0 \\end{cases}$$\nThe only solution with real and positive $x_k,y_k$ is:\n$$\\begin{array}( x_2=<PHONE_NUMBER> \\ x_3=0.904152 \\ y_1=<PHONE_NUMBER> \\ y_2=<PHONE_NUMBER> \\ y_3=<PHONE_NUMBER> \\ \\lambda_1 = 1.59714 \\ \\lambda_2 = 2.35603 \\ \\lambda_3 = 6.49642 \\end{array}$$\nNumerical solutions are obtained with Wolfram Mathematica. The resulting diagram (also created with Mathematica) is presented above.", "101" ], [ "Is there an efficient algorithm for finding a minimal common subset of pairwise distinct bits in a set of bit strings?\nI am working on an efficient mapping function represented as a directed graph. In essence, it is a sort of radix trie. A path must be formed from a bit string [string hereon] efficiently. To do this, I decided on looking for and using an algorithm that finds a continuous, common subset of bits at a particular offset and length from a set of strings. I will describe the general algorithm that I seek formally as follows:\nGiven: $$S := \\left{s_y | s_y = B_y \\right}$$ $$B_y := \\left{b_x | b_x\\in \\left{0,1\\right}\\right}$$ and $$s_{y,x} = B_y[x]$$ we seek to find a common subset $s_{1...|S|,p...q}$ such that $\\forall\\left{p, q \\right}\\in\\Bbb{N}$, $\\nexists \\left{p', q' \\right}\\in\\Bbb{N} \\text{ s.t. } |p' - q'| < |p - q|$.\nFor the general case, the common subsets permit to find $s_{1...|S|, p_k...q_k}$. Some analysis shows that $\\lceil\\log_2(|S|)\\rceil \\leq |p - q| \\leq \\lfloor\\log_2(s_{largest} \\lor 1)\\rfloor + 1$ where $s_{largest}$ is the string whose magnitude $|B_y|$ is greater than all other $|B_y|$ in $S$.\nAs an example algorithm for demonstration, suppose we have the following four strings, each four elements in length: $$ s_1 = \\left{1, 0, 1, 1\\right}\\ s_2 = \\left{0, 1, 0, 1\\right}\\ s_3 = \\left{1, 1, 0, 1\\right}\\ s_4 = \\left{1, 1, 1, 1\\right} $$\nWe define a column thusly: $$c_{x} = s_{1...|S|,x}|x\\in\\Bbb{N}$$ with $c_1$ being the first column, right to left order convention, and $c_{|S|}$ being the last.\n1. $p_c\\leftarrow 1$. $q_c\\leftarrow 0$. Column offset and (horizontal) width variables, respectively.\n2. We see that the column $c_1$ is all ones, so we decide to skip it and go to $c_2$.", "180" ], [ "Increment $p_c$ and $q_c$.\n3. $c_2$ varies, but there are only two distinct values of the four in $c_{1..2}$ read by rows. Increment $q_c$.\n4. The column $c_3$ varies, and we see that there are three distinct values when read by rows, not four, so we move on to the next column. Increment $q_c$.\n5. $c_4$ varies. Increment $q_c$.\n6. We observe that all the columns we have, $c_{1...q_c}$, are now pairwise distinct when read by rows. Record $p_c$ and $q_c$. Terminate algorithm.\n(Proof: the values read by rows interpreted as binary integers and converted to base ten read as $[5, 2, 6, 7]$.)\nIt's quite obvious that there is a deterministic algorithm hidden somewhere in this process using some combination of Hamming weight and XOR: for any given column, the Hamming weight of the XOR of any two columns $c_a$ and $c_b$ tells us how many unique values are represented by the common subsequence given by offset $p$ and length $q$, but I haven't yet figured out how to generalize this just to create a deterministic algorithm for all columns.\nIf this algorithm already exists, I do not know what it is called. For my particular implementation it would be ideal if the whole set did not have to be analyzed each time a key is added to our map, but that previous information from previous computations can be used to quickly analyze a new key and determine whether or not we need to extend the sequence again, or can keep the existing index and sequence length.\nWhat already exists that can be implemented? If not already existing, are there any ideas on how best to proceed with an optimal algorithm as described here?", "603" ] ]

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[ [ "We’re talking about alterations using makeup, obviously, digital alterations are another story!\nIt’s no contest, it’s a lot easier to make a young actor look older, and the proof, look no further than all the older women (mostly) who are desperately trying -and failing- to look younger. Even plastic surgery doesn’t really work. The face looks artificial, the lips pulled back, or the eyes look strange because the extra sagging skin in the upper eyelid was removed…\nBut we’re talking makeup, not surgery. Unless those ads I keep seeing on Facebook are true, that <PERSON> is giving away thousands of vials of a magical serum that smooths away wrinkles instantly and PERMANENTLY!!! I shudder at the thought of women plastering this stuff on their face, having their skin tighten in a flash, only to sag even worse the next day, requiring more serum, get the idea?...\nRight! You don’t believe it either! Good for you! So, back to our young actor who needs to look old.", "861" ], [ "I checked on YouTube and here’s what to do: you need to add wrinkles on your forehead, bags under the eyes, wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, jowls under your chin, lines on the either side of your mouth, thin your lips, enlarge your nose, whiten your hair. Artistically applying the makeup will do a good job.\nHowever, actors don’t just need to look the part, they also have to PLAY the part convincingly! This demands a thorough study of the physicality of the part, how does an older person move, walk, sit, stand, hunched over, slowly, deliberately, carefully, tentatively, limpingly, peering, squinting, leaning in to hear… How does the older person FEEL?...\nConversely, how does a younger person feel, walk, look at things, ponder, run around… How does an actor convey to the audience that they ARE very young. Some actors, while looking much as they do normally, succeed in making the spectators feel that they are innocent, enthusiastic, naive, childlike.\nActing talent makes the difference, and acting is based on thorough preparation. Makeup just adds credibility. Still, it’s easier to play an older than a younger person!", "862" ], [ "Talk to Her\nIn case you haven’t seen it, here’s your Spoiler Warning.\nI love <PERSON> work, but this one just ain’t it. Not one bit.", "598" ], [ "The obsessions of the two men, but especially <PERSON>, were just plain creepy. He spends the whole movie stalking her, rapes her while unconscious, and the story is a tragedy about him (in part)?\nSeems like it really misses the point. I understand trying to examine the other side of the story as this does, but it came across as more of an apologist piece for rapists to me.\nThat being said, yes… It was engaging and well crafted, but none of that matters to me when the message as a whole is off, and frankly, I don’t think I'll ever watch this again.\nDisgusting.", "952" ], [ "<PERSON>\nDamn… really wish I liked this more.\nI LOVE CAMP, I love 80s retro themed films but man…. This movie just did NOTHING for me.", "61" ], [ "I think I chuckled maybe once, the comedy didn’t land.\nAnd one thing I had a problem with is it didn’t really know what it wanted to be. Much like <PERSON> I think this movie could’ve really benefited from having a R rating so it can really lean into the crassness. But it was awkwardly in that middle ground between hocus pocus and hell even warm bodies.\nDefinitely get why people like this and I tried.", "170" ], [ "See How They Run\nThe unbearably forced dry wit, the LOOK AT ME, shallow cinematography, the unoriginal direction, the boring writing that thinks boring tropes aren’t boring if you’re self aware about them… I’m not sure what I dislike about this movie the most.\nWait, yes I do… it’s that god awful moment where they cut to a “three weeks later” title slide with a wink and nod.\nIt feels like it was written and directed for a college course and made in a program using a <PERSON> template. But hold on, if it can draw attention to all the unoriginality and give us a self-aware smirk along the way, it thinks it can pass it off as clever parody.\nBut I see… I see through these tricks with my special eyes. My Brand!!!!", "292" ], [ "Maestro\nMaestro is simply THE reason I love movies.\nIt’s about a man from a different time than me, whose career I was unfamiliar with, whose music I had never listened to, who had different sexual preferences than me, and whose struggles with marriage I should not relate to (because I myself am not married).\nAnd yet, I felt this movie so deeply on a personal level. And that’s because <PERSON> loved deeply and was loved deeply. And ultimately that’s what ties all of us humans together.\nOkay enough emotional stuff.\nMaestro is a beautiful film that magnificently captures the essence of life. Both it’s trials and it’s triumphs.", "529" ], [ "Both it’s joy and it’s heartbreak. The simple and sweet but also the complicated and heavy. <PERSON> delivers a transformative performance in this tender tribute to the musical genius <PERSON>. And <PERSON> performance is just some of the finest acting I’ve seen.", "529" ], [ "Dune: Part Two\nI am a lover not a hater but i must make exceptions sometimes… <PERSON> is a technical genius and knows how to shoot giant fucked up futuristic architecture in interesting ways, but he does not have human emotions. If ever there was a director born to direct car commercials… a man interested in shiny metallic surfaces and landscapes absent of people. Take away <PERSON> and the drone shots of the desert and what is left but a <PERSON> movie directed by AI.", "698" ], [ "(I don’t even like those when they’re directed by people!) Soulless, lifeless, somehow dense with plot while also feeling so uneventful. <PERSON> and the worms are the only ones in here with a pulse. I liked the ecoterrorism!", "144" ], [ "9½ Weeks\nOne of those rare great movies that makes you understand exactly why someone was a star. In fact, both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are so good here that I found myself falling for each of them.", "577" ], [ "<PERSON> is terrifying, and <PERSON> is terrified.\n<PERSON> is so good at building complex dynamics between his stars, and this film might be the most toxic and intriguing of the lot. I'll probably need to think this film over a bit in order to really decide how I feel about the complex BDSM and abuse at play. But as of now, it could be one of the most upsetting films in a genre built on that emotion.", "698" ], [ "Breaking Away\nI am fully aware of how dumb this is going to sound…\nYou ever think about how many great movies could’ve gone differently?\nDifferent cast, different director, different result.\nObviously but ...\nBreaking Away is a sitcom pilot in different hands. It’s unwatchable with a different lead. But you get <PERSON>’ craftsmanship and commitment to the story and the principal four boys (plus <PERSON>), and 45 years later we are talking about one of the great studio triumphs of the 70s, a film whose DNA happens to be all over the 90s indie scene.", "796" ] ]

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[ [ "The sum of the products of the mass of each of the points by the kth power of its distance to ($\\Delta$), $(d)$ or $(D)$ is called the kth order moment of a given system with respect to a plane ($\\Delta$), to a line $(d)$ or to a point $(D)$.\n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} r_{i}^{k}m_{i}$\nFrom this point of view, the moment of order zero is, quite simply, the total mass\n$m=\\sum_{i=1}^{n} m_{i}$\nThe first order moment with respect to a plane ($\\Delta$) is called the static moment of the system with respect to this plane. The static moments with respect to the coordinate planes enter the expressions giving the coordinates of the center of gravity of a system\n$x_{g}=\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} m_{i}x_{i}}{m}\\;\\;,y_{g}=\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} m_{i}y_{i}}{m}\\;\\;,z_{g}=\\frac{\\sum_{i=1}^{n} m_{i}z_{i}}{m}$\nIn this case, the distances $x_{i},y_{i},z_{i}$ to the plans containing the coordinate axes are algebraic quantities, i.e. they can be positive or negative.\nThe second order moments are usually called the moment of inertia of the system. Thus, the expressions\n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}m_{i}$, $\\;\\;\\;\\sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}^{2} m_{i}$, $\\;\\;\\;\\sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i}^{2}m_{i}$\nare the moments of inertia of the system with respect to the planes containing the coordinate axes, the expressions :\n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_{i}^{2}+z_{i}^{2})m_{i}\\;\\;,\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(z_{i}^{2}+x_{i}^{2})m_{i}\\;\\;, \\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_{i}^{2}+y_{i}^{2})m_{i}$\nare the moments of inertia with respect to the axes $(OX),(OY),(OZ)$, finally the expression\n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_{i}^{2}+y_{i}^{2}+z_{i}^{2})m_{i}$\nis the moment of inertia with respect to the point O .\nMoreover, it happens that we have to deal with expressions\n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}z_{i}m_{i}\\;\\;\\;\\;,\\sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i}x_{i}m_{i}\\;\\;,\\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}y_{i}m_{i}\\;\\;,$\nwhich are called centrifugal moments of the system with respect to the axes $(OX),(OY),(OZ)$.\nIf we find ourselves in the presence not of systems with a finite number of points, but of masses distributed in a continuous way, the previous sums are replaced by integrals , simple, double and triple, according to whether the masses are distributed on a line, surfaces or volumes, it is necessary instead of the factor $m_{i}$ , to introduce the product of the density $f(M)$ at the point M by the element of length, of surface or of volume.", "374" ], [ "The name itself of \"hyperbolic functions\" is due to the fact that the functions $cosh(t)$ and $sinh(t)$ play, in the parametric representation of the equilateral hyperbola $x^{2}-y^{2}= a^{2}$ the same role as the functions $cos(t)$ and $sin(t)$ for the circle $x^{2}+y^{2}=a^{2}$\nThe parametric representation of circle is: $x=a\\cos(t) , y= a \\sin(t)$\nand, for the hyperbola $x=a\\cosh(t), y=a\\sinh(t)$\nas it is easy to see using the relation: $cosh(t)^{2}-sinh(t)^{2}=1$\nThe geometrical significance of the parameter $t$ in both cases, for the circle and for the hyperbola, is identical.\nIf we designate $S$ the area of ​​a portion of the circle and by $S_{0}$ the area of ​​the entire circle ($S_{0}=\\pi a^{2}$), we have: $t= 2\\pi \\frac{S}{S_{0}}$\nLet us now assume that S denotes the area of ​​an analogous sector of the equilateral hyperbola. We have $S= area\\, OMN - area\\, AMN$, M a point on the heperbolus and N its projection on the axis (Ox) and A the point of intersection of the hyperbola with the axis (Ox).\n$S=\\frac{1}{2}xy-\\int_{a}^{x} ydx=\\frac{1}{2}x\\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}-\\int_{a}^{x}\\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}\\,dx$ $S=\\frac{1}{2}a^{2}\\ln(\\frac{x}{a}+\\sqrt{\\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-1}\\,)$\nIf now we put, denoting again by $S_{0}$ the area of ​​the circle $t= 2\\pi \\frac{S}{S_{0}}=\\ln(\\frac{x}{a}+\\sqrt{\\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-1}\\,) $\nwe easily find that:\n$e^{t}=\\frac{x}{a}+\\sqrt{\\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-1}\\,\\,\\,\\,\\;, e^{-t}=\\frac{x}{a}-\\sqrt{\\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-1}$\nhence, adding term to term and multiplying by $\\frac{a}{2}$:\n$x=\\frac{a}{2}(e^{t}+e^{-t})=a\\cosh(t)$\n$y=\\sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}}=\\sqrt{a^{2}\\cosh^{2}(t)-a^{2}}=a\\sinh(t)$\nReference: Higher Mathematics Course,Volume I, V.Smirnov", "521" ], [ "We put the circular orbit of the particle on a straight line and convert the motion to a 1-dimensional rectilinear motion as follows : The arc length, the natural parameter $\\:s(t)\\:$ is the distance travelled on the straight line till time $\\:t\\:$. The speed $\\:v(t)\\:$ on the straight line is the magnitude of the tangent to the circle velocity.", "246" ], [ "Now, on the straight line the particle is moving like under the influence of the tangent force which is $\\:f_{t}=mg\\sin(\\theta)\\:$ so under a variable acceleration $\\:a_{t}=g\\sin(\\theta)\\:$. But $\\:\\theta=s/R\\:$ so the differential equation of motion is\n\\begin{equation} \\dfrac{\\mathrm{d}^{2} s}{ \\mathrm{d}t^{2} }-g\\sin\\left(\\dfrac{s}{R}\\right)=0, \\qquad \\left[\\dfrac{ \\mathrm{d} s }{\\mathrm{d} t}\\right]_{t=0}=0, \\qquad s(0)=0 \\tag{01} \\end{equation}\nsince the particle starts at rest on the origin.\nOn the other hand the condition for the particle to leave the sphere is the normal force to be zero \\begin{equation} N=mg\\cos(\\theta)-ma_{c}=mg\\cos(\\theta)- \\dfrac{mv^{2}}{R}=0 \\tag{02} \\end{equation} that is \\begin{equation} \\boxed { \\bbox[#FFFF88,8px]{\\:\\:\\left(\\dfrac{ \\mathrm{d} s }{\\mathrm{d} t}\\right)^{2}-gR\\cos\\left(\\dfrac{s}{R}\\right)=0 \\:\\:}} \\tag{03} \\end{equation}\nNow, we must solve (01) to find at which point the condition (03) is satisfied. But it'll proved to be not necessary.", "766" ], [ "This question did not get up votes nor answers, maybe because as it turns out, this was not that complicated. In any case, I still propose a detailed answer just in case.\nSolving for $\\dot x$ and $\\dot \\theta$\nThe impulse applied on top would be defined as the variation in the linear momentum of the particles system. For more convenience, we will be using particle $B$ as a reference point.\n\\begin{equation} \\hat{\\mathbf{J}} = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{3}\\Delta \\mathbf{p_i} \\end{equation}\nwhere $\\hat{\\mathbf{J}}$ is the total impulse vector affecting the system, comprised of the horizontal $\\hat{F}$ and the vertical constraint impulse $\\hat{N}$; and $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{3}\\Delta \\mathbf{p_i}$ is the sum of the linear momentum variation of the system particles.", "804" ], [ "Since the system is initially at rest, its particles initial velocities are null, so the linear momentum variation is simply the sum of their individual final momenta.\nBecause particles $A$ and $C$ are subject to a linear velocity $\\dot x$ resulting from the sliding of particle $B$; and to an angular velocity $\\dot\\theta$ resulting from the rotation about particle $B$; the above equation can then be developed as:\n\\begin{equation} \\left(\\hat{F}\\,\\vec{i}+\\hat{N}\\,\\vec{j}\\right) = m\\left( \\left( -l\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}\\vec{i} + \\frac{l}{2}\\vec{j} \\right) \\times \\dot\\theta\\vec{k} + \\dot x\\vec{i} \\right) + m\\left( l\\vec{j} \\times \\dot\\theta\\vec{k} + \\dot x\\vec{i} \\right) + m\\dot x\\vec{i} \\end{equation}\nwhere $\\vec{i}$, $\\vec{j}$ and $\\vec{k}$ are unit vectors of the frame and the $\\times$ operator denotes the cross product between vectors. On the right hand side of the above equation, the first term corresponds to the linear momentum of particle $C$, the middle one corresponds to the linear momentum of particle $A$ and the last term is the linear momentum of particle $B$ which is only subject to a sliding motion.\nBy developing the above equation, the $\\hat{F}$ and $\\hat{N}$ components of the applied linear impulse vector $\\hat{\\mathbf{J}}$ are identified as the horizontal linear impulse applied on particle $A$:\n\\begin{equation} \\hat{F} = 3m\\dot x + \\frac{3}{2}m l \\dot\\theta \\end{equation}\nand the constraint linear impulse applied by the supporting base on particle $B$:\n\\begin{equation} \\hat{N} = \\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}m l \\dot\\theta \\end{equation}\nSince the constraint linear impulse $\\hat{N}$ is considered a consequence of the linear impulse $\\hat{F}$ and the value of $\\hat{N}$ is unknown, we still need one equation to solve for the $\\dot x$ and $\\dot \\theta$ values. Keeping particle $B$ as the reference point for the angular momentum of each particle, we can find $\\dot x$ and $\\dot \\theta$ without having to solve for $\\hat{N}$. Thus, we can state a relationship between the angular impulse at $B$ resulting from the linear impulse on particle $A$ and the variation of the angular momentum of each particle:\n\\begin{equation} \\hat{\\mathbf{M}} = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{3}\\Delta \\mathbf{H_i} = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{3}\\mathbf{r}_i \\times \\Delta \\mathbf{p_i} \\end{equation}\nwhere $\\hat{\\mathbf{M}}$ stands for the angular impulse around particle $B$ of the linear impulse $\\hat{F}$ applied on $A$; $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{3}\\Delta \\mathbf{H_i}$ represents the sum of the individual angular momenta around $B$ of particles $A$ and $C$; and $\\mathbf{r}_i$ is the vector going from $B$ to the other particles.", "804" ], [ "First of all, as already mentioned, yes $t$ is in units of hours. An equility remains an equality after introducing units. Hence, the unit on the RHS and the LHS have to agree and in fact also the sum of two quantities (as $3.6m/s+ 1km/h$) can only be simplified when both have the same unit!\nClarifications of the appearance of units\nUnits are actually a sign of physics, while the formula above is a simple mathematical solution of a differential equation (insert $x(t)=v_0 t+ \\tfrac{1}{2}a t^2$ and you find it fulfills this equation, try it without the $1/2$) $$ \\frac{d^2 x(t)}{d t^2}=a $$ Giving physical meaning to the quantities in your equation $x(t)=v_0 t+ \\tfrac{1}{2}a t^2$ is then the process of performing natural science, i.e. identifying $x(t)$ with the position (of a car let's say) at an instance of time $t$, whereby at $t=0$ one measures a velocity of $v_0\\equiv \\frac{dx(t)}{dt}\\big|{t=0}$ and an accelaration of $a\\equiv \\frac{d^2x(t)}{dt^2}\\big|{t=0}$.\nExperiments are almost exclusively of relative nature, that means you measure (so one measures) a quantity w.r.t. some scale:\n* The position is measured w.r.t.", "499" ], [ "a length scale $\\mu_{x}$ (e.g. $\\mu_x\\equiv 1m$ as defined by the SI system)\n* Time is measured w.r.t. a time scale $\\mu_{t}$ (e.g. $\\mu_t\\equiv 1s$ as defined by the SI system), etc.\nImagine every day observations without a reference scale: I drove 20 today, take 10 flour, or so, which is not graspable at all.\nNow the physical quantities are measured in multiplicities of these scales, resulting in: $\\tilde{x}(t)\\equiv \\mu_x x(t)$, $\\tilde{t}\\equiv \\mu_t t$ $$x(t)=v_0 t+ \\tfrac{1}{2}a t^2 \\iff \\tilde{x}(t)/\\mu_x=v_0 \\tilde{t}/ \\mu_t+ \\tfrac{1}{2}a (\\tilde{t}/ \\mu_t)^2 $$ Mutliplying by $\\mu_x$ (e.g. $\\mu_x=1m$) yields $$ \\tilde{x}(t)=(v_0 \\cdot \\frac{\\mu_x}{\\mu_t})\\tilde{t}+ \\tfrac{1}{2}(a \\cdot \\frac{\\mu_x}{\\mu_t^2} )\\tilde{t}^2 $$ And thus finally $\\tilde{v}_0\\equiv v_0 \\cdot \\frac{\\mu_x}{\\mu_t}$ and $\\tilde{a}\\equiv a \\cdot \\frac{\\mu_x}{\\mu_t^2} $ are the physical velocity and acceleration in units of $\\mu_x$ and $\\mu_t$: $$ \\tilde{x}(t)=\\tilde{v}_0\\tilde{t}+ \\tfrac{1}{2}\\tilde{a}\\tilde{t}^2 $$\nThe $\\frac{1}{2}$ is due to a mathematical property, while the units are introduced by some reference experiment (measurement) as for instance the experiments you find in the definition of the SI system. Once you choose for $v_0=1km/h$ and $a=1m/s^2$ you have to convert one of them into the same system of units to define $\\mu_t$ and $\\mu_x$ and thus the unit of the quantities $x(t)$ and $t$.", "453" ], [ "A proof could go as follows:\nLet $\\Omega \\in\\mathbb{R^3}$, and consider the force field (which is a vector field) $\\textbf F:\\Omega \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R^3} $. Now, consider a particle $P$, of mass $m$, and let $\\gamma:[t_1,t_2]\\rightarrow \\Omega$, with $\\gamma \\in C^2([t_1,t_2])$ be the curve representing the path that $P$ follows in space.", "418" ], [ "We assume that $\\textbf F$ is the total force acting on P\n(Remember that the symbol $\\cdot$ indicates the scalar product)\nThe work done by $F$ on $P$ between the instants $t_1,t_2$, is defined as the line integral of $F$ over $\\gamma$; that is,\n$$W=\\int_\\gamma \\textbf F=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \\textbf F(\\gamma(t))\\cdot\\gamma'(t)dt $$\nBy the second law, $\\textbf F(\\gamma(t))=m\\textbf a(t)=m\\gamma''(t)$, thus, if $\\textbf v(t)=\\gamma'(t)$ is the velocity of $P$, $$ \\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \\textbf F(\\gamma(t))\\cdot\\gamma'(t)dt=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\gamma''(t)\\cdot \\gamma'(t)=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\textbf v'(t)\\cdot \\textbf v(t) $$\nIt's clear that $\\textbf v(t)$ is a vector, hence we'll write it in terms of its coordinates: $\\textbf v(t)=(v_x(t),v_y(t),v_z(t))$, and of course its derivative, the acceleration, can be written as $\\textbf v'(t)=(v'_x(t),v'_y(t),v'_z(t))$ . Hence, the scalar product between the velocity and the acceleration is $v_x(t)v'_x(t)+v_y(t)v'_y(t)+v_z(t)v'_z(t)$. Thus,\n$$\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\textbf v'(t)\\cdot \\textbf v(t)=m\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}(v'x(t),v'_y(t),v'_z(t))\\cdot (v_x(t),v_y(t),v_z(t))=m\\int{t_1}^{t_2}(v_x(t)v'x(t)+v_y(t)v'_y(t)+v_z(t)v'_z(t))dt=m\\int{t_1}^{t_2} v_x(t)v'x(t)dt+ m\\int{t_1}^{t_2} v_y(t)v'y(t)dt+m\\int{t_1}^{t_2}v_z(t)v'_z(t)dt $$.\nNow it's easy to see (if not, just integrate by parts) that $\\int_{t_1}^{t_2} v_x(t)v'_x(t)dt=\\frac{1}{2}(v_x^2(t_2)-v_x^2(t_1))$, and the same for the other two integrals.", "804" ], [ "What is the \"pressure on a point\" precise definition?\nI'm reading <PERSON>'s Fluid Mechanics and in the first page is defined the pressure in every point and every time: $p=p(x,y,z,t)$. Here every \"point\" $(x,y,z)$ is really a tiny differential volume $dV$ e.g. a small rectangular box of dimensions $dx$, $dy$, $dz$ ($dV=dx dy dz$), which contains a lot of particles.\nThis pressure $p$, as a function, has the property that $\\oint_S p\\ dS$ is the total exterior force over any surface $S$, this suggests that the pressure is defined as the total exterior force over the surface of a tiny volume dV divided the value of its surface. For example, if we apply forces to every face of a box of dimensions $a, b, c$:\nThen the pressure over this box is: \\begin{equation} p=\\frac{F_{x+}+F_{x-}+F_{y+}+F_{y-}+F_{z+}+F_{z-}}{2ab+2bc+2ca} \\end{equation}\nNow, for example, if I have a large box of dimensions $L$, $2L$, $2L$, and over this box are exterior forces $F_x$, $F_y$, $F_z$ trying to compress this box, and the box doesn't moves, then the total exterior force applied to the box is $2(F_x +F_y +F_z)$. Suppose that the forces are uniformly distributed over the faces.\nNow let's calculate the integral of the pressure over the surface of this box (it must be $2(F_x +F_y +F_z)$).", "1018" ], [ "To do this, we can divide the box in little cubes of volume $L^3/n^3$. The force over each of the two faces orthogonal to the $x$ axis is $F_x/4n^2$, and the force over the faces orthogonal to $y$ axis is $F_y/2n^2$, similarly the force over the faces orthogonal to $z$ axis is $F_z/2n^2$.\nThen the pressure over each tiny cube of volume $L^3/n^3$ is: \\begin{equation} p_0=\\frac{2\\left(\\frac{F_x}{4n^2}+\\frac{F_y}{2n^2}+\\frac{F_z}{2n^2} \\right)}{6 L^2/n^2} \\end{equation}\nIgnoring the edges and vertices, we can estimate the pressure surface integral taking the total number of little cubes on the surface but the edges, and multiplying it by $p_0$. There are $(2n-2)^2$ such cubes on the two faces with surface $4L^2$, and $(2n-2)(n-2)$ on each of the four remaining faces of surface $2L^2$. Let $S$ be the surface of the large box. Let $\\Delta S$ be the surface of the face of a little cube ($\\Delta S = L^2/n^2$).", "707" ], [ "The following may (or may not) have occurred: The moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder was derived via an integral and the following expression was found:\n$I_{hollow\\ cylinder}\\ =\\ \\frac{m}{2}(r_{inner}^2+r_{outer}^2)$\nThis is then compared to the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder by removing the term for the inner radius:\n$I_{solid\\ cylinder}\\ =\\ \\frac{m}{2}(r_{outer}^2)$\nand it is noted that the moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder is higher by the $+\\ r_{outer}^2\\ $ - term when compared to a solid cylinder. This finding is then underpinned by an experiment of a hollow and a solid cylinder rolling down an incline, showing exactly that: The moment of inertia is higher for the hollow cylinder.\nThe $+\\ r_{outer}^2\\ $ - term is the only difference between the two formulas and without further comment, we might have quietly (and erroneously) assumed the two cylinders in question are identical except the hollow cylinder has some mass removed radially, out from the center. A look at the ansatz, something like the following:\n$\\int\\limits_{{cyl}}r^2 \\ dm\\ =\\ \\frac{m}{V_{cyl}}\\iiint\\limits_{V_{cyl}}r^2\\ dV\\ =\\ ...$\nshows there is no normalization to mass. These integrals really amount to the sum of all infinitesimal mass elements multiplied by their radii squared. So how could they possibly yield a higher value for a hollow cylinder than for the same object except the latter has less mass?\nThe answer is, of course, that a normalization to mass was done after the derivation, when just the $+\\ r_{outer}^2$ - term was removed from the formula for $I_{hollow\\ cylinder}$. This results in a higher density for the hollow cylinder because the volume was reduced but the mass was left unchanged.", "15" ], [ "This is only implicitly stated and might quite easily get overlooked.\nFor the case of \"corresponding\" cylinders, by which I mean the hollow cylinder has the same density, in addition to the same height and outer radius, the mass is lower and this lack of mass overcompensates the $+\\ r_{outer}^2$ - term and it does so for all ratios $\\frac{r_{inner}}{r_{outer}}$. Here is a Desmos-plot of the ratio of the respective moments of inertia for this case (i.e. same height, same outer radius, same and constant density $\\rightarrow\\ $lower mass of the hollow cylinder):\n$\\frac{I_{hollow\\ cylinder}}{I_{solid\\ cylinder}}=\\frac{\\frac{m_h}2\\ (r_{outer}^2\\ +\\ r_{inner}^2)}{\\frac{m_s}2\\ r_{outer}^2}\\ =\\ \\frac{\\frac{1}2\\ (height\\ \\cdot\\ ρ\\ \\cdot\\ 4π\\ \\cdot\\ (r_{outer}^2\\ -\\ r_{inner}^2))\\ \\cdot\\ (r_{outer}^2\\ +\\ r_{inner}^2)}{\\frac{1}2\\ (height\\ \\cdot\\ ρ\\ \\cdot\\ 4π\\ \\cdot\\ (r_{outer}^2))\\ \\cdot\\ (r_{outer}^2)}$\nNote that here, the masses are named differently. This graph shows that, obviously, the moment of inertia is always lower for a hollow cylinder if nothing but the inner radius is changed and this applies analogously to a hollow vs. a solid sphere and other similar cases.\nOf course, for objects with the same mass which is, on average, located at a higher distance to the rotation axis, the moment of inertia is higher and this was correctly stated in the beginning. But I think it is quite easy to miss that the hollow cylinder in the first comparison is not just a \"carved-out version\" of the solid cylinder.", "15" ] ]

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[ [ "Palestinian Authority Once Again Censors Websites of Rivals and Critics · Global Voices\nPalestinian Authority President <PERSON> at the World Economic Forum in 2007. The blocked websites are critical of his administration. Photo by the World Economic Forum (CC BY-SA 2.0 )\nThe Palestinian Authority's (PA) Attorney General issued a Directive for the dozen Palestinian ISPs operating in the West Bank to block 11 websites affiliated with political rivals and critics of President <PERSON>.\nMost of the websites are affiliated with the opposition Islamist party and militant group Hamas, which controls the Gaza strip. One website is linked to <PERSON> rival and former Fatah member <PERSON>, who was expelled from Fatah in 2011.\nThe sites reportedly are being blocked only in the West Bank, due to “rules of publication”, which ban the publication of fake news and/or defamation . It remains unclear, which “rules” the PA has used to ban the websites, but the 1995 Press and Publication Law includes several vague and broad restrictions on freedom of expression.", "467" ], [ "For example, publications are not allowed to “contradict the principles of …national responsibility” or publish material that is “inconsistent with morals” or which may “shake belief in the national currency.”\nThe order was issued on 12 June. Palestinians living in the West Bank say they have been unable to access the websites since the same date.\nThe websites include Amad.ps, Shehab News Agency associated with Hamas, and “Voice of Fatah” known to be close to <PERSON>. <PERSON> the chief editor of Amad expressed his opposition to the censorship in an opinion piece entitled “From Amad News to the Attorney General of the PA in Ramallah… Censorship will not conceal your scandals”:\nوالأخير له موقفه من الحريات والديمقراطية وممارسة الحقوق كافة في إطار الحياة وما تقتضيه، عبّر عنها مراراً وتكراراً للإعلام والوفود، حتى اعتقد السامعون أنه الحارس الأمين لوعاء الحريات وممارستها بأمن وأمان، ولكن بحجب ( أمد للإعلام) تسقط التصريحات ويصدق الواقع.\n<PERSON> has his position on freedoms, democracy and the exercise of all rights within life's framework and its requirements, which he repeatedly expressed to media and delegations, until listeners believed he was the guardian of freedoms and their safe exercise. But with the blocking of Amad for Media, statements have fallen and reality has spoken.\nA number of organizations have denounced the directive. The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) published a statement calling for the PA to withdraw the directive, calling it a violation of freedom of expression and the Palestinian Basic Law.", "467" ], [ "Palestinian Journalists Become First Targets of Controversial Cybercrime Law · Global Voices\nA photo collage of the journalists arrested by the Palestinian Authority. Captions read: “journalism is not a crime” and “where are the journalists”. Source: Quds News Network on Twitter\nJust a few weeks after it adopted a controversial cybercrime law, the Palestinian Authority (PA) has gone after five journalists alleging that they “leaked information to hostile entities.”\nThe government did not identify the entities in question, but four of the journalists arrested work with media outlets affiliated with Hamas, the political rival of the ruling party in the West Bank, Fatah.\nOn the evening of 8 August, agents from the Palestinian Intelligence Service arrested the five journalists from various cities in the West Bank.", "467" ], [ "The security forces raided their homes and places of work, and confiscated their phones and laptops.\nThese journalists include <PERSON> from Bethlehem and <PERSON> from Hebron, both reporters for Al-Quds TV channel; <PERSON> from Nablus, a reporter at the al-Aqsa TV channel; <PERSON> from Hebron, a reporter at the Shehab News Agency; and <PERSON> from Bethlehem who is a freelance journalist and a blogger for Al Jazeera.\nTheir arrests come just weeks after President <PERSON> signed a highly controversial cybercrime law that stifles Palestinians’ freedom of expression online by criminalizing speech deemed harmful to “social harmony”, “state security” and “public order”. While the Public Prosecutor’s office denied at first any link between the new law and the arrest campaign, it later referred to Article 20 of the law as the justification for the journalists’ arrests.\nArticle 20 stipulates that any person who uses information technologies to publish news that would “endanger the safety of the state, its public order or the internal or external security of the state” will be imprisoned for at least a year or will be fined a minimum of $1400 USD.\nThe Reconciliation Court issued orders to keep the journalists in detention for a number of days, but they were then released instead on bail on 15 August with no indictment. Relatives of the journalists believe the arrests were a politically motivated retaliation for the June 8 arrest of journalist <PERSON>, a reporter for the PA's official broadcast TV, who was arrested in Gaza by Hamas officers.\nThe clamp down on journalists has caused an uproar among other Palestinian journalists and activists who have launched a campaign on social media platforms under the Arabic-language hashtasg #وين_الصحفيين ( ‘where are the journalists’) and # الصحافة_ليست_جريمة (‘Journalism is not a crime’), to demand the immediate release of the journalists, and denounce the PA's use of the cybercrime law to repress media freedom.\nقانون الجرائم الإلكترونية الذي طبقته السلطة على الصحفيين هدفه إسكات كل صوت معارض للسلطة أو محرض على مقاومة الاحتلال#الصحافة_ليست_جريمة\n— Lama Khater لمى خاطر (@lama_khater) August 12, 2017\nThe goal of the cybercrime law, which the authority enforced against the journalists, is to silence any voices opposing the government or inciting resistance against the occupation #Journalism_is_not_a_crime\nتقييد حرية الصحافة واعتقال الصحفيين تحت قانون فضفاض جريمة.", "467" ], [ "Palestinian Authority Bans Novel for ‘Threatening Morality and Public Decency’ · Global Voices\nCover of ‘Crime in Ramallah’ by <PERSON>. Source: <PERSON>\nOn Monday February 6, 2017, the Palestinian Authority's (PA) attorney general, <PERSON> , banned a novel written by Palestinian novelist <PERSON> for “violating public morals and decency“.\nThe crime novel, “A Crime in Ramallah” (2016), was banned following an investigation by the office of the Palestinian Public Prosecution. In a statement from the attorney general's office , the ban was issued on the grounds that the novel contains text and terms that violate “public modesty, morals and decency” which would harm citizens, particularly minors and children. The statement adds that the novel breaches international treaties and a number of Palestinian laws, including the Press and Publications Law , the Penal Code , and the Palestinian Child Law .\n<PERSON> confirmed in a Facebook status update that all copies of his novel have been pulled from bookstores, libraries and other selling points in the West Bank, and that he, the publisher, and the distributor have all been summoned for investigation over whether or not they have obtained the required permissions and licenses.\nWhat is important here, dear friends, I am expressing my utmost concern, astonishment and shock at this decision and all its consequences of investigation and confiscation. I'm surprised and worried about the status of freedom of creativity and expression, publishing, and writing, and I am really shocked by what happened and the way it happened!\nI believe, and this for all friends working in the cultural field, we are facing an unprecedented challenge, and a clear position is needed from everyone. I am sure we have, in Palestine, surpassed such case. No one will accept threatening what was achieved of literature and culture in Palestine, through harassment and confiscation.\nI hope it will not become worse. Quite frankly, I am very concerned.\nWhile the attorney general affirms that this decision doesn't violate freedom of speech, this is the first incident of its kind where a book is being investigated or banned in Palestine.\nThe Palestinian cultural magazine, Fus7a, reported that the ban follows an earlier controversy in the Palestinian city of Nablus, north of the West Bank, where a discussion event of the novel — which was scheduled to take place at the municipality's library — was cancelled by the city's mayor, <PERSON>.\nPalestinian activists and writers have expressed their anger on social media over the banning of the novel. While some were sharing Portable Document Format (PDF) links for the novel, others were sarcastically thanking the PA for giving the book free publicity.\nFamous Palestinian writer and poet <PERSON> said:\nStatus of <PERSON>.", "467" ], [ "Source: Facebook\nThe Palestinian Authority, which has banned the books of <PERSON> years ago, is banning today a novel called ‘A Crime in Ramallah’ and the Attorney General is summoning its author, publisher and distributor for investigation. Sign on the statement below. I am not defending the book as I haven't got it yet. But I am condemning confiscating books and guarding people's minds.\n<PERSON>, a Palestinian activist from Nazareth, tweeted:\nاحا.. مش منقلكم صار عنا نظام عربي وسخ. هينا غرنا من مصر وصرنا نجرّم رواية.\nهنا #محاكمة_الخيال_فرع_فلسطينhttps://t.co/HO3tuGFt6R …\n— Abir Kopty (@AbirKopty) 6 février 2017\nDamn, didn't we say that we have now a nasty Arab regime. We became jealous of Egypt and now we are banning a novel. Here #the_trial_of_imagination_Palestine_branch\nPalestinian journalist and activist <PERSON> tweeted:\nلا تملك أية جهة قانونية حق فحص أخلاقية هذا النص أو ذاك. هي ليست قيّمة على الأخلاق ولا مفوّضة عليها.", "990" ], [ "Palestinian Human Rights Defender Arrested for a Facebook Post · Global Voices\nPhoto of Palestinian human rights defender <PERSON>. Source: Twitter account of Youth Against Settlement\nThe Palestinian Authority (PA) is continuing its crackdown on free speech in the West Bank, this time arresting prominent Palestinian human rights activist <PERSON> for criticizing a journalist's arrest in a Facebook post.\n<PERSON>, who is based in the West Bank city of Hebron, is the coordinator and co-founder of the grassroots organization Youth Against Settlements, which documents human rights violations committed by Israeli military and settlers. He is a recognized human rights defender by the European Union and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.\nAs one of the more prominent Palestinian advocates for non-violent resistance, <PERSON> also faces legal challenges from the Israeli government. In a separate case before an Israeli military court, he is facing 18 charges, including disputed charges of incitement to violence, stemming from his political protest activities. His trial began on September 3, but was immediately adjourned to October 22. UN human rights experts, Amnesty International and multiple US legislators have condemned the charges against <PERSON>.\nAccording to <PERSON>'s brother, he was summoned by the Palestinian Preventive Security Forces on the morning of 4 September and officials then interrogated him over a Facebook post, in which <PERSON> had criticized the PA for arresting journalist <PERSON> the day before.\n<PERSON> heads a local radio called Manbar al-Hurriya, which was raided by the Israeli army on September 3 and ordered to be shut down for six months due to alleged “incitement”. <PERSON> was later arrested by PA security forces for openly criticizing the PA and calling for the resignation of Palestinian President <PERSON> and Prime Minister <PERSON>.\nThe actual Facebook post could not be retrieved as <PERSON>'s Facebook account is no longer visible on the platform, presumably due to deactivation or deletion.", "467" ], [ "However, a screenshot was saved and published by Youth Against Settlement. In the post, <PERSON> denounced the arrest of <PERSON> and called on the PA to respect and protect freedom of expression and opinion, and its international obligations.\n<PERSON> was released on 6 September, but <PERSON> remains under arrest. On 6 September, the Palestinian public prosecutor's office extended <PERSON>'s arrest for 24 hours and charged him with stirring sectarian tensions and insulting the PA president, or “speaking with insolence”.\nBreaking: PA prosecutor extends detention of rights defender <PERSON> 24 hrs on charge of “stirring up sectarian tensions.” @hrw responds: pic.twitter.com/vhycfvxUbZ\n— <PERSON> (@OmarSShakir) September 6, 2017\nIn a statement published by Youth Against Settlements, <PERSON> said prior to his arrest:\nAll my writings on social media are part of the freedom of opinion and expression stipulated by the Palestinian Basic Law and are protected by all international laws and conventions.\n[…]\nMy arrest will not affect my defense of human rights and the rights of journalists to exercise their work freely and without pressure from the government.\nOn 6 September, Youth Against Settlement tweeted that <PERSON> is going on a hunger strike to protest his unlawful arrest:\nUPDATE <PERSON> remains imprisoned by PA. Charge is “extending his tongue & causing strife” by insulting PA president <PERSON> pic.twitter.com/arQi3ZNDIC\n— YouthAgainstSettlmnt (@YASHebron) September 6, 2017\nAmnesty International condemned his arrest, calling it a “shameless attack on freedom of expression” and called for his immediate release. “<PERSON> arrest is the latest evidence that the Palestinian authorities are determined to continue with their repressive campaign against free speech,” said <PERSON>, Amnesty's deputy director for the Middle East and North Africa.\nThe Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights also published a statement Monday expressing concern at <PERSON>’s arrest and urging his release.\nIn recent months the PA has stepped up its crackdown on media and press freedoms, and free speech online, arresting journalists and activists, blocking websites of opponents and critics, and adopting a draconian cybercrime law. <PERSON>'s only crime is that he spoke out against the arrest of <PERSON> and free speech violations committed by the PA. Now he himself has become the target.", "799" ], [ "Will Palestine’s New Cybercrime Law Pave the Way for More Rights Violations? · Global Voices\nGraphic by 7iber (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)\nIn a state of secrecy and lack of transparency, Palestinian President <PERSON> recently approved a new cybercrime law that further tightens the noose on Palestinians’ freedom of expression and privacy online.\nPalestinian media and civil society organizations have slammed the new law and called for its immediate freeze until it is publicly debated and amended. The Palestinian Journalists Syndicate, the Independent Committee for Human Rights and the Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms, among others, have protested the approval of this law given its dangerous implications on Palestinian civil and political freedoms.\nThe law was prepared discreetly and approved on 24 June 2017 without holding prior discussions with Palestinian civil society organizations and internet service providers. Two weeks later, it was published and enacted with immediate effect as stipulated by the law's Article 61, breaking away from the legal tradition of leaving 30 days before a new law becomes active. Since the Palestinian Legislative Council was shut down in 2007 due to political division, President <PERSON> has abused his legislative power, which according to the Palestinian Basic Law allows him to approve laws only in case of emergencies.\nThe new law regulates online transactions, media websites and social networking sites, outlining a number of “cybercrimes” that can be punished by up to 15 years in prison or hard labor for life. While it lists a few cybercrimes that should be fought at all costs such as sextortion, fiscal fraud, and identity theft, it also gives the public prosecutor's office unlimited powers to surveil Palestinian citizens, intercept their online communications, and arrest them for airing their opinions and political views online.\nSocial Media Exchange (SMEX), which maintains a database on laws that affect digital rights in the Arab world, highlighted in a statement three of the law's highly problematic articles that threaten free speech online and civil and political rights:\n* Article 51 of the law states that, “if a crime is committed online and harms ‘national unity’ or ‘social harmony,’ it will be punishable” by hard labor, ranging between three and 15 years, a sentence impacting all those who partook in the crime.\n* Articles 32 mandates internet service providers to cooperate with security agencies by collecting, storing, and sharing users’ information data for at least three years, in addition to blocking any website on the orders of the judiciary.\n* Article 40 allows the Attorney General or one of his assistants to request the court to issue an order to block any website within 24 hours.\nThe threat of the cybercrime law, however, doesn't end here.", "467" ], [ "Other potentially oppressive articles include:\n* Article 16 states that anyone who violates ‘public manners’ online could be sentenced to prison for one year, or fined up to 7,000 USD, or both.\n* Article 20 similarly punishes any internet user that owns or manages a website that publishes “news that endanger state safety, its public order, or internal or external security.” Anyone who shares these news could be imprisoned for a year or fined up to around 1,400 USD.\n* Article 31 outlaws any attempt to bypass website blocking or use any system or app to access a blocked website.\n* Articles 35 mandates the court to give the Public Prosecutor's office the right to monitor and record online communications as well as obtaining any log-in data it deems necessary for investigations.\nWith these references to the importance of ‘social harmony’, ‘public manners’, ‘state security’ and ‘public order’, the law's broad, loosely-defined terms may make Palestinian internet users, especially activists and journalists, vulnerable to prosecution by the Palestinian Authority who can interpret these terms as they wish.\nFurthermore, the enforcement of this law extends to outside of the judicial borders of the Palestinian Authority territories and allows for the prosecution of Palestinians living abroad in case they have committed a “cybercrime” as per the definition of the law. This constitutes an imminent threat on Palestinian political activists who are based abroad but have a very wide influence on social media at home. The law does not specify whether the authorities would seek to extradite Palestinians based abroad for committing a cybercrime.\nThe law was approved amid multiple violations of Palestinian digital rights and media freedoms committed by the Palestinian Authority. <PERSON>, the Director of the Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms which documents such violations pointed that in June this year, the PA violations have surpassed the violations of the Israeli occupation forces which have been responsible for attacking and arresting journalists in the West Bank for doing their job. The latest incidents of the PA's violation of online freedoms included the arrest of several journalists in the West Bank for what they have written on their Facebook pages, and the blocking of more than 20 news sites that belong to political rivals and critics.", "467" ], [ "Gazans Protest Against ‘Massacre of Salaries’ by the Palestinian Authority · Global Voices\nScreengrab of a protest in Gaza against the PA's salary cuts. Source: Pal+ عربي\nEarlier this month, large demonstrations erupted in the Gaza Strip to protest a decision by the Palestinian Authority (PA) to cut the salaries of its public and security employees in Gaza.\nThe PA, a donor-dependent semi-governmental body that governs the Israeli-occupied West Bank, have slashed the salaries of its employees in Gaza by 30 to 70 percent under the pretext of a financial crisis caused by shrinking foreign aid.\nPalestinians condemned the PA’s decision, describing it as a “massacre of salaries”. On social media, the Arabic hashtag for ‘massacre of salaries’ was used as well as “<PERSON> robbed us”, referring to the president of the PA, <PERSON>.\nللصورة أن تتكلم#عباس_سرقنا#مجزرة_الرواتب pic.twitter.com/bSWwO97xoF\n— علي ريان | غزة (@alirayyyan) April 5, 2017\nThe photo speaks for itself. #Abbas_Robbed_Us #MassacreOfSalaries\nOn April 8, 2017, tens of thousands of Palestinians demonstrated in Gaza City against the salary cuts. Protesters chanted for the PA’s Prime Minister <PERSON> to “go away” and called for the Finance Minister <PERSON> to resign.\nطالبوا بإقالة رئيس الحكومة رامي الحمد الله .. اعتصام لموظفي السلطة الفلسطينية في قطاع غزة، رفضاً لخصم الحكومة 30% من رواتبهم.#مجزرة_الرواتب pic.twitter.com/ED72e2JkeO\n— شبكة قدس الإخبارية (@qudsn) April 8, 2017\nThey called for head of government <PERSON> to resign… the protest of PA's employees in Gaza against the 30% cut of their salaries.", "467" ], [ "#MassacreOfSalaries\n<PERSON> defended the PA’s salary cuts in a press conference, saying that it was necessary to “manage financial crises suffered by the Palestinian government due to reductions in international funds.”\nHe further blamed Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, for exacerbating the financial crisis, alleging that Hamas “keeps its income for itself, while the PA has spent more than 17 billion dollars in the Gaza Strip during the last 10 years.”\nPalestinian civil society organizations in the West Bank organized a sit-in in front of the prime minister’s office in Ramallah. However, PA security forces closed all roads leading to the building in order to thwart the protests.\nThe PA employs around 56,000 people in Gaza. After Hamas took over control of the Strip in 2007, <PERSON> demanded public employees to abandon their jobs and sit at home while still getting paid their regular salaries. Those who ignored the call and continued their work under the government of Hamas received little to no salary at all.\nThe PA's discriminatory decision deepens the political chasm between Hamas and Fatah, the party that <PERSON> belongs to and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In 2006, Hamas won parliamentary elections which lead to a conflict between them and Fatah, with the latter ending up controlling the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Hamas controlling Gaza.\nFollowing Hamas’ electoral win, Israel launched a crackdown, arresting up to 450 members of the party and keeping them in administrative detention. Recently, Palestinian protesters demanded an end to security coordination between the PA and the Israeli government following the killing of well-known activist <PERSON> in Ramallah.\nHamas called the salary-cut a “new conspiracy” against Gaza. <PERSON>, a member of the Hamas political bureau, said that Hamas does not accept to be threatened and will not “kneel to political pressure.", "467" ], [ "Palestinian Prisoners Remain ‘Determined’ One Month Into Hunger Strike Against Israeli Prison Conditions · Global Voices\nSource: Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network.\nOver 1,500 Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons have been on mass hunger strike, abstaining from food and drinks, for 30 consecutive days in a persistent struggle against abusive treatment.\nClashes in the West Bank have erupted as Palestinians rallied in support of the hunger strikers. On 12 May, Israeli forces killed a 23-year-old Palestinian in the West Bank village of Nabi Saleh by hitting him with a live bullet directly in his chest. Tens of other Palestinians were also injured in Nablus, Qalqiliya, and Hebron.\nThe open-ended strike started on 17 April, on the annual commemoration of Palestinian Prisoner's Day. Participants are demanding an immediate end to medical negligence, solitary confinement, and administrative detention, a quite common practice by Israeli authorities where a prisoner is detained for periods up to six months — renewed indefinitely — without a trial or charge.\nThere are approximately 500 Palestinians who are held by Israel in administrative detention on the basis of secret evidence. Israel's extensive use of administrative detention violates international law and has been frequently criticized by the United Nations, the European Union, and human rights organizations.\n30th DAY\nOnly water and salt, only desires of freedom, only justice and peace..#DignityStrike #اضراب_الكرامة pic.twitter.com/VMNvX0v0wn\n— RosmeWarda_Palestine (@RosmeWarda) May 16, 2017\nPrisoners are also striking for better conditions such as longer and more frequent family visits, opportunities for secondary and higher education, and better access to medical care and services, among many others.\nIsrael has so far refused to respond to the prisoners’ demands.", "467" ], [ "In response, <PERSON>, the leader of the hunger strike, announced that he will escalate his strike and stop drinking water. “There is no backtracking. We will continue until the end,” he has said.\n<PERSON> also called on Palestinians to engage in civil disobedience to support the hunger strikers and commemorate the 69th anniversary of Nakba Day, the day that Palestinians mark the displacement that accompanied the creation of the modern state of Israel.\nIsraeli authorities have tried to stop the strike using a number of measures such as subjecting prisoners to sudden and frequent raids on cells with gas and police dogs, depriving prisoners of access to common areas, confiscating their clothes and personal belongings, separating participants from the movement's leaders, and confining them to solitary and dirty cells.\nIn attempt to break #dignitystrike, Israeli authorities moved numbers of #palestinianprisoners & detainees to solitary confinement #AlMezan\n— Shirin Al.shobaki (@ShobakiShirin) May 16, 2017\nRight at the beginning of the hunger strike, the Israeli Prison Services moved <PERSON> and two other prisoners, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, to solitary confinement. They also released undated footage that they alleged showed <PERSON> snacking secretly in his cell; <PERSON>'s family and supporters have said Israeli authorities are lying and that the video is more than a decade old.\nAnother tactic, as reported by the prisoners’ lawyers, is to expose the hunger strikers to food to put pressure on them or to withhold urgently needed medical help until they end their strike.\n30 DAYS of no food.. and the world continues blindfolded..! #DignityStrike pic.twitter.com/FzBcqNHRag\n— <PERSON> (@EmanQasim) May 15, 2017\n<PERSON>, the longest-serving Palestinian prisoner in Israeli custody, wrote an open letter assuring the Palestinian people that the hunger striking prisoners will continue their movement despite Israel's repressive measures. He also said that the prisoners are ready for serious negotiations with the Israeli Prison Services:\nOur noble people,\nFrom the cells of steadfastness, freedom and dignity in the isolation section of Ramla Prison, we salute you and appeal to you individually.\nWe assure you of our steadfastness and determination to achieve victory no matter how long the battle lasts.\nWe assure the masses of our people that the news of their solidarity and support reach us despite the isolation and siege, and we firmly believe in the inevitability of victory no matter how fierce the battle gets.\nWhile the prison authorities have used all forms of repressive measures in order to break our will and subjugate us, these measures only increased our determination to continue with the hunger strike.\nThe full text of the letter is here on the website of the advocacy group called ADDAMEER Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association.", "467" ], [ "Palestine: Remembering <PERSON> · Global Voices\nOn 2 August, founder member of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) <PERSON> died. He was born and raised in Jaffa, but his family were forced to leave Palestine in 1948, and went to Lebanon. <PERSON> helped found the PLO in 1964, was appointed PLO representative in Lebanon, and survived ten Israeli assassination attempts during the Lebanese Civil War. He was twice a member of the PLO Executive Committee, but left because of the Oslo accords. <PERSON> was also an accomplished writer. Arab bloggers have been paying tribute.\nAt his blog Jafra, Palestinian political activist, writer and artist <PERSON> says:\nمنذ أن تفتّحت عيوننا على السياسة كان فيها اسم شفيق الحوت قبل أن نعرفه عن قرب ومنذ أن بدأنا نلاحق أخبار القضية في الصحافة كان قلمه.", "990" ], [ "لم أحاوره عن قرب إلا وهو خارج المناصب القيادية، الممثل السابق لمكتب منظمة التحرير والعضو المستقيل من لجنتها التنفيذية، وهو يردّد لقد استقلت من الوظيفة ولكن ليس من القضية، القضية ليست وظيفة هي قدر الفلسطيني. ولا يستطيع الاستقالة منها.\nFrom the time that our eyes were opened to politics, the name of <PERSON> was there, before we knew him from close up. Since we began to follow the news of the Palestinian issue in the newspapers, his pen was there. I only conversed with him when he was outside the leadership, the former representative of the PLO office and a future member of its executive committee. He kept saying, “I have resigned from the job but not from the [Palestinian] issue; the issue is not a job, it is the destiny of the Palestinians, and one cannot resign from it.”\nAt his blog Nostalgia, Gazan blogger <PERSON> writes:\nقال فيه ادوارد سعيد رحمه الله\n“هذا الرجل يصعب افساده” فقال شفيق الحوت رحمه الله ضاحكاً “ارأيت الى اي حضيض وصلنا.صرنا في زمن يُمدح فيه المرء اذا لم يكن فاسداً”\n<PERSON> (may he rest in peace) said of him, “This man is difficult to corrupt.”\nAnd <PERSON> (may he rest in peace) said, laughing, “Have you seen what a low point we’ve reached; we’re in an era that a person is praised if he is not corrupt.”\nAt The Angry Arab News Service, Lebanese blogger <PERSON> writes about <PERSON>:\nHe used to say that he was a communist when everybody else was an Arab nationalist (like in the 40s and 50s), and that he became an Arab nationalist when everybody else was a communist (in the 60s and 70s). […] He was blunt and truthful, when lying was a job description in <PERSON>'s apparatus. […] Something about him I liked: not only the politics but the personality.", "990" ] ]

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[ [ "In a broader sense, what you're referring to here is known as text mining. This is where information is extracted from text according to certain criteria in order to form specific patterns and meanings, etc.\nHow you would go about implementing this depends on the criteria you have in mind.\nFor instance, let's suppose you have a blog article in text format (let's call it filepath.txt for this example).\nYou decide that you wish to sort words into specific categories. For instance, you could categorise the keywords hotel, flights, countries, as travel, i.e. each incidence of the three words would be replaced with data.", "219" ], [ "Let's assume data is a relevant category of interest. Any article that would fall under a travel category would be included in your articles of interest.\nUsing Python, you can then scan your file and use filedata.replace to replace your keywords with categories:\n# Read file\nwith open('filepath.txt', 'r') as file :\nfiledata = file.read()\n# Replace keyword\nfiledata = filedata.replace('How ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('Why ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('of ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('to ', ' ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace('you ', ' ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace('all ', ' ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace('and ', ' ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace('be ', ' ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace(' a ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' for ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' in ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' is ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' the ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' about ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace(' an ', ' ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('Data', ' data ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('Python', ' data ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('R', ' data ')\nfiledata = filedata.replace('machine', ' data ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('Linux', ' data ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('technology', ' data ')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('flights', 'travel')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('countries', 'travel')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('hotel', 'travel')\n<PERSON> = filedata.replace('analytics', 'data')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('CNN', 'news')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('weather', 'news')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('Trump', 'news')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('market', 'business')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('entrepreneur', 'business')\nfiledata= filedata.replace('financial', 'business')\n# Write to file\nwith open('filepath2.txt', 'w') as file:\nfile.write(filedata)\nYou could then use a library such as stringr in R to see how frequently the category (which would have the keywords replaced with the category) appears:\nrequire(stringr)\nWordList <- str_split(readLines(\"filepath2.txt\"), pattern = \" \")\nsearchqueries<-sort(table(WordList),decreasing=TRUE)[1:100]\nsearchqueries\ne.g. if the category appears X number of times or more, then the article is deemed relevant.\nThis is just one example of how you could use text mining. Again, much of it hinges on your specific criteria and how you would go about determining relevancy. But that's one way you could approach it.", "219" ], [ "Before deciding on the model, I would recommend to re-formulate the dataset to best suit your problem. You could approach this problem as follows:\n1. Since the output you're trying to predict is validity of the observation, keep \"validity\" = True/False, or, 1/0 as the target variable.\n2. One of the parameters is a categorical variable \"species\", and I'm expecting this to have a high cardinality. Since there are approximately 8.7 million species on earth, if you used this variable in a model it could possibly expand into 8.7 million individual columns (in on-hot encoding form). Even a conservative estimate of 100,000 species makes it nonviable to be used as it is. So you need a way to convert this species information to a fewer features.\n3. One approach you could try out is to create geographical clusters for each species (using only valid marked records), then identify the nearest center and max/avg./quartile measures of distance from their cluster center for each species. Do this for each quarter of the year separately to account for seasonal changes. Next, add this information back to the main dataset to indicate for each record - all the geographical centers of that species cluster. In the next step, for each record find the nearest cluster center and calculate this particular observation's distance from its cluster center. Then calculate the ratio of its distance from cluster center vs. max distance and vs. avg distance from that cluster's center.", "964" ], [ "Use this metric instead of the geospatial coordinates and species identifier.\n4. Another approach could be to add additional features such as the climate of each location and average historic temperature at that location during the time of the year when the observation was taken. This is because some animals may migrate north/south based on the seasons and so if a species' location was found valid in the summer, it may be impossible to find it in the same location in winter due to it being unable to survive the cold weather. If you combine this with #3 above, it would enrich the observations significantly.\nAfter doing this extensive hard work, you should do some exploratory analysis and plot subsets of this data to better understand it. By visualizing the data, sometimes we're able to figure out best course of action more quickly than without visualizing the data.\nNext, you may explore different machine-learning algorithms to fit a model to this refined data. I would recommend trying out other algorithms such as logistic regression, SVM, ridge-regression, random forests and gradient boosting machines in addition to neural networks and then select the best performing one. Most machine learning suites/frameworks implement these, so it should not be difficult to find out how to apply these to your dataset.\nNeural networks are fine to try out, but as with all algorithms you need to be careful about the usual pitfalls such as:\n1. Avoid over-fitting the model to training data: to avoid this use regularization and keep cross checking accuracy with an independent held-out validation set.\n2. Use cross-validation (10-fold) and repeat several times to get good estimates of the model's performance metrics on new data.\n3. Since the data is highly class imbalanced (many valid records but few invalid records by proportion), use a performance metric other than simple true positive accuracy. Try using F1 score, precision (of identifying invalid records), Kappa metric, etc.\n4. Due to high class imbalance, it would help if you either over-sampled the minority class (invalid) or under-sampled the majority class (valid), or did both together. This will improve the model's ability to classify mode precisely.\n5. Adjust the hyper-parameters such as learning rate and hidden layers/no. of units for best model performance.", "964" ], [ "From my point of view, this question is suitable for a two-step answer. The first part, let us call it soft preprocessing, could be taken as the usage of different data mining algorithms to preprocess data in such a way that makes it suitable for further analyses. Notice that this could be the analysis itself, in case the goal is simple enough to be tackled in a single shot.\nThe second part, the hard preprocessing, actually comes prior to any other process, and is may be taken as the usage of simple tools or scripts to clean up data, selecting specific contents to be processed. To this problem, POSIX provides us with a wonderous set of magic tools, which can be used to compose concise -- and very powerful -- preprocessing scripts.\nFor example, for people who deal with data coming from social websites (twitter, facebook, ...), the data retrieval usually yields files with very specific format -- although not always nicely structure, as they may contain missing fields, and so. For these cases, a simple awk script could clean up the data, producing a valid input file for later processing. From the magic set, one may also point out grep, sed, cut, join, paste, sort, and a whole multitude of other tools.\nIn case simple the source file has too many nitty-gritties, it may also be necessary to produce a bundle of methods to clean up data.", "57" ], [ "In such cases, it is usually better to use scripting languages (other than shell ones), such as Python, Ruby, and Perl. This allows for building up API's to select specific data in a very straightforward and reusable way. Such API's are sometimes made public by their writers, such as IMDbPY, Stack Exchange API, and many others.\nSo, answering the question: are there any best practices? It usually depends on your task. If you will always deal with the same data format, it's commonly best to write an organized script to preprocess it; whereas, if you just need a simple and fast clean up on some dataset, count on POSIX tools for concise shell scripts that will do the whole job much faster than a Python script, or so. Since the clean up depends both on the dataset and on your purposes, it's hard to have everything already done. Yet, there are lots of API's that puts you halfway through with the problem.", "904" ], [ "This is something I've experimented with substantially. Predicting the compressive strength of concrete based on it's mix design is a great example, and fairly challenging - I used the concrete compressive strength dataset available at the UCI ML repository to help me better understand how to manipulate ML algorithms to get good predictive results. Here's a guy who took the same data set and used BigML's tools to do an analysis.\nI've also used ML to predict payitem bid prices on highway construction contracts to help improve cost estimation. For example, I set out to determine the unit price for a specific item, like guardrail, that contractors are likely to bid given a contract's location, time of year, total value, relevant cost indices, etc.", "57" ], [ "It took a lot of time and experimentation, but I achieved surprisingly good predictive results.\nRegarding your specific topics of interest, I imagine you'll have to just do a lot of searching and reviewing master's theses on related topics, taking time to learn the mathematical models and theories that they employ.\nIf you want to know where to get started, my learning path involved the following:\n* Learning whatever I could about neural networks and machine learning theory (guys like <PERSON> proved helpful, here)\n* Taking <PERSON> Machine Learning course on Coursera.\n* Downloading and getting to know the R scripting language\n* Reading whitepapers / theses on applying ML to specific applications.\n* Developing a solid, rigorous understanding of basic statistics theory, especially linear regression.\nThere's a lot of different ways to approach the topic, though. Websites like BigML.com are a good way to get your feet wet doing ML without having a rigorous mathematical / statistical understanding, but it'll only get you so far.\nIn the end, you'll really need to devote time to getting your head wrapped around the math and programming in languages like R or Python. It's also important to remember that while ML seems to favor complexity over simplicity (in many cases non-linear problems benefit from novel and sometimes non-intuitive approaches), sometimes the simplest approach is best. It's really a question of how accurate the final model really needs to be.", "57" ], [ "Before talking about the solution, why don't you focus on the content instead? I think it would be more helpful to solve your problem, considering that most of the email addresses end with the sender's sign, Name Surname. Also, the probability of failing to obtain this information from an email address is much higher than the probability of failing to get it from the content. Especially, this is the case with company email addresses which might not contain the whole name in the email address (first letter of name and surname e.g. John Travolta - <EMAIL_ADDRESS><PERSON> - [email protected]), but it must contain the author's full name (at least the name) at the end. Furthermore, consider that plenty of email addresses will contain only name or surname or neither of them, but substitutive words like superboy122133@+++.com :D. But most of the email apps contain a default sign that includes name and surname. In addition, you can combine these two techniques. That is, combine the email address data with email content data so that, if it is infeasible or impracticable to obtain data from one of these, then you can use another one.\nHowever, if let's say you have to do it with nothing but an email address I think using Machine Learning techniques would be overrating or overestimating the problem. Also, using non-machine learning techniques does not mean you are simplifying the solution, all these techniques give the best outcome when they are applied in the correct context. Let's imagine a simple situation: if you know or can easily infer that [tax] = 0.2 * [salary] + 20 $, why would you find (or fit) this equation using Machine Learning?\nUnless you have data in the format of |email address, fullname|, you shouldn't start with using Machine Learning. (If you would have |email address, fullname| data, as an option, you would train a model to learn the general relationship between the email address and full name, thus you would identify similar email addresses).\nHowever, in this current situation, one approach would be finding all possible patterns in the email addresses. Which can be\n* first letter of the name and surname jtravolta@+++.com\n* name, special characters and surname john_travolta@+++.com\n* name and numbers john1954@+++.com\n* ...\nThen these features that are extracted from email addresses using identified patterns can be compared with other emails either hashing or using string distance algorithms.\nOne alternative approach would be having a hashed dictionary of all available names and surnames, then you can cut pieces(substrings) from the email address then hash them to find the names and surnames from the address (Of course, vice versa would be highly inefficient).", "57" ], [ "The email addresses that have the most similar, properties would be matched.\nAnother solution would be, using the above-mentioned patterns, you can generate a bunch of artificial email addresses. Considering that it is highly probable that there is not a dataset that includes the name and surname of people and their one or more email addresses, data augmentation is the first order of business. (I am not sure whether the data augmentation term fits this situation. If it does not then let's say data generation). So your input would be Name Surname (you can include middle name, number, etc.), and output would be randomly generated email addresses based on the pre-defined patterns. The number of emails that are generated for a single input should be randomly selected also, but be careful about the generation of the same email address more than once. E.g. input -> <PERSON> -> output -> j_travolta12@+++.com, john.t.99@+++.com, john.travolta@+++.com (Lets suppose for this example we randomly choose 3 emails to be generated).\nThen after you created, email addresses with all possible (almost) patterns you can get help from Machine Learning techniques. So the model might give you a probability with the relevant name and surname. (Also, you can configure the output so that it would give you top n name and surnames which have higher probability)\nAnother thing that is needed to be considered is the possibility of two different persons having the same name and surname. Lastly, independently from using which approach your solution cannot be perfect because, for example, it is not possible to understand whether the character 'j' stands for <PERSON> or <PERSON> in the email address. Thus, if you can integrate the email content into your solution, that will increase the performance drastically.\nUpdate Accordingly: Check this answer which does not exactly answer your problem, but the context is the same.", "57" ], [ "The first line of the BERT abstract is\nWe introduce a new language representation model called BERT.\nThe key phrase here is \"language representation model\". The purpose of BERT and other natural language processing models like Word2Vec is to provide a vector representation of words, so that the vectors can be used as input to neural networks for other tasks.\nThere are two concepts to grasp about this field; vector representations of words and transfer learning. You can find a wealth of information about either of these topics online, but I will give a short summary.\nHow can BERT be expected to get this right, and how can humans or another algorithm be expected to evaluate whether \"soup\" is a better answer than \"coffee\"?\nThis ambiguity is the strength of word prediction, not a weakness. In order for language to be fed into a neural network, words somehow have to be converted into numbers. One way would be a simple categorical embedding, where the first word 'a' gets mapped to 1, the second word 'aardvark' gets mapped to 2, and so on. But in this representation, words of similar meaning will not be mapped to similar numbers.", "716" ], [ "As you've said, \"soup\" and \"coffee\" have similar meanings compared to all English words (they are both nouns, liquids, types of food/drink normally served hot, and therefore can both me valid predictions for the missing word), so wouldn't it be nice if their numerical representations were also similar to each other?\nThis is the idea of vector representation. Instead of mapping each word to a single number, each word is mapped to a vector of hundreds of numbers, and words of similar meanings will be mapped to similar vectors.\nThe second concept is transfer learning. In many situations, there is only a small amount of data for the task that you want to perform, but there is a large amount of data for a related, but less important task. The idea of transfer learning is to train a neural network on the less important task, and to apply the information that was learned to the other task that you actually care about.\nAs stated in the second half of the BERT abstract,\n...the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.\nTo summarize, the answer to your question is that people DON'T care about the masked word prediction task on its own. The strength of this task is that there is a huge amount of data readily and freely available to train on (BERT used the entirety of wikipedia, with randomly chosen masks), and the task is related to other natural language processing tasks that require interpretations of the meaning of words. BERT and other language representation models learn vector embeddings of words, and through transfer learning this information is passed to whatever other downstream task that you actually care about.", "716" ], [ "The answer depends upon what type of work you are getting into.\nJust because you can type fast, doesn't mean you can write well. But writing fast does have the added benefits of allowing you to quickly lay down a rough draft, tweak the hell out of it, clean it up during editing, and publish the final piece. Also, if you are going to be writing for a fast-paced publication that requires you to submit a certain amount of articles per day, you would help yourself by being able to type faster.\nSeeing as I write for both (I've previously written for Mashable, CMSWire, and others), I have managed to find a good blend. I can usually write 700 - 1,000 words in a rough draft in the span of 30 or so minutes (assuming I don't need to break out of my flow to do research/fact checking). But it could require an hour or two of editing and fact checking to make this blob of text into something presentable.\nFor more long-form content like editorials and essays, however, I usually take my time and pay more attention to the flow of the article.", "487" ], [ "It is especially important because you have to keep the reader engaged and captivate his/her attention for a longer timespan (which is critical for the plentiful amount of readers that have ADHD in my industry).\nIn the latter case, writing speed isn't as important. Creating a story that people will want to read is critical, though, and even when I can pump out an impressive 125+ words per minute, little of that helps with the basics of crafting a well-written article. It might help get ideas out of my head faster, giving me more time to rearrange things and produce a better product, but that can only take you but so far.\nBut you are a writer, right? You are always looking for ways to improve your writing. Improving your writing speed can improve your writing. So take it slow for now; build up your writing speed over time.\nTL;DR: Writing speed helps immensely in certain situations, but crafting a well-written product, in the end, requires creativity and dedication — something writing speed can't compensate for.", "487" ], [ "Do you have some kind of outcome associated with the dataset? By 'top 10 most important features', do you mean most important in achieving a specific goal? If you have some kind of outcome column (a score or pass/fail) you can solve this through a good old fashioned regression technique. If you don't, you might have to redefine what importance means and use a technique like PCA to find the most variable features.\nA worked example: What is most important for students to pass a test?\nFor this made up example, we are tracking 30 students and seeing what is more important for passing a test, intelligence (IQ) or study time (in hours). The code below is in R, but I'm just using it to illustrate the process.\n# Generating some sample data\nset.seed(300)\nIQ <- as.integer(rnorm(30,mean=100,sd=10))\nstudy_hours <- as.integer(rlnorm(30,mean=1.5,sd=0.75))\nscore <- as.integer(100*tanh( 0.0012*(6*IQ + 20*study_hours\n+rnorm(30,mean=150,sd=10))))\nIQ study_hours score\n1 113 3 78\n2 108 5 80\n3 104 2 75\n4 107 3 76\n5 99 8 80\n6 115 5 80\n7 108 2 77\n8 103 4 76\n9 112 3 78\n10 103 1 73\n11 122 8 84\n12 99 2 72\n13 86 3 69\n14 100 6 77\n15 105 12 84\n16 100 12 83\n17 114 9 84\n18 87 7 74\n19 97 6 76\n20 102 5 77\n21 96 9 79\n22 106 15 86\n23 96 1 71\n24 101 4 76\n25 88 4 71\n26 96 4 75\n27 102 2 74\n28 113 4 79\n29 99 2 73\n30 110 2 77\nBoth IQ and study time seem to have a positive effect on exam score. But how do you tell which one is more important? Linear regression will give you an equation that fits a straight line to the data, and the slope of the line in each direction gives the relative importance of that feature.\nBut first you have to standardise the numbers, otherwise the bigger set of numbers (IQ) is going to throw things out of whack.\n# Standardising the variables.\n# (You take the number, subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation)\nstandardisedIQ <- (IQ-mean(IQ))/sd(IQ)\nstandardised_study_time <- (study_hours-mean(study_hours))/sd(study_hours)\n# Perform linear regression. Output variable is score and input variables are\nstandardised IQ and standardised study time\nL <- lm(score ~ standardisedIQ + standardised_study_time)\nL\nThe output is:\nCoefficients:\n(Intercept) standardisedIQ standardised_study_time\n77.133 2.507 3.182\nwhich can be read as: Everything else being equal, the average score is 77.1, and IQ has an 'effect' of 2.5 and study time an 'effect' of 3.2. Since the study time number is larger, study time has more of an effect than IQ in this particular exam.\nHow does this translate to your problem? In your case, you have 100 variables.", "650" ], [ "Just standardise them, set up the appropriate regression on those 100 variables and the outcome variable, and choose the top ten variables with the highest (absolute value) scores.\nThe specific type of you use will depend on what outcome variable you have. If it's a pass/fail rather than a score, you want to use logistic regression.\nAs far as I can tell, doing things this way isn't completely statistically sound. However, if your client is non-mathematical and only wants 'an idea' of what the different features are doing, that shouldn't matter.\nIf you do not have any usable outcome variables, using PCA (principal component analysis) may help. It will highlight the 'variability' or 'salience' of the various features, but not necessary their importance towards any goal. Keep in mind that there are a bunch of caveats with using PCA, and doing some sort of data standardisation is necessary if you're using units of measurement (i.e. one feature is measured in metres, another in seconds, etc.).", "964" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nSridevi and <PERSON> are so good I can't rate this any lower, but it's not a particularly engaging watch. There are good bits here and there, and two or three scenes that flirt with greatness, but the pace is turgid and the tone shifts don't work at all. Some or all of that might be a byproduct of <PERSON> leaving in the middle of production, but either way it makes for a clumsy watch.", "698" ], [ "The misogynistic bent doesn't help.\n<PERSON> is... fine... but he's playing a character that probably would have been played by, like, <PERSON> or <PERSON> if it was made in the US in the 90s, so theres only so much he can really do about it.", "698" ], [ "The Seven Year Itch\nKind of insufferable at the beginning with the Voice of God narration and <PERSON> unconvincingly uttering his every thought aloud for the audience's (supposed) benefit, and only mildly entertaining thereafter, The Seven Year Itch somehow manages to be passable. <PERSON> hated this film and said that it is meaningless if <PERSON> remains chaste (he doesn't in the play), but it's in fact precisely this fact that redeems the film.", "144" ], [ "Not for any moral reason, of course, but because <PERSON>'s <PERSON> is the most uncharismatic and irritating character imaginable and that, along with the presence of <PERSON>, means that we're looking at a male fantasy bordering on the self-aware.\nThis is a film about the typically masculine idea that one's confidence could make up for countless character flaws and allow you to score even someone as beautiful as <PERSON>—that is, if not for the stifling institute of marriage. It's a fantasy from start to finish, one that achieves self-awareness with \"wouldn't you like to know [who's in my kitchen]? Maybe it's <PERSON>!\" There is no reason for <PERSON> to sleep with <PERSON>, because his goal is merely to prove that he could have, to be assured that he would have made 100% of the shots that he didn't take. If <PERSON> had his way, or if the protagonist had a single redeeming feature, it would blunt the only edge the film has.", "698" ], [ "Killers of the Flower Moon\nFrequently fantastic, bold, sweeping, and bloated. <PERSON> crafts a handsome and classical drama that explores a very real historical atrocity. The choice to focus on the perpetrators of the crimes is an intriguing one that mostly works, specifically in how it shows how one can lie to themselves to justify their horrific actions, and the corrupting power of greed. But it also means we miss out a lot of the point of view of the <PERSON>.", "217" ], [ "I understand that Scorcese may not be the best choice to tell that side, but while watching I felt like we were missing an integral part of the story. There's clearly an effort to be as respectful as possible, though, and I appreciate the conversations this film will spark. It's not just a one-and-done. It's dense as hell, and I'm glad I got to catch this in a cinema.", "596" ], [ "9½ Weeks\nOne of those rare great movies that makes you understand exactly why someone was a star. In fact, both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are so good here that I found myself falling for each of them.", "577" ], [ "<PERSON> is terrifying, and <PERSON> is terrified.\n<PERSON> is so good at building complex dynamics between his stars, and this film might be the most toxic and intriguing of the lot. I'll probably need to think this film over a bit in order to really decide how I feel about the complex BDSM and abuse at play. But as of now, it could be one of the most upsetting films in a genre built on that emotion.", "698" ], [ "Nostalgia\nFor all the poetry and transcendence and desperate sincerity there also is something so sour about this movie. I mean there's a lot of bitterness in <PERSON> in general that the One Perfect Shot crowd doesn't talk about so much (thinking of <PERSON>'s first reaction to seeing <PERSON> in Solaris) but in particular the moment when <PERSON>'s tape player craps out before his, uh, big moment in Rome is almost unbearably cruel.", "698" ], [ "But funny, too! Or the long take of <PERSON> drunkenly rambling to a small Italian child... It feels like the scene in Lenny when <PERSON> is bombing, but this time the room is halfway underwater. Knowing the backstory of this project it almost seems like it should be a self-pitying disaster, but it's all just sadistic enough to follow me around all day like a dark cloud.", "549" ], [ "<PERSON>\nI can see why a lot of fans love this one. It's a grand, operatic, melodramatic trilogy capper that puts a lot of focus on <PERSON> and <PERSON>. But... I just don't connect with it. It's one of the meanest movies I've ever seen, and I don't think it fully earns that moniker, thanks to haphazard dialogue and plotting. It's just a hard, grisly watch.", "698" ], [ "And that ending - there's too much going on! That's before the next few movies add even more layers to it. Anyway time for the praise. There is an artistry to the bleakness, and I think there's more to the themes and story than most of the other Saw movies. The acting is actually pretty good too. A mixed bag.\nI am not doing a full Saw rewatch btw. I just wanted to get refreshed on the original trilogy before Saw X. Building that hype you know", "596" ], [ "Suddenly, Last Summer\nYeah, this seemed rather rushed and, of course, it isn't a patch on the movie version (despite it's 1950's censorship). The performances of <PERSON> and <PERSON> bump this up half a star because they're both so good. I'm not gonna really hit the easy target of <PERSON> performance because I'm fond of trees. <PERSON> seems to have seen <PERSON> portrayal in the film as she plays it almost exactly the same. <PERSON> is kinda wasted in an admittedly small part he does his best to enliven in this production.", "698" ], [ "For such a southern-fried, hothouse play, it does seem very odd to have an almost completely British cast but we know that going in so there isn't any justification in complaining about it. Ditto the fact that some people moan and moan about \"it looks like just a filmed play\" because apparently people need flashing, needless camera tricks to be able to focus their pathetic attention spans. There are, in fact, quite a lot of 'camera moves' which don't call attention to themselves and frankly if you can't watch a one-set movie, go play a video game. No, this adaptation of <PERSON> workhorse play is OK but nothing special; other than the performances of <PERSON> and <PERSON>. It's cut down for the telly so we're missing a lot but, if you want to see SUDDENLY, LAST SUMMER then go watch the fifties flick. You'll thank yourself for it.", "698" ], [ "<PERSON>\nMaybe it's partly cos of where we find ourselves today, but this apocalyptic tale had me in the palm of its hand. Even when the inevitable CG kicks into gear, it wasn't off-putting at all like it so often is in grand scale movie disasters.", "909" ], [ "Which is somewhat surprising to me given that it's a <PERSON> movie and one that's helmed by the director of Angel Has Fallen Over (which I've NOT seen tbf but I have assumptions which are likely making an ass of you and me).\nVery clever to utilize the leading man's accent into a plot point so skillfully as well. People won't able to complain about that now.. *looks at Twitter*\n..Fuck sake.", "585" ] ]

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[ [ "Farkle! Handheld PCB Game Console\nIntroduction: Farkle! Handheld PCB Game Console\nIn this Instructable I will show you how I made my PCB Farkle Game! Farkle, also known as 10000, Zilch, 6 Dice, and Ten Thousand, is a fun and challenging dice game with multiple variations and scoring options. I first got the inspiration from my twin brother, <PERSON>’s Liar’s Dice PCB game in which he utilized a MAX7219 chip to “roll” 5 electronic LED dice. I thought his final product was awesome and wanted to create something utilizing similar components. Additionally, growing up, my family and I played the traditional Farkle game (with 6 dice, pen, and paper) quite a bit and we always had fun playing it, especially time’s when someone would actually “Farkle” during gameplay and we’d all shout “FAARRKKLEE!”\nAt some point during quarantine, I was looking for different games to play and I remembered Farkle. It was only a few turns in that the excitement I had as a kid was rekindled. Shortly after that, my tinkering wheels started turning and I thought about designing a homemade portable Farkle game that could incorporate multiple players and keep score for us.", "848" ], [ "Additionally, I could use the same MAX7219 chips that my brother used to drive 6 electronic LED dice needed for the game!\nAfter many hours of schematic drawing, PCB designing, programming the game, and designing the case and die, I created exactly what I had in mind! I was able to finish it just in time for the Holidays, and after testing it with the family, the game worked perfectly! I couldn’t be happier with how it turned out!\nHere is a quick rundown of some of the design features of my Farkle game:\n- 6 capacitive touch sensors for selecting/de-selecting die\n- 2 push buttons to continue round or pass to next player\n- 6 electronic LED dice\n- 4 digit 7-segment display that displays current score during a players’ round\n- 128x64 OLED display that keeps total score of each player during gameplay\n- Option for 2-6 players to play the game (working on creating a 1 player game vs. the computer)\n- Piezo buzzer that creates sounds during gameplay\n- Scoring combinations printed on circuit board for reference\n- Portable and powered with a LiPo battery\nAll in all I had a blast making this game. This was my first experience creating a PCB and the programming was definitely fun and challenging. If you want to make this fun game, follow along!\nSupplies\nElectronics:\n- 4 Digit 7 Segment Display\n- 128x64 OLED Display\n- Arduino Pro Mini 5V\n- 2x MAX7219 IC's\n- 42x 3mm Red LEDs\n- 2x Push Buttons (6x6mm)\n- 6x Capacitive Touch Sensors\n- Piezo Buzzer\n- 2x Ceramic Capacitor (100nF)\n- 2x Resistor (30kOhm)\n- 2x Resistor (10kOhm)\n- Resistor (100 Ohm)\n- 2600 mAh Rechargeable Power Bank\n- Switch\n- Sunyecz22 Farkle PCB Board (Message me and I can send the <PERSON> files)\nOther:\n- 3D printer (optional)\n- Black and White PLA filament (optional)\n- Envirotex Lite Pour On Gloss Finish\n- Black Spray Paint\n- Wood Filler\n- Sandpaper (~80 grit - 1200 grit)\n- Clear Acrylic Sheet (12in x 12in square)\nMiscellaneous:\n- 28 gauge wire\n- Wire cutters/strippers\n- Soldering iron\n- Solder\n- Small precision files\n- Hot glue\nStep 1: Farkle! Rules and Gameplay\nBefore I begin, it may be helpful to understand how Farkle is played and the rules for the game. There are a few different variations to the game but I stuck with the rules and scoring combinations from this website. This most closely resembles the rules that I remember playing as a kid.\nObjective:\nTo score a minimum of 10,000 points and outscore your opponents\nEquipment:\n- Six 6-sided dice\n- A score sheet and pencil for keeping score\nNumber of Players:\nTraditional Farkle is played with at least two players but is ideally played with 3-8 players.\nHow to Play:\nNote: this is directly from https://www.dicegamedepot.com/farkle-rules/. They explain the rules best in terms of simplicity.", "769" ], [ "Kids Light Up Clock 2.0\nIntroduction: Kids Light Up Clock 2.0\nThe first version of my Light Up Clock for Kids I published a few years ago. At the time my wife and I were going crazy with our young kids (between 2 and 4 years old) who could not understand how to \"wait for the 7\" on the clock before coming in and waking us up early in the morning! Now the youngest (the 4th and hopefully the last) is 3 years old and this clock has been life-saving the last few years! Enhanced over time, it has provided a HUGE solution to our \"child-waking-us-up-at-insane-hours-of-the-morning\" problem!!!\nThe Light up Clock is simple and inexpensive. An Arduino Nano with a real time clock and RGB LED allows you to set multiple light up alarms of any color at whatever times necessary. I added buttons for setting clock and alarm times as well as brightness and color settings, and programmed it to save settings long-term so unplugging from power doesn't require any resetting. It now has a 3D printed case and customizable globe tops. Let me introduce to you version 2.0!\nNote: The electronics in this project may be fairly complex, so I have some Electronics Only Kits (pre-soldered, programmed, and ready to assemble) provided on my Etsy Listing. There are also some completed clocks you can get there if in need!\nSupplies\n* Arduino Nano (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* Nano Expansion Board (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* DS1307 RTC (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* CR2032 Battery for RTC (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* TM1637 4-Digit Display (Aliexpress)\n* 10mm RGB Common Cathode Diffused LED (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* 2 x Prototype PCB Board 4x6cm (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* Square Self-locking Switch 8x8mm (Aliexpress)\n* Color Tactile Push Buttons (Aliexpress)\n* 3 x 270-330 Ohm Resistor (Aliexpress)\n* M2 x 4mm Screw (Aliexpress)\n* M2 x 8mm Screw (Aliexpress)\n* 10cm Jumper Wires female end (Amazon/Aliexpress)\n* USB Wall Plug (Amazon)\n* USB 2.0 Cable 5-Pin Mini-B 6ft (Amazon)\n* 3D Print filament (white for globe, any color for box case)\nTools:\n* Soldering Iron and Solder (if building components from scratch)\n* Small Screwdriver\n* 3D printer\nStep 1: Design and Print\nVersion 2.0 uses 3D printing for a box case of any color and also a globe top in white filament allowing the LED to diffuse evenly to make a nice glow.\nGlobe Top\nTwo options: customize an existing design or design your own. I first started by using some designs I found and liked on Thingiverse.", "769" ], [ "I took the downloaded STL from Thingiverse and imported into TinkerCad, then modified to add a sufficient base, screw holes, resize, and even add wording as needed. As I became more confident in TinkerCad, I designed some of my own globe tops. The main consideration for designing or picking a design is that the outside structure must support the entire globe! To allow the whole globe top to shine, we make it hollow by printing with zero infill and only outside perimeters, and no bottom layers.\n* TinkerCad Files:Star, Unicorn, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, Teddy Bear, Cloud, Mystery Machine, Basketball, Temple, BB8\n* Thingiverse Files:Light Up Clock\n* Globe Top Slicer Settings:\n+ Layer height: 0.16mm\n+ No Supports unless needed\n+ Infill: 0%\n+ Seam position: Rear\n+ Perimeters: 4-6\n+ Bottom Solid Layers: 0\nNote: The Unicorn, Teddy Bear, Cloud, and Temple ones I designed from scratch. Please see the TinkerCad description or Thingiverse details for links to original designs and credit for the Star, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, Mystery Machine, Basketball, and BB8.\nBox Case\nThe box case I designed myself for fitting all the electronic components. The box includes a separate bottom and top section that are screwed together. The clock display, buttons, and power connections are accessible on the outside of the box. There is also a small screw tab to 3D print for holding the switch inside the box. Then on top of the box sits whatever globe top you choose.", "646" ], [ "Playing Card Suit Indicator! Euchre! Pinochle!\nIntroduction: Playing Card Suit Indicator! Euchre! Pinochle!\nIn this Instructable, I will show you how I made my accelerometer based card game suit indicator. The inspiration behind this project was my family's love for the card game of Euchre (similar to Pinochle). In short, Euchre is a trick-taking card game played most commonly with a deck of 24 standard playing cards (9's, 10's, Jacks, Queens, Kings, Aces, and Jokers). Normally there are four players, two on each team, and the goal of the game is to win as many tricks as possible and be the first team to win with 10 points.\nAt the beginning of a new hand, \"trump\" is called and this dictates the card suit that will \"trump\" or \"supersede\" other suits during the round. It is without fail that multiple times per round someone seems to ask the dealer \"So what is trump?\" (essentially wanting to know what card suit will beat the other suits during that round). Rather than having the dealer reiterate the trump suit multiple times, I decided to create this small position based card suit or \"trump\" indicator that displays the current suit for the entire round.\nOnce a hand is dealt and trump is declared, all the dealer has to do is rotate the device to the indicated suit. The LCD screen will display the trump suit for the rest of the players. No worries if the dealer cannot see the LCD screen because the back of the device has a painted suit that is the same as what is displayed on the screen.\nThis was a fairly quick and simple device to make and can be implemented in essentially any game that requires a specific card suit to be known. Follow along if you would like to make one!\nSupplies\nElectronics:\n* Adafruit 1.54\" 240x240 Wide Angle TFT LCD Display\n* Arduino Pro Mini 5V\n* Lithium Ion Polymer Battery 3.7V 500mAh\n* 3 Axis Gyroscope and 3 Axis Accelerometer Module\n* LiPo Battery Charger Circuit\n* Pololu 5V Step Up Regulator\n* 16gB microSD card\n* Small electronic slide switch\nOther:\n* 3D Printer (Optional)\n* Black PLA Filament (Optional)\n* Black, White, and Red Acrylic Paint with Paint Brushes\nMiscellaneous:\n* Soldering iron and solder\n* Electrical tape\n* Flexible 28 AWG wire\n* Hot glue gun\nStep 1: Euchre! Rules and Gameplay\nEuchre may seem complicated from an outsiders perspective however it is fairly easy to pick up and a lot of fun to play once you get the hang of it!\nMany websites and Youtube tutorial videos do a great job of explaining the rules if you are interested in learning how to play. I will link some below.\n* Video How to Play Euchre\n* Website - Euchre instructions\nAs mentioned, this device does not have to be used for Euchre.", "267" ], [ "It really can be used for any game when a card suit would need to be displayed for the players!\nStep 2: Schematic and Wiring\nI began with first deciding on what components I wanted to utilize for this project. I knew I wanted to keep the overall size of the project fairly small so as to sit on a card table on not take up a ton of space. I ended up choosing an Arduino Pro Mini 5V as the microcontroller for the project as it was small and had enough pins to drive the LCD display and accelerometer. Speaking of the display, I ended up choosing the 240x240 LCD display because it was square, good for wide angles which was ideal for this project, and had the ability to display color. Finally, I found a small 500mAh LiPo battery to power the device. I was unsure how long this would hold a charge with the LCD screen constantly running but after initial testing it easily powered the device for a few hours.\nI sketched up a wiring schematic to incorporate the main electronic components as detailed in the picture/schematic pdf. I initially tested the LCD screen and accelerometer using an Arduino Uno but converted to the Pro Mini for the final product. Follow the wiring schematic for how to properly wire up your device!\nI will note that I added the Pololu 5V step up regulator towards the end of making this project. The internal 5V regulator on the Pro Mini was unable to take the 3.7V input from the LiPo batter and appropriately power the screen. Adding this regulator was inexpensive, took up little space, and allowed for the device to work properly.", "267" ], [ "7-Segment NeoPixel Clock With Countdown Timer\nIntroduction: 7-Segment NeoPixel Clock With Countdown Timer\nIn this Instructable, my twin brother, <PERSON>, and I will show you how to make a 7-segment NeoPixel Clock with Countdown Timer. The inspiration for this project began with our parents and their fitness room. While they have an older digital clock in the room, it has no functionality other than telling the time. And oftentimes, our parents will use their phones as a countdown timer for their workouts but they have no dedicated stand for it, so situating it in the room is cumbersome and tedious. My brother and I always try to make something for our parents for Christmas and we came up with the idea of creating an “Exercise Clock” that not only adds a modern clock into the room but also incorporates a countdown timer so that our parents will not have to fumble with their phone timers anymore. While we designed the clock with exercise/fitness in mind, this can be created and placed in a variety of other locations!\nWe are very pleased with how the clock turned out and our parents love it! Here is a quick rundown of some of the features of our exercise clock!\n- 7-segment display that shows current time of day and illuminates NeoPixel ring according to the current minute of the hour\n-IR sensor that enables that user to adjust clock/timer settings from anywhere in close proximity with IR remote\n-Countdown timer function that allows user to set a countdown timer.\n-Recurrent countdown timer that will loop a timer infinitely with a user-input break in between. E.g. HIIT workout that may require a 1 minute timer with a 30 second break in between sets\n-Piezo buzzer that buzzes when timer reaches 0. Also provides auditory feedback whenever a button is pressed on the IR remote\nIf you are interested in seeing how we made this project or you want to make one for yourself, please follow along! If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section below and we'll try our best to respond quickly!\nSupplies\nElectronics:\n-Arduino Pro Mini 5V\n-4x NeoPixel ¼ Ring 24-Bit RGB LED\n-1.2” 4-Digit 7-Segment Display w/I2C Backpack\n-DS3231 RTC Module\n-Piezo Buzzer PS1240\n-IR Receiver Sensor 38kHz (Salvaged ours from an iHome iH9 unit)\n-IR Remote (Salvaged ours from an iHome iH9 unit)\n-Power Adapter 5V 2A\n-2n2222 Transistor\n-1k Resistor\n-1000 uF Capacitor\n-CR2032 3V Battery\n-Flexible 28AWG wire\nMiscellaneous:\n-3D printer (optional)\n-Acrylic Sheet cut into desired diameter\n- E6000 glue\n-Printable adhesive vinyl sheets\n-Black Spray Paint\n-Printer\n-Hot glue gun\n-Exacto knife\n-Soldering iron + Solder\n-Tools (wire cutters, scissors, needle nose pliers)\nStep 1: Circuit Diagram and Testing the Electronics\nWe were basing our idea off of a unique clock design we had seen while perusing the internet.", "939" ], [ "In order to replicate something similar to this, we needed some essential components. Those included: an Arduino to run the program, an RTC module to obtain real time clock data, a NeoPixel ring for display, and a 7-segment display to show the time/timer digitally. We wanted our parents to be able to adjust the clock from a distance so we chose to incorporate an IR receiver/remote. Finally, we wanted to add some type of auditory buzz when the timer completed, so we incorporated a piezo buzzer.\nCircuit Diagram:\nWe chose to use EasyEDA to create our schematic. A PDF version of the schematic is available in the attachments. Of note, both the RTC module and the 7-segment w/backpack use the I2C protocol. On the Arduino Pro Mini, those pins correspond to A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). The IR receiver is connected to pin 2 as that pin is useable as an external interrupt. The NeoPixel data input can be connected to any digital pin and we chose pin 6 as that is what Adafruit uses by default in their example codes. Finally, we connected the piezo buzzer to pin 3 and wired it to the base of a 2n2222 transistor to increase the volume of the buzzer.\nWiring and Testing The Electronics:\nWe began by wiring the components on a breadboard per the schematic and tested the individual components to ensure they were working properly.", "939" ], [ "Cartridge Based MP3 Player - CartridgeMP3\nIntroduction: Cartridge Based MP3 Player - CartridgeMP3\nThe CartridgeMP3 bridges the gap between physical and digital music. It plays back the highest quality digital audio through a user interface that has the simplistic charm of a CD or Cassette Tape player. It has a 3D printed body and features an Atmega 32u4 along with an MP3 decoder for audio playback. Audio is stored on a MicroSD card, and the track is selected through a unique 8 bit cartridge with a 12 pin interface. Volume adjustment is offered through a power switch, and programming and power are implemented through a USB-C port.\nWhy does one need this? Well, it has many practical uses. You could digitize your vinyl collection and play it back through the CartridgeMP3, or you could simply use it as a simple MP3 player, free of the distractions of your phone or iPod. I personally just use it as a bedside MP3 player. Happy making!\nSupplies\nI did my best to keep the project as low-cost and accessible as possible. Additionally, all the parts are from Adafruit.com, so that is the only store you need to buy from. No aliexpress!\nTOOLS:\n1. Soldering Iron\n2. 3D Printer\n3. Wire Strippers\n4. Hot Glue Gun\n5. Adjustable Wrench\nMATERIALS:\n1. Adafruit Feather 32u4 Basic Proto\n2. Adafruit Music Maker FeatherWing\n3. Adafruit Perma-Proto Quarter-sized Breadboard PCB\n4. USB Type C Breakout Board* This specifically wasn't used in the project, but I recommend it if you do it yourself* see number 12\n5. Panel Mount 10K Dual Log Potentiometer w/ On-Off Switch\n6. 8x 10K ohm resistors\n7. Mechanical Key Switch\n8. 3 mm LED\n9.", "1003" ], [ "Headphone Jack\n10. Pin Header* You will need this female header as well as the male header included with the microcontroller\n11. Wire* You will need these jumper wires as well as a lot of thin flexible wire from a hook-up kit\n12. Sacrificial Micro USB cable or micro-b to USB C adapter* Or you can just use micro-b\nStep 1: Get Printing!\nGet Printing! You should start the prints right away so that it finishes once you finish the electronics. There are three parts for the player itself - the enclosure, the faceplate, and the pin holder. They were designed using Fusion 360 and printed on an Ender 3. Any filament will work.\nSETTTINGS:\nLayer Height: ≤.2 mm\nInfill: 20%\nI recommend printing in this order in order to prevent waiting:\n1. Pin Holder\n2. Front Plate\n3. Enclosure\nStep 2: Wiring\nUse the attached wiring diagram as a guide.\nStart by wiring together the pins for the MP3 decoder and microcontroller using the jumper cables. Then, you can test to see if both are working properly. Following this, you will want to wire the pull-up resistors for the cartridge interface. These will be wired on the perfboard. Solder the cartridge pins as well, coating the connections with hot glue once finished. Once you have finished wiring, you should mount all the components onto the faceplate, and solder their connections. This includes the pin 13 status LED, the potentiometer with the switch and both audio channel control, the reset button which ties to ground, the audio port, which takes the output of the potentiometer, and the cartridge pins. Take special care with the cartridge pins - these need to be hot glued directly in the middle of the pin holder, which gets carefully hot glued onto the slot in the face plate. Next, take the USB cable and isolate each of the small wires inside. Solder each one to the corresponding pad on the USB C connector, except for the 5V line, which goes through the switch.\nStep 3: Coding\nNext up is coding.\nTo start, you will need to get support for the 32u4 Feather in Arduino IDE. Follow these instructions here. Next, you'll want to install the Adafruit VS1053 so that we can get the MP3 decoder up and running right away. In Arduino IDE, Hover over \"Sketch\", then click \"Include Library\", then click \"Manage Library\". Search for \"Adafruit VS1053\" in the dialog box, and click install.\nAfter you have it installed, you can copy and paste this code, or download the sketch.\nNote the filenames for the MP3 tracks on the Micro SD card. They need to be 8 letters long with a .", "996" ], [ "How to Design a Button Box Housing With Schematic and PCB\nIntroduction: How to Design a Button Box Housing With Schematic and PCB\nA couple months ago, I started a project on Tinker CAD, this would later become my fully working Button Box that I now regularly use in sim games and even for shortcuts in Fusion360. Up to my Tinker CAD project, I had limited skills in CAD and electrical design. After some time researching, I consider myself abled in both CAD design and electrical design (By no-means am I a professional so please take this advice with a grain of salt and feel free to let me know of any errors or improvements). For this Instructable, I will betrying to teach you the skills to design your own Button Box, as opposed to a set-in-stone final product, so my final product may look a little different than my examples.\nFor this Instructable, I recommend some exposure to Fusion360 or CAD software as I do not go in-depth on the basics of CAD.\nSome skills you can expect to learn in this Instructable are:\n* How to utilize Parameters in Fusion360 to create your Button Box Housing\n* How to create your own schematic for your own button box\n* How to utilize your own schematic to create a schematic in Fusion360\n* Howto create your own electrical library for your schematic in Fusion360\n* How to transform a schematic in Fusion360 to a PCB\n* How to Auto-Route nets for your PCB\nUnfortunately, I will not be teaching you to code your button box, as I do not yet feel comfortable in sharing code that I've designed. I have just started coding and do not want to damage or hurt anyone, but you can refer to the Additional information section at the end of this Instructable for some great coding resources.\nSupplies\nSome Buttons, Switches, and Encoders to think about using for your Button Box:\n* Momentary Push Buttons (12MM) -- Amazon\n* Momentary 2 Position Rocker Switches -- Amazon\n* Rotary Encoders (5 Pin) -- Amazon\nSupplies you should remember:\n* Screws M4x14 -- Amazon (I used metric because metric heat set inserts are most common)\n* USB - USB Micro -- Amazon (For use with Arduino Pro Micro)\n* Brass Heat Set Inserts M4 -- Amazon\nSpecial Notes or Comments:\nI recommend beginners in Arduino/electronics to start with an Arduino Leonardo because it pretty easy to protype designs using a bread board without soldering, but you can use an Arduino Pro Micro if you feel that you are good with soldering.\nIf you are going to use a 3D printer to create you Button Box Housing, I recommend using PETG filament for its strength and ease of printing qualities\nLastly, I used Carbon Fiber Vinyl for my Button Box Lid, but this is purely aesthetic.\nStep 1: Where It Started\nMy project started a couple months ago as a simples design in TinkerCAD, and I was waiting to learn some new skills that I would be able to apply once I started designing in Fusion360. I have to say, now that I have started using Fusion360, it has open many doors to all sorts of cool designs that I was not able to do in TinkerCAD. So, after learning some skills in Fusion360, I decided I would make this project that has been put aside for some time and make it my first purpose made design in Fusion360.", "737" ], [ "So, as I talk about some skills for the duration of this Instructable, keep in mind that I am learning alongside you and that you can also learn some skills from additional resources. You can refer to some great resources for learning CAD and designing your own Button Box on the final \"Step\" of this Instructable.\nStep 2: Creating a Schematic for Your Button Box\nButton Matrix\nIn order to create your button box, you will likely need to create a button matrix. Essentially, the purpose of a button matrix is to save pins on your Arduino so you can have more buttons. If you are wondering how a button matrix works, its similar to how you would find cells in a spreadsheet: you would use the rows and columns to find the cell, for example, cell A4 would be located on row A, column 4. Something to keep in mind if you are using this simple button matrix is that if you want to use multiple buttons at the same time, you will likely encounter random button activation called \"Ghosting\" , this is why I wouldn't recommend latching buttons. If in your case you do not need as many buttons, you could also simply connect your buttons directly to the Arduino. If you want to do some more research on button you can refer to this article.\nRotary Encoders\nAs for your rotary encoders, they must be connected individually to the Arduino, not through the button matrix.", "1014" ], [ "HAL 9000 Garage Door Button Upgrade\nIntroduction: HAL 9000 Garage Door Button Upgrade\nInspiration can hit you at the most unexpected time. Over Spring Break my family and I went to NASA's Johnson's Space Center in Houston. They had an exhibit called \"Popnology\" which featured different forms of science fiction technology that has appeared in pop culture and how it has influenced/inspired our current technology and vice versa. It was a great display of sci-fi props and interactive activities. However, there was one display that caught my eye, it was the Artificial Intelligence exhibit that referenced HAL 9000 from the 1968 <PERSON> film \"2001: A Space Odyssey\". The blue light emitting all around the console and the ominous glowering red eye in the center of the HAL 9000 unit captured my attention and intrigue. The wonderful lighting of the display begged me to take its pictures. I snapped a few shots on my phone and went on to enjoy the rest of my day at NASA.\nAfter several hours of exploring NASA's offerings, we make the drive home and pull into our garage. And what do I notice as I go to push the button that closes my garage door? I see a familiar red glow just behind the frosted plastic of the button. It was at that exact moment that I knew I was going to replace my garage door button with a HAL 9000.\nAt first, I thought it would be amazing if I could figure out a way to convert my garage door opener to be voice activated. While you can do this, sort of, ultimately you are just using an Amazon Alexa or a Google Home assistant. And they would be using their own voices which I did not want.", "47" ], [ "I wanted to be able to say, \"HAL open the pod bay doors\" and it would respond with the classic line from the movie, \"I'm sorry <PERSON> I am afraid I can't do that.\" and then eventually it would open the garage door. After a ton of research, I found that it would not be possible to make it open my garage door with voice commands. So, I had to settle for HAL replacing my garage door button instead.\nI was going to use Tinkercad to design HAL but I was lucky and found that CONCENTRIX had already made a 3D model and posted it on Thingiverse HAL 9000 Prop Replica by CONCENTRIX - Thingiverse . I used his model and a model of the speaker grill designed by <PERSON> HAL 9000 speaker grille by mabbog - Thingiverse for the majority of my project.\nWith most of the design work done I got to work on the rest of the project.\nSupplies\nGarage Door Button\nScrew Drivers\nSoldering Iron\nSolder\nWire Cutters\nThin Gauge Wiring - (Sorry I don't have the exact gauge wire I used)\nHeat Shrink Tubing\nAcetone\nPaint Brush\nDremel with Cut-off Wheel\nVarious Grits Sandpaper 150 up to 400 grit\n3d Printer\nSuper Glue\nBaking Soda\nFake Security Cameras\nFiller Primer\nSatin Black Spray Paint\nGloss Black Spray Paint\nMatte Clear Spray Paint\nScrap piece of Flat stock at least 5 inches wide\nRed Scrubbing Pad\nRub-n-Buff Silver\nDisposable Brush\n5 Minute Epoxy\n1/8 inch MDF\nDrill\nDrill bits 5/16\nDisposable Gloves\nRespirator\nSafety Glasses\nStep 1:\nThe first thing I did was to verify that the current garage door button actually had a red LED bulb. I removed the two screws that secured the button to the wall plate then backed off the screws that held the wires in place and removed the two wires. That freed up the assembly which gave me access to the PCB board which I pried off the plastic housing. So far so good there was a button and a red LED light.\n*This took several days to complete so I had to install a separate garage door button while I worked on this so that we could still use our garage door. This is not entirely necessary though; you can always just use the garage door remote control opener from your car. But that means the wires will be hanging out of the box in the meantime. I wasn't sure this was even going to work so I just installed another button.\nStep 2:\nBecause the current spacing of the button and LED was not going to work. The LED has to fit inside a hole in the center of HAL and would have to be removed and then extended with some wiring. In order to do this, I had to remove the solder that held the LED in place. But before I did that I used a marker to mark the positive side of the LED because once it was removed I would not be able to tell which side was positive and which was negative.", "582" ], [ "Chariot Game\nIntroduction: Chariot Game\nPurpose: This is my submission for the 2020-2021 Butwin Elias Award by the Adam Iseman Foundation. My submission is a chariot game where the goal is to compete against another chariot and try and knock the other rider off of the opposing vehicle. The following is a guide as to how to construct a chariot and its rider. Best played on a flat, even floor, without furniture or machinery to bump into.\nSupplies\nTools\n* Soldering Iron\n* Wood Cutter\n* Laser Cutter\n* Hot Glue Gun\n* Wire Cutter\n* Writing Utensil\n* Tape Measure\nResources\nChariot\n* Balsa Wood (35” x 0.5” x 0.125” ) x2\n* Balsa Wood (24” x 0.25” x 0.25” ) x1\n* Wire x1\n* Soldering Wire x1\n* Hot Glue Sticks x2\n* Acrylic sheets ( 3” x 3” x 0.63” ) x2\n* 9 Volt Battery x1\n* 9 Volt battery Connector x1\n* 1.5 Volt Motors x2\n* Switch x1\n* Bearing x1\nRider\n* Balsa Wood (35” x 0.5” x 0.125” ) x1\n* Balsa Wood (24” x 0.25” x 0.25” ) x1\n* Paper Clips x4\n* Masking Tape x1\nStep 1: STEM Application\nHow does this simple project show an application in STEM? One of the major ways this was shown is in its circuitry and the designing behind it. This project gave me a hands on lesson with soldering and circuits. Before taking this on, I didn't truly understand the difference between series and parallel. Through testing, and a few 9V batteries, I had a better grasp of what circuits were and how they worked. Originally, I had a parallel circuit and the test model only did donuts on the floor.", "267" ], [ "After some testing and suggestions from my Engineering teacher, I was able to understand what worked best. One of the best applications of this project in STEM is its circuitry, the engineering process trying to make it work, and the hands-on learning behind it.\nStep 2: Cutting Your Wood to Size\nGet the Balsa Wood pieces (36\" x 0.5\" x 0.125\" ) and cut them into the following measurements:\n* 11, 4\" pieces\n* 7, 3\" pieces\n* 10, 1.5\" pieces\n* 11, 2\" pieces\n* 3, 1.125\" pieces\nStep 3: Cutting Angles\nUsing the Wood Cutter tool, cut 45 degrees off both sides of a 4\" piece and a 3\" piece (you should end up with two trapezoids), and on just one side of two 2\" pieces.\nStep 4: Chariot Base\nArrange the two trapezoids and six 4\" pieces into the above shape. Using the Hot Glue Gun, attach one 4\" piece down the center, and two 3\" pieces along the sides. This will form the base of the chariot.\nStep 5: First Layer of the Wall\nGrab three of the 2\" pieces of Balsa Wood and two of the 1.5\" pieces. Using the Glue Gun, attach the pieces to the Base (the 2\" pieces will be vertical and horizontal, and the 1.5\" pieces will be diagonal.)\nStep 6: Second Layer\nUsing the same pieces, repeat the last step, making the Wall 1\" tall.\nStep 7: Wire Holes\nUsing the Wood Cutter (or a 3/8 drill bit if available) make holes in the base as shown in the attached picture. One hole is 2.5\" in, and 0.5\" up, while the other is 0.75\" in and 2.75\" up.\nStep 8: Mounting Motors\nUsing your two 1.5V motors and the Hot Glue Gun, attach your two motors to the Base. Make sure to secure them with ample amounts of glue as these wheels are jostled quite frequently.\nStep 9: Battering Down the Battery\nGet your 9V battery and 9V battery connector. Attach the latter to the former and glue down to the base. Slip the black wire through the nearest hole and bring to the back of the base.\nStep 10: Securing the Switch\nUsing the Hot Glue Gun, attach the switch to the bottom of Base with the wire connectors facing inwards (should fit between the two support pieces).", "56" ] ]

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[ [ "3D Printed Battletop With Launcher and Ripcord\nIntroduction: 3D Printed Battletop With Launcher and Ripcord\nIn a previous Instructable I showed how to make Beyblade Micros with paper and a 3D printed gear, see here. In this Instructable I have upgraded the paper Beyblade Micros to a fully 3D printed battletop of my own design. This time around the launcher and ripcord are included! Over the next several steps of this Instructable I will show how to put together my 3D printed battletop and how to launch it. So fire up the 3D printer and grab some plastic nippers because we're making some epic battletops!\nSupplies\nMaterial List:\n* 7/16 washer. You will need one for each battletop you print.\n* 3D print of Dragon_Spinner's Battletop. You can download the STL file for free at these links:\n* Tinkercad: LINK\n* MyMiniFactory: LINK\n* No Support File: LINK. Note superglue is required for this set.\n* (Optional) Nail polish. Nail polish is used to decorate the washer.\nTool List:\n* Sandpaper. I used 800 grit for this project.\n* Superglue. I included this due to the varying washer size. Washer's are usually slightly larger or smaller than advertised.\n* Hobby knife. Used for removing supports and for making minor adjustments to the printed parts.\n* Plastic nippers. Used to remove supports from printed parts.\n* *3D printer. I used an Ender 3 for this project.\n*Notes: If you don't have a 3D printer check with your local library, makerspace, or university. Where I live the makerspace and university charge about $5 per hour of printing.", "646" ], [ "My local library offers free 3D printing for objects that only take an hour or less to complete. One battletop with launcher and ripcord should take about an hour to print. Another option would be to use an online service like Shapeways.\nStep 1: Print and Prepare Parts\nIf you printed the no support set please skip to step 3.\nOnce you've downloaded the STL file from the Supplies section upload it into your favorite slicer. I use Cura for slicing my STLs.\nHere are the settings I used:\n* Layer Height: 0.2mm\n* Wall Line Count: 2\n* Infill Density: 20%\n* Infill Pattern: Try-Hexagon\n* Print Speed: 90mm/s\n* Generate Supports: yes\n* Support Placement: Everywhere\nI have also printed my battletop on a Makerbot and a Prusa printer. Whatever machine or slicer you use just make sure to turn on supports and the battletop with its launcher and ripcord should successfully print.\nOnce the print is complete carefully remove the pieces from the print bed. If you used adhesive on your print bed make sure to clean it off the printed pieces before proceeding. Take a pair of plastic nippers and remove all the supports from the battletop. Use the hobby knife to remove the supports from the gear and launcher. Note: make sure to carefully remove the supports from the launcher! If the holes where the ripcord is inserted breaks you will not be able to launch your battletop. Finally lightly sand the teeth of the ripcord with 800 grit sandpaper.\nStep 2: Assemble Battletop\nBefore assembling the battletop you may want to paint the washer with a nail polish of your choice. Painting the washer is optional and only for decoration.\nTake a washer and press it into the recess at the top of your battletop. If the washer doesn't snap in take a hobby knife and carefully scrape around the inner wall of at the top of the battletop. If the washer falls out after snapping it into the top recess of your battletop use some superglue to secure it.\nSnap the gear into hole at the top of the battletop. Make sure the gear is fully snapped in. There should only be about a 2mm gap between the spinning top and the launcher. It may be helpful to scrape out the hole with a hobby knife before attempting to press in the gear.\nStep 3: Print and Assemble No Support Battletop\nIf you downloaded, printed and assembled the set that required supports skip this step and proceed to step 4.\nDownload and print the Dragon_Spinner's Battle: No Support Set.\nRemove print from print bed.\nIf you used adhesive make sure to clean it off of each part.\nRough up the bottom of the Battletop's ring with sandpaper or a hobby knife.", "646" ], [ "Let's Make 3D Printed Micro Cars!\nIntroduction: Let's Make 3D Printed Micro Cars!\nMy all-time favorite toy from childhood was the Hot Wheels Shark Cruiser. I absolutely loved Hot Wheels cars as a child. Even now, as an adult, I will pick up one or two Hot Wheel cars when I visit the grocery store. As a fun 3D printing challenge I wanted to see how small I could make a toy car with rolling axels and wheels. After many iterations, I came up with a simple snap-together micro car kit. In this Instructable, I will show you how to put together my 3D Printed Micro Car Kit and how you can use my template to design your own. I have two designs you can choose from:\nSimple Racer\n-or-\nSimple Tune\nAlright, let's grab some plastic nippers, fire up a printer, and start making!\nSupplies\nParts\n* PLA or ABS filament of your choice.\n* Your choice of a car kit:\n+ Micro Car Simple Racer download for free here: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/hpjoQGgpQh5\n+ Micro Car Simple Tune download for free here: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/7EAUUn4QNcw\nTools\n* 3D Printer\n* Your favorite slicer, I use Cura\n* Pencil\n* 800 Grit Sand Paper\n* Plastic Nippers\nOptional\n* Micro Car Template download for free here: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/gdQnl5Ql9oW\nStep 1: Print a Kit!\nIf you don't have a 3D printer see the notes section below.\nOnce you've chosen and downloaded a kit load it into your favorite slicer. I use Cura for my Ender 3 printer. The following are the settings I suggest using to print the kit:\n* Infill Density 20.0\n* Infill Pattern Tri-Hexigonal\n* Printing Temperature 195 - 200 C\n* Build Plate Temperature 50\n* Print Speed 50mm per second\n* Supports On\n* Support Overhang Angle 30 degrees\n* Skirt On\nOnce you are satisfied with the settings slice and run it on your 3D printer.\nNote: If you do not have access to a 3D printer check your local Library, Makerspace, or University. Many public libraries in the United States have free or affordable printing services. My public library offers free 2hr PLA prints to the community. There are also online printing services available too. For example, Shapeways.\nStep 2: Snap It Together!\nOnce your print is complete carefully remove it from the plate. Using plastic nippers remove supports. Lightly sand the axels and axel housings.", "729" ], [ "Use a pencil to coat the axels and axel housings, this will allow them to spin smoothly. Place the lower body face up. Place each wheel and axel set into the axel housings. Carefully, attach the top chassis to the lower one. Pick the car up and push the chassis together until you hear a snapping sound.\nNotes:\n* If the wheels on your car aren't completely round lightly run it up and down on sandpaper. This will round the wheels after a dozen or so passes. Only do this procedure if the wheels rotate when pushed!\n* If your wheels and axels do not rotate take apart the car and sand down the axels and axel housings again.\nStep 3: Ready! Set! Race!\nThe 3D Printed Micro Cars work well on cardboard ramps and the orange Hot Wheels track. Use some blocks or books to set up a ramp to have a fun race!\nStep 4: Make Your Own Design!\nYou can find a template of my 3D Printed Micro Car kit to make your own designs here:\nIf you use Tinkercad use the Remix option otherwise feel free to download and edit in your favorite CAD program.\nIn Tinkercad, I use basic shapes to make a front end, bonnet, and rear spoiler. Once you have an object you wish to attach to the template roughly move them in place to get an idea of what your car will look like. When attaching an object make sure to not overlap the front and back of the chassis. To accomplish this in Tinkercad use the Ruler and Align tools. When attaching a bonnet make sure not to sink it into the hole on the top chassis. If the top chassis hole is filled the car will not snap together. Once everything is centered and placed move the wheel and axel objects into the axel housings to make sure they won't rub against the objects you added. When you are happy with the car group your designs to the top chassis. Organize the parts in the orientation you would like them to print in.", "110" ], [ "A 3D Printed Balloon Powered \"Jet\" Car With Inflator.\nIntroduction: A 3D Printed Balloon Powered \"Jet\" Car With Inflator.\nI designed \"A 3D Printed Balloon Powered \"Jet\" Car With Inflator\" for our grandkids. The inspiration for this model was from a YouTube follower of mine who asked how I thought a version he had seen worked. Well I'm not sure how the model he saw worked, but this one certainly entertains the grandkids (a \"driver\" is in the works, I wonder who that could be?)!\nMy design uses a 67mm ID silicone \"hemisphere\", that I carefully removed from a silicone baking mould, as a bellow and 3D printed TPU95A valves and gaskets to create a balloon inflator. As seen in the video, the car's nozzle plugs into the inflator, the car's balloon is inflated by repeated presses on the inflator red button, and the car is released by a single press of the inflator green button.\nAs usual I probably forgot a file or two or who knows what else, so if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to comment as I do make plenty of mistakes.\nDesigned using Autodesk Fusion 360, sliced using Ultimaker Cura 4.9.1, and 3D printed in Ultimaker PLA and Ultimaker TPU95A on an Ultimaker 3 Extended and Ultimaker S5s.\nSupplies\nSilicone adhesive.\nThick cyanoacrylate glue.\nStep 1: Parts.\nI acquired the following parts:\n* One Compression Spring (7.14 by 19.05mm).\n* Four R22 O-Rings (28mm ID, 3.5mm section).\n* One silicon hemisphere (67mm ID, 1mm thick, removed from a silicon baking mould).\n* One 9\" balloon.\nI have included a PDF file which includes the 3D printed part names, quantities, material, layer height and infill settings I used to 3D print this model.", "595" ], [ "I 3D printed all PLA parts using the Ultimaker Cura 4.9.1 \"Engineering Profile\" on my Ultimaker S5s which provides a highly accurate tolerance requiring minimal if any trimming, filing, drilling or sanding. However, prior to assembly, I still test fitted and trimmed, filed, drilled, sanded, etc. all parts as necessary for smooth movement of moving surfaces, and tight fit for non moving surfaces. Depending on your slicer, printer, printer settings and the colors you chose, more or less trimming, filing, drilling and/or sanding may be required to successfully recreate this model. I carefully filed all edges that contacted the build plate to make absolutely certain that all build plate \"ooze\" is removed and that all edges are smooth using small jewelers files and plenty of patience.\nThis model also uses threaded assembly, so I used a tap and die set (5mm by .8, 8mm by 1.25 and 10mm by 1.5)) as required for thread cleaning.\nStep 2: Bellow Assembly.\nTo assemble the Bellow, I performed the following steps:\n* Using a small dot of thick cyanoacrylate glue on the valve mount pad (the pad to which the valves are connected), I attached \"Intake, Valve.stl\" to \"Intake, Gasket.stl\", build plate sides touching, making sure the valves were centered over the valve holes.\n* Spread an even layer of silicon adhesive to the inside of \"Bellow Base.stl\".\n* Pressed the intake valve assembly into the bellow base such that the valve side of the intake valve assembly was facing up and making sure the valves were aligned over the holes.\n* Cut one hemisphere from the sheet of silicone moulds.\n* Filled the outer track in the bellow base assembly with silicone adhesive.\n* With a slight rotating motion, pressed the hemisphere into the bellow base assembly carefully rotating it to make sure it was completely seated, then set the assembly aside to cure.\n* Using a small dot of thick cyanoacrylate glue on the very end of the arm on \"Exhaust, Valve.stl\", I attached the exhaust valve to \"Exhaust, Gasket.stl\" such that the valve was centered over the exhaust valve hole and the arm pointed to the center intake hole.\n* Spread a thick bead of silicon adhesive around the rectangular hole in \"Exhaust, Manifold.stl\".\n* Pressed the exhaust valve assembly onto the exhaust manifold such that the valve side of the valve assembly was inside the rectangular hole.\n* Spread a thick bead of silicon adhesive on the exhaust valve assembly around the outline of the rectangular hole in the exhaust manifold assembly.", "632" ], [ "Make Your Own Beyblade Micros: Paper Edition\nIntroduction: Make Your Own Beyblade Micros: Paper Edition\nI am a huge fan of Beyblades! I've been in the hobby since the plastic generation, or for those of you who Let It Rip the Bakuten Shoot era. Recently I found out Beyblade had micro versions of the Burst generation. Sadly, the Beyblade Micros series ended with its 3rd iteration. Because the series ended some of my favorite burst beys were never made into micro-scale. I decided to change this by breaking out my hot glue gun and making my own micro Beyblades!\nIn this Instructable I will show you how to make your own micro paper Beyblades that can compete with the official ones.\nSupplies\nMaterials\n* Craft Glue\n* Mod Podge\n* Hot Glue Sticks\n* Construction Paper\n* 3D Printed Micro Beyblade Gear (See step 6 for a link to the file)\n* Beyblade Micros Launcher and Ripcord\n* Favorite Beyblade or a Top-Down Picture of a Beyblade\n* 3mm Round Spacer Beads\n* Craft Dowels with a Radius of 2mm\n* 3/8\" Flat Washer or Any Metal Washer with a 1\" Radius.\nTools\n* Hobby Knife\n* Hot Glue Gun\n* Plastic Nippers\n* Scissors\n* Ruler\n* Paint Brush\n* Tooth Pick\n* A Recycled Bottle Lid\n* Pencil\n* Any Kind of Polymer or Modeling Clay\n* 3D Printer\n* Printer\n* Computer\nStep 1: Prepare Paper\nTrace eight 1/2 cm strips along the length of construction paper. The strips should be 11\" in length. Trace a line 1.5cm from the top of each drawn strip. Do the same for the bottom. See the second picture for an example. Cut out each traced strip. Do not cut the lines marked at the top and bottom of each strip.\nStep 2: Paper Quilling\nTake the craft dowel and mark a line 4mm from the bottom. This will become your Beyblades tip. Squeeze a penny size worth of glue into the recycled bottle cap. Take a strip of paper and add glue from one of the line-markings to the end of the paper with a toothpick. See picture three for an example. A light coating of glue works best. Above the 4mm marking roll the glued end of the strip tightly around the dowel. Make sure the marking on the paper strip is facing you. Let the glue dry for two or three minutes. Tightly roll the paper strip around the dowel until you reach the other marking. Once you reach the other end of the paper add glue from the marking to the end of the strip.", "294" ], [ "Attach another strip of paper aligning the marking to the glued one. Repeat this process until you make it to the end of the eighth paper strip. Apply glue to the final strip from the marking to the end and then adhere it to the paper disk. Hold the glued end in place for a minute to make sure your paper disk does not unfurl. Let the glue fully dry before moving on to the next step.\nStep 3: Form Paper Disk Into Beyblade Shell\nGently form a cone shape out of the paper disk. A good technique is to take the disk in both hands with the Beyblade tip facing away from you. Use your thumbs to slowly message the disk into a cone. The height from the bottom tip to the top of the Beyblade shell should be approximately 1.5cm tall. Once you are happy with the shell give it a test spin. If you are not happy with your Beyblades balances reshape the cone and test again. Repeat this process until you are happy with the way it spins. Once you are satisfied with your Beyblade take your paintbrush and gently coat the inside with craft glue. A thick coat of glue works best. Do the same for the outside of the Beyblade shell. Let the shell dry for 10 minutes. Apply a thin coat of Mod Podge to the outside of the Beyblade shell. A chunk of polymer or modeling clay works well as a drying stand. Make sure to let it dry completely before attempting steps 7 and 8.\nStep 4: Printout Micro Attack Ring\nWhile the paper shell dries it's time to make a printout of your blades, attack rings, or whatever your favorite generation of Beyblade calls the top layer. I will refer to this part as the blade, this is the newest terminology used in the Dynamite System. Gather your favorite Beyblades and take a top-down picture of their blades. If you do not have the Beyblade you want to turn micro you can always do a quick Google search.", "6" ], [ "Duff Beer Carrier\nIntroduction: Duff Beer Carrier\n\"Can't Get Enough of That Wonderful Duff\"\nI enjoy the Simpsons, and I enjoy a fine beverage. Now I can enjoy both while heading out.\nI used TinkerCAD to design a 3D printable 4-pack and 6-pack for cans and/or bottles. My 3D printer is a single extruder (prints only a single color at a time). So I designed it so the Duff logo could be printed in multiple colors using a filament change technique. I created a 4-pack version and a more common 6-pack version. But I also designed a variation that prints the sides seperately, to be later connected with dovetail joinery; and a more rigid version that requires the logo to be glued on after printing.\nThe 4-pack is suitable for printers with a build plate of 150mm x 150mm. The 6-pack is suitable for printers with a build plate of 200mm x 200mm.\nSkip to step 7 if you're just interested in slicing and printing, rather than the overall design process.\nSupplies\n* TinkerCAD\n* SVG Editor (Inkscape)\n* Slicer (Cura)\n* 3D Printer\n* Red, Black, and white filament\n* Metal file or other sanding tool\n* Glue (E6000)\nStep 1: Determine Measurements/sizes\nMy very first revision was based off the size of a 12oz bottle. I used a digital caliper to measure the size of the glass bottle, and designed the carrier around that.", "74" ], [ "After printing I realized I should have built-in some extra tolerance/spacing to also fit cans.\nMeasure the diameter of the bottles and/or cans you wish to accommodate. In North America the diameter of a glass bottle is 62mm, and 66mm is the diameter of an aluminum can. I cheated and used an existing 4-pack and 6-pack cardboard carrier to inspire appropriate heights (to accommodate grasping and removing cans/bottles).\nStep 2: Create the Structure in TinkerCAD\nA four/six pack carrier is basically just a base, four side panels, some dividers, and a handle.\nI created all my panels as 2mm thick rectangles.\nFour pack:\n* Front/Back: 140mm long x 110mm tall x 2mm thick.\n* Left/Right: 140mm long x 110mm tall x 2mm thick.\n* Base: 140mm long x 140mm wide x 2mm thick.\n* Divider:\n+ If using the dovetails\no 134mm long x 90mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the left and right side panels. Leaving a 1mm space in between.\n+ If merging all the sides\no 140mm long x 90mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the left and right side panels.\n* Handle:\n* If using the dovetails\n+ 134mm long x 200mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the front and back panels, and spaced about 3mm from the left and right side panels (leaving a 1mm space in between).\n* If merging all the sides\n+ 140mm long x 200mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the left and right side panels\n* Create a hollow handle opening about 25mm tall x 82.5mm long, distanced about 20mm from the top edge.\n* (Optionally) Round the top, left/right corners.\n+ I started with a solid square, and a hollow circle. And applied smaller hollow squares, until left with solid arch. I grouped those shapes, and than made it hollow. This can be used to cut a rounded arch of off the handles rectangular corners.\nSix pack:\n* Front/Back: 209mm long x 110mm tall x 2mm thick.\n* Left/Right: 140mm long x 110mm tall x 2mm thick. Base: 209mm long x 140mm wide x 2mm thick.\n* Two Dividers:\n+ If using the dovetails\no 134mm long x 90mm tall x 2mm thick; spaced about 66.5mm from the left and right side panels.\n+ If merging all the sides\no 140mm long x 90mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the left and right side panels\n* Handle:\n* If using the dovetails\n+ 203mm long x 220mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the front and back panels, and spaced about 3mm from the left and right side panels (leaving a 1mm space in between).\n* If merging all the sides\n+ 209mm long x 220mm tall x 2mm thick; centered between the left and right side panels\n* Create a hollow handle opening about 25mm tall x 97.5mm long, distanced about 20mm from the top edge.", "276" ], [ "3D Printed Electric Landspeed Car With <PERSON>: 3D Printed Electric Landspeed Car With <PERSON>'ve always had a fascination with landspeed vehicles, especially the Thrust 2 project. I wanted to build an RC landspeed car but it's a bit out of my price range...So I made a 3D printed kit that uses budget-friendly electronics to satisfy my need for speed.\nIn this Instructable, I will show you how to put together and run my 3D printed Landspeed Car kit. I designed this kit to have easy snap-together parts and unlimited modification potential. The electronics I am using are recycled from a wrecked mini drone and a free-flight plane. In the following list, I will link to where you can purchase these parts. If you would rather make your own motor controller I will list a helpful site in the resource section located at the end of this Instructable. Alright, let's grab some hot glue and get ready to race!!!\nSupplies\nParts:\n* 3D Printed Landspeed Car Kit. You can download it for free here.\n* Strix Freeflight Timer\n* Kinetix Motor\n* HQ Props\n* 150 - 220mAh 1s Lipo Battery\n* Body Shell Template: You can download the SVG or PDF for free here.\n* Note Card or Scrap Cardstock\n* Ductape\n* Glue Stick\nTools\n* 1200 Grit Sand Paper\n* Hot Glue\n* Plastic Nippers\n* Pliers\n* Ruler\n* Scissors\nStep 1: Print and Detail Kit\nThis kit was made in Tinkercad.\n3D print the Land Speed Car kit. I used an Ender 3 with Cura to print the kit in PLA.\nThe settings I used in Cura:\n* Standard quality\n* Infill density 20%\n* Infill pattern Tri-Hexagonal\n* Print Speed 40mm/s\n* Supports on and everywhere\n* Skirt on\nRemove supports from the parts and sand off any rough edges. Rough up the front wedge with sandpaper. We will be gluing the body shell to this wedge later on in the Instructable. Also, sand the axles smooth; the smoother the axels the faster the car will go.\nNote: If you do not have access to a 3D printer check your local Library, Makerspace, or University. Many public libraries in the States have free or affordable printing services. My public library offers free 2hr PLA prints to the community. There are also online printing services available too. For example, Shapeways.\nStep 2: Add Electronics and Motor\nSnap-on the motor mount so the hole is facing the rear of the car. Hot glue in place the Strix Freeflight Timer with the battery lead facing the front wedge and face down (see picture 3). The motor adapter should be facing the motor mount. Once the glue dries use a pen to gently stretch the motor mount. Attach the prop to the motor. Make sure the prop is the correct one for the motor's direction.", "737" ], [ "We want the prop to push the car so use a clockwise(CW) motor with a counterclockwise(CCW) prop or vice versa for a CCW motor. Remove the pen and slide the motor in. Leave about 3mm of the motor sticking out. Plug the motor into the free flight timer.\nStep 3: Prepare and Attach Body Shell\nRoughly cut out a body shell from the template. Glue the body shell cutout to a notecard or cardstock with a glue stick. Cut out the body shell from the card and bend down the sides along the solid lines (see picture 3). Lightly bend and mold the body shell until it resembles the example in picture 4. Apply a thin line of ductape to the underside of the body shell where the thin front end meets the mid section (see picture 5). Glue the thin front end of the shell to the front wedge of the chassis. I used a glue stick to adhere the shell to the chassis so I can remove it later. If you would like a more permanent solution use a dab of superglue. Add a small piece of ductape to the end of the motor mount. Roll a piece of ductape so it's sticky on both ends. Add this roll to the back and underside of the shell. Stick the shell down to the motor mount. This creates a ductape hinge for easy battery changes.\nStep 4: Attach Wheels and Set Timing\nThere are two sizes of wheels and axles. The shorter axle and smaller wheels are for the front of the car. Snap one small wheel onto the short axle, then slide it through the front hole. Snap-on the remaining small wheel. Snap one of the larger wheels onto the remaining axle and slide it through the rear hole on the chassis. Attach the remaining wheel.", "259" ], [ "Magpie Eyes Sci-Fi Goggles\nIntroduction: Magpie Eyes Sci-Fi Goggles\nHey <PERSON> here, your Favorite Oddity, I made these goggles for fun during a tough time, They became really popular making it on the cover of MAKE magazine issue 76. I was planning to use this build and try going into more of a business. But that's just not me. so I decided to make them open source and share them with the community.\nSupplies\nItems Needed\n* -Goggles ArcOne G-FLY-A1101 The Fly Safety Goggles\n* -3D printer I use a Creality Cr-10 3D printer\n* -PLA filament (ANY COLOR YOU WANT)\n* -E6000, Transparent glue E6000 237032 Craft Adhesive, 2 fl oz Clear\n* -Microcontroller Trinket Adafruit Trinket Mini Microcontroller\n* Power Booster PowerBoost 1000 Charger Rechargeable 5V Lipo USB Boost\n* Lithium Ion Polymer Battery - 3.7v 500mAh\n* 2x-Servos Micro servo\n* -Solder Iron -Wires\nStep 1: Print Parts\nPrinting the parts should not be too hard when you have a 3d printer, I have sized everything for my creality Cr-10 but the files should fit most printers. I recommend starting with the “lens base” and “Servo Goggle Holders”\nAfter these parts Are finished, you will want to glue them to the goggle frames using the 6000, glue. I chose this glue because it's strong and flexible. I also recommend having some clips to hold down the parts.\nQuick Hint before you start glueing make sure the Lens base pointers are sitting at 1 o'clock and 11 o’clock (or 135 degrees and 45 degrees for you technical people) this way the actually eyebrow will move correctly trust me I have glued them wrong before and had a mess.\n* Added a quick sketch if you’re more of a visual person like myself\nStep 2: Lens\nThis is probably the hardest part, I got the original design from thingiverse (https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2019585)\nBut I did alter the size and thickness for my project. 1st thing you want to do is print out the lens parts.\nout you will have to carefully insert the leaves into the holes.", "997" ], [ "Be patient and you may need to file the hole a bit to get them to fit easily. Once you have them insert you fold them in and insert them into the lens. This part may take some time and maybe a bit frustrating at moments but your patience shall be rewarded.\nStep 3: Eye Brows and Testing\nAfter everything is glued on and secured, I recommend doing a testing, Print out the eyebrow parts, and the pulley hinges.\nAttack the Eyebrows with the back hole facing outward, and use screws to attach them (Honestly don't know what size screws I kinda recycle screws into projects)\nand grab 2 hobby servos. Attach the pulleys to a hobby servo horn and insert the servo’s into the servo holders, screw them in if you can. They should look something like this.\nNext I recommend taking any board you can use to test the servos, and testing the movement moving 0 to 180 degrees. It should move.\nStep 4: Preparing Goggles and Making Boxes\nI recommend starting the print for the Circuit cups, these will hold the circuit and the battery for the Goggles\nOK here we get clever, so there is a wire on the inside of the goggles that will connect the two circuit boxes. I recommend taking a Dremel or some type of cutting instrument and making a small hole right behind the servo holder.\nNext after the Circuit cups have been printed, you shall want glue then to the back of the Servo Holder like so.\nI recommend making sure some wire is through, you will need it for the power and maybe the servo as well.\nOf course let it dry overnight.\nStep 5: Electronics\n1st.Add the Code to the Adafruit trinket. It's very Important.\nSo this is where your tinker/Maker skills come though the diagram for this is a bit weird I daisy chain the signal wires from the Adafruit trinket, here is a quick diagram I drew up\nI made a connector from a Permaboard, that way all the devices can share POWER!!\nNext\nYou will want to stick the power booster and the battery Lithium Ion, into one cup. And the trinket and the permaboard hack into the other.\nThe program should be already Uploaded onto the trinket.", "259" ], [ "How to Make Lego Technic Compatible Parts in Fusion 360\nIntroduction: How to Make Lego Technic Compatible Parts in Fusion 360\nAttending high school: Homeschool\nWhether you are looking for a discontinued Lego part, or want to make a custom Lego part, this tutorial will help. I have used Fusion 360 to do both. This tutorial will focus on Lego Technic parts.\nMy example will include making a Lego mount for a brushless motor and a servo mount. I used these to make a high powered Lego RC car.\nSupplies\n1. Autodesk Fusion 360 Software\n2. 3D printer (I use the Creality Ender 3 V2)\nRecommended: Digital Caliper\nStep 1: Measurements\nIf you want to use 3D printing to adapt non Lego parts into your Lego design, its a good idea to start by measuring the non Lego part that you want to use. A digital caliper makes this process easier.\nStep 2: Build Your Adapter or Lego Part\nIf you are creating an adapter to a non Lego part, it often works best to create the non Lego side first.\nStep 3: Make Your Part Lego Compatible\nAt this point, you may place your adapter into an existing Lego part (example of the motor mount), or add peg holes or pegs. Lego studs are 8x8x8mm peg holes are around 5mm depending on the precision of your 3D printer.", "737" ], [ "Distance center to center between peg holes should be divisible by 8. Dividing by 8 will give you the length in studs.\nYou can find Lego STL files on printablebricks.com as well as a few other sites.\nStep 4: Set Up Your Part for Printing\nImport your Lego compatible part into your 3D printing utility and set up for printing. I find that PrusaSlicer works better than many other slicers. Depending on the part I use %60 - %100 infill. Add supports and adhesion if needed and send to your printer!\nStep 5: Print Your Part\nStep 6: Post Process\nRemove any supports and file down anything that needs it. Often I need to drill the peg holes.\nStep 7: Install Your Part and Have Fun!\nI installed my Lego parts into a Lego RC car. So far they have held up! My Lego car is much more powerful now with the brushless motor instead of the Lego motors I used to make cars with. Its also easier to steer now that I have a servo to steer my car with.", "646" ] ]

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[ [ "My favorite regular!\nWe have a specials board up front at our restaurant and I was up on a chair today updating it/making it look nicer and a lady that I've served a few times came up to me and said hello. She was very kind the first time I saw her on one of my busy shifts when I couldn't get her food to her so quickly and she left a generous tip anyway and complimented my service graciously. Today she was all like \"I would've requested your section if I knew you were here!\" and then she left quickly and came back with a 10. When I wouldn't take it she said \"ah you know how I feel about you take it.\" It made my night the people I've meet serving are some I'll never forget!", "201" ], [ "Regulars walked out on their bill??\nLast night I had these two older women who I have seen before multiple times (they always sit and chat for a couple hours) and they racked up an $85 bill with a togo order. I bring the order and they thank me and say everything was great and blah blah. Then they legit walked out??? Didn't pay 😭 Thank god my cool manager was there and comped the bill so I didn't get written up by my GM. But like wtf?? Would it be rude of me to mention it to them next time they return? 😭😭 I was actually pissed because I missed out on that 20% tip..", "540" ], [ "What do you say in this situation?\nI have to give an obligatory this didn't happen just now or last night...but Saturday night.\nI had one of my usual customers come in. He'd always come in from an Uber, Lyft, or cab ride. Order food off the menu, drink tea or soda, graduate to beer, and repeat the cycle usually for a few hours over the course of a game.\nEnter Saturday night...\nRegular comes walking in and our hostess seats him. I come over and talk to him and get his order since it's kinda slow at the time but it would die later. He was being short with me and just jumped straight to drinking beer. This surprised me at first because he doesn't just jump to drinking beer. So after a little while, hes already two beers in with having no food. Normally, I let a person go a few beers deep without food before I start suggesting they take a short break from drinking beer and get some tea or water or something in them before I go flagging someone. I offer the other stuff to him first but he decides he wants another beer. So, I get it but I tell him that if he doesn't take a break soon, I'm going to have to flag him.\nAfter about 20 minutes, I'm walking back over to check on him.", "201" ], [ "He has most of that beer drank and I ask him how he's doing. At this point, he decides to order some wings with blue cheese dressing and a tea. But here's the thing. Before I have a chance to walk away and put the order in, he grabs my attention and tells me he wants someone to talk to. Since the place is nearly deserted and my side work is nearly done, I sit down to listen to him. He tells me the story of how he discovered his wife was cheating on him and now she wants to leave him and he's all broken up about the whole situation. I know bartenders are kinda like therapists in this regard since they hear about people's problems but not us waitresses. I listened to him for about 10-15 minutes and then I apologized for not having any answers for him and then put his order in. He was there for a few more hours as the west coast baseball games were in full swing. He did tip well.\nWhat would you have said if you were in my shoes? Did I do right by him?", "670" ], [ "How am I supposed to confront \"guests\" who specifically come to bother me?\nSo I became a server at a chain last July. This restaurant has a TON of regulars so I rarely have bad tables, but I had one last night, who came and sat in my section specifically to upset me.\nBackstory: Last August I met this guy (I'm a gay guy if it matters) who I instantly fell for, but was loaded with red flags. Looking back I really had my head in the clouds but I was so into him for reasons I can't explain.\nLast month he told me he was getting back together with his ex and I didn't take it well because...who would. We're not talking anymore.\nLast night was coming to a close and I started cleaning up and doing my sidework when the host tells me I have a two-top who requested to sit in my section.\n...who do you think it was?\nThey acted like they had no idea who I was, they weren't crazy or overly needy, they tipped 20%.\nBut they were holding hands across the table, gushing over each other and shit.", "951" ], [ "At the end they asked me to take a picture of them, which I did.\nSeeing them instantly put me in a bad mood. I didn't have any other tables so it didn't really matter but if they came in when it was busy it would've been a whole nother story.\nMy co-workers, managers, and I get along pretty well, but I'm afraid of how I'm supposed to approach this if they pull this shit again. I'm still new to serving so I really don't want to mess any buisness up, or bring drama into my workplace, but I can't serve them again, it instantly put me in a bad mood.\nWhat do I do?\nEDIT: Don't know if it's relevant but I felt like adding that both of these men are significantly older and bigger than me. I'm 21, the guy is in his 30's and his bf is somewhere around 30.", "951" ], [ "Best regulars ever\nI work in a small diner-like place, so there's a lot of regulars and familiar faces that come in. I'm new to serving, so l've very recently had the pleasure of getting to know the people who frequent us.", "314" ], [ "There's a mother and daughter on the older side who come in on Friday nights and they requested my section when they came in the last few times and they are so lovely!! They always ask me how my life's going with genuine care and are so kind even when we're busy and I don't get to them as fast as I'd like. I told them about how I was a recent graduate and was working almost everyday to save up for a car and they left 40 dollars for me on a 60 dollar order. The service industry is the most up and down place you'll ever be but people like them keep me on cloud nine and remind me why it is I love my job so much!!", "1015" ], [ "Last night my tip disappeared off the table then magically appeared after 30 minutes.\nLast night I took a party of 8 by myself and when they paid, I saw there was cash on the table on the left side. I thanked them, dropped some plates off at the DMO and came back and suddenly the tip was gone. I started pre bussing everything and asked my server partner if he sees it or has seen it and he was helping me look. The only person who was next to my table was him. We didn't find anything. I assumed the table took their tip back when they left.\n30 mins later the bussers finally start bussing it and the host comes up to me and said \"here's your tip for that party, the bussers found it.\" I go up to the bussers and ask them exactly where they found it. They said they found it \"on top of the table on the right side.\" There is absolutely no way I missed that.", "540" ], [ "I picked up napkins, plates, moved the computers we have on the table and nothing. There is 100000% no way I missed that tip. I obviously didn't see the server take it, but I'm assuming he stole it and put it back when he saw I was visibly angry and NOT letting it go. So idk. What do you guys think??? I don't know this guy very well and if he was stealing it wouldn't surprise me. The bussers were nowhere near that section and she was training a new busser and I DOUBT they ran in there to steal a tip during training. I'm still pissed about the whole thing but there's just no way it appeared out of nowhere.", "540" ], [ "\"You shouldn't be smoking at all!\"\nThis happened just yesterday during the football rush.\nNormally, I work mostly nights at my establishment. But, this is one of the Sundays I work especially when they're training a new hire, I'm one of the girls they let the new hire shadow and train them.\nIt's during one of the short lulls we have between game times when the FOH manager tells one of the new hires and I to go on break. I go out back with the new hire and there is a couple of people from BOH out there as well. I'm a smoker along with the three others I'm standing near the back door to the kitchen with. We light up and in a little less than the 15 minutes we're out there, we each smoke 2 cigarettes (there's one girl I work with that can smoke two and a half to three cigarettes but don't know how she does it). During my first cigarette, I see this old couple walk up to the restaurant from the back parking where the employees usually park. They look at us with a scowl on their faces. I don't think much of it. When our 15 minutes are up, I walk back in. And who do I see in my section...Mr and Mrs <PERSON>. I walk up with a smile...\nMe: Hello, thank you for coming to [business] this afternoon.", "201" ], [ "My name is u/rylielovessoftball and this is my trainee [redacted] and we'll be your servers this afternoon. Is there anything I can get you to drink while you decide on what ya'll'd like to order?\nScowl 1: I'd like to talk to your manager.\nMe: I'm sorry, the general manager is unavailable at this time. Is there a problem that I can fix?\nScowl 1: Yeah, you and your trainee reek like smoke. You should be ashamed of yourselves for smoking. I want to talk to your supervisor then.\nScowl 2: Yeah, and your smoking is why your bald and a freak.\nMe: Well, I'm sorry you feel this way. Let me get the FOH manager and you can talk to them.\nI walk off and get the FOH manager. I tell them of the situation while we're walking to the table. The two scowlers tell the manager of the people out back smoking and how their filthy habit should be made illegal and they're condoning us killing ourselves by allowing us to smoke out back. The manager apologizes and tells them that they aren't responsible for what the employees legally do on their break. And ask them to leave if they're going to be rowdy about it.\nThey eventually order and eat. My tip...a pack of nicotine patches they dropped off at the hostess stand and a note saying they wish I'd quit my filthy smoking.", "828" ], [ "Laughing now\nHowever I was not laughing Thursday night. I have had difficult customers in the past, some that even made me want to cry, but never have I had someone make my blood boil the way this woman did. Two women came in and sat in my section, both older/middle aged, seemed very annoyed with my presence and told me their order like I was stupid and I would surely mess it up if they didn't speak very slowly. Both ordered a baked potato with butter, sour cream and chives but they wanted to make and mix it themselves so they asked for all of it on the side, fine, I do all of that with a smile. The one woman ordered our honey drizzled fried chicken and I confirmed their order both were happy with how I recited it and both were happy when it came out. I went to check on them and she had taken maybe 4 or 5 bites of her chicken but said \"I asked for the honey on the side\" first off, no she definitely didn't.", "201" ], [ "But I replied saying I was so sorry, I must not have heard her say that and her friend interjects saying \"oh, she said it!! She said it two times and you repeated it back!!\" All utter bull but I offered to run back to the kitchen anyway and get her a fresh chicken breast and she agreed but said \"I don't want it how you just brought it to me. Don't let them fry it, I want it the other way\" I asked if she meant grilled and she snapped back at me saying of course she meant grilled, what else could she mean.... okay. So I run back and we luckily have a grilled chicken breast meant for a to go order that still had several minutes before it was due so I was able to grab it almost immediately upon walking back there. Their drinks stayed full, I brought them their food quickly, they gaslight me trying to get a free meal and then leave me two dollars. Sometimes this job makes me want to scream but then the next day is usually better and then I'm able to laugh at the aholes that try to get free food by berating their server", "201" ] ]

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[ [ "Crochet Papasan Chair Nest Cover and Crochet Egg Pillow\nIntroduction: Crochet Papasan Chair Nest Cover and Crochet Egg Pillow\nThey don't call me OCDmaker for nothing. A lot of Netflix time went into crocheting this papasan chair cover and egg pillow. This is part of my pandemic craft series. I received a free papasan chair with a slightly worn cushion cover. I had a blanket over it, then had the bright idea of turning it into a nest. Thought about sewing a cover in fleece and sewing on rows of fleece fringe to give the appearance of a nest. But then I realized I had a lot of yarn in the closet from past projects and projects that I never started. Figured this could use up some of that old yarn. Then of course, I wound up buying new yarn too, which kind of defeated the purpose, but I have a cool giant nest in my living room now.\nI worked mostly with bulky yarn. I wanted to use yarn in a variety of textures in blues and greens. For the center of the nest I used 5 skeins of Lion Brand Hometown USA yarn in Fayetteville Frost, which is actually a super bulky yarn. I also used velvet yarns in different weights, Lion Brand Homespun yarns, and Bernat Blanket yarns. If you wanted to speed up the project, you could go ahead and use Bernat Blanket Big or Bernat Velvet Plus yarns.", "557" ], [ "You'd just need to adjust the instructions to accommodate the bulkier yarns.\nFor the egg pillow I used Bernat Baby Velvet in Misty Green. I'm going to make a second pillow using Tiny Teal, but ran out of time before the contest deadline. I'm still planning on crocheting a second egg.\nSupplies\nFor the nest:\nThis is a partial list of the yarns I used. I have yarns so old, I doubt if the manufacturers are still in business, others had lost their labels. This is a patchwork project, so use what you have and then maybe add a couple of new yarns.\nLion Brand Yarns Hometown USA - Fayetteville Frost - 5 skeins\nLion Brand Yarns Homespun - Windsor, Regency, Waterfall, Pesto - I'll say 1 skein each, but some were remnants so less than 1 skein\nBernat Blanket - Velveteal, Light Teal - 1 skein each\nBarcelona Roving - Sage - 1 skein\nLion Brand Lion Chenille Sensations - Teal - maybe 3 skeins, I've had this yarn probably 15 years, it's a lighter weight yarn\nFun faux fur yarn - bright blue - I have no idea where I bought this\nN/P 10.0 crochet hook\nFor the egg pillow:\n1 yard lightweight fleece fabric approximately 58\" wide - enough for 2 pillows\nthread\npolyester fiber fill\nBernat Baby Velvet - Misty Green - 3 skeins - Will be making second pillow using 3 skeins of Tiny Teal\nJ crochet hook\nStep 1: Start Making Your Nest\nQuick note before beginning: The side facing you is the backside, because the loops appear on the backside. I didn't realize when I started crocheting the nest. So in the beginning, the top loops of the DC's should appear on the back not the front. The correction is made in the instructions, but the photos above show the top loops on the front.\nThe cover is convex to conform to the bowl of the papasan chair. This chair was from CostPlus World Market, but I think papasan chairs are pretty standard dimensions.\nBegin by creating a Magic Circle, Ch 1.\nRow 1: 12 DC in Magic Circle. Join with Sl St to first DC.\nRow 2: Ch 2, * 2 DC in front top loop of DC below, 1 DC in front top loop of next DC, repeat from * around. End with 1 DC in top of Ch 2, 18 DC.\nRow 3-5: Repeat Row 2.\nRow 6: Ch 2, * 2 DC in front top loop of DC below, 1 DC in front top loop of next 2 DC, repeat from * around. End with 1 DC in top of Ch 2.\nRow 7: Ch 2, * 2 DC in front top loop of DC below, 1 DC in front top loop of next 4 DC, repeat from * around. End with 1 DC in top of Ch 2.\nRow 8: Repeat Row 7.\nRow 9: Ch 2, DC in front top loops of all DC. End with DC in top of Ch 2.\nRow 10-14: Repeat Row 9.\nRow 15 and 16: Repeat Row 7.\nIf you are using a super bulky yarn, you should have enough of a base worked so that you can start doing loop stitches.", "557" ], [ "Boho Crochet Ceiling Light Globe Cover\nIntroduction: Boho Crochet Ceiling Light Globe Cover\nA friend is moving into a new townhouse. Nice place, granite countertops, hardwood floors, and \"boob\" ceiling lights. You know what I'm talking about. Because it's a rental there's not much she can do. So for a housewarming gift I decided to crochet her a cover for one of the light fixtures. It'll attach to the rim of the light fixture with strong neodymium magnets to a 10\" diameter metal floral hoop. Most of the ceiling light fixtures online I've seen are either 13\" or 11\" in diameter. As long as the globe is less than 10\" in diameter and the fixture is greater than 10\" in diameter the hoop should fit.\nI used the light fixture in my laundry area to demo the globe cover. It's not a \"boob\" light, but you get the idea. The fixture is around 12\" in diameter, so you can see how it fits.\nSupplies\n1 - Skein Caron Simply Soft yarn - white\nCrochet hook - size H - 5.0 mm\nMetal floral hoop - 10\" diameter\n6 - Neodymium magnets - .25 inch\nTapestry needle\nStep 1: Crochet Flowers - Rows 1 - 3\nI wanted to crochet the cover out of cotton, but I found it to be too heavy, so I opted for Caron Simply Soft. It has a cotton/rayon look that I like. I was able to make the cover with one skein, but it was close. So if you're a very loose crocheter, you might consider getting a second skein.\nYou'll be crocheting six flowers to surround the hoop, then a seventh that will be the beginning of the globe cover base. Don't crochet too tightly or it'll be really difficult to get the hook into the back loops of the petals for the base rows.\nStart with a Magic Circle (see photo): Ch 1\nRound 1: 12 DC in Magic Circle. Join with Sl St to first DC. 12 DC total.\nRound 2 (1st Petal Row): Ch 2, in same st, 2 DC, Ch 2, Sl St. *Sl St in next st, in same st, Ch 2, 2 DC, Ch 2, Sl St, all in the same st. Repeat from * around. Sl St to base of 1st Ch 2. 12 petals total.\nRound 3 (1st Back of Petal Base Row): This is the tricky part. You're going to Sl St through the back loop of Round 1 (see photos). Ch 1, 2 DC in same st. 2 DC in each st around. Join with Sl St to the first DC. 24 DC total.\nStep 2: Crochet Flowers - Rows 4 - 8\nRound 4 (2nd Petal Row): Ch 2, DC in same st. In the next st, DC, Ch 2, Sl St. * Sl St in the next st, in the same st, Ch 2, DC.", "557" ], [ "In the next st, DC, Ch 2, Sl St. Repeat from * around. Sl St to base of 1st Ch 2. 12 petals total.\nRound 5 (2nd Back of Petal Base Row): Sl St in 1st back loop of Round 4. Ch 1, 2 DC in same st. In next st, DC. * In next st, 2 DC, in next st DC. Repeat from * around. Join with a Sl St to the 1st DC. 36 DC total.\nRound 6 (3rd Petal Row): Ch 2, DC in same st. In next st, 2 TR. In next st, DC, Ch 2, Sl St. * In next st, Sl st, Ch 2, DC, in next st, 2 TR, in next st, DC, Sl St. Repeat from * around. Sl St to base of the 1st Ch 2. 12 petals total.\nRound 7 (4th Back of Petal Base Row): Sl St to 1st back loop of Round 6. Ch 1, in same st, 2 DC. DC in each of the next 2 sts. * In next st, 2 DC, DC in each of the next 2 sts. Repeat from * around. Join with a Sl St to the 1st DC. 48 DC total.\nRound 8 (4th Petal Row): Ch 2, DC in same st. In the next st, 2 TR, in the next st, 2 TR. In the next st, DC, Ch 2, Sl St. * In next st, Sl St, Ch 2, DC, in next st, 2 TR, in next st, 2 TR, in next st, DC, Ch 2, Sl St. Repeat from * around. Sl St to base of 1st Ch 2.", "694" ], [ "Lemon Flower Scarf\nIntroduction: Lemon Flower Scarf\nRed Heart With Lover yarn in Daffodil (1201)I crochet. I crochet a lot! So much so that whenever people see me coming with yarn in my hands they grab two crochet hooks, hold them in front of them like a cross and say: \"Back! It's beautiful, but I don't want it.\" Kidding, but I really do crochet a lot which means I give away a lot so I'm always on the look out for something new to do. After our last snow storm I started thinking about spring flowers. Flowers, I can crochet flowers, but into what. That's when I thought of this flower scarf. It's fast. As long as you can make the basic crochet stitches - great way to brush up on your basics - it's easy and best of all it doesn't use a lot of yarn. Great stash buster.\nEven if you're not so great at crocheting, give it a try. Basically crochet is making loops in different numbers on your hook and then working them off.\nYou will need to know how to single crochet, half double crochet, double crochet, treble crochet and double treble crochet.", "557" ], [ "Tutorials for the stitches:\nSingle Crochet\nHalf Double Crochet\nDouble Crochet\nTreble Crochet\nDouble Treble Crochet\nGauge\nPlease remember gauge is important. There is a good reason why it's added to every pattern. Gauge tells you how big your flowers, leaves and scarf should be. Why bother with gauge? Worsted weight yarn will get you a flower that is 5\" across, if you use a baby weight yarn that same flower will be 4\" across and if you use thread the flower will be 2\" across. Same instructions, but very different results.\nThis patterns gauge:\nFlower is 5\" across. Leave is 3-1/2\" long. Scarf is 5\" X 67-1/2\" long.\nAbbreviations Used in This Pattern:\nCh = Chain\nSc = Single Crochet\nHdc = Half Double Crochet\nDc = Double Crochet\nTrc = Treble Crochet\nDTrc = Double Treble Crochet\nSl st = Slip Stitch\nSk = Skip\nRnd = Round\nEa = Each\nSp = Space\nRep = Repeat\nBet = Between\nSupplies\n* 5 ozs Red Heart With Love yarn in White (1001)\n* 5 ozs Red Heart With Love yarn in Lettuce(1601)\n* 5 ozs Red Heart With Lover yarn in Daffodil (1201)\n* Size I crochet hook (sometimes called 5.50 mm) or hook to obtain gauge\n* Needle to take yarn\n* Scissors\nStep 1: Flower Center\nWith Daffodil and I hook ch-3, sl st to form a ring.\nStep 2: Rnd 1:\nRnd 1: Ch-1, work 10 sc in ring, sl st top beg sc, do not turn. (10 sts)\nStep 3: Rnd 2:\nRnd 2: In just the front lp of ea st work (ch-4, sc) around ending ch-4, sl st top beg sc, fasten off.\nStep 4: Rnd 3:\nWith White yarn and I hook join in any back lp unworked from rnd 2, ch-1, work 2 sc in ea lp around, sl st top beg sc, do not turn. (20 sts)\nStep 5: Rnd 4:\n* ch-5, (dtrc, ch-3, trc, ch-3, dtrc next st), ch-5, sc next 3 sts * rep bet ** around join Daffodil, fasten off white, do not turn.\nStep 6: Rnd 5:\nCh-1, (sc, hdc, dc) next ch-5 lp, ch-1, sc top next dtrc,ch-1, 4 dc next ch-3 sp, ch-1, sc top next trc, ch-1, 4 dc next ch-3 sp, ch-1, sc top next dtrc, ch-1, (dc, hdc, sc) next ch-5 lp * rep bet ** around, sl st top beg sc, fasten off.\n-Make 10 flowers.", "557" ], [ "Gourdgeous Crochet Pumpkins\nIntroduction: Gourdgeous Crochet Pumpkins\nFall decor has never been faster with the Gourdgeous (Gourds, get it?) Crochet Pumpkins. Any beginner can make these in no time, using only a crocheted rectangle sewn into a pumpkin shape. Each ball of recommended yarn makes 2 pumpkins. Customize the look by switching up colors, yarn thickness and hook size, or stem material.\nABBREVIATIONS\n* ch - chain\n* RS - Right Side\n* WS - Wrong Side\n* hdc - half double crochet\n* st(s) - stitch(es)\n* lp - loop\n* sc - single crochet\nNo gauge; finished pumpkin size depends on amount of stuffing.", "557" ], [ "Sample pumpkin is 5in wide and 4in tall.\nThroughout: ch2 does not count towards stitches.\nSupplies\n* Approximately 50 yds Lion Brand Wool Ease Thick & Quick (1 full ball makes 2 pumpkins), or equivalent super bulky yarn\n* 5 yds contrasting color yarn for stem\n* Size N13/9mm crochet hook\n* Polyester Fiberfill\n* Tapestry needle\n* Scissors\nStep 1:\nCh 22.\nStep 2:\nRow 1 (RS): hdc in 3rd ch from hook and in each ch across (20 sts). Ch 2, turn.\nStep 3:\nRow 2 (WS): hdc in back lp only across. Ch 2, turn.\nStep 4:\nRows 3-20: Repeat row 2.\nStep 5:\nCut yarn, leaving a 30in tail.\nStep 6:\nFold work in half so that beginning ch is touching last row, RS facing out.\nStep 7:\nUsing tapestry needle, whipstitch beginning ch to inside loop of end row.\nStep 8:\nThread yarn tail through every other edge st and cinch tight. Secure with a knot but do not cut yarn.\nStep 9:\nFill open end with polyester fiberfill.\nStep 10:\nPush tapestry needle with tail yarn through center of closed end, through the fiberfill, and out the open end.\nStep 11:\nWeave tail yarn through every other edge st and cinch tight, both closing the hole and pulling the pumpkin flatter.\nStep 12:\nSecure with knot, trim yarn, and weave in ends.\nStep 13:\nWith contrasting yarn for stem, make an adjustable ring (or ch1) and sc 4 in that space.\nStep 14:\nSc on top of first st to join in the round.\nStep 15:\nSc around for 7 rounds. Cut yarn, leaving a 10in tail.\nStep 16:\nUse remaining tail yarn to sew to pumpkin top.\nAlternatively, affix a twig or cinnamon stick using hot glue, or sew on a fabric stem.", "694" ], [ "Gourdgeous Knit Pumpkins\nIntroduction: Gourdgeous Knit Pumpkins\nFall decor has never been faster with the Gourdgeous (Gourds, get it?) Knit Pumpkins. Any beginner can make these in no time, using only a knit tube or rectangle sewn into a pumpkin shape. Each ball of recommended yarn makes 2 pumpkins. Customize the look by switching up colors, yarn thickness and needle size, or stem material.\nSteps 1-12 are for knitting flat on straight or circular needles.\nSteps 13-20 are for knitting in the round on circular needles, using the Magic Loop method.\nSteps 21-24 are for knitting the i-cord stem on DPNs.\nABBREVIATIONS\n* CO - Cast On\n* st(s) - stitches\n* Rnd(s) - Round(s)\n* RS - Right Side\n* WS - Wrong Side\n* k - knit\n* p - purl\n* DPN(s) - double pointed needle(s)\nNo gauge; finished pumpkin size depends on amount of stuffing. Sample pumpkin is 6in wide and 3.5in tall.\nSupplies\n* Approximately 40 yds Lion Brand Wool Ease Thick & Quick (1 full ball makes 2 pumpkins), or equivalent super bulky yarn\n* Approximately 5 yds contrasting color yarn\n* Size US15/10mm straight or circular knitting needles\n* Size US9/5.5mm DPNs\n* Stitch Marker\n* Polyester Fiberfill\n* Tapestry needle\n* Scissors\nStep 1: Knit Flat\nCO 37 sts.\nStep 2: Knit Flat\nRow 1 (RS): (k2, p1) across to last st, k1.\nStep 3: Knit Flat\nRow 2 (WS): p1, then (k1, p2) to end of row.\nStep 4: Knit Flat\nRepeat last two rows 11 more times, for a total of 24 rows.\nStep 5: Knit Flat\nBind off and cut yarn, leaving a 30in long tail.\nStep 6: Knit Flat\nFold in half so edges of work are touching, right sides out.\nStep 7: Knit Flat\nMake an Invisible Vertical Seam down the side using tapestry needle to create a tube.\nStep 8: Knit Flat\nPull yarn through every other stitch at end of tube and cinch closed. Secure with a knot but do not cut yarn.\nStep 9: Knit Flat\nFill open end with polyester fiberfill.\nStep 10: Knit Flat\nPush tapestry needle with tail yarn through center of closed end, through the fiberfill, and out the open end.\nStep 11: Knit Flat\nWeave tail yarn through every other end stitch and cinch tight, both closing the hole and pulling the pumpkin flatter.\nStep 12: Knit Flat\nSecure with knot, trim yarn, and weave in ends.\nStep 13: Knit in the Round\nCO 36 sts and join in the round. Place stitch marker at beginning of round.\nStep 14: Knit in the Round\nRnds 1-24: (k2, p1) around.\nStep 15: Knit in the Round\nCut yarn, leaving a 30” long tail.\nStep 16: Knit in the Round\nUsing tapestry needle, pull yarn through every other end st and cinch closed.", "557" ], [ "Secure with knot but do not cut yarn.\nStep 17: Knit in the Round\nFill open end with polyester fiberfill.\nStep 18: Knit in the Round\nPush tapestry needle with tail yarn through center of closed end, through the fiberfill, and out the open end.\nStep 19: Knit in the Round\nWeave tail yarn through every other cast on st and cinch tight, both closing the hole and pulling the pumpkin flatter.\nStep 20: Knit in the Round\nSecure with knot, trim yarn, and weave in ends.\nStep 21: Stem\nTo make i-cord: CO 4 sts on one DPN.\nStep 22: Stem\nSlide sts back to beginning of needle. Do not turn. Bring yarn behind the work to first st. k4.\nStep 23: Stem\nRepeat until your i-cord is 7 rnds tall. Cut yarn, leaving a 10in long tail. Thread yarn through top 4 loops using tapestry needle.\nStep 24: Stem\nUse remaining tail yarn to sew stem to pumpkin top. Alternatively, affix a twig or cinnamon stick using hot glue, or sew on a fabric stem.", "694" ], [ "A Cuddly Crochet Jack-o'-lantern\nIntroduction: A Cuddly Crochet Jack-o'-lantern\nWorried about a pumpkin price hike for this year's Jack-o'-lantern? Hate the mess of carving an actual pumpkin? Do you just crave another seasonal cuddly dust collector? If you nodded to any of those questions let me take you along for a spooky session of crocheting!\nSupplies\nA crochet hook and an orange yarn are self explanatory, but you will also need some green yarn for the pumpkin's stem, and some black yarn for the mouth and the eyes. Some stuffing material is optional but highly recommended.\nWant more details? I used a 3 mm yarn and a corresponding crochet hook.\nFurthermore I will be using some standard abbreviations for stitches:\n* SC - Single Crochet\n* HDC - Half Double Crochet\n* DC - Double Crochet\nStep 1: The Foundation\nLet's start off slow. Chain 20 + 1 stitches, chain 1, turn your work around, and move on to the next step.\nStep 2: The First Rib\nNext we will form the first of many pumpkin's ribs.\n1. slip stitch\n2. 2x SC\n3. HDC\n4. 12x DC\n5. HDC\n6. 2X SC\n7. slip stitch\n8. chain 1 & turn your work around\nDo this three times to make a single rib.\nStep 3: Making the First Crease\nTo make ribs as pronounced as possible, we have to make creases very sharp.\n1. 20 slip stitches (red yarn)\n2. chain 1 & turn your work around\n3. 20 slip stitches pulling the yarn from the opposite side (green yarn)\n4. chain 1 & turn your work around\nRepeat stitches from Step 2 to make another rib.\nStitches form row 2 are somewhat unusual. They might be difficult before you get used to them.\nStep 4: Making the Second Crease\nSince ribs are made of three rows, pattern repeats every two ribs. Here is how to make the second crease:\n1. 20 slip stitches pulling the yarn from the opposite side (green yarn)\n2. chain 1 & turn your work around\n3. 20 slip stitches (red yarn)\n4.", "557" ], [ "chain 1 & turn your work around\nRepeat stitches from Step 2, but the first row is crochet pulling the yarn from the opposite side (first orange row after red one in the photos). Note that you have to yarn over the crochet hook in a counter clockwise direction.\nStep 5: Rinse and Repeat\nRepeat steps 3 through 4 until you are happy with how big your pumpkin is. You can stop at anytime after you finish steps 3 or 4. I opted to go with ten ribs, which means I stopped after finishing the fifth Step 3.\nBefore I show you how to turn what you see on the photo above into a pumpkin, let's talk about Jack-o'-lantern's face.\nStep 6: Carving the Eyes\nI think this goes without saying, but use black yarn for eyes. I only used brown because my lighting and camera setup wouldn't let me take nice photos if I used black yarn.\n1. 6x SC in a magic ring\n2. SC, chain 2, SC; all in the same stitch (in an odd stitch of the previous round)\n3. slip stitch (in an even stitch of the previous round)\n4. repeat 2 & 3 two more times to get a triangle\nPull up the loop and sew the yarn as shown in the last photo and congratulations! One eye done, one more to go.\nStep 7: Don't Cut Yourself!\nEyes were very simple to make, mouth comes with longer set of instructions.\n1. chain 21+1\n2. 2x slip stitch (starting with the second chain from the hook)\n3. SC\n4. DC, chain 2, imitating HDC (as seen on photo 4; instead of yarning over, put crochet hook through the bottom loop of previous DC and through the same chain you used for DC in 4.; after pulling up the yarn, you end up with three loops on your hook as seen on photo 5; yarn over and pull through all three loops) [this forms a downwards zig-zag]\n5. SC\n6. HDC (pull the yarn through first and fourth chain (photo 6) so that you end up with four loops on your hook (photo 11), pull through all)\n7. repeat 3 through 6 once\n8. repeat 3 through 5\n9. 2x slip stitch\nStep 8: Frankensteining It Togeather\nAnd so we find ourselves in much the same situation as the famous dr. <PERSON> did. We have multiple body parts that have to be stitched together.", "694" ], [ "Small Dog Poncho\nIntroduction: Small Dog Poncho\nI crocheted this for my little chihuahua. This sweater keeps her warm in the winter!\nSize:\n10 inches long\nBack to edge: 4 inches\nSupplies\n* Lion Brand medium weight yarn\n* 3.5 mm hook\n* 4 small buttons\n* Thread (matching primary color)\n* Needle\nStep 1: Poncho\nPoncho:\nThis section is done in corner to corner stitch. Each square is two chains and two half-double crochet stitches. Most of the pattern will be done by following the graph below.\nRow 1: (pink) Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains. Row 2: (pink) Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains. Turn and slip stitch into the top of the previous square. Switch color to yellow, chain 2 and crochet 2 half double crochet stitches.\nRow 3-18: Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains. *Turn and slip stitch into the top of the previous square. Chain 2 and crochet 2 half double crochet stitches.* Repeat until the end of the row.\nContinue switching color as shown by the graph. Keep the crossovers on one side of the crochet so as to hide stray yarn.\nRow 19: Changing color as needed, crochet 18 squares (instead of what would normally be 19 squares). Turn, slip stitch to the top of square 18.\nRow 20: Crochet 17 squares.\nRow 21: Turn, chain 4, 2 half double crochet. (This is making the pointed end of the poncho.) Crochet another 16 squares.\nRow 22 - 37: Repeat, following the graph for the color and placement of squares.\nFinish off.\nStep 2: Buckle (x2)\nBuckle (x2):\n(in pink)\nRow 1: Crochet 4 chains.", "694" ], [ "Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains.\nRow 2: Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains. Turn and slip stitch into the top of the previous square. *Chain 2 and crochet 2 half double crochet stitches. Slip stitch into top of next square. * Repeat until the end of the row.\nRows 3 - 7: Repeat.\nRow 8: Crochet 7 squares.\nRow 9: Crochet 6 squares.\nRow 10: Crochet 5 squares.\nRow 11: Crochet 4 squares.\nRow 12: Crochet 3 squares.\nRow 13: Crochet 2 squares.\nRow 14: Crochet 1 square. Finish off.\nStep 3: Collar\nCollar:\n(in pink)\nRow 1: Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains.\nRow 2-4: Crochet 4 chains. Skip the first two chains and crochet 1 half double crochet into each of the next two chains. Turn and slip stitch into the top of the previous square. *Chain 2 and crochet 2 half double crochet stitches. Slip stitch into top of next square. * Repeat until the end of the row.\nRow 5: Crochet 3 squares.\nRow 6: Crochet 2 squares.\nRow 7: Crochet 1 square. Finish off.\nStep 4: Sew on Buckles\nSew the buckles onto the sides of the poncho between the third and fourth pink arrows.\nStep 5: Sew on Buttons.\nSew the four buttons onto the sweater.\nStep 6: Sew on the Collar\nSew the collar onto the front of the poncho.\nStep 7: Tassels\nTassels:\nCut the tassels to be 5 inches long. Attach tassels to the edge of the poncho, with 1-2 tassels per outer square.\nStep 8: Completed!", "694" ], [ "A Riff on the Rag Rug\nIntroduction: A Riff on the Rag Rug\nThe idea of using scraps/leftover fabric to create a rag rug is nothing new. I have made a couple of braided rugs with quilting cotton leftovers which were hand stitched together. I love them, but I am not about to put them in high traffic areas because they took quite a bit of time and energy to create, and I don't love the idea of a hand stitched item that took many, many hours to create getting dingy or dirty. I realize that is a bit silly when I am talking about a rug that lives on the floor, but it's how I feel!\nBut I was in need of new rugs, and I do love the idea of a hand made rug, just maybe something a little less precious. I had previously knit two rugs for the kitchen area which started to look a little worse for wear, and I wasn't totally in love with them; I also needed a larger rug for the living room.\nI cannot recall when I first came across a Jelly Roll Rug, but once I saw one, my mind wouldn't let go of the idea that this was the perfect solution.\nSupplies\nQuilting Cotton\nCotton Batting\nLarge Quilting Ruler to mark your strips\nFabric Pen\nSewing Machine with the ability to z\nThread (you will need a lot of it - make sure you have a few bobbins ready to go!)\nWalking Foot (optional, but super helpful)\nNeedles, heavy duty to be able to manage four layers of batting + the cotton\nStep 1: Preparing the Strips\nI started small, with the idea to replace the dog bowl rug in the kitchen area.\nAn actual Jelly Roll was not used since the idea was to use up fabric scraps that I had on hand. I gathered scraps of fabric that I thought would look nice together, purchased a few small cuts of quilting cotton in a similar color palette to make sure I had enough, and ripped my 2.5\" wide strips along the cross grain. Cotton batting was cut into 2.25\" wide strips.\nI started at the ironing board and wrapped the batting in my cotton strips.", "929" ], [ "Eventually, this got old, and I decided that the ironing step was unnecessary. From that point, I just folded the layers together at the sewing machine, first folding either end toward center, and then in half again.\nThe strips get stitched together along the open edge. A walking foot comes in handy for this process to keep those layers from shifting under the feed dogs, but it is certainly not required.\nStep 2: The Mini Rug\nFor the first design, I used my 42\" wide strips laid side to side in an order that I found pleasing.\nThere was no need to join the ends of the fabric/batting tubes since the 42\" minus the trimmed selvedge ends was going to be wide enough for my rug.\nThose individual strips were then laid side by side and zig zagged together, one at a time, until the rug was the intended size. For ease of sewing, make sure to add your new strip to the right of the growing rug so that you have only a single strip under the arm of the machine. With a smaller rug this is not so much of an issue, but as they get larger, you won't want to fight all of that bulk under the arm of the machine.\nTo finish the sides, I just used a plain strip of fabric (minus the batting) and bound the edges. It's not perfectly rectangular, but it certainly works, and I think it looks rather pretty!\nIt's the perfect rug for under the dog dishes since it's easy to clean and will absorb any spilled water.\nStep 3:\nOf course, once I made the first one, I wanted a larger version to replace the boring gray rug in the living room. That was definitely going to need more than the 42\" strips, so I needed to join at least some of the ends.\nOnce I came up with a color/print order, I joined the seams along the bias, trimming the excess off after I had a long chain of 2.5\" wide fabric.\nThe next step was to wrap the fabric around more cotton batting until I had a big ball of fabric rope.\nThe idea for this rug was to make it into a half circle shape, or something similar; large enough to fit the coffee table, but rounded at one end to save on fabric. Strip by strip, I zig zagged them together.\nWell, my sewing machine table is set against a wall, and once the rug began to grow, it was a struggle to manage the bulk behind my machine.", "316" ] ]

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[ [ "Japan’s Kanji of the Year 2012 · Global Voices\nkanji of gold, pronounced “kin” in Japanese\nThe Kanji of the year is “gold” (金).\nThe Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation announced [ja] that the kanji of the year 2012 is gold (金) at the Kiyomizu-dera temple on December 12, 2012. The annual Kanji of the year announcement began back in 2000 and has attracted the attention of the public every year.\nThe Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation explained they chose this kanji to symbolize “milestones” (written 金字塔) achieved this year, such as gold medals for Japan (金メダル) at the 2012 London Olympics, a Nobel prize win by Dr. <PERSON>, the newly opened Skytree in Tokyo, and a solar eclipse (金環日食) observed across Japan.\nNetizen's Reactions\nMany paid attention to the announcement of the kanji, but netizens are not so convinced that this year was glittering in gold. Twitter user <PERSON> shrugs, because the kanji also means “money” in Japanese.\nimage of skytree. photo taken by <PERSON>@keloinwell\nあまりいいイメージはないなあ。金字塔から金ってのもな\nGold doesn't give me a good impression. [I wonder why] they chose 金 from 金字塔.\n@kintaryuta\n今年の漢字て、いまいち今年っぽくない。メダルはともかく、「金字塔」てぴんとこない\nThe kanji of the year doesn't sound very much like this year.", "925" ], [ "I understand where they come from for the gold medals, but milestone (金字塔) doesn't ring a bell to me.\nSome users commented with sarcasm, referring to <PERSON> which is written 金正恩 in Kanji [the “gold” kanji appears in the word].\n@yakkun99\n今年の漢字は「金」なの。北朝鮮がミサイル発射した日に「金」て\nThe kanji of the year was announced “gold” (金), the same day North Korea launched a missile.\nLet Robots Wrap Up the Year with Jokes\nRandom kanji of Global Voices Japanese is “hip” or a “waist” according to joke service Shindanmaker. Doesn't make sense? It's meant to be a joke.\nA user generated joke web service ShindanMaker automatically generates “your kanji of the year [ja]”. Users can see what the site picks for them based on the user name they enter. The site also generates a “report on the level of your real-life satisfaction [ja] ” and a “forecast of your year-end/new year days [ja]”.\nGlobal Voices Japan Lingua in 2012\nNotes from meetup\nHow was the year 2012 for you? Global Voices Japan's Lingua team [ja] had three meetups this year. Transactions among Lingua volunteers are very active through emails, but for many new members it was their first time to meet face to face. Global Voices welcomed new Japanese Translation Manager <PERSON> and new Language editor <PERSON>. Global Voices Japan team is looking forward to publishing more stories about Japan as well as more translation of posts for a Japanese audience in the coming year.\nWishing you happy holidays and new year!", "925" ], [ "Top 4 Buzzwords that People in Japan Couldn’t Stop Saying in 2013 · Global Voices\nIn 2013, Japan had variety of newly introduced phrases and words. Image by <PERSON>\nAmong the slew of new and popular words to emerge in Japan this year, only four have risen above the rest to win the honor of the 2013 New Buzzwords Award [ja], an annual distinction handed out by distance learning company U-Can and publishing firm Liberal National.\nIn an unprecedented result, the four winners tied for first place out of 50 nominees. They are:\n1. Imadesho!\nMeaning “how 'bout now?!”, the phrase was made popular by <PERSON>, a lecturer who teaches modern Japanese at a specialized school known as a cram school, after he used it in a commercial for the school, saying that it was about time that the viewer start studying for exams.\n2. O-mo-te-na-shi\nSimply the spelling aloud of the Japanese word “omotenashi”, meaning hospitality, this buzzword was introduced to the Japanese language by <PERSON>, a news presenter who spoke at the final Olympic bid meeting for Japan.", "243" ], [ "Hospitality and warm welcomes that are deeply rooted in Japanese society.\n3. Jejeje\nMeaning “What? What?! WHAT!?”, the phrase entered the public's vocabulary thanks to the 2013 widely popular television drama “Amachan.” This is part of a dialect used by the main character who is from the Tohoku region to express surprise. She tries to become a celebrity idol in Tokyo, and finally returns to Tohoku to help revitalize the area after the Great East Japan Earthquake.\n4. Baigaeshi\nAlso from a popular television drama, “baigaeshi” means “two-fold payback” or “revenge” and is the catchphrase of the main character on “Hanazawa Naoki,” a banker who stands up to his unreasonable boss.\nTwitter user <PERSON> commented about the television link between all four of the top words:\n流行語大賞。４つ選ばれたものすべてがテレビ由来ということは、テレビの影響力はまだまだ大きいってことだよね。\n— <PERSON> (@yukihiro_matz) 2013, 12月 2\nWith the Buzzwords Award, the fact that all four selected words have some basis in television just goes to show that television’s sphere of influence is larger than before.\nAmong others that entered into the top ten on the list announced on December 2, 2013 was “hate speech”, a word that was on the lips of many in 2013, a year that saw anti-Korea protesters, angry over the popularity of Korean products on the Japanese market, grow more vocal.\nOther words in the top ten included “PM 2.5”, as it is commonly called, or atmospheric pollution in the form of particulate matter, which became a buzzword stoked by fears that neighboring China's pollution is reaching Japan; “Secret Protection Bill,” a controversial bill that would toughen penalties for leaking national secrets; and “Abenomics,” a sort of slogan for the administration of President <PERSON>’s economic policies.\nAscii art used to describe gekiokopunpunmaru, a new buzzword used in 2013 to express one's anger\nNet Buzzwords Award\nAnother award, this time the “Net Buzzword Award [ja],” which was announced on December 2, seemed to generate even more talk. The award, which highlights popular words from the Internet, is carried out by a Japan's search engine company, and decided by users from 2chan, an online bulletin board, who cast their votes [ja] on what they think were the most well-noted phrases of the year.\nThe Net Buzzwords Award also awarded the top spot to “Imadesho!”, while “Baigaeshi” took third. In second place was “gekiokopunpunmaru”, a phrase that childishly expresses extreme anger in the form of an onomatopoeia and therefore is fairly difficult to translate into English.", "925" ], [ "Japan’s Cherry Blossom Tradition Tests Rookie Employees · Global Voices\nAmong the thousands of people that fill Japan's parks every spring to picnic under the delicate pink cherry blossoms, known as sakura, are young professionals. They are new recruits sent by their bosses to reserve a spot for the company's outdoor feast, and are sometimes made to sit for hours well into the night guarding the location.\nThe blooming of the cherry blossom trees in Japan in early spring coincides with the beginning of the Japanese business year, and it is tradition to test new employees with this task.\n<PERSON> at Yoyogi Park. Photo by <PERSON> (CC BY 2.0)\nTwitter user <PERSON> (‏@MameBroth) wrote about the thankless job on his account on March 20, 2013:\n‏@MameBroth: 新人が花見の場所取りをします。ですが仕事には納期があります。なのでノートパソコンを持たされます。場所取りしながらコーディングします。夜になります。誰も来ません。会社に連絡すると「クソ忙しいのにいけるわけねえだろ！」と怒られます。まだ冷える寒い夜に一人ぼっち。なんと悲しいことか。\n‏@MameBroth: I am taking place for hanami spot as a new employee. But I have to meet a product deadline so they told me to bring a laptop computer. I do coding while reserving the spot. Night comes on. Nobody has come yet.", "925" ], [ "I call the office. I get yelled at over the phone, “What make you think we can come? We are busy as hell!”. All alone on a chilling night. How sad is this.\nThe tradition of new hires reserving a picnic spot for their companies is part of the larger annual tradition of hanami where friends and families hold feasts under the flowering trees and enjoy sake and beer. Companies also organize hanami, and often cases, the new employees are being evaluated based on how good they conduct the hanami party.\nWhy is this a new employee’s job? In online resource site All About, writer <PERSON> stated [ja] that the task is a way for new recruits to prove their workplace skills:\nもしあなたが幹事なら、場所を確保し、お酒の調達をするだけではあまりにも無難すぎます。なぜなら花見の準備は、仕事の手際や仕切りに通じます。酒宴の準備とは、すなわちあなたの手腕が、こっそりと上司や先輩に試されているということでもあるのです。\nIf you are responsible for your company's hanami party, simply reserving a spot and procuring liquors are not good enough.The skill of preparing hanami is associated with management skill and neat work. Your bosses and seniors are surreptitiously evaluating your capability through your skill of preparing the feast.\nThis year, the Japan Meteorological Agency announced cherry blossoms reached full bloom on March 22 in Tokyo, the second earliest since the weather agency began taking statistics in 1953.\nWith the early arrival of the full bloom of cherry blossoms this year, Twitter users wondered if the new employees’ first task would be affected. The blooming period is very short, and company hanami parties are supposed to be held in April.", "925" ], [ "News from Chinese Blogosphere · Global Voices\n1. Blog Auction:A T-shirt that was signed by participants of CnBloggerCon was auctioned on the official blog(in ZH). The revenue would contribute to two online charity projects: Simling Library and 1KG. Blggers can post on their blog then use trackback to offer price. The price rose from 20 to about 700 overnight. Also the ppt files of speeches in CnBloggerCon are available online.\n2. Collaborative Blogging: ESWN, Anti's English Blog (in ZH)and Simon World are asking for co-authors and guest bloggers. As <PERSON> of ESWN said, they are inviting “like-minded” guest. All of them are focusing on China-related topics.\n3. Olympic Mascots: Mascots for 2008 Beijing Olympics are released consisting of a set of 5 mascots called “The Five Friendlies“.", "356" ], [ "Many arguments have been made as to whether they were appropriate. There are also some variants on the internet.\n4. BBC Interview: BBC interviewed with some bloggers including <PERSON> via phone. He posted his experiences in dealing with foreign media. However many bloggers felt very unhappy about it because he said he was bored with the censorship issue that is certainly the major agenda of BBC correspondents.\n5: Brief History of Chinese Blog: <PERSON> began to pack up some details and write a series of post reviewing the history of Chinese Blogs(in ZH), including how the blogosphere evolved since it was introduced in 2002.\n6: WSIS: <PERSON> attended the WSIS panel. As <PERSON> posted, he believe “free thinking is more important than free speech right now “. <PERSON>, who was also on this panel, divided Chinese blogosphere into several categories based on her observation visiting China.\n7: Forum on the China Internet Media: The fifth Forum on the China Internet Media has ended in Hangzhou. Officials and professionals singed a proposal calling on China-based news websites to contribute toward establishing a harmonious society, as China Digital Times reported. The term “harmonious society” was the most frequent word used in Chinese official press thsi year.\n8. 4.5 million blogs: <PERSON> pointed to a survey which estimated that there are 4.5 million regularly maintained blogs.", "356" ], [ "Japan’s Independent Tofu Makers Are Rapidly Disappearing · Global Voices\nPhoto of a tofu maker's store, in which tofu is produced and sold. Image by Flickr user <PERSON> (CC BY NC ND 2.0)\nJapan's Yomiuri Newspaper recently reported [ja] that the country's traditional tofu makers who produce and sell tofu in their own shops are on the verge of extinction.", "925" ], [ "According to the article, in the last ten years, 5,000 tofu makers have closed down their businesses.\nTofu industry journal Toyoshimpo [ja] detailed that the number of tofu makers are decreasing year after year, and now there are fewer than 10,000 tofu sellers in Japan.\nTimes are getting tougher for these independent tofu providers due to a hike in the cost of soy beans. Supermarkets and grocery stores are demanding lower prices from tofu makers, and independent tofu makers that sell tofu have to compete with the price of cheap mass‐produced tofu, amid Japan's economic stagflation.\nThe news reverberated on Twitter, where users recalled the tofu makers in their own communities and commented on the state of the industry.\nJournalist <PERSON> wrote anxiously in response to the news report:\n「豆腐の安売りが激しくなっており、どこも経営が苦しい。適正な価格でスーパーに卸すなど販売価格を見直さないと、豆腐屋はいずれなくなってしまう」と。それは困る！ →豆腐店、続々廃業「３６５日働いても利益ない」（読売新聞） http://t.co/QPt3jrhYLq\n— <PERSON> (@amneris84) November 2, 2013\nThe report says “The price competition of tofu is increasing, and tofu makers are having a difficult time.If tofu makers don't review the price or start selling their tofu to supermarkets, they will disappear.” Now that is a problem! ―Tofu makers closing down businesses, say there's no profit despite being open 365 days―\nTwitter user <PERSON> expressed feelings of powerlessness, and commented in grief that despite her personal effort to support the community tofu maker by intentionally avoiding mega-stores that sell tofu, it didn't make a difference:\n大手スーパーに、食の文化も安全も乗っ取られてはいけない・・と、できるだけ近所のお店で買い物をするようにしている。 でも、町の美味しいお豆腐屋さんもなくなってしまった。 ■豆腐店、続々廃業「３６５日働いても利益ない」 http://t.co/tNbtTyLy4o …\n— 城山キーウィ (@ShiroPineapple) November 2, 2013\nI have always made the effort to visit local stores instead of going to a big supermarket, yet my favorite tofu seller in the community closed up shop. ―TTofu makers closing down businesses, say there's no profit despite being open 365 days―\nPhoto of a tofu store taken by Flickr user vintagecat (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)\n<PERSON> recommended that people take a hard look at the consequences of cheap tofu prices:\n他生産品が値上げするなか低価格のままは確かに歪んでる。無理な低価格は食の安全を脅かすことにも繋がりかねない。安いことは喜ばしいけど、我々も安さの裏側をもっと見なくちゃ。", "925" ], [ "Japan: Anime Character ‘<PERSON>’ on Twitter · Global Voices\nSazae-san, a comedy chronicling the lives of the fictional <PERSON> family, is one of Japan's longest-running and oldest comic strips and animations. The animated series first aired in 1969 and is broadcast every Sunday from 6:30 to 7:00. It's not much of an exaggeration to say that at some point in our lives, all Japanese, either as a child or when raising children, will follow the tradition of having Sunday dinner with the family while watching Sazae-san (and finishing up with Chibi Maruko-chan, which airs from 7:00-7:30).\nRecently, a seemingly unofficial Twitter account for <PERSON>, the agreeable husband of the main character <PERSON>, popped up. He already has close to 7,000 followers after 100+ tweets.\nMasuo-san makes announcements about air dates, with a unique spin. The Twitter story is set up describing the <PERSON> family as having television crews come in to film their daily lives.\nGood morning. ‘Sazae-san’ will air today. The <PERSON> family used to review the shows together when we first started, but lately a show can go by without anyone seeing it.\nHe gives us a bit of insight to his home life.\nE-mail from <PERSON> in Hakata. She's having a motsunabe dinner with the filming crew. <PERSON> is originally from Fukuoka Prefecture, so she plans to meet friends afterwards.\nHe also gets the chance to tell his side of the story. <PERSON> often takes a backseat to his outgoing and sometimes pushy wife and her immediate family, so it's refreshing to hear his voice.\nFinished work for the day and heading home. The show makes it look like I go home everyday while the sun is still out, but I actually do a fair amount of overtime.\nThere are clever tie-ins with social trends.", "243" ], [ "The Taspo Card is an identity card required to buy cigarettes from the vending machine. Convenience stores enjoyed a bump in business for a while when people who hadn't applied for their cards yet went to the stores instead.\nDecent weather, going for a walk with <PERSON>. I'm out of cigarettes, so we'll head over to the convenience store near Sakura Shinmachi Station. I haven't gotten around to making a Taspo yet.\nAnd of course, he answers questions about the other characters on the show.\n[Question] What type of novels does <PERSON> write? [<PERSON>'s answer] Literary romances, or so I hear. Just between you and I, I haven't read any of <PERSON> books. They're available through Amazon but it's all a bit too highbrow for me.\nBlogger <PERSON> appreciates the humor.\nそこで、今日の放送と同時に、彼の実況解説が行われていたのだ。\n一番笑ったのは、マスオさんが波平さんと歩いているシーンの後ページを読み込むと、「すみません。午前中実はパチンコ行ってました。」の書き込み。確かにそのシーンのマスオさんは紙袋を抱えていた。見事なアドリブだ。\n本来、私は二次創作等が好きじゃないのだが、これは許せた。\nきっとマスオさん（なりきり）のセンスが素晴らしいんだと思う。\n<PERSON>-san tweeted throughout the program today. I laughed the most when there was a tweet saying “Sorry. I was actually playing pachinko this morning” after a scene where <PERSON> was walking with <PERSON>. He was carrying a paper bag in that scene. Excellent ad libbing!\nGenerally, I don't like secondary works but this is very acceptable. It must be that <PERSON> (or rather, the person behind the Twitter account) has a wonderful sense of humor.\n<PERSON> is also enjoying the ride.", "243" ], [ "Chinese Bloggers on the New Internet Regulation · Global Voices\nMinistry of Information Industry of China issued a new regulation called “Rules on the Administration of Internet News Information Services” (For Chinese Original and unofficial English Translation of the document), which aims to put more monitoring and control over Chinese internet, including News Portal Websites, Bulletin Board System and Blog. Chinese Bloggers are having their voices concerning this regulation.\n<PERSON>, a newspaper correspondent, wrote a post titled “Red Star over China”, condemning this round of censorship. He linked his article with coverage from the major foreign media and direct to another article which called on government to be aware of the emergence of Podcast.\nMindmeters cited an article to show his anger over the censorship. It was written by <PERSON>, a famous Chinese Novelist who has died 8 years ago. In the story he wrote with sharp irony: to block everything on internet and all the writers should be going to have physical labor since there is no space for them to earn a living merely by writing.\n<PERSON> posted with some recent activities of censorship.", "356" ], [ "He reminded people that the English news websites are no longer safer than their Chinese counterparts as Great Firewall approached them. He mocked the legislature that the “Rules on Internet News Services” was put forward before the Laws on News.\n<PERSON> protested on his blog and declared that he wouldn’t be blogging for a period of one month. He said that his decision was triggered off by the temporary blockage of Zaobao.com, a news website based in Singapore (It backed to normal yesterday). He used a famous figurative speech of “Frog in Warm Water” and urged his fellows not to adapt to the censorship on internet.\nIn general, there is nothing much new in the regulation since most of the measures adopted are already taken such as registering website and content control on News Bulletin; it only summed up them with more details. It has not mentioned blog specifically but would definitely have impacts on what bloggers can write. Also the upcoming Chinese Blogger Conference is not affected by it currently.", "356" ], [ "Japan: Reactions to Tokyo’s Olympic Bid (Part Two) · Global Voices\nWhat does the Japanese blogosphere and Twitterverse have to say about Tokyo's bid to host the 2016 Olympics? Part Two introduces some reactions after Rio won the bid. (See Part One for pre-announcement reactions.)\nTokyo tower olympic lighting by Flickr user <PERSON><PERSON> went to see the Tokyo Tower light up in Olympic colors:\nJust got back from Olympics party at Tokyo Tower. Nobody seemed too surprised or disappointed at loss.\n<PERSON> tweeted:\n東京オリンピック落選。まあ国内の盛りあがってなさを顧みれば当然だと思うんだけども。\nTokyo lost the bid. Well, it's only natural considering everyone's disinterest in it.\nmoblogjp refers to 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan:\n東京落選かぁ。良い悪いは置いておいて、自分の街でオリンピックとか経験してみたかったな。まあ、ワールドカップがあったから良いか。\nHmmm, Tokyo lost the bid. Good or bad, I wanted to experience the Olympics in my own town.", "925" ], [ "Oh well, we had the World Cup so it's all right.\nCO__CO tweeted:\n落選してTLが激しく流れるのを見ると、「なんだ。実は日本人オリンピック気になってたんじゃーん(´∀｀)」って思うよね。もちろんわたしもその1人。ふふ。\nWatching my Twitter timeline go crazy with news about Tokyo losing the bid makes me think “Ah, so the Japanese do give a damn about the Olympics after all!” Of course, I'm one of them. Hehe!\n<PERSON> tweeted:\nオリンピックは使われる税金も半端ないと思うんだよなあ。交通・宿泊パニックとか治安の問題も対策しなくちゃだろうし…期間もあるし…世界の選手にとっては日本での開催が一番安心・安全・おいしいんだろうけれどもな？\nThe amount of tax money used for the Olympics is incredible. And think about the panic over transportation and accommodation, having to secure safety for everybody, and over a long period at that! From an athlete's point of view, I think a Japanese Olympics is the safest, the least worrying and the most delicious.\n<PERSON> is thankful for the opportunity to enjoy the giant <PERSON> statue in Odaiba:\nあの東京オリンピック騒ぎのオカゲで実物大ガンダムがみれたんなら、実に有意義だったと言える気がする\nWe got to see that life-size Gundam because of the Olympic bid so I'd call it a meaningful venture.\ntatsuta3 is practical:\n不調だ。とっても体調が悪い。オリンピックは落選・・・・。リオデジャネイロになったらまたまた夜更かしの日々だよ。お肌に悪いよ。\nI haven't been feeling well. And we didn't win the bid….. Rio de Janeiro means sleepless nights, you know. It's bad for the skin!\nkoichiro516 comments on the television coverage:\n街頭で「残念オリンピック見たかった」とか言ってるやつはなぜ去年北京に行かなかったのか。", "925" ] ]

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[ [ "Delicious Rigatoni With Pink Sauce\nIntroduction: Delicious Rigatoni With Pink Sauce\nYou could never be able to persuade yourself that just a little onion, tomato paste, and cream couldn't make one of the best homemade pasta sauces you've ever had in just a couple of minutes. Actually, I have a better idea, give it a try on so you can experience this delicious meal yourself.\nSupplies\n· Salt\n· 1 Medium onion\n· 4 Garlic Cloves\n· 4 oz. Parmesan\n· 2 Tbsp Olive Oil\n· ½ tsp. Crushed Red Pepper Flakes\n· ¾ cup heavy cream\n· 1 Ib. Rigatoni\n· Basil ( optional/for serving)\nStep 1:\nSuggestions Before Starting\nSuggestion 1: Before starting the recipe: Gather your ingredients and cooking utensils as listed on the recipe.\nSuggestion 2: Pre-prep your ingredients in order to facilitate the cooking process.\nStep 2:\nIt will take some time for the water to boil. Therefore, grab your three-quarter pot and fill it with water. Toss in a handful of salt and cover the pot with a lid. Set the stove on high to bring the water to a boil.\nStep 3:\nPeel and finely chop (diced) 1 medium onion.\nStep 4:\nFirmly smash 4 garlic cloves with the flat side of a chef’s knife and remove the peel. If available, use garlic mincer in order to quicken the process.\nStep 5:\nGrate the 4 oz parmesan on the side with the smaller holes of the box grater. This will give a fresher taste.\nYou may also use purchased grated cheese from your local market.\nStep 6:\nHeat 2 tbsp of oil in a Dutch oven over medium. Position next to a boiling pot of water. Add diced onions and garlic and allow to cook, stirring constantly. You will continue to do this until the edges of the onion start to become brown.", "265" ], [ "Approximately 5-7 minutes.\nStep 7:\nAdd 4-5 oz out of the tube tomato pasta and ½ tsp red pepper flakes and stir until paste evenly coats onion. Continue to cook, stirring often until tomato paste becomes deep red and starts to brown on the bottom of the pot. Consider this step takes 5-7 minutes.\nStep 8:\nUsing a heatproof glass measuring cup, scoop about ¼ cup of the boiling water from the pot. You will then need to add, in the same measuring cup ¾ cup of heavy cream.\nThis process brings the temperature of the cream, so it won’t break when you add it to the pot of boiling water.\nStep 9:\nSlowly add the warmed cream to the Dutch oven, stirring it constantly, until a smooth sauce forms. Remove from heat.\nStep 10:\nBy this time, your pot filled with water should be boiling. You will now add 1 lb. of rigatoni. Cook pasta according to the instructions listed on the box until al dente. About 1 minute before the pasta is cooked, use the heatproof measuring cup to scoop up about 1 cup of pasta cooking liquid. Heat Dutch oven over low.\nStep 11:\nUsing a spider, transfer rigatoni to the Dutch oven along with any water that’s being passed on the pasta.\nStep 12:\nAdd 1//2 of pasta cooking liquid to Dutch oven and stir to incorporate, then slowly add half of the parmesan, mixing constantly until the cheese is melted. You should have a smooth, glossy sauce that coats each piece of pasta. Season with salt. If needed, add additional cooking liquid to thin sauce.\nStep 13:\nDivide pasta among serving bowls. Top with remaining cheese, dividing evenly, Drizzle with more oil and tear pieces of basil for color and additional taste.", "868" ], [ "Fluffy Omelet\nIntroduction: Fluffy Omelet\nGood afternoon, dear viewers and readers! In today's instruction, I will show you an unusual way to make a fluffy egg omelette. This omelette is so easy and quick to prepare and looks very impressive.\nSupplies\nTo prepare an omelette, we need the following ingredients:\n* Eggs 5 pcs.\n* Butter or sunflower oil.\n* Salt & pepper.\n* Cherry tomatoes.\n* Parsley.\n* Cucumber.\n* Dill.\nEssential Equipment:\n* Sharp Knife.\n* Frying Pan.\n* Dish.\n* Deep bottomed bowl.\n* Fork\nStep 1: Separate the Proteins From the Yolks.\nFirst, take the eggs and break the shell and separate the yolk from the protein. Put the yolk and protein in each separate bowl with a deep bottom. This process is repeated for each egg used.\nStep 2: Yolk Preparation\nNext, you need to whipping the yolk until smooth and add salt or pepper to taste. The yolk can be beaten with a fork or whisk.\nStep 3: Protein Preparation\nNext, take a bowl of prepared proteins, salt and pepper to taste. With a fork or a whisk, we begin to whipping the protein to the consistency of a stable foam. If you want to speed up the process of whipping the protein, use a mixer.\nReadiness can be checked by touching the surface lightly with a finger.", "863" ], [ "The protein should be elastic and not stick to the fingers.\nStep 4: Frying in a Pan\nHeat a frying pan with butter or vegetable oil over medium heat. Pour the yolks into the pan and evenly distribute them over the entire surface of the bottom.\nNext, you need to wait 20 - 30 seconds for the yolks to grab a little, then add whipped whites on top of the yolks. Carefully spread the proteins and align them with a spatula or spoon. Cover with a lid and leave at a power slightly below average for 8-10 minutes.\nStep 5: The Fluffy Omelet Is Ready\nCarefully place the finished omelet on a large plate. Cut the omelette into two large pieces and fold in half.\nStep 6: Cooking Result\nThe fluffy omelet is ready! Cut with a knife into three or four parts and serve. For a beautiful presentation of an omelette, you can decorate it with toast and vegetables. Such a lush, tender and unusual omelette invariably causes delight!\nEnjoy your meal and thank you all for watching and reading the article. Don’t forget to like it and subscribe!", "851" ], [ "Toasted Sandwich With Ham, Bacon, Cheese, and Egg\nIntroduction: Toasted Sandwich With Ham, Bacon, Cheese, and Egg\nIn fact, sandwich is not a common food that is served in my family's daily cooking. I love bread. I also love ham, cheese and bacon. Yet, I usually eat those separately. This time, I would like to combine all that I love above in one recipe. No more further ado, let's start cooking.\nSupplies\nIngredients:\nBread (4 slices)\nHam (2 slices)\nBacon (1 slice)\nSlice cheese (Kraft Singles American)- 1 slice\n1 egg\nButter\nStep 1: Scrambled Egg\nHeat the butter in a saucepan over medium heat until slightly shimmering. Crack an egg into the saucepan. Cook it until the white egg is completely cooked. Scramble the egg and put some black pepper and salt. Scramble it until all incorporated. Set aside.\nStep 2: Ham and Bacon\nPut ham on the saucepan. I used black forest ham from Hillshire Farm. I love this best. Do not add butter or oil in it because the ham will be too oily and too many fats in it. Cook the ham until brown.", "808" ], [ "Flip it with tongs. Cook the other side of ham until brown, too. Bring out the ham and place it on the plate. Set aside. Do the same with bacon. Cook the bacon until brown, but not too crispy. Set aside.\nStep 3: Preparing the Bread\nCut the edges of the bread. Spread one side of each slice of bread with 1 teaspoon of butter.\nStep 4: Cooking the Sandwich-1\nIn low heat, place the slice of buttered bread down in the saucepan. Top with ham, bacon, and scrambled egg.\nStep 5: Cooking the Sandwich-2\nPut the other slice of bread on the top. About 1-2 minutes, flip it by using tongs. Cook until the sandwich is golden brown.\nStep 6: Cooking the Sandwich-3\nPut another scramble egg, cheese, bacon, and ham on the top. Put the other slice of bread on the top.\nStep 7: Cooking the Sandwich-4\nRepeat the step until you get four slices of a bread stack.\nStep 8: Time to Dig In…..\nCut in half the sandwich. You are finished making the sandwich. Thank you for reading my Instructables. I hope you enjoy it. Happy making!\nFor more project idea, visit DIY4 Pro.", "808" ], [ "Pan Bagna - a Vegetarian Delight\nIntroduction: Pan Bagna - a Vegetarian Delight\nThis version of the “soaked bread” sandwich has been in my family since I was a kid when a friend from France taught it to us. It is a specialty of Nice, and can be done in a variety of ways, but we have followed this particular recipe for decades.\nIt is an event to make Pan Bagnas. We put all the ingredients out on the table and everyone makes their own simultaneously. The most unusual aspect of this treat is the raw garlic that gets rubbed onto the outside of the crusty French bread at the outset. It leaves your fingers with the aroma for a couple days an acts as a pleasant reminder of your Pan Bagna experience.\nSupplies\nCrusty French bread\nGarlic cloves cut in half\nExtra virgin olive oil\nRed wine or Balsamic vinegar\nGreen onions (chopped)\nCalamata olives\nFresh tomatoes (thickly sliced)\nGround Thyme\nSalt\nFresh ground black pepper\nRed or green leaf lettuce\nStep 1: Prepare the Bread\nPrepare the bread. If the bread is soft on the outside, you may need to pop it in the oven for a few minutes so it can develop a nice crispy crunch on the outside. This is important for the next step. Cut the bread into 6-7” lengths.", "265" ], [ "Don’t cut the bread open though.\nStep 2: Garlic the Bread\nTake a chunk of garlic and rub it all over the outside of your bread. Use the rough part of the bread to grind away at the garlic clove and expose new juicy garlic which you can rub all over the other areas. Try to grind the entire half clove onto you bread. If you have some left over, slice it up and put it inside later.\nStep 3: Cut Your Bread Open\nStep 4: Oil and Vinegar\nDrizzle olive oil and red wine vinegar onto the soft insides of the bread.\nStep 5: Green Onions\nOn the bottom half put in the chopped green onions.\nStep 6: Calamata Olives\nAdd many halves of Calamata olives on top of the onions.\nStep 7: Fresh Tomatoes\nAdd thick slices of tomato on top of the olives and onions.\nStep 8: Thyme, Thyme, Thyme\nSprinkle a nice coating of ground thyme on the tomatoes.\nStep 9: Salt and Pepper\nSprinkle on salt and fresh ground pepper.\nStep 10: Leaf Lettuce\nAdd a few pieces of fresh leaf lettuce.\nStep 11: Taste\nPut the top on your sandwich. Announce that you’ve finished building. And take a big bite.\nStep 12: Savor\nSavor the perfect combination of flavors as you chew and notice the pleasant burn on your lips from the garlic. The flavor and burn will become more pronounced as you proceed to take more bites. It’s like a slow motion flavor explosion.\nStep 13: Make Another\nWhen you’re finished you will be ready to do it all over again. Enjoy!", "808" ], [ "Homemade Italian Stuffed Artichokes\nIntroduction: Homemade Italian Stuffed Artichokes\nFollow along as we show you how to make the most delicious stuffed artichokes! This is how both my mother and grandmother make their stuffed artichokes. It does take some work and a little bit of time, but it is worth the effort to enjoy this delicious meal!\nIngredients:\n* 4 Whole Artichokes\n* 1/2 cup - 1 cup Italian Bread Crumbs\n* Day-Old French Bread Loaf\n* Green Onions\n* 6-8 Garlic Cloves\n* 2 Lemons\n* Fresh Parsley\n* Fresh Basil\n* Fresh Oregano\n* Salt\n* Pepper\n* Olive Oil\n* Parmesan Cheese\n* Reggiano Cheese\n* Romano Cheese\n* Red Wine Vinegar (Optional for Serving)\nKitchen Tools:\n* Food Processor\nStep 1: Clean Artichokes\nClean the artichokes by rinsing them and removing any dirt. Be careful as there can be small thorns on the top of the leaves as well as the top of the artichoke.\nStep 2: Trim Artichokes\nThere are three different spots that need to be trimmed: the stem, the top of the artichoke and the top of the leaves. Cut the top of the artichoke flat to remove any thorns and to make it easier to stuff. I cut about 1/4\"-1/2\" off of each of the leaves to remove the thorns and to make them easier to stuff as well. Since we will be steaming the artichokes in a pot, I only cut the stem flat and left it a little longer.\nStep 3: Spread Leaves\nThere are two ways we spread the leaves: flipping the artichoke upside down and hitting it against a cutting board and by using our hands to help open the artichoke. In the photo you can see the difference between an opened artichoke and one that has only been trimmed.\nStep 4: Prepare Bread Crumbs & Cheese\nI purchased a loaf of french bread the day before I planned on making this recipe, and I used a food processor to make the bread crumbs. I purchased grated parmesan cheese and grated both a block of Romano and Reggiano cheese.\nStep 5: Chop Remaining Ingredients\nMince 6-8 garlic cloves and chop the entire green onion. Finely chop your fresh parsley, basil and oregano. You can use dry ingredients if you do not have access to fresh ones. The amount of fresh herbs you choose to chop/use will depend on your taste.\nStep 6: Mix Filling\nCombine all of the ingredients from the list in a larger bowl, minus the red wine vinegar.", "265" ], [ "The mixture is done when the taste is to your liking and the mixture, when pressed, stays together.\nWe had 4 smaller artichokes, so the ratio of bread crumbs and herbs listed at the outset was great for what we were making. We personally find it better to make more filling than less. If there is filling leftover, you can always buy another artichoke to stuff or freeze the mixture for a short time.\nStep 7: Stuff Artichokes\nStarting at the bottom of the artichoke, stuff the leaves one row at a time. Once you get to the top of the artichoke and have stuffed as many leaves as possible, stuff the center. The artichokes will really grow in size and take a lot of the filling.\nStep 8: Prepare for Stove Top\nTightly pack your artichokes in a pot, standing them on their stems. Having a tightly packed pot helps keep the artichokes standing upright; I could only fit three in the pot I had, so I cooked the fourth artichoke in a saucepan.\nDrizzle olive oil over the tops of all of the artichokes and fill the bottom of the pot with water. You do not want the water to be as high as the leaves, only as high as the stems.\nStep 9: Steam\nPlace a lid on the pot, bring the water to a boil and then lower the heat so that the water simmers. Every few minutes check your pot to make sure the water has not evaporated. If the water looks low, simply add some more to the pot. The three artichokes in the larger pot took right at an hour to steam while the artichoke in the saucepan only took 45 minutes. I knew my artichokes were done steaming when I removed a leaf and the bottom of the leaf was soft and tender. If you over steam your artichokes, they will become fragile and won't stay together.\nStep 10: Enjoy!\nNow it's time for the best part: eating the artichokes!", "195" ], [ "How to Make Avocado Toast\nIntroduction: How to Make Avocado Toast\nWant to make an easy and healthy breakfast with only a few steps? If so avocado toast will be the perfect meal for you!\nSupplies\nIngredients!\n1 Avocado\nOil\nSliced Bread\n1 egg\nEverything Bagel Seasoning (Optional)\nTools!\n1 plate\n1 cutting board\n1 spatula\n1 pan\n2 small bowls\n1 toaster\n1 fork\n1 knife\nStep 1: Gather Ingredients and Tools\nMake sure you have all of your ingredients and tools listed. Set them out so that they are all in one space and easily accessible.\nStep 2: Cut and Pit Avocado\nWith your cutting board and knife, safely cut your avocado in half. Next take out the pit in the middle, and throw it away.\nStep 3: Take Out Brown Spots\nAfter disposing of the pit, take out any brown spots in the avocado.\nStep 4: Prepare Avocado\nTo prepare your avocado, peel your avocado so that the black skin is no longer attached. Throw the black peel away. Next, place the leftover green avocado in a small bowl, and mash with a fork. Once mashed, set aside.\nStep 5: Prepare Pan\nTo prepare your pan, place pan on stove at medium heat.", "545" ], [ "Last, add a drizzle of olive oil into the pan. This will make the edges of the egg crispy while the yolk will be remain a liquid.\nStep 6: Toast Sliced Bread\nWhile the pan is heating up, place one or two pieces of sliced of bread into the toaster. Once toasted, set aside.\nStep 7: Cook Egg\nFirst crack your egg into a small bowl to insure that their will be no pieces of eggshell. Next, pour egg into heated pan. Last let your egg cook for around 2-3 minutes. Once cooked, remove pan off of heat.\nStep 8: Put Prepared Avocado on Toast\nUsing the prepared avocado spread your desired amount onto toast.\nStep 9: (Optional) Season Toast\nIf desired you can add Everything Bagel Seasoning. It adds more flavor overall.\nStep 10: Add Egg\nFinally, Add egg to the top of your avocado toast.\nStep 11: Eat and Enjoy!\nThis quick and easy breakfast meal will begin your day off with a happy start! Eat it while it's warm and enjoy.", "545" ], [ "Dates and Dry Nuts Guilt-Free Energy Bar (100 Calories)\nIntroduction: Dates and Dry Nuts Guilt-Free Energy Bar (100 Calories)\nThis is a very simple, easy to follow recipe to make an energy bar with dates and chopped nuts. These bars are great for a quick, guilt-free snack and one that does not require to be refrigerated.\nThe best part is that it can be cooked and assembled with limited kitchen utensils and a microwave, making it a fun recipe for adults and kids to try.\nThis is a household favorite and is often made before long trips, outdoor events, and dinner gatherings. Please do try and let me know. I'd love to hear your feedback.\nSupplies\nIngredients:\n- Organic, Pitted dates - 2 cups\n- Almonds - 1/4 cup\n- Cashews - 1/4 cup\n- Pistachios - 30 grams\n- Walnuts -30 grams\n- Raisins - 1/4 cup\n- Sesame seeds - 30 grams\n- Poppy seeds - 15 grams\n- Butter or Ghee - 15 grams\n- Cardamom powder - 3 grams\nStep 1: Chop Dates and Nuts\nFor the best flavor, try to source the freshest dates possible. I got these from an organic store that sells Mejdool dates. These dates are juicy and flavorful.\n1. Take these dates, remove the seeds (pitted) and chop them into smaller pieces. Put them into a mixing bowl. Add some ghee or butter into the bowl with the dates and mix well.\n2. Next, chop almonds, cashews, pistachios and walnuts into smaller pieces. Combine them together on a plate.\nStep 2: Roast Dates and Nuts\n1. Place the plates with the nuts into the microwave and cook for up to (3) minutes.\n2. Take the bowl of pitted dates into the microwave and cook for up to (3) minutes.", "2" ], [ "Be sure to turn every 30 seconds.\n3. Roast sesame and poppy seeds together for up to (1) minute.\nFor all of these steps above, and depending on your microwave, you may need to reduce / add some time. Please constantly check during cooking time in the microwave.\nPlease allow everything to cool a bit before moving into the next step.\nStep 3: Mix Everything Together\nAfter everything has cooled a bit and is safe to touch, mix everything together into the mixing bowl. Use a spatula or any large kitchen utensil and mix to the desired consistency.\nStep 4: Mix Raisins and Cardaomom Powder\nNext, add raisins and cardamom powder. Mix everything well.\nStep 5: Roll the Dough\n1. Place the mixed dough on a sealing wrap.\n2. First, roll the batter into a cylindrical shape, then tightly wrap with the sealing wrap.\n3. Continue to roll until the shape is uniform across.\n4. Allow the dough to rest for 30 minutes.\nStep 6: Cutting to the Perfect Size\n1. After 30 minutes, carefully unroll the sealing wrap\n2. Oil a knife with neutral oil. This prevents sticking and allows for a cleaner cut.\n3. Use a ruler and cut into (20) equal pieces. My pieces were half an inch in width each.\nStep 7: Enjoy!\nEnergy Bar nutritional facts source link here.", "195" ], [ "The Denver Omelette Grilled Cheese\nIntroduction: The Denver Omelette Grilled Cheese\nToday We are going to make the most delicious grilled cheese you have ever had in your life, the Denver omelette grilled cheese.\nSupplies\n1 egg, 1/4 bell pepper, 1 slice of onion, salt, 1/3 cup grated cheese, 1 slice of ham, 2 pieces of bread, 2 pats of butter, one spoon-full of coconut oil, 1-2 skillets, kitchen knife, cutting board, spatula, lid for the skillet, stove, and a plate.\nStep 1: Chop Your Vegetables\nFirst, roughly chop your onion and bell pepper.\nStep 2: Get Your Skillet Ready\nNext, prepare your skillet by putting a spoon full of coconut oil into your pan at high heat and let it melt.\nStep 3: Put Your Vegetables in Your Pan\nNext, put your onion and bell pepper into your pan and change the heat from high to medium-high. this will let them saute.\nStep 4: Prepare Your Egg\nAs the vegetables are sauteing, crack one egg into a bowl and scramble it until you can see little bubbles form on top of the eggs. Then add a pinch of salt.\nStep 5: Add in Your Eggs\nOnce the onions start to become translucent, add in your eggs and turn the temperature to medium.", "808" ], [ "Cook your eggs to your preference.\nStep 6: Ham and Cheese\nWhile the eggs are cooking, chop up your slice of ham and mix it with your cheese.\nStep 7: Butter That Bread\nNext, butter one side of each slice of bread.\nStep 8: Eggs, Cheese, and Ham\nPut your ham and cheese onto an unbuttered side of your bread. Now add your egg mixture on top of your ham and cheese mixture. Place the other piece of bread on top of your egg, ham, and cheese buttered side up.\nStep 9: Put It in the Pan!\nHeat a different skillet on meduim-high heat and put your sandwich on your skillet buttered side down.\nStep 10: Let It Cook\nPut your lid on top of your skillet and let the sandwich cook until you see bubbles on the edges of your bottom piece of bread.\nStep 11: Flip That Baby!\nFlip your sandwich when ready using any method you like.\nStep 12: Finish It Up\nFlip the sandwich as many times as you see fit until both sides are a nice brown and the cheese inside is melted.\nStep 13: That's It!\nNow plate the sandwich and cut it in half. Now consume your grilled cheese to your life's content and do the dishes if you feel like it.", "808" ] ]

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[ [ "Country Pie\nIntroduction: Country Pie\nThe Country Pie is an egg based pie which can have all the fillings you like! From a meaty one to a veggie one!\nThe saltiness of the filling and the sweetness of the shortcrust merge in an amazing marriage of flavours!\nPrepare it, eat it, enjoy it! And let me know which version you did!\nSupplies\nFor the dough:\n* 200 gr of Flour\n* 75 gr of butter\n* 60 gr of sugar\n* 2 eggs\n* 2 tbsp of milk\nFor the filling:\n* 5 eggs\n* 150 gr of Ricotta cheese\n* 250 gr of mozzarella (or your preferred cheese)\n* 75 gr of Ham\n* 74 gr of Salami\n* Grated parmesan (as you prefer)\n* Black pepper (as you prefer)\nIf you like the veggie option you can substitute the ham and salami with your preferred veggies. Although, bare in mind that you have to cook them first and make sure that all the water has come out. If you are going for this option 10 gr of salt need to be add to the filling!\nIf you decide to go for the mozzarella option, you can either buy a really dry mozzarella or you can open the mozzarella the day before, chop it and leave it open in the fridge to make sure that it dries out. The day after drain the water that has come out.\nStep 1: Prepare the Shortcrust Pastry\nAdd on egg and one yolk to the flour, the sugar and the butter (from the fridge) and mix all together. Knead the dough up until the surface is really smooth.\nStep 2: Leave It Rest\nAdd 2 tbsp of milk, knead the dough. Once the dough absorbed the milk wrap it in cling film and let it rest in the fridge for at least 30 min.\nIf you prefer, you can prepare the dough the night before and leave it to rest for the entire night.\nStep 3: Prepare the Stuffing\nCut the cheese, the ham and the salami.\nIf you like the veggie option cook the veggies and make sure that all the water in excess is taken out. Let them cool.", "277" ], [ "Chop them up.\nStep 4: Prepare the Stuffing Pt2\nMix the 5 eggs with a mixer and when they start to look foamy add a spoon of ricotta at a time and continue to mix. Once the ricotta is finished add the parmesan and the grinded black pepper (how much you like! I like it with a loooot of parmesan and black pepper). Continue to mix for one minute.\nAdd the filling from Step 3 and mix using a spoon. The movement should be slow and from the bottom to the top.\nStep 5: Prepare the Pie\nTake the dough out of the fridge.\nWith the butter, spread a thin layer in the baking tray and pour some flour in and spread it.\nOnce the dough is at room temperature, take 2/3 of the dough and roll it. Place it on the baking tray. Make sure that there are no holes in the dough. Add the filling.\nTake the remaining dough, roll it and cover the pie.\nTake out the dough in excess and using a fork close the pie.\nStep 6: Decorate!\nUsing the left over dough decorate the pie as you prefer! Make sure, with a toothpick to do a small hole on the top, in the middle of the pie (where the flower is in the picture).\nSpread a thin layer of milk on the top of the pie.\nPlace in the oven at 180C for 1 hr.\nIf the pie is burning the edges you can cover it with an aluminium foil layer.\nStep 7: Enjoy!\nTake the pie out of the oven and let it cool down!\nCut it and enjoy!", "702" ], [ "Ice-cream Sandwich\nIntroduction: Ice-cream Sandwich\nA sweet bread with coconut flavour and a homemade vanilla ice cream with little pieces of chocolate together to make a great Sweet Sandwich!\nThe tin that I used is a round one, although, I would suggest to use a squared shaped one so when you cut your sandwiches you are not loosing anything!\nGreat for both kids and adults!\nSupplies\nRecipe for 6 sandwiches\nFor the Coconut Bread:\n* 2 big eggs (or 3 small eggs)\n* 75 gr of plain flour\n* 75 gr of coconut flour\n* 8 gr of yeast for sweets (or 4 gr of baking powder with 3 drops of lemon juice)\n* 60 gr of sugar\n* Lemon Zest\n* Butter as needed\nFor the Ice-Cream:\n* 300 mL of double cream\n* 225 gr of condensed milk\n* 20 gr of chocolate\n* Vanilla flavour (either powder or liquid)\nStep 1: Prepare the Sweet Bread\nBeat the eggs with the lemon zest using a hand mixer (you can also use a fork). The eggs are ready when foam is formed. Add the sugar and the yeast and continue to mix.\nAdd the two types of flour (Starting from the coconut flour) spoon by spoon whilst continuing to mix.\nStep 2: Cook and Let It Rest\nWhen all the elements are well mixed prepare a tin. Spread some butter on the tin and place on top a baking paper.", "305" ], [ "Pour the mixture in.\nUsing a squared shaped tin is easier then a round one!\nCook in the oven for 30 minutes at 180 C. If, whilst cooking, you see that the cake is burning, cover the tin with foil and continue to cook.\nStep 3: Cut the Sweet Bread\nLet the bread rest up until is cold.\nCut the bread in two parts.\nStep 4: Prepare the Ice-cream\nStart by pouring the double cream (cold) and whip it. Once ready add the condensed milk and the vanilla and continue to mix.\nAdd the chocolate (cut into small pieces) and mix it in the ice cream using a spoon. Do slow movements because otherwise the whipped cream can loose its form.\nPlace the ice-cream in the freezer for 30 minutes.\nStep 5: Build Your Sandwich\nOnce everything is cooled down add the ice cream in between the two pieces of bread and place it again in the freezer, covered in cling film, for 30 minutes.\nYou can leave the cake there up until you need to cut and eat the sandwiches!\nStep 6: Cut and Enjoy!\nCut the sandwiches and enjoy!!\nKeep the sandwiches in the freezer and let them rest outside the freezer for 5 minutes before eating.", "891" ], [ "Chocolate Tortellini Filled With Coconut and White Chocolate\nIntroduction: Chocolate Tortellini Filled With Coconut and White Chocolate\nFor who loves chocolate in any shape and form! These chocolate tortellini are the new horizon of chocolate. White inside and dark outside, is chocolate all around!\nSupplies\nRecipe for 2 people\nFor the Pasta dough:\n* 100 gr of Flour\n* 10 gr of cocoa powder\n* 2 medium eggs\n* 1 tbsp of vegetable oil\n* 1 tsp of salt\nFor the filling:\n* 100 gr of white chocolate\n* 50 gr of dark chocolate\n* 200 mL of double cream\n* 3 tbsp of coconut flour\n* 1 tbsp of butter\n* 100 mL of milk\nStep 1: Prepare the Pasta Dough\nSift the flour and the cocoa powder and dig a little hole in the mountain of powder. Place the two eggs and start mixing. Once the dough starts to have a more steady shape, add the oil and salt and keep kneading the dough.\nOnce the dough is ready, cover it in cling film and let it rest for at least 30 min.\nStep 2: Prepare the Filling\nUse 90gr of white chocolate with the butter. When the two are completely melted add the coconut flour and keep mixing.\nOnce the flour has been completely mixed add the milk and mix it until the cream hardens a little bit. Let the mixture rest until completely cold.\nIf you like a different type of filling, you can choose whatever you like, just make sure that the filling has the right consistency.\nStep 3: Prepare the Whipped Cream\nChop he dark chocolate into small pieces.\nWhip the double cream and add the pieces of chopped chocolate. Mix carefully, with a slow movement to allow a thorough mixing.\nStep 4: Roll the Pasta\nRoll out the pasta dough until reaching a 1mm (or less) thickness. It will take a while as the dough is a bit though at the beginning, but you will get there!\nBe sure that your pasta is as thin as possible otherwise, it will be tough to eat.\nStep 5: Shape the Tortellini\nTime to shape the tortellini.", "868" ], [ "Cut the dough in equal squares. Usually a tortellino is 2.5cmx2.5cm but you can do the size you prefer!\n1. Place the filling in the square\n2. Fold the tortellino in a triangle.\n3. Make sure that each side is completely closed (if some filling comes out use a tissue to clean it)\n4. Press the sides of the tringle towards the filling (look at the image)\n5. Take the two vertices at the end of the sides that you just manipulated and close them in a circle around your finger.\nEasy to see than to describe! Look at the GIF for the instructions or feel free to comment and ask!\nStep 6: Boil the Tortellini\nAs you would do for pasta, boil some water and once the water started boiling add the pasta. The tortellini will sink in the water, when they start floating it means you can take them out because they are ready.\nStep 7: Plate and Enjoy!\nPlate as you like, grate a bit of white chocolate to reproduce a grated parmesan effect and enjoy the tortellini!\nFor any question please feel free to ask", "868" ], [ "Fun-Bun Brioche\nIntroduction: Fun-Bun Brioche\nThe Brioches with the bun are the traditional Sicilian (IT) breakfast. Usually, during breakfast you can enjoy them filled with ice cream as the flavour is perfect for every ice cream that you can find!\nAlthough, no one says that you can`t fill them up with spreadable chocolate!\nWhen I started doing them I thought “ you know what would be fun? To make the bun of a different colour and flavour because no one does that!” so… there they are! Brioches with the coloured bun! Ideal and funny for a breakfast with your kids!\nAnd for more guidance watch the video attached!\nSupplies\n* 600 gr Flour (Strong)\n* 70 gr of butter\n* 180 mL of milk\n* 5 eggs\n* 100 gr of caster sugar\n* 1 Lemon\n* 25 gr of fresh yeast (or 10 gr of dry yeast)\nFor the coloured version\n* Red edible colour\n* Cocoa powder\n* 1 tsp of milk\nStep 1: Knead the Dough\nAdd the milk, the butter (at room temperature), the sugar, 1 egg and 3 yolks and Lemon Zest to the flour.\nKnead the dough looks smooth.\nStep 2: Double It!\nCover the dough with cling film and leave it in the oven with the light on (at that point the oven should maintain between 25 to 30C) for 2h (or until it has doubled in volume). If you don`t have the option for that in your oven cover the bowl with a blanket to ensure that temperature is maintained.\nStep 3: Prepare the Brioches and the Buns\nPrepare the buns by dividing the dough in 7 pieces of 120gr each.", "305" ], [ "Give them a round shape.\nFor the little buns divide the remaining dough in pieced of 20-30 gr each.\nStep 4: If You Like Them Flavoured or Coloured\nIf you like them coloured you can either add the red colour and knead until the dough is full red.\nOr if you want them filled with chocolate add cocoa powder and 1 tsp of milk. Mix the dough, it will give it a “marble-style look”.\nStep 5: Create the Brioches With the Buns\nShape the big pieces of dough as a ball and, using your fingers press the dough in the middle to create space to insert the smaller pieces of dough. Brush the now created hole with milk and insert the smaller piece of dough.\nCover the dough with cling film an wait for the volume to double (it will need 1h)\nStep 6: Brush the Brioches and Cook Them\nBrush the buns with a yolk and cook them in the oven at 170C for 15 mins.\nStep 7: Eat and Enjoy!\nEat and Enjoy! You can fill them with chocolate, or if you like it Sicilian style you can fill them with ice-cream!", "891" ], [ "Super Easy No Knead Buns\nIntroduction: Super Easy No Knead Buns\nThese are really easy to make. These are really lovely for breakfast in the morning or as rolls for a dinner side. I also found you can add some extra sugar to the dough and make some lovely cinnamon buns.\nSupplies\nIngredients:\nfor 8 buns:\n2 tsp of dry active yeast\n2 tbsp of sugar\n1/4 cup lukewarm water\n1 cup hot water\nhalf a stick of butter\n1/2 tsp of salt\n1 egg\n2 3/4- 3 cups of flour\nEquipment:\nsmall bowl\nlarge bowl\nwhisk\nmixing spoon\nteaspoon\ntablespoon\nStep 1: Activate the Yeast\nIn a small bowl combine the first three ingredients, yeast, lukewarm water, and half of the sugar. Mix it up and let this mixture sit in a warm place until it turns frothy.\nTip: A nice warm place is beside the stovetop. If you have a stovetop kettle turned on for the boiling water in step two, place this bowl beside it on the countertop.\nStep 2: Mix Everything Else Together, Except for the Egg and Four\nWhile you are waiting for the yeast to activate, combine in a large bowl the rest of the sugar, the salt, and the butter. Pour over the hot water and wait till the butter has melted and the sugar has dissolved.\nStep 3: Combining Everything Together\nOnce your butter mixture is lukewarm, crack in your egg and whisk till smooth. Then add in your yeast and whisk to combine. Now you can mix in your flour.", "887" ], [ "I like to add 1 1/2 cups first, stir with a whisk till smooth, then switch to a spoon and mix in the rest of the flour. Make sure you scrape down the sides as you go. Your resulting dough should be wet and sticky but you should be able to pick it up with a spoon.\nStep 4: Letting It Rise\nOnce you have mixed your dough, scrape down the sides and mix them into your dough, oil your bowl and cover the top with plastic wrap. you can either place it in the fridge for 12 hours or let it rise in a warm place till doubled in size (2 hours).\nStep 5: Second Poof\nOnce your dough has risen, punch it down, divide it into 8 groups of dough and roll each of them into balls. Place them on a baking sheet spread out from each other and let them rise in a very warm place for 30 mins covered with a cheesecloth or a clean towel.\nTip: when I make these in the morning I first preheat the oven to 350 Fahrenheit, form the buns, turn off the oven and place the buns in the now warm oven so that they rise faster.\nStep 6: Baking It\nNow that they have risen, take them out, preheat the oven to 425 Fahrenheit, take off the cloth and place the buns back in. you don't have to bother waiting for the oven to preheat completely, I place it in asap as I make these in the morning and I don't have the time. These bake for 15-20 minutes, after 12 minutes turn them around and start to keep an eye on them. Bake till golden brown\nStep 7: Final Step\nOnce they are out of the oven it is best to let them rest for 5-10ish minutes so that you can get a cleaner cut when slicing them in half but I skip that step as again I don't have time.", "195" ], [ "Sandwich Cake\nIntroduction: Sandwich Cake\nWhile preparing food for a birthday party I realized that the best appetisers where the fun ones! Therefore, the idea of having small finger-food sandwiches has been replaced by a sandwich cake! It looks like a cake, you cut it like a cake, but... it`s a sandwich!\nSupplies\n* White sliced bread (16 slices)\n* 400gr of cream cheese\n* 400gr of smoked salmon\n* Lettuce\n* Half cucumber\n* 2 carrots\n* Mayonnaise\n* 3 small avocados\n* 4 salad tomatoes\n* 1 can of tuna\n* 1 Olive\nNon food stuff: baking paper;toothpicks (you can even use spaghetti) and a round base tin (although, this is optional because is mainly used to shape the cake, while, for an easier version, the cake can remain squared shaped).\nYou can fill the sandwiches as you like! Pepperoni, ham, cheese, mozzarella... the more the merrier!\nIt`s a new concept, and people will be surprised!\nStep 1: Prepare the Base\nShape the baking paper as the same size and shape of the chosen base.", "22" ], [ "Cover the baking paper with mayonnaise to ensure that the bread sticks on the paper.\nStep 2: Start the Sandwich\nPlace 4 slices of bread ensure that the straight sides are aligned.\nPrepare the tuna. Drain the can of tuna and place it in a bowl, add 4 spoons of mayonnaise and mix.\nEnsure that the tomatoes, the avocadoes and the salad are sliced and ready to filled the sandwiches.\nStep 3: Build Your Sandwich!\nThis can be done as you like! I personally added:\nbread - a layer of mayonnaise - smoked salmon - salad - avocado - bread - tuna and mayonnaise - tomatoes - bread - mayonnaise - smoked salmon - salad - tomatoes - avocadoes - bread\nStep 4: Cover You Cake\nCut and shape the edges of your cake (make sure that all the external parts of the bread are cut). Once the desired shaped has been achieved cover you cake with cream cheese.\nEnsure that the cream cheese covers all the empty part in between the slices of bread and cover you cake as you are icing a sweet cake!\nStep 5: Decoration And... Enjoy!\nDecorate your cake as preferred.\n(Tu ensure that the flower shaped carrot pieces stayed together I used a spaghetto).\nCut, and eat!", "405" ], [ "Triple Chocolate Custard\nIntroduction: Triple Chocolate Custard\nThis triple chocolate custard is a delicious and comforting dessert that is so easy to make and tastes incredible!!! why have one type of chocolate custard when you can have all three?? This is a staple in my house and I hope that you try it too.\nSupplies\nIngredients\n* 600ml Full cream milk\n* 6 Egg yolks\n* 100g Caster sugar\n* 50g Cornflour\n* 50g cold unsalted butter (keep it in the fridge until use)\n* 1 Vanilla bean pod (or 1 tsp vanilla bean paste)\n* pinch of salt\n* 70g white chocolate\n* 70g milk chocolate\n* 70g dark chocolate\n* Decorations (strawberries, whipping cream, extra chocolate)\nEquipment\n* Whisk\n* Medium Saucepan\n* Knife\n* Small whisk\n* Microwave\n* Mixing bowls and spoons\n* Serving glasses or bowls\n* Piping bag\nStep 1: Heat Milk\nIn a medium saucepan heat the milk and vanilla bean on medium heat until it lightly simmers. Allow it to cook for a few minutes if there are lumps from the bean sieve them out.\nStep 2: Prepare the Egg Mixture\nIn a mixing bowl whisk together the egg yolks, sugar and cornflour for a few minutes until it becomes light and fluffy.\nStep 3: Mix Together\nOnce both mixtures are ready pour a few tablespoons of warm milk into the egg mixture and whisk together. Ensure you add small amounts of milk so you don't cook the eggs with too much hot liquid. once it is all added place the custard back onto the heat and then continue to whisk for a few minutes until it thickens. this may take about 3-5 minutes.", "604" ], [ "Then take the custard off the heat, allow it to cool for 5 minutes and whisk in the cold butter.\nStep 4: Melt and Add the Chocolate\nMelt each of the white, milk and dark chocolates in the microwave at 30-second intervals, stirring in between. Then divide the custard into 3 separate mixing bowls. Then add one chocolate type to each bowl of custard and mix to combine.\nStep 5: Pipe Into Serving Bowls\nPlace each chocolate custard into a piping bag or ziplock plastic bag. Cut the tips off the bag and then pipe the different custards into the serving bowls. I like the gradient of dark chocolate on the bottom, milk chocolate in the middle and white chocolate on top.\nTo decorate place some whipping cream, a serrated strawberry or grated chocolate, whatever you may want!\nStep 6: Serve!\nServe it straight away as a warm custard or chill in the fridge for a few hours to serve cold.\nI hope that you enjoy these beautiful desserts!!", "136" ], [ "Warm Spinach Dip Cobb Loaf\nIntroduction: Warm Spinach Dip Cobb Loaf\nThis cobb loaf is an absolute staple for any good party in Australia. We go absolutely nuts over it! why you ask?? because it is cheesy, warm, wholesome and toasty!!!! Just try it! you won't regret it.\nStep 1: Ingredients and Equipment\nIngredients\n- 1 Tbsp of Olive oil (you can also use 2 for a richer filling)\n- 250g Cream cheese (room temperature)\n- 1/4 cup Mozzarella cheese (for the top for extra cheesiness - you can omit this, but don't because of cheese)\n- 1/4 cup of milk (we are adding this in halves to make sure the mixture doesn't get watery (always start with less and add more)\n- 250g Frozen spinach, that has been thawed and squeezed of any excess water\n- 1/2 cup parmesan cheese (please add more if you want this is a minimum for flavour- I usually add more because of cheese yumminess).\n- 1/4 cup of Sour cream\n- 1 medium Brown onion, diced fine\n- 2 cloves of garlic, crushed\n- 1/4 tsp nutmeg\n- Salt and pepper to taste (i use 1/2tsp of each, this depends on how much cheese you add and how salty your cheese is).\n- 1 Whole cob loaf + more (I usually have more bread to toast alongside this or some crackers to feed more people)\nEquipment\n- Bread knife\n- Oven and Baking tray\nStep 2: Filling: Fry the Onions\nFirst, to make our delicious filling we are going to free the onion in the olive oil on medium-high heat until they are nice and brown (about 5 minutes) *. Then add the garlic and stir for about a minute until it becomes aromatic and delicious!\n* Add a pinch of salt to your onions, this can help draw out moisture and brown them faster.\nStep 3: Filling: Add the Rest\nOnce your onions and garlic are sauteed add half of your milk and mix it into the onions. Then add all the cream cheese and 'smoosh' it all together (this is the best way I can describe this action).", "265" ], [ "Once the cream cheese is slightly melted add the sour cream, spinach, remaining milk, parmesan cheese, salt, pepper and nutmeg and stir until all mixed together. Make sure that you try this and add any more seasoning if you wish.\nStep 4: Prepare the Bread\nWith a bread knife slice off the top of the bread (like a little hat or lid to a bowl). Then cute or pull out the inside of the bread and tear it apart (this is what people will dip with). I usually have a few extra bread rolls to toast alongside this so that you can have more bread to dip into the amazing filling!!\nThen place all the bread onto a baking tray.\nStep 5: Bake It!\nFill your hollowed out cobb loaf with the spinach dip and then add the mozzarella cheese on top (this will help it get extra golden brown and cheesy!!).\nThen bake the loaf in a preheated oven 200 degrees Celcius (400 degrees Fahrenheit) for about 5-8 minutes or until it is golden brown.\nStep 6: Serve It Hot\nThe best way to serve this is straight out of the oven! and the best part about it is that you can eat the bowl so there is little cleanup!!\nI hope you enjoy this and share it with your friends!!!", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "I won't type a huge answer with a bunch of math because other people have already done that, and the math checks out. What I will do is give you two points that will help get the gears turning in a more creative way, plus one means of detection that I don't think anyone has mentioned yet!\n1. Regarding the one week deadline from detection to arrival: the distance between Pluto and Earth is 4.6 light-hours, which simply means that travelling exactly at the speed of light it would take them 4.6 hours to make it to Earth. Since they are having tech problems, and they're starting slightly beyond Pluto, you can basically adjust these numbers however you want to make it work out for the story. Example: if 1.00c = 4.6hr travel time, then multiplying the travel time by roughly 36x would give you a travel time of 168 hours, or almost a week. That would be (1/36)c, or 0.027777c, or 2.7% the speed of light, which is completely believable for a species capable of FTL travel but currently experiencing some technical difficulties! Feel free to customize this based on your needs, or even do something like require the ship to slowly accelerate and build up speed, which changes the equation. I didn't consider this until now, but if the typical FTL drive is broken on the ship, they will need to resort to conventional means of acceleration, which will result in G-Forces being exerted on the crew. They may not be evolved for that, and it won't be an insignificant amount of G-forces either; it would probably kill humans to accelerate like that. I don't know exactly what the Gforces would be, but there are some physics calculators online that are based around F=ma, and will tell you the acceleration required to reach a certain speed in a certain amount of time, and then you can look a that acceleration and compare it to the acceleration of Earth's own gravity (9.8 m/s^2) which is one \"g\" of acceleration, to see how strong it would really be. They'll need to use some kind of tech that we don't have yet to cancel these g-forces, like \"inertial dampeners\" which have been a staple in science fiction for decades but don't have much basis in reality, or maybe a shield that provides a different \"frame of reference\" inside the bubble, so from the ship's perspective and the perspective of the crew inside the ship, it doesn't feel like you're moving at all because the shield bubble is like a bubble of \"still\" space, but the bubble can accelerate through our space as fast as it wants to, or as fast as their malfunctions allow them to.", "947" ], [ "This is similar to how the Alcubierre Drive would work, except it would only be a bubble of local space around the ship and wouldn't have any type of physical shielding capabilities.\nNOTE: The information being received by scientists/military on the ground will be 4.6 hours out of date due to the distance and light delay. This means that when the scientists first spot the ship and make the prediction that the ship will reach Earth in roughly 168 hours, the ship actually appeared 4.6 hours ago and began moving then, giving it a 4.6 hour head start. The scientists should be aware of this, as physicists have known about light delay for hundreds of years and have been dealing with it personally since the dawn of radio communication. Also, as the alien ship gets closer and closer, the light delay will shrink and shrink until it gets to 0 (light delay from Earth to the Moon is about 1.3 seconds for reference) so it isn't like the alien ship will just appear on Earth when it looks like it is still 4.6 hours away.\n1. Regarding the detection: we currently have some pretty new devices called gravitational wave detectors that we are using to gather information about fast rotating black holes and pulsars. You're right there would be a \"BANG!\" when the ships jumped back to local relativity, but it wouldn't be a sound wave since space is a vacuum. While there could certainly be a blast of radiation released when the ship drops out of FTL speed (as is theorized would be released by an Alcubierre Drive, which is one of the current ideas for a true FTL drive) there will also be \"gravitational ripples\" released by the sudden appearance of large ships. Usually, there are NO such ripples ever caused by matter appearing or disappearing suddenly, other than at the quantum scale. Even when a star explodes, nearly 99.9% of all the matter is still there, it's just expanding now. Similarly, when matter is sucked into a black hole, all the matter is still there contained inside the black hole: the mass of the singularity just rises based on the mass it is consuming. However, for matter to just appear seemingly out of nowhere?", "947" ], [ "Sounds like a system of space planes that operate in the style of the railway system in the early 20th century. Since you said you already had space elevators in place, then you would need a series of space stations that act as rail stations near the elevators. The plane would dock at the station, which gives you quick turnaround time since they never enter an atmosphere. Since everything is in space the space station could be multilevel allowing several planes to dock at once.\nAs far as propulsion, I don't have an exact method, yet, but I know how to meet the \"2 days to Mars at closest approach\" requirement. An engine that is capable of sustaining 1g (Earth normal gravity) of constant acceleration will get a plane from Earth to Mars, assumed 65 million km separation, in 1d 21h 13m 1s. I would love to take credit for figuring that out, but alas, I can't. Check out How fast will 1g get you there? for a really great set of charts, graphs, and travel times. Somebody figured out all the travels times from Earth to each major body in the solar system.", "947" ], [ "That time is for constant acceleration for half the trip, then the ship flips a 180 and does a constant burn for deceleration.\nAnother benefit of constant acceleration is that it provides Earth normal gravity to the passengers and cargo. For more about this see Space Travel Using Constant Acceleration.\nAs I mentioned in the beginning, I would model the entire system around the railway of the early 20th century. Through a series of transfers, a person could travel across the US with little fuss.\nConstant acceleration even works for interstellar travel as well. It would take 1 year + the number of light years to reach any given star. So Alpha Centauri would take 5.2 years since it's 4.2 light years away.\nWhile I'm writing this I thought of a possible propulsion system, an EM Drive or an RF resonant cavity thruster. I know next to nothing about the science of the drive, but my understanding is that it's a \"fuel-less\" drive system. An engine produces an EM field, which it needs to run the lights and whatnot anyway, it diverts a portion of the EM to the propulsion system and it produces thrust. Anyway, it's a thought.", "947" ], [ "I am new to this community so I'm not able to respond to other answers. You specifically mention that the FTL drive works by using an \"<PERSON>-style warp bubble\" and people seem to not be knowledgeable on what that entails and apparently unwilling to spend a few seconds on google to find out.\nThis drive works by expanding space behind the craft and shrinking space in front of the craft to propel it forward, propelling the craft at FTL speeds. This is almost a perfect analogy to how atmospheric pressure differences cause liquid to rise up a straw, propelling liquid into your mouth.\nThe craft, if moving at all, would only be using it's main engines enough to thrust into the next zone of shrunken space, it would actually be traveling at a rather low speed, enabling it stop almost on a dime, as it were. This is one of the methods theorists believe \"observed\" \"alien\" craft travel, allowing them to make immediate turns, and velocity changes without any delay. The G-forces of some of these \"observed\" craft would be enough to kill a human outright.\nThis rules out air resistance. The craft is barely moving, it at all.\nThis engine also does not work using <PERSON>'s third law of motion, as it is not an exhaustive engine; Modern rocket engines work by pushing particles out of the bottom, this does not. Thus, this also rules out saying things like \"By engaging your warp drive, you just detonated 500 billion trillion nuclear bombs on the surface of Earth\". Although you do require that much energy to achieve your result, the energy is not expelled from your craft.\nFrom my perspective you really only have 2 options here\n* The space distortion is so large that it engulfs the planet you are in because of science reasons. Expanding or contracting the space that a living create exists in probably kills it. It also would destroy the planet itself probably. I'm no physicist, but probably.\n* The second and probably one you'd want to go with since this builds off of an idea that you came up with yourself, negative matter.", "947" ], [ "You could again go 2 different ways with this.\n+ Negative matter is a colloquial equivalent of antimatter. Creating a ton of negative matter in atmosphere is a pretty good way of ensuring that a ton of it interacts with the atmosphere. Congratulations, by firing your warp drive you have just detonated 500 billion trillion nuclear bombs on the surface of Earth, killing yourself and the entire planet.\n+ Negative matter is not a colloquial equivalent of antimatter, but more like the mathematical concept of negative. Using the very simple equation 1 + (-1) = 0, every bit of negative matter you create collides with the atmosphere and blinks out of existence and your drive fails to function.\nEdit in response to <PERSON> edit\nI still don't really agree with the conclusions you've drawn. I used an analogy about sucking liquid through a straw, but with more thought I think a better analogy is surfing. The alcubierre drive creates a \"wave\" so to speak and the ship simply rides it. Less abstract, if you shrunk the space in front of you from 100 meters to 1 meter, by moving 1 meter and expanding space behind you back to it's normal \"width\", you've actually moved 100 meters.\n* Regarding air molecules, that is not what would happen. The drive only compresses or expands space itself, it does not directly interfere or interact with the atoms and molecules within. However, a possible consequence of this that I didn't think about before is that compressing space with atmosphere in it would create a very real \"wall\" of air, which actually exponentially brings air resistance back into this equation and the challenges that presents. The ship could burn up and be destroyed before actually escaping the atmosphere\n* Atmosphere is entering and exiting the warp horizon at exactly more or less the same speed and furthermore, are not accelerated in any way, except for the atoms that the ship pushes out of the way\n* I'm not sure why a cylinder of atmosphere would be removed, I assume that's due to the conclusion that the inside of the warp would collect atmosphere faster than it can exit as it travels but that wouldn't happen\n* \"gravitational and electromagnetic interactions between matter and energy inside the warp bubble and matter and energy outside the warp bubble\" You may be onto something here as being inside a gravity well strong enough, such as a planet, could introduce variations in the \"compression-ratio\" significant enough to rip the ship apart when the drive engages. Even if that wouldn't happen, I think it definitely sounds SCIENCEY! enough to be plausible.\nFurther regarding compressing matter, Film Theory did a video on Ant-Man before and he said that compressing a human to the size of an ant would cause the molecules to get so close together that you would collapse into the singularity of a black hole and consume the entire planet.", "947" ], [ "No More Looking from the Same Side of a Mostly Liquid Surface Terrestrial-based Moon\nSection 1: Non-Duplicate Proofs.\nSection 2: Background, THE QUESTION, and Useful Info.\nSection 3: Other cited ways of preventing.\nSection 4: Sources and Additional Resources.\nSection 5: TL;DR\nNon-Duplicate Proofs This is not a duplicate of https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/27751/tidal-lock-on-a-water-moon. The answer provided there does not answer this question (or that one fully either). I am providing these specific proofs because of the last comment made by <PERSON> another post of mine (https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/95094/can-you-have-an-eccentric-horseshoe-orbit-for-long?noredirect=1#comment282046_95094) insisting that the resources in an answer to a question determines its duplication, and not the question itself. If these are not satisfactory, I am also providing question based proofs of non-duplication.\nAnswer based proofs\nThe answer provided by <PERSON> makes many generalizations, which don't always stand true.\n1. <PERSON> insists that those worlds that are close enough to the sun to have liquid water would constantly be losing it, which in and of itself may be true, but given a high enough escape velocity as well as a thick enough atmosphere and magnetosphere, the loss would prove negligible on time scales of millions to billions of years, not to mention possible reintroduction of water from other sources. He does not mention escape velocity, and also provides an answer based on little to no atmosphere as well as magnetosphere, both of which my moon has.\n2. The claim that most moons aren't going to have major amounts of liquid surface also falls flat in that I've seen numerous sources saying that if a moon of a gas giant were to migrate inward, it would be a so called water world (sources at the very end, and I'll provide more if needed).\n3.", "710" ], [ "The fact that <PERSON> cites Titan as having ice under its surface, yet neglecting to mention the fact that much of this ice would melt and populate the surface of Titan with much more water were it to heat up is also a point of contention.\n4. The answer provided by bowlturner does not provide enough qualifiers under the \"hard-science\" tag, and therefore does not answer my question.\nIn summary, not only is the answer given not definitive for my question, much of what is said is actually not true for all or most cases.\nQuestion Based Proofs\n1. My question pertains to any liquid, and not necessarily just water. This allows for different densities, freezing and boiling points, heat absorption and dispersion rate, and many other factors as long as they would be liquid on the surface.\n2. <PERSON> asked a question wondering whether a watery world could and would be tidal locked, whereas my question asks specifically how to prevent tidal locking with any liquid in high quantities under specified parameters for a terrestrial based moon.\nBackground:\nI've been researching tidal locking like no other, and I've seen ways of getting around it, and pretty much all of them have been well explained, except for one.\nI've seen very very vague comments alluding to keeping a world from tidal locking if it's covered in liquid water (or I'm assuming any liquid). After the first one, I thought it was just a fluke or something, and then I saw one or two more, and now I'm very intrigued as to whether this could be a viable natural way of stopping tidal locking (as long as the liquid stays).\nNow it may be specifically because of an atmosphere that this would occur, but I really don't know. I know that in the case of an atmosphere, it has something to do with angular momentum and heat lagging behind the time of when it heats the ground vs the atmosphere or something along those lines, and I'm curious if this could be a similar case that is multiplied more for a mostly liquid surface.\nTHE QUESTION:\nCould you stop or reverse tidal locking on the surface (or mantle) of a terrestrial based moon (see info about pertaining system) by having a mostly liquid (only one main piece of land mostly used as a way to test the tidal lock) covered world? If yes, how much liquid would be needed, and would said liquid need to be of a specific density or viscosity to even be possible? And I would appreciate a \"why\" in any given answers (preferably with linked articles or other proofs).", "710" ], [ "<PERSON>'s answer is very good, I just wanted to add another idea that can possibly make this work within a futuristic setting:\nRadio wave cancellation: The idea of mimicking noise cancellation on the RF spectrum is good, but would be ineffective for all the reason's master_gibber described in his answer. By the time the canceller receives the communication and transmits the inverted signal, the original signal has already passed them by, and rendered their attempts at cancellation ineffective. In our current reality, there's no way around this...but in a futuristic setting, we have some other options.\nA literal man in the middle: To cancel a signal being sent from Mars to Earth, an agent on mars could place a device on or near the transmitter (near enough to be able to communicate with it \"instantly\").", "434" ], [ "This device would be one half of a quantum-entangled \"walkee talkee\" that would communicate with an electronic warfare platform/ship at some point between Earth and Mars, to tell the canceller exactly what is being transmitted, and allow them time to prepare the inverse signal before the original signal reaches them.\nIdeally, the canceller would be only far enough from the original transmitter that the radio signal would take exactly as long to reach the canceller as it would take the canceller to calculate the inverse signal. This way, the electronic warfare platform would be able to generate the largest cancellation shadow...though it would have no margin for error.\nThe man in the middle (or even the Mars agent) could then replace the signal with whatever message they wanted Earth to actually see.\nPros: This idea is based on a logical extension of technologies that already exist (though quantum entanglement is still in its infancy), so it wouldn't be too much of a narrative stretch to include this kind of application in a story set within the next century.\nCons: This raises the obvious question of \"if there's quantum entangled communicators, why would you use radio?\" The best answer (depending on the story you're planning on) is that one side of the conflict would have better technology/resources than the other. Alternatively, the nature of the signal being sent may require more than one recipient (since the quantum-entangled communicators would only be point-to-point).\nAn alternate idea: Depending on the nature of the signals being used, the same quantum entanglement device could be used without needing a transmitter in the middle. One agent could place the device near the Mars transmitter, and another agent could place the sister device on the Earth receiver, and cancel the signal after it's already been received, but before it's been demodulated.\nThis would still require a QE walkee-talkee, but the actual cancellation would require very little power, and is actually the sort of cancellation that some telecom companies currently do with the undesired portions of their own signals in-house.\nIf the signal was very directional, or could only be decrypted by that one receiver, then placing the device directly on the receiver itself would blind recipient, and allow an agent on Earth or Mars to inject data at will.", "209" ], [ "As other answers have said, given enough resources (Methane), your proposed heat engine could work, however I wonder if there could be a more elegant design - especially considering that humans have mastered travel through the solar system.\nSince, in your world, humans are now expanding to other planets and moons I think it likely that through the development process engineers would be working on ways to either encapsulate energy for when it is scarce or ways to transmit energy long distances. Since humans are traveling around the solar system in months and spread throughout it there would likely be some sort of infrastructure in place for cargo transport, etc.\nIf there is no reason that the colony has to be 100% self-sufficient (the energy has to come from Titan), you could take advantage of these cargo routes to transport either fuel or large batteries to colonies with scarce energy along with regular resupply missions. This could be one solution, but the next one I like better:\nWireless Solar Energy Transmission So, you're on Titan. It's cold, dark, full of methane, and you need energy... bad. Luckily the engineers have been working on solutions to maintain a flow of energy to all the colonies.\nIn a close orbit to the sun, you have an array of large solar collection devices.", "199" ], [ "The concentrated energy is used to generate a laser of a specific wavelength that transmits energy to satellite devices spaced along routes through the solar system. Mirrors/Optic systems could create a constantly unobstructed pathway to all of the satellites as they move through their orbit (or in stationary orbit around another planet). After passing through a relay of these satellite devices, the laser ends its journey at a receiver on the destination planet/moon.\nDisadvantages of a laser system such as energy loss through atmosphere wouldn't be an issue transmitting to Titan, but you would certainly not get all of the energy back. This would require a receiver on Titan many hundreds of meters across, and a substantial battery to store the energy as it comes in. Ideally, an unmanned mission would prepare the required infrastructure so that the colonists arrive with several months worth of energy already having been transmitted and stored in the battery.\nSimilar energy transfer can be done with Microwaves, and to my knowledge the energy conservation is much more effective with Microwaves since you aren't losing so much energy to visible light. Current systems can achieve up to 85% efficiency. Microwave however runs the risk of RF interference (which could be a problem unless the system is positioned away from communication channels) and the receiver would have to be larger than that of a laser.\nHere are some stats on current wireless space-solar power systems for reference:", "801" ], [ "I don't really think that war is a plausible scenario in this case.\n1. It takes unbelievably vast amounts of energy to travel interstellar distances. According to my calculations, to get an aircraft carrier (100,000 ton) sized spaceship up to 0.1c, you need 12577118.204822823 terawatt hours of energy, not counting efficiency (probably below 50%, not a physicist), which is over 600 times more than the combined annual electricity usage of all of modern humanity. Also, you would then need that amount of energy again to decelerate. While this could be done using fusion/antimatter engines or giant solar powered lasers pushing on sailships, it would be extremely expensive and impractical. Solar systems are full of tons of resources, with metal available in asteroids, planets, and moons, water in comets, hydrogen from water or in gas giants, so transporting inorganics at those distances is sort of pointless. Organics stuff can be grown in greenhouses at a fraction of the cost (remember, over a thousand times the entire modern world's energy budget just to move an aircraft carrier sized ship). Anything you don't have here can be made by starlifting hydrogen from the star and synthesizing it into whatever you need via fusion (might take energy to fuse together, but will get you what you need). Also, at 0.1c, it would take over 120 years (ships would be traveling slower at beginning when accelerating and at end when decelerating) for a ship to make the trip. Unless one or both sides has some sort of magical unobtainium the other side lacks, interstellar trade is pointless, because everything could be sourced much more easily from one's own solar system at a tiny fraction of the cost.\n2. Any civilization capable of interstellar travel would be incomprehensible and perhaps even Godlike to our eyes. If you are comfortably capable of moving between the stars, your society probably has an economy billions of times larger than our modern one, at the very least. With much less technology than needed for interstellar travel, you would be able to fill your solar system with O'Neill cylinders and colonize every planet and moon available, so your planet of origin is no longer that important.", "99" ], [ "You will be able to stop almost every threat that presents itself, and to evacuate from most other things. You talk about global warming as a possible threat, but to an interstellar civilization, it would be nothing. They could easily stop it either by placing numerous mirrors around their planet to block sunlight or by using fusion powered plants to such CO2 from the air directly. Such measures would be expensive and impractical for us, but if they have the energy to travel at relativistic speeds, these things would be trivial.\n3. Invasions are sort of impractical. Firstly, it would take decades for your ships to arrive, and when they did, they would be outdated (might be able to upgrade them en route based on new information, but not to latest level, probably) and outnumbered. The enemies would have had decades to build up defenses and your ships would be alone. With the resources available to them, they would probably be able to fill their Oort Clouds, Kuiper Belts, and planetary orbits with billions or trillions of self replicating autonomous defense platforms, while building reinforced bunkers on all their planets and placing guns on their planets larger than your ships. A better strategy would be to launch RKKVs or to burn your enemies with a Nicoll-Dyson beam, but while those might be very effective against a planetbound civilization, an interstellar one will have a presence across the system and would survive to retaliate.\n4. Cyberwarfare is probably impractical. You might be able to hack the relay, but what would that give you? Turning it off would hurt you as well. The relay will probably be routed through a data center or something on the other side. If you try to hack them, they could just pull the plug on the thing, given that all your information has to go through that one route.", "898" ], [ "There are some very deeply rooted, age-old issues behind your question. In a nutshell they all boil down to: How do interstellar travelers navigate among the stars? Let's take a look at this question in depth, and then we can see about answering your specific question.\nTerrestrial Navigation\nSo how do people on EARTH navigate, anyway? Well, thanks to generations of people who were either very bored or very curious, humanity has a strong collective grasp of exactly where the Earth is located within the solar system, and exactly what we can expect the night sky (and day sky) to look like at any given time on any given day. This is key to navigation. Using a sextant and any one of a set of Navigational Stars (or the sun, moon, or planets) a navigator can determine his/her exact location on the surface of the Earth. The positions of satellites in orbit are monitored by tracking stations at fixed, known location all over the Earth whose positions are accurately determined using stellar navigation. The GPS would not be able to function without these tracking stations, since their positions would decay over time. The tracking stations are able to monitor and adjust the orbits of the GPS satellites, since the positions of the tracking stations never vary, but remember that their position could never have been determined without first using the stars to get a bearing. No matter how advanced the navigation technique, a map of the sky is needed to take bearings.\nSomething to remember is that the mapping of the sky around the Earth has taken literally thousands of years. Methods have become more sophisticated and technology more advanced, but the core of knowledge was still gained through prolonged observation and experience. This is presumably something our intrepid interstellar explorers will not have.\nExtraterrestrial Maps\nLuckily, thanks to a nifty phenomenon called Stellar Parallax, we humans have managed to map the stars beyond our solar system to a startling degree of accuracy. Unfortunately, this method has a limited range. Presumably as science marches on we will produce more and more accurate maps and longer and longer ranges, but as it stands we can currently only take accurate parallax measurements to a distance of ~1600 ly. This might sound like a lot (and it really is pretty damn far) but the galaxy is a very vast place. Our maps cover about 0.07% of the Milky Way Galaxy.", "204" ], [ "That's not terribly encouraging, but for now let's just focus on what we do have mapped.\nExtraterrestrial Navigation\nSo let's say we have someone who is really bored, really rich, and really sick of people. They hop in star ship and blast off at FTL speeds (#magic) and makes it to Polaris, which is about 433 ly away. But what now? Our explorer is too far away from Sol to use accepted sky maps. Stars will be in different positions in the sky thanks to parallax, since our explorer is so far from home. Luckily, our star charts cover this area, and with a bit of extrapolation our explorer can predict what the sky will look like in the Polaris system just from our knowledge of where the stars lay with respect to the Sun. If the ship has a powerful enough telescope, our explorer can use his current navigational data to orient himself in Polaris and start mapping more distant stars using more parallax. This might take some time, but it will both increase the accuracy of current star map and sky map and extend the current star map past what is currently achievable from Earth.\nNext our explorer will want to start mapping the planet (I assume he found a planet upon which he wants to settle). In an empty vacuum it would be very tough to chart a planet's orbit, but our explorer has luckily already mapped out the sky using his extrapolated parallax data. Using these stars as a reference, our explorer can watch the planet(s) and sun(s) and moon(s) and get a pretty accurate picture of the system of orbits, including critical data like eccentricity, inclination, etc. Combining this new data with the sky map can produce an almanac of useable navigational points in the sky including stars, planets, moons, suns, and possibly other alien objects. It is imperative, however, that this process goes in this order. Trying to map the planetary orbits without first mapping the sky will result in failure.\nNow that we have an almanac of navigation points our explorer can navigate the star system to his heart's content. Tracking stations can be placed on the surface of the planet using stellar navigation similar to that used on Earth, only with an alien sky and alien navigation points. These tracking stations, being permanent references, can be used to further deploy more navigation equipment like GPS satellites or the like. Now our explorer can move on to another star system and repeat the process for as long as there is predictable parallax data from which to pull.\nOrbital Bombardment\nNow for the fun part: bombing stuff.", "801" ] ]

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[ [ "BikeEverest\nIntroduction: BikeEverest\nA champion biker from Alaska--<PERSON>--in a 21-hour nonstop stretch over the this Memorial Day weekend, made 13 trips up and down a 9-mile stretch of local Hatcher Pass Road to complete the Everest climbing challenge. The goal for participating cyclists: ride the hill of their choice over and over until they climb 29,029 feet — the height of Mount Everest. This is a talented biker who held the woman's record for the Continental Divide Race as well as first place finish in the unsupported Trans Am Bike Race. We are very proud of our slim local sports talent pool. To emulate her effort I thought it would be fun to just notch off a few feet here and there and over the course of days, weeks, or months mount my own challenge. For those of you interested in keeping track of arbitrary heights gained with your bike in your casual weekend rides I have provided instructions on how to build a monitor that will eventually announce to the world that you too have completed the Everest Challenge!\nThe device is rechargeable and sleeps most of the time and has a E-Paper screen that provides you with diverting pictures of the mountain.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThis build is incredibly simple and easily made. The ease of putting it together is based on the nesting features of Adafruit Feather boards and screen. The only additional add-ons are a switch for power, a rechargeable battery and the newly released BMP 388 altimeter.\n1. Adafruit HUZZAH32 – ESP32 Feather Board $19 You can use a different Feather -- the advantage of the ESP is it goes to sleep so easily.\n2. Adafruit 2.13\" Monochrome eInk / ePaper Display FeatherWing - 250x122 Monochrome $21 You can also use the three color one with red to jazz it up.\n3. Adafruit BMP388 - Precision Barometric Pressure and Altimeter--$9\n4. 600mah Rechargeable battery --- $2\n5. On/Off switch --$1\nStep 2: 3D Print It\nThe case is made in two pieces that are easily printed without support in PLA. PETG may hold up to the elements a little better--and I would use it preferentially if you live in someplace hot like Tucson --- doing your Everest going up Mt Lemon! The insets are designed to take 3mm metric heat inserts into the base. The Screws go through the slightly undersized holes in the screen that must be enlarged with a 3mm bit. If you want a slightly bigger battery you can increase the depth of the upper case with little trouble.", "33" ], [ "The side port for accommodating programing and charging of the battery is built into the file. The flattened area at the back of the base is to attach the mount for the bicycle handlebar. The line knurling on the back of the case is done by adding a screw pattern in an early step.\nStep 3: Wire It\nThere really isn't much to the wiring of this device so I didn't include a wiring diagram. The ease of just soldering some male headers onto the ESP32 allows you to easily mesh it to the receiving side of the E-Paper screen. This connects all the complicated pins in the SPI interface along with all the pins to control the build in SD memory card. The only thing that requires wiring is the BMP 388 which comes from Adafruit on a I2C breakout board. Nicely, you don't have to add any pull-ups to make it work. Just solder wires to the Power, Ground, SCL and SDA and attach them to the female hook-ups on the Feather E-paper screen. I used some male header pins and just soldered the connector wires to them and pushed them home. A few dabs of hot glue holds these connections in place to the 3V, GND, SCL and SDA on the main board. (You will probably become bored with this device soon and want to build something else with these expensive components.) The battery is connected with JST connector to the ESP32 with a switch placed on the Power line to turn the device on and off. To charge the unit you must have it on the ON position.\nStep 4: Build It\nThe BMP 388 fits very nicely nested between the Feather E-paper screen and the ESP32. The case has the battery tucked at the bottom and the only modifications are for your preferred switch mounting position. You can easily add a more subtle slide switch. The case is not designed to be waterproof although you can make additional modifications in the design to help prevent water ingress. The E-paper screen is held in place with the 3 mm screws going through the modified screen holes and supported by small spacers underneath the screen.", "611" ], [ "End of Days Clock\nIntroduction: End of Days Clock\nThe days got shorter here in Alaska until it felt like the murky light was only a short interruption of a long sleep so I built a clock to display the seasonal diminishment (and expansion) of time. It also displays when it snows and how the tide is doing out there in the inky ice-choked sea. The neat display is another variation on wrangling the power of programmable LED's to make them suitable for human eye consumption. In this case I am using a hemicircle of aluminum to reflect a moving mini tableaux that is a perfect accompaniment for the FASTLED framework of palettes.\nThe minimal hardware of a ESP32 jumps onto to your WIFI and gets information from both the NOAA website for tides and time information and also joins the Open Weather Map API for advice about the snow conditions. The device also displays an animated graphic of the current temperature that's easily read from a distance and can be built into really any size device that you want. The end of days animation is a growing dark blue shadow that moves over a rainbow mapped to the limited daylight that it calculates every hour. The slow triumph of the rainbow over the shadow has just starting last week! The tidal animations show a murky moving blue sea underlaying a moving sky palette that changes depending on the time of day. Anyway, its something for you and your cat to look at for the next couple months.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThis project is easy to build with minimal materials but provides big impact for its size and animations. There is no correct size for the projection surface. Where before I utilized a closed tube with a hanging section of LEDs mounted on a rigid strip this new design is made possible by the availability of side mount led strip that can now be suspended by its own silicon shell from the ends of the tube section. The tube section itself can be made out of any material...plastic from the big box plumbing store but I built mine from aluminum for the look.\n1. Section of 60 inch aluminum speed rail tube (ID 2\") cut with a saber saw into a 2 inch wide section. With testing, this reflective curvature from a suspension distance of about two inches, enabled the best graphics.\n2. One-meter of Adafruit NeoPixel LED Side Light Strip - Black 60 LED $18\n3. D1 mini ESP32 ESP-32 WiFi+Bluetooth\n4. Waterproof DC Power Cable Set - 5.5/2.1mm\n5. Power block 4A 5V--$10\n6.", "51" ], [ "LuckIn 20-Pack 1/2 x 1 Inch Stainless Steel Standoff Screws, Mounting Glass Hardware Sign $2\nStep 2: Build It\nThe tube section is easily cut with a metal saber saw blade after carefully outlining its shape on the speed tube. The cut may be fairly ragged and uneven but some moderate sanding with a table top sanding belt and a hand sander will bring it into true rather easily. The edge should be sanded until it has a flat profile and won't cut your hand when handling it. The mounts at the top and bottom are for the stainless support posts from amazon and you can adjust their position and size depending on how large the mounting holes are and the length of your LED strip. The other side of the mounts that connect your instrument to the wall are made of excess curved sections of aluminum tube --the curve allows bolting the mounts into the curve that keeps it off of the wall. The surface treatment of the outside of the aluminum can be done with either fine wet dry sandpaper or can be sandblasted for delicate flat natural surface that can be painted with flat poly. The inside reflective surface has to be painted with a flat white paint with multiple coats to give it projective surface.\nStep 3: 3D Print It\nThe 3D parts are all designed on Fusion 360. They form the support structure for the silicon sleeve and hold it in a taught vertical position. The slot on the bottom of the top and bottom holders accommodate the screw mounts for the stainless standoff supports. The separate bottom curved pieces enable the support structures to fit well onto the curved projection wing. Two connector structures are printed without support in PLA. Two covers and two curved underpieces are also printed. The case for the computer and power stud are also printed without support in PLA. The case has a screw cover that can be made more water resistant with an application of silicon grease.\nStep 4: Wire It\nThe wiring for this project is very easy. Attach the power plug to the +5 V and ground on the ESP32. The data line from the LED's is connected to 17. The power and ground from the LED's are also connected to the power plug. It is best to connect a large capacitor between ground and power in these Neopixel LED set ups and connect a small resistor to the data control line.", "996" ], [ "Light Palate--Selective Lighting for Your Next Feast\nIntroduction: Light Palate--Selective Lighting for Your Next Feast\nThe permutations that fine food has gone through in the last 20 years has been quite amazing. Every nuance has been tweaked and romanced over. Growing up in the midwest where food was taken in merely to prevent bodily collapse until that one day when we went to McDonalds for the first time and I inhaled a burger that was so beyond the usual taste limits that my whole world changed. Things could taste really good! Older with kids I found the burgers nearly intolerable--they had descended to the lower edge of the taste spectrum over the years supplanted by deep dish pizza, barbecue and fresh salmon on a cedar plank.\nIn this instructable I wanted to up the game slightly by extending our taste spectrum with a light spectrum tweak. You can think of it as a Phillips light for food. I built a hanging light outfitted with Neopixels that are controlled by a light sensor that is primed by the food that we place underneath it. In this way the color of the presented food is augmented by a color boost along with the usual wavelengths additional LED's are recruited to bring up its color subtleties. The Microcontroller presents the color spectrum that was analyzed and using an algorithm balances out the best frequency. You can also subtly adjust this level with a manual override. The system also works for flowers, objects of art and anything else you might want to appear more tempting.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThe hanging lamp is made out of 52 mm aluminum speed-rail which can be found in any large city with a metal supplier. This is not a requirement and it can also be fabricated out of PVC or any other tube material but of course it would suffer from ugliness.\n1. Aluminum Speed Rail--52mm X 26 Inches $20\n2. TTGO T-Display ESP32 CP2104 WiFi bluetooth Module 1.14 Inch LCD Development Board $11\n3. Adafruit AS7262 6-Channel Visible Light / Color Sensor Breakout $19\n4. Adafruit NeoPixel Digital RGB LED Strip - White 60 LED - WHITE $24 about 3 m\n5. 1/16 in. x 50 ft. Galvanized Vinyl Coated Steel Wire Rope $10\n6. Aluminum Alloy Coupling Shaft Coupler Motor Coupler Connector - 7# $5\n7.", "769" ], [ "Power Supply--ALITOVE 5V 8A 40W AC to DC Adapter Power Supply Converter Transformer 5.5x2.1mm $18\nStep 2: 3D Print Your Parts\nOnly a couple of parts need to be 3D printed for the lightPalate. The two end plates--one that contains the Microcontroller and the other a blank disc. One baffle to cover the parts connections on the microcontroller end and the cable attachments inside the housing. They keep the power cables that the unit hangs from making connection with the aluminum housing and shorting it out. They also have built in channels to allow for better cable wrangling. The other part is the insulator that hold the head of the touch control screw from contacting the aluminum housing. The parts are all printed without support out of standard PLA and then painted with Aluminum spray paint to match the housing.\nStep 3: Build Your Housing\nThis type of aluminum is very soft and can be easily cut with a metal blade saber saw in a freehand fashion. A straight outline is done of the horizontal cutout. The ends gentle curves are usually outlined with a flexible french curve template to make them smooth. The smoothing of the final curves was done with a dremmel drum sander and a bench sander. Final smoothing was done with a random orbit sander. The housing was then sandblasted with fine grit to give an overall smooth finish both inside and out. Holes were drilled in the top to accommodate the support wires. Additional holes were drilled to fit the opening for the AS7262 6-Channel Visible Color Sensor and the touch control screw-head. These were done with a step-drill. Final painting was done with Valspar top coat flat finish to the outside of the housing and the inside was painted with a flat white spray paint to reflect light.\nStep 4: Add Neopixels\nThe Neopixels are stripped of their silicon covers to allow them to be directly mounted to the inside of the lightPalate housing. Approximately 3 meters of neopixels was used in the project but you can increase this to bolster the lighting intensity as much as you want. The NeoPixel strands are glued directly to the painted inner liner with E7000 glue. You don't really have to worry about the strands shorting out with contact with metal except at the ends where the wires are attached. These areas are problematic and should be covered heavily with liquid electrical tape insulator fluid--a great product.", "996" ], [ "WetRuler--Kitchen Helpers for the Visually Impaired\nIntroduction: WetRuler--Kitchen Helpers for the Visually Impaired\nI have worked most of my adult life with patients with vision problems in Alaska and pondered building a helpful device that would enable a more defined way of metering out fluids in a kitchen if users had no central vision. There are devices already for defining the limits of a cup with two wires that form a circuit at a set level but none actually measure different fluid levels. Most people just end up putting a finger into a hot liquid as its poured.\nThe sensors in these devices turn on with a button push and immediately read a baseline atmospheric pressure in a thin measuring tube. The sensor tube is then placed in the liquid whose depth you want to read and algorithms calculate how deep the tube is. All design considerations are based on size including the ATTiny85 for the microcontroller, small PCB, and a coin cell battery for power. The beeping sensor transmits its information by modulating its call for each inch of depth and the \"smart\" funnel slowly increases its yodeling as the tip goes deeper into the liquid. I designed these two little guys for fun but the inherent applicability of the design can be used for a variety of circumstances where fluid level cannot be well visualized and a tiny brain could help you.\nThe devices are made with silicon tubing and food level stainless steel straws at their sense apertures but the maker is left to his own devices for of food safety.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThere are just a couple components that are needed for this build. The heart is the MP3V5004GP-ND sensor that costs about $13. It is great for measuring small volume changes in water height and have found it to be an adequate analog sensor even for AD convertor inside the ATTiny. The buzzer is generic --you just want something with a low current as there is no transistor in this circuit and the tiny must provide all the power. The demands of this circuit are small---only being on when needed with the pushbutton and the output signal will be turned off right away so the coin cell battery is appropriate. The circuit design can be easily modified to include other power supplies or switching--even solar.\n1. MP3V5004GP-ND get at Digikey for $13\n2. Push button -- generic $0\n3. Battery holder CR2025 --WMYCONGCONG 30 PCS CR2032 CR2025 Coin Button Cell Battery Amazon $0\n4. ATTiny85--Original Atmel Dip-8 ATTINY85-20PU Tiny85-20Pu Ic Chip Pack Of 5Pcs $2\n5. Dip 8 Socket -- for ATTiny $0\n6.", "440" ], [ "Silicon tubing 2mm inside diameter $1\n7. Stainless Drinking Straws -- $0\n8. Battery coin cell CR2025 -- $1\n9. Buzzer --BNYZWOT Electromagnetic Active Buzzer Long Continous Beep Tone Alarm Ringer for Arduino $0\nStep 2: Wire It\nThe above is a screen shot from Eagle design file. It is the companion PCB design system that works with Fusion 360. I have included the files necessary for ordering your own boards that make this project so tiny. It was the easiest thing to order this summer--$5 for 10 boards and they came in about 5 days from China...it still amazes me. (PCBWAY--I don't make $ from anyone I mention).\nThe wiring is totally simple. Power from the battery goes to the switch and from there to both the ATTiny and the sensor. The sensor analog wire goes to the AD convertor on the ATTiny (A1) and the output from the ATTiny (0) goes to the + lead of the buzzer and the ground in the system goes to ATTiny, Sensor, and Buzzer.\nYou can easily build this unit without the need for a PCB by dead-bug wiring. Most of the early testing was done this way. The PCB just makes it a lot neater for inclusion in the case. When wiring the PCB make sure you add all the components before you place the battery holder on the back as it covers up some of the solder spots--a consequence of making it smaller in size. You might still want to place the sensor on a PCB of its own just for stability sake.\nStep 3: Print It\nAll design work is done in Fusion 360. Both designs use the same box framework that have identical matching front plates. The frontispiece can be changed to accommodate larger buttons and On/Off switches. It is held on by snap fit attachments and is designed for easy replacement of the CR2025 battery. The smart funnel has an extruded tube that is contiguous with the funnel drain and allows the silicon tube of the sensor to be parallel to it.", "996" ], [ "Miniature CO2 Monitor With Alarm\nIntroduction: Miniature CO2 Monitor With Alarm\nI have recently been spending a lot of time indoors working with human breathing physiology. Prior Instructables have used O2 and CO2 sensors and I had tried switching to a new one from Sensirion SCD 41. It is very tiny and uses a new type of sensing for the level of CO2 ...acoustic something or other. The previous version: SCD 30 works really fast and has a wide detection range...it is based on laser CO2 light absorption. When experimenting with the small model I found its speed too slow for my use and the range limiting so I was looking for something else to build with them. I have put together a short instructable on how to built a elegant very tiny CO2 sampler for home or school use. It uses the raw SCD 41 that is usually surface mounted or you can obtain it already mounted on a trial board but it is so much bulkier and not as much fun to put together. The other requirement was that it be unobtrusive and have a tiny buzzer to alert the occupants that the boring stream of data had gone over some limit--much like a fire alarm. Naturally it would have to have an App to graph your data stream and keep it locally on your phone.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThere are only 3 components to this project. Total cost about $50.\n1. 3v buzzer CMI-1295IC-0385T -- digikey $1\n2. SCD 41 -- Digikey $42\n3. TTGO T-Display ESP32 CP2104 WiFi bluetooth Module 1.14 Inch LCD Development Board $11\nThe SCD41 also comes as a development board from a variety of sources--some have STEMMA QT connectors for easy hookup. These boards would make the whole unit considerably bigger but the all the rest of the components would be the same.\nStep 2: 3D Print Your Parts\nThere are only 3 parts to this tiny instrument. All parts are printed in PLA with no support.\nStep 3: Wire It\nThe only difficult part is wiring up the tiny SCD 41, but that's what makes it fun. Use as small a gauge of wire that you have available. Clamp the unit to stabilize it. Make sure you have the wiring diagram at hand and orient the unit to correctly wire each unit. One of the pads is trimmed to orient the unit. The five connections include the VDD, GND, SDA and SCL (all on the lower tier) and DDH across from the VDD. This is connected to power so you can either connect across or connect it to power when you splice the wires to the TTGO.", "152" ], [ "Use plenty of flux on the pads and place a tiny ball of solder on each one prior to attaching the wires. Place a tiny ball of solder on the ends of each wire to enable an easy connection with minimal heat. Solder the wires to the appropriate pads. Carefully hot glue the wires into position to prevent tearing of the small connections. The I2c connections are made through GPIO 21 and 22. Power and Ground and provided through the 3 Volt connector on the board. The buzzer is connected to GPIO 13 and to GND. The power to the board is connected from the USB back connector to the 5 Volt connector and GND on the board. A small color LED is spliced into the power connection to the sensor.\nStep 4: Build It\nThe power for this unit comes from a 3D printed USB connection unit located on its back. I wanted some power option that was minimal in form so that it could easily slipped into any power block or a USB port on the side of a computer. The USB printed unit has two thin indents that accommodate two small strips of copper foil. Carefully trim the copper to fit the two indents and superglue them into position. The wires that connect power and ground go through the back of the unit. Use plenty of flux to make soldering easy to the copper strips. Connect the wires at the base of the copper strip so that the soldering blob does not extend onto the open areas where the USB connects. Superglue the USB connector onto the back of the unit after you run the wires through the holes. Place the TTGO unit into included slots in the holder. The CO2 sensor unit and tiny buzzer nest with the wires in the upper chamber of the unit. The LED sits near the openings for air movement. Make sure that the USB-C connection for the TTGO is available for programming through the open slot. Check to see if the unit functions correctly and finally superglue the face plate into position.\nStep 5: Program It\nMost of the program is taken from the Sensirion App programming for the SCD-30 unit but switched for the SCD-41. It uses a couple custom fonts included in the program.", "635" ], [ "Accurate VO2 Max for Zwift and Strava\nIntroduction: Accurate VO2 Max for Zwift and Strava\nHuman bodies are engines that utilize oxygen to burn fuel. Humans are not built with gauges and checking to see how the human engine is running is usually based on things we find easy to measure--pulse, Blood pressure. These do not directly tell us how the engine is burning its fuel. Measuring the amount of oxygen used with exertion provides better information on how hard the bodies engine is working--the equivalent of looking at the gauges on your cars dashboard. My previous work on measuring the components of exercise physiology were encumbering and not elegant enough to make them easily portable: https://www.instructables.com/Real-VO2Max-Measure... So after being introduced to the joys of Zwift bicycling with a Wahoo trainer I built a device that enables you to accurately add VO2 Max to the bluetooth information displayed on the Zwift screen animation while you are peddling along. The device also easily pairs with the Strava app for providing VO2 Max data for all your trail excursions. It substitutes VO2 max information for the heart rate sensor data in both of these popular exercise programs. The device is portable and lightweight with Wifi and Bluetooth capabilities and is easily worn with a modified 3M mask designed to be comfortable for long term use. I have tested the device for other sports including cross-country skiing and skating but its portability and wireless transmission capacity make it amenable to just about any sport other than swimming. The device also communicates with an App for the iPhone which enables graphing and long term data storage and download for ancillary calculations. The output includes continuous output of VO2, calories consumed, volumes of expired gas, as well as performing such functions as Basal Metabolic Rate. The device is easily made for about $100. Parts are all readily available and the case is 3D printed. It can be assembled in about 10 minutes. We tested the device in a physiology lab against a $60,000 machine and found it gave the about the same results.\nStep 1: Gather Your Parts\nThere are only four main parts to the unit. A differential pressure sensor, an oxygen sensor--both connected by I2C to a TTGO Esp32 microcontroller with screen. A Lipo Battery with switch completes the unit. The original unit included a Laser CO2 sensor and an analogue version of the differential pressure sensor. The digital version of the sensor was found to be much more accurate and with a better range of 1--250 Pa.\n1.", "152" ], [ "TTGO T-Display ESP32 CP2104 WiFi bluetooth Module 1.14 Inch LCD Development Board $11\n2. Omron--D6F-PH0025AD2--$40 from Digikey\n3. Gravity: I2C Oxygen Sensor--$50 from DF Robot\n4. Lipo Battery -- $5 1000 Mah\n5. Switch ON/OFF ---$1\n6. PARTICULATE RESPIRATR MASK -- 3M $20 Digikey (you don't really care about the filtration on this mask they are removed)\nStep 2: 3D Print Your Parts\nAll parts are printed in PLA. All files are included. No support was used except for the computer housing. The body of the unit consists of three parts--the most important being the venturi tube with ports for both the differential pressure sensor and the oxygen sensor. The measurements of the internal structure of the throat are carefully laid out and measured and cannot be changed or it will drastically effect the results of the output. The venturi tube is nested into the body enclosure. The third part is the access door/ computer housing which is held on by two 3mm screws. A small retaining shield is also included to seal off the computer and make assembly easier.\nStep 3: Wire It\nThe actual wiring for this project is minimal. It consists of connecting two I2C devices to the computer and supplying them with power and ground. They each have different I2C addresses and the pull-up resistors are included in the DF Robot O2 sensor. The O2 sensor is carefully marked for which wires go where, however, pay carefully attention to the wiring diagram included above for the Omron sensor before wiring. (Other Omron sensors of the same type have different wiring patterns!) Both of the sensors take 3 Volts which is obtained off of the TTGO board. This ESP32 board has I2C inputs on pins 21( SDA) and 22(SCL). Multiple options on the board are available for G and Power (3V). The battery supply for voltage is delivered to the small battery connector on the back of the board interrupted by a simple on/off switch. To enable charging you must have the button in the on position and provide power through the USB-C connector.", "832" ], [ "Remote Control Arduino Car\nIntroduction: Remote Control Arduino Car\nA great introductory project for those diving into the IoT and Arduino platform. Working with motors and an IR sensor helps newbies understand various components and sensors compatible with the Arduino. Using the remote control, you will be able to control the robot's movement allowing the robot to move in straight lines or turn based on human input.\nCreated by <PERSON>, an upcoming Computer Science major at the University of California, Riverside. <PERSON> is an ambitious individual looking to study further in computer science with a deep interest in microcontroller and microprocessing technologies.\nSupplies\n* Arduino Uno\n* 400 Point Solderless Breadboard\n* Caster Wheel (Universal Wheel)\n* 2 x TT Motors (1:48 Gearbox)\n* 2 x TT Motor Wheels with Slotted Inserts\n* 2 x 2 AA Cell Battery Holder\n* 4 x AA 1.5 V Batteries\n* L293D Motor Driver\n* IR Sensor with Remote\n* Assortment of Jumper Cables\n* Double Sided 3M Tape\n* Soldering Iron with Solder\n* Heat Shrink / Electrical Tape\n* Screw Driver\n* 3D Printer (Ender 3 V2 used)\nStep 1: CAD: Designing the Base\nWhen designing the base, there are a few points to consider. One of the main challenges is spacing and ensuring everything is able to fit including wires. Common designs including starting with a circle or square and developing a base that accommodates your needs.\nStarting with a circle extruded 6 mm, I first accommodated for the wheels. With a 66 mm diameter and a tire width of 26 mm, I was able to remove a significant portion of the circle to ensure the wheels had enough room to move around and would not get caught upon other electronics or parts of the base.\nOn the other side of the circle (the underside), the holes for mounting the caster wheel were made. The caster wheel used had dimensions of 33mm x 27mm. These holes are unique in the sene that they are threaded holes which the screws perfectly fit into. Using this excellent guide by <PERSON>, Given that I was using M3 standard screws, I was able to create holes 3 mm wide and adopt the concept and create the helix with a 0.5 mm pitch that ran clockwise. As per the equilateral triangle, the side length was 0.45 mm and I performed sweep on the path of the helix. Repeating this process 4 times, I was able to create my caster wheel mount.\nThe same concept was applied for the mounting holes of the Arduino. However, this time, standoff-like cylinders were created to allow the Arduino to sit comfortably as the soldered joints on the bottom of the Arduino would prevent a flush mount. An excellent reference image depicts the various holes on the Arduino and their dimensions.\nLastly, 3 holes were created and spread throughout the base to allow or convenient cable management.", "949" ], [ "Given the battery's position on the bottom, two holes on either ends will allow the battery terminals to be connected to the breadboard and Arduino. These holes were dimensioned at 5 mm to allow a wire to comfortably it through. The hole near the center is to allow wires coming from the motors to be connected to the L293D motor driver. The hole was dimensioned at 12 mm to allow at least 4 wires to fit through comfortably. I finally used a 5 mm filet on the sharp corners to smooth out any rough edges.\nStep 2: Assembly: Putting Everything Together\nUsing 4 x M3-6 screws, we can first attach the caster wheel. When attaching the wheel, we need to ensure that the wheel is facing the opposite direction of the makeshift standoffs we created for the Arduino.\nIf the TT motors do not have wires already soldered onto the leads, then solder the wires prior to fixing them to the base. We will be placing the motors on the \"stem\" of the mushroom shape. Preferably, the leads of the motor should be facing inward to avoid interference with the wheels, we have placed the red terminals closer to the base as this will make our coding more consistent later on. You may choose to change up the configuration, however, be aware that changes in code will need to reflect accordingly. Using 3mm tape we can attach the motor to its position. Ensure to place both motors prior to prevent the motors from not having enough space and interfering with one another. We can now attach the wheels on the ends of the TT motors and thread the wires through the 12 mm hole near the center.\nMoving onto the batter holders, we first need to attach them in a series configuration before fixing them to the base. Attach one of the positive terminals (usually red) to a negative terminal of the other battery holder (usually black). Solder the wires together and use heat shrink or electrical tape to conceal the solder joint.", "259" ], [ "Water Warning -- a Device to Save Your Boat\nIntroduction: Water Warning -- a Device to Save Your Boat\nIf you are a boat owner there is solid comfort in finally getting the boat on dry land. It can't sink there. Everywhere else it faces a constant battle to overcome the tendency to slip under the waves and disappear. During the winter here in Alaska our local Whittier harbor has its share of boats that suddenly and for mostly the commonest reasons slip away into the frozen dark; the only remaining signs are its lines still gamely tied to the dock. The one at the end of our dock was gone a couple years ago when I was visiting to scrape the snow off my own boat. The diver, who was half into his dry suit smoking a cigarette about to try raising the boat with inflatable bags, replied to my question of what caused the mishap with a ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯. The statistics are quite clear: 2/3 of boats go down not supporting our president in a flotilla but quietly and inexplicably at their moorings. The answer is there are a lot of holes in the bottom of your boat. For those not familiar most are associated with the necessary functions of getting rid of poop, cooling the engine, air conditioning, electronic sensors, exhaust, sink drainage and the drainage of the deck. At any time these along with their associated tubing can spring a leak. Bilge pumps and their redundancy can keep it going for a while but eventually it sinks. We rely on either a passing good Samaritan or the call at two in the morning that someone has noticed that your boat is gone.\nThis water warning project is a simple device that will notify you with a text message and email if a float switch detects a bad situation. It works off a cell phone mediated microcontroller that is powered for years on a battery without need for attachment to the boats electrical system. The service (Hologram) has a minimal cost of $18 a year for the cloud connection and about $60 to build the actual unit-- and anyone can build it. I also propose a LORA version of the same system that could protect a whole harbor for only $25 a boat.\nStep 1: Gather Your Materials\nThis project is really simple and requires very few items to make it work. If you are new to microcontrollers and electronics and just want to build it to protect your boat you can do this one easily.\n1. Hologram Account--Sign on to Hollogram and get an account. They will send you a free SIM card that will fit the Microcontroller listed below.", "537" ], [ "There is a certain regimen to registering your SIM card on the site but it is easy and the site has very good instructions.\n2. ARDUINO MKR GSM 1400--https://store.arduino.cc/usa/mkr-gsm-1400 The current price is $68 but I have seen it be as low as $55 not sure what causes it to vary. Not available ( that I know of) from suppliers in China. There are many GSM boards but most run afoul of the lack of infrastructure to support them -- retired 2G and 3G networks. This board really works instantly and is very well built and the Blynk app supports it. Make sure you get the antenna made for it!\n3. 18650 Battery--generic $6.00 Don't undersize this battery! It takes a lot of power to do the cell phone call.\n4. Float Switch--Anndason 6 Pieces Black Water Level Sensor Aquarium Tank Side Mounted Horizontal Liquid Float Switch $2.00\n5. JST PH 2-Pin Cable -100mm --$1\nStep 2: 3D Print It\nThe case is very basic and can be printed without supports in PLA. There are only three pieces to print. The base which is designed to fit the Arduino board very securely. The cover which has three holes: one for the charging/programing mini USB on the board, one for the antenna and one for the wires from the float switch. The support structure for the float switch can also be printed without supports and is sized for the nuts on the float switch. If you don't have a 3D printer you can honestly just put the Arduino in any plastic case that will fit it and the 18650 battery. The float you can just attach to anything as long as it supports it in your bilge. The antenna will just be attached to wall adjacent to the Arduino.\nStep 3: Wire It/Build It\nWiring this does not require any wiring diagram unlike most of my projects. But it's simple so anyone can build it. The float switch just turns on the computer so that it runs the computer program that sends your text message. The 18650 battery you ordered hopefully has red and black wires attached so it will make it easy.", "33" ] ]

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[ [ "A confession: I’ve never much enjoyed the American Civil War. Which isn’t to say I don’t have a basic understanding of, or appreciate its impact on the country in which I live. I do. It’s just that delving into its intricacies has never appealed to me. It feels too big and unwieldy. I’ve lived my entire life in the upper Midwest, so I don’t have the ever-present geographical reminders like those in the Northeast. Add to it the wargaming community’s wealth of super-experts, and how the even most innocuous forum questions often devolve into button polish arguments, or worse, state’s rights, well, it seems like more trouble than it’s worth –- indeed, a lost cause. I’ve read Confederates in the Attic, crapped out on <PERSON>’s The Civil War: A Narrative after a couple hundred pages, and someday I do plan to watch <PERSON> \"The Civil War\". An admittedly mixed bag, but I’m good.\nThen, a confluence of events like, say, the snarl of connections between Cairo and Paducah:\n- GMT releases a new edition of FTP with a mounted map. Shiny + no willpower + debauched game purchaser.\n- Gaming clubmate and pal <PERSON>’s FTP evangelism.\n- My overly pleasant interactions with <PERSON> at WBC.\n- Direct designer support on BGG and CSW, 15+ years after the game’s release.\n- FTP’s staying power as a beloved wargaming staple, CDG or otherwise.\n- FTP’s tournaments, online and in-person, as well as an overlarge competitive community. Potential opponents aplenty.\nOn that last point: Since returning to the hobby five years ago, I’ve found by far the most personal satisfaction in playing the shit out of games and plumbing the depths, as opposed to a one- or two-play dabbling at our hobby’s expansive buffet.\nSo in and off we go.\nAnd by we, I mean me and my buddy <PERSON> from my wargame club . . . .wait for it, First Minnesota. We’re nearly 20 years late to the cotillion, but whatever. We have Herr Dr. acting as sherpa, providing the broad strategic strokes. He gladly opened up his toolkit of expert’s tips and tricks and let us peek inside. On the self-reliance front, we pored over the rules and dutifully dug up our old C3is.", "92" ], [ "Experienced gamers, us, we say, “This shouldn’t be too bad.” But: There’s a reason Everest is littered with the petrified skeletons of the overconfident and over-rich, all of whom have access to the best gear and guides money can buy. It’s hard thing, that mountain.\nAnd so too is FTP. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise. Yes, it’s an old-school CDG. Yes, you have your ops/events binary, two-card-to-activate-a-two-leader and on down the line. But that’s where that ends. There are the oft-discussed river rules. I dunno. They take a little doing, but we found them to be totally manageable -- minor threads, accents, in this beast’s tapestry of learning-curve pain. What’s hard are the porous lines and shape-shifting fronts that can only be managed by a thorough and complete understanding of the CRT, and a litany of important but niggling details. Sometimes a single strength point locks down a crossroads. Other times it’s a pebble under a road grader. An ungarrisoned fort has zero strength points, which is different than no strength points. Attacking at both 2-1 and 3-1 have vital combat effects, even though the former gives you no odds modifier. Invading a coastal fort? Yikes. Just use the explanations in 18.0. Have a kill stack? Those are fun until they’re not. Better grind them up or spread them out before the turn ends or they melt away, by a simple function of existing. What does an ironclad do again? Is it the same as a fort without the +2? And on and on and on.\nAnd once you feel like you have some mastery of the rules, then you can begin to dig in on the strategy. At the moment, we have somewhere around 50 hours in the bank.", "237" ], [ "This forum already has about five decent gameplay reviews of this mammoth wargaming thoroughbred, explaining why you should think about getting into ASL. They all manage it more succinctly and with more clarity than I with my green noobness could possibly ever muster. However, what the forum lacks is a rundown of the product itslef; that is, the rulebook. This page and these forums stand in for the whole game, if the photo gallery is anything to go by, but nowhere on the Geek is there a review of what you actually get when you purchase the ASL Rulebook.\nTime to upgrade?\nIf you're like me, you've bought the Starter Kits and loved them, and decided for one reason or another to upgrade to the real thing. Maybe you are tired of not being able to put your finger on that rule amd you want a reference. Perhaps you're just precocious and after only toying with SK #1 you want to jump ahead. Maybe you need a brightly-coloured doorstop. Whatever. You're thinking about outlaying the big dollars for the Bible of the boardgamer battlefield.\nFirst up, everything you've heard about this book is true.\n-It's gargantuan. 200 pages long sounds like a slim fantasy novel until you realise it's small font, A4-sized pages, and with a couple of exceptions, it's all rules.\n-It's complicated. You will get headaches reading this book. After playing SK #1 and #2, it's easy enough to get through the first three pages, but once you start getting into rules you've never heard of - dash movement, bounding fire, human waves... most rules take two or three reads to fully comprehend, and even then they're complex. It reads like a technical manual, and it's not easy to grok.\n-It's comprehensive. There is a rule for EVERYTHING. Gliders, paradrops, air support, night time, snow, wind, fires, telephones, interrogation, swimming, you name it, it's in there!\nBang/Buck Ratio\nI recall my first experience of ASL. I was a bright young roleplayer, attending my first SAGA - a gaming convention in Sydney that folded about a decade ago. SAGA was half wargaming, half roleplayng, and I was there for the roleplaying.", "504" ], [ "I saw a bunch of old men playing with what looked like an engrossing game, but one they had to cart around in elaborately contrived hardware or tackle containers. Each of them reverently carried a red and yellow brick. A week later I saw this brick in my FLGS, and picked it up. It looked like a complete wargame - heavy, expensive, oblong... but the guy in the shop warned me off, telling me that that was NOT a complete game on its own, and looking at the $130 pricetag, I put it down and walked off. Even ten years later, it's still a big ask - $80 on just the rulebook? What does it come with, gold-plated D6s?\nIt's expensive, but worth it. And no more pricey than a good AD&D habit. Here's what you get in the basic package:\n- Binder\nYou can buy with or without the binder. The binder is pretty, and branded. Like everything else ASL, it's hopelessly drowned in information. The inside covers explain the basic counters in exhaustive detail.\nAnd it's a three-ring binder. You can't really store the pages as shipped in anything else. Whether it is an inherent flaw with the three-ringed design, or just that my particular binder was banged up in its trip across the Pacific (a common woe with MMP stuff, I'm finding - the same thing happened to my SK Bonus Pack), my binder's top ring doesn't close fully, and is already beginning to tear up the pages. I'm thus pretty ambivalent about this part of the purchase, pretty or not. After my experience with it, I'd suggest getting it without and making your own.\n- Rules dividers\nIt's kind calling these things 'dividers'. They are colour-coded card reference charts that match the colour-coding of the chapter headings, but they aren't really dividers. they have no tabs or labels, so there's no real reference time-saving until you're used to where in the book you need to be, and arguably while a game's on you'll need them for reference anyway, preventing you from using them as dividers. There's also a few that have odd colour-coding and there's no explanation of where they go, so you could easily just whack them at the front or back and forget that they were ever meant to be 'dividers' in the first place.", "386" ], [ "I had the opportunity to play my copy of Conquest of Nerath for the first time last night, and I imagine there are folks out there (as I did) wondering what the similarities and differences are between this new offering from Wizards of the Coast, and Fantasy Flight’s big box, conquer-the-world fantasy offering, Runewars. Both of these games seem like they were made for me. Ever since I came across Axis and Allies, I wanted to turn tanks into dragons, and infantrymen into sorcerers. These two similar games were exactly what I was looking for.\nLet’s start with the simple. They’re both big boxes. The Fantasy Flight “coffin” boxes are huge. I don’t have any other games that approach this size, about 23” x 12” x 4”. The Conquest of Nerath box is certainly not small, but easily fits in my game closet without causing a ruckus.\nThe Runewars box takes up a lot more game real estate than does Conquest of Nerath!\nAnd game designers take note: the box insert in CoN, where you store all the game pieces, is without a doubt the best insert I have ever seen. The insert for RW got recycled immediately.\nNext up, let’s take a look at the pieces. They are the same scale, and actually look pretty good next to each other. In my experience, when I’ve bought 15mm metal figures for other games from two different manufacturers, they can sometimes look pretty awkward next to each other on the battlefield.\nA sampling of the pieces from Runewars and Conquest of Nerath\nThe scale for these guys is 15mm (that is, your average humanoid is 15mm from the bottoms of their feet to their eyes) from both games. The quality of the minis in both games is very good, but I think I like the style and plastic of CoN a little better. The CoN plastic feels sturdier, and the minis burlier and tougher looking.The RW figures are a lot more “skinny” and I’ve noticed bending at the ankles and of the weapons a lot more than the CoN figures. Although when placed side-by-side the skinny-vs-burly thing is noticeable, I don’t find that it bothers me too much - so if you’re planning on fielding a 15mm fantasy army any time soon, you can pick up both of these games to help you out.\nComparing the undead of Runewars to the undead of Conquest of Nerath. The former sure look a lot more fragile than the latter!\nSo how do the two games play? Although the object of the game for both RW and CoN is very similar (you need to take territory from the enemy to either get dragon runes [RW] or victory points [CoN]), the two games play differently.", "386" ], [ "Not radically differently, but RW is certainly more complicated than CoN. In brief, a RW turn plays out over four seasons, each of which opens with a card that affects that season. During each season you may perform only certain actions. Heroes in RW serve to get you dragon runes, and to look around for magic items that typically help make them (the heroes) better. Monsters are neutral, and you can attempt to recruit them, or you can fight them. Combat is diceless, instead relying on a pre-determined deck of cards to determine outcome (which is the biggest complaint I have with RW - the deck-of-cards combat favors card-counters, meticulous non-drinkers, and general miscreants and has no place in a game like RW. I only play with the d20-corrected rules now). I’ve played RW several times now, and, diceless combat bias aside, I really enjoy it.\nConquest of Nerath is simpler. The board not modular (the board in RW is modular, and a unique board is built for each new game), and it is divided up into regions just as is Axis and Allies and Risk. All the factions start directly adjacent to each other, with armies in pre-determined places. Everyone has a unique deck of cards, and eight units: A warship, a storm elemental, a monster of some sort, a dragon, your basic footsoldier, a siege engine, and two heroes, a fighter-hero and a wizard-hero. These heroes can fight as a normal unit can, attacking neighboring territories and such, but they have a very important alternative role. Certain spaces have “dungeon” tiles placed at random on them. These are spaces that only a hero can enter. Send in your heroes (warning, never send in a hero alone - always go in with at least 2, preferably more! I was routinely getting four heroes trounced by dungeons in my first game...", "884" ], [ "This review was originally posted at Player Elimination, my weekly board game editorial site.\nYou couldn’t miss it. As I walked up to my front porch, slouched and tired from not enough sleep and more than enough work, the large package was sitting there. This isn’t an unusual sight as cardboard shipping boxes containing cardboard gaming boxes arrive weekly at my suburban dwelling. This one was different because it was unexpected.\nI hurried inside lifting with my legs instead of my back, and laid the thing out on my dining room table with a pietistic moment of silence.\nA careful slice of the knife and there it was, that sleek black and gold cover staring me in the eyes with all the atmosphere of an <PERSON> directed game of chess.\nThis happens often. I toss a wad of cash into the pot of a Kickstarter campaign and several years later a game arrives unexpectedly. It’s like a subscription box that delivers once a year and takes your arm as recompense.\nYou may have heard of the 7th Continent (cue church bells, doves, and <PERSON>). It raised eight million dollars over two crowdfunding campaigns and has received much acclaim. As an experience it abandons players on an island and has you working together to lift a cryptic curse. And everyone absolutely loves it.\nFor good reason too. In many respects this is the ultimate exploration game as you cut through jungle, stumble through snow, and snarl in the face of the weirdest of beings. It’s captivating and overwhelming in the sheer amount of content you can discover over the course of play. One could literally set fire to the rest of their collection and dedicate themselves to the 7th Continent for the rest of the year. Probably the rest of all of your years.\nAlthough I don’t actually recommend that.\n[record scratch]\nNever have I so thoroughly committed myself to a game and felt so conflicted. This monstrosity in a box has provided me with double digit hours of wonderful discovery and adventure. It’s provided some really standup moments of shock and it continually surprised me with the elegance of its core ‘push your luck’ mechanism. In short, it’s a beautiful piece of design and an unparalleled experience – for 12 hours or so.\nThe 7th Continent thematically exists as a sort of heartbreak simulator. It accomplishes what Fog of Love couldn’t in that it presents a genuine emotional journey of courtship, love, consummation of that love, comfort, annoyance, aggravation, hate, and eventually divorce.", "504" ], [ "Yeah, that’s quite a bit of steps to unpack and work through. Relationships are complicated, yo.\nThe problem with a design predicated on exploration is that you need something to explore, something that will eventually be fully discovered and lose its purpose. Think about that for a moment. When the premise of your creation’s fun is in the process of discovery, the lifespan is outright limited. You’re working towards something, and that something is likely an unsatisfied ending. The damn finish line is the knife that’s going to kill you, not the 20 mile long trek.\nPeople like to throw around that special phrase ‘it’s not about the destination, it’s about the journey’. Usually to sort of couch disappointment in a revelation that’s not up to snuff. I watched Lost, I know disappointment.\nThe 7th Continent’s solution for this problem of terminus is to throw it all at you. Not just the kitchen sink, but the loofah, the hand towel, the tiles, and even the blackened grout between them. What feels like the entire run of Dominion, Legendary, and Thunderstone is all crammed into a single box where you must meticulously curate and file each card so as to make retrieval during play minimally painful. By giving you so damn much to explore and wade through, you’ll never hit that unsatisfying end-of-the-line where you look back and question your life choices – at least that’s the theory. And while everything is fresh and exciting, that pain of leafing through cards and maintaining a perfectly organized library will be subdued and easily covered up. Eventually fresh and exciting turns to rote and monotonous, end of the journey or not.\nThe island feels enormous in the early days. You’ll push through alien territory and encounter bizarre vegetation and bizarre-er lifeforms. You’ll hit breathtaking pieces of geography and your mind will race with possibility. It all feels so damn wide open and refreshingly free. You can do whatever you want and go wherever you’d like.\nThat’s the premise at least.", "558" ], [ "For years, Fantasy Flight Games’ Arkham Horrorwas the game to go to for your <PERSON> fix, and along with its roaring success came expansion after expansion, each bloating what was already an overblown game into some gargantuan behemoth. Finally, in 2011, Fantasy Flight released the Miskatonic Horrorexpansion for Arkham, its sole responsibility being to somehow tie in everything that came before it. There have been no more expansions since. Two years later, a new game based on the same Mythos, Eldritch Horror, was released, with its goal being to simplify and streamline. It would have been unfair to compare the two games at this stage simply because one had grown, the other had still to incorporate any additions. Christmas 2014, though, brought Eldritch’s second expansion – and first big-box one – so we can now compare. Which is ‘better’?\nI’m going to save you a lot of reading now, and skip directly to my conclusion. You should buy Eldritch Horror. This is the answer to a different question, however. I’m not saying Eldritch is better – bizarrely, I still prefer Arkham – but the son has usurped the father in almost every comparison that a gamer looks for. Read further if you’re interested in finding how my perverse conclusion came to be.\nLet’s begin with the very first game of both editions. I first played Arkham around eighteen months ago, solo, having watched three run-throughs. The game lasted around three hours – more, actually, if you factor in tea breaks and quiet time to rest my poor wheezy brain – and countless references to the rules. When the game was over, I was emotionally spent. Arkham Horror weaved a tale so intricate, so refined, that I genuinely cared about the characters and dreaded turning over Mythos cards. I knew I’d made some rules errors, but the narrative held me totally in its spell. It took me ages to get to sleep that night, with all the stories spinning in my head. I won the game, which led me to believe that perhaps there wasn’t as much skill involved as there could be.\nMy first game of Eldritch was two months ago. Again, I watched a couple of playthroughs first in order to familiarise myself. I won this one too, so skill didn’t seem to be a great consideration. The game took a smidge over two hours, with no breaks, and I think I may have referred to the rulebook twice.", "857" ], [ "With evil defeated, I packed everything away and pretty much forgot the whole thing. I slept like a log. But dang, playing the game was such a blast. The game flowed in a way that Arkham didn’t – and probably never has – and, for the game’s duration, was thrilling. Conclusion: if Arkham Horror is a book, Eldritch Horror is the movie adaptation.\nArkham has three big-box expansions, four small-box, and the aforementioned Miskatonic super-glue expansion. I bought them all, and then had to figure out a way to store them all. I wrote a few months ago how I bought a suitcase and created a foamcore insert for it to make it super-duper. I bought custom dice, an Arkham dice tray, and still continue my pimping of the game even now. There’s a nifty monster bag I’ve got my eye on. This is what Arkham does well; it envelops you so that you become a collector. But I digress.\nWith expansions on-board, I started playing Arkham with a friend, someone of a similar experience level as mine. These were all-night affairs, kicking off at 6.30 and ending at midnight, totally spent. I can still picture some of the scrapes we got into as we battled, and the growing dread as we realised that we were simply powerless to conquer. Each expansion ramps up the difficulty, and Arkhamites get a perverse satisfaction in making the game as difficult to beat as possible. It’s less of a game, more of an exercise in self-flagellation.\nConversely, I taught my wife to play Eldritch. I’d never classify her as a gamer, but she will take time out occasionally to give things a go. She absolutely LOVED the game. She cheered successes, pouted (cutely, I might add, in case she reads this) when we failed an encounter, and the next day asked to play again. This has never happened before. She ‘got’ what we needed to do, and the best way to go about it. I showed her Arkham one time – only a turn or two – and her blank, bored expression was priceless.", "504" ], [ "This review was originally written for my board game editorial site Player Elimination.\n<PERSON> has made a career pairing Euro-style adventure mechanisms with threaded narrative content. This is most directly seen in Near & Far, but it’s also present in Above & Below and Empires of the Void II. Unfortunately none of those games have felt perfectly comfortable or expertly integrated between their various elements. Iteration, however, leads to innovation. Sleeping Gods is Red Raven’s chef-d’œuvre.\nThis design represents a philosophical shift. Instead of attempting to service a worker placement and storytelling game equally, the focus has been placed on developing a sprawling narrative endeavor. There is still resource management – almost too much – and of course systems for conflict and skill tests, but those are clearly in service to the fireside whispers of The Manticore’s journey through a far away land full of wonder.\nThe Manticore is of course your ship. A 1920s steamboat crewed by nine characters, characters you will control and divvy up among the players equally. Taking a page out of Ravenloft, the steamer disappears in a blanket of fog and ends up in a foreign sea. It’s a tale of bewilderment, discovery, and moral plight.\nThis is good stuff.\nThis game is inseparably linked to recent standouts 7th Continent and Tainted Grail. It offers an open world for players to explore while demanding you precisely manage health and fatigue – across both your crew members and The Manticore – in order to earn the right to keep going.\nThe narrative here is fundamentally between the two approaches offered in those predecessors. 7th Continent required you attempt to lift a curse by following a couple of vague clues. Like a pigeon scooping up errant breadcrumbs scattered in the Bakeoff Tent, there are many distractions and interesting features pulling at your feathers. The main storyline almost felt like an aside to exploring the continent. This worked to its detriment as the central loop of resource gathering gave way to such repetition that I found myself wishing <PERSON> would turn the damn wheel already and make the whole continent disappear.\nTainted Grail on the other hand was sharply focused. If you don’t engage the intricate main plotline of a post-apocalyptic King <PERSON> seeking his legacy, well then you’re condemned to a life of repeatedly gathering supplies to light oversized monolithic statues. This game only succeeds because the central story is so well written.\nSleeping Gods has none of this nonsense.", "504" ], [ "While you do have to spend time resting and attending to your people’s bruises, it’s ultimately much less focused on the grind. Instead, it’s all about visiting locations on the map and engaging locals in discourse or exploring wondrous locations. This is funneled through a main storyline that is structurally wispy: you’re trying to gather totems which will raise the slumbering gods in exchange for your freedom. It’s a proposition, but one which you have really no choice to accept when you open that box.\nWhat’s quite remarkable is how focused this game is despite basically being an enormous collection of side-quests. Each little task you engage is an isolated job – head to an island to the west and retrieve a lost blade, or visit the large forest to the south and find my son – but the overarching spirit of the game feels incredibly directed and centered.\nThis is reflected in The Manticore itself. Since players take on the role of several crew members, each with emergent personality and their own special abilities, you are all tethered to the ship. Unlike those previous two touchstone games you can’t wander off on your own.\nThat’s an important distinction. For one, it means this game is consistent across any range of players. Every single crew member is utilized regardless of the number of participants. This makes for a sturdy solitaire game as well as an incredible multiplayer co-operative one.\nMore importantly though it keeps the action focused. When you engage in the relatively uncommon combat, everyone participates. When you head to the storybook to read a passage, everyone should be perked up and invested. There are still turns where leadership alternates between players, but group collaboration is always paramount.\nThere’s a certain warm satisfaction in all of these disparate quests knotting together around the focal point of that little steamboat miniature. It’s one of the central themes that you’re sailing through this cryptic realm but it’s actually sailing through you. Everything of note is occurring by your hand and your decision. Sleeping Gods may not be your dwelling, but its fate is uniquely yours.\nOne of the quirks of <PERSON> style is that the worlds they build are whimsical. This results in Sleeping Gods feeling more like Young Adult fiction as opposed to a serious dramatic work.", "237" ], [ "“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”\nJust a few days ago Compass games brought forth The Price of Freedom: The American Civil War 1861-1865, a strategic level, card driven wargame covering the American Civil War. Designed by <PERSON>, PoF attempts to distill this vast conflict down to a playable three hours, just as <PERSON> sought to distill the meaning of the war in the Gettysburg Address.\n“Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.”\nPoF gives us a nice looking battlefield of that war, worthy of admiration once it is on the table. The counters are well illustrated and pleasantly large. The standard size cards have sepia period art and photos. The cardstock point to point map is pleasing to the eye and legible, save for the dark numbers on the War Effort track. The two player aid cards are shining examples of helpful summation, and in play often take the place of the color rule book. The components are indeed fitting and proper.\nIn a perfect world I would wish for thicker counters and a mounted map, but the game is fine as is.\n“But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.”\nPoF deploys those brave men in corps of about 20,000, meaning there is a low counter density.", "92" ], [ "Units can be flipped to show a spent side that can simulate green troops or the effects of battle. All corps are the same, and count one-for-one on the differential CRT.\nThe corps and army level leaders are here, boiled down to three ratings for attack, defense and movement. Rules and cards address promotion, removal and the battlefield fate of these leaders, forcing the player to play a game within the game to add and detract the <PERSON> and the <PERSON>. I thought the scale might make the units and leaders seem generic, but it isn’t the case at all.\n“It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.“\nThe cards in PoF nobly advance the task of giving flavor and period feel to what might have been a soulless simulation, given the large scale needed to make the war fit in eight semiannual turns. I was concerned that having the right cards might decide the contest with little player input, but instead I found enough fate to spice things up but not enough to frustrate sound play. The game is an unfinished work in the best sense, with the players completing the story of the war within a system that rewards clever play but lets fate keep the stage from becoming stale.\n“It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion”\nPoF gives the player a couple of great tasks; learning the rules and making decisions. The game is an odd combination of the simple and complex. The rules, while brief compared to other wargames, were hard for me to grasp until I saw the game mechanics in action. The outstanding player aid cards are a great help here. There is a lot going on, and merely deciding what to do is a challenge at first. PoF requires a full measure of devotion to learn, but rewards the effort with an intriguing simulation that lets the player feel like a strategist making choices rather than a mathematician solving a problem.\n“—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—“\nThis game layers several simple concepts that highly resolve themselves in to something greater than the sum of the parts. For example, the whole idea of riverine warfare is dealt with by a simple modifier to attacks along river lines for that favors the Union, an abstraction that works well. Operation points must be budgeted; event cards mix things up, force pools have to be managed, the freedom to choose between several paths to victory mulled over.", "100" ], [ "In the beginning, (well, 1971) <PERSON> created Napoleon at Waterloo. And he saw that it was good. So he gave it away. All a gamer had to do was ask, “Me too, if you please, Sir” and he was instantly handed his very own copy of Napoleon at Waterloo. Hosannahs and Hallelujahs were shouted from the mountaintops (Okay, third story dorm rooms). And lo, before long, NaW began to beget. It didn’t matter if a game was Napoleonic, Civil War, WWII or even Modern, many could still trace their lineage back to <PERSON> at Waterloo.\nBut later there were lamentations over the mechanics of NaW and much wailing and gnashing of teeth. Once proud owners of NaW now sneered and spoke derisively of it and all of the games it had spawned.\nFew games can claim the impact of Napoleon at Waterloo on the wargame hobby. Probably the most famous of NaW’s spin-offs was 1976’s Napoleon's Last Battles. Designed by SPI staffer <PERSON>, this quad game on the Waterloo campaign quickly became famous in its own right. Before long, it too was begetting. Mr. <PERSON> soon after left SPI and formed his own company, OSG. Today, 38 years after NLB first appeared, Mr. <PERSON> has embarked on the monumental task of designing 70 battle games using a chromed-up version of NLB.\nHow influential was Napoleon’s Last Battles? Looking at what I now own and have owned, I count 14 Napoleonic games derived from NLB. I doubt if that is all. A young man named <PERSON> once played the Wagram game in the Napoleon at War: Four Battlesquad and said he wanted something more. What he wanted was a NLB type game. So in 1992 he published Napoleon on the Danubewith his newly formed company, New England Simulations. A gorgeous game, it was all that any NLB enthusiast could want. <PERSON> wrote an excellent review:http://www.boardgamegeek.com/thread/768249/delightful-summer....", "92" ], [ "Three years later in 1995, Mr. <PERSON> designed his second Napoleonic game, The Battle for Dresden, 1813.\nSince 1975, my favorite and most studied historical periods have been Napoleonic and American Civil War. It’s no coincidence that it was also in 1975 that I discovered SPI and could actually buy games on these two periods. But even with the many games SPI offered, some battles still got short shrift and Dresden is one of those battles.\nNot as famous as Austerlitz, Dresden was also a lop-sided affair not easy to simulate and have a balanced game. The situation: Just when the Allied leaders had wisely decided not to attack Dresden because they realized that <PERSON> was now present and in command, three cannons were fired; the signal to start the attack. So the unintended battle was inexorably set into motion. In the course of a two day battle, <PERSON> inflicted a major defeat on the lumbering Allied army and sent it reeling.\nThe 1813 campaign has always been a favorite but few games cover the four major battles. <PERSON> and <PERSON> are both under-simulated. Napoleon at Leipzig (Fifth Edition)is a NLB game now in its 5th edition. The first <PERSON> game was a NLB derivative from 1978 by <PERSON> titled Dresden 1813; published by Historical Games, a British company. That game is best known for its beautiful period-style map. The following year in 1979, S&T published Napoleon's Art of War: Eylau & Dresdenwhich contained a <PERSON> folio game. Today, we have a Victory Point game and Clash of Arms is working on a La Bataille Dresden game.\nOf all the numerous iterations of the NLB system, NES's is my favorite. Why?\nFirst, let’s examine what some gamers generally lament about the NLB system. Some of the reasons are locking ZOC’s, mandatory combat and the push-shove nature of the combat caused by the archaic CRT.\nBut with the two NES games I get my subject plus a game system I’m completely happy with. Now let’s examine why. Firstly, the locking ZOC’s. If moving into a ZOC a unit must stop. But a unit that begins its movement phase in an enemy ZOC may exit the hex by paying one movement point for every enemy unit exerting a ZOC. The exiting unit then checks for possible disruption.\nDisruption? Yep, units now can disrupt. A disrupted unit has no ZOC and need not be attacked.", "92" ] ]

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[ [ "Nepal roars with pride to become the first country to double its wild tigers by 2022 · Global Voices\nA Bengal tiger stares back in Nepal's Bardia National Park. Image by <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nConservationists are upbeat about Nepal slated to become the first country to double its wild tiger numbers by 2022. On National Conservation Day, September 23, 2018, Nepal announced that it has 235 tigers living in the wild. In 2009, there were only 121 tigers in Nepal.\nNepal's latest tiger census is now out, and – DRUMROLL – number of Bengal Tigers in #Nepal has increased to 235 – a remarkable 94% increase since 2009! We are proud to have helped protect these endangered cats. It’s good for conservation & for tourism. ?https://t.co/N1S9Ypj33D pic.twitter.com/eyNxlYyxzu\n— Chargé d’Affaires <PERSON> (@USAmbNepal) September 24, 2018\nIn 2010, at the Tiger Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia, the Government of Nepal along with the governments of India, Russia, Nepal, and Bhutan pledged to double the number of tigers by 2022.\nTigers, revered in Hindu mythology as the mount of Durga, Goddess of Power, have always been a guarded species. As symbols of power and courage, tigers have faced threats due to a declining prey population, poaching, and destruction and degradation of their habitats.\nOnce, nine tiger species (Bengal, Siberian, Indo-Chinese, South Chinese, Sumatran, Malayan, Caspian, Javan, and Bali) roamed in 13 countries, ranging from Turkey to several nations in Southeast Asia. Out of these, the Caspian, Javan and Bali tigers are already extinct. Nepal is known for its Bengal tigers.\nIn the early 1900s, around 100,000 tigers roamed in the wild.", "447" ], [ "Today, the estimated tiger population is around 3,900 globally. India boasts 2,226 wild tigers — the highest number in the world.\nTigers are found in Nepal’s Chitwan National Park, Bardia National Park, Banke National Park, Shuklaphanta National Park, and Parsa National Park. Earlier, Nepal’s Chitwan National Park was declared the first park in the world to be accredited by Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS) in the year 2015.\nCumbersome counting\nTigers are difficult to track because of their elusive nature. According to noted tiger expert Dr. <PERSON>, in the 1960s, officials in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Russia assumed that just as human fingerprints are unique, paws of a tiger must differ. They thought they could count tigers by counting their tracks, but the method was flawed.\nWith technological advancements, tigers these days are counted by their unique stripe pattern on their flanks, automatically captured by camera traps placed along tiger trails. The following video reveals how tigers were counted in Nepal, where over 300 field workers spent 16,811 days with 1,643 camera traps and then analyzed tigers’ stripes based on the footage:\nHowever, back in 2016, Dr. <PERSON> expressed skepticism about the counting method in his article “The Trouble with Tiger Numbers“:\nThese groups (the WWF and the Global Tiger Forum) aim to increase the number of tigers to 6,000 by 2022. But their tally, based on official estimates, relied on flawed methodologies, including the use of statistically weak extrapolations from tiger photographs and field counts of spoor.\nTiger conservation initiatives in Nepal\nNepal has led the global tiger conservation movement with recent census results showing increased tiger numbers.\nThe Government of Nepal, together with conservation partners, has initiated several measures to save these magnificent species. According to the paper “Tiger Conservation Initiatives in Nepal”, Nepal has established the National Tiger Conservation Committee and the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network.\nNepal has also signed a memorandum of understanding with China for biodiversity conservation focused on curbing illicit wildlife trade, including tiger parts. Nepal’s declaration of Banke National Park as a protected area has also provided larger territory for the tigers. Estimating the abundance of tigers and its prey base (the availability of food in any given habitat to support a predator) will help assess the effectiveness of conservation interventions and formulate plans for future management.\nAdditional measures have been crucial for increasing tiger numbers such as training park and protection staff to use real-time SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) technologies and the formation of community-based anti-poaching operations to enhance patrolling.\nGrassland management has also been crucial for conservation.", "447" ], [ "Amidst the Trauma of the Great Earthquake Nepalis Celebrate Unprecedented Conservation Successes · Global Voices\nNepal's Chitwan National Park is home to the second largest population of greater one horned Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), an endangered species. Image by <PERSON>\nAmidst the gloom and tragedy caused by the April 25 earthquake that killed 8,000 people and caused damage affecting millions of people, conservationists in Nepal have a reason to celebrate. This year’s rhino census has highlighted incredible strides in rhino conservation with the number of one horned rhinoceroses in Nepal reaching 645: a 21% rise from the last count four years ago.\nThe conservation organisation WWF UK tweeted:\nGreat news! Nepal rhino numbers increase by 21% as we mark another 365 days of Zero Poaching of rhinos #EndWildlifeCrime pic.twitter.com/xKmgjxPqAa\n— WWF UK (@wwf_uk) May 5, 2015\nWith three consecutive years of zero poaching, rhino numbers have increased to 605 in Chitwan National Park, 29 in Bardia National Park, 8 in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and 3 in Parsa Wildlife Reserve.\nNational #Rhino Count completed. Nepal has 645 wild rhinos (chitwan 605, Bardia 29, Shukla 8 & Parsa 3). 111 Rhinos increased in 4 years #fb\n— बाघ हेरालो (@_BabuG) May 5, 2015\nRhino Horns and Rhino Census\nThe greater one-horned rhinoceros, also called Indian rhinoceros, weighs up to 2.2 tonnes and is poached for its prized horn. Believed to contain aphrodisiac and healing properties, the horn is in high demand in Asian markets. Besides this, the horn is also used to make the handles on daggers in the Middle East.\nAncient Persians believed that rhino horn cups had the ability to detect poison in liquids — also a popular belief in the royal courts in Europe.", "447" ], [ "Likewise, the Vietnamese believe that the horn's powder has cancer-curing properties, while young people use it as a cocaine-like party drug.\nIn spite of the high demand and constant threat from poachers, Nepal’s conservation efforts have revived a rhino population that had dwindled down to 100 in 1966.\nThe rhino census, conducted by the government’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests in collaboration with conservation organisations, is essential to inform conservation policy.\nThe count is a tedious task conducted using a sweep operation involving trained observers and Nepal Army representatives riding on elephants. Observers systematically comb through the rhino habitats and record individual rhino information including the sex, approximate age and individual markings together with GPS* locations on data-sheets accounting for the unique and special characteristics of each rhino: horn size and shape, folds present on the neck and rump, and body markings.\nOther Reasons to Celebrate Conservation Success\nA wild yak, spotted by researchers in Limi of Humla district in Far-Western Nepal, gave conservationists another reason to smile. Thought to be virtually extinct bar a small presence in remote regions of China and India the animal was sighted for the first time in almost 50 years in the country.\n<PERSON>, a sustainable development policy advisor, tweeted:\nWild #Yak, thought #extinct since 1970s from Nepal, spotted in Humla district in June 2014. (News released yesterday) pic.twitter.com/ZCUwksiNN3\n— <PERSON> (@kashishds) April 21, 2015\nThe species once found in abundance throughout the Tibetan Plateau, had been viewed as having disappeared from Nepal and Bhutan according to recent studies. These animals, larger in size than their domesticated counterparts, weigh between 500-550 Kgs.\nIn addition to this find, ornithologists found two new species of birds during nest counting in Nepal's Chitwan National Park and surrounding areas last month. While one of the new species belongs to the Robin family, another one is a very rare species: the Kashmir flycatcher (Kashmir Arjunak). Chitwan National Park is home to 24 out of the planet's 36 endangered bird species.\nThus, while the country is healing from the trauma and pain of the great earthquake, these conservation successes represent bright lights in the fog of its aftermath. Such gains in the face of adversity, it seems, can offer a powerful inspiration for Nepalis looking to rebuild and recover.\n*Global Positioning System", "447" ], [ "Nepal’s Vulture Restaurants Are Helping Revive Their Population and Generate Income for Communities · Global Voices\nHimalayan Griffon at Vulture Restaurant, Nawalparasi, Nepal. Photo by <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nThey are big, ugly, and have a bad reputation. Although vultures have been at the center of a love-hate relationship with humans — they are also our natural allies. Vultures are mostly carrion eaters and are a major part of the natural process of death in the wild. By devouring large amounts of flesh, these large birds help limit the spread of bacteria and disease that can otherwise spread from the decaying animal bodies. However, despite their important role as buffers against the potential spread of illnesses, they are often regarded as more of a pest than an important bird.\nAs a 2007 survey in India shows, the population of oriental white-backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis) had fallen to 0.1% of its numbers in the early 1990s. In 2009, western Nepal saw its population of oriental white-backed vultures fall by 25% since 2002. Likewise, the population of long-billed vultures (Gyps indicus) and slender-billed vultures (Gyps tenuirostris) also declined drastically throughout the Indian subcontinent. Unfortunately, this trend is not only happening in South Asia, vulture numbers are decreasing worldwide due to less food availability, collision with man-made structures, and poisoning among others.\nTo combat this decline, some countries have proposed an interesting conservation plan to bring their numbers back up — Jatayu restaurants, or restaurants for vultures.\nA restaurant for vultures managed by communities\nTo conserve vulture populations, vulture feeding stations have been set up in a number of different Asian countries such as Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Nepal.", "447" ], [ "In Nepal, the feeding stations are managed by the nearby communities and have been dubbed Jatayu restaurants, named after the revered character in the Hindu epic Ramayana and the vulture’s Sanskrit name, Jatayu.\nIf you are in Nepal & a wildlife enthusiastic, visiting Jatayu Restaurant will be an experience of lifetime. I was mesmerized. #conservation https://t.co/rENmDgrkkE\n— <PERSON> (@_Re_be_cca) August 3, 2017\nThese restaurants source old and unproductive cattle from farmers and take care of the animals until they die at the animal old-age center. People happily handover their old, unproductive cattle to these restaurants because the animals are well taken care of at the end of their lives.\nA scene from a vulture restaurant in Western Nepal — dead animals are offered to vultures at this site only after ensuring that the carcasses are free of Diclofenac. The vultures had been disappearing owing to the use of this medicine for treating livestock. The vulture numbers were on a decline since the poor birds died of kidney failure after eating Diclofenac laced carcass. After the introduction of these restaurants throughout Nepal's southern plains, the vultures are returning back. And the conservationists are happy! ———- #vulture #vulturerestaurant #diclofenac #vultureconservation #terai #Nepal #conservation #jatayurestaurant #southasia\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@sankuchy) on Oct 4, 2016 at 11:16pm PDT\nWhen these cattle die, they are fed to the vultures — but only after they are tested to ensure that the cattle are diclofenac free.\nDiclofenac, the killer drug behind the mass deaths of vultures\nThe use of diclofenac to relieve pain in livestock had been one of the major causes of mass vulture deaths in Nepal, India and other South Asian countries. Even small doses of diclofenac can be fatal for vultures, causing kidney failure in these birds. As the kidney fails to function, uric acid accumulates in the birds’ blood and crystallizes around their internal organs.\nSince vultures feed in large groups, a single carcass laced with diclofenac can cause the death of scores of vultures.\nThe drug was banned in India, Nepal and Pakistan in 2006 and in Bangladesh in 2010.Thanks to the drug ban and also to conservation initiatives by several organizations including local communities, these ‘critically endangered’ bird species have started to bounce back.\nIn addition, these vulture restaurants have become tourist attractions which draw in both domestic and international visitors, providing nearby communities with an additional source of income.", "447" ], [ "Rhino population climbs in Nepal thanks to collaboration, conservation and community · Global Voices\nA greater one-horned rhino in the Chitwan National Park in south-central Nepal. Image by the author.\nNepal's 2021 rhino census, taken for the first time in six years, has put the figure at 752 individuals – an increase of 107, with 694 rhinos in Chitwan National Park, 38 in Bardia National Park, 17 in Shuklaphanta National Park and three in Parsa National Park.\nJust a few decades ago, the country's rhino population had been drastically reduced as a result of poaching and habitat degradation. However, anti-poaching and conservation initiatives from the Nepalese government have helped increase numbers over the last six years.\n<PERSON>, a conservation biologist from Nepal, announced the good news from the 2021 census on Twitter:\nRhino population in Nepal up by 107, national population is now 752. Major increase in Chitwan (89). Chitwan population is now 694. pic.twitter.com/mn4jnfzOHa\n— <PERSON> (@1baburam) April 10, 2021\nTranslation: National Rhino Count 2021, Press Meet and Closing Program, 10 April 2021. Chitwan National Park, Sauraha, Chitwan\nThe last rhino count in 2015 found that there were 645 of the animals in the country, with 605 in Chitwan, 29 in Bardia, eight in Shuklaphanta and three in Parsa. Around 161 rhinos had been killed since the last census, of which six were poached.\nThe greater one-horned rhino population fell to just 100 individuals in Nepal in the 1960s thanks to indiscriminate poaching and habitat destruction, but with the establishment of Chitwan National Park in 1973 and the efforts of strict law enforcement, the population recovered, reaching a total of 612 by the year 2000.\nThe nationwide count that began on March 22, 2021 involved around 300 people – and 60 elephants.", "447" ], [ "The rhinos were counted by trained observers who recorded information on individual rhinos including sex, approximate age, individual characteristics such as horn size and shape, folds present on the neck and rump, along with body markings including cuts, scars and skin lobes. The cumbersome count had to be stopped twice, after a wild elephant attacked the team in Chitwan and a tiger killed an elephant driver in Bardia.\nAround 60 elephants and 300 individuals were involved in the national rhino count 2021. Image by the author.\nRead More: Amidst the Trauma of the Great Earthquake Nepalis Celebrate Unprecedented Conservation Successes\nThe rhinos – 2-2.5 metric tonne giants, second only to elephants in size – once roamed the whole of the northern Indian sub-continent, ranging from the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, from Pakistan in the west to the Indo-Burmese border in the east, including parts of Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. However, hunting for rhino horns and habitat degradation then saw them restricted to the southern plains of Nepal and north-eastern India.\nPoaching driven by thriving black market\nRhinos have been poached throughout history, and to this day, for their most prized possession – their horns. They are made primarily of keratin, a protein also found in hair, scales, nails, claws and hooves and long-held to have healing properties in many Asian cultures.\nThe horns are used in traditional medicines across the continent, in Malaysia, Korea, India, Vietnam and China – with the latter two the most lucrative of these black markets. Chunks of the horns, or powders made from grinding them down, are used to treat ailments from fevers to gout, headaches to high blood pressure, snakebites, food poisoning and possession by bad spirits. Meanwhile carved rhino horn cups – once believed to be capable of detecting poison – and figurines are bought for display, and rhino horn jewellery is much in demand.\nWhile Western media has touted its use as an aphrodisiac in Asian cultures, the Scientific American reports that this has always been minimal, and that in fact what usage does occur could even be driven by incorrect Western reports suggesting it is widespread. However, rhino horn is becoming increasingly popular for recreational use – in Vietnam, it is consumed as “a party drug, a health supplement and a hangover cure by newly wealthy elites,” as reported by the Guardian.\nAnd it's not just the horn that is valued.", "447" ], [ "Flora and Fauna Signal the Visible Effects of Climate Change in Nepal · Global Voices\nRhododendron and Himalayas. Image by <PERSON>. Annapurna Sanctuary, Nepal. CC BY-NC\nThe world is gaga over the final deal agreed on by 195 countries at the Paris Conference of Parties (COP) 21. The governments agreed to set limits on greenhouse gas emissions to prevent temperatures from rising above two degrees Celsius over preindustrial levels, after which scientists fear the consequences of climate change could become catastrophic.\nThe agreement emphasizes support for developing nations and the least developed countries like Nepal, which have made nominal contributions to global warming, but which are already victims of the visible impacts of climate change.\nNepal’s Mustang, the Himalayan district famous for its apples, has not seen any apple production in the orchards of Lete and Kunzo Village Development Committees for the last six years.", "447" ], [ "Experts connect it to the effects of climate change.\nRepublica : Apple orchards vanish in #Mustang villages due to climate change |… https://t.co/yZBnnD60oN pic.twitter.com/fpDeo7CNX8\n— Nepal News English (@Nepal_News_En) November 21, 2015\nThis October, the vultures found in the southern plains of Nepal were seen in the hilly Myagdi district. According to ornithologists, to evade the increasing temperature in the plains the birds might have flown in search of cooler climate.\nTarai bird spotted in Kaski wetland http://t.co/l2gem64pQT pic.twitter.com/MfA4W4sJls\n— The Kathmandu Post (@kathmandupost) October 5, 2015\nLikewise, birdwatchers sighted yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) at an altitude of 900 metres in the hilly Kaski district for the first time. The migratory bird is found at 250 metres above sea level in the plains.\nSimilarly, a brown-headed gull found at sea level was sighted at the Phewa Lake of Kaski district recently.\nThe country's rhododendrons also started flowering early last year, starting in mid-January, while they generally bloom around mid-February, reported Gorkhapatra daily.\nBut even the mid-February marker for the national flower of Nepal was a change: it has been blooming in the month of February in recent years, although it used to bloom in March and April in the past.\nThe blooming of a flower in the Himalayas has long heralded the onset of Spring, but now, it's flowering too early http://t.co/HjtEFtl5Hc\n— GlobalChangeBiology (@GlobalChangeBio) July 5, 2014\nNot to mention, the untimely blooming of rhododendron in the Himalayas has been linked to climate change.\nWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) research on the migration of the Apollo butterfly and pika to higher reaches in the Himalayas due to global warming has alarmed scientists, too.\nDid you know that pika are a climate change indicator species? They're also adorable. http://t.co/qrMCubqAEY @CitSci pic.twitter.com/bptjFUOLWT\n— Beers at the Bottom (@Beersatb) March 29, 2015\nThe Apollo butterflies found at 3,000 metres above sea level have moved to 500 metres above their normal habitat, while the pikas have moved to 100 metres higher in the Langtang region of Nepal.\nThe research also highlighted the movement of the Pieris species of butterflies to 2,200 metres from 1,800 metres as well as a discernible shift in the life cycle of butterflies.\nThese visible impacts of climate change are like canaries in a coal mine, but the government of Nepal, to cope with the unofficial Indian blockade (see Global Voices report), has been rampantly distributing fuel wood from the forest, drawing the ire of conservationists.\nWorld leaders are in Paris for #climatechange. At the same time #Nepal govt. is distributing firewoods as an alternative #energy #COP21\n— Sanjay Paudel (@HimalayanSanjay) December 1, 2015", "447" ], [ "The return of the rufous-necked hornbill to Nepal · Global Voices\nA pair of rufous-necked hornbills. Image by Flickr user <PERSON>, CC BY 2.0.\nIt took almost 200 years to establish the existence of the rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) in Nepal, last seen in the country in 1829. Wildlife photographer <PERSON> found and photographed a pair of male rufous-necked hornbills on December 21, 2021 in Sim Dhap of Suryodaya Municipality in eastern Nepal’s Ilam District. Naturalist <PERSON> had discovered this bird in Nepal in 1829 and coined the scientific name Buceros nipalensis. Before <PERSON>’s find, these birds were reported to be extinct in Nepal though they were still found in India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.\n“It’s one of greatest achievements in my wildlife photography career,” said <PERSON> talking to Global Voices on the phone from Ilam district in eastern Nepal. He also mentioned:\nNobody had photographed this bird in Nepal before this.", "447" ], [ "I have also photographed other birds for the first time in Nepal, including the green imperial pigeon and scarlet-backed flowerpecker.\n<PERSON> has photographed four species of hornbills found in Nepal: the great hornbill in Besibazar, Mechinagar in Jhapa district; the oriental pied hornbill in Bansbari Community Forest, Mechinagar, Jhapa; the Indian grey hornbill in Kakarvitta, Mechinagar, Jhapa; and his recent find in Ilam’s Suryodaya Muncipality.\nHornbills of Nepal: (L–R) Rufous-necked hornbill, great hornbill, Indian grey hornbill and oriental pied hornbill, photographed in eastern Nepal. All images by <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nBiodiversity analyst <PERSON> wrote in the Nayapatrika daily about the finding of some rufous-necked hornbills in 1850 and criticised the authors of A Guide to the Birds of Nepal for declaring the bird probably extinct in Nepal. In a response to <PERSON>’s criticism of the lack of research on rufous-necked hornbills, <PERSON>, one of the authors of the book, wrote on Facebook:\nConsidering the complete absence of Rufous-necked Hornbill from Nepal for nearly 200 years, the 2021 sighting of this globally threatened species, by <PERSON> is an important record, which should be published in a peer-reviewed journal with the original photographs. In addition, further surveys are required to establish whether the species is resident in the country or merely an occasional visitor and of the extent of suitable habitat.\nCarol Inskipp, <PERSON> and Dr <PERSON>\nIndicator of a forest’s health\nWhen he discovered it, <PERSON> wrote about this beautiful bird, in 1833:\nThis remarkable and very large species, which I have the advantage of contemplating at leisure in a live specimen, measures from the point of one wing to that of the other, four feet five inches; and from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the tail, three feet six inches, whereof the beak is eight inches, and the tail, one foot five inches.\nNature inFocus Foundation from India tweeted:\n#NiFHiveFeature: <PERSON> photographed a Rufous-necked #Hornbill in Latpanchar, #WestBengal.\nAs the name suggests, male hornbills have rufous-coloured head, neck and underparts, while females are predominantly black in colour.#birdphotography pic.twitter.com/VYiu9Ipm19\n— Nature inFocus (@NatureIn_Focus) December 17, 2021\nTwitter user <PERSON> (@pnkjshm) mentioned:\nOne of largest Bucerotine hornbills. Vulnerable on IUCN Red list with less than 10,000 adults left in the wild.\nRufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis)\nFound in NE India & SE Asia. Locally Extinct in Nepal due to hunting & habitat loss#NWW2020 #IndiAves #IndiWild pic.twitter.com/COlx9XFulm\n— <PERSON> (@pnkjshm) October 5, 2020\nThe rufous-necked hornbill is categorized as “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).", "447" ], [ "Nepal Closes a National Park to Give Mating Red Pandas Some Privacy · Global Voices\nUmi, red panda of Nogeyama Zoo. Image from Flickr by <PERSON>. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\nLangtang National Park, Nepal’s first Himalayan national park and the one nearest to capital Kathmandu, has been declared a restricted zone by local authorities to allow red pandas to mate.\nLangtang National Park closed for Red Panda's breeding season | http://t.co/97BzDbEjxe http://t.co/OoPKKnXb4B\n— myRepública (@RepublicaNepal) July 8, 2015\nThe shy creature, called habre in Nepal, loves to live in quiet places and is easily scared by noises. When frightened by sound, it will even leave its young cub behind and run away. As the red panda’s breeding season starts from mid-June, the national park has been closed to visitors and even firewood gathering by locals has been prohibited for two months.\nWith only 10,000 individuals remaining in the world, around 1,000 red pandas are found in eight protected areas of Nepal – from Kanchenjunga Conservation Area in the east to Makalu Barun National Park and Buffer Zone, Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Langtang National Park and Buffer Zone, Manaslu Conservation Area, Annapurna Conservation Area, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve and Rara National Park and Buffer Zone in the west. Besides Nepal, the animal is found in the mountainous regions of India, China, Bhutan, Myanmar and Laos.\nThe red panda, also called fire fox, was discovered decades earlier than the giant panda.", "447" ], [ "It is a carnivore turned herbivore and feeds mainly on young bamboo shoots and leaves.\nRemember, the red panda is the original panda! :-) https://t.co/WNLqKxwn3P\n— Red Panda Network (@RedPandaNetwork) July 8, 2015\nThough the shy creature dons the Mozilla Firefox logo and millions of Internet browsers use it daily, only a few know that it is a red panda.\nThe Firefox logo isn't actually a fox but a red panda.\n— Did You Know? (@engrossingfacts) July 6, 2015\nRed pandas are listed as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Although red pandas are not poached generally, they fall prey to the traps laid for musk deer and other wild animals. The herders and the chauris, the yak-cow hybrids, disturb and destroy the red panda habitats, though not intentionally. Habitat loss is another major concern for conservationists.\nThe Nepalese government together with the wildlife organisation WWF has involved local communities in the conservation of this species in Langtang. Likewise, the Red Panda Network has been working with communities to monitor and preserve red pandas since 2007.\nThe restriction period at the Langtang National Park till mid-August will provide a peaceful environment for the red pandas to mate. Soon after, International Red Panda Day will be celebrated on 19 September, further raising awareness about its conservation.", "447" ], [ "Threats to Nepal’s endangered orchids · Global Voices\nOrchids are one of the most sought after flowers in the world. Photo by <PERSON> (The Green Owl). Used with permission.\nKnown for their beauty, curative powers and food value, orchids are likely the most traded flowers in the world — both legally and illegally. Collectors knowingly or unknowingly, pressure locals to plunder these magnificent flowers from the wild for their use as ornamental flowers, medicine or food. This makes the second-most-populous flower, with more than 29,000 recorded species worldwide, vulnerable and sometimes pushes them to extinction. Conservationists suggest that raising the profile of the legal orchid trade as an important conservation issue may prevent the extinction of some orchids.\nNepal boasts of 507 recorded varieties of orchids and the Government of Nepal has placed all wild orchids under Appendix I and II of the Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) — a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. However, each year local traders unsustainably collect tonnes of orchids from the wild and export them to international markets, raising concerns for their conservation.\nEvery year 10,000 tonnes of medicinal plants are shipped to 50 different countries from Nepal. This includes 24 species of orchids along with 12 Dendrobium varieties that have anti-cancer properties. And these reported cases are only the tip of the iceberg. There is a long history of unsustainable orchid collection in Nepal’s forests, such as when around 800 tonnes of orchids were smuggled to India from eastern Nepal in the 1980s, according to information published in 1985 by Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. A large portion of the wild orchids from Nepal go to India and China, and some to Hong Kong.\n<PERSON>, who leads the Illegal trade and sustainable use of medicinal orchids in Nepal project, came across 15 seizure records in the last 10 years — each seizure ranging from 4.4 to 9,364 kilograms of orchids. She told Global Voices:\nThey are mostly transported in trucks or public buses, where orchids are bundled in sacks, plastics, or clothes either solely or in mixed form with other herbs. Sometimes, smugglers hoodwink police using innovative ways, such as hiding them in bus engines, or storing them in sealed drums.\nAccording to Reshu, between 2008–2016, Nepal reported 49,789 kgs of legal orchid trade with volumes fluctuating tremendously over the years.", "447" ], [ "Wild-collected orchids dominated the legal trade, accounting for 96 percent of the trade while only 4 percent were artificially grown orchids, mostly belonging to the genera Dendrobium, Coelogyne, Cymbidium and Otochilus. A small amount of trade amounting to 200 kgs remained unidentified. ‘These provide initial insights into the nature and scale of illegal orchid trade in Nepal, as part of a broader effort to triangulate and verify commercial trade dynamics’, added <PERSON>.\nBeautiful orchids generally grow on old trees’ inaccessible branches or cliffs and it’s difficult to collect. Photo by <PERSON> (The Green Owl). Used with permission.\nCollected for culture, horticulture and medicinal purposes\n<PERSON>, belonging to an indigenous Kirant tribe from Siktemba village in Panchthar District in eastern Nepal, boasts of his orchids collected over 40 years, mostly Cymbidiums. ‘We call them aamlabung in our language’, <PERSON> said talking with Global Voices. ‘Many species of orchids are found in our forests. However, I have sourced most of my collection from Indian towns Mirik, Darjeeling and Kalimpong’. Since the hybrid orchids are sturdier and the beautiful blooms last for months, people prefer planting them. He added that beautiful orchids generally grow on old trees’ inaccessible branches or cliffs and are difficult to collect.\nThe Kirati people use orchids to make their traditional attire. ‘The stems of aamlabung are dried like hay turning them into golden cords’, <PERSON> says. ‘These cords shaped [sic] into beautiful florets last longer when added to traditional attire’.\nRead More: Why pilgrims from India and Nepal throng to see an orchid that blooms in April\nAlthough orchids for foodstuffs like vanilla, salep, chikanda and faham are non-existent in Nepal, Nepal’s Ayurvedic industry — a type of traditional medicine — involves around 94 orchid species. Many Nepali orchid species are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.", "447" ] ]

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[ [ "Hand Painted Sugar Cookies\nIntroduction: Hand Painted Sugar Cookies\nDecorated sugar cookies are perfect for many occasions - holidays, weddings, showers, birthdays, etc. I have made lots, and have been up quite a few late nights finishing them because piping intricate designs with royal icing can be very time-consuming. If you want a quicker, easier alternative, try painting instead. The \"canvas\" is a cookie covered with a base coat of royal icing. The \"paint\" is edible food coloring. They look super cute and are fun to make. Even if you aren't a great artist, I'll show you how to copy and transfer designs to your cookies, which you can then paint with impressive results.\nSupplies\n* sugar cookies (For my recipe & baking instructions, see my Sugar Cookie House Mug Topper Instructable here: https://www.instructables.com/Sugar-Cookie-House-Mug-Toppers/\n* royal icing, flood consistency\n* piping bag & tip (I used the Wilton #2 round tip)\n* tissue paper\n* edible marker\n* gel food colors\n* vodka (to thin the colors)\n* food grade paint brushes (sold in hobby stores and online)\n* paint mixing tray\nStep 1: Cover the Cookies With Royal Icing\nFor the base coat, flood the cookies with royal icing. Fill a piping bag fitted with a #2 round tip with flood consistency royal icing. First outline the cookie. Then fill in the entire cookie. Use a toothpick or scriber to even out the icing and pop any bubbles. Shake or tap the cookie if necessary to get a smooth surface. Let dry completely, 4-5 hours or overnight.\nStep 2: Draw or Find Images\nWhile the icing is drying, find or draw images to transfer. You can certainly paint freehand directly on the cookies, but if aren't quite that much of an artist, you can find and transfer images to the cookies. Either sketch images or find clipart and print on paper.", "706" ], [ "Make sure that they are scaled correctly to fit on your cookies.\nNext, cut squares of tissue paper the size of your cookies. Trace the images on the tissue paper using an edible marker. Then turn tissue upside down and trace the image on the back side.\nStep 3: Transfer Images to Cookies\nMake sure royal icing on cookies is completely dried and set. Place the tissue paper with image right side up on top of cookie. Trace over the image again with the edible marker. Carefully remove the tissue paper. Design should be transferred to the cookie.\nStep 4: Paint!\nNext, mix the paint colors. In a paint tray or on a plate, mix a tiny amount of gel food coloring (I used a toothpick). A little goes a long way! Add a few drops of vodka and mix with your brush. The thinner the mix, the lighter the color will be on the cookie. Don't worry about the vodka - the alcohol will evaporate quickly off the cookie so it won't leave a taste.\nDip the brush in paint. Dab a paper towel to remove excess paint. The more you remove, the lighter the color will be on the cookie. Then brush lightly across the cookie. Try different brushstrokes until you get the effect you like.\nLet dry between colors. Once all the colors are painted, let dry and then outline the design with a black edible marker (or you can paint lines using black gel color.) Then make sure to let the cookie dry completely before stacking or bagging.\nStep 5: Share & Enjoy!", "706" ], [ "Geode Sugar Cookies\nIntroduction: Geode Sugar Cookies\nI love making beautiful desserts that taste as good as they look. Geode cakes have been a popular trend for weddings and special events, so I decided to try the same concept to make cookies. These are relatively simple to make, yet stunning and sure to impress your friends. So let's get started!\nSupplies\nCookies\n* 1 cup butter, softened\n* 4 ounces cream cheese, softened\n* 1 cup sugar\n* 1 egg yolk\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\n* 1/2 teaspoon salt\n* 2 3/4 cups flour\nIcing\n* 2 cups powdered sugar\n* 2 tablespoons light corn syrup\n* 3 - 4 tablespoons milk\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\nDecorations\n* rock candy\n* gel food color\n* gold luster dust\nTools\n* mixing bowls\n* spatula\n* electric mixer\n* rolling pin\n* cookie sheets\n* parchment paper\n* cookie cutters\n* food safe paint brush\nNOTE: If you have a favorite sugar cookie recipe, you can use it! This recipe makes a soft cookie, but any sugar cookie will work fine. If you prefer Royal Icing, that works too!\nStep 1: Beat Butter and Cream Cheese\nIn the bowl of a stand mixer, beat butter and cream cheese until creamy, about 2 minutes on medium speed.\nStep 2: Add Sugar, Egg, Vanilla and Salt\nAdd sugar and beat until mixture is fluffy and pale in color, about 3 minutes on medium speed. Add egg, vanilla and salt and mix until combined.\nStep 3: Add Flour, Wrap and Chill\nAdd flour and mix on low until just combined. Wrap dough in plastic and chill at least 30 minutes.\nStep 4: Roll Out Dough, Cut Out Cookies and Bake\nPreheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Roll out dough between 2 pieces of waxed or parchment paper. Cut out shapes. I used a 3 inch round cookie cutter, but you can use any shape. Place on parchment-lined baking sheet and bake for 10 - 12 minutes. Remove and cool on wire rack.", "305" ], [ "This recipe makes about 16 cookies (3 inch round).\nStep 5: Make Marbled Icing\nMix together powdered sugar, corn syrup, vanilla and 3 tablespoons of milk. Icing should have the consistency of honey. If it is too thick, add more milk.\nSeparate into individual bowls and color with food coloring. I used black and gray for these cookies. You only need a small amount of each color. Now, the fun part! drizzle a little of the colored icing on top of the bowl of white icing and stir with a toothpick to create a marbled effect.\nStep 6: Dip Cookies in Icing and Add Rock Candy\nDip the tops of the cookies in the icing and let excess drip back into the bowl. Place on wire rack and immediately sprinkle rock candy on top. Let dry completely.\nStep 7: Paint With Food Coloring and Luster Dust\nThin the food coloring with water to make a liquid. Paint the rock candy to resemble a geode. I kept the color lighter around the edges and darker in the center. Next, mix the gold luster dust with a little vodka to make a liquid. Paint it around the edge of the rock candy geode.\nThat's it! Enjoy your beautiful & delicious geode cookies!!", "122" ], [ "Metallic Chocolate Decorations Using Tinfoil & Gold Leaf\nIntroduction: Metallic Chocolate Decorations Using Tinfoil & Gold Leaf\nThese chocolate decorations are a real showstopper and use simple tinfoil to create the texture and edible gold leaf for a little luxury. If you are investing in gold leaf, make sure to invest in good chocolate! the shapes and variations are endless, so get creative and have some fun.\nSupplies\n* heavy duty tinfoil (you can reuse it man\n* quality chocolate of your choice\n* melting vessel and spoon\n* small saucepan or frying pan\n* small metal cookie cutters\n* edible gold leaf\n* soft paint brush\nStep 1: Create Tinfoil Texture & Temper Chocolate\n* Crumple up tinfoil, and flatten back out to leave some texture, but don't leave any really deep valleys or high peaks.\n* Temper chocolate according to chosen chocolate type.\nI used 54% dark Callebaut chocolate callets in the photos. They temper easily by microwaving a small amount for 15 second increments until just warm enough to fully melt, with lots of stirring in between. Tempering is another Instructable topic all together. I used 3 tablespoons for the decorations shown.\nStep 2: Create Chocolate Texture and Chill\n* Spread tempered chocolate onto shiny side of tinfoil and smooth. Aim for a 2-3mm layer.\n* Chill chocolate in refrigerator for a few minutes until set-up.\n* Carefully peel tinfoil back while lifting off set chocolate. Tinfoil can be reused many times.\n* Keep chocolate away from any heat sources.", "136" ], [ "I have to be careful when my dishwasher is on, because the counter above it gets warm enough to melt chooclate!\nStep 3: Cut Out Shapes\n* Place saucepan/frying pan over medium-low heat.\n* Warm a cookie cutter in the pan for 5 seconds. This should be enough time to heat the bottom enough to cut through the chocolate, but not enough to make it too hot to hold. I hold onto the cookie cutter while it is heating, so I can pull it out if the top starts to feel too hot.\n* Use cookie cutter to cut a shape out of the textured chocolate. If the chocolate is very thin, you may be able to cut out a couple shapes before the cutter cools down. With thicker chocolate, you will have to re-warm in between each cut. Make sure to wipe melted chocolate off the cutter with a cloth/paper towel before reheating, or you will chocolate on your saucepan.\nStep 4: Add Gold Leaf\n* Carefully open up your edible golf leaf near the shape you want to decorate.\n* If your sheets are small, and a similar size to your shapes, you can invert the gold leaf onto the shape and pull away the paper. If your sheets are larger, use the brush to pull a section away and place it on the chocolate shape.\n* You can use the size of the soft brush to gently push the gold leaf into the textured surface of the chocolate.\n* You can also use a squeeze bottle to gently blow air onto the gold leaf and into the textured surface.\n* Be very gentle, as the tempered chocolate is very shiny and slippery and the gold leaf doesn't like to stick to it.\n* You can use a simple syrup (equal parts sugar and water by volume) brushed on the chocolate if you want a really dense metallic finish.\n* Store your decorations in an airtight container for as long as your chocolate is good for.\n* Use on cupcakes, cakes, tarts, or whatever delicious treat you can come up with\nEnjoy !", "136" ], [ "Decorated Bluebird and Goldfinch Sugar Cookies\nIntroduction: Decorated Bluebird and Goldfinch Sugar Cookies\nCelebrate Spring (or any time) with these delicious sugar cookie birds! In this Instructable, I will show you how to make these cute bluebirds and goldfinches. The decorating possibilities are endless, so use this as inspiration and unleash your creativity to make any kind of birds you like.\nStep 1: Ingredients and Tools\nIngredients:\n* 3 cups all purpose flour\n* 1/2 teaspoon salt\n* 1 cup (2 sticks) unsalted butter\n* 1 cup granulated sugar\n* 1 large egg\n* 2 teaspoons vanilla\n* Royal Icing\nTools:\n* Bowls\n* Spatula\n* Whisk\n* Electric mixer\n* Rolling pin\n* Parchment paper\n* Cookie sheet\n* Cookie cutters\n* Piping bags and tips\nStep 2: Mix Dry Ingredients\nCombine flour and salt in a medium bowl with a whisk.\nStep 3: Cream Butter and Sugar\nCream butter and sugar in a mixer with paddle attachment until pale and fluffy, about 5 minutes on medium speed.\nStep 4: Add Egg, Vanilla and Flour\nBeat in egg and vanilla on medium speed until just combined. Add flour mixture and stir on low until combined.\nStep 5: Wrap and Chill\nTurn out on counter and form into a flattened disc about 1/2 inch thick. Wrap with plastic and refrigerate at least 30 minutes.\nStep 6: Roll Out Dough, Cut Out and Bake\nPreheat oven to 325 degrees Fahrenheit. Roll out dough between two pieces of parchment paper to a thickness of about 1/4 inch. Cut out birds. Place on cookie sheet lined with parchment paper and bake 12-14 minutes until edges begin to turn golden brown.", "305" ], [ "Remove from oven and cook completely.\nStep 7: Prepare Piping Bags and Decorate Goldfinches\nColor flood consistency Royal Icing in the colors desired. I used bright yellow and black for the goldfinches. Pipe the yellow and let dry at least an hour. Then pipe black head, tail, wings and eyes. Keep it simple or get as creative as you like!\nStep 8: Decorate Bluebirds\nTo make bluebirds, start by piping a white belly. Let dry at least an hour and then pipe the blue body and head. Let dry again for at least an hour. Then add the wing, beak and eye.\nStep 9: Share and Eat!", "706" ], [ "Rainbow Black and White Cookies\nIntroduction: Rainbow Black and White Cookies\nNew York's classic Black & White cookies get a rainbow makeover and they are SO much fun! The sweet rainbow heart design on top hints at the colorful cookie inside. And the best part - you can make them at home!!!\nFirst of all, if you aren't familiar with the iconic Black & White, it's a soft, fluffy cake-like cookie glazed with half chocolate and half vanilla icing. What could be better? You don't have to choose your favorite flavor...hello, twist cone! Something about the chocolate and vanilla flavors together make it even better than the sum of its parts. Yes, I always choose the vanilla and chocolate twist cone at soft serve ice cream shops and I love them even more with rainbow sprinkles! And so the rainbow B & W cookie idea was born...\nThis cookie has a soft, velvety texture, more like a mini cake than a cookie. I love the taste, but find the appearance a bit ordinary, so I often make them more festive by coloring the white icing - pink for Valentine's Day, green for St. Pat's Day, you get the idea. So when I started thinking of ways to up the fun factor even more, naturally making the cookie rainbow colored sprang to mind. Read on and I will show you how to do it.\nSupplies\nCookies:\n* 1 3/4 cups flour\n* 1/2 teaspoon baking powder\n* 1/4 teaspoon baking soda\n* 1/2 teaspoon salt\n* 10 tablespoons unsalted butter, room temperature\n* 1 cup sugar\n* 2 teaspoons vanilla\n* 1 large egg\n* 1/3 cup sour cream\n* gel food colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet\nChocolate Icing:\n* 4 ounces semisweet chocolate\n* 3 tablespoons unsalted butter\n* 1/2 teaspoon instant espresso powder\nVanilla Icing:\n* 1 cup powdered sugar\n* 1 tablespoon light corn syrup\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\n* 2 tablespoons heavy whipping cream\n* gel food colors\nNote: recipe makes 10 large cookies.\nStep 1: Make the Cookie Batter\nPreheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Line 2 cookie sheets with parchment paper.\nWhisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in a bowl and set aside.\nBeat the butter and sugar together in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment on medium speed for 3 minutes until light and fluffy. Scrape down the sides with a spatula and add the vanilla and egg. Mix until combined. Alternate adding half of the flour mixture and mix on low, then half of the sour cream, followed by the rest of flour and sour cream.\nStep 2: Color the Batter\nDivide the batter equally into 6 bowls. Add a different gel food color into each bowl and mix to get desired colors.\nStep 3: Scoop and Bake the Cookies\nWith a 1/4 cup ice cream scoop, scoop a little of each color, one at a time, to fill the scoop.", "305" ], [ "Mine made a cool rainbow design as shown! Don't worry, it will look great no matter how you scoop it, as long as the colors don't mix together too much.\nRelease the batter onto the parchment lined cookie sheet. Bake for 10 minutes. Then rotate the pan and bake for another 5-6 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean. Don't overbake.\nTransfer to a wire rack to cool.\nStep 4: Make the Icing\nFor the chocolate icing, break the semisweet chocolate into pieces and place in a microwave safe bowl. Add the butter and microwave on half power for 30 seconds. Stir the mixture and continue microwaving at 30 second increments, stirring in between, until the chocolate is almost melted. Add the instant espresso powder and stir until all the chocolate is melted and mixture is smooth.\nFor the vanilla icing, stir powdered sugar, corn syrup, vanilla and cream until combined and smooth. The mixture should be thick, about the consistency of honey.\nFor the rainbow hearts, put about a tablespoon of vanilla icing into each of 6 small bowls. Tint with gel food colors to desired colors.\nStep 5: Frost and Decorate the Cookies\nTo glaze a cookie, turn it upside down so the flat side is facing up. Spread chocolate icing over half of the cookie with a small spatula and let set. Placing the cookie in the refrigerator will help the chocolate to set faster. Repeat with all the cookies.\nNext, spread vanilla icing on the other half of the cookie.\nNow, the fun part! Immediately, while vanilla icing is still wet, add a small dot of each colored icing right on top of the vanilla icing. You can put each into a small pastry bag or cone if you like. I just released a drop of each color with a spoon, but a pastry bag would be easier to control.", "136" ], [ "Lemon Pie With Meringue Roses\nIntroduction: Lemon Pie With Meringue Roses\nLooking for a fabulous Spring dessert? Try this reinvention of a classic lemon meringue pie! It's just the right combination of sweet & tart, with fresh lemons and a coconut shortbread crust. I love the combination of lemon and coconut. Add to that a wreath of delicious vanilla meringue roses and you have a real showstopper!\nI've been decorating cakes with buttercream flowers for quite awhile when it occurred to me - why should cakes have all the fun? Why not use the same techniques to level up my pie game? This lovely decor is simply meringue that has been colored, piped and baked just like French meringue cookies. Crispy on the outside and chewy and marshmallow-y on the inside. The colorful meringue wreath is then placed atop a lemon pie or tart and voila!!!\nSupplies\nCoconut Shortbread Crust:\n* 1 1/4 cups flour\n* 1/2 cup shredded sweetened coconut\n* 1/2 teaspoon salt\n* 1/2 cup butter, cut into small c\n* 1/3 cup sugar\n* 1 egg\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\nLemon Filling:\n* 1 1/2 cup sugar\n* 1/4 cup lemon zest\n* 1/2 cup butter, room temperature\n* 2 eggs + 2 egg yolks\n* 3/4 cup lemon juice\n* 1/4 teaspoon salt\n* 1/2 cup heavy whipping cream\nMeringue Roses:\n* 4 egg whites\n* 1 cup sugar\n* 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\n* food coloring\nStep 1: Make the Coconut Shortbread Crust\nCombine the flour, coconut, sugar and salt in a food processor and pulse to combine. Add the butter and pulse until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs, about 10 - 15 pulses. Add the egg and vanilla and pulse until the dough begins to come together, about 15 more pulses. Do not process to the point where a large ball of dough forms.\nTurn out on counter and form into a disc. Wrap in plastic and refrigerate at least 15 minutes. Note: you can make this ahead and store in refrigerator up to 3 days or freeze up to a month.\nStep 2: Roll Out and Bake Crust\nRemove dough and roll out to a 12 inch circle between 2 pieces of waxed paper. Place into a 10 inch tart pan and trim to fit. Cover with plastic wrap and put in freezer at least 15 minutes.\nPreheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Bake for 20 - 25 minutes until crust is golden brown. Cool.\nStep 3: Make Lemon Filling\nZest and juice the lemons. Put the sugar and zest in a food processor and pulse until zest is finely minced. Cream the butter and sugar in a mixer. Add eggs one at a time and mix to combine. Add lemon juice and salt and mix. Pour the mixture into a medium saucepan and cook over medium low heat until thickened stirring constantly, about 10 minutes.", "763" ], [ "Mixture should get to about 170 degrees Fahrenheit and coat the back of a spoon when done. Remove from heat and refrigerate to cool.\nWhip the cream. Fold into lemon mixture and pour into pie crust.\nStep 4: Make the Meringue Roses\nPreheat oven to 225 degrees Fahrenheit. Draw a circle on a sheet of parchment paper as a piping guide, approximately 8 inches in diameter. Turn parchment paper upside down and place on a baking sheet.\nIn a stand mixer with whisk attachment, beat egg whites on medium speed until frothy. Add cream of tartar. Increase speed to medium high and beat until soft peaks form. Add sugar, slowly pouring about 2 tablespoons at a time, beating until sugar is dissolved and stiff peaks form. Beat in vanilla.\nSeparate into smaller bowl and color as desired. I used lavender, pink, yellow and green. Put each into a piping bag with tip. I used the Wilton 1M tip for the roses and the Wilton 68 tip for leaves.\nTo pipe a rose, begin at the center with the piping bag straight up (perpendicular to the parchment surface.) Squeeze the piping bag until the meringue begins to release like a small flower. Now move the bag around the center to make a swirl. Continue to rotate around until you get the size of rose that you like. Slowly release pressure at the end of the swirl. There are lots of videos available online that demonstrate this technique.\nContinue piping roses in different colors until you fill in the circle. Add leaves as desired. Have fun & be creative!!\nNext, bake for 1 hour. Then turn oven off and let meringues stand in for an additional hour. Do not open the oven.\nStep 5: Decorate and Enjoy!", "491" ], [ "Modeling Chocolate Unicorn Cake Topper\nIntroduction: Modeling Chocolate Unicorn Cake Topper\nModeling chocolate is a great medium for sculpting adorable figures to decorate cakes! Modeling chocolate is made from melted chocolate and corn syrup, mixed together for a moldable, edible clay that can be colored and shaped. It hardens when it sets, so the figures are perfect for cakes or cupcakes. I will show you how to make the modeling chocolate using white candy melts and corn syrup, but you can also buy it ready made if you prefer. Then I will show you, step by step, how to make this sweet unicorn.\nSupplies\nModeling Chocolate:\n* 12 ounces bright white candy melts\n* 3 ounces corn syrup\nUnicorn:\n* modeling chocolate\n* edible gel food colors (pink, yellow, green, blue & violet)\n* edible gold luster dust\n* edible pink luster dust\n* edible black marker\n* small paintbrush\n* modeling tools (small knife and ball tool)\n* toothpicks\nStep 1: Make Modeling Chocolate\nMelt the candy melts in a glass bowl in the microwave. Be careful not to overheat. Microwave in 30 second increments, stirring in between. As chocolate begins to melt, reduce to 10 second increments.\nNext, warm the corn syrup in the microwave to lukewarm (about the same temperature as the melted chocolate. Fold the corn syrup into the melted chocolate and stir until combined. Stop when the mixture starts to seize up. It will take about a minute. Be careful not to overmix.\nWrap in plastic wrap and let set at least 2 hours at room temperature. When ready to use, unwrap and knead until smooth. It can be tinted with gel food colors and molded, rolled and shaped. Wrap in plastic and store in an airtight container when not it use. Note: it will harden with time, so knead to soften before using.\nStep 2: Mold Unicorn Head, Body and Legs\nThis unicorn is about 4 inches tall. I will provide approximate dimensions and weights of the clay used for each component for guidance. Of course you can make in any size and can tweak the shapes however you like.\n1. With a 19 gram piece of clay, form a pear shape for the body. It should be about 28 mm long x 25 mm wide.\n2. Form the head as pictured with a 24 g piece of clay. It will be about 33 mm long and 30 mm wide.", "515" ], [ "Make two small round depressions for nostrils with a toothpick or small modeling tool.\n3. Make 4 tapered cylinders for legs. They are about 25 mm long and 10 mm wide.\n4. To make the horn, roll a snake shape, tapered on both ends, with about 1 gram of clay. Cut in half and twist the two halves together to form the horn shape. Insert a small toothpick.\n5. For ears, form a diamond shape and cut in half. Each ear should be about 10 mm tall and 10 mm wide.\n6. Assemble the ears and horn to the head. Insert a toothpick in the head for attachment to body.\n7. Next roll and flatten 4 small balls, about 1 gram each, to make hooves and attach to the legs.\n8. Assemble legs to the body and then put head on by inserting toothpick into body.\nStep 3: Make Unicorn Mane, Tail, and Flowers\nIt's time to color the clay. Knead a small amount of food coloring into balls of modeling chocolate. You only need a small amount of each color, about 5 gram balls. Pinch of small amounts of each color and roll into snakes, tapered on the end.\nFor the tail, twist together one strand of each color. Attach tail and wrap around body as shown in pictures. Do the same for a mane, using shorter stands, and attach to back of head. Then attach a few strands to front of head as shown.\nMake tiny roses by rolling and flattening snakes of desired colors. Then curl into a rose shape (see pictures) and attach.\nStep 4: Paint Face, Horn and Hooves\nWith a small paintbrush, paint horn and hooves with edible gold luster dust. I used a dry brush, but you can mix the luster dust with a tiny amount of vodka if you prefer. Next draw eyes with edible black marker. Finally, dust cheeks with pink luster dust.\nI hope this inspires you to make a sweet chocolate topper for your next cake!!", "987" ], [ "Jumbo Donut Made From Plastic Bottles\nIntroduction: Jumbo Donut Made From Plastic Bottles\nIf you have a bunch of plastic bottles in your recycle bin, try upcylcling them instead. I threw my daughter a donut themed party and turned my plastic bottles into jumbo donuts!\nIf possible, upcycle some old or leftover fabric. There are also places like HoneyBeGood that sell fabric made from recycled plastic bottles so double the good!\nAny plastic bottle should work as long as you can create a circle with them. This includes water bottles, 2 liter soda bottles, half gallon milk jugs, etc.\nSupplies\n* plastic bottles\n* fabric\n* scissors\n* hot glue\n* marker or pen\nStep 1: Cut Your Fabric and Glue Your Bottle\nFor one donut you'll need:\n* 2 fabric circles for the front and back*\n* 1 fabric strip for the inside of the center\n* 1 fabric frosting shape\n* rectangles or circles for sprinkles (optional)\n* enough plastic bottles to create a full circle\n*You can use any colors and type of fabric that you would like. For a traditional donut the 2 fabric circles and inside strip should all be the same color.\nThe exact dimensions are dependent on the kind of bottles you have. Just make sure whatever bottle you're using, you're able to create a circle by attaching the top edge of the bottles with hot glue. You want to do this first so you know what measurements you need for the fabric.\nOnce you have your bottles glued together:\n1. Lay the bottles on your brown fabric and trace a circle outside of the bottles. You'll want enough excess so that the fabric will come half way up the bottle.\n2. Trace the center hold of your bottle circle.\n3. Cut two of these shapes out of your brown fabrics.\n4. Cut a strip of fabric that is twice the height of your bottles and 1.5 the diameter of your center circle. These measurements don't have to be exact. You'll be cutting and glueing any excess.\n5. Using your bottles as a guide, create a squiggly frosting shape out of your second fabric.\n6. If you'd like, cut out shapes for your sprinkles and glue them on your frosting shape.\nStep 2: Attach the Bottom and Center\n1.", "316" ], [ "Lay your bottles on top of your bottom fabric.\n2. Put a small dollop of hot glue on 2 opposite ends of your bottles so that the fabric will stay in place. You only want to use a small amount because this is temporary and you'll be pulling it off before attaching the top piece.\n3. Flip your bottles and fabric over and glue the long strip of rectangular fabric to the inside edge of the fabric as shown. Do this all the way around until it overlaps the other side, then trim off any excess.\n4. Flip the bottles and fabric back over and glue the extra center fabric to the bottles. You'll want to cut the fabric into strips based on your bottle size so that it lays nicely in a circular shape.\nStep 3: Attach the Top and Frosting\n1. Lay the top fabric piece on top so that it lines up with the bottom.\n2. Glue along the fabric edge of the center bottom piece, one half at a time.\n3. Pull the glued fabric from those 2 temporary bottles.\n4. Now glue both edges of the fabric together a little bit at a time so you can keep it aligned.*\n5. Align the frosting fabric to the top and glue along the center fabric edge the same as before, one half at a time.\n6. Use a small amount of glue to attach the frosting edges. You can glue along the entire edge but it's not necessary.\n*I used a small amount to glue together 4 edges (12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock). Then a small amount for the 4 edges between those. Then the rest of the edges to close it all the way.\nStep 4: Enjoy Your Creation!\nThe finished product is light but sturdy. Great for tossing around!", "316" ] ]

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[ [ "Introduction\n\"The scientist who can genetically engineer and clone a group of lemmings that will most consistently win a race that culminates with the lemmings hurling themselves over a cliff, in violation of natural law but in keeping with the urban myth, will win the bet.\" - Introduction to the rules.\nHow can you beat that for an introduction? Leaping Lemmings is a race game where you are trying to get as many of your 10 lemmings over the cliff while scoring as many style points as possible. This hilarious premise is helped along by two hungry eagles, conniving players, special action cards and the all important feed pellets.\nThe game is for 2-6 players and takes about 10-15 minutes per player.\nComponents\nThe game comes in a standard GMT sized box, but what a box! It's one of the sturdiest boxes they've put out, reminiscent of the recent deluxe edition of Twilight Struggle.\nHats off to GMT for the beautiful linen finish mounted board, as well as the immensely sturdy cards for the movement, clan and special action decks.\nThe counters are very cute. They're nice thick and sturdy, as good as you'll find in any Euro game. As an added bonus, each lemming counter has a different name depending which side is face up. This allows you to \"customize\" your team each game.\nFinally, there are two custom eagle dice, one in red for <PERSON> and one in blue for Stephen Jr. Eagles are your friend! As long as they're not eating your lemmings of course.\nRules\nThe game is played on a race track that's 15 hexes long and about 5 hexes wide and ending in a cliff edge where your lemmings will leap off making \"woohoo!\" noises. We have a house rule that you need to make a gleeful noise when your lemmings leap.\nThe map is split into several areas. The first two columns of hexes are \"safe\", the next group of hexes has six red eagle \"zones\" (A-F) which mark Ruby's territory, and the final part of the map has six blue eagle \"zones\" (A-F) for <PERSON> hunting grounds. Because they're such good friends, they share a nice column in the middle also known as the dreaded Line of Bones. The centre of each zone has a conveniently safe sanctuary which isn't part of any of the zones.\nThere are six lemming clans. Each scientist selects the clan of their choice (I.Q., Biker, Soldier, Hippie, <PERSON> or <PERSON>) and takes the clan card and the 10 lemmings belonging to that clan. The 10 lemmings are placed in the start area.\nEach scientist is dealt 2-4 special action cards depending on the number of clans participating in the race. Special actions are discussed below.\nThe two eagles start in their respective zone A, and await the lemming buffet. The eagle counters have two sides - hunting (wings) and eating (holding a knife and fork - the eagles are genetically engineered too!).\nFinally, the 16 feed pellet spaces are seeded with pellet counters, which have either a 1 or 2 printed on them, or the word \"favor\".", "336" ], [ "The numbers are victory points you'll collect at the end of the game, while the favors can be cashed in during your turn for various things.\nFour player set up. The clans are good to go!\nThere is a 33 card movement deck, with cards numbered from 2 to 5. One of the cards has the words \"Game Over\" on it. The latter is shuffled into the bottom six cards of the movement deck, so nobody knows how soon the game will end. It could be as soon as 26 cards, or as late as the full 32.\nThere are also two eagle dice.\nEach die has two 1's, two 2's, one 3 and one \"hover\". If the value is a number, then the scientist moves that eagle the number of zones indicated either clockwise or counterclockwise - their choice! If the result is hover, then the eagle stays where they are.\nThe rules are nice and easy, and the game flows as follows. First there's the eagle phase.\n1. the scientist currently in possession of the eagle dice rolls and resolves the eagles.\n2. the scientist then resolves any feasting and scattering for each eagle.\n3. the scientist resolves any hover results.\n4. the top card of the movement deck is revealed.\nThen we get into the lemming phase. Beginning with the one holding the eagle dice each scientist will\n1. exchange favor pellets if they wish\n2. play one special action card if they wish\n3.", "597" ], [ "Unhappy King Charles!\nA game for 2 players designed by <PERSON> B ook of R ULES\nIntended to be\nA T RUE and E XACT\nRelation of\nHis Majesties\nW ARRE upon\nthe C OMMONS\nThis work perfected by\n<PERSON>, London”\n— From the front page of the Unhappy King Charles! rule book.\nIntroduction\nI usually review newer games, but every once in a while I feel compelled to pull out one of my favourites from the shelf and give it a fresh look. This one is still in print and in stock at GMT, and I feel that it's somewhat of an under appreciated gem in the card driven game genre.\nThe English Civil War is a topic that hasn't seen a huge number of games, and that's a shame because it came during an interesting transitional period in warfare. You can play some of the specific battles from this conflict in the first of the Musket & Pike series, .\nUnhappy King Charles! is a strategic level card driven game that takes you through the English Civil War, either as the Royalists or those pesky upstart Parliamentarians. You'll need to be crafty, clever, and perhaps most importantly, quick as your armies seem to not want to stay around.\nComponents\nUnhappy King Charles comes with a paper map of England (and Wales and Scotland) with areas connected by point to point movement. There is a separate rulebook and playbook, a deck of 110 cards divided into early, mid, and late war, player aid cards for both sides, and two sheets of counters.\nI have added two packs of bingo chips in blue and orange to my copy to place on towns rather than the included markers because my knowledge of British place names is limited to the major cities most people will be familiar with. The bingo markers let me read the city names more easily.\nPhoto credit: <PERSON>If I had the opportunity I'd get the map printed on canvas. It's one of the lovelier ones among the wargames in my collection. The cards, although completely fine, are on the thin side - not quite as thick as the ones that came with the first run of Combat Commander: Mediterranean for instance. However, they have a nice linen finish to them and have held up well for me over the years.\nRules and Game Play\nAs mentioned in the introduction, this is a card driven game, but unlike the most common model where you have to choose between operations and events, this deck is split between events and operations cards. Some of the events are playable by either side, but some can only be played by the owning player's faction, and if you end up with some of these in your hand you can only use them for a limited set of things. The deck is never reshuffled so if an event you really wanted doesn't get into your hand, then tant pis.", "92" ], [ "Or as the designer puts it himself, the event still happened, it just didn't have the same impact in the game as it did historically.\nSpeaking of history, this game is unusual in that it includes some so-called alternate history cards containing events that didn't actually happen but were entirely possible. For instance, there's a card featuring <PERSON> and his army that can enter the game on the Royalist side. I really feel this adds a nice nuance to the game as it inserts a little bit of \"what if?\" without really affecting the narrative flow of the game.\nThe game lasts until either the end of winter 1645 (the 11th and final turn of the game), or an automatic victory occurs. For the Parliament player, this means forcing King <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> (the 11th and final turn of the game), or an automatic victory occurs. For the Parliament player, this means forcing King Charles to surrender. For the King, it means seizing London and also controlling three areas on the map.\nThe map is split into five regions. The south, the Midlands, Wales, the north, and east. Each area has a number of towns, and these towns will need to be controlled as part of each player's political base. There are also some areas on the map that are designated as industrial areas, such as the Northumbrian Coal Field and the Forest of Dean. Having control of at least one area like this is necessary or else you will not be able to recruit any troops, and that can quickly send your side into a death spiral as troops are both hard to come by and harder to keep in the field.\nThe game is split into three phases - the early, mid, and late war. Each phase has a mandatory event card that kicks off that era. The early war will see posturing and build up by both sides on the first turn until someone plays Raising the Royal Standard marking the start of armed conflict.", "597" ], [ "Time of Crisis\nA game for 2-4 players by <PERSON> and <PERSON>\n\"The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor <PERSON> by his own troops in 235, initiating a 50-year period in which there were at least 26 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors.\"\n- so says the Wikipedia entry\nIntroduction\nTime of Crisis is a game for 2-4 players taking on the role of one of the Roman factions during the third century when, to say the least, times were interesting in the Roman empire.\nComponents\nThe game comes with a mounted map board, counters for the different factions including governors and generals, outside forces such as the Franks (among several others), and various legion counters.\nPhoto by BGG user <PERSON> (<PERSON>)\nThere are also cards in four sets of nine (three each blue, yellow, and red) plus cards players can purchase on their turn, and six dice, three of them black, and three of them white.\nPhoto by BGG user <PERSON>)\nThe cards are of the usual thick and sturdy kind we've come to know and expect from GMT.\nRules & Game Play\nThe game is played in a series of turns with every player following the same sequence each turn. Every player will...\n- remove temporary markers in the upkeep phase\n- roll 2d6 on the events table to see whether an event happens (on a 7) or which set of barbarians cause potential trouble (anything else)\n- play their cards in hand to take actions (more on that below)\n- check support in their provinces\n- expand your empire (if your pretender merits it)\n- gain legacy (victory points!)\n- buy/trash cards\n- end of turn clean up\nThe event dice will either cause an event that can last multiple turns if nobody rolls a 7 for a while, or causes some barbarians to activate and start causing trouble at the fringes of the empire. They are, however, handy sources of legacy points as you can go into those lands and quell them at the source.\nThe core of the game centres around your deck of available cards. You begin with nine cards, three each of the 1 value blue, red, and yellow cards. You select 5 of your available cards and perform actions with them.\nRed cards are useful for military actions, such as removing a mob, attacking barbarians, attacking another player, or recruiting a general. Blue cards are used for senate actions, hiring governors and placing them being the main two uses.\nYellow cards give you populace actions, which is where you get to boost your support in regions you (temporarily) control, hold games to appease mobs, build improvements to the region (which grant legacy points), and place militia.\nManaging how you use these points is the key to success in the game.", "597" ], [ "As you buy more and better cards, your deck with grow. Unlike most deck building games though, you always get to select your hand of five from the available deck rather than just drawing the top five. This is a good thing because it allows you to plan ahead for your next turn. Keep in mind that you're likely going to have turns where all you're left with is the dross you decided not to pick earlier in order to do something better, so there will be turns where you may not get to do much of use - a lull turn.\nOnce you've taken your actions, you tot up your legacy points and add them to your total. You get points for the number of regions you control and also for any improvements in those areas. If you've managed to get a Pretender in play, you also get points for the provinces that believe in that one true Emperor. There are also points to be gained for winning battles (against barbarians or your fellow players) and a game end bonus for being the (real) emperor the most turns.\nOnce you've used your cards to do your actions, you then have an opportunity to buy better cards. You get build points based on your support level in the provinces you control, and you can buy cards up to the number of areas you control - so both numbers are important. For instance, you may have 10 points to buy cards, but only control 3 areas, so the 4 cards aren't available to you.\nThe bigger cards are better not only for the extra points they give you to take actions, but also because when you play them you also get to execute the event on them.", "629" ], [ "Photo credit: <PERSON>\nDeep Sea Adventure\nA game 2-6 players designed by <PERSON>.\n\"Think I had a wet dream\nCruisin' through the Gulf Stream\nOooh-ooh-ooh-ooh\nWet dream...\"\n― chorus of <PERSON> pun filled song Wet Dream\nIntroduction\nIf you've frequented the BGG store, you'll have seen that they offer games by publisher Oink Games. Small Japanese company offering small box games, about the size of a cigarette pack (back when everyone knew what that meant).\nI first gave the game a spin at BGG Con 2015, and really liked it, but balked at the price tag. Then I saw it on Amazon.ca for $29.01, meaning free shipping and no concerns about the exchange rate, so I said what the heck.\nDeep Sea Adventure is a small game, but as they say, good things come in small packages.\nComponents\nThe game comes in a tiny box, and inside there are 32 treasure tiles, 16 X marks the spot tiles, 2 six dice that are have 1-3 twice (i.e. a pair of d3), a sub tile, six diver meeples, and a marker for the air. Oh, and rules.\nAll in a small box.\nRules and Gameplay\nSo what kind of game do you get in this magnificent little box?\nA relatively simple one. The layout is simple. The tiles have a number of dots (bubbles) on them, and you lay them out any way you please in a long chain with the one dots nearest the sub, and the four dots at the end.\nPhoto credit: <PERSON>\nGoing down is easy\nDecide who's going first (I've been using free app Chwasi of late) and then roll the pair of d3 and head down. Once you get to your destination, you can choose to pick up the treasure there, drop a treasure you're carrying, or simply enjoy the space. If you take the treasure there, replace it with an X tile and stand on it. No peeking at the treasure tile until you're back aboard. If you happen to pass a space someone's already in, pretend it isn't there, don't count it, and wave as you pass. As the game progresses, at some point you're going to decide you want to go back up.\nComing up for air\nOnce you've decided you have all the treasure you can carry, you're going to want to head up. You can only change direction once, so you're committed. If you forget to declare you're heading back, you continue heading down. Now, treasure is nice, but it's heavy. So for every piece of treasure you're carrying, you subtract one from the die roll. The 2d3.", "470" ], [ "The 2-6 result with an expected roll of 3.5. If you're lucky, you'll make it back aboard before the sub runs out of air. If you're not, you'll have two pieces of treasure and roll a 2, going... nowhere.\nBreathe\nAir is the catch in this game. If you're empty handed, you're not using any air. But the air on the sub is shared by all players, and if you're carrying treasure, every piece carried uses up one unit of air. You're not allowed back onto the sub without treasure. And if the air runs out before you get back aboard, the treasure you were carrying sinks to the bottom of the ocean.\nAnd you? You drown.\nFor those who made it back to the sub, you keep the treasure tokens and get to look at how many points you've earned. The treasures that sink to the bottom end up in piles of three. Ah, but... those stacks only count as one treasure for air and movement purposes. There's some incentive to try and get them.\nThe X markers are removed, the game is reset, and you do this for a total of three rounds. High score wins.\nConclusions\nThis game is built for people who love push your luck games with a soupçon of strategy, a hint of strategy, and the hilarity of watching first time players take one roll too many and drown.\nThis game is fun and decently strategic with two. It's a complete riot with five. With six it's every diver for themselves. Everyone is watching everyone else, waiting for the first treasure laden diver to reverse course and the mad scramble to return to the sub before the air runs out begins.\nThe game has some built in limitations. The probability of rolling any given value is easy to calculate. If you've got six players and everyone has a treasure, you know there aren't many rounds to go before the air runs out.", "629" ], [ "Die Macher\nA game for 3-5 players designed by <PERSON>\nIntroduction\n\"Politics: A strife of interests masquerading as a contest of principles. The conduct of public affairs for private advantage.\"\n<PERSON> The Devil's Dictionary\nDie Macher is a 3-5 player game pitting different political parties against one another in an attempt to win seats in German elections. Originally released in 1986 by Hans im Glück as a 4 player game with only West German states, it was re-issued in 1997 by Moskito Games. In 2006, Valley Games published a reprint.\nThis year marks the 25th anniversary of this simply brilliant election game.\nNote: this review is based on the 1997 Moskito edition, which in my opinion is the nicest of the three. I've owned the first edition and played the Valley Games edition.\nComponents\nThe game comes in a nice large box and contains six boards, four of which are election board, one is the national board, and one is a handy holding area for the various decks of cards and bits.\nThe decks of cards in the game are for the various states being contested, party and regional issues, and opinion polls. There are also some counters\nEach player gets a set of cubes and wood markers representing meeting markers, status markers, and media cubes. In addition, they get one set of seven shadow cabinet cards, five party donation cards, and coalition and party markers.\nThe game in progress.\nRules and Game Play\nEach player takes on the role of one of the major German parties: the CDU (Christian Democrats); FDP (Free Democrats); Green; SPD (Social Democrats); and PDS (the Socialist Left).\nDie Macher is a procedural game. By this I mean that the game follows a strict sequence of events, and every player will perform each of the steps in player order. There are seven elections to be contested through the course of the game, but the final one is resolved immediately after the sixth one meaning that in reality that this game last six complete rounds.\nThe Set Up\nAs noted above, one board is to hold all the cards used in common, and another is the national board showing party membership levels, the issues of national interest, and a placeholder for media cubes for those who've won elections.\nThe main playing area is a propeller of four identical boards showing four elections to be contested. At the start of the game, the first four states are drawn randomly and each player begins with one meeting marker in each of the four states to be contested and their polling trend set to the centre space (0). Each board represents one state to be contested (drawn randomly) and then platform issues are dealt out to each state.", "597" ], [ "The current state has all four face up, the next state three of four face up, then two, then one. This allows for some pre-planning, but also for surprises to pop up. Duplicates and opposites are not allowed, and in those cases the cards are put face up on the board for use later.\nThe largest state with 80 seats. The next largest has 60, and the smallest state has only 15. As each game will have a random set of states, no two games will be the same.\nEveryone gets their 5 media cubes, 5 party donation cards, 7 shadow cabinet cards, their supply of meeting markers, and €25.000 to start the game.\nEach party then has two choices to make for their set up. One determines some level of starting influence (column 1) and the other determines starting media influence and party membership (column 2).\nThe planning starts immediately.\nIn column one you're choosing a combination of popular trend (the thumbs up), votes (the X symbol), or meeting markers (the balloon). You need to write the name of the state (or the number of the election if you can't read the German names) in the space next to each selection.\nIn column two you're choosing a combination of media markers and party members. Party members aren't tied to any particular state.\nEveryone makes their choice in secret and reveals and resolves together. Then you're all set to go.\nThe winner of the game is the player who earns the most victory points, which can be gained in the following ways:\n- seats won in each election\n- winning the hearts and minds of the people (party membership)\n- national media attention (placement of media cubes)\n- matching your party platform to the national interest\nThe following is simply a summary of how the turn proceeds and is not intended to be a rules rehash. However, because of the interdependence of actions, I have highlighted the important aspects of each phase.\nEach round is broken into the following phases:\n1. Bid for choose the starting player: Player order will be important throughout the game. If you're first, that confers advantages in some phases but disadvantages in others.", "597" ], [ "Bitskrieg\nA game for 2 players by <PERSON> and <PERSON>\nPublished by Hollandspiele\n\"Two adults who want to play Bitskrieg should play with all the fixin's from the get go.\"\n<PERSON> first thing you might notice about Bitskrieg is that it shares an iconic look with a famous Avalon Hill game about tank warfare from 1970, a game that sold over 300,000 copies.\nHollandspiele, a small publisher that takes pride in not only having a modern retro chic to the art of its game covers also publishes what some might call quirky titles that have a specific niche.\n<PERSON> developed a introductory war game with his son, and the result is this charming title that should have a broad appeal to many.\nThe Game\nThe game is played on an 8x8 grid of squares, and the inner 6x6 grid has pairs of dice showing the coordinates of those squares. At the beginning, six obstacle spaces are randomly placed by rolling a pair of dice. Those obstacles block tank traffic and travel. Then one player selects which axis the board will be played on and the other chooses the end they want to have. Statistically, the most likely outcome is one side will have four obstacles in its half.\nEach side then places the five tanks it has chosen (from the available mix) and places them on the board (including a specific direction they're facing) and their two flags.\nA sample set up\nThe objective is to capture both your opponent's flags, although you can also win by eliminating all your opponent's units.\nOn your turn you take one of four actions - move (one tank), fire (one tank), flip (all finished tanks), or rebuild (replace one destroyed tank, max 2x per game).\nThat is it. Despite this simple action set, there is a lot to consider.", "597" ], [ "Do you want to move every tank you have before you reset them? Or flipping back early necessary to make sure you can shoot at a target that is in reach of your flag? Should you take a chance on shooting now when the range is so far away, or do something else this turn?\nA game in progress\nThere are several kinds of tanks (light, medium, heavy, and tank destroyers). There are optional rules to add elements to the game as needed or desired, including bounding fire (move and shoot), and different obstacle effects (in the base game, obstacles are simply impassable to both movement and fire).\nThe art of the game pieces remind me a lot of the MetaGaming Microgame , and the game play makes me think of classic games like that just aren't really around anymore.\nConclusions\nBack in 1913, <PERSON>, famous for his science fiction stories like War of the Worlds, released a set of game rules for , subtitled \"a game for boys from twelve years of age to one hundred and fifty and for that more intelligent sort of girl who likes boys' games and books.\"\nImagine you're wargamer and your kid wants to play too. And heck, you'd like nothing better than a handy opponent. Where can you turn? Well, fewer places than one might think.\nFor instance, take my daughter, who took great delight in smashing me at Ogre when it first arrived in the house (and she now plays Gloomhaven, among many others).\nBut had <PERSON> been around when she was little, well, this would have been an obvious game to turn to.\nIf you have a younger kid in your life (niece, nephew, daughter, son, kid of a friend), and you like this kind of game and want something they can play too, I can heartily recommend this title.\nThank you for reading this latest installment of Roger's Reviews. I've been an avid board gamer all my life and a wargamer for over thirty years. I have a strong preference for well designed games that allow players to focus on trying to make good decisions.\nAmong my favourites I include , the , , , , and .\nYou can subscribe to my reviews at this geeklist: and I also encourage you to purchase this very stylish microbadge:", "118" ], [ "Around the World in 80 Days\nA game for 2-6 players by <PERSON>.\nSir <PERSON>: One thousand pounds for an elephant? It's outrageous! You've been diddled.\n<PERSON>: Undoubtedly. But it's not often one needs an elephant in a hurry.\n― From the 1956 movie, 80 Days Around the World, starring <PERSON> as <PERSON>\nIntroduction\nAround the World in 80 Days, or if you prefer, Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours is one of <PERSON> best known works. In it, wealthy gentleman <PERSON> accepts a bet that he can travel around the world in 80 days. He sets out with his trusted butler, amusingly named <PERSON>. An overzealous Scotland Yard detective named <PERSON> spots <PERSON> en route, and thinking he matches the description of a man who robbed the Bank of England, sets off in pursuit. Hilarity ensues.\nThis premise is translated beautifully in one of the most vicious little racing games it's been my pleasure to play. I acquired it in a trade almost exactly five years ago, partly because I was interested in the theme, and partly because the nice guy I got it from had made a set of laminated event cards in French, making it an attractive proposition to play with my family. My daughter was still little at the time, so I put this on the shelf and didn't think much about it until recently.\nI'm now kicking myself because I could have been playing this a lot!\nPlease note that all games photos are used from the BGG gallery. Images of the 1954 movie linked from IMDB.\nThe Components\nThe game features a nice small board with the ten cities players need to visit on their race around the world. The map is both attractive and highly functional, with the graphics being very clean and clear.\nPhoto: <PERSON>\nThe components include figures for each player, time markers to show how much time each player has spent so far, cards to allow movement, money which has several uses, an attractive die, reward markers for the first and last person to each city, and a deck of random event cards.\nPhoto: <PERSON>\nThe components are, like the map, nice and easy on the eyes and serve their functions well.\nGame Play\nThe game begins with each player in London, discussing the latest news from around the world and betting that they can be fastest around the world! Now, ok, this varies from the book in that only <PERSON> went on the journey, but nonetheless, this is a game, and games need to take a few liberties to make it interesting for everyone.", "92" ], [ "Otherwise we'd just be sitting around watching someone play a solo game.\nYou start the game with some travel cards, and these will be either trains or ships, and will have a number on them. The number on the card represents how many days it will take to travel using that particular train or ship. More on that in a moment.\nEveryone begins in London, and the race is ten cities long. The path, starting from London is to\nParis, via train and ship, then\nBrindisi, via train, then\nSuez, via ship, then\nBombay, via two ships, then\nCalcutta, via elephant. WHAT? Hang, on, I'll explain in a moment. Then\nHonshu, via two trains, then\nYokohama, via either two ships, OR a train and a ship, then\nSan Francisco, via two ships, then\nNew York, via two trains, and last but not least,\nLondon, via two ships and a train.\nWHEW!\nOk, so let's parse this out. Ten cities, eighty days, an average of eight days per leg, and ideally less than that. You're going to also need seventeen travel cards and a minimum of nine will be ships and seven trains.\nBUT WAIT!\nThere are also balloons.\nIf your head hasn't exploded yet, then let's go back to the beginning. You're in London, and you know that you have to go around the world in a certain order, and you want to make it as quickly as you can.\nYou know you need certain kinds of cards to succeed, and so planning is going to be essential. However, I will warn you now that there is luck, both the luck of the draw from the card deck, and the kind of dumb luck some people just can't handle where the die will screw you over, on purpose, because that's what dice do.\nIf you can't handle a bit of dumb luck in your game, the proliferation of games where you have to convert goods into refined goods to manufactured goods that convert into victory points are for you.", "755" ], [ "Circus Train\nA game for 1-5 players designed by <PERSON>\n“Why the hell shouldn't I run away with the circus?”\n― <PERSON>, Water for Elephants\nIntroduction\nI've been a gamer, in the sense we like to think of it on BGG, ever since I was introduced to Ogre thirty odd years ago. At the time, Ogre was published by a really innovative game company called MetaGaming, and they made a whole bunch of games that had as their basis some really interesting ideas. Some of them were hits and some were flops, but nobody could ever say they weren't original.\nOver the decades, there always seems to be at least one company that has kept up that tradition of being the company making that kind of game, and at the moment, Victory Point Games fill that niche for me. My favourites from them include Nemo's War and Moonbase Alpha (both of which I've previously reviewed) and several of the games from their States of Siege series.\nOne thing I've always loved are games rich with theme, so it's probably no small surprise then that my favourite games have a rich thematic backdrop. <PERSON> novel Water for Elephants planted the seed of an idea and <PERSON> grew it into the brilliant game that is Circus Train.\nIn Circus Train, you are the owner operator of a prohibition era circus, trying to make a buck and outperform your opposition as you take your Greatest Show on Earth through the midwest and eastern US.\nComponents\nI originally became interested in Circus Train when GMT was planning to publish it through their P500 program, but when VPG bought their laser cutting table and upgraded their game production to their Gold Banner standard, they pulled it back in house and released it themselves. The tradeoff of waiting for the GMT treatment of the game vs. having the game in hand now is well worth it as the VPG Gold Banner level of components are very good indeed.\nThe game comes in the trademark bigger 9x12x1 box that VPG is now getting known for with the slipcase cover. I lucked out in a sense because VPG had left some copies that were destined for Origins behind at their office and made them available if you called in. I phoned in and thus got one of the \"convention exclusive\" editions, which comes with a little bonus acrylic circus tent that you can use as a start marker.\nThe game has a lot of bits, and the graphic designers and artists had a lot of fun making all the pieces different, and hey, with a laser cutting table, why not! The boxed edition comes with a mounted puzzle piece connected board, over 250 game pieces, a die, and 100 cards, plus a glossy full colour 20 page rulebook.", "118" ], [ "Not to mention the paper game map, included in the Gold Banner boxed edition in addition to the mounted board. This game has a lot of stuff and just fits in the box. I think this might well be the most ambitious game, component wise, that VPG has produced to date. The laser table is clearly being put to good and ambitious use! I've used a divided container to hold the player bits external to the box as it was quite packed with the mounted board and all the baggies I had the bits in, but everything will fit back in the box without having to take apart the stand up train markers.\nThe counters are gorgeously thick and sturdy, and with the shapes being different gives a tactile differentiation above and beyond what the graphics and colours do. The cards are thick and well laid out, but you will want to sleeve them, especially the player cards, as they are uncoated. I've put mine in penny sleeves since there is minimal shuffling required of the destination and random event decks, and you never need to shuffle the player cards.\nImage courtesy of VPG.\nThe board is very evocative of the era we're playing in, and there's room for everything on the map. Speaking of which, the map is really a lovely work of art and definitely helps to get players into the feel of the game. The deluxe edition comes with a mounted puzzle piece style map, and in my chats with VPG, every map is hand made because it's larger than their usual products and requires extra attention. The map depicts the northeast section of the US stretching from Omaha to Richmond and points north up to Winnipeg in the west and Montreal in the east.\nOn the whole, the quality level is most satisfactory.\nRules & Game Play\nIn Circus Train, the object at the end of the game is to have the most victory points. However, how you get there is rather open ended as there are multiple priorities you need to juggle in order to generate them.\nThe game is played over three distinct seasons - April-May, June-July, and August-September.", "336" ] ]

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[ [ "Stars of Akarios is Gloomhaven in space crossbred with a choose your own adventure game. I've played through the prologue and the very start of Act 1 and so far it's been great! Here are some early impressions focused on solo-play. These opinions may evolve as I play more, and I may be missing things in the rules -- let me know!\nUpdate: Added more thoughts after finishing Act 1 at bottom.\nSpace Combat\nThe core of the game is space combat missions where your chosen space ship will fly around and pew pew the baddies. Unlike Gloomhaven's purely card-driven tactics, in Stars you will roll dice to determine what actions you can take. While some may dislike the element of luck, I really appreciate how it reduces the action paralysis that comes up in games like this. Turns move quickly -- roll your four dice (plus 1 extra if playing solo) and assign them to various available actions on your weapon, engine, co-pilot, or special ability cards. You can easily mitigate bad rolls by increasing your \"stress\" counter to reroll dice. You almost always feel like you have clever things to do, but the available action space is not too daunting. So far the missions have been relatively quick, typically about 45 - 75 minutes including time spent looking up rules and learning abilities. Adding more players shouldn't dramatically increase playtime because the game allows for many player actions to be done simultaneously.\nSolo? As mentioned, when playing true solo you have an extra action die and there will be fewer enemies. Each scenario setup is similar to a Gloomhaven map indicating where enemies start and which to place based on the player count. The prologue missions feel reasonably balanced for solo play, however, I think it would be more fun to have more enemies on the map. Some of the ship upgrades and attacks are less useful when you are facing fewer foes since they are designed to let you target multiple nearby enemies at once. I have yet to have two enemies move close enough together to actually pull that off, but I expect it would be common with 3 or 4 players. Compared to a dungeon crawler, space is always going to be wide open, so there are fewer opportunities to use the environment to help manipulate foes.", "884" ], [ "This may also be because I've only fought battles in the Prologue, which probably are designed to be on the easier side.\nSpace Exploration\nBetween skirmishes you'll explore solar systems, trigger random events, and follow prompts in the story book to learn the game's narrative. This is done by moving your ship between cards that beautifully depict the region of the system you are in. You gradually build out a map, and will read in the scenario book to answer prompts that potentially change game statuses or trigger combat missions. From the prologue the story seems reasonably engaging and I'm curious about the storyline and the mysterious big bad.\nThe prologue does a great job of introducing you to the core concepts and guides you through a small area before opening up significantly in Act 1. Act 1 looks more like an \"open world/galaxy\" with a selection of story missions or side quests to pick from.\nSolo? Personally, I feel this type of book driven exploration is better done by yourself than in a group where you would need to read the prompts aloud (or listen in the soon to be released app) and discuss what to do. In space exploration, all players are together on the Sparrow ship and can't split up, so nothing is lost in the translation to solo mode.\nPlanetary Exploration\nPeriodically you will have the chance to land on and explore planets or moons. This is similar to space exploration, but here all players get to split up and explore the map independently. Each card that makes up a tile in the map usually has several different actions which can be taken. Actions require you to spend some of your 4 dice (5 in solo), rolling them to see if you pass or fail a test. You have choices to make here such as deciding how many dice to allocate to a test, and in multiplayer, deciding which character has the best skills to succeed. Each action will give a little bit of story to read from the book and potentially give rewards or penalties. There are many possible actions to take, but there are rarely ways to guess which are the right ones to spend your limited actions on. This can make it feel a bit random and it is hard to know whether to just exhaustively interact with every action or to do a more targetted search.\nSolo? This segment of the game feels the weakest in solo mode. Mathematically, the number of actions available to a solo player just doesn't add up like it would in multiplayer. Solo players get an extra die and one more energy.", "884" ], [ "Dragon Parade is a game I picked up specifically with my 6 year old son in mind. The theme looked perfect for us and the price was right. My only misgiving is that the box has a recommended age of 10+.\nThis review is being written after several two-player games against my son.\nOverview:\n2-5 players try to predict where the Dragon will stop in this Reiner Knizia game publizhed by Z-Man Games.\nComponents:\nIn your small but sturdy box you get:\nThe game board\nA deck of numbered cards in Red and Yellow\nWooden pawns in 5 colours for the players\nCardboard coins for scoring\nThe Dragon\nThe Rules\nThe game board depicts the Forbidden City at the top center with two paths -- red and yellow -- that each wind down the board to their respective gates.\nThe deck is of standard quality. More variation on the artwork would have been nice, but the cards are completely functional. Likewise, the player pawns are of good quality.\nThe cardboard coins come in two sizes -- 5 points and 1 point. In a nice touch the 5 point coins have the familiar 'hole in the center' that old style Chinese coins have.\nThe wooden <PERSON> pawn, of course, is outstanding.\nThe rules are nicely illustrated and well written.\nOverall, the components are great, and complement the theme perfectly.\nGameplay:\nThe players try to predict where the Dragon will end up at the end of the hand. On his turn, a player will play a card and move the Dragon that number of spaces towards the red gate or the yellow gate. The colour of the card indicates towards which gate the Dragon moves. After this, the player places one of his seller pawns.\nPlayers are restricted in where they can place their sellers -- you cannot place a seller in a square that is adjacent to two occupied squares.\nAfter a player places his third seller he discards down to one card. The last turn in the hand will see the Dragon move about one last time before it stops. The hand can end prematurely if the Dragon makes his way through one of the gates. After all the moving is done, players receive points based on how close their sellers are to the Dragon.\nA number of hands are played equal to the number of players in the game.", "336" ], [ "At the end, the player with the most money wins!\nThe game plays like a tug of war with some opportunities to bluff. To succeed, you will need to anticipate your opponents' moves and plan yours -- the last move particularly -- accordingly.\nThe game is light and fast, and the small size makes it easily portable. We were able to play this at the neighbourhood McFood without troubles, and still have room on the table for what can loosely be called our dinner.\nWhile the box recommends an age of 10+, I have to believe this is a deliberate attempt to make Dragon Parade appear as more than a kids game. My six year old son had no problem at all learning the rules and playing the game. After a few plays he was even trying different tactics. This is certainly a game where younger players can enjoy themselves and compete, and the quickness of play means they are not likely to get bored before the game finishes.\nChild's Play:\nPlaying this game encourages planning and anticipation. After a while, a healthy dose of misdirection is evident.\nThe best thing a child can get from this game is a good foundation in integer arithmetic. The game is essentially an integer number line with the Forbidden City at 0, the yellow track as the positive integers and the red as the negative. As the Dragon moves between the two tracks, you end up reinforcing integer math. Try to get your child to move the Dragon without counting -- it's pretty cool to see them move the Dragon 7 squares from Red 3 to Yellow 4 in one jump.\nWho will like this game?\nIf you like fast, light games you can play with a child or non-serious gamers, this is a great game to buy. As an endorsement, my son likes this game quite a bit, and asks to play it frequently. And unlike some of his other favourites, I'm happy to oblige him.\nOn the flip side, it's not likely well suited for serious gamers, except as filler.\nUseless Trivia:\nThe Chinese characters on the large coins translate to \"Welcome Money, Increase Treasure\".\nSummary:\nComponents: Great, awesome theme\nGameplay: Fast and Light, suitable for young children\nRules: Good\nRecommendation: Great purchase if you play with kids, or like light, fast filler.", "336" ], [ "I'm a picky gamer so it takes a lot to get me excited about a new game. Every now and again one comes down the pike that makes me eager for the next session. I think the last game that got me this excited to play again was probably Panamax. So let's dive in..\n1) Disclaimer: I need to make two disclaimers. The first is that I only have a single play under my belt. The second is that I played Teotihuacan using a mod on Tabletop Simulator, with a downloaded copy of the rule book from BGG. As a note to the designers (and designers everywhere), immediately after finishing the game, I hopped on Amazon and pre-ordered a copy. Online play remains my favorite way to learn new games and the most likely way for me to purchase a physical copy.\n2) Components: Since I've only played it online, I can't comment on the quality of the components. However, TTS uses scanned images of the actual graphics, and I can say they are gorgeous, easy on the eyes, well laid out, and have moderately easy to grok iconography. There are no language dependent cards for those playing in a multilingual group.\n3) Rules: The rule book is well written with no glaring ambiguities. I have a few lingering questions about tile interactions that I've posted in the rules forum, but over all learning the game from the book was not a chore.\n4) Mechanics: For long time gamers, the mechanics of Teotihuacan will feel comfortably familiar, but also fresh enough to justify being a new game.", "386" ], [ "This to me is a perfect combination because it makes a game that has a decent amount of heft and complexity relatively easy to learn and teach.\nThe heart of the game involves moving workers (in the form of dice) up to three action spaces per turn. The cost of taking an action goes up depending on how many other players already have dice there, and the power of the action goes up if you already have your own dice there. Timing your actions to save money (in the form of cocoa) adds one layer that makes every decision more consequential, and thus more interesting. Timing your actions to focus your workers on the same action adds another.\nThis is a point salad game, with multiple paths to victory. The most obvious involves contributing to the building of the Pyramid of the Sun, but there are many other strategic paths you can take as well.\nIn the process you'll have to manage your resources - wood, stone, gold, and cocoa, along with the most precious resource of them all - time. Periodically the game is interrupted by a solar eclipse which triggers a scoring round. There is some variability in the timing of the eclipses, but you'll have plenty of notice. After the 3rd eclipse (or when the pyramid is completed) there is a final scoring round and the game ends.\n5) Pacing: Turns consist of \"pick a die, move it, take an action, next!\" Pacing is fairly quick with not a lot of downtime in between turns (another important consideration for me). Each round the game moves one step closer to the inevitable eclipse, creating a maximum turn length, but player actions can also hasten the process so there is some player control over game length as well.\n6) Theme: For the most part, the theme felt organic. I understand that early on in the development process there were some questionable marketing choices but those seem to have been corrected. There is one aspect of building the pyramid that seems a bit pasted on, but creates interesting game play decisions and wasn't so far removed from the game as to be immersion breaking for me.", "629" ], [ "SpaceCorp: 2025-2300AD\nA game for 1-4 players by <PERSON>\nPublished by GMT Games\n\"I don't think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the stars.\"\n<PERSON> , The Daily Telegraph , October 16, 2001\nThe Basics\nSpaceCorp is the latest entry in a the ever popular science fiction genre of humanity attempting to colonize and expand into space. It joins the games such as Terraforming Mars, High Frontier (Third Edition), and Leaving Earthin the sense that you are trying to expand your particular position as best you can in space, but direct conflict is limited.\nEvery player has a core corporation with basic research abilities and a chemical drive in hand that can be used as infrastructure. Anything on your infrastructure board can be used every turn as the base value and can be supplemented with cards from your hand. In general, the actions you want to play will require that you build up a good combination of cards in hand plus a solid infrastructure to best develop your corporation.\nAction cards drive the game\nOn your turn you get one action from a rather lengthy menu of options. The rules are very clearly written, so how to complete your action is well described. You can use the global infrastructure from other players but it provides them with a reward if you do, so it's a choice that needs to be weighed carefully.\nThere are three eras to play - the Mariners (local solar system to the asteroid belt), Planeteers (out to Pluto), and Starfarers (local star systems). The additional rules for the second and third eras are introduced in those eras, so you don't need to worry too much about what's coming in the next phase.\nIt all starts at Earth\nThe Mariner era allows players to get their start in the space exploration business.", "697" ], [ "Movement is initially slow and difficult, but astute and shrewd players will figure out how to build bases and get themselves out to the various regions to expand their empires.\nThe Planeteers era introduces progress cards that can be claimed through the use of genetics or revelations. Transportation distances are much greater (as one might expect) and it gets more difficult to get places, but the exploration options are interesting and fun.\nThe Starfarers era adds more progress cards and colonies. The distances are vast. The tech is pretty cool as it introduces multipliers for movement and research.\nThere are player aid cards that cover the majority of what you need, and refreshingly the board has the information you need so there is very little need to refer to the rule book once you get going.\nProgress cards - I set up both the planeteer and spacefarer cards at the same time, but the latter aren't available until that era of the game.\nThe Game Play\nThe game comes with two sets of rules - one for solo gamers (I haven't played this solo yet), and one for 2-4 players. Although the full game sees players progress through all three eras, the game allows for any combination to be played. You can play a short game with just the mariner era, allowing players to learn the rules. You can combine the mariners and planeteers for a shorter game, or you can start with the planeteer era and finish with interstellar fun.\nThis variable play allows for a lot of variety depending on how much time you have available, how many players, or simply personal preference.\nThe game's ebb and flow has a lot of dynamism too. With but one action per turn, it means you have to milk the most out of every turn, but at the same time, the game state when it comes around to you might make you choose to delay your plans.\nUltimately, you are trying to maximize your profits (in trillions of an unspecified currency), and although it is easy to get distracted by building a cool space empire, your focus is and should always be on advancing your profit token along.\nA nice touch is that when you move from one era to another, you get to carry forward one legacy discovery that you can continue to use in the next.\nProfits are generated by exploration and production, but not to be overlooked are the master contracts that also give you some profits. There is a different set of contracts in each era, but interestingly the ones that were not fulfilled in the prior era simply become more valuable as you add both the current and prior era values if you can get them done.\nOne particular quirk which will either be seen as feature or a nuisance is that each era has its own separate board. Once you complete the mariner era, you retain your corporate infrastructure, but all other cards from the era are discarded, and everything is removed from the board. You then put out the planeteer board and set up again.", "629" ], [ "This is a short review of my experience playing so far: 8 hours\nI hadn't read the rules or consumed too much information about the game since backing it, so my expectations were wide open. I learned how to play from <PERSON> Setup & Rules video, and filled in the gaps with the rulebook.\nI started playing the first recommended curse, The Voracious Goddess. So far I have played 8 hours over 3 sessions solo with one character. I am thoroughly enjoying this game. The mechanisms are incredibly smooth, and the 3 decks of cards interact so well with each other.\nMy character just died for the second time, and I'm really eager to give it another shot. The first time I just tried to do and see everything, and quickly ran out of action cards. The second time I started heading in the wrong direction, and realised too late, then walked around enjoying exploring.\nInitially I was worried that the game would be too easy without offering enough choices.", "211" ], [ "This is not the case! It is fantastic that some things you encounter help you and some hurt you.\nAnother thing I love is the movement mechanism. It is so clever that some terrains are harder to move from than others. Its also great that you can easily go to a linked terrain that you have visited before, but this is mitigated too with obstacles. Such great design!\nThe components are great! I love the size of the cards, which are small enough to fit heaps on a table and large enough to see the artwork. My first impressions of the dice and minis/standees was that they were quite small, but once I put them on the cards I felt they were the perfect size.\nFinally, the game feels just like a choose your own adventure book. But not a simple Goosebumps book, more like those roll and write adventure books that I loved growing up (Fighting Fantasy, Fabled Lands/Quest) that give you heaps of choices. This game uses cards instead of dice and character sheets though, which works well. It has the added bonus of a visible map and playing space with great artwork, AND the narrative is still present - most of the terrain cards have flavour text on the back.\nAll in all I am really impressed with this game, it has so many moving parts, it really is incredible that anyone designed it to operate so smoothly.\nSee you on the continent.", "336" ], [ "Space Empires:4X\nA game for 1-4 players designed by <PERSON>\nIntroduction\nThe year was 1975.\nThe Vietnam War ended. Star Trek was in syndication and Space:1999 had its television debut. The Altair 8800 sparked the demand for home computers. <PERSON> founded Microsoft. And a Texas game company MetaGaming Concepts released a science fiction space game called Stellar Conquest, where the object was to explore space, expand you empire, exploit resources, and exterminate your opponents.\nOnce personal computers came along, it spawned an entire industry devoted to games, including Avalon Hill's Andromeda Conquest, one of the the first 4X computer games and loosely (if not entirely) based on Stellar Conquest.\nIn 1993 Space Empires made it into the computer world, spawning several sequels and along the way <PERSON> decides he wants a board game version of a space conquest game.\nWith the release of Space Empires:4X we have come full circle!\nSpace Empires:4X was one of the most anticipated games from GMT when it was announced in the fall of 2010, generating over 1500 pre-orders by the time it went to print in August 2011.\nComponents\nGMT has of late been one of the top notch production companies, and Space Empires is no exception. The box comes packed with high quality well printed counters and player aids, a set of rules and playbook, some very fun colored dice, and a large mounted map board.\nThe box is just packed! Photo courtesy of <PERSON>\nThe rule and scenario books are both printed in full colour on glossy paper and the player aids are on sturdy cardstock. The counters are standard 5/8\" wargame style counters and the four different player counters have different ship silhouettes on them which is a nice touch. My counters were more firmly attached than I'm used to, so I suggest using an exacto knife along the seams to help punch the counters out cleanly.\nThe mounted board is particularly nice. In some ways space games start with a built in disadvantage that there are few interesting ways to display the blackness of space, but the art team did a nice job of making a functional and attractive board. The various tracks and marker space on the board are simultaneously unobtrusive and clear.\nRules and Game Play\nThe Basics\nThe rules for the game check are not overly complicated and span 15 pages. I will note that the designer has published an online FAQ (version 1.6 at the time of this writing) for game, both on BGG and at Consimworld. The FAQ should clarify any questions that arise from the rule book, and I commend <PERSON> for keeping this document up to date.\nEach player begins with a pool of about a dozen different types of units they'll be able to research, develop and build throughout the course of play.", "92" ], [ "Game play follows a simple sequence. Players will first bid for the right to determine player order. Three turns are then played with the same start player, wherein each player will move units, resolve any combat, and then explore. Once three turns have passed, an economic phase is executed where you will have the opportunity to spend construction points on new ships and new technologies.\nWinning\nGenerally speaking, the object of the game is to destroy the home world of another player and the first player to do so wins the game. This both encourages and requires aggressive development of your military resources and to be constantly vigilant for opportunities to attack your opponents, especially in moments of weakness.\nSet Up\nThe scenario book provides a wealth of options for how to play the game, but the core set up will give each player a home world, home planet markers, deep space markers, and a starting mix of units.\nPlaying\nThis game is a classic balancing act as you need to decide which technology you want to pursue and which units you want to build. Colonization helps increase your economic build potential, which in turn feeds your research and development, and your ability to build units. You can be more defensive or aggressive according to personal preference, but with the objective being the destruction of an opponent's home world, you only have a limited amount of time to develop your economy before needing to take action. This is especially true in a multiplayer game.\nThere is a lot of paperwork in the game to track your technology research and units. Ships build with \"old\" technology need to return to a player planet in order to gain the benefit of any technological upgrades that have been developed in the interim. There is an advanced/optional rule that obviates this process and simply gives all units new capabilities. I feel that the need to use this optional rule will depend strongly on the group you're playing with (my personal preference is to have instant upgrades).\nCombat\nCombat is a core requirement in this game and the system is detailed but not cumbersome. Ships are kept hidden until they encounter mines or an enemy fleet and technologies are revealed at the time of engagement.", "629" ], [ "My (direct from Asmodee) pre-order arrived today. I set up and dove right in to a solo play with two AI opponents.\nAI improvements\nLet’s start there, shall we? Not only do we finally get an official version of an AI bounty hunter deck, we also get streamlined and customized AI decks for the non-bounty hunters. There is one unique AI card per character, and five generic bounty hunter AI cards. The rules dictate that when playing with a non-bounty hunter AI you use five specific cards from the base game and that character’s unique card. All of the unique AI cards have “shuffle the AI deck” as a final step so these decks are regularly shuffled to stay unpredictable. I didn’t think I’d be writing about how making decks in this game smaller would be a good thing, but for AI logic it works well.\nThe additional benefit to the bounty hunters using their own deck is that you can now have two AI opponents! The AI logic remains streamlined, even with bounty hunters, so turns move quickly and running two opponents doesn’t feel unwieldy.\nEncounter and Market decks\nThe difference between 10 cards and 20 cards (for most decks) feels like an exponential addition. Various effects will still cycle or shuffle decks so any given card doesn’t feel impossible to find over time, but a wider variety of effects makes the options more diverse. The few decks that didn’t get a full 10 cards to double the offering are the less commonly used ones (luxury items, ships, etc.).\nEncounter decks are also doubled, which again makes for greater variety in what you’ll find at each planet or navpoint. The themes are still consistent so the planets can still be specific destinations for what you’re used to finding there.\nLevel 4 contacts\nEach planet also gets another contact, specifically a level 4 (orange) token. These are dealt randomly like the others. The rulebook promises that these are more powerful allies (crew) and enemies. Most are ways to deal the original playable characters into the contact token mix.\nThe market effects also include effects to reveal contact tokens on the current player’s planet. This slightly more frequent revealing of tokens makes for a bit less luck when searching for specific characters. Any time a token matching a player’s character is revealed, a bonus reveal is allowed.", "403" ], [ "With a maximum of four players among the increased number of tokens this really doesn’t feel as fiddly as it might seem on paper.\nAmbition\nI’ve made no secret of how much I love variable player powers as a method to inform strategy in other games. While Outer Rim’s 90/91/92 cards partially fulfill that as an initial motivation, the ambition sheets lay out a game-long strategy (maybe a destiny?) that requires fulfillment. If you’ve seen anyone score their 10th fame on an anticlimactic game mechanic you’ll know the feeling. Ambition sheets force an exciting culmination of coherent linked objectives. They do lengthen the game, though, but they are completely optional.\nFavors and debts\nAnother optional mechanic allows players to grant a benefit to an opponent. Open-ended negotiation is part of this mechanic. In addition to exchanging credits, each player gets a debt token. This can be cashed in at any time for a favor benefit that can’t be refused. For those that want a more open-ended social aspect to their Outer Rim games, as well as the thematic tracking of debts and obligations, it’s there for the taking but isn’t printed on any specific cards.\nMoving through the core\nThe core worlds can be encountered from either end of the board, functionally transforming the arc into a circle. The experience of traveling through the core worlds might not always be easy, but it’s a more interesting option than flying the long way around. This simple change makes the board feel more dynamic.\nFinal thoughts\nFor all its charm, Outer Rim felt a bit like between 75 and 80% of a game. Decks with 10 cards, only four AI opponents with identical behaviors, and fairly standard effects felt less like a sandbox and more like a game on rails.\nUnfinished Business could’ve delivered more variety in some aspects and not others, and it would’ve felt like a video game patch or an upgrade from a demo to a full version. In the end the variety of content added even more significant depth to the game and pushed it past that 100% game level into a variable experience with a lot more replayability and customizable options. Outer Rim didn’t become a complete game; it feels like a complete game with expansion content, which is notable since it made up ground that was missing in the base box.", "237" ], [ "My family/friends and I were able to play a full game of A Touch of Evil: The Supernatural Gamewith <PERSON>, the designer, at this year's Origins Game Fair. The game isn't scheduled to be released until sometime in September, but Flying Frog productions had a preview copy available to try out at their booth. Below is an overview, a list of components, a summary of the rules, and my general thoughts and impressions about the game after one play. This is my first review, so if you have any questions or there are any elements that I didn't explain clearly, please ask and I'll try to help you out.\nNote: One thing that I should have done is take notes as we were playing; unfortunately, I did not. Therefore I'm going off of my memory and some post-play input from other players in the game. There might be a few unintentional mistakes in regards to specific names/locations/titles, but I'm nearly positive I have most of the gameplay correct. If you notice anything mistaken or inaccurate, please let me know and I'll fix it right away.\nAlso, we only played the basic version of the rules, not the advanced version--which would understandably be a bit difficult to work with on a convention floor. All of the rules I refer to are the basic ones, but I got the impression that there's quite a bit more heft to the advanced game.\nOverview: A Touch of Evil: The Supernatural Gameis a semi-cooperative/competitive board game set in early 1800s America. The town of Shadowbrook has been invaded by various supernatural monsters who have terrorized the village's inhabitants and laid waste to the surrounding countryside. The game can support up to 8 players, each taking the role of an \"outsider\" hero who has come to the town to defeat its evil villains and their minions. Unlike Last Night on Earth: The Zombie Game, there are no rules for playing more than one hero at a time. Our game was with four players, and each of us became very invested in our own hero's actions and destiny. A big reason for this is that there are no character \"deaths,\" but rather knock-outs which ensure that you remain attached to your own hero instead of drawing a new one every time you lose a battle to the Villain (and in our game, that happened quite a bit).\nAccording to <PERSON>, this game can be played either cooperatively or competitively.", "386" ], [ "We played the competitive version, where the heroes are racing against each other to become the first one to defeat the <PERSON> in a one-on-one showdown. In a cooperative game, however, the heroes work together to defeat a stronger version of the Villain. If they choose, players can take turns rolling dice for the villain, although <PERSON> did a nice job as GM for the game (and I can see how this might be a popular variant).\nI think the gameplay and strategies would be quite different for each variant, since many of the cards used in the game can have different effects depending on if you want to hurt a fellow player or help yourself. I don't know if it's a fair comparison, but this element of gameplay reminded me of Munchkin, where you can give bonuses to yourself or other players to help defeat the Villain (cooperative) or stack those bonuses on the Villain to make him more powerful when battling another player (competitive). This feature in A Touch of Evil works quite well, and provides great flexibility in allowing you to choose your own style of playing. I believe <PERSON> also mentioned that there would be rules for team play as well, but I don't know how similar that would be to the LNoE system.\nComponents: Just like its sister game Last Night on Earth: The Zombie Game, A Touch of Evil: The Supernatural Gameis absolutely stuffed with gaming goodness. The board is folded, not modular, and has the look of a faded parchment map from the 1800s. At first I was a bit dubious due to the mostly monochromatic color scheme (I tend to like my boards bright and colorful), but its appearance quickly grew on me. It definitely fits the theme the designers were going for, and it's very clearly laid out and easy to read. There is ample space for everything going on, and the heroes never have to worry about bunching up in the same location. The center of the board contains the town of Shadowbrook and its various locations, each of which has some text on it to give the player instructions. This type is a bit on the small side, if I remember correctly, but it doesn't get in the way of the board's aesthetics. And it's pretty easy to remember what each town location does once it's been visited, so I don't think too many people will have problems with it.\nEight hero figures and their respective character charts are included.", "755" ] ]

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[ [ "Phasers are much more effective against shields than torpedoes are. If against a ship's shields a phaser hit and a torpedo hit do about the same damage, wouldn't you rather use the one you can keep spamming?\nIn the first Star Trek reboot (2009), during the kobayashi-maru simulation <PERSON> targeted the enemy ships with torpedoes, knowing that their shields were down because of a hack he put in the program.\nThe shield absorbs, blocks, and reflects most of the energy and redistributes it across its whole. If any energy gets through then its something the shield normally wouldnt block anyway (eg, certain kinds of radiation, and shots which are modulated to bypass and match the shield's frequency). Any damage the ship takes from a hit to the shields is probably buffeting from the Shield pushing on the Shield Emitters which then transfers some of that energy into the ship superstructure (sorta like blunt force trauma on a ship level).\nAgainst an un-shielded ship, Phasers do decent damage to a ship by themselves but a Torpedo hits so strong it can severely cripple or destroy the ship in one shot. Of course this depends on the size of the ship - A Borg Assimilation Cube is 6000 meters size per side, and it regenerates, but at least it doesn't have shields.\n(though it makes me wonder why not just make the Warp Capable Torpedoes hit the borg ship At Warp Speed or something close to C... then the explosive power of it pales in comparison to the kinetic striking power. But oh well).\nTorpedoes can also be useful if you're having problems hitting the target, but I think using the torpedoes in this way is unrealistic and was used for theatric performance in the show.", "898" ], [ "The idea of firing a spread of torpedoes would be to get at least one of the torpedoes close enough to the offender so that it gets hit with an energy-shockwave.\nBut... if it can take more than one shot to blow up a de-shielded ship on a Direct Hit (or even with an internal explosion in some cases) then we aren't exactly talking about NUCLEAR YIELDS here, contrary to what some star trek theorists claim.\nIf a torpedo is listed as having a 25 Isoton Yield then im saying thats probably more like 25 Tons of modern High Explosives. Thats like 10 modern day cruise missiles in one hit, and the torpedo itself is a fraction of its size. An admirably strong weapon for a warhead you can probably carry in a suitcase. But its not a briefcase nuke by any measure. Its somewhere in that gray area between conventional explosives and nuclear.\nYes it might use antimatter, but the amount of it is miniscule or even molecular, contained in a number of little magnetic bottles \"cells\", which it ends up reacting with (1:1 ratio matter decomposition) whenever they get broken. Personally i'd think the amounts involved would be extremely small, for safety reasons, so that the containment modules could be overbuilt to make sure that they dont lose containment or end up with a torpedo that explodes when you accelerate fire it out the torpedo launcher.\nIn which case the enormously powerful Quantum Torpedoes developed later on are each hitting with a strength comparable to a tactical nuke (300 Isotons = 300 Tons of TNT = abut 1/3 of a Kiloton).\nAnother reason I say torpedoes don't detonate in the nuclear range is because they've been used on planetary targets a bunch of times and they only cause localized damage, not a huge city-killing blast. If a torpedo can hit somewhere close by and not kill the away team, its most certainly not a nuclear weapon, not even in the kiloton range, much less in the megaton range.", "898" ], [ "You Don't Want Walls, You Want Bait\nSure you want to have a 20ft high steel wall with a 100ft wide 40ft deep trench facing the exclusion zone to keep out the low-grade Kaiju. Or at least a fence to ward off humans who accidentally stray to far west. You might even want some strategically placed strongpoints for specialist troops/machines to sally from in the event a mid-grade Kaiju gets frisky. But what you REALLY want (Given that Godzilla is essentially unkillable and the high-end kaiju probably only slightly less invulnerable) is a way to get the Tier 1 Kaiju to GO ANOTHER WAY.\nSo you want Bait. Tunnels under your lines that stretch deep into the exclusion zone that are far to small for any sort of Kaiju, but which on short notice can pop out something that interests the Kaiju. The Bait then heads screaming in the direction opposite of your walls/civilian centers. If you want added spice, maybe have it head towards another known Kaiju in the hopes the monsters will kill each other off. These Bait machines also need to have SOME sort of Kaiju nourishment, so they don't end up getting viewed as inedible and eventually ignored.\nWhy tunnel-deployed? You don't want the Kaiju to view the Wall/end of the zone as a source of food. Thus you need some sort of underground system where the Bait inevitably appears BEHIND any Kaiju that hits X location. You'd want literally thousands of such tunnels so the appearance of Bait could be deemed random and you don't just have Kaiju \"camping\" the tunnel exits. For the same reason they need to be as hidden as possible. This also means that there needs to be essentially wasteland between where the bait arrives and the wall. So the Kaiju thinks \"man that looks like a terrible place to find dinner\" and makes going towards the Wall as unappealing as possible. So they get to the edge of the wasteland, a tasty snack pops up behind them, and they think \"oh yeah, there's obviously better hunting in the West.\"\nWhat Nourishment? That depends on the type of Kaiju. Worst-case scenario is they're manned craft. And lets face it, they are because \"Kaiju bait pilot\" would be a HELL of a main character.", "121" ], [ "Plus who knows how good your radio/satellite comms are. I'm envisioning some sort of ATV/mech/skimmer (tech-level depending) that carries a human crewman or two and a couple cows or a few tons of meat or radioactive elements/whateverelse a Kaiju feeds on in your universe.\nThe Plan Ensign <PERSON> is a KRV (Kaiju Redirection Vehcile) pilot, and it's his shift at Bastion 12 when a Primary Level Kaiju crosses within 50 miles of The Wall. Bastion 12 goes to Alert and Ensign <PERSON> mans his KRV and prays. at 40 miles to the wall the Kaiju officially enters the Redirection Zone and Ensign <PERSON>'s KRV is launched. Tactical command has set up <PERSON>'s KRV to appear half a mile to the Northwest of the Kaiju. The KRV appears, and sends up various flares/sirens/look-at-me devices. The Kaiju, naturally, turns. It sees the KRV, senses the meat/radioactivity/whatever inside, and pursues. Ensign <PERSON> now plays the dangerous game of trying to stay in front of the Kaiju and unkilled for either A: as long as possible, or B: until he reaches some arbitrary distance from the Wall far enough away that the Kaiju won't just turn around and be back in an hour. The chase might last days, it might last hours. Hell it might take weeks! (No idea on your Kaiju speed.) Eventually though the jig is up. <PERSON> ejects. The pod punches him clear of the Kaiju, who pursues the KRV, kills it, and feeds. Ensign <PERSON> now must face the treacherous Exclusion Zone and potentially other Kaiju to return home, and/or <PERSON> is killed by the Kaiju and his family gets a \"Deeply Regrets\" telegram.\n(Sidenote: you could also have tunnels like 200 miles away where KRVs could dive into and escape Kaiju, but that's a whole other problem of \"do the Kaiju dig after it\" \"do the Kaiju now 'camp\" the escape holes\" etc. etc. running-hopefully-ejecting-hike-back seems like the best of bad options to me at this point.)\nYou could also have some sort of airborne recovery teams to rescue ejected KRV pilots.", "837" ], [ "I'm wondering how you expect a Giant to be as well armored as a battleship. The Giant would barely be able to move around if only because having a meter of armor around their joints would impede them too much. Also Naval Guns tend to be long, the Iowa class guns were 20m in length so they would have to use a shorter version which would limit their projectile velocity and thus effectiveness. Even tank guns are a sizeable portion of the Giant's length, making these guns unwieldly. Even if you assume a Giant can somehow carry all that despite the square-cube law he's going to be rather burdened by that. It's far more likely he's carrying tank armor and tank guns, although I would think they would be more like AFV's than tanks.\nAnyways, reasons to use infantry next to your Giants with the unlikely armor+armaments:\n* Scouts\n* Communication (with radio's and such)\n* Repairing and maintaining gear of the Giant\n* Anti-armor support with missiles and such. Tanks would still be a threat despite battleship armor because of the squishy Giant inside.", "347" ], [ "A HESH shell would do squat to a battleship, but a shockwave going through the brain/lung/bloodvessles is going to wreak havoc on the Giant and probably kill him.\n* Anti-Giant support. Whether using armor-piercing or a superheated jet of a HEAT round or just HESH weapons, the use of infantry-based AT weapons are going to be effective against the joints of the Giant where the material has to move with the joints and can't be as thick. This can incapacitate Giants if not kill them with a shot to the neck for example.\n* Soft terrain traversal/terrain scouts. These Giants even without armor will weigh well over 100 tons, with armor it's likely they'll exceed 500 tons (because that armor is going to weigh more than the Giant). This isn't going to be nice travel when you hit soft ground where they'll likely sag into the ground, get stuck and starve unless some heavy-duty cranes get brought in. Cranes that just like the Giant need to be careful with what ground they stand on even before they lift a 16m Giant in full battleship armor.\n* Building capture. You can't capture buildings with tanks, and you can't capture buildings with Giants.", "347" ], [ "Can we deorbit space trash into the sun by splitting it in two?\nSo there's an issue of deorbiting stuff because if you just deorbit it a little, it'll enter a more elliptical orbit but still hit you in the back when you return to this place a year later.\n1. Size and issues with space trash. I do not think about satellites right now, more of a \"when we start sending things to various places, maybe start to spread out more, we're going to generate lots of trash. That trash might be in a form of satellites, wrecked ships, used up propulsion modules, damaged nuclear reactors etc... now with the last one we can't just burn them up in the atmosphere due to the toxicity and radioactivity of said elements. Once we get to a large enough amounts of trash,\n2. We deorbit the trash into the sun.", "989" ], [ "How? We launch it into an escape velocity from the earths orbit into the suns orbit. Doesnt matter if it's elliptical. But it will come back eventually to the same place unless we use a LOT of fuel which makes it not-really-feasible.\n3. Solution to the problem We build a contraption that is basically a nuke with trash on both sides of it in a mass proportion of 3:1. We explode the nuke **away from the earth, in a solar orbit, not earth orbit) and make the smaller part fall into the sun, and the bigger part escape the solar system. This way we use the trash as a kind of a \"projectile thruster\".\nEarth goes around the sun at 29.78km/s and to escape into deep space we only need 42.1 km/s.\nI assume we won't need to slow down to 0 to fall into the sun, but will calculate that way anyway, and that the chunk to be exploded via the nuke is bisected not-neccessarily-in-half.\nWe could make something escape the solar system by adding 12.3km/s to one part, and slowing the other chunk down by 29.78km/s to zero. that would make the junk chunk bisected in a 3/1 ratio, with a nuke in the middle to impart those forces on the space trash.\nCould just do a kind of a directional nuke. Also, any trash that gets scattered and so on we dont care about because it's up-down and sun-ward and space-ward.\nIs that something that potentially could be done or am I missing something here?", "912" ], [ "Currently this is kinda already the case. The USD is backed by oil. If you have $100 (give or take) you can exchange it for a barrel of oil, and vice versa. Now the USD is only loosely pegged to the price of oil, (The price is adjusted by things like: sell military equipment cheap for a few favours on production output, release some reserves when prices get a bit high, go to war with any smaller countries that try sell oil in euros, that kind of thing)\nA good currency needs to be:\n1. Divisible (so you can get change)\n2. Transferable\n3. Have some sort of backing\n4. Is reasonably stable price\nAs a side note Bitcoin does really well at 1&2, but poorly on 3 (a combo of it's utility of 1&2 + the size of the Bitcoin economy (the amount transferred daily which currently is much smaller than the whole pool of coins)) And point 4, Bitcoin is currently too volatile to be a useful currency\nThe USD used to have gold as a backing. But because of the French gaming the system President <PERSON> changed it to be backed by the US Government, or effectively the US economy. Which for reasons also includes almost all of the International oil trade.\nSo for your world building, raw material commodity prices fluxuate wildly; as astroids get brought into the Luna dockyards, some worth dozens of credits, others just piles of useless gold and gravel.", "130" ], [ "However the lowest common denominator is always energy, antimatter to be precise.\nAntimatter is divisible (you wouldn't want to fuel up a ship with more than 100 milli (grams) now would you.\nAntimatter is Transferable. One gram (one credit worth) is easy enough to move from (person) A to B; even in it's containment vessel. FWIW one gram is enough energy to be equlivent to that released on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US in WWII\nIt is backed by it's own value and utility.\nAny ship larger than a fusion powered rock-hopper is going to need antimatter. In the same way virtually all of present day's transportation (air, train, plane, automobile, truck) uses oil.\nCreating antimatter requires a Huge investment in cyclotron infrastructure. The \"Corporation\" was the first and only entity to build a luna antimatter factory and basically captured and controls the market.\nAfter some big price fluxuations in gold, titanium, water etc., as the first antimatter delivered astroids started coming in, a lot of mining outfits started going bust because they could not afford to refuel their ships. The \"Corporation\" started issusing \"Antimatter Credit future's \", which can be exchanged for antimatter, on delivery of an astroid; irrespective of the current commodity spot price. Before long Credits became the defacto currenency of the off world economy.\nBecause Credits can be exchanged for something of fixed value (1g of antimatter), which has great utility, and the whole space economy runs on it; its value is very stable. Plus the future's contracts, helped even out the price fluxuations of astroid derived commodities.\nOne Credit is worth a fortune so when someone refers to a credit ( credit with lower case c or ¢) what they really mean is a micro credit, one millionth of a credit. Change is given in mil or milli, one 1000th of a small ¢redit. For perspective 2 mil will buy a can of cola.", "130" ], [ "Depends on what \"Annex\" Means\nI think Denver would be the logical capital for a United States faced with the situation you describe. However I think if anything that grants impetus for it to NOT be the national capital for the USNA.\nHistorically both Washington D.C. (US Capital) and Canberra (Capital of Australia) were created out of whole cloth in part to unify the burgeoning nation they would be the capital of. Both were situated more-or-less in the geographical center of their nation at the time. Canberra was actually created on the exact midpoint between two competing claims (Melbourne and Sidney). Even given the destruction of the previous capitals and utter lawlessness in Canada, I can't imagine the Canadians would be thrilled by a Union. Likewise I can't imagine the US Army is actively conquering Canada when Kaiju are wrecking whole swaths of the US. So I'm imagining more of a \"mostly peaceful\" marriage-by-necessity USNA rather than some sort of US military campaign or active begging on the part of the Canadians.\nIf the above is true, there would be a LOT of pressure on the Canadians to be distinctive members of the USNA. I would imagine that if Denver became the New US Capital (and there are many reasons why it should be in your timeline) The USNA National Capital would NOT be Denver. It's far away from Canada, it's already the US Capital/a US State Capital, and Canadians are already going to be a minority.", "454" ], [ "Allow the nation to be ruled from the US Capital and Canada isn't a thing anymore in any respect. It just becomes a scarecly-populated backwater of the US, regardless of the name change. Likewise American pride/politics would likely shy away at ANY Canadian city being the USNA Capital.\nA compromise bet would be to found a city on the border that straddles the two nations (much like Canberra and to a lesser extend D.C.) to show \"unity\" and is something that doesn't have the baggage of already being a state/national capital. However, in the middle of fighting a massive Kaiju invasion with presumably millions dead that seems too difficult/wasteful even for politicians. So instead I would imagine some large town or minor city close to the border on the US side would be used as the official USNA capital. There are a ton of contenders like Sault Ste. Marie (A US AND Canadian town right across from each other in Michigan/Ontario), but without a map of your <PERSON>-devastated regions I can't comment on what town would be best. There are better choices but those are all on the east/west coast and I assume are destroyed in your timeline.\nTL/DR: Your choice of Denver makes perfect military and political sense for the US. But for the USNA Canada would likely have serious political problems with it. A city on/near the old border would be the likely compromise position.", "454" ], [ "You've already stated that there is no stealth in space. Good. Anyone who wants to counter that can find an answer on this question explaining that no <PERSON>, there is no stealth in space.\nSo rather than to answer your question of how to detect another ship in an empty system, lets ask how you remain hidden in such a scenario. We've already determined that it's not possible, so lets ask that question anyway.\nAnswer: don't point your drive at the person you're hiding from, or if you do, make sure there's something else between you and them.\n<PERSON>. Now you know how to detect another ship: its drive is pointed at you (or at least, in your vague general direction) and there isn't anything between you and them. How visible is it? Well, there's a nice link from the above question that states that \"a single attitude control thruster of the Space Shuttle can be detected at 15 million km range and using main engines it can be detected from Uranus. With current technology.\"\nMind, current technology scans the sky very slowly, but pointed in the right direction it'd know. Oh it would know you were there.", "199" ], [ "And how fast you were going, in what direction, and how much acceleration you had (and in what direction), and could predict your course through the solar system (to within some degree of accuracy, not due to the ship or even to the light-time delay, but rather due to the N-Body Problem). Beef up the detection tech in your story so it's got the same resolution as current tech, only it scans faster, and ta da.\nThe TV show The Expanse has done an amazing job of being Hard Sciency about space travel and communication and detection thereof. The only unreal thing about it is the engines, capable of providing upwards of 10G worth of thrust on virtually no fuel (which, if we're being frank, is the major limiting factor to our civilization's colonization of the other planets). Oh, and there's the...\n! aliens and the alien tech that does apparent magic.\nBut it's not terribly relevant to this answer.\nEvery instance of stealth in the show has been done under a hard-science approach: decoys (\"this isn't the ship you're looking for, sorry!\"), flak clouds (\"sure, you see us, but can you pick out which 'us' is the right one amidst this cloud of radar jamming junk?\"), or pure gravitational assisted flight (if no one knows to look for you and you don't fire up the GIANT GLOWING TORCH BEACON OF LOOK AT ME I'M MISTER MEESEEKS then you can drift around the system at your leisure and be impossible to spot). The gravitational stealth approach in the show had a 45 second slice that broke my suspension of disbelief, as <PERSON> came around the curve of a moon, spotted a Martian vessel and was able to reverse course without being spotted. He was still using the attitude control thrusters, but they appear in the show as gas-vent propulsion, not torches, but the part that broke it for me was that he was able to abort his trajectory enough to slip back around the horizon. Honestly they should have omitted that scene. The quip about \"oh yeah, the moons hide them from us too\" is clever, but that's the only purposed it served.", "947" ], [ "I'm going to disagree with <PERSON> and offer a counter answer from the opposite perspective.\nTNG's technology level when it comes to computers is similar to our own now. As is almost always the case, they under-estimated computers... Or did they? We are reaching the limits of what can be done with 2D silicon wafer chips. We've already reached the limit on individual clock speeds of processors. It will take new kinds of technologies before we can begin again with the growth of the past.\nLet us assume, then, that we can't. What if quantum computers prove impossible or impractical? What if the raw computer power never gets more than 2 or 3 times better than we have now? What would our devices look like? A lot like how they are used in TNG.\nEverything that can have a computer in it, will. We see this in the general modularity of components in the show. Random assortments of uni-task devices being combined to perform new tasks.", "693" ], [ "Taking a phaser and some other doodads and making a force-field. Creating a tractor beam from spare parts.\nNetworking, wired and wireless will become adhoc and ubiquitous, transfer of data can be done seamlessly between all devices. Everything is compatible because it is all based on 200 year old standards.\nPADD - the future of hand-held, ebooks and ipads:\nThe future of laptops and desktops are a combination of the two:\nAnd the core computer, obviously is a mobile data-center and super-computer with huge volumes of data. Probably many petabytes or more. Where we can expect the PADD to handle a few TB and the lap/desktops to be able to hold 10-100 TB.\nReading, listening, watching can all be seamlessly transitioned between as the codecs are hundreds of years old and the ship's main core is powerful enough to do the transcribing with high accuracy, possibly on the fly.\nSo why carry around PADDs? Why do we carry around iPads and Laptops rather than emailing data to people? Why do we still meet in person and work in cohabitation when skype exists? Because it is communal and social to do so. The PADDs are an excuse for human contact, something it is well-known we need to function properly as an animal.\nCan they just send the data over the network from terminal to terminal effortlessly? Sure, and in all high-tension moments in the show that's exactly what you see them doing. They don't run PADDs during a fire-fight. They only run PADDs when things are calm and during day-to-day interactions.\nI find that completely reasonable.", "634" ] ]

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[ [ "Waste Paper Baskets From Real Waste Paper\nIntroduction: Waste Paper Baskets From Real Waste Paper\nOther boys grew up shooting baskets.\nI grew up weaving baskets.\nIn the 1990's, I learned a new way of basketmaking that recycled things others would throw away - Waste Paper Baskets! An online database at the library had an article on making baskets from rolled newspaper, and that was all I needed to start on a hobby that helps the environment.\nWhat do you need?\n* Newspaper - Lots of newspaper. A good-sized basket uses about 100 sheets of newspaper.\n* Glue. - I use non-toxic, clear glue sticks, rather than liquid glue. Hot glue doesn't dry flexible enough for the projects\n* Scissors - Used to trim rolls during the finishing process.\nOPTIONAL\n* Spray Acrylic (clear) or Shellac - Used to make a finished product shiny and waterproof.\n* Dowel or Skewer -An alternative method for rolling the paper.\nStep 1: Rolling, Rolling, Rolling\nTo start, lay out a sheet of newspaper so that a long edge is toward you. (If you want to use a dowel or skewer, lay it across a corner of the paper at about a 30-degree angle.) Begin rolling. As you roll, the angle will change, and one end of the roll will become fatter than the other end.\nAbout two inches before you reach the opposite corner from where you started, use the glue stick to coat the corner, then finish rolling. You now have a thin roll of paper that is narrower at one end.\nMake another roll...and another roll...and another...and another...and another and another and anotherandanotherandanotherand..... Basically, keep rolling paper until you run out of paper to roll.\nSome newspapers are better for rolling than others. My local paper used a plant-based ink that is smudge- resistant. With other newspapers, rolling a few sheets covered the hands with black ink, but the plant-based ink left a fraction of the mess.\nYou do not have to use newspaper. There are other options mentioned in the notes at the end of this Instructable.\nStep 2: Setting It Up\nI refer to the rolls of newspaper as \"reeds,\" because that's the craft material I used when I started making baskets almost 60 years ago. For a start, I use 8 reeds, divide them into two groups of four, and lay them out as a cross, an X, or a plus (+). They will become the spokes of the basket.\nNext, take two more reeds, and slide the narrow end of one a few inches into the wider end of the other, until it fits snugly.", "286" ], [ "This will be the method used to keep from running out of reed, creating a continuous weaving unit. Fold it in half, more or less. One end should be longer, so the joints between reeds will be staggered, not in the same places.\nStep 3: Twining Instead of Weaving\nIf this was a regular, woven basket, you would use one of the spoke-halves as the start of your in-and-out weaving, to give you an odd number of spokes. However the rolled-paper reed isn't as solid as regular reeds, so I recommend a different method: Twining - using two weavers twisted in a spiral.\n* Take the bent weaver and slide it over one section of the X-spokes.\n* Fold the lower section of the weaver up and over the upper half and the next section. Fold the lower part of the weaver across the bottom, then up and over. Follow that pattern of alternate overs until you have gone around the X two times.\nWhen you get near the end of a weaver, add another reed, If the end is a thin end, slide the thick end of the new reed over the ending reed. If the end is wider, insert the thin end of the the new reed into the wider old reed.\nStep 4: Dividing the Spokes\nNext, the X needs to be turned into an 8-pointed star. Instead of going across four spokes at a time, only go over two spokes before you twist. Continue twining double-spokes until you have completed at least. two rounds. After that, divide the spokes again and twine around single spokes.\nStep 5: Going Up\nWhen the base is wide enough for your basket (This demonstration basket was about 12 inches across), it's time to raise your sights and go up (unless you want a flat tray or placemat).\nThe easiest way to do this is to bend the spokes up. They have now, magically, become stakes. Continue the twisting of the twining stitch, going around and around the basket. At first.", "636" ], [ "Faux Snow Globe Gift Jars\nIntroduction: Faux Snow Globe Gift Jars\nI used to put Christmas treats in glass jars - candy, party mix, recipe fixings. People would ooh and ahh, eat the contents, and what did they have? An empty jar. They should be left with something worth keeping, something they could cherish.\nAHA!\nA Faux Snow Globe Jar! What this Instructable presents is a way to combine several of the crafts I make (Some are Instructables I have shared) and other techniques to make something that was a big hit at my Elves' Fanily Workshops at several libraries (the motto - \"Why should elves have all the fun?\").\nSupplies\n* Mason-type jar or any lidded glass jar. For this Instructable, I used a pint/2 cup/16-ounce jar. The Gallery samples are quart/4 cup/32-ounce jars\n* Clear shot glass, plastic tumbler, candle holder (The sample for the how-to uses a candle holder), or half of a plastic fillable ornament (The Gallery at the end uses half-dillables)\n* Cotton ball (a.k.a. Cotton Wool)\n* Candy, party mix, cereal, nuts, raisins, pretzel sticks, recipe ingredients, or anything you wish to put inside the gift jar\n* Hot glue gun and glue gun sticks\n* Ribbon\n* Decorations: pompon balls (1/2 inch: a pompon is a small fluff ball, a pompom is a large artillery cannon), small plastic figures or toys\n* Scissors\n* Measuring tape or ruler (to see how wide the lid is, and to measure possible globe toppers)\nSupplies for:\nTree\n* Green paper or construction paper, cut to a 3-inch square\nSnowman\n* 3 pompon balls\n* 2-inch piece of brown wire or a thin twig\n* Black and orange markers\n* Yarn\nSkier\n* Wire, plastic-insulated, 20-24 gauge\nStep 1: Making the Tree\nFor more complete instructions, follow the link to the Kirigami Christmas Tree in Green Instructable.\n* Take the 3-inch paper square (larger, if you have a larger snow globe cup) fold it on the two diagonals, turn it over, and fold it on the two medians. Collapse it to four triangular flaps.\n* F,or each flap, press it in along the fold to make it tlaplets. When each flap has been doubled, trim off the lower tails to leave a triangle.\n* Make two sets of cuts from the edge toward the center, but not all the way. (In the Instructable, using an 8.5-inch square, four sets of cuts are made. With a smaller square, four cuts would be too close)\n* For each of the lower cut segments, fold the upper outside corner until the fold touched as close to the bottom of the segment as possible. Repeat this with all the segments of each flaplet.\n* Fluff it out, stand it up, and you have a little tree!\nStep 2: Making the Snowman\n* Hot-glue two of the pompon balls together. Glue a two-inch piece of wire onto one end of the balls for arms.", "644" ], [ "Glue the third ball to the wire.\n* Using a black marker, make dots below the arms for coal buttons. Make dots above the arms for the mouth and eyes. Use an orange marker to make a dot for the carrot nose.\n* Take a short piece of yarn, unravel it , and separate one ply from the rest. tie it around the neck of the snowman as a scarf, and trim the ends to the length you think best. You now have a snowman!\nStep 3: Making the Skier\nFor more complete instructions, follow the link to the Wire Skier--a Suji Project Instructable. The dimensions here are smaller, because the space on a pint jar is less.\n* For the skeleton/armature/skis, fold a 16-inch piece of wire in half, and in half again. Fold a 16-inch wire in nearly half for the top and sleeves. Wrap the shorter half up 5 times around the four core wires. Fold down one core and wrap out the arm 10 times. Wrap the longer half up around the first set of wrappings 5 times. Fold down another core and wrap out that arm 10 times.\n* For the pants, fold another 16-inch wire in almost-half. Wrap the shorter half down the core 3 turns, divide the lower core into 2 groups of 2, and wrap out one leg 15 times.\n* Wrap the longer half down, around the first wraps, 3 times. Wrap the other leg 15 turns.", "879" ], [ "Robin's Egg Bird Nest Bed Lounge\nIntroduction: Robin's Egg Bird Nest Bed Lounge\nHave you ever wanted to sleep in a giant bird's nest bed? Now you can! Comfortably fits an adult, if you like to sleep curled up.\nSupplies\nTools needed:\nSewing machine\nSewing pins and safety pins\nScissors\nDisappearing ink fabric marker\nOverlock machine/Serger (optional, zigzag stitching may be used)\nElectric bread cutting knife\nMeasuring tape/ruler\nPaintbrush\nSupplies:\n4 Firm foam crib mattresses, Length 51.25\" Width 27.25\" Depth 5\". I used crib mattresses from a store display.\nOne king or queen sized mattress pad. It's not recommended to use one with down filling, as feathers may be sharp.\nOne brown, king sized sheet.", "673" ], [ "Dye your own sheet brown for a more natural look.\nOne white sheet or poly-cotton material for making the egg pillows.\nOne turquoise sheet or poly-cotton material for making the pillow covers.\nA very large bag or box of poly-fill.\nBrown, turquoise and white threads.\n1-3 cans of Heavy Duty Spray Contact Adhesive for foam.\nElastic, either 3/8\" wide or 1/2\" wide.\nMetal snaps, press-on or sew-on.\nBlack and brown acrylic craft paint.\nStep 1: Step 1: Mark and Cut.\nMark and cut your mattresses, as shown in photo.\n(Diagram shown, as I forgot to take photos of this step.)\nStep 2: Step 2: Cut the Edges of Your Nest\nCut the edges as shown in photo.\n(Diagram shown, as I forgot to take photos of this step.)\nStep 3: Step 3. Rounding Edges.\nUse your electric knife to round your nest edges, as shown in photo.\nStep 4: Step 4: Mattress Pad\nPlace the pad on the nest, as shown in photo.\nStep 5: Step 5: Mark the Inner Edges\nMark the inner edge of your nest, as shown in photo.\nStep 6: Step 6: Sew the Inner Edge\nSew along your marked/pinned circle on the pad, as shown in photo.\nStep 7: Step 7: Finish the Mattress Pad\nFinish the mattress pad, as shown in photo.\nStep 8: Step 8: Start Your Pillow Forms and Pillow Covers.\nCut out and finish the raw edges of your pillows.\nStep 9: Step 9: Make Your White Egg Pillow Forms\nFollow directions in photo.\nStep 10: Step 10: Start Your Pillow Covers\nMake rolled hems on the snap facings and pin onto the front/back of the egg.\nStep 11: Step 11: Sew the Pillow Covers and Add Snaps\nSew sides and add the snap closures to the facing and front/back.\nStep 12: Step 12: Perfect the Pillow Cover Fit\nCorrect the fit of your pillow covers.\nStep 13: Step 13: Make the Brown Cover Sheet\nPlace sheet on nest and pin 4 side darts.\nStep 14: Step 14: Sew the Darts\nSew and trim the darts.\nStep 15: Step 15: Mark the Nest Edge\nPin and mark the bottom edge of the nest.\nStep 16: Step 16: Trim and Glue\nTrim all around the nest and place a glue dot on the dart seam edge.\nStep 17: Step 17: Pin and Sew the Elastic Casing/ Bottom Hem.\nFollow steps in photo.\nStep 18: Step 18: Hang the Brown Cover Sheet Up and Mix Your Paint.\nFollow directions in photo.\nStep 19: Step 19: Paint Sticks and Twigs\nPaint as many or as few twigs as you like. Have fun with it!\nStep 20: Step 20: Insert and Size the Elastic\nFollow steps in photo.\nStep 21: Step 21: Sew Elastic Together and Finish the Seam\nFollow steps in the photo.\nStep 22: Step 22: Hang Out in Your New Nest!\nCongrats, you're done! If you don't have room to place your nest on the floor, it can be used as a topper on a full size or larger bed.\n(Child size clothing mannequin for size reference)", "748" ], [ "Pantyhose Potato Heads\nIntroduction: Pantyhose Potato Heads\nI'm old enough to remember the original <PERSON>. There was no plastic potato with strategically-placed holes where you could insert the blunt plastic rods that held facial features. Instead, you borrowed a potato from the kitchen and impaled sharp spikes into it to hold the eyes and mouth in place.\nThe potato heads in this Instructable are neither hard plastic nor real spuds. They are tubes cut from pantyhose, stuffed with fiberfill, and stitched to create facial features.\nSupplies\nA pair of pantyhose - One pair of Queen Size can make 4-6 potato heads\nSewing thread - for average shade- s darker hose might need darker thread\nSewing needle - I used a curved quilting needle\nScissors\nFiberfill - for filling the pantyhose segment. I used repurposed fluff from the unused sections of the stuffed plush animals I used to make my Frankenstuffed Feejee Mermaid.\nOPTIONAL - doll eye buttons, rouge for cheeks and shading\nStep 1: The First Cut Is the Deepest\nLay out the pantyhose and cut off the heavier toe section.\nMake another cut 6-8 inches along the leg, and tie one end, as close to the end of the segment as possible.\nStep 2: Get Stuffed!\nStart stuffing fiberfill into the pantyhose section , more and more, until it's semi-firm.\nTie off the open end.\nWEIRD IDEA\nIf you want to make your potato head as a shrunken head, you could leave the extra hose attached for hanging.\nStep 3: The Great Cover-Up\nStitch a circle around the knot where you tied off the pantyhose.\nPress the knot into the fiberfill and tighten the circle until it narrows and closes up over the knot, so it doesn't stick out. Tie off the thread.\nRepeat the procedure to cover the other knot.\nStep 4: The Eyes Have It\nPotatoes are lumpy, and they have the \"eyes\" where new potato plants sprout. To simulate this, randomly make small stitches and push the needle to other parts of your potato, tightening the thread as you go to make indentations in the surface.\nStep 5: The Nose Knows\nGather a lump of the fiberfill stuffing and sew a running stitch around the area, but do not tighten the thread as much as you did over the end knots. This will give you a nice lump of a nose.\nStep 6: Smile, Darn Ya', Smile!\nbring the needle out below and to the side of the nose, and stitch a curve going down and up to the other side of the nose. Tighten it, and you have a nice smile on the face.\nOF COURSE - If you want a grumpy potato head, stitch a curve going up and down to give the face a frown.\nStep 7: Here's Looking at You, Kid\nNow, it's time for the eyes.\nMETHOD 1 - Sew a running stitch in a teardrop pattern. Tighten it lightly.", "22" ], [ "Repeat for the other eye.\nMETHOD 2 - Knot the thread around the shank of a doll eye. Run the needle through the stuffing to the other side of the nose, and affix another eye.\nStep 8: \"Ear\" You Go!\nPinch a wad of stuffing through the fabric. Stitch tightly in a slight curve. Tie off, Run the needle through the fiberfill to the other side of the head, and repeat for the other ear.\nStep 9: There You Go!\nNow you have a Pantyhose Potato Head!\nHOWEVER - If you want, you can make garden-variety Pantyhose Potatoes. Follow the directions up through Step 4, and it will look like a potato, period. In fact, you could make a basket of \"potatoes,\" with one \"potato head\" as a surprise!\nStep 10: Don't Do This!\nThis was my first experimental Pantyhose Potato Head. I made a major mistake. I left the toe of the pantyhose as part of the head, and the darker fabric is very visible. Don't do this!\nI hope you enjoy this Instructable, and I hope you will give it a try and post your projects...but don't cut up your mother's best pantyhose!\nThis Instructable was made for the 2020 Potato Speed Challenge. Vote early and vote often!", "879" ], [ "Make a Marble Machines Board\nIntroduction: Make a Marble Machines Board\nA Marble Machine is a creative ball-run contraption, made from familiar materials, designed to send a rolling marble through tubes and funnels, across tracks and bumpers, and into a catch at the end.\nIn this activity guide, you'll learn how to build a pegboard panel that will allow you to experiment with a variety of household materials to build elaborate marble runs. Once you have the basic board built, you will get hours of play out of it, and you will be able to try more ambitious ideas.\nStep 1: Materials\nThis project requires some materials, easily obtainable from your local hardware store. You will need:\n* 2 sheets of pegboard - 2 feet x 4 feet\n* 2 lengths of wood - 1 in x 2 in x 4 feet (vertical spacers)\n* 3 lengths of wood - 1 in x 2 in x 22.5 in (horizontal spacers)\n* wood glue (optional but recommended)\n* wood screws\n* power drill\n* drill bit and driver bit\n* countersink bit (optional)\n* 1/4 in dowels (you will use these pegs for alignment)\n* a friend (recommended)\nStep 2: Align Pegboard and Vertical Spacers\nSet one of the pegboard panels on top of the two long vertical spacers. Do this with both spacers at once to keep the panel level. Make sure edges and sides of the spacers are flush with the panel. Just running your fingers along the edge will do the trick.\nTip: Long pieces of wood are often slighted curved. This is not a problem, as they can be straightened when fastening them to the pegboard, but make sure the are flush on one end to start, and straighten them as you work your way along.\nStep 3: Pre-drill Pegboard and Vertical Spacer\n1. Once your spacers are aligned and flush, you'll pre-drill all your screw holes to avoid splitting the wood with screws. Start at one end, and drill a small hole where the first screw will go.\nTip: If you want your board to look extra slick and have all the screws be flush, you can use a countersink bit to make room for the screw heads. Now is the time to do so.\n2. Put the first screw in to tack one end in place while you pre-drill the rest. If you plan on using glue, don't put the rest of the screws in yet. If you're skipping the glue, feel free to add screws as you go along.\n3. Pre-drill every 6 inches or so down the length of the board. If you notice the spacer is warped or bent, pull or push it flush with the edge of the board as you go. This will help keep things aligned when you permanently attach the board to the spacers.\nStep 4: Attach Spacers\n1. If you've decide to use wood glue, lift the board off the spacers, and apply glue all the way down the one you pre-drilled.", "431" ], [ "Use a wavy pattern for better coverage and style. If you've decided not to use glue, you can leave the board in place.\n2. Put the board on top of the spacers again, and drive screws in the holes you pre-drilled. The screws should find the pre-drilled holes and line everything up nicely!\nIt's normal for some glue to squeeze out; use a damp cloth to wipe it up (your finger will also work in a pinch).\n3. Repeat the whole process with the other vertical spacer.\nStep 5: Place the Horizontal Spacers\n1. Next, you will add horizontal spacers to your board. These provide structural integrity and prevent the pegboard panels from bowing inward.\n2. Flip your board and put a horizontal spacer on each end and one in the middle. Take care to place the middle spacer so it doesn't block any of the holes.\n3. If the fit is tight, the spacers will stay in place. If not, use masking tape to keep them in place.\n4. Flip the board over again and pre-drill, countersink (optional), and screw the horizontal spacers in place.\nStep 6: Add the Second Pegboard Panel\n1. Flip your board over again.\n2. Place the second pegboard panel on top.\n3. Use at least three dowels to align the holes in the top panel with the one on the bottom. It is important to make sure the dowels will stick straight out when you're building your marble run.\n4. Stick dowels through both sets of holes, and visually check that they are vertical.", "320" ], [ "Get Lost in a Good Book: a Simple Book Nook in 9 Steps\nIntroduction: Get Lost in a Good Book: a Simple Book Nook in 9 Steps\nHave some old, damaged books? Want to bring your favorite scenery or setting into your home?\nSupplies: a hardcover book, rigid foam/posterboard/heavy\nduty non-corrugated cardboard, decorative paper (I used encyclopedia pages for a black and white canvas)\nTools: Glues (stick glue, hot glue, liquid Elmer’s/school glue), markers or translucent paints, x-acto knife\nStep 1: Choose the Book\nFind a hardcover book, preferably one with an intact cover and spine, but damaged or missing pages. I found a box of Westerns by the roadside after a hard rain. The pages were already brittle, and now moldy too. Don’t sacrifice a book you love or a book that still has life in it.\nStep 2: Remove the Text Block (Pages)\nFold the front and back covers back to expose the area where pages meet the spine. Carefully slice through the endpapers (and not the spine). Set the text block (chunk o’ pages) aside. If you want to paint or decorate the cover, do so now and let it dry.\nStep 3: Cut Panels\nUse the text block as your guide to cut reinforcing panels.\n1. The front and back should be the same size as the text block’s (and a bit smaller than the covers).\n2. The spine should be the length and width of the text block’s, but slightly shorter at top and bottom (I took 0.25 inches off both ends).\n3. The ceiling and floor pieces should be narrower and shorter than the text block’s. The goal is to make them sit flush within the other foam pieces. You may need to make slight adjustments to ensure the book closes properly, with front and back covers parallel, not splayed.\nStep 4: Cut Paper for the Panels\nWrap the fronts and edges of the cover and spine pieces in your chosen paper.\nI used encyclopedia pages as they had black text on a white background, and the paper was like onionskin. This kind of paper didn’t add bulk, but I did worry about the markers/paint bleeding. If you want to use watercolors, I recommend applying a clear gesso first. Don’t use newspaper—it will yellow and disintegrate.", "6" ], [ "You can use the pages that you cut out of this book if they are flexible, but mine were crumbling.\nTrim paper to size, leaving an overlap to glue to the backsides of the foam pieces. You can fold or cut the corners to get a clean, mitered edge.\nStep 5: Glue the Paper to the Panels\nGlue the paper to the foam panels on the front, edges, and wrapped around to the back. I used Elmer’s stick glue, as liquid school glue would cause wrinkles and hot glue would leave lumps. Let dry.\nWrap the ceiling and floor pieces completely in the paper, as their insides and outsides will be visible. Aim to have the seam/overlap near the long edge of the panel.\nStep 6: Glue Three of the Panels to the Hardcover\nWith the book spread open, hot glue the backs of the cover and spine panels to the hardcover interior.\nDo not glue the ceiling/top or floor/bottom panels yet.\nStep 7: Decorate!\nDecorate! I chose my favorite local scenery, as I find the same kind of peace there as I do in a book. Keep in mind the scale – small trees at the back, objects appear larger closer to you. If you want any 3D elements, decide how you will make them.\n1. Waterfall: I cut 6 skinny strips (approx. 0.5 inches wide), colored them blue on the front and back (using two different markers), then braided them. Braid gently, as the paper may tear. I then glued braid #1 at the top of the spine panel. I glued the braid #2 at the base of the spine panel. I then glued braid #1 to the spine, just above where I glued the start of braid #2. I curled the ends of braid #1 around a pencil to help form the foamy that collects at the base of a waterfall, and left them loose. I glued braid #2 down in a few spots along the floor panel to ensure it didn’t unravel.\n2. Pine/conifer tree: I cut then colored a 2-inch-wide strip of paper green on the front and back (using two different markers).", "6" ], [ "Tunnel Bridge for Small Pets, <PERSON>\nIntroduction: Tunnel Bridge for Small Pets, <PERSON>\nThis tutorial will instruct you on how to make your Tunnel Bridge for small animals. Great for Sugar Gliders, Rats, Ferrets, Hedgehogs, Guinea Pigs & other small pets.\nThe tunnel makes a great place for your pet to play or sleep. Small animals like to climb, run through tunnels, and sleep. This design will do all of that.\nThe Tunnel Bridge for this instruction measures out as 8\" x 15\"\nYou can make this larger by adding a few inches to all sides or smaller by decreasing inches on all sides.\nI use C-Links to attach the Tunnel Bridge inside the cage.\nSupplies\nQuilters mat\nRotary Cutter\nQuilting ruler\nScissors\nSewing machine\nFleece Fabric\nStep 1: Gather and Cut\nCut all of your fabric out first.\nI use Fleece Fabric with all of my small pet projects. You could use a solid color or mix it up with prints and solids.\n* Two cuts of 9\" X 16\" of fleece fabric or (one 9\" X 16\" solid and one 9\" X 16\" matching print)\n* Two cuts of 10\" X 12\" of fleece fabric or (one 10\" X 12\" solid and one 10\" X 12\" matching print)\n* Four cuts of 1\" X 5\" strips.\n**The longer piece will be the bridge while the shorter piece will be your tunnel. **\nStep 2: Start to Assemble\nTake your 10' X 12\" pieces of the Tunnel putting the right sides together. Sew your tunnel together on the long side.\n(To determine which is the right side of the fabric, hold the fleece length way and lightly pull on the fabric. The edge will fold down towards the wrong side)\nStep 3: Connect the Tunnel to the Bridge\nTurn your Tunnel right side out.", "879" ], [ "Now lay one piece of the Bridge down right side up. Center the Tunnel's short side with the Center of the Bridge's long side. Make a small fold in the Tunnel so the other side of the Tunnel matches up with the other long side of the Bridge.\n(If you used solids and prints keep the prints together. When laying the print piece of the Bridge down, right side up, then lay the Tunnel short side on the Bridge, print side down).\nStep 4: Adding the 4 Straps\nTake each 1' X 5' strip, fold it in half right side out. Take 2 strips with the hoops facing inward on the short edge of the Bridge about 1\\2 inches from the long edge. Pin the other two strips on the opposite side of the Bridge the same way.\nStep 5: Finish the Bridge\nTake your last long Bridge piece and pin it down over the top, right side facing down.\nSew around the outer edges of the Bridge leaving an opening about 3 to 4 inches on one short side of the Bridge. Trim the corners after sewing so the Bridge will have nice flat corners when turned inside out.\nStep 6: Finish and Hang\nTurn the Bridge right side out through the hole you left on one end. Pull lightly on the tabs to straighten out the corners. Sew the open hole shut with your machine or hand needle.\nStep 7: Solid or Print?\nYou can turn the Tunnel inside out to change the look of your Bridge-Tunnel.", "163" ], [ "Making a Tooth Fairy Box\nIntroduction: Making a Tooth Fairy Box\nThis little box started out as a 3 inch by 3 inch business card which was laser cut from 1/8 inch Baltic birch plywood.\nThe pieces poke out to make a small hinged box.\nThe business cards turned out to be really expensive.\nThe box is really too small to hold any but the tiniest of rings. However, my wife was quick to point out that the box is the correct size for a pair of diamond stud earrings (Absolutely . . . . Use it for that).\nI needed another reason for a small box.\nOne of my friends pointed out that the box is the perfect size for a tooth. So, the small box became the Tooth Fairy Box.\nAs one parent later told me, the box is way easier for the Tooth Fairy to find than a lone tooth under a pillow.\nI carry the 3x3 panels with me and make them to hand out when we go to restaurants.", "845" ], [ "I also make and hand out toys (see the dinosaur toy Instructable). The toys go to the kids, the boxes go to mom and dad.\nSupplies\nFiles\nDXF, SVG, and Corel versions of the file\nCaution: You will note there are outlines of the pieces in the center of the panel and an outline of the finished box in the corner of the panel. Those are meant to be engraved, not cut. Just sayin'\nCAD program\n* To import the vector file into something your laser will recognize\n* My program of choice is Corel Draw (V16)\n* The attached files are DXF and SVG exported from Corel Draw\nLaser\n* With enough power to etch AND cut 1/8 inch plywood\n* I had access to a 60 WATT Universal and 75 WATT Epilog\n1/8 inch Baltic birch plywood (my material of choice)\n* Other materials will work but the vector file will need to be changed to accommodate the thickness of the material being used.\nNote: 1/8 inch thick wood might work except that the cutout pieces are small and have small tabs which might break along wood grain lines.\nWood Glue\n* If you scale the file correctly, the parts will press fit together.\n* Variations in the thickness of the material sometimes means a loose fit.\n* I use Titebond original wood glue. I use a TINY amount (two to four drops per box / see picture) and it sets up fairly quickly.\nStep 1: Poke Out the Pieces and Start Assembly\nCarefully poke out the pieces.\n* If you hold the panel up to the light, you will see little tabs holding the individual pieces to the panel.\n* Apply pressure to the border at the tab holding the piece in place, the piece will usually break free,\nTo start, you will need\n* Back, both sides and bottom (shown)\nNote: Careful not to confuse the front and back pieces. The back piece is taller.\nNote: The sides are interchangeable.\nAdd a SMALL amount of glue to the mating surface on the BOTTOM PIECE ONLY\nNote: The point is to keep any glue away from the hinge pins\nThe curve in the side pieces goes next to the hinge pins (see the picture)\nAfter the bottom, sides and back are glued, find the front piece.\nAdd a SMALL amount of glue to the mating surfaces (bottom and sides)\nAttach the front piece and squeeze the pieces together slightly.\nEach tab should be fully seated into its adjoining slot.\nStep 2: Gather the Pieces for the Top.\nNow that the bottom part of the box is complete, it should look like the first picture.\nNow find the top, top sides, and top front pieces.\nThe pieces are shown in the picture in their correct orientation\nNote: The top piece has a straight edge without any slots. That is the back of the box lid.\nApply a small amount of glue to the mating surfaces on the TOP PIECE ONLY\nWhen assembled it, will look like picture 4\nStep 3: Assemble the Top to the Box\nWhile the glue on the top is still wet,\nWhile the glue on the top is still wet, put the top on the box.\nNote: It will be necessary to move one of the top side pieces outwards a little bit so that it can slip over the hinge pin (as shown in the picture)\nOnce the top is in place, squeeze the box on all six sides (Slightly, remember its 1/8 inch plywood) to make sure all tabs are in their slots\nIts not a bad idea to open the box carefully a few times to make sure that the lid is not glued down.", "276" ] ]

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[ [ "Manhunt\nA prosecutor goes on the run after being framed for a couple of (actually very minor) crimes. I mean, it was just a ring and a camera that he was accused of stealing.", "133" ], [ "That's the level of crime that warrants a nationwide manhunt in Japan, I guess. Anyway, nothing particularly interesting happens over the course of the movie's unconscionable two and a half hours, aside from a hilarious bear attack and an utterly bonkers score. If you've seen the Fugitive then there's no need to see this, unless you want to see the inspiration for <PERSON> also underwhelming remake from a few years ago.", "698" ], [ "Year of the Dragon\nCimino is absolutely cooking here. He comes this close to making a great movie about a shitheel cop chasing a shitheel Triad boss. There's a moment of identification after a stellar chase scene at the end that almost anticipates Heat.", "594" ], [ "There's enough of that movie in here to make it completely worth the watch, plus some absolutely psychotic moments of excess violence for your money. Still can't entirely escape the 80s cop movie bullshit, even though it feels like it desperately wants to: <PERSON> shows up in <PERSON>'s apartment in the obvious setup for the hero to get the girl, then she says \"I'm not gonna have sex with you\", and then they have sex. <PERSON> sends <PERSON> undercover in the Triad's front business as an obvious setup for the sidekick character to die, then he says \"I'm not gonna die for you\" and then he dies for him. Really makes me better appreciate To Live and Die In L.A.'s total commitment to not doing that.", "698" ], [ "House of Wax\n2016 Joe was a pussy.\nWatching this right after watching Mystery of the Wax Museum and the original House of Wax, I was struck by just how little this \"remake\" took from the previous iterations. In fact, barring the title, the general idea of \"human bodies encased in wax\", and a setpiece burning a house filled with wax figures down, this is basically an entirely new movie that could have stood as its own thing, but of course they wanted to capitalize on the name.\nInstead of a classical horror tale, this is a hick family horror movie in the tradition of Texas Chainsaw Massacre and The Hills Have Eyes.", "1004" ], [ "Throw a group of young adults into the middle of nowhere and kill them off one by one. You know the drill.\nThis one at least has a unique premise and <PERSON> brings a theatricality to this that makes it stand out. The set designs and locations make this feel bigger than it actually is, even if it's all set in basically one small area.", "965" ], [ "Speed\nHow much damage was done in this movie? I'd watch a video where an insurance adjustor goes through it all and makes an estimate. A cargo plane, two buses, hundreds of cars, an entire section of a subway line, and more. Is that half a billion?\nWhat I did not notice back in 1994 was how much director <PERSON> is able to emphasize height, especially the vertical scales you need to know to comprehend the scenarios. This is harder than it looks, because movie screens are wide and flat. The opening elevator sequence proves his mettle, and he may be better at that than anything else. Which is odd, because this is a movie primarily about a bus moving horizontally.\nI do not believe the <PERSON> villain for a second, not the realism of it at least.", "862" ], [ "A disgruntled ex-cop who is mad about his pension goes on an ultra-elaborate bombing scheme in which he gleefully sticks knives in randos' heads and cackles about blowing up a pretty lady?\nWell, yes, this is a movie in which you're ready for sex, if you're the <PERSON> and <PERSON> characters, after nearly dying a hundred times. They get the hots for each other through . . . I really don't know what. Do we really need sexual shots of <PERSON>' character reaching between her legs to check the bus panels, while several dozen people are being virtually hijacked by a maniac terrorist? I'm trying but failing to get the connections made here between sex and high-speed bus terrorism.\n\"Speed\" has many great action sequences, it is not complex in almost any other way, and the final 25 minutes seems like an unnecessary coda to the bus fiasco.", "292" ], [ "Adventure in Rio\nStarts strong and ends strong, but wilts in the middle.\n<PERSON> is, as usual, a tremendous screen presence, though in this case she's much more convincing as the cutthroat saloon gal than the doting wife.\nThe plot itself is fine but where it messes up is spending its middle third on procedural elements of a mystery we already know the solution to rather than digging deeper into the thorny emotional entanglements or acts of criminality that make the movie otherwise a blast.\nAlmost recovers with a sensationally surreal final number, and a bleaker-than-you'd-think \"happy\" ending, but ultimately that middle chunk is a little too weak for me to hold it in quite the same esteem as Aventurera, let alone Victims of Sin.", "80" ], [ "Picnic at Hanging Rock\nWhile I found the first third of Picnic at Hanging Rock quite tedious, as it is essentially a costume drama set in the Australian outback at the dawn of the 20th Century, from there on, it becomes a very unsettling movie. The film centers on a girl's private school and the dynamics within it. A group of the girls go on a field trip to Hanging Rock.", "426" ], [ "Soon, mysteriously, three of the girls one of the teachers go missing. From here, the movie is part murder mystery, part horror film, part Gothic romance, aided by the pan flute score by <PERSON> (who would go on to be a master cheese whiz new age music in the late 1980s). The mystery and the tonal construction of the latter parts of the movie are masterfully done, as it is never made clear if horrific individuals, something supernatural, or something entirely accidental has taken place. <PERSON> would go on to make a slew of interesting movies, but this one remains my haunted favorite of his.", "529" ], [ "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers\nI opted for the supposedly superior Producer’s Cut of this one. If this is meant to be the better of the two cuts, the Theatrical Cut must be a fucking nightmare. This was atrocious.\nA rambling mess jam packed with a nonsense sub plot about <PERSON> being part of a cult. <PERSON> must have been livid.\nThe biggest issue is that The Curse of Michael Myers is a snooze fest.", "475" ], [ "Nothing happens for 45 minutes and then, when it seems to pick up, it doesn’t really pick up at all. <PERSON> is barely in it. He just kind of pops up here and there and gives us a dull, gore-less kill. Such a disappointment.\n<PERSON>’s doing his best but jeans given some truly laughable shit to say.\nI feel sorry for <PERSON>. He doesn’t deserve this shit pile of a film.", "698" ], [ "Fears\nJust by looking at the ratings here, Los miedos hits a nerve. My 3½/5 is rather generous to be honest. The one available copy I could find appeared to be cropped for TV and the subtitles, machine-translated then AId from Spanish to English, were by times gibberish. So there, my reason to give this film the benefit of the doubt.\nWhat is beyond hope is a lot of the rest. We follow seven characters, immune to some sort of plague and doomed to find a way southbound, out of a government-controlled region, towards safety.", "369" ], [ "The women – a whore, a nun, a very pregnant woman with a very unconvincing bump, and an old lady – are all going through their own stage of hysteria and someone's idea of womanhood. The men – a macho, a mummy's boy, and someone's idea of a (pardon my French) retard – try to balance that out with machismo, sycophancy, and retardation respectively.\nOne beautiful scene, and the one reason to watch, happens in a salt desert. The nun takes charge, and shoots her god. That's when it should have been it over. No hope, no future. Amen.", "342" ] ]

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[ [ "a variant of coin change problem\nConsider a cashier machine that takes the amount of your items in coins. We feed the machine coins one by one until the value is more than the amount we should have payed. Then the machine returns the extra amount in coins in the least number of coins possible. So we have k type of coins and a limited amount of each type. Also the machine has an unlimited amount of the k type of coins so it can returns us the exact amount it should ( there is always coin with value 1 ). So we want to minimize the number of coins we have after we have payed for the items we have bought. consider this example: We have 3 kinds of coins and we have to pay 15 dollars. We have 10 coins with value 1, 7 coins with value 4 and 5 coins with value 2. There are multiple ways to minimize our coins after the process. One of them is to give the machine 10 coins with value 1 and 3 coins with value 2.", "946" ], [ "Thus we have payed 16 dollars with 13 coins and the machine should return to us 1 dollar and it returns us 1 coin with value 1. So we have spent 12 coins. The other way is to give the machine 9 coins with value 1 and 3 coins with value 2 and the machine doesn't return us anything. So we have payed 12 coins.\nMy approach to the problem is to divide the problem to two separate coin change problem. The easier problem is when the machine returns us the extra amount of money we have payed. I think this is a simple coin change problem that we want to change some amount of money to the minimum number of coins. The main problem is to pay the machine some maximal amount of coin with the restrictions mentioned above. The restrictions were that we have limited number of each coin and if want to pay A dollars the machine stops receiving coins when the amount of money we have payed becomes equal or greater than A. So For example if we have to pay to 15 dollars and we want to use a total amount of 18 dollars to pay we should use at least a coin with value 4 (18-15+1) or else at some point in the process of paying the amount we have given to the machine surpasses 15 and it won't receive anymore coins.\nSo what I have done so far is this\nA //amount we should pay\nD //value of the coin with max value among all present coin types\nfor value_to_change in A to A+D-1\nclear the memoized table for maximal_change\nr = maximal_change(value_to_change,0,0)\nd = minimal_change(value_to_change-A)\nans = max( ans, r-d )\nmax_coin // the maximum value of the coin we have used so far\nmaximal_change( value_to_change, index_of_coin_type, max_coin )\nif we have computed (value_to_change, index_of_coin_type)\nreturn the computed value\nif (it is the last coin type) AND (max_coin > A-value_to_change)\nif value_to_change % value[index_of_coin_type]==0\nreturn value_to_change / value[index_of_coin_type]\nelse\nreturn we cant change this value with this coin // -1\nfor i in [0, number_of_available_coins_with_this_type]\nn = maximal_change( value_to_change - i*value_of_this_coin_type,\nindex_of_coin_type+1,\nmax(max_coin, value_of_this_coin_type) )\nif n != -1 // we can change the value\nresult = max(n+i, result)\ndp[value_to_change][index_of_coin_type] = result;\nreturn result\nnow my problem is my solution is slower than what is expected and I think it is because that I clear the memoized table for every value to change. This is only because in each value to change we are required to use a coin with value at least (value_to_change-A+1). Anybody has a better solution?\nlink of the full description of the problem\nlink of my implementation", "172" ], [ "Generate a unique number for a set of sequences of letters\nA sequence of English letters are given, every sequence forms a word and we know that the size of each word is at most $15$ and the number of words is at most $50000$. For a given input word $w$ I need to search if the $w$ exists in the database of words.\nThe framework of the database and the application is on the web and this job is part of an online game, So may be hundreds of requests come to website in a second so I need to do it as fast as possible. To do so as fast as possible, I want generate a unique number for every word in the database.", "864" ], [ "For every string query, I generate its number using the algorithm used to generate numbers for the database, then check if the new number exists in the database or not using binary search tree.\nHere is an algorithm that works perfectly to generate a unique number for a sequence:\nFor a sequence $$ where $a_i \\in \\mathbb{Z^{+}}$ (it is easy to map every letter to a number) the unique number is\n$$ \\prod_{i=1}^{n}{p_i^{a_i}} $$\nwhere $p_i$ is the $i$-th prime number. But the problem is, the produced numbers are too large to be stored in current programming language variables.\nMy Solution\nFirst I set the following mapping:\n$MAP: [a=>2, b=>3, c=>5, \\cdots, z=>101]$\nSo I set the $i$-th prime number to the $i$-th letter. (Actually it is not necessary to regard this order, more frequent characters can take smaller prime number)\nFor a sequence $$ where $a_i$s are letters this is my formula:\n$$ \\prod_{i=1}^{n}{MAP(a_i)^i} $$\nFor valid words, this formula generally, produces smaller numbers than the first one. I just wanted to know :\n* if this formula always generates a unique number? I couldn't generate two words with the same numbers, but clearly it is not enough to convince other people\n* Is there any solution that search for words in $O(\\log n)$ (like binary search tree)?\nthanks.", "603" ], [ "Thought process to solve tree based Dynamic Programming problems\nI am having a very hard time understanding tree based DP problems. I am fairly comfortable with array based DP problems but I cannot come up with the correct thought process for tree based problems and I was hoping somebody could please explain their thought process.\nI will talk about my thought process behind array based problems and then explain my troubles with tree based DP problems.\nMy thought process for array problems\nThe way I think about DP in array based problems is as follows. Let us consider a problem like Minimum Path Sum. Here the objective is to get from the top left to bottom right positions in a matrix such that we minimize the cost of the path. We can only move left and right.\nThe way I would approach problems like this is as follows:\n* First I would construct a recurrence. In this case the recurrence is as follows\nThe recurrence is:\nf(i, j) = a[i][j] // if i == m and j == n\nf(i, j) = a[i][j] + f(i, j+1) // if i == m\nf(i, j) = a[i][j] + f(i+1, j) // if j == n\nf(i, j) = a[i][j] + Math.min( f(i, j+1), f(i+1, j) ) // Otherwise\n* Next I look at the equations which tells me the problem can be solved using DP as there are overlapping subproblems in f(i+1, j) and f(i, j+1). There is also an optimal substructure.\n* I can also tell the time/space complexity just by looking at the recurrence.\n* Because we must compute all states which is all (i,j) pairs and because time per state is O(1) (adding a[i][j] to result) the time complexity is O(n^2).\n* Looking at the recurrence, i depends only on i+1 and not on i+2, i+3 ... similarly j depends only on j+1 and not on j+2, j+3...", "603" ], [ "so we can get away with using only 1 extra row (either i+1 or j+1) instead of the entire matrix so space complexity is O(n).\nHence I would come up with a n^2 time and n space solution. I can do this without any problems.\nMy thought process for tree problems\nHowever I am having a hard time applying the same thought process to tree based DP problems. As an example let us consider the problem Diameter of Binary Tree where the objective is to find the longest path between any 2 nodes in the tree.\nI can come up with a recurrence for this problem which is as follows:\nf(n) = 0 // if n == null f(n) = max( 1+height(n.left) + height(n.right), // longest path passing through root f(n.left), // longest path in left subtree f(n.right) ) // longest path in right subtree\nBecause f(n.left) for example is computed by doing 1+height(n.left.left) + height(n.left.right) I can tell that DP must be used.\nSo my approach would be to create a cache of size 'n' that stores all the heights of the nodes. So the space complexity would be O(n).\nHowever the optimal solution of this problem has a space complexity of O(1) and I am having a hard time figuring that out just by looking at the recurrence. How does the recurrence tell you that space complexity can be reduced and that O(1) space is enough and O(n) is not needed? How do you know what value(s) to store in this case? In array based problems I can get the answers to both these questions just by looking at the recurrence but for tree based dp it is not so obvious to me.\nMy questions:\n1. What can you tell about this problem just by looking at the recurrence for the tree problem? Putting aside my own thought process, if I gave you this recurrence and nothing else what conclusions would you reach and how would you write the program? I am curious about your thought process.\n2. For array based problems I can tell just by looking at the recurrence both how much space I needed to solve the problem AND what exactly I needed to store (I need to store values of row i+1 in min path sum and nothing else). How can I do the same for the tree problem?\nThanks.", "743" ], [ "Heapsort for sorted input\nHi I have been reading about heapsort in CLRS and came to a question which is what is the running time of heapsort when the input array is in increasing order; how about decreasing order.\nThe next question asks to prove that worst case of heapsort is O(nlogn). The following starred (hard) question asked to prove that best case running time of heapsort is O(nlogn).\nObviously the later questions render the previous trivial, but I assume that the first 2 can be answered in a more straightforward fashion?\nHere is whaty I have done so far ...\nFor the increasing order (i.e. the order opposite to the output order) I am completely stuck and haven't been able to make any progress because as I see it as soon as we build the max heap the structure completely changes and I cant reason about what the final heap will look like.\nFor the decreasing case I feel like I understand what is going on and will try to describe that below, but its also a long way from a proof. A decreasing array is already a max heap so the array is unchanged by building the max heap. WLOG assume a complete binary tree (else just remove some elements until you get one)\nRemove the first n/4 largest elements.", "864" ], [ "The first element will then be lifted to the top and fall back down a distance of log(n) falling to the left each time (the left element is always the largest).\nBut now the right is larger for each vertex that this last element fell through. So the next vertex will first fall right then fall left the rest of the way. No vertex will fall the same path until this has been rectified. So elements moved to the top of the tree continue to fall the full length of the tree. Rectifying the tree seems like it will take a linear time because it has length logn and it feels like you have to go down a constant fraction of the other routes before it is done. But this is really wordy and sort of garbage.\nI apologise if this could be written better but I tried my best to say what I mean.\nNote I have read the proof for the general best case but I was looking for something more straightforward due to the extra information.\nThanks", "441" ], [ "Minimum XOR for queries\nI was asked the following question in an interview.\nGiven an array $A$ with $n$ integers and an array $B$ with $m$ integers. For each integer $b \\in B$ return and integer $a \\in A$ such that $a \\otimes b$ is minimum, where $x\\otimes y$ for to integers $x$ and $y$ is the bitwise xor operation of $x$ and $y$.\nFor example:\nInput:\nA = [3, 2, 9, 6, 1] B = [4, 8, 5, 9]\nOutput\n[6, 9, 6, 9]\nBecause when 4 is XORed with any element in A minimum value will occur when A[I] = 6\n4 ^ 3 = 7 4 ^ 2 = 6 4 ^ 9 = 13 4 ^ 6 = 2 4 ^ 1 = 5\nHere is my brute force solution in python.\ndef get_min_xor(A, B):\nans = []\nfor val_b in B: min_xor = val_b ^ A[0]\nfor val_a in A: min_xor = min(min_xor, val_b ^ val_a) # print(\"{} ^ {} = {}\".format(val_b, val_a, val_b ^ val_a))\nans.append(min_xor ^ val_b)\nreturn ans\nAny ideas on how this could be solved in sub O(MxN) time complexity?\nI had the following idea in mind. I would sort the array A in O(NlogN) time then for each element in B.", "864" ], [ "I would try to find it's place in the array A using binary search.Let's say B[X] would fit at ith position in A then I would check the min XOR of B[X] ^ A[i-1] and B[X] ^ A[i+1]. But this approach won't work in all the cases. For example the following input\nA = [1,2,3] B = [2, 5, 8]\nOutput:\n[2, 1, 1]\nHere is the trie based solution\nclass trie(object): head = {}\ndef convert_number(self, number): return format(number, '#032b')\ndef add(self, number): cur_dict = self.head\nbinary_number = self.convert_number(number)\nfor bit in binary_number:\nif bit not in cur_dict:\ncur_dict[bit] = {}\ncur_dict = cur_dict[bit]\ncur_dict[number] = True\ndef search(self, number): cur_dict = self.head\nbinary_number = self.convert_number(number)\nfor bit in binary_number: if bit not in cur_dict: if bit == \"1\": cur_dict = cur_dict[\"0\"] else: cur_dict = cur_dict[\"1\"] else: cur_dict = cur_dict[bit]\nreturn list(cur_dict.keys())[0]\ndef get_min_xor_with_trie(A,B):\nnumber_trie = trie()\nfor val in A: number_trie.add(val)\nans = []\nfor val in B: ans.append(number_trie.search(val))\nreturn ans", "268" ], [ "Imagine that we have an array $A$ of size $n$. Mergesort splits this array into two equal halves and sorts them individually. So in context of the paragraph you have provided, each node corresponds to some chunk of the original array that we want to sort. We divide a node $A[L,R]$ to two nodes $A[L,M]$ and $A[M+1,R]$ with $M = \\frac{L+R}{2}$\nThe splitting of a node $A[L,R]$ into two nodes takes $R-L+1$ time and then merging the two child nodes $A[L,M]$ and $A[M+1,R]$ again takes $A[R-L+1]$ time.", "743" ], [ "Thus for every node, the number of operations the algorithm performs is equal to twice the size of the array corresponding to that node.\nThus we have that on any particular level if we have an array of size $k$, splitting and merging of the array can be done in $k + 2\\times \\frac{k}{2} = 2k$ operations.\nNow note that we keep splitting the array till we have arrays of size $1$ since we can't split them further.\nDraw a binary tree with the root node corresponding to the array $A[1,N]$ and with each node having two children corresponding to its left and right halves and recursively draw the structure for each child till we have arrays of size $1$. Denote each node by the size of the array that it corresponds to. We will get something that looks like this\n(Taken from Khan Academy)\nThis is the recursion tree for merge sort.\nThe computation time spent by the algorithm on each of these nodes is simply two times the size of the array the node corresponds to. Therefore the total running time $S$ of mergesort is just the sum of all the sizes of the arrays that each node in the tree corresponds to i.e. $$S = 2 \\sum_{i=0}^k 2^i\\frac{n}{2^i}$$\n(How did we get this sum? There are $2^i$ nodes of size $\\frac{n}{2^i}$ in the tree and it takes $2k$ time to finish computation on an array of size $k$)\nObserve that when $i=k$, $\\frac{n}{2^k} = 1 \\implies n = 2^k \\implies k = \\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil$ Thus $S$ reduces to $$2 \\sum_{i=0}^{\\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil} n = 2n\\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil = \\mathcal{O}(n\\log n)$$", "743" ], [ "What is the name of this logistic variant of TSP?\nI have a logistic problem that can be seen as a variant of $\\text{TSP}$. It is so natural, I'm sure it has been studied in Operations research or something similar. Here's one way of looking at the problem.\nI have $P$ warehouses on the Cartesian plane. There's a path from a warehouse to every other warehouse and the distance metric used is the Euclidean distance. In addition, there are $n$ different items. Each item $1 \\leq i \\leq n$ can be present in any number of warehouses. We have a collector and we are given a starting point $s$ for it, say the origin $(0,0)$. The collector is given an order, so a list of items. Here, we can assume that the list only contains distinct items and only one of each. We must determine the shortest tour starting at $s$ visiting some number of warehouses so that the we pick up every item on the order.\nHere's a visualization of a randomly generated instance with $P = 35$. Warehouses are represented with circles.", "180" ], [ "Red ones contain item $1$, blue ones item $2$ and green ones item $3$. Given some starting point $s$ and the order ($1,2,3$), we must pick one red, one blue and one green warehouse so the order can be completed. By accident, there are no multi-colored warehouses in this example so they all contain exactly one item. This particular instance is a case of set-TSP.\nI can show that the problem is indeed $\\mathcal{NP}$-hard. Consider an instance where each item $i$ is located in a different warehouse $P_i$. The order is such that it contains every item. Now we must visit every warehouse $P_i$ and find the shortest tour doing so. This is equivalent of solving an instance of $\\text{TSP}$.\nBeing so obviously useful at least in the context of logistic, routing and planning, I'm sure this has been studied before. I have two questions:\n1. What is the name of the problem?\n2. How well can one hope to approximate the problem (assuming $\\mathcal{P} \\neq \\mathcal{NP}$)?\nI'm quite happy with the name and/or reference(s) to the problem. Maybe the answer to the second point follows easily or I can find out that myself.", "835" ], [ "The overal idea of the sub-problem sounds good.\nI've noticed a few issues:\nWhat is k supposed to represent?\n$j$ represents the number of machines unsold at the end of month $i$. This can't be negative as you cannot have a negative number of machines unsold, which means you sold more than what you produced!\nYou said you start with $MinCost(n,0)$ so you start with $j=0$, but then you need to compute $MinCost(n-1,0-k)$ and you wrote that $1 \\leq k$, which leaves to negative $j$!. There seem to be an issue here.\nI think your idea was that $k$ was the net difference of machines unsold on day $i$, which makes it hard to reason about.\nSo let's define $k$ as the number of unsold machines at the beginning of month $i$ (= number of unsold at the end of month $i-1$).\nWhat is $c(k,j,i)$?\nYou should have enough data to compute the costs yourself.", "603" ], [ "By the new definition of $k$, $c(k,j,i)= c \\cdot (j-k + d_i - m)$. This is because you had $k$ machine at the beginning of month $i$, you have $j$ machines at the end of that month and you sold $d_i$ machines, so you produced $j-k + d_i$ machines that month. You can produce $m$ machines without any additional cost so the remaining number of machine costs $c$ dollars per machine.\nPlease note that this value cannot be negative, as you can't get back the costs if you have to build less than $m$ machines. So $c(k,j,i)= max(0, c \\cdot (j-k + d_i - m))$.\nThis brings us to\n$\\quad MC(i,j) = \\min{MC(i-1,k) + max(0, c \\cdot (j-k + d_i - m)) + h(j) \\mid 0 \\le k \\le D }$\nWith $MC(0, j) = \\begin{cases} 0 & \\quad \\text{if } i = 0\\ + \\infty & \\quad \\text{if } i \\neq 0 \\end{cases}$\nBecause you can't have machines in stock before the first day.\nWe could make some optimisation on the max value of $k$ but it's a bit hard to compute and won't improve the asymptotic complexity.\nI believe this should be enough to write the algorithm.", "143" ] ]

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[ [ "All forms of reading becomes inherently dangerous.\nTL;DR - Readers develop a short form of pre-reading to \"hash\" the text and compare the hash to known enthralling patterns to detect traps. \"Abandon your mind to the...\" becomes \"Abyo Mito Ta..\" (nonsense words) which don't mean anything to the reader other than, \"this is a trap\"\n* It cost no mana (no magic response)\n* It cost few money\n* Protect you even when you are not ready\n* Allow you to read what you want, in every language you know\n* Doesn't take time\nOnly costs a second or two when reading something to check the hash, and the education to learn and enforce the habit among the average reader.\nThough this isn't the only way the world would react to this possibility.\nThis threat would be akin to mass mailing anthrax IRL\nThis would be a global security concern if stealing someone's mind and making a thrall out of them was really this simple, amassing slave armies every time you put up a new billboard, entire wars could be won by painting your words in the clouds above or using illusion magic to \"pepper spray\" an attacker with hovering symbols that a fast reader simply glancing at would fall prey to. To then have the concentration and effect sustained by the target itself thereafter, that's no simple task.\nThis must be either, much more difficult to perform than explained, or newly discovered and never used against the world yet.\nA less severe version may be a book that contains a glyph which houses \"Command\" or \"Suggestion\" like effects to \"READ\" or to continue reading the control spell until finished, so that the hook has a definitive sink that can either be resisted or fallen for. From there, the duration of time to read the enthralling symbols is all that waits for the effect to stick long term, though the compulsion to read doesn't mean the target isn't aware of what's being read.\nA commoner likely would just read and absorb the information but a wizard would likely be able to identify the intent of the trap setter by understanding the template of words being read. As in general safety training, specific dangers as these sorts of traps would be wise to teach in schools to prevent strong magic users falling prey to these simple traps.\nI believe the response to such an attack would be immediate, urgent, and far spread when detected.", "227" ], [ "Once discovered every magical defense program would be working to put an end to it and devise ways to find who set the trap.\nThis gives us 4 points of resistance\n-Before you see the hook but are within threat range.\n-The compulsion to continue reading once the hook is activated.\n-The formation of the lasting enthrall effect while hooked.\n-Post attack response.\nBefore you see the hook but are within threat range.\nImportant places such as government buildings etc will be outfitted with Magic Dispelling gateways. When walking through, all magical items much be handed to a guard/wizard to be checked via detect magic to determine any enchantment or illusion school magics (if detected further probing occurs), while everything else and the person passes through a dispel magic portal. This removes any magical effects present in items or creatures passing through (no disguise self allowed) and the magic within the text that creates the link between the trap setter and the target is removed, disabling the trap.\nIn general, an enchantment effect found using detect magic on either an object or person would become much more suspicious and actionable, towns likely setting up guard patrols specifically containing magic detectors to scan areas regularly as a result.\nThe compulsion to continue reading once the hook is detected.\nReaders would be trained to read in a way that disrupts direct thought injection attacks. Rather than reading entire words, a learned habit to replace words, shorten words, or rearrange the words read can be used as a passive defense. Rather than reading \"Abandon your mind to the...\" would instead be read as \"Aba-yo mi-tota...\" which will become a barrier allowing the reader to understand abstractions and concepts indirectly (imagine a code hash) and compare that abstract with commonly used \"enthralling\" patterns to determine that an attack was attempted before reading any further. Correspondence to high importance folk would filter through a scholar that could screen for traps.\nAdditionally, divination sensors can be set to Alarm whenever \"I am magically compelled to do something\" to emit concentration breaking sounds or to alert others nearby that they have been enchanted on repeat (imagine magic mouth necklaces in DnD5e).\nThe formation of the lasting enthrall effect while hooked.\nContingencies and emergency response could be pre-planned, \"If I am ever magically compelled to do something, cast dispel magic/banishment/etc on myself and send a message to X for help.", "227" ], [ "In my world one of the branches of magic is Sight; foresight, farsight and hindsight.\nThe challenges of hindsight should not any different than of foresight. While the timeline is fixed, there is significantly more information to parse, and requires intensive focus and energy to filter out the important from the mundane. Hindsight would not be like watching a movie or a video, but comes in patches (fragments of compressed and extended time) and requires the intelligence of the seer to identify what they are seeing. Imagine that time is like glass that is more substantial the closer it is to the present, but disintegrates as time goes by, with spikes surrounding strong emotional/spiritual periods (such as a murder, but not a theft by someone in control of their emotions).\nAlso figure out the magic ability that would block sight. While Lords are hiring Seers, criminals are hiring the \"smokers\" to obscure things from the magic sight (even to the point of kidnapping and human trafficking). There might be a separate magic type to obscure distance (\"farsmoker\") and require a \"timesmoker\" to obscure hindsight and/or foresight. Naturally the practice of \"smoking\" would be outlawed. (Personally there should be just as many smokers as there are seers to balance the magic...", "917" ], [ "children of seers could be smokers or vice versa).\nOne possibility is that a Foreseer committing a crime could probably obscure their actions from a Hindseer (countering the future actions). On the other hand, it would be possible for a Hindseer to influence the timeline so that it is also obscured to other Hindseers by the very act of viewing the past. So in a way, the Foresight and Hindsight Seers are their own \"time smokers\" because a scene can usually only read a few times before static and other corruptive influences start to degrade the vision (fragments shatter). Basically all that is required to corrupt the scene is a Foreseer (before the crime) or <PERSON> (after the crime) to read the scene one or more times. Obviously, the strength and power of the seer can affect the outcome with a weaker seer corrupting the scene and a strong user still able to pluck what they need. But it would be obvious to any <PERSON> that the timeline was corrupted. (NOTE: it would be the time+space with a limited sphere of influence that would be corrupted/static, and no obliteration of everything that happened in the past in that space.)\nBTW, it might be also interesting to have the polar of farsight... tinysight/microsight, which may also have a different method of solving crimes.\nWhile your original question was how to make the Hindsight less powerful so that crime was not wiped out, the premise of a crime novel based on this magic would be very interesting.", "45" ], [ "Depends 100% on what is Facilitating this chronological alteration\nAs mentioned by another, a possible facilitation of this is a sort of \"time-envelope\" that envelopes the object within a set amount of space for a set amount of time (I'm assuming the effects are temporary) set by the caster. - Objects within envelope experience time to be the same relative to each other. - The surface of the envelope is the boundary of chronological field, may be a sharp boundary (perhaps even visible as it would affect light passing through as though slightly refractive) or a more fuzzy boundary where there's a bit of transition between time speeds. - What happens though if half an object is in this field and the other half is outside? Or does the whole object have to be contained to work? Can I age just my scalp faster than the rest of me to grow hair quickly, fingertips for nails? - Objects close to the effected object would be slightly affected the closer they came to the object until entering the envelope and being brought up/down to speed. The collision itself wouldn't seem to be impacted by the change in time flow itself, simply occurring sooner/later than normal. (unless part of the collision is to create a new time-envelope on what ever was hit)\nObject specific time alteration, where it is not the space taken up by the object, but the object itself that is altered on the time line. - The matter of the object itself is targeted and the interaction of time with that specific matter are effected. - Effective changes to time would be visible through other observable phenomenon. Doubling in velocity, squaring of effective mass/inertia, a slight squeezing/stretching of the object to external observations, to whatever ratio matching the change in time speed. - A one off effect, rather than a persistent field. (Increase/decrease existing qualities to compensate which then becomes its new \"normal time\" qualities) - Affect on non-altered objects would be the same as if affected by a normal object with the new qualities (Hits twice/half as hard etc)\nMagic - (You basically just write the rules) Time is a magical force that can be manipulated much like heat, light, and physical work.", "781" ], [ "- Magic can place the affected in a demi-plane bubble with different properties than the normal universe. - A magical force pushes or pulls against the stream of time like a paddle, pushing your time bubble further up or down stream. - A time bubble, when colliding with an object of normal time may POP, causing chrono-side effects (potentially wanted effects in the case of arrows etc) or the bubble may remain in tact and cause the object to \"bounce\" off. Such a bounce may inadvertently Push the normal-time object forward in time slightly. Pushed hard enough, you might send something or someone into next week!\nBut again, it just depends on how the whole time altering even works. With more details, I'm sure I can give better options.\nGeneral Sanity comments: - A fraction of a second's worth of \"absolute position\" in a constantly moving universe would be detrimental to any to discover it, instantly slamming you into the earth, space, or nearby structures. - Gravity is not apart from Time, as gravity is shown to affect the passage of time, so an object frozen in time would not likely suspend itself midair as the non-time stopped earth would still have it's full pull on it (or the envelope of time containing it). - There's all sorts of fun to be had with the boundary of a time bubble. Imagine a troop of archers lined up for a volley. A bubble is placed around them to make them fast compared to outside. Suddenly that single volley becomes a carpet of every arrow in their quivers as each shot slows at the boundary while they load and shoot the next volley. - For interactions between time affected and non-effected objects, I would generally treat the acceleration of time as a multiplication of energy, and a slowing of time a division of energy, until time became normalized relative to the two again.", "781" ], [ "I can think of three ways that the humans might be able to communicate with each other without the superior AI catching on to it.\nPoetry\nAs mentioned in the question, an artificial intelligence, though it can mimic the analysis or prose and artful devices, only a human can really appreciate the ideas and concepts captured by a poem. Note that the use of a poem would not reveal messages in plain sight but use literary devices to convey the idea rather than exact phrasing.\nAdvantages\nThis seems like a better way for humans to communicate their feelings about situations and their love for each other (maybe?). This also is easy to learn and pickup, and even with the AI's massive database of poetry, even with the ability to add new intercepted poems, it would not become easy to break.\nDisadvantages\nCommunication has a lot to do with clarity and poems may not be the best pick for this, as different people can interpret the same poem with different results.\nCode with Virus\nPerhaps the only weakness to this AI is anything written/spoken must be passed through some interpreter/compiler, and this means the AI could be hacked.", "634" ], [ "As part of the developmental process of the AI, rather than \"escaping the code\" to prevent a virus from running, the AI was developed to \"skip over\" code that it recognizes contains a virus.\nWhen the humans discover this vulnerability, they develop loads of viruses and attempt to shut down the AI. Now, however, the remnants of the viruses they learned and tried to use against the AI, they use as the header of footer of messages with each other.\nAdvantages\nThis completely prevents the AI from reading and learning anything from a human's message.\nThe human's can communicate their message directly, as they know where to look for the actual message and ignore the header and footer code that is the virus.\nDisadvantages\nHumans have to remember and retain the code that is a virus and write it perfectly. This could also mean it takes longer to \"encode\" their message.\nIllogical Statements\nIn the second <PERSON> movie (featuring <PERSON>), <PERSON> and his brother communicate with a simple code that makes complete nonsense to an outsider. They flipped any all truthiness of statements (like: \"I love you\" becomes \"I hate you\").\nThe humans have found that using this coupled with using sentences like, \"this statement is false,\" utterly confuse the AI, resulting in the AI ignoring/failing to process their message.\nAdvantages\nOnce learned, the humans could get in a habit of this and learn to communicate quite easily.\nDisadvantages\nThe learning curve might be harder than I imagine.", "634" ], [ "What observable traits set the MilkyWay apart from other Galaxies?\nIn a short story, Earth's humanity dies off to a plague and a few thousands years later a space faring race plants a new seed of humans in attempt to restore what civilization used to be.\nThe Earth is effectively the same, though biomes may change and a couple thousand years of wild evolution have passed (so a wild dog might look a bit different but it's still clearly a canine). The method of \"planting the seeds of civilization\" is apparently instantaneous to the humans, as if one day, everyone just woke up as if they had just gone to sleep normally the day before. At that point, the seed planters take their leave and observe from afar without interaction. (The story spans hundreds of years as they observe)\nIt's just one big city, outfitted with the tools and resources necessary to farm, process, and produce what a population of that size would normally consume. The humans have been granted the know how on how to operate the machines and build a sustaining civilization. Satelittes and cell phones don't exist but they would later be reinvented. Their next generation being the first humans that actually would need to learn how to walk, talk, read.", "302" ], [ "Their parents are somewhat programmed to work together in building a sustainable \"start\" to the civilization (even if they aren't exactly aware as to why) and would come off as very literal and set in their ways while their children are more creative, looking at the world in increasingly philosophical ways.\nOther than the knowledge of the world around them and how to survive though, these humans do not have a living past in memory. They don't have a notion of \"where did we come from\" and this first generation largely doesn't care. Their children though ask such questions, using the tools and technologies we have now and in the near future to rediscover the universe outside of the Earth. This generation spawning a renascence of invention and discovery in the absence of war and while crime is still a distant concept while everyone's needs are met. Some conflicts arise between competing theories and discoveries.\nWithout a history, polytheist stories (where the milky way got it's name in reality) or previous inspirations, they need something to name it. What observable traits set the Milkyway apart from other galaxies? Also keeping in mind they don't have a distant probe to view it from anywhere but Earth. They can see distant galaxies while they are deciding on a name.\nThis naming period may last a few years as these fresh explorers catch up to our current IRL astronomical knowledge and begin sending out orbital telescopes similar to our own.\nTypical DM brain, I can make a world, but fail to find a good name.", "693" ], [ "A staff has nothing to do with mana\nA staff, or channeling artifact, is a mage's connection to the hidden energies of the world.\nThe staff doesn't tap mana, mana is a mental resource that a mage has and regenerates. Mana itslf doesn't kill people, other than maybe the mage itself.\nThe artifact, instead, is a type of portable power socket. Nearly no one really knows why some are better than others or what makes them trickle, the only thing that is known is that some let you sputter little sparks while others can help you unleash torrential lava\nHere's the reasoning:\nA Mage is a Hacker: I'll be working off this analogy.\n* you have an energy pool that you can use to write code (replenish with caffeine, sleep)\n* you learn algorithms through experience and on special occasions, such as reading stackoverflow\n* you can throw around exploits, animate machines, calculate secrets\n* your creations are more effective and take less energy the more you know about the topic - represented by a stat like intelligence\n* your botnet (or size thereof) increases your capacity to crack stuff faster\nTheory of Magic\nA mage has a certain amount of manas every they wake from a restful sleep. They can also top it off to a certain degree with potions.", "227" ], [ "How much they have every morning depends on their overall physical health. When depleted, they turn into drooling idiots until they sleep again.\nMana required to prepare a particular spell is:\n$$m_s = \\frac{d_s - (k_s p_s)}{i}$$\nwhere:\n* $d_s$ is the difficulty of the spell (intelligence manas)\n* $k_s$ is the knowledge the mage has about the spell (intelligence manas)\n* $p_s$ is the proportion of how prepared the mage is to cast that spell (is his tool attuned to the spell yet?) (proportion)\n* $i$ is the intelligence of the mage (intelligence)\nIf $m_s$ requires more than a full tank of mana, the mage will have to spend more than a day preparing for it.\nHowever, a prepared spell is not a cast spell.\nTo cast a spell, a mage needs a powerful artifact. The time it takes to cast a single instance of a spell (in seconds):\n$$t_s = \\frac{c_s}{r_a} $$\n* $c_s$ is the complexity of the spell, this depends on the choice of spell, not necessarily what the spell is supposed to do (in joules). A spell with a low complexity can be found by a mage with a high $i$, but has a considerably higher $d_s$.\n* $r_a$ is the amount of resources available to the artifact(in watt).\nConclusion about the Utility of Artifacts and their Social Impact\nThis means that if you have a twig you ripped off a tree, you might be able to cast a 10 sparks a second with a certain spell.\nHowever, if you have an Artifact of Mass Destruction, you might be able to launch 1e12 sparks per second with the same spell, enough to act as a propulsion system to get you to the next planet.\nMerlin's law says the power of newly produced magical artifacts doubles approximately every two years. Considering that the production of new artifacts is severely limited, the obvious effects this has on the increasing divide between rich and poor has many social philosophers concerned about an imminent departure from democracy and a consequent fall of the civilization in general, dubbed the \"Singularity\"", "261" ], [ "Planning story using layers, compartmentalization and time\nPlot, environment, characters, each one is a layer in a story. Each layer is also a compartment for further layers that are internally affected by external changes in their own, unique way, and each will be affected differently by the same stimuli over the development of the story.\nWhat systems exists to keep track of story development on such minute level? Or at least any that would be closest fit to what I'm describing? I'm looking for one where even if the first draft was lost it could easily be recreated from the planned structure.\nI have arrived at a final iteration of my story concept, now I want to set up the framework to build it upon, like a mason building a house, I want to build a world.\nEdit: Trying to clarify, sorry I'm bad at wording my thoughts and I'm struggling to wrap my head around what I'm trying to plan/ask/do.\n* A story can be broken into common, independent collections of elements, like plots, characters, environments.\n* These collections is what I refer to as layers. They share similar attributes and behavior, but apply them differently.\n* Within the layer, each element has its own common attributes and characteristics that directly affect only itself, e.g. a character can have fears, strengths, weaknesses, but a plot would not and vice-versa, but it would not directly affect another elements's attributes.\n* Each element is the default characteristics + culmination of interactions with other elements, resulting in development/changes of said element's attributes.\n* In a single world, most if not all elements will be interconnected directly or indirectly, therefore any single event would have rippling effects on every aspect of the story.\n+ E.g.", "183" ], [ "an earthquake could cause a landslide that destroys MC's village, which forces them to adventure, which is attributed to goddess Tera, at the same time it changes the environment causing <PERSON> army to lose their advantage and rebellion to prevail in their clutch battle. MC curses <PERSON> while the Rebellion reveres, MC proceeds to kill <PERSON> and sides with Rebellion because DL is BBEG, Rebellion swears to avenge <PERSON>, creating a conflict when MC and Rebellion cross paths to defeat <PERSON> after finding out <PERSON> was <PERSON>'s murderer all along or something like that.\nSystem I'm thinking of would keep help keep track of each compartment, relationship to other elements, history between it and other elements, direct and indirect effects of other elements on it, how it affects and its changes affect other elements, how these relationships change over time, how element can be expected to respond to change/interaction etc. The more I think about it the more it seems that to pull it off on this level I would need to write a program for this task.\ntl;dr I'm extremely meticulous and I'm planning a complex story which I will struggle keeping track of without efficient planning and tracking system in place.\nEdit 2: Leaving lunch atm but I'm seeing some promising responses. Thanks for your time, I will come back to the thread later in the evening.", "950" ], [ "Weaponizing sceptical magic\nThe magic works like this:\n* It must not be performed in public, meaning with more than a dozen observers (regardless of the means). It will fail, spectacularly\n* It must not be performed in private, meaning that if you do it alone, it will also fail fatally\n* The optimal setting for it to work is in a group of less than or equal 13 - the more participants the stronger it is\n* The caster will have to come up with the ritual on the spot without consulting with the others. The ritual must invoke a specific sceptical reaction in other participants. Namely, their reaction must be: \"That will work?\" and not \"That will work!\" nor \"That's brilliant!\"\n* If all other participants think that \"That will work\", the ritual will fail\n* Magic is a ritual that can be performed by anyone - nobody is special, anyone can do it\n* The one who performs the ritual decides the effects of the ritual. The details of the ritual could be anything, varying from dancing naked to counting stars or riding a cow upside down..\n* The effects of the ritual is limited by what could happen in nature however improbable it is. One could call down a meteor or create tsunami, recover from cancer.. but not make water flow upward or create a black hole out of nothing\nSo, the main obstacle is the unpredictability.", "227" ], [ "One could do some stupid things to call the rain the first few times, but then it get repetitive and lost the scepticism. Lost the ritual, and get a backlash (fatal).\nHow do I weaponize this magic reliably? If my army (say medieval) went against another and I dig a few holes to hide the \"magicians\" to do their magic. How to get them to keep spamming spells without losing their scepticism and get a backlash that kill both them and my army?\nedit 1 To clarify how this magic affect the world:\n* If you called down a meteor, the meteor won't just appear out of nothing right after you finish the ritual. The meteor is actually already coming, your ritual is just coincidentally happening at the right time. So the meteor won't just drop on your enemies, because it takes time for a meteor come from 'not clearly visible in the sky' to 'suddenly on their head'. It has to travel from somewhere to earth.\n* If you called a tsunami, the same thing applies. The tectonic movements or some geographic activities are already there. There will be an earthwake or something in the ocean and then a tsunami will form, then it will come for both you and your enemies of course.\n* You called a storm of frogs, a hurricane somewhere fished some frogs and dumped it on your face at the right time.\nThat's why I said the effect must be possible in nature.", "227" ] ]

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[ [ "Blood of Amber:\nDepicted on <PERSON>'s cards:\n...another of a slim, russethaired man in brown and black, and one of a woman who resembled this man so closely it would seem they must be related.\n«Okay. The lady,» he stated, «is <PERSON>.» I stared so hard that I felt the beginnings of a contact. I smothered it.\n«The long-lost,» he added. I raised the card depicting the man who resembled her. «Then this must be <PERSON>,» I said. «Right.»\n...But to confuse genealogists and sticklers for family legality, he had done it in a place where time flowed far more rapidly than in <PERSON>. Interesting arguments both for and against the bigamous nature of his marriage to <PERSON> may be made. I'm in no position to judge. I had the story from <PERSON> years ago, and in that she'd never gotten along too well with <PERSON> and <PERSON>, the offspring of that union, she was inclined to the pro-bigamy interpretation. I'd never seen pictures of <PERSON> or <PERSON> until now. There weren't any hanging around the palace, and they were seldom mentioned. But they had lived in Amber for the relatively short time <PERSON> was queen there. Following her death, they grew unhappy with <PERSON>'s policies toward her homeland - which they visited often - and after a time they departed, vowing not to have anything to do with Amber again. At least that's the way I'd heard it. There could easily have been all sorts of sibling politicking involved, too. I don't know. But here were two missing members of the royal family, and obviously <PERSON> had teamed of them and approached them, hoping to revive old resentments and gain allies. He admitted that it hadn't worked. Two centuries is a long time to hold a grudge at high pitch. That's about how long it had been since their departure, as I understood it.\nPrince of Chaos:\n...The frame was white, the glass was gray. Within was a man I had never met.", "417" ], [ "His shirt was black and opened at the neck. He wore a brown leather vest, his hair dark blond, eyes perhaps green. «Yes?» «A spikard was hidden in Amber,» he stated, «for you to find. It conveys great powers. It also bears a series of spells that will cause its wearer to act in certain ways under certain circumstances.» «I suspected this,» I said. «What is it set to do?» «Formerly worn by <PERSON>, King of Chaos, it will force the chosen successor to take the throne, behave in a certain fashion, and be amenable. to the suggestions of certain persons.» «These being?» «The woman who laughed and cried, `Seek him in the Pit. ' The man in black, who desires your return.» «<PERSON> and <PERSON>. They laid these spells upon it?» «Just so. And the man left it for you to find.» «I hate to surrender the thing just now,» I said, «when it's proving so useful. Is there a way to lift these spells?» «Of course. But it should not matter to you.» «Why not?» «The ring you wear is not the one of which I speak.» «I do not understand.» «But you will. Never fear.» «Who are you, sir?» «My name is <PERSON>, and we may never actually meet - unless certain ancient powers come loose.» He raised his hand, and I saw that he, too, wore a spikard. He moved it toward me. «Touch your ring to mine,» he commanded. «Then it can be ordered to bring you to me.» I raised mine and moved it toward the glass. At the moment they seemed to touch, there was a flash of light and <PERSON> was gone.\nThe Salesmans' Tale:\n\"'Seek the guardians?'\" \"There is a custodian--possibly two,\" she replied. \"A self-exiled Prince of Amber and his sister have guarded a portion of this power for a long while. It would seem in order to see that they still live, still discharge the duty.\" \"Self-exiled? Why?\" \"Personal reasons, involving the late King.\" \"Where are they?\" \"I do not know.\" ...When she returned she presented me with the card, portrait of a slim man with hair the color of rust. \"His name is <PERSON>,\" she said. \"You think I should just call him and ask whether he still has whatever he had?\"\n\"Who is it?", "381" ], [ "I think this might be Dr. Orpheus by <PERSON>. This was published in 1969 and it's the second in a series of books <PERSON> wrote featuring the character <PERSON>.\nDr <PERSON> finds a future Earthworld caught in a double-destructive pincers between benign enslavement by the miracle drug Anagonon and hideous enslavement by invaders from a far galaxy. To meet this twofold threat, <PERSON> must exercise his amazing abilities to the fullest, resorting to time travel, mind transfers, and a breathtakingly swift shell game of body transpositions, all the while battling the greatest odds he has ever faced.\nAs I recall <PERSON> <PERSON> books are all a bit weird even for 1969. The protagonist <PERSON> is some kind of advanced human who can travel in time and occupy different bodies. There is an invasion fleet from the Mandomen Galaxy, though as you say it hasn't reached Earth yet, and the ovipositor bearing aliens are the Myrons:\nThe masculate Myrons of Mandomen Galaxy were a breed that Mandomen mammals found peculiar, although an intelligent insect on Earth (if any had evolved) would merely have found them normal in a different way. Myrons, who were not insects but decapods, had by birth three sexes: male, female, and masculate. The females were the brooders, the mystique centers of clans, the rulers: queens and princesses.", "322" ], [ "The males were the fertilizers, rather stupid, strong in only one respect and otherwise weak.\nThe bracelets behave as you say, and the invaders plan to seize Bracelet One, which controls all the others. <PERSON> defeats the invasion by obtaining Bracelet Zero:\n“Perfectly. But now tell me about Zero.”\n“About Zero?” The German sat up straight. The gynecologist was frowning, puzzled. The other seven merely continued their attitudes of intense involvement.\n“Yes,” <PERSON> insisted. “What about Zero in the Pythagorean arithmetic?”\nBeginning to tremble again, the guilt-ridden psychiatrist ventured: “Zero did not appear in the Pythagorean arithmetic.”\n“Why not?”\n“Because Zero was not known until it was introduced into the algebra by Arabic philosophers nearly fifteen hundred years later—”\n“And if <PERSON> had comprehended the number Zero—what rank would he have assigned it?”\nThe silence was intellectually and emotionally loaded.\nThe German internist fired a reply like a machine gun volley. “The question should be put a bit differently. If <PERSON> had lived today, and if in the light of all our knowledge he had projected his mystical system, which he might well have done: then how would he have ranked the number Zero? I say he would have recognized Zero as the number of psi-space, the number of ancient Egyptian Nun, the formless male-female progenitor of all the gods: the root of our word non. <PERSON> would have accorded Zero a rank higher than One, higher than Alpha—the ultimate rank, with no higher rank possible!”\nThat was when <PERSON> exhibited his bracelet.", "417" ], [ "What's meant by \"the illusion of the chapel ended\" in The Just Men of Cordova?\nIn chapter 17 of The Just Men of Cordova (1917) by <PERSON>, the author is describing a captured man who had been led to a building:\nThe sight he saw was a remarkable one. He was in a chapel; he saw the stained-glass windows, but in place of the altar there was a low platform which ran along one end of the building. It was draped with black and set with three desks. It reminded him of nothing so much as a judge's desk, save that the hangings were of purple, the desks of black oak, and the carpet that covered the dais of the same sombre hue.\nThree men sat at the desks. They were masked, and a diamond pin in the cravat of one glittered in the light of the huge electrolier which hung from the vaulted roof. <PERSON> had a weakness for jewels.\nThe remaining member of the Four was to the right of the prisoners.\nWith the stained-glass windows, the raftered roof, and the solemn character of the architecture, the illusion of the chapel ended.", "624" ], [ "There was no other furniture on the floor; it was tiled and bare of chair or pew.\n<PERSON> took all this in quickly. He noted a door behind the three, through which they came and apparently made their exit. He could see no means of escape save by the way he had come.\nThe central figure of the three at the desk spoke in a voice which was harsh and stern and uncompromising. \"<PERSON>,\" he said solemnly, \"what of <PERSON>?\"\n<PERSON> shrugged his shoulders and looked round as though weary of a question which he found it impossible to answer.\n\"What of <PERSON>, of <PERSON>, of a dozen men who have stood in your way and have died?\" asked the voice.\nStill <PERSON> was silent. His eye took in the situation. Behind him were two doors, and he observed that the key was in the lock. He could see that he was in an old Norman chapel which private enterprise had restored for a purpose.\nIt's already said at first the he was in a chapel, so does the author meant here that <PERSON> firstly guessed that he was in a chapel, then he became totally sure of that?", "573" ], [ "It's part of the story of \"The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs\" found in <PERSON>'s collection of folktales.\nYou can find a translation of it with the parallel German text here.\nThe basic synopsis is that the <PERSON> (<PERSON>-child) is prophesied to marry the king's daughter, to the latter's chagrin. The tries to get rid of the kid by having him go retrieve three golden hairs from the Devil's head. In doing so, he converses with three individuals who need help, including a ferryman who is forced to row and can never be free. Once he gets to Hell...\n...the Devil was not at home, but his grandmother was sitting in a large arm-chair. \"What do you want?\" said she to him, but she did not look so very wicked. \"I should like to have three golden hairs from the devil's head,\" answered he, \"else I cannot keep my wife.\"\nShe decides to help him out.", "351" ], [ "While the Devil was sleeping, she plucked a hair out and told him one of her dreams. (On Wikipedia it says the Devil had the dreams, but the English and German I provided agree it's the grandmother's dreams.) In one of the dreams, she says an ferryman cannot be freed, and the Devil replies:\n\"What was the dream, then?\" asked he [=the devil], and was quite curious. \"I dreamt of a ferry-man who complained that he must always ferry from one side to the other, and was never released. What is the cause of it?\" - \"Ah! the fool,\" answered the devil; \"when any one comes and wants to go across he must put the oar in his hand, and the other man will have to ferry and he will be free.\"\nThe story ends with the <PERSON> telling this to the ferryman and then tricking the king into taking the oars:\nThe greedy King set out in all haste, and when he came to the river he beckoned to the ferry-man to put him across. The ferry-man came and bade him get in, and when they got to the other shore he put the oar in his hand and sprang out. But from this time forth the King had to ferry, as a punishment for his sins. Perhaps he is ferrying still? If he is, it is because no one has taken the oar from him.", "54" ], [ "By arriving at the scene, <PERSON> certainly made a very clear pathway for extracting the stone from the mirror. We can't know for sure what might have happened had <PERSON> not been there. Perhaps the mirror would have prevented <PERSON> from getting the stone altogether -- <PERSON> seemed to think it was effective protection -- or perhaps not. <PERSON> can be very determined, after all.\nTo answer the title question, though: yes, <PERSON> and co. did save the day: <PERSON> did not get the stone, and in fact, was set back a few paces, directly as a result of the actions of <PERSON> and friends. But also yes: they very nearly did lose the day. Things could have gone badly if <PERSON> never had a chance to discover the effect his own skin could have on <PERSON>.\nAs to the final question - \"were the adults correct all along that 'our heros' were meddling outside their competence?\" - it's worthwhile to point out that perhaps not all adults held this view. <PERSON>, in particular, might have specifically intended <PERSON> to get to the final showdown.", "45" ], [ "As we see <PERSON> ruminating at the end of the book:\n\"D'you think he meant you to do it?\" said <PERSON>. \"Sending you your father's <PERSON> and everything?\"\n\"Well,\" <PERSON> exploded, if he did – I mean to say – that's terrible – you could have been killed.\"\n\"No, it isn't,\" said <PERSON> thoughtfully. \"He's a funny man, <PERSON>. I think he sort of wanted to give me a chance. I think he knows more or less everything that goes on here, you know. I reckon he had a pretty good idea we were going to try, and instead of stopping us, he just taught us enough to help. I don't think it was an accident he let me find out how the mirror worked. It's almost like he thought I had the right to face <PERSON> if I could....\"\nThis vaguely resembles <PERSON>'s own words when he later on reveals information to <PERSON> in the Deathly Hallows:\n\"We have protected him because it has been essential to teach him, to raise him, to let him try his strength,\" said <PERSON>, his eyes still tight shut.", "417" ], [ "Did the photo of a woman and a pony really exist?\nI found a rather interesting reference in Slaughterhouse Five by <PERSON>:\n<PERSON> had a block of balsa wood which was supposed to be a foxhole pillow. He had a prophylactic kit containing two tough condoms 'For the Prevention of Disease Only!' He had a whistle he wasn't going to show anybody until he got promoted to corporal. He had a dirty picture of a woman attempting sexual intercourse with a Shetland pony. He had made <PERSON> admire that picture several times.\nThe woman and the pony were posed before velvet draperies which were fringed with deedlee-balls. They were flanked by Doric columns.", "247" ], [ "In front of one column was a potted palm. The Picture that <PERSON> had was a print of the first dirty photograph in history. The word photography was first used in 1839, and it was in that year, too, that <PERSON> revealed to the French Academy that an image formed on a silvered metal plate covered with a thin film of silver iodide could be developed in the presence of mercury vapor.\nIn 1841, only two years later, an assistant to Daguerre, <PERSON>, was arrested in the Tuileries Gardens for attempting to sell a gentleman a picture of the woman and the pony. That was where <PERSON> bought his picture,, too-in the Tuileries. <PERSON> argued that the picture was fine art, and that his intention was to make Greek mythology come alive. He said that columns and the potted palm proved that.\nWhen asked which myth he meant to represent, <PERSON>, replied that there were thousands of myths like that, with the woman a mortal and the pony a god.\nIs there any mention of this event ever occurring? It is like <PERSON> to mix up fictional and non-fictional characters and events and this one definitely did fit in nicely in his cynical portrayal of humanity anyway.\nDoes anyone have any reliable info on this one? Could it possibly be that it took only two years after photography was invented that it was first used in pornography? Or maybe it was an existing urban legend? Or <PERSON> just made it up?", "321" ], [ "A golem core shields its soul from evil\nThe reason that a golem core can only be entered by the willing, has to do with its construction, it was constructed with that one person in mind, and the magic pulls them immediately towards the golem.\n“But you can bring <PERSON> back.” <PERSON> fixed his eyes on the witch intently.\n“I can,” she sniffed, “but not without... issue.”\n“Issue?! You created the Shrine Protector, there were no issues!”\n“Yes, that was <PERSON>, and we molded the Shrine Protector to his soul while he was still alive. They have to be a great fit, you know, the body and the soul, otherwise they just slide off. They are always being drawn back to the Veil. So you would need to bring me <PERSON>’s body—nothing else will fit her soul proper, now. Unless she was already in a golem and didn’t tell you. So I’ll need her body, head intact, and not too decayed! Healing magic on the dead is... clumsy.”\nAnd then there is the evil part. Either the evil is part of this world and it “rolls off” of our bodies normally but she has lost that defense mechanism, or the good is being constantly produced by the soul but now it cannot stay close by:\n“Okay, I’ll do it! We need her! I... I need her.” <PERSON> hid his tears, but she could see his eyes were misty. This was not just about the castle. He started for the door. She grabbed his arm.\n“You need to understand,” she said. “<PERSON> will not be the same.”\n“Not the same, how?”\n“Once we pull her soul back from the Veil, and bind it back to the body, it keeps getting drawn back. All of its light gets sucked that way. You may find her darker. Angrier.", "624" ], [ "Crueler. No emotional control, acting like the world exists just for her. All of that light which your soul can keep close, all of that is constantly returning to the Veil.”\n“So, she acts, I guess, like people act when they are hurt? Am I sentencing her to a life of pain?”\n“Well, yes and no. Pain snuffs out that light too, but from what I know of the folks who have ‘come back’ this way... it doesn’t hurt, as far as I can tell, but they just aren’t the same. Death-touched, is what the ancients used to call it—they forbade this practice outright, don’t you know. She’ll be touched by death.” The witch was clearly running out of words to describe it.\n“But she will still know the way through the caves to get into the castle?”\n“Hard to say. Probably? But it is very likely that her love for you will be gone. You may have to persuade her some other way, some appeal to her more... selfish interests. Power. Lust. Fear. Take your pick. She’s going to be half-animal now. Death-touched. She’s not going to want to depose the Prince just ’cause it’s the right thing to do. That light in her is constantly drawn back to the Veil.”", "417" ], [ "<PERSON> historical novel Witch Wood (published 1927, set in 1644) is an early-ish example of an independent (not clerical) witch hunter in fiction, but this is not at all a heroic one. Anyone thinking of reading it, be warned, that particular section is extremely grisly.\n[<PERSON>'s sermon] had a new hearer. A man sat beneath the pulpit whose eyes never moved from the minister's face--a mere lath of a man, thin to emaciation, with a narrow head and a much-freckled face, a ragged beard, and eyes with red lights in them like a ferret's. <PERSON> noticed that, as the kirk emptied, the others seemed to shun the newcomer's proximity. As he moved to the door, there was a drift away from him, like sheep from a collie.\nThe stranger is revealed to be a travelling \"pricker\" (witch-finder) called <PERSON>.\nAs he rode to <PERSON> next day <PERSON> reflected much on <PERSON>'s tale. Who could have brought a pricker to Woodilee--and lodged him with <PERSON>? Was it the work of the Presbytery? Was it a plan to cover up the major sin by hunting out minor sinners? He knew of the pricker class as of the worst repute, knaves and quacks who stirred up popular superstition and were responsible often for hideous brutalities. Even the Law looked askance at them. He did not like to be absent from his parish when such a creature was let loose in it.\nThe \"major sin\" is <PERSON> himself, a respected Elder of the local church who <PERSON> has reason to suspect is secretly the leader of a coven of devil-worshipping witches. The pricker fulfils <PERSON>'s worst fears.", "351" ], [ "<PERSON> returns home to find that <PERSON>, avoiding all suspicion himself, has accused one of his own deluded followers as a witch, a simple-minded old woman called <PERSON>. With the help of some of the villagers, <PERSON> beats a nonsensical confession out of her, and she later dies of her injuries.\nNotably, <PERSON>'s legal standing is described as none too sound.\n\"If there's blame to be cast it's on this pricker chiel that comes from I know not where.\"\nThere was something in the quiet tones which fell like oil on yeasty water. <PERSON> settled back his sword into its sheath, <PERSON> sat down again on his keg, <PERSON> turned his head to the speaker with the first sign of discomposure he had yet shown.\n\"Ye'll forgive me, neighbours,\" <PERSON> continued, \"since I'm but new come to the parish, but I've seen a hantle o' the world, and I would be wae to see honest men run their heids against a stone wall. The woman may be a' you say and waur, but it looks as if her handlin' had been ower sair, and I'm muckle mista'en if she'll no be a corp ere morning. Consider, friends.--This is no a court constituted by a Privy Council commission; it's nae mair than a private gathering o' well-wishers to the <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER>) is an early-ish example of an independent (not clerical) witch hunter in fiction, but this is not at all a heroic one. Anyone thinking of reading it, be warned, that particular section is extremely grisly.\n[David's sermon] had a new hearer. A man sat beneath the pulpit whose eyes never moved from the minister's face--a mere lath of a man, thin to emaciation, with a narrow head and a much-freckled face, a ragged beard, and eyes with red lights in them like a ferret's. David noticed that, as the kirk emptied, the others seemed to shun the newcomer's proximity. As he moved to the door, there was a drift away from him, like sheep from a collie.\nThe stranger is revealed to be a travelling \"pricker\" (witch-finder) called John Kincaid.\nAs he rode to Kirk Aller next day David reflected much on Isobel's tale. Who could have brought a pricker to Woodilee--and lodged him with Chasehope? Was it the work of the Presbytery? Was it a plan to cover up the major sin by hunting out minor sinners? He knew of the pricker class as of the worst repute, knaves and quacks who stirred up popular superstition and were responsible often for hideous brutalities.", "351" ] ]

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[ [ "I cannot imagine there is one true answer to this. (at least not without fleshing our more of the world and this town)\nIt would only attract nobility and the rich if it has something else. (They are already rich. Food probably is not a problem, unless food is a problem globally?) Maybe a clever entrepreneur created a luxury resort there, and uses the replenishing quality as a gimmick to attack costumers.\nIf it did attack nobility one thing to keep in mind, good food taste good. I don’t believe people would purpose go without eating if food was available and it can be afforded. If you are a rich noble, eating food could be a sign of your power. For the rich eating isn’t about survival in this case It’s about showing your status and enjoying life. Similar concept to the vomitorium of Rome.\nIt could attract beggars, the poor if the environmental conditions were acceptable. If you can’t afford food then you probably have trouble affording shelter and cloths.", "121" ], [ "Going to a place where you will freeze to death instead of starve isn’t that appealing to me at least.\nIf the land all around this place is barren, then the town might be a prospering trading post. No reason to go all the way across the deserted waist land when you can buy and sell your goods at this permanent settlement half way. There could be to types of individuals who live there. Those who laze about just happy that they can exist without worries of food or water. Taking part time jobs just to pay for rent, and minimal luxuries. Those who work so hard that food and water tend to take back seats. I can easily imagine an eccentric researcher/author working day and night on their project of choice, only taking breaks to sleep living here.\nIf there is a hospital in this town, the hospital might receive a good amount of attention. Diseases like Cholera tend to kill you via dehydration and can be treated with proper fluids and Electrolyte intake. In this town you would ‘magically’ stay properly hydrated.", "121" ], [ "Possible body modification for unusually large sword wielding\n<PERSON> was a cook, a really strange one. He would walk crooked forward and slightly bent to his right. From time to time I saw him loosing his balance trying to speed up the dinner time, only to be rescued from falling by nearby sturdy objects which he could grasp on. I never really saw him falling, but that would be a show of its own due to his apparent heavy weight. One time I saw him carrying alone one large pig on his right arm and wondered why he seemed so straight and on balance. Anyone trying to carry that pig would likely drag him through the ground. Even if I was strong enough to lift that animal from the ground, I would definitely fall face first on the mud, that thing was huge!\nHe has something like a stump on his left side back, near his shoulder. Everyone says it's a callus, but I never saw one so big.", "722" ], [ "He would never take off his shirt in front of anyone, so nobody could be sure. <PERSON> said it was the reason he could fight with that monstrosity of a sword. When I first came to the camp I thought that was a cleaver to butcher bulls. I'm responsible for oiling it before battle, alongside <PERSON>. It weighs more than I do and it takes both of us to tend to the blade without ruining it by dropping it on the stone floor of the barracks.\nI never watched him battle on a real fight, but one time he sparred the captain. It was incredible how on balance and fast he was wielding that blade. I don't think something that big should move that fast, the gods shouldn't allow that.\nTL;DR\n<PERSON> has a growth on his left side back, near his shoulder blade. In the story there are people with steel skins and it will be revealed later. The growth is made from solid steel, explaining its massive weight.\n-He is stronger than an average human, nothing like superman power, but something like 4 man-power units.\n-He compensates it by leaning forward, but is really clumsy and loses his balance frequently.\n-While holding something heavy on his right hand, his center of mass returns to that of a normal human being and he can move and fight really well.\nWhat I need to know\n-How believable is that? I know that with fantasy anything could work, but being believable is preferable.\n-What other body modifications would he need to have in order to wield a really heavy and long sword? I'm thinking about having his lower body heavier and also with", "300" ], [ "A charismatic fanatic.\nGive them a leader with very strong ideals, and instead of making him evil and destructive give him personality traits that would make it easy to follow. Strong, smart, fair, self-aware, humourus, and able to take and keep control over the majority of people. And his mind is set strong on that his way is the right way and the only way.\nPlaying into his hand is that people feel lost and insecure about their new home and they are desperate for someone to tell them what to do. Maybe many people suffer homesickness. Or some other reason that makes them feel bad. Let him lead \"a new way\" that discards old beliefs and knowledge, with the promise to feel good when they do it.", "425" ], [ "This way does not necessarily need to go backwards, like the destruction of technology and living primitive, but instead a leap forwards, making current technology and knowledge irrelevant or seem naive.\nWhat that could be in detail is up to you. In any way it leads to him deciding that old contacts are contra productive (like keeping the relationship with your ex alive; why are you hurting yourself? You know this is not leading to anything) and most people will join him willingly and throw out the past. But of course there are always people going against the mainstream (out of multiple motives) and you have to decide what to do about them. Do they have to die? Or can this small fraction form a new settlement and are allowed to keep the old ways alive? Are these two groups allowed to keep contact with each other?\nIf you want to discard of any contact to civilasation you can get rid of the drop-out in multiple ways. They could have a real accident, or an \"accident\" either arranged by the leader or by his followers of which he does not approve (but he only hears about it when it is to late). Or they can go back home.\nAnd then you let three or more generations pass to make sure all \"histories of before\" are only fairytales.\nIf you want it to be more extreme, old histories will be forbidden and destroyed or alternated. But be aware that the reader will expect \"some little bits and pieces\" of previous knowledge to remain and to be rediscovered.", "159" ], [ "First of all. Let me make some basic assumptions. I will assume your world will consist of mostly ocean. I will also assume that there are many continents roughly the same size that we have on earth. That will mean an awefull lot of continents. Furthermore I will assume that your humans evolved on this world.\nEvolution One light year means that on with a speed of 1km/h one would need 1 billion years to cross the planet. With this speed a species that reaches the other side of the world would have evolved into something completelly different by that time.", "258" ], [ "This speed would also mean that even if we assume life starts at one place by one billion years life would be everywhere.\nProbably live would move to each continent separately, but nearby continent would influence one another.\nIntelligence Intelligent life could evolve on many of these continent. But it would still be unlikely for two species to evolve to intelligence at exactly the same time on neighbouring continents.\nLooking at human evolution it appears that we could not cross any oceans until quite late in our evolution. The americas where only settled 40000 years ago. That means that for most of its evolution sentient life will be bound to only a few continents.\nOnly after devoloping ships will people discover the other islands. Note that by that time the people will propably already have developed an advanced culture.\nFrom there a culture can spread across the rest of the world at a relative slow speed. In our society it took only a few centuries from there to developing modern communication technology.\nEffects This would mean that each civilization has a mother continent from where it originates. Politically people further away will become independent from their mother continent. However it would be unlikelly for them to lose all communication with their mother continent.\nSome information of general interest (scientific for instance) could well spread very wide, but a lot of information will probably be only of local interest and people on other continent would not be interested in them.", "335" ], [ "People devise fortresses because in the past, the cost of defense is cheaper than the cost of attack. The defender builds a very high and thick stone/brick wall (certainly not cheap, but the cost is spread out throughout time)and station X amount of people on top of it, and the attacker will need at least 5 times the amount of people and equipment (immediate and present cost) to take it (just look at how many people is scurrying up the ladder, and how many is being killed on the ladder by arrow, hot water, burning log in the movies).\nIt is not until recently, when the advancement in long range artillery technology and modern mass-production industry that reversed the situation. Even the toughest wall can't hold against the repeat bombardment of cheaper, and more powerful artillery rounds that can be sent off the factory floor around the clock.\nAlso, smart generals from all era and places in history always try to dismantle a fortress without turning it into a slug match. <PERSON> has said that \"Attack a forturess head on is the worst strategy\", and <PERSON> (I forget whether it is him) has said something similar to \"If you barricade yourself in an impenentrable fortress, your enemy will seek other ways to get to you.\" A fortress must have self-sufficient food, water, medical, and basic manufacture ability to resist a seige. Special forces has been used to sneak into the fortification to destroy these vital facilities.", "121" ], [ "The larger the fortress, the more unfamiliar the inhabitants are to each other. This allows spys and sabotager to sneak in.\nTo make fortress prominent again, one of these factors must be eliminated. Perhaps this is after a nuclear war that decimated most of the factories around the world. The fortresses are the remaining factories, who needs to be defended with everything the defender has and who can pump out ammunition and other war machine as fast as possible while the attackers must use numerical advantage. Some new methods can be used to detect spys and sabotageurs, such as bio-integrated microchips or just a guard dog/bear/mechanical dragonfly.", "968" ], [ "Completely depending on the aliens\nWith the exception of your last option, the options are all completely based on human politics. I doubt the aliens will be very interested in human politics and will have other needs for their embassy. You don't discuss the location of you new house with your pets, maybe consider their feelings but they don't have much say in it.\nSince you are talking about different alien races the first choice would probably be places were they feel comfortable. Assuming they don't need complete hazmat suits. The cold aquatic aliens will want to be close to the poles, warm aquatic, Mexico bay or the Mediterranean. Jungle aliens in Brazil or Africa, and so on. If they only can build one spaceport probably the most influential alien race determines the location.\nSince they come to earth, for them it would be relatively easy to fly around the planet very fast. (Assuming they have unlimited free energy ,water and nuclear fusion is enough for that).", "197" ], [ "So you can build many stations and don't have to be close to urban population.\nThere is a good chance we humans smell terrible or are very ugly and they don't want to be in our constant presence. Also walking around in a city might not be very nice for them. They will get huge amount of attention and mobs around them. But also the size and shape of our infrastructure might be horribly wrong for them. An elephant sized octopus like alien that uses suction for locomotion might not like our tarmac that much. Also a tiny alien will have a constant fear of being trampled in big cities. Let alone the amount of walking he would need to do to get somewhere.\nSince no natural resources are of any importance to them and also assuming biological resources are not of any importance, the only reason they come here are for the humans. So maybe the art, politics or just curiosity.\nAnswer: So my best bet would be that they build spaceports close to human urban population but far enough away not to be bothered by them and in the best suitable bio sphere for them.", "197" ], [ "I got kinda inspired by many answers here, particularly the <PERSON> and <PERSON>'s.\nA note I will quickly state that there is a strong question 'how do we define civilisation' here. The process of progress in life of humanity started long before homo sapiens was born, not to mention starting agriculture. It started when homo habilis made his first tool. It started even earlier, when whichever homo it was (cant recall) organized his fellows for a first time with speech. I will try to keep to the spirit of Your question the best I can, but please keep this general thought in mind.\n1. In my head, some nomads caught on the idea that if they do some field work on the area in which they are at a given moment, on the next year when they pass on that same area it will have more food for them.\n2. More food is good, so they slowly started to get rid of plants they don't need, planting the seeds of the plants they like, building some protection against the elements for them. This lead to some minor improvement for them, so the next thing they needed was to always return to the gardens they set up along the way. This forced them to develop geography and navigation, so astronomy, mathematics and eventually writing system for those. Btw their life was harsh and difficult, so I expect codified laws rose pretty quickly and independently in many tribes.\n3. Many tribes = many conflicts. Conflicts over naturally rich in food valleys, best hunting spots, rivers richest in fish. Warfare was, historically, the best motor for human development, and probably so it was here. Weapons is one thing, but organisation is another - discipline and communication are a difference between life and death in war.", "121" ], [ "So the conflicts were another motor that driven the development of mobile civilisations.\n4. Conflicts and gardens cultivated along the way brought another point. If i cultivated this garden last year, I want to eat from it now. If someone gets to it before me and plunders it's richers, I'm going to be angry. VERY angry. I'm going to build a fortifications around it and next year I'm going to sent in front of me a quick, mobile force with temporary sun and heat shielding so that i am sure that this force gets to the fortress and the garden FIRST and protects it until my main caravan gets there.\n5. One of the great questions with this world which pops into my mind is oceans. It's impossible to travel around the earth only on foot. Maybe continents on Your planet are places in such a way that this is possible - but if there are any choke points, I would use them to block the passage for those I don't like for as long as I can, so that they die in the nightwinter behind me - again I would need a mobile force which can hold as long as its possible and then very quickly rejoin the caravan.\n6. The oceans bring another point. The first one to master sailing across them gets an enormous strategical advantage. Building ocean worthy ships quickly is tricky, but may be possible - starting with just traveling along the coast maybe (because, You know, big bad tribe is blocking the land passage out of spite), but in the end creating design of vessel which can be built quickly each year, either in great numbers or great scale (massive raft-island?) and is ocean capable.\n7. Far into the future, I see Your species advancing technologically to the point they may even have steam or nuclear powered walking cities - still travelling around the planets after millenia, tough perhaps needlessly at this point. But old habits die hard, we, on earth, still keep traditions which have been rendered obsolete generations ago.\nOn the other hand Poles? Subpolar regions? I don't think I need to elaborate, with right geography they could provide a very interesting alternative avenue for travelling all year round.", "537" ], [ "To balance out the long lifespans, you would essentially need your animals to have long hibernation periods. You could build a world where as the animal grows, the need for food decreases or that the need to feed regularly disappears. Now since the environment is already saturated with magic, I expect the animals to absorb some of it. If they absorb enough, the magic can help regenerate dead cells at a much faster rate. If this continues for long enough, perhaps the animal becomes essentially invincible (e.g., the moment a sword piercing this snake is removed, it heals from the wound). For particularly old animals (30,000 years) you could replace their biological need to eat with absorption of magic in the environment.\nAnother thing that you can do is stop the physical growth. In normal world, animals grow up to a certain size till a certain age and stop growing so much once they reach adulthood.", "227" ], [ "It could be the same there. You could remove the reproductive system after a certain age, even replace hearts with pure magical cores.\nThe skill an animal is learning would also probably depend on their upbringing and inherent abilities. For example, a lame lion would learn speed or stealth while a lion who has generally starved throughout childhood would learn to be a better tracker. For smaller animals you could try increasing their size just enough that its natural predators would be afraid of it.\nLastly, you could make the animals less violent than their normal counterparts. They will generally not pick fights with smaller animals if there is no need. I believe an animal smart enough to learn magic will be smart enough to maintain truce with other animals like itself, i.e., with magical abilities because it will simply not take the meaningless risk just for thrill or food, if it doesn't need it. If you do, however want to make your animals violent, I suggest a specific reason. For instance, if animal A defeats animal B in combat and kills it, A will gain the magical abilities originally belonging to B.", "376" ] ]

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[ [ "Given that the series draws so heavily from Native American mythology, and given what I know as a social worker serving Indigenous communities in Canada. It seems that <PERSON> is borrowing the owl motif from the original peoples of 'Turtle Island' (North America). Many First Nations (Native) groups regard Owls as a symbol of death and a bad omen. You will remember seeing many Haida style totems of Owls in <PERSON> office and other rooms at 'The Great Northern'.\n\"Native American symbols are geometric portrayals of celestial bodies, natural phenomena and animal designs. Native American bird and animal symbols and totems are believed to represent the physical form of a spirit helper and guide. The meaning of the Owl symbol signifies a bad omen. According to Native American legends and myths of some tribes the Owl is a symbol of death.", "919" ], [ "The owl is a creature of the night and was strongly associated with the supernatural. The circles around the eyes of an owl are believed to be made up of the fingernails of ghosts. Owls were also believed to be messengers from beyond the grave and would deliver warnings to people who had BROKEN TRIBAL TABOOS [relevant to the incest themes of TWIN PEAKS]. Even to hear an owl hooting was considered to be an unlucky omen. The Pueblo people, including the Hopi tribe, associated owls with their belief in witches [Dugpa's & Lodge Sorcery?] and the feathers of owls have a very sinister significance. For additional information refer to Power Animals.\" - From https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/owl-symbol.htm (emphasis and parenthesis mine)\nBy all this I mean to add credence to the theory which states that the significance of Owls in the series is indeed a connection to the occultism of the Black Lodge and the malevolent spirits therein, as well as the way in which these entities are a reflection of the dark side of the townsfolk (<PERSON> and <PERSON> chiefly especially in exploiting their daughters, but most others in some sense also).\nIn the spirit of psychoanalytic interpretation of <PERSON>'s cannon I wish also to state that an ethnopsychiatric perspective on the <PERSON> mythology would suggest that they are a representation of what <PERSON> called the 'Death Drive' or Thanatos in opposition to Eros or Love. Remember that the the keys to the white and black lodges are love [empathy] and fear [annihilation anxiety] respectively I wonder if <PERSON> has read <PERSON> work on the Good and Bad object (read: breast; peaks?) as much of his work seems to deal with schizoid defences such as splitting (the sorting of experience into polar categories of good vs evil, nurturance and pleasure vs neglect, anxiety and frustration).", "404" ], [ "What an interesting question. I've often thought about what it would be like to be transported to a different time. I think it would be much like moving to a new country and having to learn the language and adapt to strange customs. I know from personal experience that it is not an easy process to go through, although there are many rewards. The answer to how long it takes to adapt is that like all learning experiences, adaptation to a new culture is a long and complex process, and it is different for everyone. People have very different levels of resourcefulness, and different attitudes toward change. I would think that examining <PERSON>'s assets and deficits in this regard would make an interesting story.\nA Couple of Ways to Think About It:\nYou might want to research the \"stages of culture shock\", which is a construct developed by anthropologist <PERSON> for understanding the process <PERSON> would likely be faced with in adapting to a new culture and language. Wikipedia has an in-depth definition & description of the problem. According to Wikipedia, there are four stages one would go through to adapt to a new culture:\nHoneymoon\nNegotiation\nAdjustment\nAdaptation\nYou might also want to look at stages of grief.", "140" ], [ "In a sense, <PERSON> has lost all his family, friends and everything he knows, BY ACCIDENT. It is reasonable to assume that he would experience grief as it becomes clear to him that he can never return. <PERSON>, a psychiatrist and author of the book “On Death and Dying,” identified five stages of grief, leading to acceptance of loss.\nDenial\nAnger\nBargaining\nDepression\nAcceptance\n<PERSON> will be undergoing both of these processes, while having much to learn simultaneously.\nUsing familiar constructs that describe these processes will help you outline a logical trajectory for <PERSON>'s behavior & reactions to things. While he will have many wonders to explore, he will also experience disorientation, along with feelings of isolation and loss. He will need to be resourceful, and have a capacity for forming new & trusting relationships or he may suffer from depression that undermines his ability to adapt.\nOne of his strengths may be that he has a good education, since he is from a rich family, and may already have some experience learning another language. Maybe he studied Latin. And maybe he has some practice using his noggin.\nBut also, coming from a privileged background, he may be hampered by a sense of entitlement that would make arriving with only the clothes on his back, and no modern work skills quite a hardship. What other character traits does he possess that would either help or hinder him in adjusting to his new life?\nI look forward to hearing more about <PERSON>. He certainly has an adventure before him.", "861" ], [ "One main inspiration for <PERSON> was the Christian Bible. Valinor is a parallelism relating to the likes of Heaven and the Elves who have a very strong resemblance likened to the chosen ones, etc.... All of the books have the prototypical evil vs good story background as does the Bible (as do many other literary sources). Men are corrupted and easily influenced by power and live in the middle earth. <PERSON> was banished, but he returned as Satan was to according to scripture. <PERSON>, the dark overlord and his minions and mordor are all highly resembling of Hell, Satan and Demons.\nAlthough <PERSON> was a devout Christian... He obviously was trying to create a unique story and had an awesome imagination and I don't believe his intentions were to mask the concepts in the Bible as opposed to creating an awesome and truly unique literary work of science fiction. Some other/additional possible influences with the detailed aspects of the races possibly come from Northern Mythology.\nThe ring exhibits a general object of desire. One that is sought after so much that it ultimately and permanently corrupts a soul who is then tortured and tormented at the loss of a material object.", "72" ], [ "Objects of desire in the recorded history of the world tend to lead to wars, murder, etc... I believe this is his main use of the ring as a illustrative tool. Another corollary comes when <PERSON> states (Around 1:24 in The Fellowship of the Ring): \"There is only one Lord of the Ring, there is only one who can bend it to his will and he does not share power.\" Obviously that's a reference to <PERSON> and is illustrative of the concept of <PERSON> and/or God and how they are not subject to the desires of normal man. And just as <PERSON> carried the burden of man and relieved him of his sin - <PERSON> does the same (at least in concept) for all the races of middle earth. I'm not aware of any prior works that have a similar concept of a single ring aside from what's already been mentioned in the other answers.\nHere is a excerpt from the link below:\nReligious influences\n<PERSON> once described The Lord of the Rings to his friend, the English Jesuit Father <PERSON>, as \"a fundamentally religious and Catholic work, unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.\"1 Many theological themes underlie the narrative, including the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, and the activity of grace, as seen with <PERSON>'s pity toward <PERSON>. In addition the epic includes the themes of death and immortality, mercy and pity, resurrection, salvation, repentance, self-sacrifice, free will, justice, fellowship, authority and healing. <PERSON> mentions the Lord's Prayer, especially the line \"And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil\" in connection with <PERSON>'s struggles against the power of the One Ring. <PERSON> has also said “Of course God is in The Lord of the Rings. The period was pre-Christian, but it was a monotheistic world” and when questioned who was the One God of Middle-earth, <PERSON> replied “The one, of course! The book is about the world that God created – the actual world of this planet.”\nCheck this link:\nWikipedia - Tolkien Influences", "72" ], [ "Burn After Reading\nOne of the most relentlessly evil comedies I can think of. Honest though. Brutally honest.\nI made too much hash out of delineating the Brothers in my DRIVE AWAY DOLLS blurb, but there there really is something breathless about the PERFECT editing and Cinematography calibration of these comedies.\nThe right lenses give the right weight, the right edits play the right moments.", "862" ], [ "An almost obsessive interest in character behavior punctuated and reveals.\nI have some understanding that DRIVE AWAY DOLLS is attempting to embrace a visual language that is separate from that formal control...I just prefer the violent effectiveness of the formal control. That's just me though. I wish it was present in that movie.", "645" ], [ "How about some of the words that describe groups which actually were known for this (or similar) intimidation tactics, one video game/psychology theory, and a common troupe. The first and last are very common terms/legends used for this while the second provides some names used for this behavior based on a psycho-analyst model:\núlfheðnar and <PERSON> & the Kaikusi Yumu\nThough originally two groups these are now both more commonly lumped together and referred to as Berserkers. These were two shamanic groups which were known to invoke an animal totem/spirit (the wolf and bear) to intimidate their enemies and build themselves into a rage state which helped to dehumanize themselves (making brutality easier and lessening the effects of fear) and creating an altered-state which allowed them to ignore pain easier 1 & 2. To do this they would perform rituals which included biting their shields and howling or roaring at the enemies3 (some say it included drinking blood or other self-harm events) before and while heading into battle. It's actually the inspiration for a TV trope known as the screaming warrior which has been used in numerous shows and video games. It was also effective as these warriors became legends which were said to be immune to damage from fire or iron 1 & 2 & 3.\nThese were not the only warriors to invoke animal spirits and practice rituals to build themselves into a rage.", "72" ], [ "Carib warriors would try and be possessed by the Kaikusi-yumu 4 the tiger spirit or tiger demon. This spirit would stay inside him until he ate the heart or drank the blood of a slain enemies.\nJungian Psychology and Persona\nThe Persona video games directly borrow from Jungian Psychology and in these games - you must do something painful to activate your powers (like shot yourself in the head or rip a bloody mask off your face). This comes directly from <PERSON> who postulated that an emotional shock or trauma would split off some of our psyche and create a complex 5.\nSo <PERSON> gives us 4 really cool names based on his archetypes: the Shadow, the Animus and Anima, and the Persona - many of which involve pain (or trauma) to develop further (or more correctly dealing with the trauma). In fact, one of the earliest (no longer followed) of <PERSON>'s methods was to have people relive and retell their trauma in order to deal with and grow - a process called Abreaction.\nOf Terror Knights, Black Knights, and Sith\nMany games and movies/tv, have a class of Knight which use attacks and actions that cause themselves damage in exchange for beneficial or combat effects. Such as Tactics Ogre, Final Fantasy, and Star Wars - they are also used in legends and as a representation of <PERSON>. These groups usually use some form of negative energy (whether derived from demons, blood magic, negative emotions, etc) to fuel their spells and abilities and thus either experience a form of blow back from them or actually have to physically damage themselves to even access them.\n1: <PERSON>, Ancient Germanic Warriors: Warrior Styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic Sagas, Routledge, Aug 2004, pg.38-40\n2: Transforming Warriors: The Ritual Organization of Military Force, Routledge, May 2016, pg.55-57.\n3: <PERSON>, \"Bare or Bear, or, the Story of Berserk\", 2008.\n4: The Anthropology of War, Cambridge University Press, Jul 1990, pg.151-152.\n5: \"A Review of the Complex Theory,\" CW 8, par. 204.", "72" ], [ "The place a Reverend Mother dare not look is the ancient force that \"takes\"\nMasculine and Feminine are broken down into a more fundamental concept, Creation and Destruction. Looking inward to the force opposite your gender will be \"overwhelming.\"\n<PERSON> said, \"There is in each of us an ancient force that takes and an ancient force that gives. A man finds little difficulty facing that place within himself, where the taking force dwells, but it's almost impossible for him to see into the giving force without changing into something other than man. For a woman the situation is reversed.\"... \"These things are so ancient within us that they are ground into each separate cell in our bodies, we are shaped by such force. You can say to yourself, yes I see how such a thing may be, but when you look inward, and confront the raw force of your life unshielded, you see your peril. You see that this could overwhelm you. The greatest peril to the giver is the force that takes. The greatest peril to the taker is the force that gives.", "674" ], [ "It's as easy to be overwhelmed by giving as it is by taking.\nwhat is the force that takes? (relating to physics)\nThe B.G. ability to see into maternal ancestry is a product of awakening to the \"giving\" force. A Reverend Mother can see the succession of bio-reproductive creation which culminated in her birth, giving them an unparalleled understanding of the past. Prescience, a common thread in dune, is the cognition of the future. Quite the opposite of other memory which deals only in the past. In physics, Entropy is the destructive force which moves a system from ordered to disordered. To glimpse the future is to see death and destruction of the present (reason why it's frightening). A few times in Dune, it is said that \"time becomes space.\" Observing possible futures would take an understanding of the possible paths entropy could take on it's journey to the entropic heat death of the universe. To understand the future you must understand destruction. It's a reasonable postulate that the \"force that takes\" is the root of prescience, which <PERSON> (nearly) masters after drinking the water of life.", "283" ], [ "<PERSON>\nSKIN- When is a political narrative more than just “Politics”? When it’s vitally personal. When the subject embraces the sociology of a specific time period and illuminates it without didacticism.\nTelling a story through abstraction and bold imagery is a challenge. Not having dialogue to speak for the film maker intent is another challenge. My experience is that this type of concept is extremely difficult to pull off.", "306" ], [ "Painters like <PERSON>, <PERSON> or <PERSON> make us feel what their work is “about.”\n“Skin” does that in the short film format through the juxtaposition of compositions, color, movement and acting. Painting with the camera. All the choiceas are strikingly bold enough to challenge the viewer into deciphering their meaning. Watching “Skin” is not a passive experience, it’s as involving as a traditional narrative. If I say too much I could give you a “Spoiler!” It’s message and meaning gain clarity through it’s images as they inexorably lead us to the final destination.", "529" ], [ "Why did <PERSON> feature fear of contact so often in his work?\nThere is an very common occurring theme in <PERSON>'s work: an obsessive need not to touch people considered unclean, sometimes justified sometimes not.\nExamples:\n1) The Caves of Steel (Robots series):\nThe Spacers (former Earth colonists living in Utopian conditions throughout Space) have long eliminated all disease in their worlds, but their immune systems decayed as a result (the common cold can kill them), so they are downright paranoid when dealing with normal Earth people (who live in entirely different conditions)—forcing them to take thorough showers and burning all materials they come in contact with.\nSource: TV Tropes: Terrified of Germs\n2) in The Naked Sun Solarians go even further by forbidding meeting in perso and touching between any two people Spacers or not:\nBy the time <PERSON> visited Solaria around 5022 AD, its inhabitants had evolved an isolationist culture in which its citizens never had to meet, save for sexual contact for reproductive purposes. All other contact was accomplished by sophisticated telepresence \"viewing\" systems, with most Solarians exhibiting a strong phobia towards actual contact, or even being in the same room as another human. All work was done by robots.\nSource (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaria)\n3) In Pebble in the Sky future descendants of the Settlers are again looking down upon Earthers, this time because Earth is irradiated and they are afraid (based sometimes on the facts, other times on superstition). I can't find the exact quote where imperials avoided touching them, but they certainly were disgusted by the people of Earth whether they wanted to admit it or not.\n4) A somewhat smaller example in Prelude to Foundation. The people of Mycogen, a sector in the planet-wide city of Trantor, have a lot of unusual taboos and customs, one of which involves touching:\nHe manages this by convincing <PERSON> to show him the prized Mycogenian microfarms, a prized source of food for the aristocracy and Mycogenians alike, then asking her to show her their religious historical book. <PERSON> accepts on the condition that <PERSON> allows her to touch his hair; (hair being expressively forbidden in Mycogenian society).\nSource: Wikipedia: Prelude to Foundation\nWhile all of these examples may be justified with a real lack of immunity in (1) and (2) as well as social circumstances in (2), radiation and mutated diseases in (3), then religious fervor in (4), I really noticed the pattern only when I saw the following example:\n5) In The End of Eternity all classes of Eternals despise Technicians (the group to which the main character belongs). They all have to cooperate with them, but not to be nice about it as well.", "950" ], [ "If a Technician is passing through a hallway everyone would look away, etc. The important thing in the context of this question is that in one scene an Eternal was passing by the Technician being very careful not to even touch him. In this example, we are talking merely about professional differences, maybe rivalry and disapproval of what he does. There is no sane justification I can think of.\nAs presented in the examples, this really seems like quite a recurring theme in <PERSON>'s work. Even more so than what Space Elevator is to <PERSON>. Now that I think about it all <PERSON>'s stories settings have always seemed somewhat simplified and sterile.\nSo, what could have been the reason? Was he possibly afraid of germs or perhaps of touch? It is already confirmed that his agoraphobia was an inspiration for future Earth and Trantor. Did he think that the industrial progress would inevitably lead to that kind of lifestyle? Perhaps he was just trying to depict modern world in future, most notably racism?\nAny resources, interviews, mentions, well backed opinions... anything?", "54" ] ]

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[ [ "Image Courtesy of BigWoo\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Card Game\nPlay Time: 45-60 minutes\nNumber of Players: 4 Players\nMechanics – Ladder Climbing, Hand Management, Team Play, Trick Taking\nDifficulty – Moderate (Rules cause difficulties and takes many plays to do well)\nComponents – Very Good\nArtists – <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>\nRelease – 1991\nDesigner – <PERSON> -(All things <PERSON>, Cosmic Eidex, Kremlin)\nOverview and Theme\nFew games can really attain the title of 'classic'. To gain this honour a game generally has to define a new genre, be a worldwide best seller or be around for a very long time. For all the plaudits Gloomhavenhas received over the past few years, it cannot lay claim to this standard...at least not yet. Tichu however holds its head high when described as a 'classic' and is held in equally high regards by gamers all around the world.\nFor that reason I almost feel the need to pay reverence to this title. That pressure is felt even more when I look back on one of my early reviews (2007) that pretty much got the very nature of the game so wrong (from a definition sense anyway). I was suitably schooled for referring to the game as a trick-taking game and it reminds me of my humble beginnings.\nTichu is loved by many all around the world (103,000 plays on BGG is huge for a pure card game and only just bests it with 114K plays). Whilst games like and have five to six times this number of plays, I suspect that many Tichu players would not be regular BGG users or record their plays when compared to those titles (app plays would also be a feature for those other games).", "470" ], [ "Tichu can also be found in as many editions and customised forms as there are strategic decisions to be had within a single game.\nTichu is best defined as a 'ladder climbing' game. That means that whilst cards are played to a single set of cards within a round (which could loosely be called tricks) the defining principal is that the players are restricted to following the type of lead made (only a 3-of-a-kind can be played on another 3-of-a-kind and it must be higher in value to what has been played previously). This is just one example. In addition Tichu is also a 'shedding' game. This term refers to the fact that the players are trying to get rid of the cards in their hand, preferably before anyone else can achieve the same feat.\nIn relation to Trick Taking, Ladder Climbing follows the same principal as following suit, except suit is replaced by following the lead type (single card, straight of a given length, full house, pair etc).\nBeyond all that Tichu is, I think, the ultimate team (pairs game) in tabletop gaming (at least in relation to card play). I don't think anything else comes close. Other releases have tried to play with the Tichu formula, some have tried to replicate its core at different player counts, but none have captured the lightning in a bottle that is Tichu. The game is approaching its 30th anniversary in 2021, although some will point out that its design as we know it leans heavily on several games played in China.\nIf you are not familiar with Tichu...you are in for a treat. If you are then please have a pleasant read and make sure I get it right. My plan here is not to just outline the game but to try and convey the strategic depth of the game and what makes it so enjoyable to play.\nDespite its popularity I wouldn't be surprised if a number of readers are not familiar with it.\nLet me use my esp skills...play the Dragon now...now damn you partner!\nThe Components\nTichu can be found around the world with all sorts of Publisher and Distributor names on the box lid. It comes in many forms from standard cardboard offerings to metal tins and collector edition tins.\nFor this section I will be simply covering the common elements of the game and my personal copy is the classic \\ tuck-box edition.", "755" ], [ "Image Courtesy of <PERSON>\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Roll and Write (Dice) Game\nPlay Time: 30-50 minutes\nNumber of Players: 1-4\nMechanics – Dice Rolling, Paper and Pencil\nDifficulty – Pick-Up & Play (Can be learned in under 10 minutes)\nComponents – Very Good\nRelease – 2018\nDesigner – <PERSON> -( Brikks, Fuji, The Mind, The Quacks of Quedlinburg)\nOverview and Theme\n2018 was a big year for Roll and Write game designs with this title nominated for the Kennerspiel des Jahres, Welcome To...was also released and two Kickstarted titles in Roll to the Topand On Tourlaunched. And I have left off a few more that spring to mind immediately.\nFor those not aware of the genre, Roll ‘n’ WriteGames have been around for decades because Yahtzeewas perhaps the first of its kind. It simply means that you must roll some dice and record one or more results on a scoring sheet of some kind. Now don't be turned off by the Yahtzee reference because this is the 21st century and the genre is getting a little more gamer-fied. I should also probably mention that the genre is being pushed in some diverse directions and the popular Welcome To... is actually a draw and write (as in you draw cards as opposed to rolling dice).\nSo is Ganz schon clever as good as all the cool kids are making it out to be? Where does it sit among the numerous titles that this genre has spawned over the last 3-5 years?\nLet's go into the sitting room to find out. Oh grab that silver platter will you...we will be needing that.\nThe Components\nTwo elements that define a Roll ‘n’ Write game are the fact that they tend to be fairly small in terms of their footprint and the game play is usually directed by the options on the scoresheet itself.", "470" ], [ "This is certainly the case for Ganz shon clever.\nScore Sheets – The scoresheet that each player receives consists of 5 scoring areas in the colours yellow, blue, green, orange and purple. I will outline the function of these in the body of the review.\nAbove those 5 scoring areas is a round track, 2 horizontal rows to record some additional bonuses that can be earned and 3 vertical white spaces, which serve as locations to assign taken dice.\nBefore learning the game it might look a little confusing with all the various icons, arrows and values all over the place. But once you learn the game it all makes total sense and is highly functional.\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON>\nDice – The game comes with 6 wooden dice that are standard six-sided affairs (values 1-6). Five of these dice come in the colours of the 5 scoring areas - I'll let you make your own assumptions as to the connection for now. The last dice comes in white.\nThese are about as standard as they come. I don't know how random the assortment of dice is in the various editions around the world but I have a copy (German Language Edition) that features pips in black and another with pips in gold. I can't see any logical purpose for this as the dice colours with gold pips do not have any special connection to one another (they are the purple, green and blue dice in my copy). I would imagine they were just randomly grabbed at production.\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON> & Rules – The game comes with 4 small black markers that can also work on dry erase boards in other games.\nOf course they only last so long before you need to get some better quality ones.\nThe rules are where the production errs a little. The English translation (from the original German release) is a bit confusing in places but I've even seen some German gamers comment on the forum pages that the English translations weren't where the problems started...that some of the rules written in German are a little ambiguous also.\nThankfully we are Geeks and can find the solutions we need. Hopefully the English edition\\later printings can spell things out more clearly.\nImage Courtesy of Alice87\nPackaging – I really like the small packaging that most Roll ‘n’ Writes allow. But I'm really mentioning this point because inside the box is artwork that represents a Silver Platter.", "872" ], [ "This review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON>\nSummary\nGame Type – Dice Game\nPlay Time: 20-40 Minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-5\nMechanics – Dice Rolling, Dice Management\nDifficulty – Pick-Up and Play (Can be learned in about 10 minutes)\nComponents – Good\nRelease - 2012\nDesigner – <PERSON> (All things Bohnanza, Agricola, At the Gates of Loyang, Babel, Le Havre, Ora et Labora)\nOverview\nWhen I started my journey into the new age of gaming around 2000-2001, Bohnanza was one of the first games I played and I loved it.\nThat still rings true today despite the fact that I play it far less than I used to. So when I heard that the <PERSON> family finally had its inevitable dice game conversion, I knew I had to try it. I prepared myself however for the worst and despite my love of dice games in general, I am getting pretty tired of the current trend to turn almost any successful game or franchise into a cheap and easy dice spin-off version.\nDespite being a dice game, the theme found here holds largely true to the original card game. Players are trying to roll dice in order to plant beans (lock them in), which can then be harvested once a harvest order is completed in full. The more harvest orders that are completed, the greater the payoff when a player decides to cash-in.\nSo how do the old beans fair when they are on dice? Is this a cynical money making exercise or a gaming experience worth your hard earned? Let's find out.\nThe Components\nLike any good filler dice game the components required are fairly minimal...\nDice – The stars of the show are the 7 dice that feature a total of 7 different bean types. Most are common to the card game.\nWhat requires mention is that the dice are split into 2 distinct dice types or sets, a group of 4 like dice and a group of 3 like dice. Both sets differ in the types of beans they offer and how many of each.\nStraight away it becomes evident that the game may require some dice management to maximise your results and this is certainly true.\nThe group of 4 like dice feature a white background, whilst the set of 3 like dice feature a beige background. At best this colouring is not highly evident and at worst it is very hard to see under poor lighting, which is a shame but not a game breaker.\nMost of the time it is not an issue but something could have been done to rectify it in production.\nThe faces themselves are painted on rather than etched but mine are yet to show any serious wear.\nPlease note that in the image below the orange looking dice has been coloured by the owner to help better identify the beige from the white dice. I have not felt the need to do this.\nImage Courtesy of Liumas\nHarvest Cards – The other major component is the Harvest Cards, which the players are trying to fulfill with their rolls.", "581" ], [ "Each card features a total of 6 different orders and the criteria for each order is listed using icons that are easy to understand.\nThe other feature worth noting is that coins/gold or (in Bohnanza speak) Beantalers are listed on the top half of the card. These BEantalers (1-4) are the rewards on offer for completing 3 or more orders.\nThe backs of the cards feature the same classic image of the golden Beantaler, that every Bohnanza game tends to use. These are used to keep track of a player's score as they complete orders and collect their gold.\nThe cards are a nice bit of design. It isn't necessarily impressive but it does the job, is easily understand and allows the game to flow quickly and easily. The cards also feature a matte or linen finish, which is in keeping with the European quality standards that companies like Amigo tend to uphold. Bravo!\nOne element I do like about the Harvest Cards though is that there is much variety in the orders that you need to complete. In all there are a total of 64 cards and 9 different types of orders (with many variations within those types) that need completing. This variety helps the game to feel varied.\nImage Courtesy of Artax\nBean Field Template - A box-sized Bean Field Template is also provided. This is an important feature as it serves as a location for the players to move their 'locked-in' beans to and helps avoid having rolled dice hitting 'locked-in' dice. It also helps to easily identify which dice are still active and which are not.", "872" ], [ "Image Courtesy of itiswonThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nSummary\nGame Type - Board Game (Tile)\nPlay Time: 80-90 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-6\nMechanics – Set Collection, Tile Laying, Resource Management\nDifficulty – Moderate (Can be learnt in under 30 minutes)\nComponents - Excellent\nRelease - 2008\nDesigner <PERSON> -(All things Alhambra, Colonia, Eketorp, Granada, High Tide, Immortals, Metro, Neptun, The Rose King, Shogun, Show Manager,Speculation, Timbuktu, Wallenstein)\n+\n<PERSON> -(All 6 Alhambra Expansions, Flandern 1302, All things Fresco, Indus, LancasterExpansions, Lucky Loop, Maharani)\nThis is the fifth in a series of reviews that will analyse each of the 5 Alhambra expansions. I will outline each expansion on its own merits and then comment on how well it interacts with other expansions in the Alhambra Family.\nAs each Boxed Expansion for Alhambra includes 4 Mini-Expansions, I will refer to a box as an Expansion Set and each of the 4 additions within each box as Mini-Expansions. This will hopefully avoid confusion as I discuss each in turn.\nAt the end of this review is a series of links to help find my other Alhambra Reviews.\nNB - Since the time of writing this review initially, a 6th expansion (The Falconers) in this format has been released. I will look to get to this expansion in the near future.\n#17 – The New Score Cards\nComponents - This Mini-Expansion consists of two component types. First there is the Scoring Round Template, which essentially outlines the points available for each round (as per the original Reserve Tile Player Boards).\nImage Courtesy of Uncle G\nThis is essential now though due to the 2nd set of components, which are the alternate Scoring Tokens. There are 18 in all and they effectively randomize the relative values of each building type for each Scoring Round. These are of a size that allows them to sit snuggly into the brackets of the Scoring Round Template.\nImage Courtesy of Uncle G\nImpact – The New Score Cards have major implications for how a game of Alhambra will play out.", "581" ], [ "Randomising the scoring of each building type means that the building type that is king one moment, may be all but worthless in the next. What results is some careful analysis at the start of the game to calculate the relative value of each building type over the course of all 3 scoring rounds. This will appeal to some and not to others.\nThe other implication is the availability of each building type. The base game was deliberately designed to have fewer of the lower scoring buildings and more of the higher scoring ones. This meant that there was more competition to gain a majority for the high scoring Towers and Gardens and with a greater number on offer, there was less chance to miss out on them if you were in ‘the wrong place at the wrong time’ which Alhambra can suffer from.\nNow of course this is not the case and those 7 Pavillions and Seraglios (blue and red buildings) may now be worth major points. Heaven help the players that are just unlucky to see them come out and get purchased before they have a chance.\nStrategy – I’ll state it again, but it is imperative to know the relative values of each building type at the start of the game as this will help you to calculate which buildings are worth overbidding for and which ones are not.\nIt can also be quite important to gain ‘The Power of the Sultan’ (see Mini-Expansion summary below)!\nInteraction with other Expansion Sets – The Power of the Sultan is another Mini-Expansion in this Expansion Box that allows players to nab buildings of a given colour when they are added to the Market. Having one of more <PERSON> cards at your disposal can be crucial in gaining buildings that are in limited supply or are worth big points at scoring.\nNaturally the Vizier’s Favour is another very handy power to use at the right time.\nFeelings – Personally I am a little conflicted about the value of this expansion. Does it throw up an interesting set of considerations, which adds to the analysis and decision making required to play the game, or is it simply another level of randomness that could possibly throw the final result into total chaos and allow for score blowouts?", "755" ], [ "Image Courtesy of <PERSON>\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Card Game\nPlay Time: 10-20 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2\nMechanics – 'I Cut, You Choose', Hand Management, Area Majority\\Influence\nDifficulty – Pick-Up & Play (Can be learned in under 20 minutes)\nComponents – Excellent\nArtist – <PERSON>\nRelease – 2013\nDesigner – <PERSON> (中山 宏太) -( TOKYO JIDOHANBAIKI)\nOverview and Theme\nBoardgames have taught me a lot of facts and geography over the years and here again I learn some new things. Hanamikoji is the most famous district and Geisha street in the old city of Japan, Kyoto.\nIn this game of the same name, two players compete to attract the favour of these most skilled women of Japanese entertainment and traditional arts.\nWhat struck me after my first read of the rulebook was that this has a similar feel and playing style to a Battle Lineor a Revolver(even a Lost Cities). By that I mean that both players are looking to play cards to their side of the line of Geisha's in order to win them at various locations. Beyond that there is a bit more going on here also, to help it stand out from that competition.\nGrab that money roll and let's talk a walk to the Hanamikoji District. We have a fun night in store.\nThe Components\nMy copy comes from publishers and and it is a lovely production. The box cover is different and appealing and the box size is only as big as it needs to be. In addition to all the nice embellishments below, the insert inside the box also features gorgeous Geisha art.\nGeisha Cards – These are oversized cards (7 in all) with each one featuring full colour art of different Geisha who specialise in one artform or another.", "470" ], [ "The cards all have a dominant colour and then similar hues flesh out the colour palette to create a lovely effect.\nThe only other features on the cards are a single number in the top-left corner and some Japanese characters. The numbers serve to outline how many Charm Points each Geisha is worth as well as signifying how many Item Cards there are in the deck for each particular <PERSON>. I assume that the Japanese characters are outlining the name or discipline featured on each card.\nImage Courtesy of stellarc\nItem Cards – These cards are slightly smaller than regular size and again are dominated by artwork to depict the item most associated with each <PERSON>'s skill. These include items such as the Shamisen (3-stringed banjo-like instrument) and the Shakuhachi (bamboo flute). Then there are other more generic items such as the scroll (used for poetry), the teapot, parasol, a hairpiece and the hand fan.\nThese cards have the same two features as the Geisha Cards, both with the same purpose (although the Japanese characters are no doubt outlining the name of the discipline\\item in question).\nThese cards have similar colouring to their Matching Geisha Cards, although the colours on the Item cards are slightly stronger. When cards are placed underneath their corresponding Geisha Card, the colour palette across the playing surface is very attractive.\nImage Courtesy of tikyjo\nAction and Favour Tokens – Two sets of tokens are required to round out the game. The Action Tokens are small square affairs and use icons to outline what each one does. There are two sets of these, one for each player. My copy comes with tokens in a set of orange and a set in a violet\\light purple.\nThe reverse side of the tokens are greyed out as the tokens should be flipped after use in a round.\nThe Favour Tokens are round and feature a nice piece of art. Some copies come with different colours (I have seen black in the BGG images) but in this production, a muted colouring of violet, light blue and white is present.\nImage Courtesy of REDD55\nRules – The rules are a double-sided affair that fold up to form a little vertical booklet. They do a good job of outlining the game, feature nice colours and images and don't feel daunting.\nImage Courtesy of REDD55\nThe icing on the cake is that all components (outside of the rules) feature a matte\\linen finish, even the tokens.", "872" ], [ "Image Courtesy of randast\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Card Game\nPlay Time: 25-35 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2\nMechanics – Card Drafting, Set Collection, Worker Placement\nDifficulty – Pick-Up & Play (Can be learned in under 20 minutes)\nComponents – Excellent\nRelease – 2015\nDesigner – <PERSON> -( Papua)\nOverview and Theme\nThe year is 1895 and the crisp morning air is shattered by an explosion. The UK Houses of Parliament have been bombed and a young anarchist, <PERSON>, is arrested quickly. The young worker with links to Anarchist groups pleads his innocence, the authorities want swift justice. <PERSON> is put in charge of the Crown Prosecution's case against <PERSON> but his task is much more than simply securing a conviction. London needs to know if this was a solitary act or part of a bigger plot! Speaking of plots...this one soon thickens as the parents of the accused hire a detective, none other than the brother of <PERSON>, <PERSON>, to defend him.\nSo it is that two of the most brilliant minds in London must lock horns, cross magnifying glasses and try to best the other in this game of wits!\nOk, so it is a fairly detailed thematic backdrop for a 2-player card game that is produced and looks (very much) like it could have slotted into the 2-Player series of games. But I like the effort that has been made in this case ( ) and I think the play does a pretty good job of bringing the theme to life.\nJoin me for a quick stroll my dear <PERSON>. We must gather the evidence and determine if this title is worthy of standing alongside some of the other 2-player card game classics!\nThe Components\nHolmes is produced by a smaller publisher in ( being their second most successful release). They have done a great job in producing a game that looks great and will withstand many plays.\nBoard – The board is designed to look like a diary, it is labelled as belonging to Dr <PERSON> (see image further down within this review) on the outside of the board fold.", "470" ], [ "The inside (playing surface of the board) features various locations where cards can be placed and the artwork makes these spaces look like the lined paper found in a notebook. The board has a single fold and when opened it is much the same length as the one used in .\nOn the board itself are 11 key locations upon which Character Cards can be placed. The majority of the spaces are labelled with a day of the week, with Day 1 being the only one to feature twice (all other days appearing only once). In the top left-hand corner of the board are three set positions with the names of the 3 characters that always stay in play (see set-up). The 12th card silhouette space is found in the bottom left corner of the board and this is where the Character Card Deck is placed. Each of the days 1-7 feature an image of an hourglass, which reminds each player that as new cards are revealed, time is ticking away.\nImage Courtesy of Alice87\nCharacter Deck – All of the cards feature a matte\\linen finish and I love it when any production goes that extra mile for the sake of quality. The fact that a smaller publisher can do this tells me that all companies should really be doing it.\nThe first set of cards are the Character Cards. The artwork on these cards is just gorgeous. I guess you would describe it as somewhat cartoonish in appearance, but the colours used and the quality of the illustrations are fantastic. The artwork covers almost the entirety of each card and when placed on the deliberately beige colouring of the board, they pop and really stand out.\nThese cards depict the many characters found within the world of <PERSON>, some that I knew but many that I did not. Each card features a set of icons at the bottom to outline the skills\\benefit of using that character. The rules outline these well but the icons make total sense after a few plays.\nIf I can go on an indulgent tangent for a moment, I always look at the illustration of Mrs <PERSON> and am instantly reminded of the character <PERSON> from the anime film Spirited Away.\nImage Courtesy of randast\nClue Deck – The game offers up 9 forms of Clue.", "872" ], [ "Image Courtesy of <PERSON>\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Roll 'n' Write\nPlay Time: 10-20 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-4\nMechanics – Paper & Pencil, Set Collection\nDifficulty – Pick-Up & Play (Can be learned in under 10 minutes)\nComponents – Excellent\nArtist – <PERSON>\nRelease – 2019\nDesigner – <PERSON>( Adventure Games: Monochrome Inc. + The Dungeon + The Volcanic Island, Archaeology: The New Expedition, Barenpark, Cacao, Gingerbread House, Gizmos, Imhotep, Imhotep: The Dual, All things Sushi Go!,Sushi Roll)\nOverview and Theme\nIn Silver & Gold we have another roll 'n' write design so don't expect any outward theme here. Actually I need to correct that on two fronts...sort of. For starters, the game is actually a flip 'n' write (in similar vein to Welcome To...[although not as meaty]) and the game does use a theme of trying to collect buried treasure on islands, but the game doesn't waste any time referring to who you are and there is no sign of pirates.\nIn truth what Silver & Gold actually is, is another game to make use of polyominoes. In this case the shapes range from 2-4 squares in size but they are still very Tetris-y. I saw you roll your eyes...but stick with me.\nSilver & Gold first came to my attention via a BGG 'Game Night' Video, otherwise I would never have noticed it. For one it is relatively new and two, the game has only had a wider release outside of Germany very recently.\nIt comes to us from the steady mind of <PERSON> most will probably know from other games such as - and Imhotep. <PERSON> would be, I think, our most respected designer here in Australia and he is building up a nice portfolio of world-wide releases now with other notable designs such as Barenparkand Gizmos. We are rather proud of him.\nOk let's dig into this sucker, grab me that shovel will you!\nThe Components\nSilver & Gold is published by in Europe and brought to North America and associated regions by .", "470" ], [ "They've done a great job here in creating a quality package that gets the basics spot on.\nTreasure Cards – In total there are 47 Treasure Cards. Each of these cards depicts an island of one shape or another. Each island is made up of boxes and the number of boxes also equates to the value of the island. The values are found in the top left corner and each one is associated with a treasure type.\nIn truth the treasure type is irrelevant. What really matters is the points that the card is worth if completed and the colour of the card. I guess the symbols could be very important for the colour-blind actually.\nThe other features of note are the 3 icons that may frequent any given card. These consist of a red 'x' or cross, gold coins and green palm trees. I'll cover what these do in the body of the review.\nThe cards are of decent thickness but most importantly they have a glossy finish that enables the marker ink to be rubbed off with a tissue quite easily. The card backs feature an illustration of doubloons to support the buried treasure concept.\nImage Courtesy of stooge\nExpedition Cards – The game contains 8 Expedition Cards, with each of these featuring 1 polyomino. These shapes take center stage and they range in size from 2-4 boxes and feature 6 different shapes in all (two of the shapes appear twice).\nThe card backs feature a question mark to help underline that the players do not know what is coming next. Thematically the shapes on these cards represent the pattern by which the players opt to search the islands for treasure...that would make them a search pattern?!\nWe probably shouldn't look too deeply here.\nImage Courtesy of kalchio\nScoring and Round Cards – Each player will receive a Scoring Card to track how well they are doing. There are 4 key sections to these cards and I will cover them in detail when I outline how to score points. All you need to know now is that these cards are a clever and concise bit of design.", "872" ], [ "Image Courtesy of UnknownParkerBrother\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. If you thumb the bottom as well, I consider that a bonus. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Strategy (Euro) Game\nPlay Time: 45-60 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-4 (Best 3+)\nMechanics – Auction\\Bidding, Rondel, Tile Placement\nDifficulty – Pick-Up & Play (Can be learned in about 30 minutes)\nComponents – Excellent\nArtist – <PERSON>, <PERSON>\nRelease – 2007\nDesigner – <PERSON> Steps, Adventure Land, All things Azul, Artus, Asara, Australia, Coal Baron, Cuzco, Heaven & Ale, Java, Linko, Maharaja: The Game of Palace Building in India, Mexica, Nauticus, The Palaces of Carrara, Porta Nigra, Peublo, Reworld, Riverboat, That's Life!, Tikal, Torres)\nOverview and Theme\nAh Vikings, historically incorrect horned helmets, raiding, sacking, pillaging and looting! If you want all that then go and play something else because these Vikings just want to explore islands and find new homes!\nThat's right folks. Long before <PERSON> gold with the Azulseries, he created a Euro Viking game in the form of...err...Vikings! A game that focused on the less sexy aspects of Viking life such as scouting and being a boatsman, goldsmith or a fisherman. Throw in a Rondel and a set of interlocking mechanisms and you have a strategy game that was well respected back in the day and I guess it continues to be so, with a rating that stands 12-13 years old and sits at 7.3 on BGG. Whilst that isn't shooting the lights out, it is certainly on the better side of good.\nBut how good? And have people rightfully moved on from this one or should we be sparing a thought and return to a game such as this with its Meeple-y goodness?\nPass me that tile will you, I need to go club a fish. Hmm, on second thoughts I might need something bigger. Ah yes, hand me that rondel, that'll do the trick! (How do we not have a viking emoticon by now?!)\nThe Components\nThere have been a couple of productions of Vikings over the years, or at the very least two Publisher names appear on boxfronts - and .", "470" ], [ "I am not sure if there is any difference between the two, but this section will look at the components as found in the Rio Grande Games edition.\nBoard – The board is illustrated byMichael <PERSON>, who for the younger amongst us, was the of his time. <PERSON> made a name for himself by designing luscious boards with artwork that depicted sweeping scenes ( and being two I recall fondly).\nAll that said, Vikings is not really a stand-out for the board artwork but rather for the visual splendor of the rondel in all its Nordic glory.\nThe board itself is a small to mid sized rectangular affair and apart from the rondel, a few tile silhouettes and an illustration of the Viking Meeple sequence, there isn't much more to talk about.\nThe board is surrounded by a 50-point score track that again features Norse stone and runes.\nThe rondel is circular and consists of 12 segments, each with a value of 0-11. It is designed to line up with a Tile-silhouette and a smaller imprint (where a Viking Meeple will be placed). In doing so each segment of the wheel can line up with one of these offerings and an associated cost is assigned to that offering. Physically, the rondel is constructed so it can spin.\nThere is also an additional row of 4 Tile Silhouettes beneath the 6 Round-Boxes. These are used if playing the Progress Version of the game (more on that later).\nThe board is well done and the green colouring is striking. But that said it is more functional than it is beautiful. The reverse side of the board is where <PERSON> his mark with the depiction of a full colour Viking vessel. It's a shame it is rarely seen as even the board folds to hide this image when returned to the box.\nImage Courtesy of Alice87\nBase Templates (Homeland Tiles) – The game comes with blue, L-shaped Templates, which are nice and thick.", "92" ] ]

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[ [ "Manager basically told coworker to shark tables\nI was already annoyed as someone had called off and instead of the owner finding coverage they told me “you’ll be fine”. It ended up being the busiest night we’ve had in awhile which is great because it’s been extremely slow, great chance to make money. Our restaurant goes by number of people and first in gets first table. Right off the bat my coworker who just started takes the first table when it should have been mine. I let it go and took the next table. Then another table came in which would go to me but she went right over. I rewrote the rotation paper and just put her first so there wouldn’t be any confusion. As the night goes on she repeatably takes tables that are supposed to be mine but I let it slide because she’s new.\nWhen I mention it to the owner she says “well I did tell her to help out and take more if you were busy”.", "201" ], [ "The reason I was constantly busy is because I’m expected to do voids, deal with customer complaints, and answer everyone else’s questions. We also have issues with our tickets not printing to the kitchen so I have to deal with that as well. I snapped and told her that was messed up as I don’t get paid extra to deal with all this stuff, I’m actively losing money every shift. She didn’t care at all just pointed out I made a lot of money last month.\nOther than finding a new job what would you do? I get paid as a server but have to train everyone, close most nights which means I have to stay even if I don’t have a table until everyone leaves, deal with all POS issues, customer issues, voids, coworker questions, update items on the POS, frequently get guilted into coming in on my days off. My schedule is constantly changed to accommodate everyone else. She’s obviously aware I should be paid more but she doesn’t care.\nI just want to be a server and not deal with everything else but all of our employees are teenagers so she has no one who is even capable of taking over. If she were to hire someone I would lose most of my hours because we don’t have shifts available for an additional person. My tables don’t know I’m doing all this extra stuff so they think I’m just being lazy which has an impact on my tips. It’s just frustrating to be doing so much more than everyone else but making less and having a lot more stress.", "814" ], [ "Do you think my restaurant is going to shut down?\nI’ve worked at said restaurant over a year and it’s slowly been declining. When I started we were short staffed and have never gotten fully staffed, we’ve had a help wanted sign for 6 months. I’ve trained and had 7 people quit in this timeframe. 7 people isn’t a lot but when the FOH consists of 3 people most days it seems excessive. Our kitchen staff has worked there over 10 years, they are all family and don’t seem to be going anywhere. I am one of two adults on the FOH staff the rest are 17 year old boys. The restaurant is dirty, no one cleans, no one polishes, I’m the only one who cleans the booths and tables. Almost daily I’m wiping off dirty tables that they already set up, removing crumbs, dirty dishes, sometimes hair. I never see anyone wash their hands. The kids have AirPods in their whole shift, eat in front of customers, play on their phone right in front of customers.\nI’ve seen a huge decline in regulars, people who used to come once a week haven’t been seen again.", "203" ], [ "Our reviews are terrible. It’s the type of restaurant that you eat at once and never come back. We’re in a trendy area but the restaurant is dim and hasn’t been decorated since 2010. The owner hides in his office. He expects me to discipline people and make sure they show up for their shifts, figure out schedule changes. The weirdest part is they opened another restaurant that is trendy and doing very well. It’s clean, fully staffed, professional, gets great reviews, and has a GM. We don’t even have a manager?\nIt feels like I’m expected to run the entire restaurant but I just feel embarrassed everyday at work by how shitty the place is. I give great service and try my best but when you have kids messing up stuff and being wildly unprofessional it’s hard. Obviously I should be looking for a new job but I make great money due to the area we’re in. What do you think, does it sound like a business on the verge of dying?", "203" ], [ "Owner lets coworker show up whenever she wants\nMy coworker no called no showed this week leaving me as the only person running the whole restaurant besides the chefs, owner did not care. Next day coworkers shows up right as service begins, we are supposed to come an hour early to set up. I complain and coworkers gets written up for not showing up day before. The next two days coworker again shows up right as service begins. At this point I’m just annoyed, if I didn’t show up on time we wouldn’t be able to open. The only “manager” is me who gets paid the same as everyone else so I’m not disciplining anyone. I complain yet again and the owner talks to her however, I overhear him phrasing it as it’s stressful for ME and I don’t appreciate being stressed waiting to see if she shows up.", "814" ], [ "Basically blamed my feelings for the whole thing, not the fact that his employee isn’t showing up for work. So now I look like a jerk and it’s hostile at work. I was told he could fire her but if he did that I would be required to cover all of her shifts. Is this normal behavior? The owner lets everyone do whatever they want and expects me to pick up the slack.\nAnother thing that is driving me insane is that I requested one day off in December, my first request in 6 months and I was told no. Then he turns around and asks everyone else for their requests off and approves all of them. The person I usually work with on the day I asked for off got the day off but not me who specially asked for it. I’m supposed to have “seniority of the schedule” as he has said but my requests are always denied and my schedule is always changed to accommodate everyone else.", "670" ], [ "Would you quit?\nLong story short I was given a “manager role” and was paid hourly for a bit then they needed servers so I went back to serving. The whole time I’ve been serving I’m expected to be “the manager” and doing extra tasks but getting paid the same hourly as everyone else. For awhile I was happy to help but then I got frustrated that I wasn’t getting paid, felt like I was getting taken advantage of so I stopped caring as much. I still train, do voids, handle complaints, close, help when anything goes wrong, ect.", "809" ], [ "Basically everything but manage my coworkers. We hired a new person who is going to be offered the manager position after 1 month with a $10 raise while also getting to serve and have a full rotation.\nIt’s way too late to ask for a raise and I honestly don’t want the position but I’m jaded about the whole thing. I just can’t get over the idea that I was expected to do all this for a year with no compensation and someone swoops in and takes it with proper compensation. I’ll get over it but I can’t help but think bitter remarks. Would you quit?", "809" ], [ "Thoughts on difficult coworker\nSo this past weekend was one of our busiest of the year bc my restaurant is in a college town and it was homecoming. We were fully booked with a waitlist. My restaurant has a downstairs, upstairs, and patio dining(but we don’t take resys on the patio bc of weather), with two bars up and downstairs.\nSo friday is the first night of the big weekend. This one server, let’s call her <PERSON>, starts yelling at the hosts bc her section is outside and empty while the other guy outside had a full section do to chance. This didn’t have anything to do w me but I feel like it’s important to the story.\nSaturday comes an I’m splitting the upstairs with <PERSON>. She was there all day while I was just night so she had some of my tables during the morning. Bc she had some of tables during the morning, she still felt entitled to them and tried to take them even though they were my section. Needless to say I was annoyed. She also ended up taking my largest table bc she kept complaining about how I was getting more (even tho her section was fuller than mine, my parties were just slightly larger). I kept having to go downstairs and people kept asking me what I was doing and I told them I was taking a “<PERSON> break”. She was also continuously complaining that the servers downstairs were getting more tables.\nFlash forward to today.", "329" ], [ "Brunch is very busy and we are all scheduled when we come in-cut (so we don’t know if we are doubles or not ). I get there first and <PERSON> comes in like an hour later. Brunch goes smoothly and some cuts were made. I was not one of them but they kept 5 severs even though we didn’t have many covers for the evening. I went up to the manager to ask if I could be cut bc I had a lot of things to catch up on plus I was here the earliest. <PERSON>, overhearing my conversation, decides that she also wants to be cut and starts talking over me to the manager claiming she was there first and deserves to be cut more than me. I immediately snap (bc I was already so frustrated w her)and tell her to stop interrupting me and if she would like to speak to the manager she can do it when I’m done since my conversation with him has nothing to do with her. She of course disagrees and goes off on how I made more than her this weekend so I should stop complaining.\nI get so frustrated I leave the room and go tell the host. She and another server see that I’m getting very frustrated and am on the verge of tears . I know the situation really was not a big deal but the way she was treating me and acting all weekend really just made me so frustrated. I go in the employee bathroom to collect myself and another server says they’ll stay for me (which I appreciated love him )\nThoughts?", "329" ], [ "My new manager is making me dread my job\nHey. So for context I’ve been working at my restaurant for a year and a half and I am one of the strongest servers there. We go through managers quickly but I’ve always really liked all of our managers. However a few months ago we got this new bar manager (who we will call <PERSON>). I had no problems with her for her first few months. Then the summer started and I noticed she was always making remarks about how much I specifically make as well as snarky comments about one of the hosts (who is amazing). She consistently micromanages me but when we actually need a manager on the floor she is nowhere to be found. Now this past week was my tipping point. I did a party of 14 people (I do larger events frequently with no problem). There was another party going on at the same time by another server. the tables so nice, they order the most expensive food items and only get expensive bottles of wine. For the bottle of wine, the manager had to open them bc laws in my state don’t let people under 21 open wine bottles.", "329" ], [ "Everything went well considering we had no support (what we call our busboys/food runners). the tip was around $430. At the end of the night she makes a comment to me as I’m leaving saying that I have to tip out the bar 40% of my total tip. Now I had a problem with this seeing as my table only got bottles of wine and we do not tip the bar out on bottles at my restaurant. She wanted me to tip the bartender $200 for doing nothing while I ran around all night taking care of that table. She also wanted me to tip out the other servers (which we don’t normally do) for helping run food but I was ok with that bc at least they did smth. When I told her I didn’t feel as thought I should be tipping out the bar, she said that I’d be tipping out her (<PERSON> the manager) instead since she opened the bottles for me. I had an even bigger issue with that but I just decided to leave for the night and talk to the higher manager another day (which I did and he said she was being unreasonable). Now, the other sever who did a big party said she just made him tip out the bar like normal for the drinks they made and that’s it. No extra tip out. This issue in addition to many others has been negatively impacting my work life. I love my job but it’s really getting to me how a woman twice my age seems out to get me.", "201" ], [ "Rant: Guests that are ultra picky about seating\nI’ve been working a few hosting shifts a week recently and I discovered a new pet peeve: When guests are extremely picky about seating. Recently, it seems like one in every five tables I try to seat has a problem with where I seat them and an ultra-specific request for where they want to sit, almost always when we’re slammed, and usually making me mess up rotation and screw over one of the servers.\n“Can we have a booth? Oh no not this one, we want a BIG one (for a 2 top)” “We don’t want to sit in the bar area, can we sit out there?” “Can we have a table with a little privacy?” (meanwhile the entire restaurant is full) “We want THIS table!” (pointing to a dirty table)\nI get there’s valid reasons why people would prefer certain seats or booths, and if we aren’t very busy I’m usually happy to accommodate. But the last thing I want to do when there’s a line out the door is play musical chairs with a grown ass adult who thinks the world revolves around them.", "314" ], [ "Doing All work\nHello. I’m a waitress at a new place. I like it. People like me so much. Customer service in my country is a mess (know from local subreddit) and people are just amazed and always call me to say thank you for everything I’m doing. I love that appreciation and try my best to earn it.\nOur boys love me. They always chat with me, joke with me and help. On the other hand, girls are bossy with me. I understand that I’m new and someone may try to teach me the specifics of this place but poker face “Go, do this”, “Go there” just sounds bad.\nIt’s been days since our cleaning lady is cursing me for doing a ten men job. Usual day is me running around and doing everything from taking orders, staying on run and cleaning tables while delivering coffee checks to barista while other girls just stand there, chatting, or spin around with some nonsense “I’ll make a visibility of hard work.”\nI understand it can be just me but I mean totally different person (the cleaning lady I mentioned) noticed this, so it’s not just me imagining herself a slave.\nToday I got complaints from manager that I forgot to place forks on the table multiple times. I did but I did it when doing ten men’s job and other girls just walking around with nonsense help I was already doing.", "931" ], [ "Like we got a hall. 3 tables finished and left. I was taking orders from two others and getting them into system. Meanwhile my coworkers could take plates from finished tables, clean them, get rid of coffee cups or anything… No, just staying or walking around the whole building like something was going on. When getting guest bills they just jump into my hands with “I’ll do that”. No, please. Let me finish my task and help me with doing your own work.\nI’m a shy person and it’s only in my peak when I can say something or just say no, stand my ground. That’s the reason why I’m treated like that. What can I do? It’s getting impossible to bare. Should I just mirror their behavior and stop being an all-around-funnyass-girl? I mean doing everyone’s work just worsens mine so it’s like one person doing ten tasks but all are done so-so at the end. Managers at the end see that half done thing and it’s me who “failed”. You can’t fail if you just don’t do (speaking about those girls).\nHelp me prepare for my tomorrow shift.", "13" ] ]

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[ [ "Cardboard and Marbles\nIntroduction: Cardboard and Marbles\nIn the Cardboard and Marbles workshop, participants use readily available household materials to design, build and play games. The workshop encourages creativity, engagement, and collaboration. Each session is designed around an activity or challenge as well as time for participants to work on individual or small group projects. Over the course of the workshop, participants are introduced to some basic cardboard engineering ideas, simple machines, and the design/engineering process.\nActivities are designed to be supported by an educator, and can work in-person or remotely, in out-of-school-time or more traditional settings. Most materials are readily available or can be supplied to participants through a teaching kit.\nSupplies\n* Recycled corrugated cardboard, and assorted other recycled materials as available\n* Cardboard saw/cutter (alternatively, many pumpkin carving knives work well)\n* Tape\n* Sharp, pointed scissors\n* A sheet of printer paper\n* Marbles, ping pong balls, and/or other small balls (the choice will depend on the projects and what is available.) If you are putting together a kit or maker space, consider including: two sizes of marbles, and ping-pong balls.\n* Other household materials as available. If you are putting together a kit or maker space, consider including: colorful paper, tape, paper fasteners, rubber bands, construction paper, large paper clips, glue stick, hot glue, electric cardboard cutter, paper punch.\nBe Safe: You will need to judge the safety of different tools and materials for your group’s age and abilities. The activities assume that participants will be able to safely cut corrugated cardboard. If this poses an issue for your group, you could substitute thin cardboard (like cereal boxes) that can be cut with scissors, or you can help cut the cardboard.\nStep 1: Introducing the Cardboard and Marbles Workshop\nStart by introducing the group goal for the Cardboard and Marbles Workshop: Building a set of playable games out of cardboard and marbles -- a mini-arcade.", "294" ], [ "You can look forward to playing the finished games together, showing them to others at an open house, or -- if you are working remotely -- sharing them virtually at the end of the workshop.\nSome educators have used the “Caine's Arcade” video (see Resources) as a way of introducing the idea of a cardboard arcade. Group goals and structured challenges along the way provide support for participants with a wide range of experience. In engineering, limits or parameters can result in more creative problem solving and can challenge students to pursue unfamiliar directions. The ideal balance of structure will vary for different participants and groups.\nStep 2: Brainstorm & Initial Plans\nBrainstorm: Start by asking participants to describe any experiences they have had playing arcade games or other games with moving parts. Has anyone been to an arcade or game room? After this initial 1-3 minute invitation, transition to brainstorming a list of games that could be built out of cardboard and marbles, or cardboard and ping-pong balls.\nWhile you do not want to lead a structured lecture about specific designs, it may help to have a few images ready to show if the brainstorm needs encouragement. Also, familiarize yourself in advance with the range of possibilities so that you can suggest possible directions to open up the conversation (the intent is certainly not to have everyone build copies of these ideas, the list is just to suggest possibilities). Here are some possible directions for games:\n* Marble runs, for example: https://www.instructables.com/easy-to-make-cardbo...\n* Skee-Ball type games, for example: https://www.instructables.com/easy-to-make-cardbo...\n* Tilt-a-maze type games, for example: https://www.instructables.com/easy-to-make-cardbo...\n* Pinball games, for example: https://www.instructables.com/easy-to-make-cardbo...\n* Foosball type games, for example: https://www.instructables.com/Cardboard-Foosball-...\n* Table hockey type games, for example: https://www.instructables.com/easy-to-make-cardbo...\nAnd together you can invent more!\nPlan: Have participants think about an idea they would like to build and draw an initial sketch. You can use the project sheet (see downloadable: Our Design Process PDF), or just keep the sketches and add them to the Our Design Process sheet later. The sheet is designed so participants can document their evolving ideas, and to provide an entry point for discussing the design process (see Resources).", "593" ], [ "Shadow Stage\nIntroduction: Shadow Stage\nA shadow screen or shadow stage can be used to tell stories, set up mysterious or beautiful scenes, pose shadow puzzles, and learn about how light works.\nShadow Stage was developed as part of the Light and Shadow Workshop, using basic tools -- mirrors, lenses, and flashlights -- as the basis for explorations that can help build an intuitive understanding of how light works. Designed for out-of-school-time educators, the workshop is easily adaptable to other educational settings. The activities also work well for remote learning, since most materials are readily available or can be supplied in a teaching kit.\nSupplies\n* Flashlight (The best flashlight to use is one with a single LED, see Step 4)\n* A sheet of paper (tracing paper is ideal, but any paper or translucent material can work)\n* Tape\n* Scissors\n* 2 cereal boxes (or a cardboard box larger than the sheet of paper, or recycled cardboard)\n* Small household objects, toys, etc. as available\n* Recycle cardboard and other materials as available\n* Optional: paper fasteners (for articulated shadow puppets)\nBe Safe: Do not look directly into the flashlight. Household LED flashlights can cause temporary vision spots. Do not use high-power or “tactical” flashlights, or laser pointers, for these activities.\nStep 1: Build a Shadow Stage\nThere are many simple ways to build a shadow theater (search Instructables or on the web). Below is one fast and simple approach. Any of the materials can be substituted. The approach here uses a “rear projection screen” -- the light and shapes are behind a translucent screen (a sheet of paper), and the shadows are viewed from the “front” side of the screen. This approach is used in most traditional shadow puppet theaters, but most of the activities below also work if you just project the shadows on a wall or other surface.\nThere are three components to our simple shadow theater: supports, a screen, and a light source.\nStep 2: Supports\nTwo cereal boxes can be used as ready-made supports to hold up your screen.\nOf course, you can also make supports out of recycled cardboard, or any number of other materials.\nAlternatively, you can use a cardboard box. This approach is a little more work, but it will help block excess light if you cannot darken your room.", "644" ], [ "Cut a hole in one side of the box, a bit smaller than a sheet of paper. Latter you will tape your screen over the hole and put your flashlight in the box, or cut a second hole for the flashlight if the box is too short.\nStep 3: The Screen\nUse a sheet of tracing paper, and tape it to the cereal boxes (or other supports).\nTracing paper is very translucent so it works well, especially if your flashlight is not very strong. Regular printer paper will also work. You can also use any other translucent fabric or material. A bigger screen may be better for puppet shows.\nStep 4: Light Source\nThere are a few considerations in choosing a flashlight:\n* Ideally use a flashlight with a single LED. This will produce a single shadow. Flashlights with many LEDs will produce many overlapping shadows -- this can be fun to experiment with, but they will not produce clear shadows.\n* Choose a flashlight with a switch that will keep it on.\n* Most flashlights have lenses and/or reflectors designed to form a focused beam. But the best light source for shadows is a “point source” (a single small light source without mirrors or lenses that complicate the path of the light). If you can do it safely, unscrew the front of the flashlight and take out any reflectors or lenses, then reattach the front.\nBe Safe: If you are thinking about disassembling part of the flashlight make sure you/participants can do it safely and can resist putting fingers or other objects into the front of the flashlight when the lens is removed. Do not work with any light with high voltage, that plugs in, or where you do not understand how it works. Do not touch the LED or wires inside the flashlight. If you have any questions about its safety, do not disassemble the flashlight -- most flashlights will still work adequately for these activities.\nSet up the flashlight so it shines onto the screen and you see a shadow on the screen when you place your hand between the flashlight and the screen.\nYou may want to make a stand out of cardboard to keep your flashlight in place.\nYou could also try experimenting with some other battery-powered light sources, for example, the LED lights sold for Halloween jack-o-lanterns, or LED candles.\nStep 5: Using Your Shadow Theater\nThere are many ways to use your shadow theater, and all of them can let you experience different aspects of how light works.", "98" ], [ "Light and Mirror Puzzles\nIntroduction: Light and Mirror Puzzles\nMirrors are familiar, but also full of surprises. Investigating how mirrors work can help build an understanding of how light travels in straight lines, and how a mirror can redirect the light to travel in a new direction.\nLight and Mirror Puzzles was developed as part of the Light and Shadow Workshop, a workshop using basic tools -- mirrors, lenses, and flashlights -- as the basis for explorations that can help build an intuitive understanding of how light works. Designed for out-of-school-time educators, the workshop is easily adaptable to other educational settings. The activities also work well for remote learning, since most materials are readily available or can be supplied in a teaching kit.\nSupplies\n* Flashlight\n* Two Mirrors (Plastic mirrors sold for classroom use are safest, but any reasonably stiff mirrored material will work. Be careful of sharp edges.)\n* Tape\n* Scissors\n* Food cans, or small boxes\n* Three paper towel and/or toilet paper tubes (you can substitute tubes made from a rolled sheet of paper or cardboard as available)\nThis activity works best in a semi-dark room. It should be dark enough to see the flashlight beam if you shine it along a sheet of paper. You can also try making a dark area under a table, or setting up the activity inside a cardboard box.\nBe Safe: Do not look directly into the flashlight. Household LED flashlights can cause temporary vision spots. Do not use high-power or “tactical” flashlights, or laser pointers, for these activities.\nStep 1: Flashlight and Mirror Challenges\nSpend a bit of time experiencing how the flashlight and mirrors work.\nTry putting the flashlight on a table so the beam shines across a sheet of paper. If the flashlight does not lie parallel to the table, you can rest the handle on a book, or tape a strip of cardboard around the handle, so that the beam shines along the paper.\n* What happens when you put a mirror in the beam?\n* What happens when you keep the mirror at 90 degrees to the table, or when you tilt the mirror?\nHere are some more ideas to try, or invent your own challenge:\n* What happens if you put the mirror flat on the floor facing up, step back, and shine the flashlight at it?\n* Can you get the beam to bounce off the mirror and light up different spots on the ceiling?\n* If there is an overhead light in the room can you get the flashlight beam to light that up?\n* Put the mirror face-up on a table.", "644" ], [ "Pick a spot on the wall (perhaps a picture or calendar). Pointing your flashlight at the mirror, can you light up the spot on the wall?\n* Put the flashlight down on the edge of the table so the beam is pointing off the table. Can you hold a mirror in the beam and light up different objects?\n* Put your flashlight on the table, shining along a piece of paper. You should see the beam of the flashlight spreading out as it gets further from the flashlight. Using two mirrors can you change the shape of the beam?\nWhat did you notice about how the light and mirror worked?\nStep 2: Mirror Maze Challenge, Preparation\nThe mirror maze challenge is a fun way to practice directing light with mirrors under slightly more controlled conditions. Since the mirrors are held vertically, it may be easier to see that light hitting a mirror always bounces off at the same angle relative to the mirror.\nTo set up, tape your two mirrors to two (unopened) food cans. If your mirrors have an adhesive backing you can use this rather than tape. (In place of a food can, you could use a wooden block, a small box like a box of teabags; anything that will make a stable base for the mirrors and will hold them perpendicular to the table.)\nMany flashlights don’t lie flat on a table since they have a wider lens in the front and a thinner handle. If so, tape a strip of cardboard around the handle, so the flashlight lays parallel to the table and the beam is visible along the table.\nYou will also need three toilet paper tubes. (You can substitute paper towel tubes cut in half, or make tubes with a sheet of paper cut in half the short way. Longer tubes will also work, but are more challenging.)\nFinally, you need a small object such as a plastic toy or figurine.\nStep 3: Mirror Maze Challenge\nTry the mirror maze challenge:\n* Turn on the flashlight and put it on the table, so the beam shines along the table.\n* Put your small object somewhere on the table (not in the flashlight beam).\n* Now try to arrange all three toilet paper tubes, and both mirrors, to get the flashlight to light up the object.", "636" ], [ "Paper Parachute\nIntroduction: Paper Parachute\nPaper Parachutes are an engaging way to investigate flight and the physics of air, and they make a good design challenge.\nThe instructions below produce a working paper parachute — but there is a lot of room for improvement! After students make and test the basic design, challenge students to improve upon it.\nUnlike many parachute instructions, this design does not require string or knots. While not as efficient as fabric parachutes, these are easy to make and to modify.\nThis Instructable is part of the Paper Flight workshop: https://www.instructables.com/Paper-Flight-a-Pape...\nSupplies\n* 1 sheet of paper (Start with 8 1/2” x 11” printer paper, but then experiment with other sizes and types of paper!)\n* Scissors\n* 3-5 Paper Clips\nStep 1: Square Your Paper\nStart by making a square sheet from your rectangular sheet of paper: fold the top left corner to the bottom edge and crease. Then cut off the rectangular leftover on the right. (Keep the leftover rectangle, you can a make a straw rocket with it.)\nIf you are starting with square origami paper you will not need to cut off the excess, but still fold the paper as shown.\nStep 2: Fold in Half\nFold the paper in half — folding the bottom left corner up to the top corner — and crease.\nStep 3: Cut Along the Long Edge\nStarting at the bottom fold, cut along the long edge. Cut close to the edge (1/4 in or less). You want to cut a thin strip, but not so thin it will break.", "966" ], [ "Cut up to 3/4 of the length of the side and stop (do not cut off the whole edge!) It may help to draw a line to guide the cut.\nStep 4: Unfold\nCarefully unfold the paper.\nGather the two “strings” together and paper clip together. A chain of about 4 clips makes a good starting payload.\nStep 5: Test, Observe, Improve!\nTest your parachute! Observe closely. How can you improve the design?\nLet students work on improving the parachute as a design challenge: testing, observing the results, adjusting their design, re-testing, and around again!\nPeriodically have students share their results, and talk about what they observed, and the theories behind their evolving designs.\nHave students discuss how they think a parachute works. This can be a great way to explore the idea that air has substance — it is matter, not nothing. This is a fundamental concept in understanding the physics of air, and one that is often misunderstood, leading to trouble when students try to explain other phenomena involving air and gasses.\nStep 6: Resources\nPhysics of Parachutes:\nhttps://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/parachute-plu...\nhttps://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/newtlaws/e...\nThis work is made possible by support from STAR, a Biogen Foundation Initiative. The team at Lesley supporting this initiative includes faculty and staff in the Lesley STEAM Learning Lab, Science in Education, the Center for Mathematics Achievement, and other related Lesley University departments and programs.", "1" ], [ "Makey Makey & Scratch Code/Art Storytelling\nIntroduction: Makey Makey & Scratch Code/Art Storytelling\nIn this project, we are taking inspiration from literature to draw scenes or characters from a book and bring them to life through code. Hand-drawn art is connected to a Makey-Makey through conductive copper tape. Then, we use the Makey-Makey Scratch Extension to integrate our real world creation with the digital world of code. In this example, we will bring themes and characters from Dragons Love Tacos to life.\nSupplies\n* A book for inspiration, or a creative idea! I choose Dragons Love Tacos by <PERSON> for this example.\n* Access to Scratch - creating an account is preferable so that work can be saved.\n* Makey-Makey & USB Cord\n* Computer\n* 4-7 Alligator Clips (these are usually included in a Makey-Makey purchase\n* Copper Tape\n* Scissors\n* Paper - I prefer card stock\n* Art supplies such as markers, crayons, or colored pencils\nStep 1: Pick a Muse\n* First, come up with the idea behind your creation.\n* A book can be a great central idea, but students are often inspired to make maps, characters, or creative scenes for this project. Either way, choose an idea.\n* Draw and color the scene you plan to code.\n* Sometimes, looking at the sprites and backgrounds available in Scratch before committing is helpful.\n* Sometimes it is fun to replicating your own art digitally in Scratch.\nStep 2: Make That Canvas Conductive\n* Cut short strips of copper tape.", "845" ], [ "This will act as a conductor for the alligator clips.\n* Tape them intentionally to the art elements you want to be interactive within your code.\n* If doing this with students, this is a great opportunity for a mini lesson on conductive materials. Let them test if the paper alone is conductive. Why is the copper tape needed? How does it help the current flow?\nStep 3: Wire the Makey Makey\n* First, connect the Makey Makey to your computer.\n* Then, wire alligator clips to each strip of copper tape on your canvas.\n* Remember to leave one alligator clip connected to Earth (ground). You will hold this one in your hand as you use the Makey Makey to close the circuits.\nStep 4: Open Scratch\n* Open Scratch\n* Log in or create an account so that your work can be saved\n* Click Create to get to the Scratch Sandbox\nStep 5: Enable the Makey Makey Extensions\nIn the bottom left hand corner of the Scratch sandbox is a + box that allows users to add extensions.\nClick it and add the Makey Makey Extension.\nStep 6: Code Your Scene\n* Use the Makey Makey Extension to code your scene.\n* This isn't a tutorial on using Scratch; there are lots of great tutorials embedded in Scratch to learn how to code within in it. So, here I've just shown you a simple code for a general idea about how a drawing, an electrical interface, and coding software can be incorporated to make something new.\nStep 7: Enjoy Your Creation\nShow off and share your magic!", "177" ], [ "Kitchen Chemistry\nIntroduction: Kitchen Chemistry\nExperiment with small quantities of ingredients from your kitchen cabinets to explore basic chemistry: what does it mean when something mixes, dissolves, or reacts? Some of the combinations may be predictable, some surprising. What ingredients are responsible for the different results? Everyone will have different ingredients and this will make it interesting to share our results.\nThis workshop was designed for out-of-school-time educators as a family workshop (children with an adult present) but can be easily adapted to other educational settings. The activities are suited to remote learning since they use common materials, and not every participant needs to have the same ingredients. In fact, everyone having different ingredients will make it interesting to share results.\nFacilitator Notes: The workshop helps ground some fundamental chemistry concepts in a very approachable way: by experimenting with familiar food ingredients. Participants will observe the ingredients closely, and the facilitator can help link participants' observations to chemistry concepts. Concepts include liquid and solid, and different properties of solids including crystals, grain sizes, etc. (See the glossary for basic explanations of chemistry terms.) Experimenting with mixing different ingredients brings in the ideas of mixtures, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, dissolving, density, chemical reactions, pH, and more. Don’t overwhelm the conversation with the technical terms — it is better to focus on the experiences with real materials, observations, and investigations. Introduce the chemistry vocabulary when it will help give a name to what participants are observing, or it will help explain what is happening on an invisible (molecular) level.\nThe outline is written assuming participants have little background chemistry knowledge.", "440" ], [ "Fundamentally the activity is about observation and encouraging participants to learn by working with the materials. As a facilitator you do not have to know all the chemistry involved — indeed food chemistry gets complex quickly, and few people could claim to understand all the chemistry involved. However, knowing some of the basic ideas can help you point out interesting phenomena, link observations to chemistry topics, and suggest potential further avenues for investigation.\nSupplies\nBe Safe: Use food ingredients only! (No cleaners or things from under the sink!) This activity assumes the adult member of each participant group is responsible for safety and modifying the activities to address any possible food allergy issues.\nWe will use small quantities of each ingredient (a few tablespoons at most). Don’t use anything too expensive -- like vanilla or spices.\nHave participants gather supplies from their kitchen — one thing from your kitchen cabinet or refrigerator for each category below. At this point, participants should keep the ingredient in its bag, box, or bottle:\n* One Liquid ingredient (for example, juice, vinegar, oil, etc.)\n* One dry ingredient (for example, salt, sugar, flour, baking soda, etc.)\n* A blue or purple vegetable or fruit (if they have one)\n* Measuring spoons: ¼ teaspoon, 1 tablespoon (if not available substitute any small spoons)\n* A couple of small spoons, stir sticks, or something to stir with\n* A magnifying glass (if available)\n* Dishcloth or paper towel\n* Two or more small zip lock bags (if available), otherwise any clear containers (glasses, small jars, clear plastic containers, clean baby food jars, clear plastic egg carton from recycling, or other)\nBe Safe: if using jars with lids keep them open! Some mixtures (such as baking soda/powder and vinegar will produce carbon dioxide -- a harmless gas (see glossary for more information). The gas needs a way to escape or it can burst the container.\nStep 1: Gather the Ingredients\nHave people gather their ingredients if this has not been done in advance.\nStep 2: Investigate Your Dry Ingredient\nAs participants finish collecting their materials, have people start the first investigation:\nHave each participant put 1/4 teaspoon of their dry ingredient into a zip bag (or other container) and investigate it.\nSome questions are below, and you can use them on screen to help prompt the investigation.\nInvestigate your kitchen chemistry ingredient: Put ¼ teaspoon of your dry ingredient in a container.\n* Look at it — how would you describe it? (Color, texture, shape?)\n* Look as closely as you can (use a magnifying glass if you have one). What do you see?\n* Rub a pinch between your fingers. What does it feel like?\n* Does it have a smell?\n* Does it make a sound if you shake it?\nStep 3: Investigate Your Liquid Ingredient\nTalk about exploring, observing, and being surprised by common food ingredients.\nThen have participants take a second container and put in one tablespoon of their liquid ingredient. (1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons)\nInvestigate the liquid ingredient using the same questions as above.", "643" ], [ "Among Us Inspired Automata\nIntroduction: Among Us Inspired Automata\nThis project is a STEM-based activity for high school or college students with prior knowledge of how simple machines function independently. It is also helpful if the student has knowledge of how to use lab equipment found in an engineering design class such as a table saw, laser cutter and drill press. By constructing an automata, students will be able to learn how cams, levers, linkages and the mechanics of movement function together. The completion of this mechanical sculpture will also show how simple machines can come together to create non-motorized movement.\nSTEL. In order to implement this tutorial in a classroom setting, we will be using Standards for Technological and Engineering Literacy to gauge what students should know and be able to do in order to achieve a high level of technological and engineering literacy.\nThe basic structure we will use to measure this is by first establishing the core disciplinary standards which represent all broad areas of technological activity in our world. Then we will show the practices that can not only be applied to the core disciplinary standards and contexts, but these can be applied to many real world situations as well. Finally, we establish contexts that tie back into the core disciplinary standards by representing 8 specific technology content areas.\nCore Disciplinary Standard.", "226" ], [ "The core disciplinary standard that aligns with this activity is Standard 2: Core concepts of Technology and Engineering. We see this standard reflected in the activity as we create a system by using multiple simple machines together to make non motorized movement. This activity is also a process where we use different resources and sequence of steps to produce our final product.\nAs the teacher/professor it is important to use STEL-2H where you identify all of the resources needed to create this automata, including materials, tools, machines, time and knowledge.\nPractices that are used in this activity include systems thinking; as we will be making separate simple machines function together to provide an output of up and down movement.\nMaking and doing; as we will be modeling, building and using scientific principles to create a physical, non motorized product.\nCritical thinking; as students will use their logic, reasoning and prior knowledge of simple machines to generate movement with only the materials provided.\nContext. The context that aligns with this activity is TEC-6: The Built Environment. We see this context reflected in this activity as students will design a wooden structure with components inside of it that also has to maintain its structure as it is interacted with. This is similar to real world structures such as building structures and students will understand that all structures have subsystems that have specific purposes. This activity also helps with spatial relationships, as students have to make sure things are scaled appropriately. Despite primarily being made of wood, students will notice that a different material would function a lot differently.\nSupplies\nFor this activity each student will need\nBass wood sheets\n* Longest sides- 18cm x 10cm (x2) -- 1/8th inch drilled holes 5cm from the bottom\n* Base- 9.9cm x 9.8cm\n* Inner squares- 9.9cm x 9.2cm (x2) -- 0.9cm x 1.2cm cut in the center\n* Front cover- 7cm x 10cm\n* Back cover- 10cm x 10 cm\nBalsa wood\n* Large wheels 4cm in diameter (x2) -- 1/8th inch drilled holes, 1 hole in center, other hole near edge\n* Large wheel 4cm in diameter -- 0.9cm x 1.2cm rectangle in center\n* Small wheel 2.5cm in diameter -- 1/8th inch drilled in center\nAdditional materials + tools\n* Dowel rod- 15cm, 1/8th inch diameter (x2)\n* Flat rod- 12.5cm x 1cm\n* Foam sheet\n* Among us inspired character- 5.7cm x 4.3cm (provided)\n* Wood glue\n* Ruler\n* Drill press or hand drill\n* Table saw\n* Laser cutter\nBased on the materials purchased, three students could do this project for about $30, with majority cost being in buying the wood\nAll dimensions and drawn parts for the automata can be accessed through this google drive link numbered in parts1-11:\nhttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1gc9_obpzO7PdRYqbSs5ck8peBmUeyC6T?usp=sharing\nStep 1: Longest Sides\nUsing a drill press or a hand drill, drill the 18cm x 10cm pieces of bass wood with a 1/8th inch drill bit 5cm from the bottom.\nStep1 needed parts and dimensions for automata can be accessed through this google drive link:\nhttps://drive.google.", "668" ], [ "Evaporative Cooling: Tree Sweat, Bottle Sweat\nIntroduction: Evaporative Cooling: Tree Sweat, Bottle Sweat\nUsing infrared thermometers students investigate the cooling effects of evaporating water. To find examples, we don’t have to look further than, well, sweat. Sweat is critical to keeping our bodies cool when we exercise or spend any time in the heat. When the water in sweat evaporates from our skin it carries off heat. The same principle -- called evaporative cooling -- can be used to cool other things: water, food, even buildings. Some evaporative cooling technologies date back thousands of years, long before electric refrigerators or air conditioners were an option. Evaporative cooling also explains one of the ways trees and other plants can help cool the area around them.\nEvaporative Cooling: Tree Sweat, Bottle Sweat was developed as part of the Science of Sweat Workshop, including investigations of how sweat, and more generally evaporating water, can cool things down, and the impacts that extreme heat can have on our bodies. Designed for out-of-school-time educators, the workshop is easily adaptable to other educational settings. Topics include evaporative cooling, the water cycle (including the role of energy), urban heat islands, and staying cool while outdoors. These topics are important to spending time outdoors in the heat, they bring up environmental justice and equity issues, and they provide a hands-on introduction to widely taught science concepts.\nSupplies\n* 1 or 2 zip-close plastic bag (quart-size, or any size available)\n* 2 metal water bottles\n* Unglazed clay flower pot (1 or 2 inches larger than the diameter of the water bottle)\n* Cork or stopper (to fit the drainage hole of the flower pot, or tape over the hole with duct tape)\n* Clean sand (approximately 3 to 4 cups)\n* Optional: unglazed clay water bottle or pitcher (see resources section)\n* Student Thermometers, preferably IR Thermometers\nNote: IR (infrared) thermometers -- sometimes listed as non-contact thermometers, or “temperature guns” -- allow students to digitally measure the temperature of objects without touching the object. They are wonderful tools for science investigation and can be purchased for $10-$12 and up. Having several will allow students to work in small groups. Choose an IR thermometer that is designed for uses other than (or in addition to) checking body temperature. For example, an IR thermometer that is listed as useful for cooking, refrigeration, or swimming pools.", "440" ], [ "Many models have a built-in laser pointer -- this is helpful for aiming the thermometer, and most models allow you to turn this feature off. You can find models without the laser feature if you are not confident that your students can use a laser pointer safely.\nStep 1: Tree Sweat?\nYou sweat. Trees sweat… sort of. For plants, it is called transpiring, at least in polite company.\nEvery leaf has tiny holes on the bottom that can open and close (called stomata). The holes let air in, so the plant can absorb gasses it needs from the air, and also lets the leaf release excess gases. Our lungs do the same thing for us.\nWhen the stomata are open, water also evaporates from inside the leaf. Evaporating water carries heat away from the plant — cooling the plant. In fact, if there are enough plants, they can cool the area around them. What are other ways trees can keep you cool?\nYou can catch some tree sweat by putting a zip lock bag around a few leaves on a tree. It may take an hour or two (less on a sunny day) but you should start to see some condensing water on the inside of the bag. Lucky for you, tree sweat doesn't smell!\nUse the IR thermometers to check the temperature of leaves, and compare them to other surfaces and materials.\nBe Safe: Many IR thermometers have a built-in laser pointer to help you aim the thermometer. Never point the laser into your eye, or into the eye of another person or animal.\nStep 2: Bottle Sweat\nIn many parts of the world, clay water jars are used to keep drinking water cool without a refrigerator. Unglazed clay lets a very small amount of water seep through (it is slightly porous). The water on the outside of the jar then absorbs heat from the jar as it evaporates, removing heat from the jar and cooling the water inside.\nThis phenomenon was used starting thousands of years ago in areas including India, parts of Africa, and the Near East. There are even ancient Egyptian drawings of people using fans to cool clay water jars.\nYou can buy a clay water jar or pitcher (see Resources), or follow the directions below to build a “Zeer”.", "440" ] ]

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[ [ "Attempt #1: Pop off with the phoneme loss! Drop that phone[me] wherever and whenever it occurs. Memory modification, censorship, etc. Functional? NO. What changed once can change again—what was lost can be regained. Language changes, sometimes with surprising rapidity. Most likely, you've bought yourself centuries, tops.\nAttempt #2: Change the biology! Surgically remove a critical sound (or 3) from the entire species and its genome. Functional? NO. When we were monkeys, we didn't have the vocal range we do now.", "350" ], [ "What's to say that one day, some strange mutation will give the species that sound back? A stronger solution—you've bought yourself time on an evolutionary scale, but it's hard to say exactly how long. Longer than the lifetime of your species? It's a loaded question, and one you can't say yes to.\nAttempt #3: Make the entire species mute! Surely that would do the trick—homo sapiens now photosynthesizes and absorbs nutrients through its skin—no need for a mouth any more! Sign language is now the name of the game... although there are still a couple problems:\n1. Still a possibility of genetic regression—or direct modification—sound, with its properties as a medium that doesn't require line-of-sight, is very handy for communication and it's understandable that future peoples might walk down the auditory road once again, whether through genetic modification to reintroduce speech or through cybernetics or magi-tech.\n2. Not entirely clear about whether this fits the question or not, but I'd worry that someone working on their 'Illusions (Auditory)' or sound-box-module for purposes of communication (non-biological but still sapient communication) could accidentally 'speak' the Word.\nIn any case, at this point, you've bought yourself a long time. But it's not permanent, not yet.\nAttempt #3, revision #2: If modification of the human doesn't suffice, what about modification of the medium? Drain out the atmosphere! Spacesuits are the new black! Better yet—genetically modify folk to survive in vacuum, or in the seas, places where uttering words with normal, atmospheric phonetics would be rather considerably difficult with human physiology and physics. However, we still are not yet free: if humanity leaves for other stars, what's to say there won't be some other world with an Earth-like atmosphere out there? (Not sure if the Word counts if spoken in climes so distant, but if it doesn't, space migration is totally the easiest solution to the issue, just saying.) And what's to say, since the atmosphere was once changed, that it can't be changed again? Drained atmosphere regained? Terraforming undone?\nNo, the ultimate solution, then, seems to be simply blowing up the planet and creating a society in the vacuum, living in zero-atmosphere environs without even the gravity to bang two molecules together! Prevent voyages to potentially atmosphere-having worlds with strict pseudo-religious conditioning (possession of pressurized gases is VERBOTEN AND HERETICAL), genetic modification, robot failsafes, and using the splintered bits of the solar system to craft an impenetrable shell of rubble around your nascent civilization.\nAnd even then, it'll still fail, in the end. Without the supervision of an insurmountable, unchanging, and impartial power, the annihilation of the Enemy, or the extinction of the species, the carefully designed controls will meet their end, entropically see-sawing along the gradient of error tolerance with which they were constructed until finally the threshold is crossed and prevention is no longer possible.", "350" ], [ "Absolutely. Yes.\nFirst let's take a stroll through some of the responses by others, then see what's left to explain.\nCan a 2d cross section of you reproduce?\nAnalogies between dimensions are very useful for introducing the concept of higher dimensions. However analogies—like models—are only useful within a certain domain (e.g. illustration and teaching) and can be invalid or misleading elsewhere.\nFor example, geometric relations between 2D shapes and 3D solids (e.g. circles and spheres) seem to work out nicely, but that's only because we established geometry to be that way in the first place! Geometry is conceived assuming \"Platonic,\" ideal shapes, divorced from reality on purpose. It doesn't say anything about what actually exists in 2D.\nI haven't read up much on the recent evidence about anyons. Even if 2D particles were said to have been \"found,\" I'm doubtful physicists mean \"2D\" in the way we imagine it. (From a cursory glance it looks like they're talking about fractional or statistical dimensions.)\nNow, a common illustration of why 2D \"people\" can't exist was parodied on Futurama:\nHow would these beings \"eat\" if a digestive track would divide them into completely separate halves? (<PERSON>, a theologian and priest, wrote about these hypotheticals nearly 150 years ago, in his seminal fictional work Flatland.)\nAnyone who takes this argument seriously though (and Futurama wasn't), might want to re-evaluate their analytical foundations :-) I mean first of all, what a fatally anthropocentric definition of life and reproduction! I could lead us through some mental exercises to conceive what a 2D being might be like, but it's a little off-topic so I'll put it in an appendix.\nIf a universe existed with 5 spacial dimensions, there can be no such thing as a '3-dimensional version' of an alien creature which exists in the 5 dimensional space.\nI didn't take OP's question as asserting 5 spatial dimensions. There exist theories of multiple time dimensions under which we are all cross-sections of at least 5D spacetime, as long as we're defining \"existence\" in time and \"kime\" as the coordinates between which our 3-space bodies have been born and deceased.\nBut regardless, even if OP meant 5 spatial dimensions, that still doesn't rule out existence of 5-beings or their interaction with 3-beings. What could be the case is that we're all 5-beings, but we \"3-beings\" never developed (or lost) our ability to perceive and move in 5-space—therefore we remain \"stuck\" in a 3-film of 5-space, but freely moving 5-beings can \"cross in\" if they'd like.\nFinally, there's speculation that there aren't really \"kinds\" of dimensions. It's just the framework that most pleasingly organizes the \"hologram\" of the real universe that we're able to perceive using our organs, and also given the systems of knowledge (e.g.", "154" ], [ "mathematics) we've acquired and invented. I'm partial to this belief myself, so I think arguments about space versus time are moot.\nAnyway, I'd like to re-emphasize the danger of analogies, pointing this out explicitly: We seem to want to support fiction in Worldbuilding. We also seem to want to adhere to strict \"realities\" regarding dimensionality. Fine, then. But realities regarding dimensionality do not follow from analogies regarding dimensionality. Dimensions get weird:\nMeanwhile, @ProjectApex makes some compelling arguments. First, this thought: Would a 5-being look at a lifeform so primitive that got stuck in a 3-film, and even consider it \"alive,\" much less want to copulate with them? But in the OP's world, they do for some reason, right? So I think we can take it as a given.\nBut I agree with @ProjectApex that reproductive mechanisms (nay, even just consciousness) would be so different that, a 5-being trying to make sense of the 3-being lifecycle would be like decoding an ancient language. On one hand, they have the physical advantage of being able to study us inside-out (literally). I think what we consider \"life\" might to them just be a chapter in inorganic 5-chemistry. On the other hand, such an advanced lifeform might have a very progressive take on life, reproduction, and consciousness. It may decide that 3-beings, as limited as they are dimensionally, enjoy a rich world of consciousness, reminiscent of fractals: only increasing in intricacy despite being fixed upon a coordinate.", "154" ], [ "Write what you want to write: Accept what people want to read into it\nThis is a balancing act, but ultimately we're in La mort de l'auteur territory here.\nUltimately, readers are going to... read... things into what you have written. Some are going to read \"overly\" literally and miss your figurative intent. Others are going to reach for innuendo in everything that you, in your own head, meant literally. Subtext will develop. Critiques will form where random things are picked apart and you're left wondering when you even wrote the passage in question, because you don't even recall using that specific phrasing and certainly not with any intent for a particular interpretation of it.\nArt has two sides. Any art. Any act of communication. There is the side of the creative experience. And there is the side of the interpretive experience. The more you try to strangle your art into a narrow existence of precise communication, the more sterile it becomes.", "487" ], [ "This works in certain circumstances, but for fictional writing I find it to be generally detrimental.\nYou need to chose what you're okay with, in terms of what an audience interprets as how they experienced what they read, versus your intent in what you wrote. And you need to understand that if you're not okay with a specific interpretation, maybe you need to not write whatever you believe will lead to it: struggle all you want, get as explicit as can be, and all you've done is call attention to whatever it is in question.\nConsider, if you read a passage where an author went out of their way to try to highlight that a banana was merely a fruit, merely meant literally—in a work with other figurative uses for other objects, no less—don't you think you'd find it significant that so much time was spent talking about bananas? Wouldn't it seem to, in its own way, be an act of emphasis? Wouldn't you question whether the author's narrative acts in regards to the banana might not have aspects of deception, in terms of trying to claim it is only meant to be a banana?\nYou can't win this, and you're the one starting it\nPeople are going to read what they want to read, and their basis for that is what you put in front of them to be read. Writing is communication, and communication is always interpretive between the parties involved. Language alone is interpretive: we used a shared basis for meaning, but even with supposed authorities we still develop different interpretations of individual words, much less the nuances of those words in shifting contexts.\nIf you're using an item in a scene which has widely known and widely used alternate connotations, puerile or not, your only even marginally safe road if you are concerned is to remove it entirely, substitute something else for it.\nOne question I would have is, why is there even, explicitly, a banana at all? Why not just \"a piece of fruit\"? I love detail, but ultimately you're the one in control of what you write with detail and what you don't: and you can't escape the fact that the more detail you give, the more questions of whether there is a reason for that detail will occur in your audience. You put in the assumed effort and care to write it, why wouldn't someone think there's significance to the specific choices in what you wrote?\nIf you can't beat them, join them?\nSometimes the best foils for defusing something are your own characters. Rather than refuse the interpretation of readers, acknowledge that it will happen by letting your own characters engage in it.\nThe easiest way to control a narrative, inasmuch as one can, is to own it.\nMany people make phallic metaphors out of bananas. They make jokes about it. They tease each other about it. Some people find this exceedingly juvenile. Some court it. Some are oblivious to it.\nSo rather than run away from this, use it. Your intent might not be to have your use of bananas have any lingering other meanings, but outside of literature, when has that ever stopped anyone from doing so?\nWhy do you expect it to be different with what you write?\nHow would your characters, if they were real people, actually act in this situation? You can still speak through them, at which point it's easy enough to have someone pick up on the metaphoric aspects and run with it—teasingly or more circumspectly—and someone else react, perhaps by becoming annoyed that they can't even \"eat a banana in peace\" (which would undoubtedly get its own reaction, leading in turn possibly to something like an exasperated facepalm and a request to just drop it or something similar).", "873" ], [ "They used to think life was inevitable, the apex of a beautiful thermodynamic spiral that shaped stone, water, heat, and light into primitive creeper-clays, which blossomed into fantastic shapes as evolution took hold. Again and again, they came to a new world in a likely orbit and saw alien but uncannily familiar forms: smoking chimneys on the ocean floor, continents rolling with rainbow waves—even, once in a very long while, the glint of mirrors pointed at the stars. Their best geological models assured them that wherever the right ingredients met in the right proportions, life would flourish.\nThey were wrong.\nAs they sailed further into the cosmos, they realized with growing horror that evolution on rocky planets runs at the edge of a lethal instability. Life branches out in just the wrong way, a new kind of chemistry falls into place, and evolution's kill switch snaps shut, flooding the atmosphere with toxic gas. They found planets with air so corrosive that even their probes succumbed, dug up fossils that could only be handled through layers of glass. They learned it could happen at any time, without warning.", "978" ], [ "It happened on their birthworld, and would have made their home a necropolis, if by that time they hadn't learned enough to stop it. They learned of it, in part, from hundreds of young civilizations that had taken notes—panicked, or meticulous, or sublime—as their planets burned to ash.\nThey decided to do something about it.\nThey hurled into space an armada of uncrewed container ships, sailing the slow road to barely-visible stars. Each one was inscribed, in dozens of subideographic hyperlanguages, with an explanation of its purpose. Where they landed, their senders hoped, perplexed scholars or shamans or hive-dancers would eventually read and understand the omens of the disaster the inscriptions foretold. If the need arose, they would open the containers and wake the equipment inside. Armed with magical tools, on a quest as nonsensical as the sickness overcoming them, they would follow the poison in their air to its source and cut the photochemical chains dragging their world to the grave.", "514" ], [ "Short answer: probably not usefully.\nYou're probably going to end up with a molten space-puddle in the process, which in turn is going to take billions of years to cool, the time required to throw enough kinetic energy at it to get it going in the first place, and then doing it all again to slow it down not withstanding. I can't make an estimate of how long that would take because I know nothing about orbital mechanics, but at blind guess, millions of years minimally when you consider how vast space is, how many objects are going to be involved, and the fact that none of them are under power.\nBut even then there's the problem of having enough rocks around to do this, and to do it with any synchronicity. Remember our own moon was another planet hitting Earth, and it barely effected our orbit at all, mostly just the direction of spin.", "921" ], [ "You need a lot of mass hitting your planet (and if that mass isn't removed somehow, each hit makes the net process harder and harder—the end state of your planet is going to have a helluva lot more gravity than it started with). You probably want many, many, millions (probably billions, maybe trillions; I don't have a real sense of the maths here, and the size of the rocks is really going to matter) of kinetic impacts all timed to gradually achieve your goal. But let's say millions; millions of destination objects are going to add up to many, many more billions of smaller objects involved in these chains of gradually scaling impacts; and not just untold billions of them, but billions of the right size and right trajectories to make this all possible, which in turn means they'd need to be selected from trillions and trillions of objects that weren't useful (or you'd have to explain why everything in this region of space was so auspiciously arranged, anyway). This is turn is going to raise the question of how a technological society emerged in a region of space this ludicrously dangerous in the fist place.\nA lot of computing power is one thing, but the society that could even power the computers that could do this math have much, much, much better ways of achieving the same end.\nIt's also worth noting, though, that this basically is how everything in the universe is currently arranged—gravity and kinetic energy are mostly how everything's moving anywhere as it is.\nSorry if that's not a very fun answer!", "921" ], [ "I began writing this before I saw <PERSON>'s answer; I apologize for the overlap.\nAt first, I found it difficult to imagine Dexterity having anything to do with Organization. In my personal experience, I've observed that disorganized people just don't find the present time or present space very interesting. They can have far reaching, creative visions about the future however, as well as rich hypothetical past chains of events—and I would even say they are in a way more dextrous because they prefer not to commit to ideas (which pluck them out of the hypothetical and put them in the \"present\") and can flexibly switch foundations as needed.\nSo, I wondered, what dimensions akin to Impact and Dexterity would I associate with Organization? Definitely keeping in mind that you may not want to add a third dimension, but it helps me to go down this route anyway. I imagined words like: Steadfastness, Resolve, Honor, Loyalty, Guardian, Defense.\nBut okay, suppose it's not practical to add a third dimension. Then it's a little tougher, but I can think of 2 ways.\n1. Refocusing what Dexterity means in your world.", "140" ], [ "You can continue to call it Dexterity, but in your storytelling keep reinforcing it with the notion of deftness (edit: ha, exactly like @Ash's \"efficiency\") and similar. I think doing so would nudge your readers / participants to think of the word Dexterity in the acting context that you yourself seem to imagine, rather than the thinking context where some would find Organization a questionable effect.\n2. Refocusing what is important to Organize in your world. The other direction would be to emphasize domains where Dexterity does help Organization, while shying away from contexts where that isn't so clear cut, thereby, just as above, forging the arc of meaning you desire. For example, shying away from mundane office desk jobs where dextrous minds typically aren't likely to succeed, and instead talking about, say, an on-site director of the construction of a makeshift emergency tunnel: requirements are constantly changing, there are so many unknowns, yet this person is deftly recalculating supply and demand, reassigning human resources, and making it happen!\nIn summary, going by (popular) type theories but also my personal experiences, Dexterity isn't a word that evokes Organization in my mind. But you absolutely can convince your audience using compelling examples. You only need the audience to believe in the portion of your world that matters to your story.", "140" ], [ "Is it possible to write fiction as a non-sensing, non-worldly person?\nI've always wanted to write fiction, but I've been afraid I'd sooner or later be limited by my lack of exposure to the world (or having any desire thereof). I barely watched television growing up, so my knowledge of pop-culture has always been abysmal; I'm that guy who never saw any popular or classic movie. I thought <PERSON> was a new kind of TiVo for at least a day or two when his name was all over the tabloids. (I don't remember what the actual news was, despite friends having explained it to me.) I don't remember anything that's not important to me, like people's names, restaurant names, and dates of events.\nMeanwhile, I seem to have uncanny recall for things surrounding emotions that matter to me, like how a certain string of words, casually remarked by a friend while driving him to work, actually revealed a hint of an insecurity (as I was making a left turn onto Lusk Blvd on a Tuesday morning).\nOutside the \"emotional\" scenarios however, I feel completely oblivious to the world. Furthermore I feel unworldly, because I've never traveled, nor do I feel very much desire to travel—there's so much to do in my room alone!\nDespite all this, I feel I may have developed a relatively rich understanding of people, having played an unofficial role of \"therapist\" for many friends, sometimes even strangers.", "96" ], [ "I think that I may be able to write something that \"befriends\" and communicates a new idea to even the most \"closed-minded\" of people. (For example, it seems \"closed-minded\" people are only closed to things they perceive as a threat, so if you show them you mean no harm—that you're not there to threaten the beliefs that subconsciously uphold their feeling of self-worth, but instead ready to forgive all wrongs and promise unconditional respect despite whatever they may believe—then in my experience, they tend to open up. Admittedly, I am a bit of an idealist.)\nBut how do I make a story out of such abstract thoughts, if I have nothing concrete to work with? I'm afraid that I'll never become a good writer, because though I may possess all the floor plans, I have no brick with which to manifest my ideas.\nIt would be greatly encouraging for me to know if I'm not alone in being and feeling this way, e.g. if there are well-known authors who write despite having this personality, and I'd want to read whatever I could find about their process of writing. Perhaps it's merely an extreme case of a relatively common issue that authors have? I wonder things like: Is it possible to write an entire story abstractly,\n[Here, <PERSON> says something that betrays that she's hopeful, despite insisting she's indifferent.]\n[At this point in the story, <PERSON> should do or say something that reveals a non-malicious but still condescending or patronizing attitude toward <PERSON>.]\n[Somewhere around here, the phrase \"run away from your problems,\" needs to be stressed, as it's a phrase that <PERSON> is sensitive to and easily misconstrues.]\nand fill in the actual details later? (Has a well-known story ever been written this way?) But I don't know where else to ask such a \"personalized\" question. I apologize in advance if this question isn't a good fit for the site; I understand if it is too specific to my case to likely help future visitors and thus needs to be closed.", "460" ], [ "Poor Things\nPromethean ideas of the cost of scientific ambition have obviously been crowding my brain as of late, so the <PERSON> parallels were immediately exciting. This cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific curiosity would be delivered through a female Creature who, for once, is no one’s bride. Just, perhaps, someone’s daughter, but even that isn’t as clearly cut.\n<PERSON> was labeled a modern <PERSON> because he chose to challenge, by way of scientific ambition, the mandated divine order, just like the titan did when he stole fire from the gods to give it to man. Here, he even goes as far as to have others, including his Creature, affectionally call him “God”, making the matter even more obvious. How, I immediately asked myself, as if all that video essay research made it into an obvious <PERSON>’s gun, is this particular modern <PERSON> going to be punished for his crime of sacrilegious curiosity?\nWhat a pleasure to discover, along with <PERSON> herself, that curiosity, specifically hers, is not to be punished but celebrated. That there is actually as much philosophical and scientific value in the slow but unstoppable uptake of childlike wonder as there is in the more mature ways of exploring existence. That the world as seen by new eyes is terrifying, but also shockingly straightforward.", "660" ], [ "If x, then y. Repeat.\nNeither God created <PERSON>, they merely gave her a body and a brain to work with. Everything going forward was all her doing. To discover oneself is to create oneself.\nAnd as <PERSON> discovered the adult world by touching everything and putting it in her mouth, creating her own world in the process, I thought back to the other reason <PERSON> stole fire from the gods. He wanted to help mankind. Empathy got him punished for eternity. May that not be the case of <PERSON>.", "660" ] ]

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[ [ "The Flight Millennium Controller\nIntroduction: The Flight Millennium Controller\nI realized a PCB remote control in order to control remote controlled objects and more particularly an airplane. This one works in wifi 2.4Ghz, has an Oled screen, joysticks, potentiometers, buttons/switches and a pipe to select the device to control. I made a form of controller resembling the famous \"Star Wars\" spaceship, hence my dedication to the millennium falcon.\nAfter mentioning the hardware used, I will talk about its operation, the schematics of the two PCBs (transmitter and receiver) and before the conclusion and demonstration, the programming of the two boards.\nSupplies\nFor the transmitter :\n- 2x Potentiometer 10Kohm\n- 2x Joystick\n- 1x Oled screen\n- 1x Double switch\n- 1x plate of six micro switches\n- 1x 220ohm resistance\n- 1x led\n- 1x Arduino nano\n- 1x 9V battery\n- 1x Connector for 9V battery\n- 1x switch ON/OFF\n- 1x 2.4Ghz wifi module and its regulated power supply\nFor the receiver :\n- 1x 2.4Ghz wifi module and its regulated power supply\n- 1x Arduino nano\n- 1x plate of six micro switches\n- 1x 2.54mm connector strip\nStep 1: How It Works\nAs for the controller :\nOn the back of the PCB :\nYou can distinguish the 9V battery and the ON/OFF switch that turns on the remote control.\nOn the front panel :\nThere are two potentiometers that can be used to implement functions that are not yet determined at present.\nA switch allowing to lower or raise the wheels of the plane (the led lights up in red once the wheels are raised).\nTwo joysticks allowing to control the 3 axes of the plane and its acceleration.\nThe button of the right joystick is used to switch from one display menu to the other, and the button of the left joystick does not yet have a specific function.\nFinally, in the upper right-hand corner, there is a binary micro encoder that is used to determine the communication pipe of the transmitter.\nAs for the display of the oled :\n!!! The images showing the screen display are cut off because of the refresh rate of the camera compared to that of the Oled screen. So it does not reflect exactly the final rendering !!!\nOnce the transmitter is switched on, it tries to connect to the emitter having the same pipe as it, during this phase, we can see on the screen the inscription \"connection\" followed by the binary code of the pipe to be searched.\nAfter finding the receiver, the screen displays the digital value of the potentiometers, the left joystick button, the switch and the battery voltage in the aircraft.\nBy pressing the right joystick button we go to the next menu, this one displays the value of the potentiometers and also the minimum, middle and maximum value of them.\nFinally by pressing again a last time we go to the last menu which displays the flight time and the software version.", "769" ], [ "A last press allows to return to the final screen.\nStep 2: PCB Schematic, Transmitter\nThe PCB was designed on Altium, and produced by JLC PCB.\nI realized mechanical perforations to be able to pass the potentiometers and also the relief of the oled screen and the wifi module. I also made perforations for screws in case I want to integrate it in a case even if I like the bare rendering. You will find enclosed the ZIP to send on JLC PCB.\nRegarding the soldering of the components, just look at the pictures and reproduce them.\nNote that I finally used PS4 joysticks much more precise than those used for the footprint design, so I had to adapt them.\nFiles: https://github.com/NaberTimothy/The-Flight-Millennium-Controller\nStep 3: PCB Schematic, Receiver\nFor the receiver located in the aircraft, simply connect the different servo motors in the appropriate sockets.\nFiles: https://github.com/NaberTimothy/The-Flight-Millennium-Controller\nStep 4: Programming\nYou will find enclosed the two arduino codes, one for the receiver and one for the transmitter.\nFiles: https://github.com/NaberTimothy/The-Flight-Millennium-Controller\nStep 5: Conclusion\nThis \"Instructables\" page, focused on the transmitter PCB and not on the aircraft or the receiver. Nevertheless here is a video demonstration of the final project.\nThanks and see you soon for new creation, or the continuation of this one!", "611" ], [ "3D Printed Mini Radio and Amplifier\nIntroduction: 3D Printed Mini Radio and Amplifier\nAnother project I had always in my list is to make a little radio with an amplifier, a speaker, a battery and an FM module. Let's see what you could make with a little inventiveness, a few cheap modules, a 3D printer and a few tools.\nStep 1: The Modules\nSome years ago I bought a cheap small 2W speaker, and after a few time the rubbery plastic became sticky and I dismantled it to throw away its case. I kept everything else and the battery still works good. That speaker has a jack as well as a 3.5mm plug.\nAs synthesizer I bought a digital FM module, it's nice to see and has two rotary encoders to set syntony and volume.\nStep 2: A Few Addons\nYou also need a bigger on-off switch, an antenna, two knobs. You can choose this material to personalize your device as much as you wish.\nStep 3: The Sketch\nTo avoid any problem and mistake, I always suggest you to draw a fast sketch by hand, after taking all the measures needed. This will be very useful to make a design with a 3D software.\nStep 4: The 3D Model\nI designed the case with Rhino3D, but you can use any 3D software, from openSCAD, FreeCad, SketchUp, Blender, to Thinkercad. Some are free, other are commercial, but they're not expensive, and all are good to model a case for your devices.\nI attach three .stl files, which are the case, the bottom cover, and the support for my switch, which can be different for your switch.\nStep 5: Time to Print\nWith my Tronxy 3D printer, a small, cheap and old but very good printer I bought years ago, I made all parts I need. I had to let the slicer adding some supports, which are annoying but sometimes necessary.\nStep 6: Finishing\nAfter removing every supports, I sanded surfaces and checked the dimensions so that parts fit together.", "729" ], [ "I had to file and reduce some edges, but after some work everything fits, also the FM module, having rounded its corners, enters in its seat. A piece of electrical tape will avoid short circuits.\nStep 7: Wires\nAs you see I had to solder some short wires, to extract LED and switch from the plate, and so that the speaker Li-Ion battery will power the FM module too. The antenna and the audio jack will exit from little holes.\nStep 8: Fit Everything\nEverything fit in seat, the round circuit board wedge in between the holes, so that it doesn't need to be glued. The switch support is glued to the ceiling, and a piece of plexiglass is glued on it and to the wall, to reinforce the connection.\nStep 9: Close It\nThe bottom lid only needs two screws, since the front side will slide inside the edge. I added four rubber feet, to avoid slipping.\nStep 10: Turn on and Enjoy\nAs you see the rear mini-usb socket will charge the radio battery, and you can also hear the music in the while.\nIf you take out the jack, you can insert your earphones there. And you can connect another device with another audio jack in the other socket, to hear any other audio source on this speaker. It's also quite powerful, as it uses a neodymium magnet.\nI hope you can build your own radio following my advices. Please write any your comment below.", "996" ], [ "Mini Regulated Power Supply Unit [UPDATED]\nIntroduction: Mini Regulated Power Supply Unit [UPDATED]\nI've always been attracted by compact instruments, and I love to buy electronics kits and build small and pretty devices.\nYears ago I bought a regulated power supply unit (PSU), which has the interesting feature to vary current intensity other than voltage.\nVoltage (Volt) is the \"pressure\" of the electric current, and intensity (Ampere) is the \"flow rate\" of the current. You have a big power (Watt) when you have a high flow which push hard ;-)\nStep 1: Dismantling and Adapting\nAs first thing I tested my device, and I started to imagine the best way to build something around it. As you can see I connected it to the battery pack I lately refurbished with ten 18650 cells. Since that Li-Ion power bank is quite powerful now, I wished to take the best advantage from it. I also thought to incorporate the device inside the battery pack, but space was not enough. This way the regulated PSU can be powered by any battery or wall plug power supply.\nSeparate the top and bottom boards unscrewing the four screws, which act as connectors too.\nStep 2: Think Bigger\nIf you need to regulate voltage and current often, those small pots are not convenient, and although they're quite precise, they need a lot of turns to travel from low to high. So I decided to substitute them with a couple of bigger pots. I had to choose between many types and shapes, and I opted for two classic pots.\nStep 3: Soldering External Controls\nThe value of the new pots is the same, 10Kohm, the central pin must be soldered in central position also for new pots, and to find the right position of the other two pins you can make a try, but if you look on the side of the original pots you can see a diagram and the pin corresponding to clockwise rotation. I also added a 2.1mm DC power socket connected with wires at plus and minus DC-IN pads, but then I inserted a general switch on the positive wire. As outputs I used two (red and black) banana plug panel sockets.\nStep 4: Design and 3d Printing\nI think design is the funniest part, as you're totally free to chose any detail, from dimensions to knobs position, from color to grid shape. After decided which components to use, I spent one hour or two drawing, taking measures with caliper, calculating the minimal space required inside the case.\nI would't deepen the process to draw in 3D with Rhinoceros since I already explained some basics in other tutorials.", "267" ], [ "You can also use OpenSCAD, which lets you to develop a parametric 3D model. Obtained a good 3D model, which I attach here for you, I exported it as .stl and I loaded it in Cura from where I saved the G-code to upload into my little 3D printer. The result was perfect at the first try, but I added some improvements in the final version of the file.\nStep 5: First Test\nAfter having waited something like 5 hours the end of the print, I couldn't wait to try the case. So I plugged in position all the parts, and fortunately I didn't find obstacles.\nStep 6: Some Weight\nWhen you pick up a tool, a gadget, an object in general, the weight transmit a sense of toughness and quality. This is the reason why I decided to use a thick iron plate as bottom. I drilled four little holes for the screws, I removed the rust, and left two big hole there were before. I attached a thick tape on the inside face, to avoid short circuits.\nStep 7: The Cooling\nI red that this device hardly keeps 5A (maximum load) especially for long time, without heating too much and turning off. So I added in the design a little motor and a very little fan, working always whenever the PSU is turned ON. The motor work at only 3V, consumes a few mA, and makes some noise. If I had owned a small enough brushless motor, I would had used it, because of the reduced noise and the longer life.\nThe little fan is 3D printed, I made a minor mistake in design and I couldn't use all the space, but I didn't want to make the case again only for that. I attach .stl file of the fan.\nStep 8:\nTo power the motor I used a voltage regulator https://www.mouser.it/_/?keyword=L78L33, which only keeps 100 mA load, but it's perfect for this purpose. Then I also added a 40ohm resistor to reduce speed and noise.\nYou can see the black small 3.", "646" ], [ "No PCB WiFi Smart Switch W/ ESP8266 and Ubidots\nIntroduction: No PCB WiFi Smart Switch W/ ESP8266 and Ubidots\nI know that a well done electronic project needs it own PCB to assamble it. In the best-case scenario we can afford a custom PCB order from a company as JLCPCB as an examble, but this is not always the case, sometimes we are just trying to build a prototype that we consider do not need a PCB to do what it meant to do, and we need it for now so we don't have time to waiting things to arrive.\nThat's why I consider that knowing that we can replicate or build our projects with Perfboards is important, so I build this tutorial to show you how do I made my Perfboard version of a PCB project that I've done years ago.\nIf you are a visual learner I know that a video worth more than 1000 words, so here is a Tutorial video. (I am a Spanish speaker, so please consider turning on English subtitles):\nHope you to enjoy the project!.\nStep 1: Skills Needed\nAs you could noticed, nothing looks very difficult on this project, but you will need some basics knowings about:\n-Using the Arduino IDE.\n-Welding.\n-Wiring.\nDisclaimer: notice that this project works with main voltajes, please don't do anything if you don't know how to handle this securetely.\nStep 2: Components and Parts List\nA good place I can recommend to find your components, it's MakerFocus, it's an Open Source Hardware Store!\n1. Perfboard.\n2. ESP8266 WiFi Microcontroller.\n3. BTB16 .. BTA24 Triac or Similar.\n4. Hi-Link 3.3v Power Supply.\n5. 2x Terminal blocks 3 p, 2 p\n6. 100nf 400v Capacitor (104)\n7. 2x 470 ohm 1/2W Resistors\n8. 470 ohm 1/4W Resistor\n9. MOC3010 Opto-Triac\n10.", "382" ], [ "2x 1Kohms Resistors\n11. wire\nStep 3: Circuit Diagram\nThe circuit is simple, it has the ESP8266 connector, that has all the resistors to set up the ESP on boot mode. The Triac Switching stage that handle the main voltajes and the current of the load to control, and the Power Supply that converts 120-220Vac to 3.3v DC to power up the ESP8266.\nSchematic PDF attached.\nDOWNLOAD Schematics, Code and Libraries for FREE\nStep 4: Circuit Assembly on Perfboard\nThe thing with this project is to use a perfboard to assemble it, I usually use custom PCBs made by JLCPCB as you can notice on my other projects, so lets get through this.\n1. Clean the surface of your perfboard with sandpaper.\n2. Place the components and solder their pads.\n3. Make the connections with a strip of wire in the digital stage (low voltage).\n4. Make the connections with an isolated wire in the Power Stage (Main Voltage).\n5. You are done.\nIf you want to build the PCB version of this project you can order it on JLCPCB, they manufacture really fast and best quality in the market Printed Circuit Boards:\n📦$2 for 5 PCBs & cheap SMT (2 Coupons)\nStep 5: Programming the ESP8266 and Testing\nTo properly program our ESP8266 we need a USB to TTL interface, it could be an Arduino (w/o the atmega), or a USB to TTL converter, in my case I made my own USB to TTL adapter circuit to program specifically the ESP8266, you can see it here and make yours:\nFirst of all, create your Ubidots Account (could be the STEM free student version).\n1. Open the code (Download here).\n2. Select the ESP8266 Board.\n3. Select the right COM port.\n4. Set your Ubidots Token in the Code.\n5. Set your WiFi credentials.\n* In this case the device name is \"wifiswitch\" (you can change this).\n+ The variable that is controlling the switch is called \"light\"\n+ The output pin of the ESP8266 is the GPIO0.\n+ The input pin for the external push button is the GPIO2.\nOnce you program your ESP8266, test it, verify it connectivity to the network and use the Serial Monitor to see if it subscribe properly to the device \"wifiswitch\" and the variable \"light\" and show you every detail as you can see in the picture attached.", "977" ], [ "ControllerMan S6 - Arduino Midi Programmable Stomp\nIntroduction: ControllerMan S6 - Arduino Midi Programmable Stomp\nThe moment you start looking for a midi controller is the same as you start having to study how the midi protocol works. Normal people would look for the midi controller that suits them but the Maker is not satisfied and wants to do more: this is why we are here. Arduino is a great platform to control the midi protocol and you just need few more components to make it working. Then, you have to choose what to do to get the best.\nYou need to choose the right size to get the best compromise between space and functionality. I can say that more is better but not everything is necessary at the same time so I decided to create the Layouts. In this project you have six buttons but switching trough four layouts you can have 24 virtual buttons! Every layout is identified by a color (red, green, cyan and purple) and the RGB led lets you know anytime where do you are. And this is just the begin because every button can be configured to support Double-tap and Long-tap functions so, in a single layout you can access up to 18 functions as well.\nYou also need to know what a button does and this is the begin of the problems so becomes necessary to use a display. A large display lets you read everithing when you are standing.\nEvery component has been purposely choosen to be easily available on the web.\nSupplies\n* Arduino nano with terminal adapter;\n* 1590DD alluminum chassis (187x119x33);\n* LCD Display 128x64 ST7920 5v;\n* 6 momentary stomp box buttons;\n* 1 RGB led common cathode;\n* sockets for Midi and power;\n* socket for 9v power and a 1N4001 diode for for reverse power protection (any 1n400x series will be fine);\n* screws and PCB spacers;\n* drill and fretsaw\n* The source program: https://github.com/mrandisi/controllerman\nStep 1: Let's Get It Started!\nOnce you've got the components, you need to do a great job to drill the aluminum box. It needs a lot of manuality to do it so I decided to give only the major guidelines.\nTo begin, sign with a pencil the button positions to make the hole. Make sure that internally you have space for the bolts: the box has the beams for his screws! Afterwards you can choose the right position for the display keeping in mind to left space for the Arduino socket on one side and the RGB led on the other. Make the same for the sockets on the back panel. A new set of drill bits for metals will be you best friend to cross the aluminum without effort.\nStep 2: Drilling the Box\nTo make the holes begin from a small one. Enlarging it will let you keep the center with more precision.\nThe worst comes with the display's hole.", "769" ], [ "You need a fretsaw and a lot of patience. I suggest to divide the work in two or three days. Make sure to design well the footprint, you will not have a second chance! To begin you must first make a hole with the drill. Then remove the blade from the hacksaw and reassemble it by passing it through the hole.\nInstalling the display, make sure that is in line with the surface of the box. To protect the display, cut out a phone film large enough to cover the entire hole. Apply some strips of double-sided tape around the display frame, then attach the film - dust will no longer be a problem.\nYou can download here the graphics: https://bit.ly/CMS6Graph\nPrint a low quality preview before the final sticker, to make sure it fits well. You can edit it with Gimp to let your printer realize the perfect size. Take the cutter and make a hole for the display. Don't be in a hurry to attach it - make sure all the front screws have been mounted.\nStep 3: Install the Source Program on Arduino\nTo proceed you need the Arduino IDE: go to https://www.arduino.cc/en/software and get the right one for your platform if you haven't done so yet.\nYou also need the controllerman program. Get it on https://github.com/mrandisi/controllerman . It contains the main program controllerman.ino and two library headers with the implementation inside: DeviceSettings.h and Display.h .\nCopy the controllerman folder to your arduino projects folder and open it into the IDE. Some libraries are missing, install them clicking the top menu Tools > Manage Libraries. If no error occurs you will be able to upload the sketch using the top-left arrow.", "379" ], [ "Give New Life to Your Drill\nIntroduction: Give New Life to Your Drill\nLike a good maker I would never leave an old quality battery drill in the trash can. So when I found it I decided it was time to improve my refurbishing skills with last (at least for me) technology.\nThe main purpose of this instructable is not to explain all the steps needed to complete the project, but actually I feel that I will better help if I succeed in convincing you that it's not difficult at all, and a project like this makes sense. Other makers (many of them, really) wrote very good instructables explaining every step. I red some ibles, and I referred particularly to this (which I suggest you to read too):\nDIY Professional 18650 Battery Pack\nBut there are many others, like:\nDIY 4S Lithium Battery Pack With BMS\nLithium DRILL Battery 18650\nHow to Make a 18650 Li-ion Battery Pack!\nStep 1: Remove Old Cells\nOpening the battery pack should not be too hard, just try not to brake the enclosure, as you will try to assemble it again with new cells inside.\nMine is a Ni-Mh 18V battery pack. That cell technology is now outdated, like Ni-Cd batteries, and now some types of Lithium cell have been improved. They have a power density much higher, and they last longer if you have some caution in charging and discharging them.\nStep 2:\nThe Lithium Ions cells have a nominal voltage of 3.7 Volt (with a maximum voltage of 4.2V), so I decided to buy on eBay 10 Li-Ion cells, and make a more powerful renewed battery pack. Indeed doubling the number of cells needed for the right voltage (5cells x 3.7V = 18.5V) will double the autonomy. It also double the electrical power, but the motor would probably not adsorb so much.\nThere are many different qualities and sizes of Li-Ion cells, I opted for the 18650 since it's cheaper and easy to find, although I decided not to buy the cheapest batteries, in my opinion around 4-5$ each for 2800 mAh cells is a good price to try.\nI bought batteries from this seller and I'm very satisfied. All cells were exactly at the same voltage (3.81V if I remember right) when they arrived from China, so they had probably been grouped together with some care, and they were ready to be assembled in a single battery.\nStep 3: The BMS\nSince Li-Ion cells have to be charged under some conditions, you cannot charge them directly with a PSU, but you need to connect a circuit which take care of it. This circuit is the BMS (Battery Management System), and you have to buy one according to the number of batteries in series.", "267" ], [ "I used 5 groups of batteries in series, each group is made by two batteries connected in parallel (plus to plus, and minus to minus), and my battery pack will be named \"5S2P\". I looked for a 5S Li-Ion BMS.\nAs you can see you have a wide choice of shapes, dimensions, and amperage (which depends by the number of parallel cells). The more power you need the higher will be the cost. I paid my BMS (the blue one) around 10$.\nStep 4: BMS Connections\nHere you can see the schematic I followed for my BMS, but I connected groups of two batteries like the second image. You see that each board has different positions where to solder the wires coming from each cell. Just follow the diagram relative to your BMS, or the labels on the board (voltage starting from zero and ending with full voltage, with a number of steps equal to the number of batteries in series).\nBMS needs to know the voltage of each cell, to equalize the voltage, this is the reason why you need all those wires. Look the first schematic, note that internal wires are thinner, but power wires have to be thicker, this is because the power will pass through them, so remember to use a good section copper wire.\nStep 5: An Open-source BMS\nIf you're a real bad-ass maker, you'll probably want to build your own BMS, and this instructable is for you:\nOpen-source 3/4/5S Lithium BMS\n(thanks <PERSON> from Netherlands)\nStep 6: Fitting Everything\nJust make some try to fit everything inside the case. I still had some space free... I could had added a voltage regulator or a 5V USB plug... so to use the battery as power supply... You can let loose your creativity here!", "267" ], [ "Arduino Jukebox\nIntroduction: Arduino Jukebox\nArduino Jukebox\nThis Jukebox is done for ELISAVA (Industrial Design) students.\nIn this file you are going to be able to see and to recreate a jukebox. Not only the box but also the software set up. This project is inspired in the jukeboxes that used to be in the bars. We wanted to get this retro feeling by creating one. With this project we also wanted to claim that old music is better.\nWe hope you enjoy the project as much as we enjoyed while we were working on it.\nSupplies\nMaterial\n* x2 - MDF Wood Board ( 600 x 300 x 4mm) serveiestacio.com\n* x1 - 1m Transparent PMMA Tube (7x10mm) serveiestacio.com\n* x1 - Golden Aluminum Mesh (500x250mm) serveiestacio.com\n* x2 - Purple Spray Paint 400ml amazon.es\n* x1 - Orange Spray Paint 400ml amazon.es\n* x2 - Bisagra Acero Inox 30x19mm serveiestacio.com\n* x1 - Power Adapter 1A 12V amazon.es\nArduino material\nPractically all the components used for our project can be found in this Arduino Kit (amazon.es). However, only one unit of each big component is included in the kit so additional components such as protoboards or servomotors should be bought for this project. All the components are listed below, including the ones from the kit.\n* x1 Arduino Uno diotronic.com\n* x11 white LEDs diotronic.com\n* x1 DC Motor diotronic.com\n* x4 Small Buttons diotronic.com\n* x1 LCD1602 Module diotronic.com\n* x1 8 Ohm Speaker diotronic.com\n* Cables diotronic.com\nStep 1: Build and Paint the Structure\nFor the structure we used de MDF Wood Board. In order to make them all fit, the pieces were laser-cut.\nThe main parts are;\n- Front Panel (with holes)\n- Back Panel\n- Right Side Panel\n- Left Side Panel with door\n- Floor\n- Shelve with holes\nOnce we had the six main pieces of the structure we glued them together using termofusible glue.\nWhen the pieces were all glued together we painted them in purple. It is important to give each part at least two layers of paint in order to have a better looking result.", "33" ], [ "For details such as the door sides and the semicircular hole in the front panel we decided to paint them in bright orange to create a different look to the assembly itself.\n* As we wanted to have the interior exposed in order to enable the user the access to the electric system, it was important to paint the inside of the structure.\nThe CAD drawings of the pieces are included below.\nStep 2: Support for Electric System\nAs the jukebox is tall but not wide, we decided to build a shelve in order to have a more organized interior. The shelve is built with the leftovers of the MDF Wood Board from the structure parts. We cut two 45º angles to create a support for the shelve. Once all the pieces were glued together, we painted the shelve black as we did not want the wood to be exposed once the door is opened. Finally, we glued the shelve to the interior of the jukebox.\nThe CAD drawings of the pieces are included in the previous step.\nStep 3: Design the Electric System\nAs we wanted our project to be as close as a real jukebox as possible it was crucial for us to include a speaker with music, lots of lights, and a rotating vinyl to create a retro look.\nHowever, we had a huge problem with the MP3 player for Arduino. After trying with different modules and codes, we decided not to use and MP3 player as we could not manage to make it work (we believe it is not compatible with Arduino Nano boards). Instead, we attached the 8 Ohm speaker for, at least, making some sound or playing a melody.\nAs for the rotating vinyl we decided to use a DC Motor with a scale model of an old vinyl. This would give our project a more realistic look. We also included 11 white LEDs next to the vinyl as we wanted a lot of bright lights in our jukebox.\nWe wanted to include some extra element so we decided to add to our electrical system a LCD screen which will show the name of the song being played.\nIn order to make all work we used four buttons which would play four different songs if the MP3 module was working.", "611" ], [ "Make Your Own Arduino AC Dimmer | Drive Motors & Lights\nIntroduction: Make Your Own Arduino AC Dimmer | Drive Motors & Lights\nHi every one, here <PERSON>, and I want to show you how I made my own Arduino AC dimmer that can control AC loads such as motors and lights easily. It has the power to handle 1200+ Watts and It's a very nice project for domotics and home automation because the microcontroller I used is the ESP8266 that has WiFi capabilities and the code could be adapted with few changes.\nHere I leave you a tutorial with all the information so you can make your own version.If you are a visual learner I know that a video worth more than 1000 words, so here is a Tutorial video. (I am a Spanish speaker, so please consider turning on English subtitles):\nStep 1: Skills Required:\nThis project may seem difficult or very complex, but it is definitely not completely, since you will have all the guidance for the construction, it was difficult for me to design it to make life a little easier for you.", "382" ], [ "Any conceptual doubt, you are free to ask it without problems.\n* You should have an understanding of:\n* 3D Printing (Optional for the case).\n* Arduino programming (I give you the code).\n* Soldering through hole components.\nWarning: In this project we will handle main power, so please be careful\nStep 2: Components and Parts List\nThe Electronics discrete components as resistors and transistors will be attached in a BOM file in the PCB Step.\n* Here is the list of what you will need for the whole process:\n* -10kohm Potentiometer.\n* -2 Double Terminal blocks.\n* -AC motor of your preference (single phase).\n* -Dimmable Lightbulb.\n* -Small 5 volts cellphone power supply.\n* -Measuring tools: multimeters, clamp meters (optional).\n* -Micro USB SMD connector.\n* -1.3 inch OLED Display.\n* Wire.\nBOM list of PCB components attached.\nGreat, cheap and awesome Graphical Multimeter to watch the Sinusoidal AC wave form\nStep 3: Circuit Diagram\nHere is the Circuit Diagram of our project:\nIt has all the internal conections of the circuit that will us allow to create the PCB design later.\nI also attached the PDF of the Schematics so you can see it better.\nStep 4: PCB Design and Ordering\nFor the implementation of a good project we need a reliable assembly for the circuit that makes it up, and there is no better way to do it than with a good PCB.\nHere you can download the Gerber, BOM and Pick & Place Files, the ones you need to order your PCB on your PCB manufacturing company.\nI suggest JLCPCB:\n$2 for 1-4 Layer PCBs⚡, Get SMT Coupons🎫\nUnZip the .rar file with a software like WinRar or any other.\nStep 5: 3D Parts (Housing + Motor Holder)\nHere you have the STL files for the 3D parts of the project.\n* Housing.\n* Cover\n* Potentiometer Knob and nut.\n* Button cap.\n* Motor holder.\nStep 6: Programming the ESP8266 Microcontroller\n1- To program the ESP-12s we need to connect it directly to our PC through the USB cable, open the Code \"ACControl\", install the libraries that I also attached and click on upload.\nIf the current measurements are wrong on your display, or you want to improve them, you can tune experimentally this parameters in the code:\n* float Sensibilidad = 0.066; //sensitivity of the 30Amps sensor (see datasheet of ACS712 if use 20A or 5A version).\n* float intercept = 35952.685; // Change this until you got closer as posible to the real current.\n* float slope = 273; // Change this until you got closer as posible to the real current.\n* float testFrequency = 60; // frequency of your circuit (Hz)\n* float windowLength = 40.0 / testFrequency; // num of cycles that will be test.\nCODE, LIBS, EVERYTHING, DOWNLOAD FOR FREE HERE\nStep 7: Wiring Up\nFollow this few steps carefully:\n1. Insert the OLED Display in the case slot.\n2. Wire the Display and make shure the connections are right between the PCB and OLED (Pinout may vary).\n3. Connect the motor or light wires (Black and Red) to the output terminal block, it doesn't matter the polarity.\n4.", "472" ] ]

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[ [ "Tunisian Diplomat Dies in Haiti Earthquake · Global Voices\nTunisians were absorbed in the Tunisian National Football Team match against Zambia last night and so were bloggers. Football fans were cheering their country, which is taking part in the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Group D encounter in Lubango.\nThe number of posts published yesterday was also smaller than usual and very few people wrote about the Haiti earthquake. Those who wrote about it did to talk about the death of <PERSON>, a 66-year-old Tunisian diplomat and the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Haiti (Minustah).\n<PERSON> wrote a post entitled: Earthquake in Haiti: The Tunisian Hedi Annabi Head of the MINUSTAH Reported Missing. He said:\nHier à 23h heure locale, 17h heure a Haïti, un violent tremblement de terre de magnitude 7 sur l'échelle ouverte de richter a frappé de plein fouet l'île de Haïti faisant des centaines de morts et des dégats matériels énormes.\nLe siége de l'ONU à Port Prince à été completement déteruit, des centaines de casques bleues sont portés disparus dont le chef de la Minsutah le diplomate Tunisien <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> ans, <PERSON> est un diplomate tunisiende carrière qui dirigeait depuis le 28 janvier 1997 le département des opérations de maintien de la paix aux côtés du français <PERSON>.\nYesterday at 11pm local time, 5pm Haiti time, a violent earthquake – 7.0 in magnitude – struck the Haiti island causing hundreds of deaths and enormous property damages.The UN headquarters had been totally destroyed, hundreds of blue helmets have been reported missing, among them the Head of the Minustah the Tunisian diplomat: <PERSON>.\nAged 63, <PERSON> is a Tunisian diplomat with an important career . He has been running Peacekeeping Operations under French <PERSON> since January 28th, 1997.\nStupid ideas wrote a post entitled Tunisian Representative of the UN ion Haiti probably Dead .", "244" ], [ "In it the blogger said:\nD'apres le yahoo, le représentant de l'ONU qui est un tunisien est décédé. J'espère que l'information soit fausse mais selon l'articleMr <PERSON> -ancien sous-secrétaire général adjoint aux opérations de maintien de la paix de l'ONU de 1997 à 2007, et chef de la Mission des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti (MINUSTAH) depuis le 1er septembre 2007- était parmi les personnes qu'abritaient le bâtiment de l'ONU lors du tremblement de terre qui a frappé la ville. Tous ceux qui étaient dans le bâtiment ont péri.\nMes pensées pour sa famille.\nAccording to Yahoo , a Tunisian UN representative died. I hope that this information is false but according to the article Mr <PERSON> previous Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations from 1997 to 2007 and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Haiti (MINUSTAH) since September 1, 2007, was among the persons sheltered in the UN buildings during the earthquake which struck the city. All the people in the building had been killed.\nMy thoughts go to his family.\n.", "244" ], [ "Tunisia: Remembering Tunisia’s First Internet Prisoner · Global Voices\nTunisian <PERSON> will always be remembered among Tunisian activists as someone who had sacrificed his life for the struggle for freedom of speech.\n<PERSON>, who had adopted the pen name <PERSON> or The Tunisian and was a graduate in economic sciences and Internet journalist, had invited readers of his satirical website TUNeZINE to vote on whether Tunisia was a “republic, a kingdom, a zoo or a prison” on June 2, 2000. Soon after wards, he was picked up from an internet cafe by plainclothes police officers, without an arrest warrant.\nIn November 2003, <PERSON> was released from prison after spending 18 months and on March 13, 2005, he died of a heart attack at the age of 36. During his time in prison, <PERSON> went on hunger strike several times in protest against his imprisonment conditions and supporters claim he was also subjected to torture.\nTo mark his forth death anniversary, The Network of Tunisian Bloggers for Free Blogging reminds us about Tunisia's first Internet prisoner:\nتمرّ اليوم 4سنوات على رحيل زهير اليحياوي مؤسس موقع “تونزين”، وقد توفي الفقيد على إثر نوبة قلبية وهو لا يزال في ريعان شبابه.\nدخل السجن في ربيع 2002 ودفع غاليا ثمن تشبثه بالدفاع عن الحرية مستعملا في ذلك التقنيات الحديثة التي وفرتها شبكة “الأنترنيت”، وهو ما جعله يصبح رمزا للنضال على الشبكة.\nكان ولا يزال يمثل نموذجا للمناضل والمدافع الصلب عن قضايا الديمقراطية ـ و قد دخل عدة مرات في اضراب عن الطعام للمطالبة بتحسين وضعه داخل السجن دون أن تستجيب الادارة العامة للسجون لمطالبه وقد أثرت ظروف اعتقاله على صحته التي تدهورت\nFour years ago <PERSON>, the creator of the web site Tunezine left us following a heart attack, while he still young.\nHe had been thrown in jail in the spring of 2002 and paid heavily for his commitment to defend freedom, using the modern techniques provided by the “Internet”, which made him become a symbol of the struggle on the web.\nHe has been and continues to be a model for activists and defenders of democracy.", "244" ], [ "He had gone on hunger strikes several times to demand better conditions in prison but the Public Administration for Prisons did not respond to his requests. The conditions of his detention had affected his health, which deteriorated.\nAnd the situation seems to have deteriorated even further in Tunisia since <PERSON>'s death. Fellow Tunisian blogger and Global Voices Advocacy editor <PERSON> updates us on the repression of the Internet in his country in this post.", "409" ], [ "Tunisia elections: Fairness and Impartiality !!? · Global Voices\nAs predicted, president <PERSON> won the Tunisian elections for a fifth term. What wasn't expected was that he would win with 89.62 per cent of the over all votes. The prediction was that he would garner more votes.\n<PERSON> ruling party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, also fared as well.", "289" ], [ "It won 161 of the 214 parliament seats. The remaining 53 seats were won by six different parties: Movement for Democratic Socialists, 16 seats; Party of People's Unity, led by <PERSON>, 12 seats; <PERSON> Union of Democratic Unionists, 9 seats; Social Liberal Party, 8 seats; Party of Greens for Progress, 6 seats and <PERSON> Ettajdid Party, 2 seats.\nThe ruling party announced the fairness and the impartiality of the 2009 elections. But opposition leaders and bloggers have another opinion: they think that repressive acts and stifling controls on the election process have characterized the 2009 presidential and legislative elections in Tunisia on October 25, 2009.\n<PERSON> ironically remarks :\nمبروك عليكم ما عملتو\nنتوجه بالشكر أولا إلى الشعب التونسي اللي قام بواجبو الإنتخابي في كنف الديموقراطية و الشفافية و الروح الرياضية البارح و إنتخب رئيس جديد للبلاد و مجلس نواب أخر لمدة خمسة سنين.", "384" ], [ "Tunisia: Call to Embrace Work Ethics on Labour Day · Global Voices\nMay 1st marked International Labour Day around the world and Tunisian bloggers grasped the occasion to comment on the situation of workers and their laziness.\nWriting in French, <PERSON> reflects on the day saying:\nIl faut y penser non… une journée mondiale pour les chômeurs, pour le chômage… pour les manifestants, pour les syndicaux… et pour les papas aussi (fête internationale je veux dire) et pourquoi pas une journée internationale pour chaque pays (à part celle de qui fête l'indépendance ou celle qui a marqué l'histoire d'un peuple comme le 7 novembre chez nous..huh^^)\nWe have to think about it, no?…an international day for the unemployed, for unemployment .. For the protesters, for trade unionists and for fathers too (an international day I mean) and why not an international day for each country ? ( apart from [a country's] national independence day or one which marks the history of its people like November the 7th here …uhhh !!\nIn a post written in the Tunisian dialect, Clandestine offers the following advice to workers:\nنحب بالمناسبة هاذي نشدّ على ايدين العمال و المزارعين (منعرفش علاش العبارة هاذي تحسسني اني شيوعي) و جموع الموظفين في الارض و المدرّسين و الاطباء و الفراملة و الاعوان الوقتيين (المصنفين و غير المصنفين) و الاعوان المتعاقدين و الاعوان الغير متعاقدين وعملة الحضائر (اللي مازالو يستنّاو في الترسيم ) و صنّاع الحجامة و صناع ورشات الميكانيك و صناع المقاهي والمطاعم (خاصة ذوي الخلق الحسن مع الحريف) و بعض صنّاع القرار اللي مازال عندهم شويّة ضمير.", "244" ], [ "May Day Marked Around the Arab World · Global Voices\nMay Day, or Labour Day, or International Workers’ Day is recognised as a public holiday in many Arab countries, and demonstrations and rallies are held by unions and political parties to pay tribute to the role of workers and to call for workers’ rights.\nThe National Transitional Council of Libya has declared [ar] International Workers’ Day to be a national public holiday starting this year. <PERSON> tweeted from Tripoli:\n@2011feb17: #Libya's first #MayDay (Worker's Day) holiday since 42 years ago! HAPPY HOLIDAY EVERYONE Yup #Libya has changed ;)\nDemonstration on Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Tunis. Image by <PERSON> on Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0).\nBahraini activist <PERSON> remembered the migrant workers of the Gulf:\n<PERSON>: On labor day we pay tribute to all the migrant workers who r treated like modern day slaves in #gulf countries\nDemonstration in Barbar, Bahrain. Image by Twitter user @bahrainiac14.\nDemonstrations were held all over Bahrain demanding the reinstatement of the hundreds of workers who were fired last year for taking part in protests. Many of the demonstrations were attacked by riot police with tear gas. Journalist <PERSON> reported from Manama's souq (market):\n<PERSON>: Despite tear-gasing #Manama souq labor day protest still on-going #Bahrain\nDemonstration in Khouribga, Morocco.", "235" ], [ "Image by Twitter user @__Hisham.\n<PERSON> tweeted about the hacking of the Lebanese Ministry of Labour's website:\n@TrellaLB: special delivery for the Ministry of Labor in #Lebanon on Labor day, a total makeover :D loooool http://www.labor.gov.lb/ thanks to #RYV\nThe website was changed to say the following:\nWe are RYV, short for Raise Your Voice, and we are simply a group of people who could not bare sitting in silence, watching all the crimes and injustice going on in Lebanon. We will not be silenced and brainwashed by your media. We will not stop until the Lebanese people mobilize, demand their rights, and earn them. We will not stop until the standards of living are raised to where they should be in Lebanon. We will not stop until this government's self-made problems are solved, like the power shortage, water shortage, rise in gas prices and rise in food product prices. We are RYV, expect us to break the silence, whether in the streets or on the Internet.\nSilence is a crime\nDemonstration in Cairo. Image by <PERSON> on Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0).", "235" ], [ "Is Censorship Coming Back to Tunisia? Court Order Bans ‘Blue Whale’ Online Game · Global Voices\nThe investigation of mysterious groups on VKontakte full of images of whales and butterflies that Novaya Gazeta claims drive teenagers to take their own lives has met with public criticism. Image from VKontakte.\nA Tunisian court has ordered authorities to censor two online games that allegedly lead teenagers down a path to suicide. The issue has raised public concerns about self-harm — but also about arbitrary internet censorship.\nThe ruling calls on the Tunisian Internet Agency (known by its French acronym ATI) to block access to the Blue Whale Challenge and Mariam games, even though ATI has no legal mandate to block online content.\nThe Blue Whale Challenge is a decentralized online game where players are instructed to carry out specific tasks that include self-harm. After fifty days — in some documented cases — they are told to commit suicide. Mariam is a Saudi-developed horror-game that revolves around a lost girl, whom players help guide back home.\nApart from the fact that this would take ATI beyond the bounds of its legal mandate, the court order to “block” Blue Whale Challenge also fails to acknowledge the decentralized nature of the game. Blue Whale is not hosted on a single platform, but is instead orchestrated by various anonymous administrators interacting with players in private social media chat groups.\nThe game first came to prominence in Russia in mid-2016 after it allegedly resulted in cases of suicide and attempted suicide across a number of countries. Through a variety of legal measures, authorities in Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan have all attempted to reduce children's access to the game by shutting down VKontakte groups where the game is hosted, alongside other groups that are seen as promoting self-harm.\nIn 2017, when the game became popular in China, major social media platforms like Baidu and Sina Weibo began shutting down all the forum discussions with keywords like “Blue Whale” or “Blue Whale game”.\nTunisian authorities respond to public fear over Blue Whale\nOnly recently has the game risen to prominence in Tunisia. Last December, the National Agency for Computer Security (known by its French acronym ANSI) warned parents against the Blue Whale Challenge.", "534" ], [ "While recalling that it cannot block any online content as it is not part of its mission, the agency advised parents to use parental control software, despite the limitations of this solution, given the game's decentralized nature.\nIn March , five Tunisian teenagers who are believed to have played Blue Whale committed suicide. Their parents, who found their children hanged in their rooms, say they died because of their addiction to these online games. Three others attempted suicide but were saved in extremis.\nIn February, the parents’ association of a local school and the delegate for child protection in the city of Sousse filed a lawsuit to order the Tunisian Internet Agency to block access to the two games.\nIn a verdict issued on 6 March 2018, the Court of First Instance (primary court) of Sousse ordered the ATI to block access to the two games, arguing that they represent a danger to youth in the country.\nThe implications of this decision, if upheld on appeal, would set a new precedent for internet censorship in Tunisia. If the final judgment is in the plaintiffs’ favor, it will obligate the agency to censor the two games. Even though this might be technically impossible in the case of Blue Whale, it would constitute a jurisprudence on which other requests for content censorship — that could be much more clearly detrimental to the public interest — could be based.\nEchoes of the <PERSON> era?\nThe ATI was once known as the censorship body of the dictatorship of ousted president <PERSON>. Established in March 1996, the agency’s official mandate was to develop the internet in Tunisia beyond being the only gateway for international connectivity as an internet exchange point. But at the same time, and until the revolution, the ATI had orders from the presidency and government to control all online information , even though it had no legal mandate to censor content or spy on users.\nAfter the public uprisings and consequent ousting of <PERSON> in January 2011, interim authorities ended internet censorship practices and the ATI adopted reforms to cut ties with its image as an internet censor by focusing only on the legal mandate it was first established to fulfill. Lawsuits like these would undermine such reforms, potentially sending ATI back to a position of censor.\nAnd this month’s court decision is not the first attempt to bring back online censorship, in post-revolutionary Tunisia. In May 2011, a group of plaintiffs represented by three lawyers prosecuted the ATI to ban access to online pornographic content, also on the grounds of child protection.\nATI appealed the court decision, which they lost in August of the same year.", "409" ], [ "France-Senegal: Anti-Wade Demonstrators Arrested by French Police · Global Voices\nSenegal is preparing for its presidential elections in February 2012. Eight months from the start of the vote, the country's civil society has already protested against various attempts by the incumbent president, 85 year-old <PERSON>, to hold on to power.\nA movement called “Enough is Enough” (Y en a marre) [fr] first appeared on the web and spread to the young population who demonstrated on 19 March, 2011, against unemployment, power cuts and the overall policies of the <PERSON> government.\nOn 23 June, protests and riots surfaced again in Dakar against a constitutional amendment that would have allowed the President to be elected with only 25% of the votes, and would have also created a brand new position of vice-president in the executive branch.\nThe same day, demonstrations by the Senegalese diaspora occured in France where citizens gathered in front of the Senegalese embassy and consulate. The protest was soon dispersed by the police. In fact, <PERSON>, a Twitter user based in Paris, posted the following update from the protest:\nFrench police have embarked [Note: arrested] demonstrators outside the embassy of #Senegal and at the Invalides.", "409" ], [ "Will twitpic soon. #ticketwade\nIn the following picture posted by the same user, Senegalese citizens are gathered in front of the Embassy, surrounded by French police vehicles:\nDemonstration at the Senegales embassy in France, June 23, 2011. @Madmadou on Twitter.\nSenegalese news website, Walf Fidjri [fr], explains that 200 people were arrested at the embassy, and 31 others at the consulate.\nAccording to one of the demonstrators, who speaks anonymously, people did not understand why the French police took people in for questionning. He adds:\nIl parait que même les policiers ont été étonnés de recevoir un tel ordre.\nIt appears that even police officers were suprised that such an order was given.\nA video of the events at the Consulate was posted on Dailymotion, under the profile of the Socialist Party of Senegal. Protesters can be seen at the consulate, and French police officers are seen standing at the the gates, pulling the protesters out:\nOccupation du Consulat du Sénégal à Paris contre… by socialisme-republique\nThe general Consul of Senegal in Paris formally submitted a complaint [fr] for the damage caused by the demonstrators while protesting in the building.", "235" ], [ "Moroccans Celebrate Eid el Mawlid en-Nabaoui, the Prophet’s Birthday · Global Voices\nEid el Mawlid en-Nabaoui, or the Celebration of the Prophet Muhammed's Birth took place yesterday in Morocco and throughout much of the Sunni Muslim world. It's an official holiday in Morocco, celebrated with street processions and other festivities.\nBlogger <PERSON> writes this day about the first moments of the Prophet's life:\nLe Prophète était encore dans le ventre de sa mère <PERSON> quand son père <PERSON> mourut. <PERSON> donna le jour à <PERSON> (SAW), paix et bénédictions sur lui, le 12 de Rabi’-Al-Awwal. Elle envoya dire à <PERSON> (grand-père du nouveau-né) qu’il venait d’avoir un garçon. Le vieil homme en fut submergé de joie. Il se hâta pour prendre l’enfant dans ses bras, puis l’emmena à la Ka’ba et le prénomma <PERSON>. Ce prénom était déjà connu mais n’était point répandu dans les pays arabes.\nThe <PERSON> was still in his mother <PERSON>'s belly when his father <PERSON> died. <PERSON> gave birth to <PERSON> (PBUH), peace and blessings be upon him, the 12th of Rabi’-Al-Awwal.", "244" ], [ "She sent word to <PERSON> (the newborn's grandfather) that [she] had just given birth to a boy. The old man was overwhelmed with joy. He hurried to take the infant in his arms, then brought him to the Ka'ba and named him <PERSON>. This name was known but not in wide use in the Arab countries.\n<PERSON>, a blogger and student in the northern Moroccan city of Salé, published photos of the Dour Chmaa, or the “Procession of Votive Candles” which took place the day before el Eid and has been celebrated since the thirteenth century; he also included an extract about this parade from the official site of the Ministère des Habous et des Affaires Islamiques [Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs].\n<PERSON> est l’un des moussems les plus suivis par le peuple marocain qui est fidèle à ses traditions authentiques, qui sont toujours vivantes malgré les mutations de notre temps. A Salé, par exemple, la procession des cierges anime encore les rues de la cité pour le plus grand plaisir des Slaouis qui affectionnent tout particulièrement cette fête, qui reflète la couleur de la vie, dans un envoûtement auquel il serait folie de résister. Une fête annuelle populaire, une fête de couleurs, une fête de chants soufis et de transes, de magies musicales et de ritualités révélatrices de l’âme profonde du peuple marocain.\nThe moussem [a religious celebration usually involving music] of votive candles is one of the most popular moussems of the Moroccan people, faithful to their authentic traditions which are still alive despite the mutations of our era. In Salé, for example, the processions of votive candles still animates the city's streets, to the great delight of the Slaouis [people from Salé] who hold a particular affection for this holiday which reflects the colors of life, so charming that it would be folly to resist. An annual celebration for all the people, a celebration of colors, a celebreation of sufi chants and transes, of musical magic and rituals that reveal the Moroccan people's deep soul.\nLa ville de Salé a le sens de l’événement, ses traditions, vivaces, déploient leur allégresse et leurs couleurs. Empreinte de foi et de ferveur, Salé, ville sainte est une cité où le sacré se manifeste à travers le grand nombre de mosquées et de zaouïas que compte la ville.", "117" ] ]

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[ [ "Although no information is given about the particular estuary that is the subject of this question, considering any estuary in a general manner can provide some conceptual views for clarification of processes. Generalizations can be made, and with regard to a more detailed understanding of the interactions of inflow and outflow, a simple hydraulic model can be developed. A recommendation would be to use a simple backwater curve approach for the general dimensions of the inflow/outflow channel of the estuary.\nIs it possible to make some generalizations about the hydrographic effects of dredging a channel into an estuary?\nAnswer: yes. In general, dredging a channel into an estuary will improve the efficiency of the tidal inflow and receding-tidal outflow from the estuary. The consequence of this improvement may be undesirable because water residence times within the estuarine environment will be shortened, particularly in the upstream portion above the inflow channel.\nDoes dredging change the volume of water that flows through the channel during a tide cycle?\nAnswer: yes, most likely. Because dredging will improve the inflow and outflow efficiency of the channel, more water will flow into the upper portion of the estuary. Under pre-dredging conditions, the channel was less efficient. Consequently, as high tide was staged, less water would flow into the estuary before high tide started to recede. Further, as high tide receded, less water would flow out of the estuary before high tide again began to stage. Now, presuming the channel was dredged, under these same tidal conditions more water would flow into the estuary. This is because the inflow channel (being now dredged) would be more efficient in moving water upstream as the channel had been deepened, and perhaps widened, thereby offering less hydraulic resistance to the inflow. And further, the outfall would be more efficient.", "568" ], [ "Consequently, the interchange of tidal water within the estuary would be increased, which may be undesirable.\nIf so, does this imply that there is a change in the max and min tide heights in the estuary or is the tidal height unaffected?\nAnswer: this depends... If conditions in the inflow channel offer relatively high resistance to tidal inflow, the upper portion of the estuary may not have come to equilibrium with the elevation of the high tide before the tide begins to recede. Consequently, the upper area does not reach the full height of the tidal staging. Neither does the upper area fully drain to the stage of the low tide before high tide begins. Under these natural conditions, specific environments develop within the upper area of the estuary, and in the fore-beach oceanward section of the estuary outfall where the outflow reaches and mixes with the sea. But if the channel is deepened, less hydraulic resistance to this inflow and outflow is present and the interchange of this water becomes more efficient. The range across the max and min tide heights may be affected. This can have adverse consequences to the estuarine environment.\nHow does this effect the rate of water flow?\nAnswer: Dredging will improve the water inflow and thereby increase the rate of inflow and outflow in response to tide. This is because deepening of the channel reduces the channel's hydraulic resistance and thereby improves (increases) the rate of inflow, and outflow. Depending on the size of the estuary, and the response to tidal inflow and outflow, the expected consequence would be that somewhat more volume would accrue on the inflow in response to high tide.\nWhat other hydrographic effect might occur?\nAnswer: This is unknown. In some instances the consequences can be dramatic. For example, estuarine marshland can be adversely affected by the post-dredging influx of more saline water.\nDisclaimer: This answer is in regard to general observations, only. No consultation or practice liability is assumed.", "1018" ], [ "The most suitable approach would depend on what data is available. If there is groundwater level data close to the upslope boundaries of the target wetland or information about groundwater gradients in the landscape, or the gradient across the wetland itself, this data can be used to determine a head or gradient boundary at the edges of the wetland. This would not entail modeling the whole contributing area. If there is reason to believe that the groundwater gradient across the wetland and surrounding area more or less follows the gradient of the topography, this could be used to assign gradient boundaries around the wetland.\nI am assuming there is not groundwater data like this for your site and that is why you want to model the surrounding area. It is hard to tell from the image what is being used to delineate the larger area being shown around the target wetland. For the larger model, I would suggest modelling the contributing catchment of the wetland down to the outlet of the wetland or a point further down the stream for which there is streamflow data.", "964" ], [ "One could use a smaller surrounding area if there was groundwater level data to set the boundary conditions for it.\nGroundwater flux timeseries can be obtained for a \"cross section\" line drawn in the gridded groundwater model output. This can be used to determine a timeseries of flux across the boundary into the target wetland area on the up-gradient side and out of the wetland on the down-gradient side, if a gradient exists. Alternatively a timeseries of heads can be extracted for given cross section lines to be input as time varying head boundaries. Values can be averaged to create dfs0 timeseries for different boundary segments. If there is head data from boreholes or piezometers to compare to the modelled values, using the head values in the boundary condition would be a good option.\nThe MIKE-SHE Manual v2, section \"11.18.22 Outer boundary conditions\", states that for the \"Head\" boundary option, one can input a \"time varying dfs2 file of head, which is typically extracted from a regional results file. This can be done using the MIKE Zero Toolbox Extraction tool: 2D Grid from 3D files. MIKE SHE then interpolates in both time and space from the .dfs2 file to the local head boundary at each local time step.\" (DHI) This is not something I have attempted myself, so cannot give guidance on how to do this using the Toolbox.\nWhen modelling the larger catchment you may also need to allow there to be a head, gradient, or flux boundary at the downstream end of the catchment to get reasonable results.", "7" ], [ "The Pecos River in Texas, USA may arguably fit the description of a \"saltwater river\". A point of argument is what is considered to be \"saltwater\". For comparison, here are some bodies of water and their salinity.\n* 35,000 ppm Pacific and Atlantic Ocean\n* 13,000-23,000 ppm Black Sea\n* 12,500 ppm Caspian Sea\n* 10,000 ppm Baltic Sea\nNote though, that salinity varies based on where, and at what depth you measure it. For example, the Baltic Sea has salinity as low as 5,000 to 8,000 ppm at the surface of the central basin.\nAt its saltiest, the Pecos River is reaching the lower end of the range above. Different sources give different threshold between the definitions of freshwater, brackish water, and saline water. Most would probably deem the Pecos as brackish (which would describe the Baltic Sea by the same standard), but it is salty enough to be a problem for human use. There are a number of sources that discuss the issue of the Pecos River and its salinity, but I'll direct you to this one, and quote a little from it\nThe Pecos River is among the saltiest rivers in North America with salinity levels regularly exceeding 7,000 ppm at the Texas and New Mexico border and 12,000 ppm near Girvin, Texas. High salinity in the river has adversely affected the stability and biodiversity of the riparian ecosystems, as well as, the economic uses of the river and reservoirs.\nIn general, natural sources of salt throughout the watershed cause the Pecos to be salty.\nIf you look at the slides in this presentation you'll see that different measurement locations range from around 1,000 ppm to 12,000 ppm (it gives measurements in mg/l, but that is roughly equivalent to ppm). It also gives historical measurement graphs for some select stations. The presentation also highlights that there is a history of efforts to engineer a reduction of the river's salinity.\nThe source of the Pecos River's saltiness is not so much surface salt as it is subsurface sources in the form of saline aquifers that feed the river through salt springs, for example. This research paper suggests that although the Pecos was naturally salty, the activities of man have increased the salinity.", "1022" ], [ "The major activity is irrigation, through two mechanisms. One is the diversion of water for irrigation, which allows increased evaporation in the fields, and irrigation water that returns to the river with more concentrated salt content. The other is the depletion of freshwater aquifers through pumping. The Pecos watershed overlays both saline and freshwater aquifers, both of which have historically contributed to the riverflow. Man has ignored the saline aquifers, but heavily pumped the freshwater aquifers, reducing their contribution to the river, but not the contribution of the saline aquifers.\nThis report is also good, and goes into much detail about the sources, both natural and human, of the Pecos River's salinity.\nThe upper reaches of the Red River in Texas overlay the same formation that creates saline conditions in the Pecos River. The streams and springs that form the source of the Red River are quite salty, and it is only further downstream, after dilution from other freshwater inputs that the Red River loses its high salinity. As this USGS fact sheet says:\nSalinity is the greatest limitation on water use in the Red River Basin and is largely the result of naturally occurring salt springs in parts of the upper reaches of the basin (<PERSON> and others, 1988). The salt sources contribute water with large (relative to potable water) concentrations of dissolved solids, principally chloride. At certain times and locations, the salinity of streams in the basin exceeds that of seawater (<PERSON> and others, 1988).\nSalty bed of Little Red River, a tributary of Red River, Texas (Wikipedia)\nThere are salty rivers in various places on Earth, but they are primarily found in arid regions. Since much of their flow comes from groundwater (which may be much saltier than rainfall), and evaporation from the river surface is high, it seems reasonable to me that they would be more likely to be saltier than rivers in wet regions that have large contributions from rainfall, and less net evaporation. These factors are magnified by human activities such as irrigation which happens in arid regions, but less so in areas of ample rainfal.", "1022" ], [ "It looks like the UZ column in your model does not extend deep enough in this set-up in some locations.\nIn MIKE-SHE, when using the UZ Richard’s equation and SZ Finite Difference coupling, the UZ ‘soil’ profile and the SZ material column in the model need to overlap: have the bottom depth of the UZ profile extend below the top of the SZ. Also, the groundwater table elevation should always be above the bottom of the UZ profile. Although the water table is simulated in the SZ module, if the water table drops to an elevation that is below the bottom of the model's UZ profile then there is effectively an unsaturated layer that is located below the UZ calculation domain of the model. This can cause errors in the pressure head calculation at the bottom of the modelled UZ profile.\nThe model error you received shows that the groundwater table was at the very bottom of the UZ profile, rather than lying within the UZ profile, at the specified grid cell (7,146) at the beginning of the simulation.", "614" ], [ "This may have been true for other cells as well, but the model terminated after the first case was detected.\nThe UZ profiles should be defined to extend below the deepest depth that the groundwater table will reach in the simulation.\nIt is also suggested that the uppermost calculation layer of your SZ column should be defined such that the groundwater table will always be located within this top SZ layer. This is because the model’s exchange of water between the UZ and SZ is calculated for the top SZ layer only. Because of this, to be safe, the UZ profile could be defined to extend down to a depth that is just below the bottom elevation of this top SZ calculation layer.\nTo fix your problem, try extending your UZ ‘soil’ profile further downwards to cover the full range depths you expect for the water table: adjust both the ‘Soil Profile’ table and calculation cell ‘Vertical Discretization’ table for the relevant soil/material profiles. NB: The MIKE-SHE interface labels this as a ‘Soil Profile’, but it may need to extend beyond what is often defined as ‘soil’, into weathered rock layers that are frequently unsaturated.\nYou may also need to adjust the thickness (or top and bottom elevations) of your top SZ calculation layer so that the water table also lies within that top layer throughout the simulation. Getting these depths right for the full length of the simulation may be an iterative process if the groundwater table is predicted to move up and down by large amounts.", "614" ], [ "It's correct to say that the temperature of the air in the jet coming from the neck of the bottle will be less than the temperature of the air in the bottle. The temperature of the air in the bottle will also be a little higher than the temperature of the outside air. The question is, will both the temperature and relative humidity of the jet air be sufficiently low to result in a net \"comfort zone\" in the room.\nThe \"comfort zone\" is a region of ambient air temperature and relative humidity that induces a comfortable feeling, and it has been mapped out by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers). Such data can be found for instance at https://www.dartmouth.edu/~cushman/courses/engs44/comfort.pdf\nI assume this device is meant only for Summer months, when outdoor humidity and temperatures are very uncomfortable. In order to work then, the device must deliver air to the room that will result in the temperature and humidity space according to the ASHRAE standard.\nIt's clear that the temperature of the jet air exiting the bottles will be a little lower than the temperature of the air in the bottle. That's simply because the expansion process through the nozzle is roughly isentropic. It's very likely that, for normal outside atmospheric conditions, the air pressure in the bottle will exceed room pressure only slightly. That's because the pressure in the bottle can be greater than the air pressure in the room only when outside wind collides with the bottles. Such a collision converts the kinetic energy of the wind velocity to a stagnation pressure. For normal wind speeds, however, this increase in pressure is small.\nThe velocity of the air jet into the room will thus be small, and the net temperature difference between outside air and air jet velocity will be small. Considering also that when the air jet mixes with room air, it's kinetic energy is dissipated, being converted to heat.", "108" ], [ "The net effect is that the final temperature of the jet air after it mixes with room air will be slightly elevated above its temperature when it exits the bottle. The conclusion here is that there can be only a minimal sensible cooling effect from this device. Most importantly, sensible cooling is only part of the air conditioning process, and the real question is what's the story with relative humidity.\nOften the most important process of air conditioning is the removal of water vapor from the air. The ASHRAE graphs show that the relative humidity necessary for comfort is often much less than the relative humidity present in Summer outside air. What happens to the water vapor (absolute humidity) of the air that's pushed through these bottles? Unfortunately nothing much.\nIn the vast majority of air conditioning processes, water vapor must be removed from the outside air before it can become comfortable for humans. Water removal is usually the most intensive process in air condition, not the reduction in (sensible) temperature. This device offers little mechanism for the removal of water vapor. The very slight increase in bottle pressure and the relatively low pressure drop encountered by the air in moving through the bottles ensures that the water vapor in the outside air remains in the air pushed into the room. If the jet air temperature would be lowered to a value below the dew point of the outside air, condensation would remove some of this water vapor. It's very unlikely that such a device could accomplish such low temperatures, for the reasons already explained. The net result is that this device pushes more water vapor into the room - not a very good means for conditioning outside air for comfort.\nBottom line is that for much of the typical Summer months in areas that require air conditioning, this device will not be able to produce a comfort zone, as defined by ASHRAE standards.", "108" ], [ "How to calculate rainfall; record highs\nThere are numerous programs and resources that can be used to ascertain pretty exactly the average temperature and general climate of a region.\nBut is there any way to get a quantitative estimation of rainfall or record high and low temperatures in a region?\nI know general trends like, since my region is situated on the edge of the polar front, with an ocean to its east, high mountains to the west, and strong persistent westerly winds, it probably gets a considerable amount of rain. Or, I know that due to the lack of large landmasses to the north of my region, it probably will not have the comparatively cold record lows found in places like the NW US or Eastern Europe.\nFinding an Earth-proxy isn't exactly correct either, since my reliable modelling for average temperatures suggest that the climate regime for my region is not completely equivalent to South Chile (my closest proxy). While these little differences may not mean too much for average temperature prediction, they can introduce unintended consequences to your world.\nFor example, Puerto Montt has the closest climate to my region's captial. They are remarkably similar in terms of year-round average temperatures and in rainfall (though mine shows less seasonality). However, in the winter months, Puerto Montt has an average low of roughly 3.5 C. My region's capital has average lows of 1.9 C in winter.", "650" ], [ "This difference is negligible for getting a sense of the average climate, but it has a massive impact on other variables. With its milder winters, Puerto Montt experiences snowfall rather infrequently and sporadically, mostly in July. However, my region's capital gets 7-8 reliably snowy days a year that can happen as late as October, an event which rarely if ever happens in Puerto Montt. So, while proxies may be useful for parameters which are easily defined or that you can already predict, they are not useful for estimating other variables. I would expect record temperatures to be especially susceptible to this.\nIn short, qualitative analysis and proxies are insufficent. Are there any ways to get real quantitative numbers for things like monthly record temperatures?", "867" ], [ "The values you cited could be considered first approximations, valid for the ideal case of inviscid liquids. In actual practice, there will be energy loses, due to the viscosity of the water, which would decrease the flow. To reduce the loses, hydraulic engineers use bellmouth fittings, smooth pipes, long radius bends, etc.\nTo predict the flow velocity more accurately, engineers use a modified <PERSON> equation. $$\\frac{P_1}{\\rho}+\\frac{1}{2}V_1^2+g z_1 = \\frac{P_2}{\\rho}+\\frac{1}{2}V_2^2+g z_2+h_L $$ The modification is the \"head loss\" term, $h_L$.\nCase 1 - no pipe attached at tank outlet\nTake the first point to be at the top of the water in the tank. The pressure $P_1$ can be taken as zero and the velocity $V_1$ will be zero if the tank is large enough to maintain a steady flow. The elevation $z_1$ is the height above your datum. The second point can be in the free stream of water coming from the tank. The pressure $P_2$ can be taken as equal to $P_1$, since the point is not inside the pipe. The elevation $z_2$ is the height of stream above the datum. If we ignore the head loss, we get your expression, $v=\\sqrt{2g(z_1-z_2)}$.\nThe <PERSON> equation expresses the conservation of energy. However, as the layers of water slip past each other trying to get through the outlet, the slippage causes friction-like energy losses. To account for losses, engineers add the head loss term to the <PERSON> equation.\nEngineers express the loss term as a value \"K\" times the velocity head $V^2/2$. The numeric value of \"K\" could range from about 0.5 for a plain entrance to 0.04 for a smooth bellmouth. As a worst case, with $K=0.5$, the flow velocity would be $v=\\sqrt{g(z_1-z_2)}$, which is about 70% of the value we got when we ignored the losses.", "707" ], [ "With a bellmouth entrance, the flow velocity could be greater than 96% of the value without any energy loss.\nCase 2 -- horizontal pipe attached to tank outlet\nThe pipe connected to tank outlet will introduce more losses. The inside surface holds back the layer of water that is closest to it, so the next layer must slip past the outer layer, with leads to friction-like losses. These losses will depend on the length, the diameter and the roughness of the pipe. When the velocity is high enough, the flow will become fully turbulent\nEngineers calculate the energy loss due to pipe friction based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the <PERSON> diagram. Piping flow capacity charts are based on industry standards and recommended practice. They are not predictions of how much flow you will actually see.\nCase 3 -- pipe extended in the vertical direction\nIf the pipe is then extended in the vertical direction to a lower elevation, $z_3$, the flow velocity may actually increase. The ideal loss-free flow velocity would be $v_3=\\sqrt{2g(z_1-z_3)}$, but the entrance loss and the pipe friction will prevent the flow from reaching that velocity.\nAnother loss that must be considered occurs when the flow goes through the bend or elbow between the horizontal pipe and the vertical pipe. These losses may be due to the formation of vortexes. Again, for calculation purposes, the head loss is usually characterized by a \"K\" value. A typical value would be 0.25 to 0.50, similar to the most severe entrance loss.\nIf the pipeline contains other fittings or valves, there will be additional losses. The magnitude of the losses will depend on the geometry of the fitting or valve. Even though there are more losses to consider in the vertical section, the change in elevation from $z_2$ down to $z_3$ could still result in an overall increased flow velocity.\nTo further complicate matters, if the vertical pipe simply terminates without any restriction at the end, the pipe may not be flowing full. That is, the water may be falling faster than it is flowing, which would invalidate the head loss calculations. For this reason, it would be wise to put a valve and/or some kind of nozzle at the end of the pipe, and a vent at the top to bleed off any trapped air.", "707" ], [ "Looking for details on data presented in IPCC AR6 WG1 report\nI am working on a table of data from a chart that appears in the IPCC AR6 WG1 report, Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks-Chapter 5, Figure 5.12 | Global carbon (CO2) budget (2010–2019) on page 700.\nI must admit from the outset that I have not, nor do I intend to, read the entire report. I am, however, searching to see if someone more familiar with Figure 5.12 who can provide a bit more of an explanation of the details presented in Figure 5.12. Also, I am NOT a climate scientist, so apologies in advance if my questions are readily apparent to those more familiar with the science.\nQuick key:\nSpecifically, I would like to understand more about the CO2 fluxes to and from the atmosphere that are nicely summarized toward the top of the chart:\nQuestion 1: The carbon fluxes shown toward the left side, beneath Net land flux display two values alongside Gross photosynthesis of 113 (orange) and 29 (red). I assume that Gross photosynthesis refers to GPP (as opposed to Net primary Production or NPP) but I'm puzzled as to what the 29 (red) refers to. Both the 113 (orange) and 29 (red) point toward the earth indicating carbon flux away from the atmosphere (e.g.", "224" ], [ "reducing carbon in the atmosphere) which I understand happens with Naturally occurring photosynthesis. The 29 (red), however, indicates an anthropogenic activity, purportedly related to Gross photosynthesis that reduces carbon in the atmosphere. I'm puzzled as to what that 29 (red) may be.\nQuestion 2: Similar to the carbon fluxes shown on the left side, beneath Net land flux, I'd like to know more about what constitutes the carbon fluxes shown on the right side, beneath Net ocean flux. Here I am looking for any information on the carbon flux that makes up the Ocean-atmosphere gas exchange, including the carbon flux toward the atmosphere of 54.6 (orange) and 23 (red) (e.g. increasing carbon in the atmosphere), and the flux away from the atmosphere of 54.0 (orange) and 25.5 (red) (e.g. reducing carbon in the atmosphere).\nExcerpts or simply page numbers in the report where I may learn more about the above numbers would be greatly appreciated.", "927" ] ]

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[ [ "There are lots of lightsabers:\n-Double-sided: a lightsaber with blades on both sides. Some can be taken apart into dual lightsabers. Some models can fold up. Typically longer than a normal lightsaber. Can be used as a long-handled single bladed lightsaber. Some notable examples of use were by <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and Jedi Temple Guards.\n-Dual: Two lightsabers, normally alike. Some can be put together to make a double sided lightsaber. Some notable examples of use were by <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> (just for a short time on the Trade Federation Control Ship).\n-Crossguard: A single-bladed lightsaber with two mini-blades protruding from each side of the handle, normally making it slightly longer than normal. Better for blocking enemies with more saber range. A notable example of use was by <PERSON>, though a few ancient jedi and many ancient sith used them.\n-Shoto: A shorter version of the lightsaber, with the handle a few inches shorter and around a 2 1/2 - 2 foot long blade. Some notable examples of use were by <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\n-Lightwhip: A type of single blade lightsaber except the blade was like a whip, so only extremely skilled Jedi or Sith could wield it without killing themself.", "569" ], [ "I don't know of anyone who uses them, though.\n-Spinning: A double sided lightsaber that can spin on a track built into the handle, so it basically spins automatically. It can be used as a single-bladed spinning lightsaber, though, too. Some notable examples of use were by The First through Thirteenth Sisters (Estimate) and the First through Thirteenth Brothers (Also estimate).\n-Dual-Phase: A lightsaber that uses two Kyber Crystals, therefor being twice ac long. Some dual-phase lightsabers can be switched between 3 feet and 6 feet. I don't know of any users of this blade.\n-Curved hilt: A lightsaber with a curved hilt, enabling much more maneuverability. Sometimes used as dual and dual curved hilts can be combined to make a double-sided blade with an S-shaped handle.\n-Blaster-Saber: A lightsaber with a blaster attached, enabling you to have a compact weapon. A notable use of this type was by <PERSON>.\n-Underwater-Saber: Most lightsabers short out when they touch water, but underwater sabers don't. The only known one was used by <PERSON>.\n-Lightsaber Pike: A type of lightsaber, typically with a very long hilt, long than a double sided hilt, and sometimes a longer or shorter blade. I believe some Jedi Temple Guards used them.\n-Darksaber: A lightsaber with a rectangular prism hilt instead of a cylindrical hilt. The blade is shaped like a sword's blade, and is a black flecked with white color.\n-Normal single bladed: Most jedi and sith use this. It's in balance with all the pros and cons.\nThere are others that I haven't covered here, but I believe I got most of them.", "537" ], [ "How were <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> physically trapped by a ray shield?\nIn Revenge of the Sith, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> are trapped by a ray shield on the Separatist ship the Invisible Hand:\nIt is specifically called it a \"ray shield\" by multiple characters:\n60 INT. BRIDGE-TRADE FEDERATION CRUISER\nBODYGUARD: General, we found the Jedi. They're in hallway 328.\nGENERAL GRIEVOUS: Activate ray shields.\n61 INT. HALLWAY-TRADE FEDERATION CRUISER\nThey run down the hallway. Suddenly, ray shields drop around them, putting them in an electronic box in the middle of the hallway.\n<PERSON>: Ray shields!\nHowever, ray shields are (usually) only capable of stopping energy like blaster bolts.", "605" ], [ "To physically block an object you need a particle shield.\nThe fact that ray shields do not block physical objects is supported by the (fully canon) Star Wars: The Clone Wars episode \"Landing at Point Rain\", in which <PERSON> was seeing running through a ray shield along with clone troopers1:\nThis shield is described as a ray shield in the episode description:\n...On Geonosis, Separatist leader <PERSON>, safe in his newly ray-shielded factories, creates thousands of terrible new weapons which march off the assembly line against the outnumbered clone army...\nRay shields' inability to block physical objects is also supported as a major plot point in A New Hope during the Battle of Yavin briefing:\n<PERSON>: The target area is only two meters wide. It's a small thermal exhaust port, right below the main port. The shaft leads directly to the reactor system. A precise hit will start a chain reaction which should destroy the station. Only a precise hit will set up a chain reaction. The shaft is ray-shielded, so you'll have to use proton torpedoes.\nThe Rebels needed to use proton torpedoes (as opposed to, say, the X-Wing's four blaster cannons) because proton torpedoes are physical objects:\nHence, the Death Star was only destroyed because its ray shielded thermal exhaust port was vulnerable to physical proton torpedoes.\nHow were <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> physically impeded by the Separatist ray shield when the plot in two other canon sources depended on ray shields' inability to block physical objects (including humans)?\nNote that this question is not tagged with [tag:star-wars-legends] -- I have provisionally accepted the Legends answer, but I am still looking for a canon answer.\n1 GIF taken from 15:44 of this Youtube video.", "963" ], [ "<PERSON>'s Order spans about a thousand years and most of the Sith Masters are unknown. We can only consider the few known Sith Masters, so we will underestimate the number of Sith Masters who obeyed the Rule of Two as well as the number who disobeyed it. This means the claim that \"precious few\" Sith Lords obeyed it can still be true if most of the unknown Sith Lords disobeyed it.\nCanon\nFrom Wookieepedia's list of Sith Lords, the following Sith Masters are known in canon:\n* <PERSON>: yes\n* <PERSON>'s unnamed apprentice: yes\n* Sith Lord of Gairm: unknown\n* <PERSON>: unknown. We only know of one apprentice (<PERSON>) but there could be others we don't know about.\n* <PERSON>: yes. He had multiple apprentices (<PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>) but he only had one at a time.\nOf the known Sith Lords, at least three of them followed the Rule of Two.\nLegends\nFrom Wookieepedia's list of Sith Lords from the Order of the Sith Lords (<PERSON>'s order), the following Sith Masters are known:\n* <PERSON>: yes\n* <PERSON> (<PERSON>'s apprentice, only named in Legends): yes, one apprentice (<PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: yes, one apprentice (<PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: no.", "605" ], [ "Millennial was a heretic who explicitly rejected the Rule of Two.\n* Unidentified male humanoid Sith Master: probably. We only know of one apprentice, but we know so little about him that it's possible he didn't strictly obey the Rule of Two.\n* Unidentified male Devaronian Sith Master: unknown. We don't know of any of his apprentice(s).\n* <PERSON>: yes, one apprentice (<PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: yes, one apprentice (<PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: yes, only one apprentice but unnamed\n* <PERSON>'s unnamed apprentice: unknown\n* <PERSON>: unknown\n* Darth <PERSON>' unnamed Master: yes\n* <PERSON>: no, at least two apprentices (<PERSON> and <PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: yes, one apprentice (<PERSON>)\n* <PERSON>: no. He had a vast number of apprentices, and some at the same time (e.g. <PERSON> and <PERSON>).\nNote: I don't consider Sith Lords before <PERSON> or after <PERSON> because those Sith Lords do not belong to <PERSON>'s order and thus would not follow the Rule of Two anyway.\nI count at least eight Sith Masters who obeyed the Rule of Two, possibly a few more.", "605" ], [ "Aside from the fact that he probably didn't get the choose the armor when it was first put on him, there's several possible reasons.\n1) <PERSON> most likely didn't think he needed any extra protection. One of the biggest faults of the Sith are that they are overconfident in their own abilities. With his newly found Dark Side powers, <PERSON> felt invincible, armor or not, which previously had led to him attempting to approach <PERSON> from the lower ground and getting the last of his limbs removed. Despite this defeat, <PERSON> was so confident that he would not lose another fight, he simply chose not to take the extra precaution.\n2) It's possible that wearing a full set of Beskar would simply be too bulky. Even Mandalorians only wear helmets, chest pieces, and shoulder coverings.", "865" ], [ "From what we see of <PERSON>'s fighting style before dawning the suit, he much prefers agility and dexterity over being able to resist a few lightsaber strikes. Remember, the only thing preferable to armor protecting you from a lightsaber is not getting hit by a lightsaber in the first place. More likely than not, <PERSON> preferred to rely on his own fighting skills as a way of defense, rather than go the more \"tanky\" route.\n3) Additionally, it's quite possible that <PERSON>'s armor is already efficient enough. On Cloud City, we not only see <PERSON> block <PERSON>'s laser blasts with his gloves (which some sources say are actually made of Beskar), but we also see that his armor prevents <PERSON> from further damaging his arm when <PERSON> fails to deflect a lightsaber strike. <PERSON> may not be <PERSON>, but it does seem to have some effect on lightsaber blades and blasters.\nLastly, let me pose a counter-question. If <PERSON> is so great, why would every Jedi not be dying to get their hands on it? Wouldn't it provide a distinct advantage to the wearer in any lightsaber fight? Whether it be for one of the above three reasons or a different one, there definitely seems to be some logical reason that Jedi and Sith alike prefer their cloth robes to battle armor of any sort.", "503" ], [ "Other than <PERSON>'s very valid points, several things would prevent this kind of naval strategy:\n1) Usually there are patrols and other defense systems, especially near a capital. 2) Hyperfuel: As we learn in Solo: A Star Wars Story, hyperdrives need coaxium to fuel them. While it doesn't necessarily need to be refined, it is highly unstable when unrefined and also highly reactive, making it dangerous to use unrefined coaxium. Coaxium itself is expensive and the refining process also costs money. In order to move a full fleet, you need the coaxium to fuel them for the entire journey there, plus probably at least a partial return journey. The logistics of doing this for just a bombing run on a capital planet don't make sense. 3) Risk management: If you commit your entire fleet to an attack, but the enemy has sufficient strength to stop your fleet, you lose your fleet and the enemy gains the upper hand.", "500" ], [ "They don't even need to be stronger. In the Expanded Universe, <PERSON> and Tarkin are both noted to have used Star Destroyers (or similar cruisers) equipped with gravity cones, which generate a powerful gravity signature to pull ships out of hyperspace and prevent them from entering. They used these mainly for offensive maneuvers, allowing their exit from hyperspace to be more controlled, but they can also be used in hyperlanes to block access and establish checkpoints. If your fleet gets unexpectedly pulled out of hyperspace, the enemy has some time for free shots before your crews react. 4) Ethics (and some kind of related logical stuff): Most of the time in Star Wars, guerilla warfare is seen to be not targeting civilians, but military targets that will make an effect. A capital world, even if bombed to ashes, won't put an end to an enemy's military. As seen from the fall of the Empire, even a military group that suffers a loss of government will continue to fight as long as they have some sort of leadership. It's kind of hard to take out the entire chain of command of a military, so this wouldn't be effective as it would leave no government to negotiate a full surrender while leaving military leadership to continue the fight.", "963" ], [ "During his confrontation with <PERSON> on Mustafar, <PERSON> was first maimed by lightsabre cuts. He lost both legs around the knees, and much of his left arm. He fell onto a slope of volcanic sand, and slid helplessly to the edge of a lava river. His body ignited due to heat radiated off that flow. His lungs were scorched by the hot gases he inhaled. [Revenge of the Sith novel; graphic novel; childrens' novel.]\nThis explains most (but not all) of Lord <PERSON>'s injuries. <PERSON> may have experienced mishaps between the films. He may have lost more flesh from his limbs before his final fight at Endor.", "605" ], [ "His spinal damage may have resulted from an accidental fall into a pit on Mimban [in Splinter of the Mind's Eye, though the book doesn't show how badly he was hurt]. Lord <PERSON> could have suffered extra injuries during his hunts for surviving Jedi and the Clone Wars campaigns that continued after the Empire was proclaimed.\nNonetheless, if the passages from Return of the Jedi are taken literally, the worst of <PERSON>'s injuries result from serious burns inflicted when he fell in a volcanic environment\nhttp://www.theforce.net/swtc/injuries.html#origin\nNote that the bulk of the content was written in the mid 1990s; well before the prequels came out.\n<PERSON>'s back, specifically his spine, was not whole.[9] <PERSON> at some time had suffered serious spinal injury in the upper neck. However, his injuries on <PERSON> did not affect the spine.[1] This forced <PERSON> to wear a thick electrode-studded collar that supported his helmet to safeguard the cybernetic devices that replaced his upper vertebrae.\nhttp://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Darth_Vader's_armor#Spine\nHowever, this newer source seems to corroborate a single serious injury to <PERSON>'s spine after the battle at Mustafar.\nIn the Splinter of the Mind's Eye novel, there was a battle between <PERSON> and <PERSON> at Mimban, but the summaries seem to conflict somewhat. However, after skimming my copy of the novel, the summary from the novel is correct.\nThey continue to battle and <PERSON>, his actions guided by the spirit of <PERSON> and his power augmented by the Kaiburr crystal, strikes <PERSON>'s sword arm, severing it. Undaunted, <PERSON> picks up his lightsaber with his remaining arm, and again pursues the exhausted <PERSON>. <PERSON>, also exhausted, is about to win, staggering as he approaches to make the killing blow, and he falls into a pit; <PERSON> senses that this does not kill <PERSON>.\nhttp://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Splinter_of_the_Mind's_Eye\nEvery movement of <PERSON> was guided by the spirit of <PERSON> and empowered by the crystal, so the young boy amazingly managed to hold <PERSON> off, even managing to sever the Dark Lord's mechanical arm. Shocked, <PERSON> tumbled down a deep pit, ending their duel. This was the first battle between <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\nhttp://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Mimban", "605" ], [ "As far as the canon goes, I found four relevant examples, listed in 'in-universe' chronological order:\n1) In the Attack of the Clones movie, when Count <PERSON> has <PERSON> trapped on Geonosis, he tries to lure <PERSON> into helping him overthrow <PERSON>:\n<PERSON>: What if I told you that the Republic was now under the control of the Dark Lord of the Sith?\n<PERSON><PERSON><PERSON>: No, that's not possible. The Jedi would be aware of it.\n<PERSON>: The dark side of the Force has clouded their vision, my friend. Hundreds of senators are now under the influence of a Sith lord called <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>: I don't believe you.\n<PERSON>: The viceroy of the Trade Federation was once in league with this Darth Sidious but he was betrayed ten years ago by the dark lord. He came to me for help. He told me everything. You must join me, <PERSON>, and together we will destroy the Sith!\nThough there is some debate as to whether or not he was sincere in this request, see http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/74249/why-did-dooku-reveal-the-truth-to-obi-wan-on-geonosis\n2) <PERSON> ordering Count <PERSON> to kill his assassin/apprentice, <PERSON>, in TCW 3x12:\nSidious: Lord <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>: My master.\nS: There is a disturbance in the force.", "605" ], [ "Your assassin, she has become very powerful.\nD: Yes, my lord. She is quite important to me.\nS: Too important. I can sense her powers growing stronger. I would hate to think you are training your own sith apprentice to destroy me.\nD: Never. My allegiance is to you and you alone.\nS: Then you must prove it. Eliminate her.\nD: She's my most trusted ...\nS: I said eliminate her!\nD: As you wish, my lord.\n3) The part mentioned by ncalmbeblpaicr0011 in TCW 3x13, taken with a grain of salt considering that <PERSON> had just ordered <PERSON> to get rid of his previous apprentice, and there wasn't anything further mentioned in TCW about <PERSON> trying to overthrow <PERSON>.\n4) In the novelisation of Return of the Sith, by <PERSON>, you can find excerpts referenced in http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/5922/what-was-dookus-plan-for-the-battle-of-coruscant which discuss <PERSON>'s frame of mind towards <PERSON> at that point.", "605" ], [ "Canon\nThe official Star Wars Databank has this to say:\nIf ever one needed an example of the irredeemable evil that was the Empire, turn to the shattered remains of Alderaan. An influential world, Alderaan was represented in the waning days of the Republic by such venerated politicians as <PERSON> and <PERSON>. A peaceful world, Alderaan was bereft of weaponry in an era of galactic strife. It was not without spirit, however. Alderaan was one of the earliest supporters of the Alliance to Restore the Republic, though its officials prudently kept all ties to the Rebellion secret.", "503" ], [ "Despite such discretion, the Empire knew it to be a haven of Rebel activity, and Grand Moff <PERSON> targeted the beautiful world for reprisal as soon as the Death Star was operational. The massive primary weapon of the battle station obliterated Alderaan, leaving only a lifeless asteroid field behind.\nWookieepedia (citing Star Wars Rebels – \"A Princess on Lothal\") says this:\nDuring this time, Alderaan became the Alliance's main source of munitions. The planet's crown princess and representative in the Imperial Senate, Princess <PERSON>, adoptive daughter of <PERSON> and <PERSON>, began using her diplomatic immunity as an Imperial senator to carry out Rebel missions in restricted Imperial systems.\nLegends\nIn Star Wars: Battlefront II, a 501st trooper says this:\n\"For all their talk of being a peaceful planet, Alderaan had been thumbing its nose at the Empire for years.\"\nThe Star Wars: Imperial Handbook: A Commander's Guide labels Alderaan as one of the Empire's priority targets for providing political and strategic aid to the Alliance.\nWookieepedia says this (although they didn't cite their source so take it with a grain of salt):\nImmediately after the formation of the Galactic Empire, Alderaan was wracked by anti-Imperial protests, mainly from alien refugees who were now forced to pay an exorbitant tax to return home. Alderaan eventually became a safe haven for rebellious elements who wished to fight the growing oppression of the Empire, which helped bring on the planet's very downfall.\nIncluded among the population was a group of Caamasi refugees depicted in the novel I, Jedi, for example, that fled to Alderaan after an Imperial bombardment destroyed their planet. They were most definitely Rebel sympathizers.\nConclusion - YES\nWhile it's hard to determine what percentage of the Alderaan people were pro-Rebellion, it had a reputation for being very sympathetic to the Alliance which should be sufficient for the question.\nIt's generally understood that a significant portion of the galaxy's population didn't like the Empire but any official stance against the regime would carry significant consequences and violent suppression. Therefore, Alderaan, being a peaceful planet, was officially aligned with the Empire but both its political figures and its people had a reputation of secretly being very influential supporters of the Rebellion.", "503" ] ]

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[ [ "BUILD a PVC CNC PLOTTER IN a SIMPLE WAY\nIntroduction: BUILD a PVC CNC PLOTTER IN a SIMPLE WAY\nToday I'd like to share how to build a CNC plotter and in the easiest, simplest way which I've been done. It has a good looking structure, pretty good plotting quality, with a working range about 300 x 300mm. The CNC mainframe and supports are made mostly of plastic materials, such as: PVC pipes and acrylic sheets.\nIn this project, I used PVC pipes & fittings Ø21mm. All the bearings and copper nuts are fitted tightly with their holes, so everything becomes quite easy and my CNC does not take up much space.\nPlease check how it works on introduction video before getting started!\nSupplies\nThe NEXTPCB support me for this project.", "582" ], [ "If you have a PCB project, please visit the NEXTPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons.\n* Only $0 for 1-4 layer PCB Prototype: https://www.nextpcb.com/pcb-quote?act=2&code=tune...\n* New customer get $100 coupons, register at: https://www.nextpcb.com/register?code=tunendd\nHere are mid-summer sales at NextPCB:\n* Up to 30% off for the PCB orders.\n* Up to 20% off for the PCBA orders.\na. Main materials:\n⦾ 1pcs x DFRduino UNO R3 - Compatible with Arduino Uno\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n⦾ 1pcs x 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported. (Optional if we use Laser engraving mode)\n⦾ 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module (Optional if we use Laser engraving mode).\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988\n⦾ 2pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 1pcs x CD/DVD Rom Player Drive.\n⦾ 1pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x 8mm Linear Rail Shaft Clamping Guide Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut.\n⦾ 10pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n⦾ 6pcs x Horizontal Ball Bearing Bracket or Vertical Ball Bearing Bracket.\n⦾ 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 10mm x 10mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-20mm.\n⦾ 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ 1pcs x 5mm DC Female Power Plug.\n⦾ 1pcs x Black and White Board 2 in 1, A4 Size for Kids\n⦾ 12pcs x Small Size Neodymium Magnets.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, bolts and nuts.\nb. PVC pipes and fittings:\n⦾ 32pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 8pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø21mm.\n⦾ 8pcs x PVC Straight connector Ø21mm.\n⦾ 4 meter x PVC Pipe Ø21mm.\nc. Firmware & Softwares:\n⦾ GRBL.\n⦾ Inkscape.\n⦾ LaserGRBL.\n⦾ Engraver Master.\n⦾ Universal Gcode Platform (UGS).\nStep 1: CNC Main Frame\nThe CNC base and main frame were assembled from PVC tees and straight connectors Ø21mm with a inner size L x W about 500 x 500mm.\nThe PVC tees have been arranged horizontally and vertically, as follows:\n* Four horizontal open holes: be connected to the CNC Y axis.", "1000" ], [ "GRBL Based Coil Winder From Water Pipe\nIntroduction: GRBL Based Coil Winder From Water Pipe\nWhen I was working on the Toy Magnetic Levitation project with a solenoid coil, I thought to myself, why didn't I make a coil winder. So I took my times to build a simple coil winder based on GRBL firmware and it was made from PVC pipes. I'm willing to share how I made it, please check out video below and let's get started.\nStep 1: Supplies\nMain components:\n* 1pcs x Arduino Uno R3: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 2pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 2pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth, Hole diameter 8mm: Amazon- Banggood.\n* 1pcs x Round Bar Shaft Rod Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 3pcs x Round Bar Shaft Rod Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 16pcs x F608ZZ Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 2pcs x XH2.54mm – 4P Wire Cable Double Connector: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x 5mm DC Female Power Plug: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x Power Supply 12VDC: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness 5~10mm: Amazon - Banggood.\n* 1pcs x Empty plastic spool. I reused empty plastic spool that is used to coil the soldering tin wires.\n* 2pcs x Small Rubber Guide Roller V type.\n* 6pcs x Elbow PVC Pipe Ø42mm.\n* pcs x Straight connector PVC Pipe Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm.\n* 12pcs x Tee PVC Pipe Ø42mm.\n* 12pcs x End Cap PVC Pipe Ø42mm.\nThe pipe and its fittings are shown below:\nTools:\n* Drilling machine with drill bit hole 22mm.\n* Hand saw.\n* Soldering machine.\n* Big scissor.\nStep 2: Schematic\nThe connection diagram is very simple. I just plugged the CNC shield onto the Arduino Uno R3 and connected the cables to 2 stepper motors. Two stepper motor drivers A4988 were also plugged on the CNC shield at X and Y position.\nThere are 2 axes for a coil winder which are called:\n* Feeder axis: connecting to X axis marked on CNC shield.\n* Spindle axis: connecting to Y axis marked on CNC shield.\nThe NEXTPCB support me for this project.", "1000" ], [ "If you have a PCB project, please visit the NEXTPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons.\n* Only $0 for 1-4 layer PCB Prototype: https://www.nextpcb.com/pcb-quote?act=2&code=tune...\n* New customer get $100 coupons, register at: https://www.nextpcb.com/register?code=tunendd\nHere are mid-summer sales at NextPCB:\n* Up to 30% off for the PCB orders.\n* Up to 20% off for the PCBA orders.\nStep 3: Assembly Work\nFirstly, I’ve tried to figure out how to build the coil winding machine. And it seems easy with PVC pipes. What we need is patience and carefulness.\n1. Building a coil winder frame:\nI assembled a square frame, dimension about 480 x 480mm. It was made of 7pcs x tees, 4pcs x elbows and connecting pipes.\nConnecting pipes should be cut in suitable length so that when we connect elbow to tee or tee to tee, there is no gap between them. With this connecting way, we don't need to do any measurements or alignments later because they are the same size and completely symmetrical each other. As the picture above, we have 3 pairs of pipe that are completely symmetrical each other.\n2.", "819" ], [ "Multicolor DrawBot\nIntroduction: Multicolor DrawBot\nI have seen many versions of the COREXY Drawbots and almost no one has enabled \"Homing\" function for them, even though the design already had space to fit limit switches. Today, I'd like to share how a CoreXY Drawbot can draw colorful shapes or texts by enabling its \"Homing\" function.\nStep 1: Supplies\nI would like to thank the JLCPCB for supporting me on this project. If you have a PCB project, please visit the JLCPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons as follows:\n* JLCPCB PCB Prototype only $2.\n* Get $24 Register Coupon here: jlcpcb.com/cyt\nMain materials:\n⦾ 1set x 3D printed parts, available at: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2349232/files\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino UNO R3 or Combo Arduino + CNCShield + A4988.\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n⦾ 2pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988.\n⦾ 2pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 1pcs x SG90 Servo.\n⦾ 2meter x GT2 6mm Timing Belt.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 16 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 500mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x Linear rod M3 x 75mm, Z Axis.", "1000" ], [ "I reused these rods from old CDROMs.\n⦾ 8pcs x LM8UU linear bearings.\n⦾ 5pcs x Bearing 624zz.\n⦾ 1pcs x M8-L530mm threaded rod and 4pcs x M8 nuts.\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ 2pcs x Limit switches.\n⦾ 1pcs x 5mm DC Female Power Plug.\n⦾ 1pcs x Multicolor pen.\n⦾ 2 meter x copper braided shield.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3 - M4 bolts and nuts.\nStep 2: 3D Printed Parts and Pre-assembly\n⦾ X supports\n⦾ Top and bottom clamshells\n⦾ Y front and back supports\n⦾ Slider base\n⦾ Slider and pen holder\n⦾ Idle pulley and thumb screw\n⦾ Arduino case\nStep 3: Assembly\nDetailed assembly instructions are included in the Thingiverse link. I only mention the parts that need attention, especially how to install limit switches.\n⦾ X limit switches\nI firstly measured the distance from 2 x limit switches located on the X supports to Arduino box, then soldered their wires accordingly.\nThe limit switches should be mounted on the X supports before installing stepper motors.\nI reused 2 old stepper motors which have short shafts, about 12mm so that limit switches can be mounted easily on the stepper motors head side without touching each other.\n⦾ Clamshell (Y) limit switch\nAs above, the limit switch should be mounted on the top clamshell before assembling the top and bottom clamshell together.\nIts cable is threaded through a rectangular hole available on the clamshell.\n⦾ Pen holder\nI printed 2 types of pen holders, one is for regular pen and the other is bigger for multi-color (multi-nib) pen.\nI use one of my daughter's multicolored pens. It is about 22mm in diameter.\nStep 4: Cable Arrangement\nI used a copper braided shield taken from a multi-cores control cable to cover all the drawbot's cables.\nThe cables of stepper motor, limit switch far away from control box and M8 bolt were all threaded into copper braided shield.\nThe servo and Y axis limit switch were also done in same way.\nIt looks pretty cool in the end!!!\nStep 5: Connections\nMy Drawbot cable connection is show as below:\nNotes:\n* We can use 2 limit switches for X- and Y-, it is good enough for a drawbot.\n* If the limit switch wire is placed too close to the stepper motor wire, it can cause interference and give an incorrect stop signal.\nStep 6: GRBL Firmware\na.", "1000" ], [ "BACK TO BASIC – MINI CNC PLOTTER\nIntroduction: BACK TO BASIC – MINI CNC PLOTTER\nThere are many projects and tutorials related to recycle old CD/DVD players into a mini CNC Plotter based on Arduino.\nI have become too concerned with complicated details or new things, and now I should concentrate on basic, simple and important ideas. Getting back to basics, to start learning CNC, today I'd like to share how to easily build your own low-cost Arduino Mini CNC Plotter. With my version, I used the spring part of stapler as a main component for pen lift. During the process of doing this, I have referenced from many sources, studied & tried to clarify some point hard to grasp.\nLet's getting started.\nStep 1: THINGS WE NEED\nMain components:\n* 1pcs x CNC Shield V4.\n* 1pcs x Arduino Nano.\n* 2pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988.\n* 2pcs x Old CD/DVD Players.\n* 1pcs x Servo Motor SG90.\n* 1 meter x 8P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n* 1pcs x Aluminium Angle 20 x 20 x 1.4mm - Length 120mm.\n* 1pcs x Stapler.\n* 1pcs x Power Supply 12V.\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm (or 8mm x 8mm).\n* 2pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-10mm.\n* 2pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-5mm.\n* 2pcs x Bolts + Nuts + Washers M4 x 50mm.\n* 3pcs x Bolts + Nuts + Washers M4 x 25mm.\n* 2pcs x Bolts + Nuts + Washers M4 x 20mm.\n* 1pcs x Bolts + Nuts + Washers M2 x 40mm.\n* 2pcs x Bolts + Nuts + Washers M2 x 5mm.\n* Some small cable ties.\nTools:\n* Sawing Machine.\n* Drilling Machine.\n* Hand Grinder.\n* Hot Glue Gun.\n* Soldering Machine.\nSoftwares:\n* MIGRBL firmware.\n* INKSCAPE version 0.48.5.\n* INKSCAPE MI-GRBL Extension.\n* Universal Gcode Sender.\nStep 2: IDEAS\nThe idea to build a mini CNC plotter is simple: use two old stepper motor-controlled CD/DVD player, one is used as a plotting surface that moving forward and backward - Y axes, and mount the other vertically on it to provide left and right movement - X axes. Then we mount a RC servo to X axes to lift the pen up and down during plotting- Z axes.\nStep 3: DVD/CD DRIVE STEPPER MOTORS\n* DVD/CD drive stepper motor specifications\nIt is difficult to find the exact specifications of these steppers.", "1000" ], [ "I found the specs of DVD/CD stepper motor which is similar to mine on the internet. The important parameters are highlighted in orange.\nhttp://www.oncetop.com/Products/OTSM15L013Stepperm...\nMotor type: 2-phase 4-wire system\nStep angel: 18°\nVoltage: 5V\nResistance: 14Ω\nPhase: 2 - 2\nDrive mode: Bipolar\nMax.starting frequency: 900pps\nMax.slew speed: 1200pps\nHolding torque: 40\nLead screw major diameter: Φ3\nLead screw lead pitch: 3\nSize of motor outer diameter: 15mm\n* DVD/CD drive stepper motor disassembly\nI tried to open a broken stepper motor to see the details inside. You can check the picture below:\nThe stepper operate at 5VDC, we should measure 2 coils resistance by a multimeter to check whether it is in good condition.\nI had two different types of DVD/CD players, one was used for the X axis with coil resistance of stepper motor 14Ω and the other was used for the Y axis with 10Ω coil resistance.\nStep 4: CNC SHIELD V4.0\nCNC Shield V4.0 has 3 slots on the PCB board for stepper motor drive modules and one slot for Arduino Nano. It can drive 3 stepper motors by Arduino Nano. CNC Shield V4.0 has some GPIO pins available for connecting to other modules, like limit switch, as well as, I2C interface or serial communication. Power for 3 stepper motor drive modules and Nano board is supplied via an external power jack (DC 12V).", "832" ], [ "P-CNC Laser Engraver and Pen Plotter\nIntroduction: P-CNC Laser Engraver and Pen Plotter\nIn this project, I'd like to share how to build a homemade 3 axis P-CNC machine with its frame and supports made of PVC pipes and acrylic sheets. It has two operation modes: pen plotting and laser engraving.\nPlease check the brief description and how P-CNC Engraver & Plotter works in the video below before getting started in detail.\nStep 1: Supplies\n1. Main materials:\n* 1pcs x 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported.\n* 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module.\n* 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988.\n* 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n* 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm.\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth.\n* 3pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n* 3pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut.\n* 20pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm.\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 10mm x 10mm.\n* 1pcs x Power Supply 12VDC.\n* 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A4, thickness at least 5mm.\n* 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-5/10mm.\n* 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n* Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3/M4 bolts and nuts, some small neodymium magnets.\n2.", "1000" ], [ "PVC pipes and its fittings (with some spares):\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Straight Connector Ø42mm.\n* 14pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø42mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Pipe Cross Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø42mm.\n* 6pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø60mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Reducer Ø50mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm and Ø60mm.\n3. Tools:\n* Drilling machine with drill bit hole 8/22mm.\n* Hand saw.\n* Hand grinder.\n* Soldering machine.\n* Big scissor.\nStep 2: Connection\nI used a GRBL-based controller for a 3-axis CNC machine and it supports laser control.Connection diagrams:\n* Plugging three stepper motor drivers A4988 on the CNC controller at X, Y and Z label position.\n* Connecting the cables from CNC controller to three stepper motors.\n* The laser module has 3 wires connected to a female header: Red (12V+), Black (GND), Yellow (PWM) and I just connected it to a 3-pin laser male header on the CNC controller with the same label.My laser module parameters are shown on the nameplate as follows:\n* Wavelength: 450nm.\n* Power output: 2.5W.\nThe NEXTPCB support me for this project. If you have a PCB project, please visit the NEXTPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons.\n* Only $0 for 1-4 layer PCB Prototype: https://www.nextpcb.com/pcb-quote?act=2&code=tune...\n* New customer get $100 coupons, register at: https://www.nextpcb.com/register?code=tunendd\nHere are mid-summer sales at NextPCB:\n* Up to 30% off for the PCB orders.\n* Up to 20% off for the PCBA orders.\nStep 3: Building P-CNC Frame\nI assembled a PVC frame, with horizontal dimension L480 x W480mm and vertical dimension W480 x H550mm.\nIt was made of:\n* 10pcs x PVC tees Ø42mm.\n* 6pcs x PVC elbows Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC straight connectors Ø42mm.", "1000" ], [ "CoreXZ Puzzle Pipe Plotter\nIntroduction: CoreXZ Puzzle Pipe Plotter\nToday, I'd like to share how to build at home a CoreXZ puzzle pipe plotter. It is called \"puzzle pipe\" CNC because I put pieces of pipe fittings together in a logical way, in order to arrive at the strong and nice mechanisum CNC structure.\nThe plotter firmware is CoreXY, but it works in another dimension CoreXZ.\nPlease check my video before getting started!\nStep 1: Supplies\nI would like to thank the JLCPCB for supporting me on this project. If you have a PCB project, please visit the JLCPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons as follows:\n* JLCPCB PCB Prototype only $2.\n* Get $24 Register Coupon here: jlcpcb.com/cyt\na. Main materials:\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino UNO R3 or Combo Arduino + CNCShield + A4988.\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 3pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support.\n⦾ 4meter x GT2 6mm Timing Belt.\n⦾ 4pcs x GT2 5mm Bore Aluminum Toothless Idler Pulley for 6mm Width Timing Belt.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Idler Timing Pulley 5mm Bore 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 3pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 4pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 500mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm.\n⦾ 12pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n⦾ 12pcs x Horizontal Ball Bearing Bracket or Vertical Ball Bearing Bracket.\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-10mm.\n⦾ 2 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ 1pcs x 5mm DC Female Power Plug.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, bolts and nuts.\nb. PVC pipes and fittings:\n⦾ 70pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 16pcs x PVC Three Way Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 16pcs x PVC Four Way Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x PVC Cross Ø21mm.\n⦾ 8pcs x PVC Elbow Ø21mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x PVC Connector Ø21mm.\n⦾ 8 meter x PVC Pipe Ø21mm.\nc.", "1000" ], [ "Tools:\n⦾ Drilling machine.\n⦾ Hand saw.\n⦾ PVC pipe cutter: It was very useful for this project, because I had to cut a lot of connecting pipes.\n⦾ Soldering machine.\nStep 2: How It Works\nMy plotter use built-in CoreXY kinematics in GRBL and it has working range about X380mm x Y380mm x Z6mm. It structure is shown as follow:\n⦾ The X and Z axes are driven by 2 stepper motors and a common timing belt (CoreXY system). On the Z axis, I attach a PVC pipe containing a pen inside for plotting.\n⦾ The Y axis works like other traditional CNCs via timing belt. And the CNC plotter frame is made out of PVC fittings. The following picture shows the plotter's backside.\nStep 3: XZ Assembly\nI cut 2 acrylic sheets, dimension L180 x W120 x T5mm and drilled holes to mount stepper motors.\nTwo XZ supports were assembled by PVC pipe tees, three and four-way tees following the shape below, then mounted stepper motors with acrylic sheet to this supports. Two lock bearings were also inserted at 2 open holes.\nAssemble one more support to keep XZ axes strong enough.\nX and Z sliders were constructed from 2 pcs x PVC tees with ball bearings at 4 ends of these sliders.\nAn acrylic sheet, dimension L120mm x W120 x T5mm, was drilled and installed 4 toothless idler pulleys in the center.\nAssemble the XZ slider.", "1000" ], [ "Polar CNC Pen Plotter & Laser Engraver\nIntroduction: Polar CNC Pen Plotter & Laser Engraver\nI've done a 3-Axis Polar CNC Machine on the previous post. I've made some below modifications this weekend and would like to share in detail.\n* Change the CNC structure: the Y rotation axis is mounted on the X linear axis.\n* Pen plotting mode or laser engraving mode can be used.\n* Test with DFRduino Mega2560 and Ramps 1.4.\nLet's getting started.\nSupplies\na. Main materials:\n⦾ Controller options:\n* 1pcs x DFRduino UNO R3 - Compatible with Arduino Uno + 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n* 1pcs x DFRduino Mega2560 + 1pcs x RAMPS 1.4 Controller.\n* 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported.\n⦾ 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module.\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 2pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x 8mm Linear Rail Shaft Clamping Guide Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut.\n⦾ 20pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-20mm.\n⦾ 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3/M4 bolts and nuts, some paper clips.\nb.", "1000" ], [ "PVC pipes and its fittings:\n* 4pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Straight Connector Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø42mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Pipe Cross Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø60mm.\n* 4pcs x PVC Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Tee Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm and Ø60mm.\nc. Softwares:\n* LaserGRBL\n* tkCNC Editor\n* Universal Gcode Platform (UGS)\nStep 1: Build Rotary Y Axis\nCut an A3 sized acrylic sheet into a circle form with a diameter 297 ~ 300mm. Two motor L-shaped supports and two 8mm linear rail shaft clamping guide supports were mounted on acrylic sheet so that the shaft supports center hole and acrylic sheet center were aligned together.\nAssemble the rotary motor support, it included:\n* 3pcs x PVC pipe cross Ø42mm.\n* 1pcs x acrylic sheet for mounting rotary stepper motor.\n* 3pcs x PVC end caps Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x bearings at top and bottom of middle cross.\nStep 2: Build Linear X Axis\nFrom rotary support, I continued to build up the linear X axis by:\n* Mount two PVC pipe tees Ø42mm to left and right crosses of rotary base.\n* As picture below, left tee will thread a lead scew and right tee for a round shaft. So they were installed copper nut and bearings on their end caps, following their functionalities.\nInstall rotary working plate on this base.\nThread a lead screw and T8 round shaft through copper nut and bearings.", "1000" ], [ "Dual-Task CoreXY DrawBot\nIntroduction: Dual-Task CoreXY DrawBot\nWhen I saw a COREXY (or H-Bot) plotter, I thought I would make it someday. Since most of its components were made from 3D printers so I have postponed it. Fortunately, once again the PVC pipes gave me an idea to build it with a special version. My Dual-Task CoreXY DrawBot can perform double tasks simultaneously, eg: plotting 2 same drawings at the same time, or using pen plotting and laser engraving simultaneously.\nPlease check my introduction video before getting started.\nStep 1: Supplies\na. Main materials:\n⦾ 1pcs x DFRduino UNO R3 - Compatible with Arduino Uno\n⦾ 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n⦾ 1pcs x 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported. (Optional if we use Laser engraving mode)\n⦾ 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module (Optional if we use Laser engraving mode).\n⦾ 4pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988\n⦾ 2pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 2pcs x CD/DVD Rom Player Drive.\n⦾ 2pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support.\n⦾ 3meter x GT2 6mm Timing Belt.\n⦾ 4pcs x GT2 5mm Bore Aluminum Toothless Idler Pulley for 6mm Width Timing Belt.\n⦾ 1pcs x GT2 Idler Timing Pulley 5mm Bore 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 4pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 500mm.\n⦾ 8pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n⦾ 8pcs x Horizontal Ball Bearing Bracket or Vertical Ball Bearing Bracket.\n⦾ 2pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 10mm x 10mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-10mm.\n⦾ 2 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ 1pcs x 5mm DC Female Power Plug.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, bolts and nuts and small zinc wires.\nb.", "1000" ], [ "PVC pipes and fittings:\n⦾ 14pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 16pcs x PVC Three Way Tee Ø21mm.\n⦾ 4 meter x PVC Pipe Ø21mm.\nc. Tools:\n⦾ Drilling machine.\n⦾ Hand saw.\n⦾ Soldering machine.\nd. Firmware & Softwares:\n⦾ GRBL.\n⦾ Inkscape.\n⦾ LaserGRBL.\n⦾ Engraver Master.\n⦾ Universal Gcode Platform (UGS).\nStep 2: How It Works\nMy DrawBot is based on GRBL firmware and used built-in CoreXY kinematics in GRBL. Its mainframe and supports are made of PVC pipes and acrylic sheets. It has working range about Y350mm x X320mm and detail configuration is shown below:\nIt has two Z axes (\"A\" is cloned from Z axis) so it is possible to draw two identical images or texts at the same time.\nMy DrawBot movement is described as follows:\n⦾ X and Y rotate clockwise: Y-\n⦾ X and Y rotate counterclockwise: Y+\n⦾ X rotate clockwise and Y rotate counterclockwise: X-\n⦾ X rotate counterclockwise and Y rotate clockwise: X+\nGo to the next steps to see how I built it.\nStep 3: Fixed Frame - Y Axis\nFirstly, I joined 4 pcs x PVC three-way tees Ø21mm together. I made two sets like that (called Y supports) for 2 ends of the Y axis. Later, two stepper motors X and Y would be mounted on them.\nTo build Y slider, I connected 2 pcs x PVC tees Ø21mm together and inserted ball bearings into 4 ends of this assembly.\nThen I jointed 10pcs x PVC tee Ø21mm together.", "1000" ] ]

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[ [ "Your question is throwing some people off, because you used the words point mass and acceleration. Really, you are considering two distinct point masses whose initial states differ only in their velocities. The inertial reference frames attached to the particles are said to be related by a boost. It is practical to talk about abstract inertial observers instead of concrete point particles located at the origin of inertial frames of reference. It simplifies the language and makes it clear we are only interested in the properties of space-time itself.\nYour argument is solid. Accepting the contraction of space due to the Lorentz transformation forces us to conclude that spatial ordering is relative. I really like the setup and notation you have used to demonstrate this. The way you apply special relativity is a little sloppy though. I'll get to that later, but as general advice I would advise you to always reason in terms of events. Events are nice, because in the case of multiple observers it is always clear what is being measured: the event. The observers can simply associate a space-time coordinate to the event, which we can then compare. If we ask multiple observers what the distance between two given observers is, it is not clear at all what we're asking of the observers.\nAnswer\nThe standard approach to resolving the paradox is to remember that simultaneity is relative, draw a space-time diagram and show that everything is good and well. I'm already boring myself, so let's try something different.\nOne of the central themes of special relativity is that space and time stand on equal footing. For every spatial concept, there is a corresponding temporal concept. We have space contraction and time dilation, energy and momentum, density and flux and so on. You have created a spatial paradox. What is the corresponding temporal paradox? I'd like to use your notation, but I'm going to refine your argument a little bit.\nConsider three inertial observers, $A,B$ and $C$. Observers $B$ and $C$ are at rest with respect to each other and $A$ is not.", "562" ], [ "$A$ observes that $B$ and $C$ are moving towards him and he measures that $B$ passes him (an event) after one unit of time passed on his clock and after having travelled one unit of distance relative to $B$. He passes $C$ after two units of time and two units of distance. In your notation, slightly adapted, the space diagrams are\n$$A:A-B-C$$ $$B:A-B\\ \\ |\\ \\ C$$ $$C:B\\ \\ |\\ \\ A--C$$\nThe vertical bar represent an infinite amount of dashes. From $B$'s perspective, for example, the distance he travels before he meets $C$ is infinite, because they never actually meet. I am forced to flip $A$ and $B$ in the third diagram, because it is impossible to fit an infinite distance ($B\\ |\\ C$) within a finite distance ($A--C$). Observers $B$ and $C$ disagree. According to $B$, at the beginning of the scenario $A$ is to the left of $B$. $C$ says $A$ starts off at the right of $B$. This is your spatial paradox, slightly reformulated.\nThe corresponding time diagrams are exactly the same as the space diagrams. The dashes now represent the time intervals that are recorded by the observers. $B$ and $C$ are once again saying something very different. According to $B$, it will meet $A$ in the future. $C$ says $B$ has already met $A$. This is the temporal paradox.\nIn summary, the scenario starts out as follows. According to $B$, $A$ is on the left of $B$ and will pass $B$ in the future. According to $C$, $A$ is on the right of $B$ and has passed $B$ in the past. These two statements do not contradict each other at all. We see that the spatial paradox has a temporal twin and that they resolve mutually.\nWouldn't it be neat if other paradoxes in special relativity worked like this?", "272" ], [ "There is a general reasoning that takes into account your chemical reaction and any other time dependent process. The reason for this is that no matter the reaction, it is always going to take the same amount of time in its own proper time. Gravitational effects would be negligible for the reaction itself, as it is when one considers atoms and atomic scaled objects.\nFirst notice that if one were to construct your setup even for inertial observers in <PERSON> spacetime at rest with respect to each other and separated by a distance $L$ with a reaction that takes a time $T$, the setup would have to be changed a bit so the computation can be done. For example, one could assume there are two synchronized clocks in each of the reference frames that would perform the reaction and that they start the reaction at $t=0$. Then, the time so that the light ray emitted at $T/2$ from wither source to reach the other would be simply $T/2+L$.", "562" ], [ "We would see a delay for the communication, which would be associated to the time light takes to travel between them.\nIn general spacetimes we would have to keep track of two things: The time the event takes to occur and the time the light rays take to travel between the observers.\nTo solve the problem assume the proper time so that the reaction takes place is $T$. If one observer is at the radial coordinate $r_1$ and the other one at $r_2$ and both are static in Schwarzschild spacetime, then the coordinate time $t$ that will represent the times the reaction takes to occur will be given by their proper times, $$T_1=\\frac{T}{f(r_1)},$$ $$T_2=\\frac{T}{f(r_2)},$$ where $$f(r)=1-\\frac{2M}{r}.$$\nTo solve the problem I will assume the reactions start at the same coordinate time, which could be achieved by sending a light ray to both from a point in between (synchronizing their clocks).\nNow we need to compute the proper time it takes for one of the observers to receive a light ray emitted by the other. The coordinate time parametrization of the light ray can be obtained via\n$$0 = ds^2 = - f(r) dt^2 + \\frac{dr^2}{f(r)}\\Rightarrow \\frac{dt}{dr} = \\frac{1}{f(r)} \\Rightarrow \\Delta t = r_2 - r_1 + 2M log\\left(\\frac{r_2-2M}{r_1 - 2M}\\right).$$\nThus, the total $coordinate$ time it takes for a light ray originating from $r_1$ to reach $r_2$ is given above. In terms of coordinate time, we then have the total time to reach $r_2$ given by $\\Delta t + T_1/2 $. Subtracting half the time it takes for the reaction at $2$ to take place we obtain the final answer in coordinate time:\n$$\\Delta t + \\frac{T_1}{2}-\\frac{T_2}{2} = r_2 - r_1 + 2M log\\left(\\frac{r_2-2M}{r_1 - 2M} \\right)+ \\frac{T}{2}\\left(\\frac{1}{1-\\frac{2M}{r_1}} - \\frac{1}{1-\\frac{2M}{r_2}}\\right).$$\nTo obtain the time in the reference frame of $2$, we simply multiply the result above by the redshift factor $$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2M}{r_2}}}$$.\nI really enjoyed doing this computation :)", "272" ], [ "We need to think about just where the time dilation effect occurs. By then thinking about the observations from each point of view, that is the free falling object and the external observer, we can come to terms with just what is happening as opposed to what appears to be happening.\nThe experience of time\nWe must remember that an object moving at a certain speed will travel through time (or the 4th dimension) at a slower rate. This does not mean that it moves slower, otherwise it would obviously not be travelling \"at a certain speed\".\nWhere time slows is in the ticking of the physical processes of the object itself.", "562" ], [ "In other words, my clock would tick twice as slow according to you as I flew past you at 87% the speed of light. I would be waving my arms normally, but according to you, I would appear to be waving my arms twice as slow and would also appear to be squeezed in size (not really relevant to this).\nThe falling object's point of view\nIf you were the object falling into the black hole, you would accelerate as you approached the event horizon, but you would take longer and longer to react to the approach, to the point where you would fall into the black hole in no time at all. From your perspective, your approach to the event horizon would become exponentially faster.\nIn other words, you would fall incredibly fast into the black hole, but you would have barely registered it in your mind because there just wasn't enough time for you due to relativity.\nThe stationary observer's point of view\nNow, the stationary observer outside the black hole's influence would observe something very different. The light (or rather, information) about your descent would become more and more redshifted, but also take longer and longer to actually reach their eyes.\nThis means that according to the observer, the falling object would slow down to a halt at the event horizon and have disappeared.\nSo what really \"happened\"?\n* The falling object fell in very quickly, but hardly realised it happening\n* The stationary observer would think that the object disappeared and never reached the event horizon.\n* <PERSON> taps on some gravity books and saves the human race.", "334" ], [ "From this and your previous question, I suspect your confusion stems from the interpretation of $L$ in the length contraction formula. In fact this is something that confused me a lot when I was starting out.\nConsider two observers attached to frames $S$ and $S^\\prime$, with $S^\\prime$ moving at speed $v$ relative to $S$ in the $x$-direction. Let their coordinates coincide at the origin. When we derive the formula for time dilation, we consider a change in time of $\\Delta t=t_2-t_1$ in the $S$ frame. Performing a <PERSON> transformation then gives a that same change in time in the $S^\\prime$ frame as $\\Delta t^\\prime=t_2^\\prime-t_1^\\prime=\\gamma(t_2-t_1)=\\gamma\\Delta t$ since $x=0$ for the observer in $S$. So we arrive at the familiar $$\\Delta t^\\prime=\\gamma\\Delta t,\\tag*{(1)}$$ which tells us that the time for the observer in $S$ to reach $t_2$ is seen to be dilated to the observer in $S^\\prime$.\nNaively, we might try next to do the same thing for the spatial coordinate(s). Say we consider a length $\\Delta x=x_2-x_1$ at $t_1=t_2=0$. Going through the same motions, we find that $$\\Delta x^\\prime=\\gamma\\Delta x.\\tag*{(2)}$$ But wait.", "562" ], [ "This isn't the correct form of the length contraction formula. It should really be $\\Delta x^\\prime=\\Delta x/\\gamma$. What gives?\nThe way to understand this is to realize that $L$ is supposed to be a length. Equation 2 is the $x^\\prime$ distance between two points (the ends of the rod, say) at different times. This is obviously no good. While for the derivation of the time dilation formula it was okay to compare the intial and final times despite the fact that each observer had changed spatial position from the perspective of the other, the same is not okay for measuring the length of a rod. You need to measure the spatial positions of either end at the same $t^\\prime$ coordinate.\nThis is something that can be made much clearer by a spacetime diagram:\n(<PERSON>, 2008)\nConsidering the diagram on the right, the $x^\\prime$ distance between the pair of diagonal dashed lines is the $\\Delta x^\\prime$ in eq. 2. The contracted length however is the $\\Delta x^\\prime$ shown in the diagram, which is a distance between points at simultaneous $t^\\prime$.", "586" ], [ "I think I understand the dilemma here. Every idea in physics has two sides: the mathematical abstraction and the physical realization e.g. we have some intuitive notion of velocity in our heads through the physical world which can be accurately modeled and abstracted as some vector in Euclidean space (in classical mechanics at least). You want the latter and I think a better description of the former.\nAn event's mathematical abstraction is a point in <PERSON> space-time (don't worry, I'll get to the physical realization in a moment). An important clarification here is we are not working in a vector space, per se. We are working in an affine space i.e. one with no origin (intuitively, this makes sense, space has no origin). This means there are not unique coordinates for any individual event (even in the same inertial frame)! The only concept that really makes physical sense is a vector between points not the vector of the points themselves. Lorentz transformations work only on space-time vectors and hence only between these differences of points i.e. $\\Delta x, \\Delta t$, etc. If you want to read more on this notion of affine spaces in the context of classical mechanics, I refer you to <PERSON>'s beautiful book on mechanics. This leads us to change our train of thought from singular isolated events to pairs of events because only those have any relation to <PERSON> transformations.\nWe know, from basic vector calculus, that vectors can be written in many different basis. The same applies to these <PERSON> space-time vectors. Each inertial frame is simply a different basis. Sounds cool but doesn’t make quite that much sense yet, I know. It will become clear in a second when we talk about what an event really is physically.", "844" ], [ "<PERSON> transformations, are simply a basis transformation i.e. physically a frame change. Now to the moment we have all been waiting for.\nThe physical realization. We have said above that we must think in pairs of events. Lorentz transformations help us see the vector between these two events (i.e. the spatial and temporal difference) in different frames. Now, we simply define an event as something that happens.\nFor example, a train entering and exiting a tunnel. This is an event. There is a frame-independent way of seeing if the train’s front is at the entrance and the train’s front is at the exit. Simply when they are aligned. Great! Now <PERSON> transformations tell us that if we take the spatial and temporal difference between these two events in one frame, we can use Lorentz transformations to figure it out in a different inertial frame. Yay!\nNote that it is important that those events were frame independent. For length contraction, the two events are the measuring the position of the front of the stick and the back of the stick at the same time. However, in different frames these are actually different events because our measurement was frame-dependent i.e. we forced simultaneity.\nI hope I answered your question explaining how we should think about events and their coordinates, what the <PERSON> transformations mean physically and mathematically, and what events are physically and mathematically. Let me know if there is anything I missed!", "844" ], [ "I will try to clarify. To simplify the formulae, I will put the speed of light equal to unity, $c=1$, so that if time is seconds, distance is in light seconds and something traveling at half the speed of light has $v=1/2$. Energy-momentum can be written as a 4-vector $(E, \\mathbf p)$. The magnitude of energy-momentum is mass, $m$, and obeys the relationship $$m^2=E^2 - |\\mathbf p|^2 $$ or $$E^2=m^2 + |\\mathbf p|^2 .$$\nThis is exactly the same equation as used in other answers, but with $c=1$, which makes it look simpler. Mass, $m$, in this relationship is a relativistic invariant quantity, the same in all reference frames. It is also called rest mass. In old treatments, energy, $E$, is sometimes called relativistic mass. That terminology is now generally deprecated, as it causes confusion and there is already a perfectly good word, energy.\nEnergy-momentum is a conserved quantity. If you add together the energy-momenta for all the particles in a system, then it will always come to the same result so long as nothing leaves or enters the system.\nThe simplest example I can think of to show the conversion between mass and energy has two identical bodies with equal opposite momenta $( E, \\pm \\mathbf p )$ flying together and coalescing into a single body.", "343" ], [ "Then energy momentum conservation tells us that the energy-momentum of the final body is given by $$(E, \\mathbf p) + (E, -\\mathbf p) = (2E, \\mathbf 0). $$ Applying the formula above, we can calculate the mass of the final body, $$2E = 2\\sqrt{m^2 + |\\mathbf p|^2}, $$ which is greater than the combined masses of the original two bodies.\nExactly the same thing happens in all interactions involving energy. Whenever you have a composite body, the total mass of the body consists of the sum of the energy of all of those particles which make up the body. This is the energy of the body in the rest frame.\nThe same is true of the flywheel, viewed from an inertial frame in which the flywheel is rotating but its centre of mass is not moving (rotating frames are difficult to think about correctly in special relativity). The momenta of all the particles of matter comprising the flywheel sum to zero, meaning there is an increase in mass.\nIt applies also to any kind of stored energy, such as the energy stored in chemical bonds in an electrical battery.\nIn other words, it is an absolute law that the energy stored in a battery, of any sort, is equal to the mass reduction when that energy is released.\nThe only difference with an antimatter battery is that all the mass of the antimatter, together with an exactly equal mass of matter, will be converted to energy. That does place an absolute limit on the amount of energy which can be derived from a given mass, but it does not take into account all the mass of the battery.\nFor questions of efficiency there are other things to consider. The energy released from a matter-antimatter reaction is difficult to use efficiently (particularly if you were seeking to drive a space-ship).\nAnd if one is thinking of the mass of the battery, at the moment we can only stored tiny amounts of antimatter (a few atoms of anti-hydrogen) for a matter of minutes, and storing it needs extraordinarily sophisticated (and massive) equipment. The problem is that any antimatter touching the storage container will immediately be destroyed, along with the destruction of an equal amount of the container. I honestly doubt whether it would ever be possible to store antimatter for use in a battery.", "343" ], [ "This is a very good question. For your second example, the light does actually reach B, but the paths it takes to get there are different for each frame of reference. If you are in A and B's reference frame, you could argue to be at rest and the light travels a direct path. Looking from the labs perspective however, the light moves along with the frame AB. It has to take a longer diagonal path to reach B. This means from the lab perspective time in AB appears to have slowed.\nIt is important to note that in special relativity everything inside your own reference frame seems normal. So it could be argued that you are always in a resting frame as long as $delta$v is zero.\nSo in all your examples A and B would observe a normal light beam moving between them as if they were always at rest.\nLet us take a different example (from <PERSON> The elegant Universe). Imagine you had a train moving at a constant velocity with a light source exactly at its centre.", "562" ], [ "Now if two people stood on the ends of the train, and the light was flashed, they would both see it at the same time because the light is moving at speed c in relation to them and they are in relation to one another static. Someone on the platform that the train passes will say however that the person in the back saw the light first because they were moving towards it decreasing the length of the lights path. Who is right? Both observers are right within their frames of reference.\nSpeed cannot be absolute because the way we measure it, through time and distance is not absolute.\nYou can think about it this way: Even in normal newtonian mechanics, the velocity is relative but not because of properties of time and space but because the earth too is moving. However when you throw a ball across a field you never claim that it travels at thousands of kilometers per hour. This is because your classical newtonian frame of reference is different. If you are on something thats moving and you dont know it you might as well not be moving.\nIt is the equivalence between any state of uniform motion that makes it impossible for velocity to be absolute. If you can't tell whether you're moving or not, how are you supposed to tell an absolute velocity. There simply isn't a static background or frame to relate it to.", "562" ], [ "Your first method is the correct one, as long as the starting time is measured from the simultaneous moment at $t=0$ in the Earth's frame. As you probably know, it's not very natural to talk about simultaneous moments for spatially separated events, and this is where part of the subtlety in this question lies.\nBy the way, your first method can be found more simply by just dividing the Earth frame time $6000s$ by the time dilation factor gamma. $$\\frac{3}{5}6000s=3600s\\qquad \\frac{4}{5}6000s=4800s$$\nNow let's go to one of the ships' frames, say the one moving at .8c. The time $t'=0$ is when that ship starts its 90 minute timer, but the other ship started its timer at some earlier $t'$!\nThe event at which the other ship starts its clock is at $$t'=\\gamma(t-vx)=\\frac{5}{3}(0-.8\\times 8400 s)=-11200 s$$ $$x'=\\frac{5}{3}(8400s-.8\\times 0)=14000s$$ So at $t'=0$ the other ship is at $14000s-.946\\times11200s\\approx3405s$, which does not agree with your Lorentz contracted value.", "562" ], [ "Continuing on from this distance, you will find it is $3600s$ until collision again, as in your first method.\nWhy length contraction failed\nIn order to use the length contraction idea, you need to be transforming a 'proper length.' What that means is that the endpoints of the length are both at rest in the original frame. In your case the endpoints of the distance were the two ships, which were not only not at rest, they were at different velocities.\nBut just to show where length contraction would come in, let's consider the proper length with endpoints given by the worldlines $x=0, \\,x=8400s$. We found the transformed coordinates of the point $x=8400s$ at $t=0$ above. Now in the transformed frame the $x=0$ worldline is moving with velocity $-.8c$, so at $t'=-11200s$ it is at $x'=8960s$, and $14000s-8960s=5040s$ which was the contracted length you found in the second method. You can see it has nothing to do with the distance between the two ships.", "586" ] ]

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[ [ "Routine 1 Firstly, observe that only the root node disconnects the tree into exactly two equal connected components of size $2^{k-2}-1$. All other nodes disconnect the tree into three or zero connected components. We have the following $\\mathcal{O}(n)$ approach to check if a given node is the root.\n1. Let the node to check be $x$.\n2. Pick another node $y \\not= x$\n3. Iterate through all other nodes $z \\not\\in {x,y}$ and ask if $x$ disconnects $y$ from $z$.\n4. If there are $2^{k-2}-1$ nodes in the connected component of $y$, then $x$ is a root, else it isn't.\nRoutine 2 Now, let's present an $\\mathcal{O}(n)$ algorithm to identify leaves. Observe that a random node has $\\ge 0.5$ probability of being a leaf node. Hence our algorithm is -\n1. Pick a random node in the tree, say $x$.\n2. Pick another random node $y$.\n3. If $x$ does not disconnect $y$ from $z$, for all valid $z$, then $x$ is a leaf node in the tree.\n4. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 till you obtain a leaf.\nThe expected number of queries used by this algorithm is $\\mathcal{O}(n)$.\nRoutine 3 Now let's make the next observation. There are $2^{k-1}$ nodes in the last level of this complete binary tree.", "743" ], [ "Colour these leaf nodes with two colours, red and blue. A leaf is coloured red if it belongs in the left sub tree of the root and blue otherwise. Using Routine 2, we will try to find a pair of leaf nodes one of which is red and the other is blue in $O(n)$ queries. Here is how -\n1. Find any leaf node using the algorithm in Routine 2. Call this leaf node $u$.\n2. Find a different leaf node, call this $v$.\n3. $u$ and $v$ are of different colour if and only if exactly $2k-1$ nodes can disconnect $u$ from $v$, i.e., the nodes on the path that connect $u$ to $v$ (We assume that deleting $u$ will disconnect $u$ from $v$). This can be verified in $\\mathcal{O}(n)$ queries as well by iterating over all nodes once.\n4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 till you find the desired leaf node.\nThe probability that a random node is a leaf node and is of a different colour than $u$ is $\\ge 0.25$. Hence the expected number of queries asked in this algorithm is also $\\mathcal{O}(n)$.\nNow that we have our two leaf nodes of different colours, we are ready to make the final observation, i.e., the root node must be one of the $2k-1$ nodes that can disconnect $u$ from $v$. Thus there are $2k-1 = \\mathcal{O}(\\log{n})$ candidates for the root node. We can iterate through each of them and check if they are the root using Routine 1.\nThus this algorithm uses $\\mathcal{O}(n\\log n)$ queries.\nEDIT The final step can be improved to $\\mathcal{O}(\\log^2{n})$ by running Routine 1 on just the $2k-1$ candidates to find the node that splits the path from $u$ to $v$ into two equal connected components. Thus the problem can be solved in $\\mathcal{O}(n)$ queries as well.", "743" ], [ "tl;dr I wrote some solution but realized it is not perfect. Since I didn't want all this typing to go waste I figured I might post my observations here rather than splitting them in the comments.\nI think that the problem can be solved for any arbitrary $s,t$ and $x$ in $\\mathcal{O}(V+ E)$. In fact we can extend the problem to answer $Q$ queries of the form $(s,t,x)$ with $\\mathcal{O}(V+E)$ pre processing and $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ per query. I am having trouble completing step 6, but I am pretty sure that it can be done. Someone in the comments may know.\n1. Find all strongly connected components (scc) of the graph using Kosarjau's or <PERSON> algorithm. This step will take $\\mathcal{O}(V+E)$ time.\n2. Using a hash table, you can check if two nodes belong to the same stongly connected component in $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ time.\n3. If two nodes $u$ and $v$ belong to the same strongly connected component, then there exists paths both from $u$ to $v$ and $v$ to $u$.\n4.", "835" ], [ "Now what remains to be checked is if two nodes $u$ and $v$ do not belong to the same strongly connected component, does there still exist a path from $u$ to $v$.\n5. We will modify the given graph $G$ to a new graph $G'$ which we shall call the strongly connected component graph or scc graph for short. In the scc graph, each node corresponds to one strongly connected component in the original graph i.e. we compress all nodes belonging to the same scc to a single node. It can be proven that the scc graph is a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG for short).\n6. Now our task reduces to check if there exists a directed path between $u$ and $v$ in the DAG. Topological sort can give an ordering such that for any path from $u$ to $v$, $u$ will appear before $v$ in the ordering. Thus we can check if index of $u$ in the topologically sorted sequence of vertices is less than that of $v$ in $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ but this method also gives false positives and this is where I am stuck.\n7. I feel that we can augment step 6 with some additional data to complete the algo. One method I was thinking of was to maintain some constant $K$ number of random topological sorts and if the inequality $index(u) < index(v)$ is true for all $K$ sequences then we can conclude with high probability that there is a path from $u$ to $v$.", "433" ], [ "Imagine that we have an array $A$ of size $n$. Mergesort splits this array into two equal halves and sorts them individually. So in context of the paragraph you have provided, each node corresponds to some chunk of the original array that we want to sort. We divide a node $A[L,R]$ to two nodes $A[L,M]$ and $A[M+1,R]$ with $M = \\frac{L+R}{2}$\nThe splitting of a node $A[L,R]$ into two nodes takes $R-L+1$ time and then merging the two child nodes $A[L,M]$ and $A[M+1,R]$ again takes $A[R-L+1]$ time.", "743" ], [ "Thus for every node, the number of operations the algorithm performs is equal to twice the size of the array corresponding to that node.\nThus we have that on any particular level if we have an array of size $k$, splitting and merging of the array can be done in $k + 2\\times \\frac{k}{2} = 2k$ operations.\nNow note that we keep splitting the array till we have arrays of size $1$ since we can't split them further.\nDraw a binary tree with the root node corresponding to the array $A[1,N]$ and with each node having two children corresponding to its left and right halves and recursively draw the structure for each child till we have arrays of size $1$. Denote each node by the size of the array that it corresponds to. We will get something that looks like this\n(Taken from Khan Academy)\nThis is the recursion tree for merge sort.\nThe computation time spent by the algorithm on each of these nodes is simply two times the size of the array the node corresponds to. Therefore the total running time $S$ of mergesort is just the sum of all the sizes of the arrays that each node in the tree corresponds to i.e. $$S = 2 \\sum_{i=0}^k 2^i\\frac{n}{2^i}$$\n(How did we get this sum? There are $2^i$ nodes of size $\\frac{n}{2^i}$ in the tree and it takes $2k$ time to finish computation on an array of size $k$)\nObserve that when $i=k$, $\\frac{n}{2^k} = 1 \\implies n = 2^k \\implies k = \\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil$ Thus $S$ reduces to $$2 \\sum_{i=0}^{\\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil} n = 2n\\lceil{\\log n}\\rceil = \\mathcal{O}(n\\log n)$$", "743" ], [ "Sum of size of distinct set of descendants $d$ distance from a node $u$, over all $u$ and $d$ is $\\mathcal{O}(n\\sqrt{n})$\nLet's consider a rooted tree $T$ of $n$ nodes. For any node $u$ of the tree, define $L(u,d)$ to be the list of descendants of $u$ that are distance $d$ away from $u$. Let $|L(u,d)|$ denote the number of nodes that are present in the list $L(u,d)$.\nProve that the sum of $|L(u,d)|$ over all distinct lists $L(u,d)$ is bounded by $\\mathcal{O}(n\\sqrt{n})$.\nMy work\nConsider all $L(u,d)$ such that the left most node on the level $Level(u) + d$ is some node $v$.", "743" ], [ "The pairs $u, d$ for all such $L(u,d)$ must be distinct and the sum of all $d_i$ will correspond to the number of nodes $x$ in the tree with $Level(x) \\le Level(u) + d$.\nThis is because if some sequence of nodes $v_1, v_2, \\dots v_k$ corresponds to the descendants of some node $u$ at a distance $d$ and the sequence of nodes $v_1, v_2, \\dots v_{k'}$ where $k' > k$ corresponds to the descendants of some node $u'$ at a distance $d+1$, then there must also exist a node $u''$ such that $L(u'', d) = v_{k+1}, v_{k+2}, \\dots v_{k'}$. This would also mean that $u''$ is not in the subtree of $u$ and thus there are at least $d$ distinct nodes in the subtree of $u''$ upto a distance $d$ from $u''$.\nIf the distinct distances are $d_1, d_2, \\dots d_k$ then, $n \\ge \\sum_{i}d_i \\ge \\sum_{i=1}^{k}i \\ge \\frac{k(k+1)}{2}$. =\n$\\implies k \\le \\sqrt{n}$\nAfter this I tried to show that there can be only $\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{n})$ distinct lists $L(u,d)$ so that I can then trivially obtain the upper-boud of $n\\sqrt{n}$ but I could not make any more useful observations.\nThis link claims that such an upper bound does exist but has not provided the proof.\nAny ideas how we might proceed to prove this?", "532" ], [ "This problem is a variation of the Maximal Independent Set (MIS) problem in graph theory. To understand that you need to convert your point set $N$ into a graph $G=(N,E)$, where any two vertices $N_1,N_2 \\in N$ are connected by an edge if and only if the distance between $N_1$ and $N_2$ is less than the threshold $D$. So the set $X$ you are looking for will be one of independent sets in the graph $G$. However your case is different, because here:\n* Each vertex in $G$ has a numerical weight, and you are trying to maximize the total weight of the independent set instead of its size - this problem is called Maximal Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) problem.\n* You are looking for an optimal independent set with exactly $k$ vertices.\nThere is a number of approaches to this class of problems, for example - this one. You can try to adapt their approach to your case with fixed size of the optimal independent set (which might not exist).\nAnother approach to this problem uses the fact, that the graph $G$ belongs to a class of Unit Disk Graphs. There is a number of approximation algorithms, developed for the MWIS, which use geometric specifics of such graphs - for example, this one. Again, they don't limit a number of vertices in the solution set.", "433" ], [ "General discussion of heuristics for problems on unit disk graphs can be found here.\nAs for the straightforward heuristic algorithm for MWIS with predefined size of the solution - your approach is correct. I'll describe it in more details here. At first a definition:\n* An anti-neighborhood $A(N_i)$ of any point $N_i \\in N$ is a subset of $N$, such that for any point $N_j \\in A(N_i)$ the distance between $N_i$ and $N_j$ is greater or equal than $D$.\nWe'll assume that each anti-neighborhood is represented by a tree-like data structure, which can perform three operations:\n* Build a set from a list of points in $O(nlog(n))$ time.\n* Find a point (in the set) with maximal weight in $O(1)$ time.\n* Compute intersection of two sets in $O(nlog(n))$ time.\nSo, the algorithm:\nStep 1. Find point $X_1$ with maximal weight and build its anti-neighborhood $A(X_1)$.\nStep 2. Find point $X_2 \\in A(X_1)$ with maximal weight and build the intersection $A(X_1) \\cap A(X_2)$.\n...\nStep $m$. Find point $X_m \\in \\bigcap_{i=1}^{m-1}A(X_i)$ with maximal weight and build the intersection $\\bigcap_{i=1}^{m}A(X_i)$.\n...\nThe intersection of anti-neighborhoods may become empty at some step - in this case the problem doesn't have a solution.\nThe total time of this algorithm will be $O(knlog(n))$. It's unclear how close this heuristic solution will be to the optimal one.", "743" ], [ "Sub-exponential time algorithm to compute playoff chances\nThere are 10 teams, Team A through Team J, playing in a triple round robin pool (each team plays thrice against each other team, for a total of a 27 games per team). After the round robin pool, the top 4 teams (with the highest number of wins) make playoffs (with some tie-breaking procedure that can be done in polynomial time).\nAfter some number of games, we are given the records for each team (including all head-to-head records). Assuming the remaining $g$ games have outcomes which are coin flips, we want to calculate the percentage chance each team makes playoffs.\nHere's a brute-force solution. There are $g$ remaining games, so we can consider $2^g$ binary sequences where a 0 in each position means the team earlier in the alphabet wins, and a 1 means the team later in the alphabet wins. For each sequence, we can compute which teams make playoffs.", "143" ], [ "Then, the percentage chance of making playoffs can be computed as the number of sequences in which a given team makes playoffs divided by $2^g$.\nThis obviously has exponential time complexity (in $g$). Is there a better algorithm to solve this problem - perhaps a polynomial time algorithm using dynamic programming? Is there some way to prove we can do no better than exponential time? Is it possible to show this problem is NP-hard?\nOne simplification that can be made (which unfortunately does not reduce the complexity) is that we can compute, in polynomial time, teams which are guaranteed to make or guaranteed to not make playoffs. All games between teams in either set will not affect the probabilities for teams in the middle. As $g \\to 0$, this gives a substantial practical boost to the algorithm.\nNote that 10 teams playing triple round robin are arbitrary and this problem can be generalized to $N$ teams playing a $k$-round robin. Specifically for the brute-force algorithm, it is exponential in $g$ which may not be related to $N$ or $k$. A sub-exponential algorithm should ideally be not exponential in any of ${N, k, g}$.", "180" ], [ "While waiting for your updated post that includes your solution, I have posted mine:\nSolution\nA substring is deletable if all its characters will be deleted based on your requirement. This substring may have several groups of repeated characters. For example, if the string is \"accccbbbdddagggde\" then \"cccc\" and \"bbb\" are deletables. A deletable substring is maximal if it is not adjacent to any deletable substring.The examples earlier are not maximal deletable substring, but \"ccccbbbddd\" and \"ggg\" are maximal. An undeletable substring is a substring that will remain in the string. A maximal undeletable substring follows the same idea as maximal deletable.\nYour problem is essentially to remove all maximal deletable substring in a string, and then append the resulting string with as many 0 as the removed characters. Below is a solution:\n1. Let $cur = -1$ be the starting index in the array that can be overwritten. Initially, there is no index to overwrite. Let $count$ be the number of characters that will be removed.\n2. Scan the array until you find the left-most maximal deletable substring $d$. Let $d_{start}$ and $d_{end}$ be the start and end index of this string, and $d_{len} = |d|$ be $d$'s length.\n3. Continue the scanning to find the maximal undeletable substring $u$ adjacent to $d$.", "242" ], [ "Let $u_{start}$ and $u_{end}$ be its start and end indices and $u_{len} = |u|$ be $u$'s length.\n4. If both $d$ and $u$ exist, do the following:\n5. If $cur$ is still -1, set $cur = d_{start}$.\n6. Set $count = count + d_{len}$.\n7. Copy substring $u$ at position $cur$ all the way to $cur + u_{len} - 1$. This essentially moves substring $u$ to the left, overwriting $d$, entirely or partially, depending on whether $|u| \\ge |d|$.\n8. Move $cur$ passed the copied substring, that is let $cur = cur + u_{len}$.\n9. Go back to step 2, but the scanning will start at $u_{end} + 1$.\n10. If either $u$ or $d$ does not exist, write as many 0 $count$ to the array starting at position $cur$, and we are done.\nAnalysis\n* This solution uses only $O(1)$ extra variables, hence it uses $O(1)$ extra space.\n* It overwrites an index of the array once. Either at step 4, when moving an undeletable string to the left or when writing 0's at step 5.\n* This solution runs in $O(n)$ time. Observe that an index is visited at most twice, once when it is considered in the search for deletable/undeletable substring and the other when it is overwritten. Finding a deletable and undeletable takes time $O(|d|)$ and $O(|u|)$ resp., while moving an undeletable takes $O(|d|)$ time. In the worst-case, all substrings in the string will be classified as is either deletable or undeletable. Since indices are written at most once, the total time of finding and moving all such substrings is $O(n)$.", "743" ], [ "Your groups of tiles can be considered as graphs, where vertices represent tiles and two vertices are connected by edge if and only if their corresponding tiles touch each other side by side. So, in terms of graph theory, the problem you are trying to solve is known as CISE (Connected Induced Subgraphs Enumerating). You can find a number of papers, describing algorithms to solve this problem - I'll excerpt here some results from this paper.\nWe consider undirected simple graphs $G = (V,E)$. Some notations:\n* For any vertex $v \\in V$, the open neighborhood of $v$ is defined as $N(v) = {u \\space | \\space {u, v} \\in E}$ and the closed neighborhood of $v$ is defined as $N[v] = N(v) \\cup {v}$.\n* For any vertex set $W \\subseteq V$ the open neighborhood of $W$ is defined as $N(W) = \\bigcup_{v∈W} N(v) \\setminus W$ and the closed neighborhood of $W$ is defined as $N[W] = N(W) \\cup W$.\n* The graph $G[W]$, induced by a vertex set $W \\subseteq V$, consists of all edges from $E$ with both ends in the $W$, so $G[W] = (W, {{u,v} \\in E \\space | \\space u,v \\in W})$.\nThe following recursive function will list all the connected induced subgraphs of the graph $G$, starting from some vertex. Both arguments $P$ and $X$ of this function are vertex sets.", "433" ], [ "The function call Enumerate({v}, N(v)) will list all the connected induced subgraphs, starting from some vertex $v \\in V$. All these subgraphs will contain this vertex. Operations + and - denote set operations union and minus on vertex sets.\nEnumerate(P, X)\noutput P\nwhile vertex set X is not empty\nu = any vertex from X\nremove u from X\nX' = X + (N(u) - N[P])\nEnumerate(P + {u}, X')\nIn order to list all the subgraphs, not including this vertex $v \\in V$, it should be removed from the graph $G$, and then the above recursive function should be called with another starting vertex.\nI've implemented this algorithm and tested it on your example:\n+---+---+---+\n| A | B | C |\n+---+---+---+\n| D | E |\n+---+---+\nGraph representation of this configuration is below:\nThe Enumerate('A', N('A')) function call was able to find more subgraphs, than you mentioned in your question - new ones are marked by asterisk:\nA\nA B\nA B C\nA B C D *\nA B C D E\nA B C E\nA B D *\nA B D E\nA B E\nA D\nA D E\nAs far as I understand your primary goal is to find subgraphs, satisfying some condition (sum of vertex weights = constant $M$). You can modify the function above to include checking this condition instead of simply printing $P$, for example:\nif sum of vertex weights over P is equal to M\noutput P\nreturn\nHere you need to return from the function after the output because the vertex set $P$ expands with each recursive call, so the sum can only grow and become greater than this constant $M$ further on.\nADDITION. My C++ testing code is here.", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "USA: Science Bloggers Explain Earthquakes and Tsunamis · Global Voices\nAs Japan and the rest of the world struggle to make sense of the devastating earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear scare, science bloggers are sharing facts to help explain what happened. Where science bloggers excel is not only understanding what happens, but knowing how to explain it so anyone can understand.\nThe Earth deformed\nTheoretical astrophysicist <PERSON> of Scienceblogs.com's Starts With A Bang! provides a basic explanation:\nThe Earth is built like a giant, spherical layer cake. The inner core — made up of mostly iron and nickel — is the densest of all the layers, while the lithosphere — the Earth's crust — is the least dense… if we want the most stable Earth possible, it would be a perfect “onion”, with the densest, heaviest elements being concentrated at the center, and then — with each outer layer — a progressively lower and lower density. And it wants to be like that, packed as tightly as possible, the same way that a stone sinks in water, an iceberg floats on an ocean, or a helium balloon rises in air… unfortunately, the Earth is not in its most stable possible configuration right now. But, over time, gravity is doing everything it can to help it get there. How? By bringing denser, more massive chunks closer to the center, and uplifting lighter, less dense pieces… And that's what happens — energy-wise — every time we have an earthquake!\nMeanwhile, <PERSON>, a geologist in Chicago, provides a great primer of what happened in Japan his blog, Highly Allochthonous.\nFriday's earthquake strongly registered on seismometers around the world, with seismic waves rippling across the North America and maxing out instruments as far away as the United Kingdom. By combining data from the whole global network of seismometers, a picture of how the earth deformed in the earthquake, represented by a beachball-like focal mechanism, can be calculated. The focal mechanism for this earthquake, shown below, indicates compression, along either a shallowly west-dipping or a steeply east-dipping fault.\nFocal mechanism for the main shock, and cross-sections of the two possible fault orientations.", "855" ], [ "Source: <PERSON>, Highly Allochthonous\nInterestingly, <PERSON> and many other scientists (such as <PERSON> at Discovery News) say that by bringing more dense material closer to the earth's core the earth's rotation speed actually increased – shortening our day by a very small fraction of a second. The principle is similar to what one sees when a figure skater or dancer spins and then speeds up by folding in her or his arms.\nSadly, <PERSON> at Scientific American's Cross Check blog says science is not at the point where we can accurately predict earthquakes, though it's not from lack of trying. The most obvious tactic – trying to predict earthquakes by examining previous earthquake data and looking for patterns or precursory events – hasn't worked. Further:\nMany other prediction methods have been proposed and in some cases tested. These involve detection of such alleged quake precursors as surges in ground water; emissions of the radioactive gas radon; fractoluminescence, or flashes of light emitted by compressed rock; unusual tidal activity; low-frequency electromagnetic waves; and unusual animal behavior. One long-running experiment in Japan involves monitoring catfish, which are supposedly sensitive to electromagnetic activity that precedes quakes. None of these approaches has proven reliable.\nHowever, this isn't to say that science hasn't saved many lives from earthquakes. For example, thanks to tremendous advances in the fields of engineering.\nTsunamis in slow motion\nBy now everyone has seen the surreal videos of a seemingly unstoppable wave of debris crashing on shore, engulfing cities and farmland, even dragging burning buildings in its wake. As people begin to ask what could possibly have caused such a thing, science bloggers are stepping in to answer.\nOn GeoMika, physicist and geophysicist <PERSON>, provides an exhaustive primer on tsunamis, and shows how they differ from tidal waves or wind waves.\nThe Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute posted a video on YouTube last year (shared by <PERSON> Punctuated Equilibrium) that shows how water flows during a tsunami.\nNew Zealand blogger <PERSON> also provides a wealth of resources from the US Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other sources on forecasting and warning systems, including an interactive map of buoys the US government places to track tsunamis.", "70" ], [ "This Twitter Account Puts a Face to the Unsung Volunteer Editors Behind Wikipedia · Global Voices\nPhoto of some of the curators. Image courtesy @WeareWikipedia Project Facebook page\n<PERSON> is a volunteer contributor for Wikipedia and in past worked as a community and program support consultant for Wikimedia Foundation.\nThe life of a Wikipedia editor is an interesting one. Globally, about 100,000 editors edit the collaborative online encyclopedia's 30 million articles in 287 languages, including over 4.5 million in the English Wikipedia. They dedicate a tremendous amount of their time to contribute and edit articles, but for no pay (editors work as volunteers) and for little public recognition – their work is credited via their usernames tucked away in the entry's edit history.\nNow, one initiative is trying to shine the spotlight on these hard-working “Wikipedians.” WeAreWikipedia is an unofficial project that brings on a different editor each week to curate information regarding their favorite Wikipedia pages and tweet them using the handle @WeAreWikipedia. So far, 19 people representing 17 different language Wikipedias have curated the account.\nWeAreWikipedia explains on its blog that it was inspired by a weekly rotation curation handle @WeAreBangalore created by social media strategists from the Indian city of Bangalore in October 2013 to create a space for Bangaloreans to tell their stories, give their opinions or simple connect with other active social media users in the area.\nAdmin: Most of u r not aware that, one of our previous curators @psubhashish was inspired by us and started global #RoCur @WeAreWikipedia :)\n— Bangalore/Rajeev (@WeAreBangalore) June 17, 2014\n@WeAreBangalore in turn took its cue from the highly successful @sweden, which turns over the Twitter handle to a different Swede every week as a sort of citizen ambassador program.\nThe WeAreWikipedia curators also tell personal stories and explain the technicalities of publishing and editing Wikipedia to any readers who ask.\nWherever I go, local Wikipedians are so welcoming and so open to collaboration.", "157" ], [ "I have made friends all around the globe.\n— WeAreWikipedia (@WeAreWikipedia) junio 17, 2014\nCurators often focus tweets on their Wikipedia language community and country. Two women editors from India, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, dedicated many of their publications to facts about women’s rights, issues and development in India while curating the handle during Women’s History Month in March. They also drew attention to an edit-a-thon held in Bangalore that brought 90 women to write about 77 articles related to women in India.\n<PERSON>, an editor for the Catalan Wikipedia, made a related call for more women editors while she was at the helm of @WeAreWikipedia:\nAs a wikipedian, it concernes me the low ratio of #woman editors: if you’re a wiki-girl, let us know your experience! #gendergap @wikiwomen\n— WeAreWikipedia (@WeAreWikipedia) June 4, 2014\nCurators also highlight community events, such as Odisha Dibasa 2014, a gathering at the end of March 2014 of the Odia-language Wikipedia community in the capital of the Indian state of Odisha, where the language is predominantly spoken.\n<PERSON>, an Odia editor who curated @WeAreWikipedia during the event, talked about his week in a blog post for The Centre for Internet and Society in India:\nIt was a wonderful experience curating WeAreWikipedia without even much time. Meeting the entire Wikimedia global community was even more fun when I was telling happenings of my own community. I hope to take part in more of such collaborative global issues like this.\nYou can follow WeAreWikipedia on Twitter, Facebook and on their blog.", "607" ], [ "In shooting for the stars, this Trinidad & Tobago linguist highlights how language connects us · Global Voices\nThe official graphic used to announce the selection of linguist <PERSON>'s winning names for Trinidad and Tobago's entry in the International Astronomical Union's NameExoWorlds competition. Image courtesy Dr. <PERSON>, used with permission.\nIt would be a pretty cool thing to name a celestial body. Linguist <PERSON> can now add that distinction to her list of qualifications, ever since she won the Trinidad and Tobago segment of a global competition hosted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the authority charged with assigning designations to astronomical elements like stars and planets.\nTo mark the IAU's 100-year anniversary, the worldwide campaign was aimed at finding a pair of names — connected by a common theme — for an exoworld (the combination of a star and an exoplanet), which will become its official name (apart from its scientific designation) and would allow other planets, should more be discovered in the future, to be named after the same theme.\n<PERSON>'s winning names for the new star and its co-relating exoplanet are Dingolay and Ramajay. Dingolay means “to twist and turn”, and Ramajay means “to sing”. Together, they represent Trinbagonians’ love of their culture and a respect for the languages of their ancestors.\nAfter a nationwide call for name suggestions, ten finalists were chosen for the NameExoWorlds competition. The general public was encouraged to vote on their pick for the names of Trinidad and Tobago’s official exoplanet and its host star.\n<PERSON>, senior lecturer in astronomy at The University of the West Indies’ St. Augustine Campus and National Outreach Coordinator for the IAU, called the contest “a first in the history of astronomy for Trinidad and Tobago to have an opportunity to be immortalised among the stars.”\n<PERSON>'s win was announced by the IAU in December 2019, and she's been rather busy ever since, not just with her new exoworld, but with her usual workload as senior lecturer in linguistics at the University of the West Indies.\nWhen we finally got a chance to chat — quite fittingly after Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, since the monikers she proposed have cultural significance — it became apparent that her extensive knowledge of language played a key part in her name selections.\nIn this first installment of a two-part interview, <PERSON> shares how language connects us all.\nDr. <PERSON>, senior lecturer in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics at The University of the West Indies’ St.", "550" ], [ "Augustine campus. Image courtesy Dr. <PERSON>, used with permission.\n<PERSON> (JMF:) Congrats again on this amazing accomplishment! Does it feel any different now that the fanfare has died down a bit? Has the magnitude of having been responsible for naming something in the universe properly sunk in?\n<PERSON> (JAF:) Thank you, and mèsi [Creole for “thanks”] to Dr. <PERSON> and her team, and to all those who shared my taste [in names] and voted for me. Congrats to my fellow finalists as well. It’s still amazing to me that we were even given a chance to be part of this historical naming campaign in the first place.\nWe [Trinidad and Tobago] were the only ones in the English-official Caribbean to participate. The only other Caribbean territories were Aruba, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. As far as I know, our names are also the only Patois or French Creole names [not to be confused with Jamaican Creole, also called Patois], and the only Caribbean Creole names at all. And if more celestial objects are found, we can continue to add more Trinbagonian names to the heavenlies.\nThe best part for me is this scripture verse: “He determines the number of the stars and calls them each by name” — so I’m still star struck.\n<PERSON>: What inspired you to enter the contest in the first place? Are you an astronomy buff?\n<PERSON>: I’m interested in our languages, words, naming/names, etymology, and language history. I am not an astronomy buff, though, of course, I stand in awe of the universe.\n<PERSON>: Explain the rationale behind your name choices, the connectivity between the two words, and their meaning/resonance for Trinbagonians — linguistic, cultural and otherwise.\n<PERSON>: We are a linguistically and culturally creative and complex people.", "550" ], [ "Turkey is Typing… · Global Voices\nAs that transition from the lazy days of Summer turn into Fall, a gloomy spell has fallen over the Turkish bloggers this week…and actually, I can agree with them myself. <PERSON> from American Turk writes about the frustration of the day to day mundane of the office:\nI'm unhappy at work, more than anything else. So many missed deadlines, dropped balls, failures to communicate lately that I am hating not only my job but also my performance. It's hard to be your best when it's so [sic] thankless and uninspiring to exceed expectations.\nAnd in a post inspired by <PERSON>'s, Me and Others laments over missed deadlines:\nlast night i didnt even touch the translation which should have been finished this morning. this was quite expected, because i hadnt slept the day before and regardless of my nick name suggest i am not a super hero. i am actually very angry with myself for once more playing the game with their rules. i just cant determine the deadlines yet. well it is me who determines the deadline in the end, because it is me who is going to finish the job, but this feeling of crossing to the untrustworhty side really kills all my mood.\nIt isn't all gloom in the Turkish blogosphere this week, but there is a definite sense of waiting and reflection. Athanasia's Daily writes about her lack of posting lately due to her trying to make a major decision for the path of her life and her plan to travel to Sultanahmet (in Istanbul) to take part in Ramadan celebrations. <PERSON>, a Turk living in Azerbaijan, writes of his impressions of Ramadan on his blog “Don't Dream Your Life Away…”:\nNobody seems to care. I think, Soviet Union has affected our religion a lot…People talk about it less and nobody is really excited here…\nI was feeling Ramadan more in USA than here…\nMetroblogging Istanbul has posted up photos taken from walking around town (in Istanbul) that show a sense of general dissatisfaction with the world, from Muslim charity advertisements to aid children in Lebanon to invitations to protest meetings being held after Friday prayers.\n<PERSON> from Ignore Me If You Can wrote about the shock of the coup in Thailand and muses on if something similar happened in Turkey:\nWhat I’m wondering is, will Turkey ever come to the point where they want out of the current government and will they ever be forced to take them down like in Bangkok.\nI have to admit I don’t want AKP or any similar party to have any kind of power in Turkey but the answer isn’t a military coup. I’m not sure it should even be a last resort even though I’d be pretty happy to see them gone for good.\nI’ve always had a huge sympathy for the Turkish Army. For some reason, I feel more secure knowing they’re around.\nTalk Turkey wrote an excellent piece this week on his 10 recommendations on needed change in Turkey. His ideas range from giving up on the EU, allying more with the U.S. and Israel, giving Cyprus back, becoming and accepting the role of modern Islam, to a slightly unorthodox idea of buying an NBA franchise in the US to capitalize on the larger number of Turkish basketball stars.", "926" ], [ "While I highly recommend the article (and the developing comments dialogue), I can't copy the whole thing in this post, but I will show you his conclusion:\nDo you have a Top 10 worthy of consideration? What about reducing the role of the ‘generals’ while cutting the defense budget by 25% and eliminating the mandatory army. What about being the first country, instead of always following others’ lead, to enact some ‘serious’ and meaningful human rights practices those others can emulate for their own. Reform the justice system, educate the illiterate, teach the ‘press’ to be more newsworthy and not play into the emotions of our culture. Help ‘westernize’ our people. Invest in the US. Join with Hollywood and find a cause to fight for, even if it's only for great publicity. Create more ‘branding.’ Become more ‘visible’ in the US, as well as Global Affairs. Do not materialize petty differences but focus on the new world order. Don't be afraid of God but be wary of organized religion. Modernize Islam. Bring an effective end to our obsession with sex and violence. Give women a real chance. Study the past and prepare for the future. Respect the customer and instill proper customer service.\nInteresting links:\n1.We are the Turks- blog devoted to biographies of notable Turkish-Americans.\n2. Erkan's Field Diary has linked to an article from Sabah News about the rise of blogging in Turkey (in Turkish).\n3.", "207" ], [ "Global: Mozilla Drumbeat Seeks to Expand the Open Web · Global Voices\nThe Mozilla Foundation, creator of the internet browser Firefox, has launched Drumbeat, a project that seeks to gather people with the most diverse backgrounds and from many parts of the world to think up projects that promote the openness of the web. Teachers, technologists, designers, developers, lawyers, translators: everyone who uses and loves the web is invited to help make the web a better place, and keep it open and free.\nDrumbeat is all about keeping the web open, and guarding its open nature:\nWe want to spark a movement. We want to keep the web open for the next 100 years. The first step: inviting you to do and make things that help the web. That's what Drumbeat is — practical projects and local events that gather smart, creative people around big ideas, solving problems and building the open web.\nAmong the featured projects, Universal Subtitles, a software project and global community to subtitle, caption and translate every video on the web. WebMadeMovies by <PERSON> (producer of RIP: The Remix Manifesto), an innovation lab transforming the way we create and experience video on the web, and the P2PU School of Webcraft, a powerful new way to teach and learn web developer skills.\nMozilla Drumbeat in São Paulo, June 2010. Photo by <PERSON>.\nA handful of other interesting projects are also listed on the Drumbeat website.", "696" ], [ "Help me Investigate, a project for crowd-sourcing investigative journalism, breaks the investigation process in small pieces so volunteers can help investigate and verify news information. Check out the current projects page.\nMozilla Drumbeat was officially launched in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in March 2010. In addition to gathering people on the web to work on these projects, Mozilla encourages groups to meet in their local neighborhoods and cities to discuss the open web.\nUp to now, there were four Drumbeat events in Brazil; the lastest took place in São Paulo [pt] and gathered individuals from 13 different parts of the country: from the far south to the heart of the Amazon forest. There were also Drumbeat events in Paris, Toronto and Bulgaria. Information on past and upcoming events can be found on this page.\nA closed internet slows down innovation and commerce, and stifles collaboration. The open web is threatened by walled gardens, roadblocks, gatekeepers, centralization and lack of privacy control. For this reason, Drumbeat is reaching out for ideas and individuals to make sure the web will be forever open and free. Start a project, or join one that's already rolling!\nDisclosure: I'm part of the team that conducts the Mozilla Drumbeat events in Brazil.", "696" ], [ "Qatar: A World Cup in the Clouds · Global Voices\nA report of a remote-controlled, solar-powered hovering shade, which could be used to cool soccer stadiums in Qatar, has taken on a life of its own, putting the small but wealthy Gulf nation in the spotlight once again.\nAlmost a week ago, The Peninsula newspaper wrote a brief, three paragraph article describing research at Qatar University for an “artificial cloud”, attributing the story to an Arabic newspaper.\nQatar University's \"artificial cloud\" stadium. Image from Qatar University.\nTwo days later, the story made it onto the BBC Sports page, this time including an animation of the robotic “cloud” from Qatar University.\nAnd then the next day, it was on CNN:\nAnd by now, it's had a run in Time, NBC Sports, Fast Company, Bldg Blog, the Daily Mail, Engadget, and io9, to name a few.\nPerhaps the most amusing – and most retweeted – take on the story though, was by Yahoo! Sports: Qatar stole its artificial cloud idea from television cartoon The Simpsons.\nIn the legendary two-part 1995 episode entitled “Who Shot Mr. Burns?” nefarious power plant owner <PERSON> devises a plan to create a giant shield that will block the sun and keep Springfield in perpetual darkness:\nStill from The Simpsons cartoon television show.\nTheir claim that “while Qatar may have added their own twist … the core idea is clearly ripped from a 16-year-old cartoon”, even illicited a response from a former Simpsons show writer:\n@thatbilloakley: Qatar better be paying me residuals on this idea: http://yhoo.it/g1EcMo\nIn its many iterations and reprints, the World Cup “cloud” story has garnered thousands of tweets.\n@sgmansfield: Qatar to make man made clouds for the 2022 World Cup… anyone ever heard of sunblock? http://bit.ly/ghd2Ur\n@staffordmasie: Nice! Qatar University to create artificial robotic cloud; potentially drop temps significantly on World Cup pitches http://t.co/RnleHP9\n@mabdrabbo: Robot Cloud for Qatar 2022 WC ? Cool ! What about the noise of it ? http://bit.ly/dLRoKK #qatar #worldcup #2022 #football\nSome joked:\n@digitalcastro: Cloud Over Qatar Stadium ;) Great Idea http://twitpic.com/4dohml\n@hmalsabah: Is this the Qatar Cloud taking over #kuwait? :p http://plixi.com/p/86752846\nOthers, however, have expressed exasperation at the seemingly endless life of this thinly-sourced story:\n@DavidQatar: <PERSON> cloud story is spreading like wildfire-no connection at all to Q2022 – one prof at qatar uni muses on his research..boom\n@dohanews: Is the Qatar World Cup artificial cloud story going to circulate on Twitter forever and ever??\nWhether or not this US $500,000 construction will be gracing the stadia of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar though, remains to be seen.", "157" ], [ "What Were Global Voices’ Readers up to Last Week? · Global Voices\n“Reader!” Photo by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY-ND 2.0\nAt Global Voices, our community researches, writes, edits, and translates stories with a mission to support human rights and build bridges of understanding across countries, cultures, and languages.\nWe don't publish just to grab clicks or follow a news trend. We do, however, like to keep track of the ways in which our hard work has impact around the world.\nTo that end, one useful metric is how readers respond to our stories and translations. So let's take a look at who our readers were and what caught their attention during the week of February 26-March 4, 2018.\nWhere in the world are Global Voices’ readers?\nLast week, our stories and translations attracted readers from 204 countries! The top 20 countries represented across all of Global Voices’ sites were:\n1. United States\n2. Brazil\n3. France\n4. Mexico\n5. Japan\n6. Spain\n7. Colombia\n8. Germany\n9. United Kingdom\n10. Philippines\n11. Italy\n12. India\n13. Taiwan\n14. Canada\n15. Russia\n16.", "746" ], [ "Peru\n17. Bangladesh\n18. Argentina\n19. Indonesia\n20. Ecuador\nBut that's only a small slice of the diversity of our readership. Let's use the True Random Number Generator from Random.org and take a look at a few other countries on the list:\n106. China\n76. Ireland\n129. Martinique\n33. Poland\n184. Central African Republic\nGlobal Voices in English\nThe English-language site is where the majority of original content is first published at Global Voices. The top five most-read stories of last week were:\n1. “Stop Bombing Syria!” Berlin Protest Demands Immediate Ceasefire in Ghouta and Afrin\n2. “Do Others Know We Exist?”: A Nurse’s Testimony from Syria’s Besieged Eastern Ghouta\n3. A Sudanese Village Arts Festival Looks Back to the Future\n4. All of the Soviet Union’s Academy Award-Winning Films Are Legally and Freely Available Online\n5. A Suicide Mentality, on the Precipice of War in Northeast Asia\nGlobal Voices Lingua\nLingua is a project that translates Global Voices stories into languages other than English. There are about 30 active Lingua sites. Below is last week's most-read story or translation on each active language site.\nArabic\n* “ميتةً سريعة فلتكن!” شهادة أوس المبارك، طبيب أسنان من الغوطة الشرقية المحاصرة (“‘May It Be a Quick Death!", "746" ], [ "Fixing Taps to Save Water In India · Global Voices\nAuthor and painter <PERSON> may have won awards for his writing and art, but he has also made a mark in another field: water conservation. For the last seven years, the 77-year-old has spent his Sundays going to apartments in Mumbai, and volunteering to fix leaking taps.\nThe Alternative, a Bangalore-based website seeking to chronicle and support social development in India, is currently running a campaign on sustainable water conservation called Catch Every Drop (#catcheverydrop). At The Alternative, <PERSON> introduces us to <PERSON> work:\nThe 77-year-old celebrates Sunday like none else, picking a building in Mumbai’s far-flung suburb Mira Road and, with his plumber and a volunteer in tow, searching it for leaking taps to plug. Free of charge. His reward? “A lot of water saved. And sometimes, an offer for lunch,” he says simply. <PERSON>’s non-governmental organisation, Drop Dead, has just one employee – him.\n<PERSON>, from <PERSON> blog (CC BY-NC 3.0).\n<PERSON> son <PERSON> (@SuperAalif) has told the story of how it all began:\n“I read an interview of the former UN chief <PERSON>,” <PERSON> recalls, “who said that by 2025 more than 40 countries are expected to experience water crisis. I remembered my childhood in a ghetto fighting for each bucket of water. I knew that shortage of water is the end of civilized life.” Around the same time, in 2007, he was sitting in a friend’s house and noticed a leaky tap. It bothered him. When he pointed it out, his friend, like others, dismissed it casually: it was too expensive and inconvenient to call a plumber for such a minor job – even plumbers resisted coming to only replace old gaskets. A few days later, he came across a statistic in the newspaper: a tap that drips once every second wastes a thousand litres of water in a month. That triggered an idea.", "146" ], [ "He would take a plumber from door to door and fix taps for free – one apartment complex every weekend.\nOf course there was the issue of covering costs:\nAs a creative artist, he had earned more goodwill than money and the first challenge was funding. “But,” he says, “if you have a noble thought, nature takes care of it.” Within a few days, he got a message that he was unexpectedly being awarded Rs.1,00,000 ($2,000) by the Hindi Sahitya Sansthan for his contribution to Hindi literature [an award from the government of Uttar Pradesh]. And one Sunday morning in 2007, the International Year of Water, he set out with a plumber to fix the problem for his neighbors. He began by simply replacing old O-ring rubber gaskets with new ones, buying new fixtures from the wholesale market. He named his one-man NGO ‘Drop Dead’ and created a tagline: save every drop… or drop dead. Every Sunday, the Drop Dead team – which consisted of <PERSON> himself, <PERSON> the plumber and a female volunteer <PERSON> – picked the apartment blocks, got permission from the housing societies, and got to work. A day before, <PERSON> would hand out pamphlets explaining their mission and paste posters in elevators and apartment lobbies spreading awareness on the looming water crisis. And by Sunday afternoon, they would ensure the buildings were drip-dry. By the end of the first year, they had visited 1533 homes and fixed around 400 taps. Slowly, the news began to spread.\nNot only does the project help save water, it empowers the community:\nAs <PERSON> rings another door-bell on yet another Sunday in Mira Road, seven years into his one-man mission, he says: “Anyone can launch a water conservation project in his or her area. That’s the beauty of this concept. It doesn’t require much funding or even an office. And most importantly, it puts the power back in our own hands.”\n<PERSON> (@bhanchik) praises <PERSON>'s efforts on Twitter:\n@bhanchik: Heads bow down for Mr <PERSON> for his one man mission to preserve water in these trying times when 11 districts are drought hit.Wakeup.\nNow <PERSON> would like similar initiatives to be started in others parts of India, so that as much water as possible is saved.", "146" ] ]

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[ [ "Russia: Soccer Team Qualifies for Euro 2012 – “On To Ukraine and Poland!!!” · Global Voices\nRussia officially qualified for Euro 2012 when they finished at the top of their group with a 6-0 win over Andorra on October 11, 2011. The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship is referred to by some as ‘Polkraine 2012′ since it will be held in both Poland and Ukraine.\nCitizen media has captured the popular perception of the qualifying round as well as efforts made toward ensuring the proper facilitation of the tournament. <PERSON> posted a Promo for Euro 2012 on a Kiev Dinamo blog, which gets across the intensity and exhilaration the European continent experiences through international soccer tournaments (click here to view).\nUEFA Euro 2012 mascots – <PERSON> and <PERSON>. Photo by <PERSON> (CC BY 3.0)\nWorld Cup Blog described the rules of the tournament as well as the schedules of the matches in Group B, Russia's group, in a post from July 3, 2010:\nGroup B for Euro 2012 qualifying will be contested between the following teams: Russia, Slovakia, Ireland, Macedonia, Armenia, and Andorra, with the group winner qualifying automatically and the second place finisher entering the playoff round unless they are the highest ranked second placed finisher, which also qualifies automatically.\nAfter this year's September 6 match, when Russia tied Ireland 0-0,World Cup Blog provided this analysis:\nAnyway, Russia had a frustrating time in Moscow as they were held to a 0-0 draw by the Republic of Ireland. Russia dominated the game but simply could not find the break through.", "910" ], [ "<PERSON> was the strong point while Ireland had no attacks and were almost completely on the back foot. The result keeps Russia in first place ahead of Ireland, Armenia, and Slovakia.\nRussian fans commented on the analysis given on the Ireland match on the Russian-language news portal, Football Russia:\nseens72: Жаль что не забили… Столько ОПАСНЫХ ситуаций и НЕТ голов! Но игра мне понравилась)\nA pity they didn't score… So many DANGEROUS situations and NO goals! But I liked the game)\n<PERSON>: Удачи России в следующих матчах !!! Русские выйдут с первого места !!! Россия вперед на Украину и Польшу !!! )\nGood luck to Russia in the future games!!! Russia will qualify from the first place!!! Russia, on to Ukraine and Poland!!!\nAfter the October 7 match between Russia and Slovakia, World Cup Blog had this to say:\nAll Russian fans now know that their team almost have one foot in the finals. After defeating Slovakia 1-0 through <PERSON> long range goal, Russia are now in first place with 20 points and a draw at home to Andorra will confirm a ticket to Poland and Ukraine. In what was a nervous buildup, Russia started very strongly and dominated most of the match. Slovakia found it difficult to find a footing but did have a few sporadic attacks forcing critical saves from <PERSON>.\nAnd, as expected, comments made on Football Russia's analysis of this match were more enthusiastic as the article focused on the 71st minute when Russia was finally able to capitalize on a scoring opportunity.\nRusik: Че несете “че на евро нам делать ” ? Выигрывать ! Россия чемпион )))\nWhat do you mean, “we've got nothing to do with Euro”? We've got to win!", "910" ], [ "Russia: <PERSON> – Insight into NHL/Post-Soviet Relations · Global Voices\nAn acute sense of euphoria spread across the nation on Sunday, May 20, when Russia defeated Slovakia 6-2 in the Gold Medal match of the 2012 World Hockey Championship. As a whole, the tournament provides insight into the modern interrelationship between the Western Hemisphere's National Hockey League and post-Soviet Russia. Additionally, Russian professional hockey player <PERSON> provides an example of an instance where these two cultures diverge.\nOne reason Sunday's victory generated euphoria among Russians is that the 2012 Russian national team was the first to remain undefeated in the World Hockey Championship in the post-Soviet era – the last team to do so was the Soviet Union in 1989. Until the fall of the Soviet Union, political borders nullified the possibility of regular East-West hockey collaborations. The post-Soviet era marked a reorientation of both the NHL and Eastern Leagues.\nThe 2012 World Hockey Championship provides insight into the interrelationship between the Western Hemisphere's NHL and post-Soviet Russia. The example of <PERSON> illuminates an occasion where a Russian player has faced opposition within his NHL team, but is highly valued by Russian coaches.\nMr. <PERSON> Released from NHL Obligations\nWhen <PERSON> left to join the Russian national team after he was released from his obligations to the Washington Capitals, both Russian- and English-language news outlets reported that, as a result of conflicts between <PERSON> and the Capitals’ coaching staff, he was not expected to renew his contract.\n<PERSON>, Mr. <PERSON>'s agent, made a statement contextualizing the interests of the parties concerned:\n“It was good while it lasted. With the lack of playoff success, with the direction they are going. They decided to change directions. That's within their rights. <PERSON> doesn't fit into that system obviously.", "910" ], [ "It just doesn't make any sense to him. He plays, he did the best he could under the circumstances and he earned his right to be a free agent.\n“I think the issue is with the organization, not necessarily with the coach,” <PERSON> said. “They told us <PERSON> is not going to play short-handed, he's not going to play in the last minute. He's going to get the same icetime as everybody else … Alex is not ready to be a role player. He wants to be a full-time player. It's important to him.”\nA comment to an English-language On Frozen Blog post titled, “Pride, Regret, and Questions” suggested that the Capitals’ coaching staff was in fact responsible for the team's playoff performance:\n[Why] does it not surprise me that Caps “fans” are blaming <PERSON> & <PERSON> for the playoff failure? These so-called “fans” are an embarrassment to the whole Washington DC area! The team’s superstars bought into <PERSON>’s system wholeheartedly. That system put a major leash on their offensive freedom. Also, on most nights, the Caps 4th liners got more ice time than the 1st liners. Why is no one asking why that 4th line didn’t put out more on offense? Someone has to score and someone on the ice that much HAS to do more! <PERSON>’s system was a failure.\nMr. <PERSON> Joins Russian National Team\nRuNet Echo discussed in a post titled “NHL Stars Return to 2012 World Hockey Championship” that, in addition to discussing Mr. <PERSON>'s future in the NHL, the Russian-language internet was filled with eager tweets, status updates, and mainstream articles pertaining to Mr. <PERSON>'s role on the Russian national team.\nA Lifesports.ru article was quoted in the publication's LiveJournal blog, which discussed how the Russian national team's coaching staff was eager to add Mr. <PERSON> to the lineup – specifically, he was to join superstars <PERSON>'s and <PERSON>'s line:\nОвечкин сыграет с Семиным и Дацюком – Тренерский штаб определился с партнерами для российского суперфорварда.", "880" ], [ "Russia: <PERSON>, the Quintessential ‘New Russian’ · Global Voices\nBillionaire <PERSON> serves as an example of the quintessential ‘New Russian’ through his controversial activities during the Yeltsin Era, his modern business practices, and his extravagant international spending – he has just purchased the most expensive New York City apartment to date.\nGlobal Voices placed Russia's ‘oligarchs’ in their historical and economic context in a November 2011 post entitled, “FC Anzhi and the Yeltsin Era Money”:\nEver since the fall of the Soviet Union 20 years ago, the world has watched Russia's transition into capitalism with great interest. The <PERSON> era of the 1990s was characterized by a struggle over who would emerge from the transition with holdings of Russia's major sources of wealth, such as its natural resources. The victors in that struggle are known as the ‘oligarchs’ because they possess a degree of wealth that surpasses most people's ability to conceptualize.\nAnother term for those who emerged from the process of privatization with vast amounts of wealth is ‘New Russians.’ While the term ‘Oligarchs’ focuses more on the political power of these individuals, ‘New Russians’ emphasizes the economic component of their influence.\nToperJokes Blog – a site that translates Russian and Ukrainian jokes into English – devotes an entire folder to jokes about New Russians. Here is one:\nA New Russian asks the priest:\n– Father, my cat has died. I want you to read the burial service!\n– No, we may not do this in Orthodox Church.\n– What should I do then?\n– Across the road there is a sectarian church, they will do anything for money.\n– Will 4000 dollars be enough?\n– My son, why didn't you tell from the start that you had a baptized cat?!\nAs this joke suggests, New Russians are also characterized by an often unspoken assumption that their wealth was acquired through the use of irregular methods. During any governmental transition there will invariably be periods of time when laws are vague or non-existent. Russia has yet to develop a comprehensive land registry, and so it is little surprise that the Moscow News estimated last fall that 90 percent of Moscow apartments are rented illegally.\nAnalyseman Blog discussed [ru] Mr. <PERSON>'s activities during the <PERSON> era, including the 11 months he spent in prison accused of murdering a factory executive:\n“In the early 1990s, <PERSON> was one of the most active participants in privatization in his region. Mr. <PERSON> then headed Perm Credit Bank FD and bought shares mainly in the chemical plants.", "880" ], [ "In 1992-1993, first deputy chairman of the Perm region's Property Fund, <PERSON>, helped him to privatize a major stake in Uralkali and became his partner. In 1996, both were accused of organizing the murder of the director of the Perm factory Neftekhimik. Mr. <PERSON> spent 11 months in pre-trial detention and was released on 1-billion bail.” – a little bit of background on how the money [spent on the New York City apartment] had been made.\nOther casualties of regime change are issues of safety regulations and infrastructure. The Russian-language MCINC LiveJournal blog discussed [ru] last week how Russian factory owners are not held accountable for accidents, but rather they continue to receive monetary benefits from the state.\nSuch practices were exemplified by a major accident that occurred in Mr. <PERSON>'s Uralkali factory in 2006. UralKali.com released the Russian government's official findings on the cause of the accident along with the company's legal obligations regarding paying damages to the victims:\nUralkali (Berezniki, Perm region) has received the report of the re-opened investigation into the causes of the accident that occurred at Uralkali Mine 1 in October 2006. As stated previously, the second investigation was conducted by a commission established by Russia’s mining safety watchdog, Rostekhnadzor, on November 11, 2008, by order of the Russian Deputy Prime Minister <PERSON>. […]\nThere has to date been no judicial decision requiring Uralkali to reimburse the expenses listed in the report. However, the company cannot give any assurance that claims will not arise for such reimbursements, which could exceed 3.1 billion rubles.\nSo then the question becomes – What do New Russians do with the money?\nThe aforementioned Global Voices article about <PERSON> FC Anzhi, along with one pertaining to <PERSON> New Jersey Nets, discuss how many New Russians buy international sports teams.\nCoincidentally, it was to Mr. <PERSON> that Mr.", "704" ], [ "Russia: Retired Tennis Star <PERSON> to Run for Parliament · Global Voices\nThis post is part of our special coverage Russia Elections 2011.\nRussian tennis phenomenon, <PERSON>, has announced that he will run for the Russian State Duma in the December 4 elections. Born in Moscow in 1980, Mr. <PERSON> began his professional tennis career in 1997. In 2000 he became the number 1 ranked player in the world when he defeated <PERSON> in order to win the US Open. He won the Australian Open in 2005 and helped lead the Russian team to Davis Cup victories in 2002 and 2006.\nCertainly, Mr. <PERSON> is a talented athlete. However, his public image, as illustrated by citizen media outlets, has until now not been focused on public service.\nRussian Politics for Dummies Blog announced Mr. <PERSON>'s campaign in a post on October 28:\n<PERSON>, the 2000 US Open winner and 2005 Australian Open champion, said he was serious about his political ambitions.\n“I am running for Federal Parliament in Russia,” <PERSON> told the ATP Champions Tour website.\n“The elections are on December 4th so I will find out soon. It’s a new challenge. I think I am an intelligent guy and I have a lot to bring and a lot of ideas about things and what to do. I am very committed to it.”\n<PERSON> added: “I could be the best looking guy in the Duma, but that’s only because all the other guys are over 60.”\n<PERSON> at the XV International ATP tennis tournament St. Petersburg Open 2009. Photo by <PERSON>, copyright © <PERSON> (27/10/2009).\nRussian blogger, <PERSON>, contrasted his admiration [ru] for Mr. <PERSON>'s athletic ability to his distaste for Mr. <PERSON>'s antics in an August 2011 post:\n[…] I must say that I play tennis a bit myself, and for a long time <PERSON> was a man I admired. His graceful game sometimes reminded me of a tiger. However, I was always annoyed by his antics with the smashing of rackets, etc.", "880" ], [ "Honestly I do not know what he needs politics for. Maybe just because it's trendy. […]\n<PERSON>, GlobalPost blog's senior correspondent in Moscow, placed Mr. <PERSON>'s State Duma run into political and geographical context in her July post:\nWhat does somebody like <PERSON> do after retiring from tennis? There are plenty of options: he could model, he could act, he could marry me, I mean, somebody.\nBut this is Russia and if you want to stay on top here, best to link up with United Russia. And guess what – that’s what <PERSON> is doing.\nAccording to the United Russia website, <PERSON> is taking part in the election primaries currently being held in consort with the People’s Front (I wrote about them this weekend). The idea is to formulate United Russia’s candidate list for the December elections. <PERSON> is standing for the Nizhny Novgorod region, which is weird, considering he was born in Moscow, to ethnic Tatar parents, and Nizhny has nothing to do with either one or the other. […]\nMr. <PERSON>'s own 2006 blog – which is hosted in Russian here and translated into English on the ATP World Tour site – offers insight into his life as a tennis player. In one blog entry, he discussed his relationship with his parents:\n[…] Last night my father called me at around 1am and asked me to use one of my cars to take my grandfather to a medical check this morning. Since I am a good son, I told him to come to the apartment in the morning and pick up the keys. When he arrived, I gave him some laundry as a present for my mum…\nFor some reason, after a certain age our lovable parents enjoy doing things for their kids, like laundry, looking after your flat when you are not around. They are just happy to do anything, anytime for their kids. But when you are young, you have to do all these things, laundry, doing the dishes, cleaning the apartment and all the c—p you hate doing, when the only thing you want to do is go out, hang out with your friends and do whatever is on your mind. Every age has its good parts and bad parts, it is important that you enjoy both of them. […]\nAnd here are Mr. <PERSON>'s thoughts about what it is like to participate in a tennis tournament:\n[…] The day was long, the ladies took over on court and they took forever to decide who wanted to win and lose.", "148" ], [ "What Were Global Voices’ Readers up to Last Week? · Global Voices\nA gargoyle reading a book. Photo by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\nAt Global Voices, our community researches, writes, edits, and translates stories with a mission to support human rights and build bridges of understanding across countries, cultures, and languages.\nWe don't publish just to grab clicks or follow a news trend. We do, however, like to keep track of the ways in which our hard work has impact around the world.\nTo that end, one useful metric is how readers respond to our stories and translations. So let's take a look at who our readers were and what caught their attention during the week of February 19-25, 2018.\nWhere in the world are Global Voices’ readers?\nLast week, our stories and translations attracted readers from 209 countries! The top 20 countries represented across all of Global Voices’ sites were:\n1. United States\n2. France\n3. Brazil\n4. Mexico\n5. Japan\n6. Spain\n7. Italy\n8. Colombia\n9. Philippines\n10. United Kingdom\n11. Germany\n12. India\n13. Taiwan\n14. Canada\n15.", "746" ], [ "Russia\n16. Ecuador\n17. Argentina\n18. Indonesia\n19. Bangladesh\n20. Peru\nBut that's only a small slice of the diversity of our readership. Let's use the True Random Number Generator from Random.org and take a look at a few other countries on the list:\n129. Lithuania\n94. Ghana\n31. Macedonia\n191. Comoros\n75. Jordan\nGlobal Voices in English\nThe English-language site is where the majority of original content is first published at Global Voices. The top five most-read stories of last week were:\n1. “Do Others Know We Exist?”: A Nurse’s Testimony from Syria’s Besieged Eastern Ghouta\n2. <PERSON> Becomes First Transgender Player in Australian Women’s State League Football\n3. Trinidad & Tobago Finally Gets Its ‘Steups’ Emoji\n4. All of the Soviet Union’s Academy Award-Winning Films Are Legally and Freely Available Online\n5. Censorship in Serbia Hits a New Low After Newspaper ‘Edits’ an Obituary\nGlobal Voices Lingua\nLingua is a project that translates Global Voices stories into languages other than English. There are about 30 active Lingua sites. Below is last week's most-read story or translation on each active language site.\nArabic\n* هل يعرف الآخرون بوجودنا؟ شهادة لممرضة من الغوطة الشرقية المحاصرة في سوريا (“‘Do Others Know We Exist?", "746" ], [ "What Were Global Voices’ Readers up to Last Week? · Global Voices\n“Reader!” Photo by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY-ND 2.0\nAt Global Voices, our community researches, writes, edits, and translates stories with a mission to support human rights and build bridges of understanding across countries, cultures, and languages.\nWe don't publish just to grab clicks or follow a news trend. We do, however, like to keep track of the ways in which our hard work has impact around the world.\nTo that end, one useful metric is how readers respond to our stories and translations. So let's take a look at who our readers were and what caught their attention during the week of February 26-March 4, 2018.\nWhere in the world are Global Voices’ readers?\nLast week, our stories and translations attracted readers from 204 countries! The top 20 countries represented across all of Global Voices’ sites were:\n1. United States\n2. Brazil\n3. France\n4. Mexico\n5. Japan\n6. Spain\n7. Colombia\n8. Germany\n9. United Kingdom\n10. Philippines\n11. Italy\n12. India\n13. Taiwan\n14. Canada\n15. Russia\n16.", "746" ], [ "Peru\n17. Bangladesh\n18. Argentina\n19. Indonesia\n20. Ecuador\nBut that's only a small slice of the diversity of our readership. Let's use the True Random Number Generator from Random.org and take a look at a few other countries on the list:\n106. China\n76. Ireland\n129. Martinique\n33. Poland\n184. Central African Republic\nGlobal Voices in English\nThe English-language site is where the majority of original content is first published at Global Voices. The top five most-read stories of last week were:\n1. “Stop Bombing Syria!” Berlin Protest Demands Immediate Ceasefire in Ghouta and Afrin\n2. “Do Others Know We Exist?”: A Nurse’s Testimony from Syria’s Besieged Eastern Ghouta\n3. A Sudanese Village Arts Festival Looks Back to the Future\n4. All of the Soviet Union’s Academy Award-Winning Films Are Legally and Freely Available Online\n5. A Suicide Mentality, on the Precipice of War in Northeast Asia\nGlobal Voices Lingua\nLingua is a project that translates Global Voices stories into languages other than English. There are about 30 active Lingua sites. Below is last week's most-read story or translation on each active language site.\nArabic\n* “ميتةً سريعة فلتكن!” شهادة أوس المبارك، طبيب أسنان من الغوطة الشرقية المحاصرة (“‘May It Be a Quick Death!", "746" ], [ "Russia: Great Lent Has Begun · Global Voices\nCitizen media outlets have captured the multidimensional essence of the Russian Orthodox Lenten season, which began Monday, including issues such the religiosity of post-USSR Russia, the liturgical calendar, the peculiarities of the Orthodox traditions and fasting rituals compared to those observed in the West, and the public statements made by prominent church officials.\nHoly Transfiguration Monastery Publications blog contextualizedthe Lenten Triodion among the other three liturgical books recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church:\nFour books contain the festal services necessary for the liturgical year.\nThe Menaion contains the feasts of the Lord, the Mother of God, and the Saints, for every day of the year.\nThe Triodion contains the services for Great Lent, the three weeks before, and Holy Week.\nThe Pentecostarion contains the feasts of Pascha through Pentecost and All Saints.\nThe Octoëchos provides eight one-week cycles of services in one of each of the eight tones.\nPancake week/Maslenitsa celebration in St. Petersburg. Photo by <PERSON>, copyright © <PERSON> (26/02/12).\n<PERSON>, a teacher of English from the village of Dergachi in Saratov region, described last Sunday the Russian festivities surrounding “Pancake Week,” which occurs just before the start of Great Lent:\nRussia is celebrating Shrovetide, or Pancake week, one of the jolliest, most vivid and fun-filled feasts here.\nThe tradition of celebrating Shrovetide came to us from pre-Christian Russia. This is a feast of bidding farewell to winter, injected with the joyful anticipation of spring’s arrival, Nature’s awakening and the renewal of life. Shrovetide was the name of a straw effigy, dresses in women’s garments, which was first used in the general merriment, and at the end of the feast – burnt in a bonfire.\nAn invariable attribute of Shrovetide were pancakes, round in shape – symbolizing the sun, and as such – a ritual dish.\n<PERSON>'s bilingual LiveJournal blog discussed last week how the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity observe different traditions in celebrating the beginning of Lent:\nAsh Wednesday, in the [Gregorian] calendar of Western Christianity, is the first day of Lent and occurs 46 days before Easter. It is a moveable fast, falling on a different date each year because it is dependent on the date of Easter. It can occur as early as February 4 or as late as March 10.\nIn Russia we have Clean Monday instead of Ash wednesday, it is also known as Pure Monday, Ash Monday, or Green Monday, is the first day of the Eastern Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic Great Lent.\nSt. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church blog provides recipes for Lenten Main Dishes, while Orthodox Education Blog includes a link to printable Lenten coloring books for children.\nPeople fight with swords during celebrations of Maslenitsa or Pancake week, a traditional Russian holiday marking the end of winter, St Petersburg.", "880" ], [ "Image by <PERSON>, copyright Demotix (26/02/12).\n“Why We Were Created” Blog by Catholic <PERSON> introduced some of the differences between how the Lenten season is celebrated by the Eastern and Western traditions:\nThe Eastern Lent is similar in intention to the Western Lent, except it is much more severe in practice. [Russian Orthodox Christians] are asked to give up all meat, dairy products and alcohol throughout the entire season (think of that when you are complaining about not eating meat this Friday). They also calculate the days differently than in the West – [Western Christianity does] not count Sundays, whereas [Orthodox Christians] do and they end the counting before Psalm Sunday and consider Holy Week a whole different penitential “season.”\nAncient Faith Radio Blog posted a 15-minute audio recording of Fr. <PERSON>'s discussion on the differences between the Eastern and Western Lenten traditions. In it he emphasized that Orthodox Christians observe lent more as a community and with the assistance of a confessor with the ultimate goal being to become more receptive to God's grace. For Orthodox Christians, he added, Great Lent represents a lifestyle that is merely intensified during this season.\n<PERSON>’ bilingual blog summarized the author's understanding of why fasting is a necessary component of the Christian faith:\nI do not know the official teachings of the Orthodox Church regarding fasting, but I'm sure that my views expressed here are not far from the truth. There are a lot of reasons for fasting, but the most obvious to me are (in order of importance):\n1. Christians by definition must imitate <PERSON>.", "820" ], [ "What were Global Voices’ readers up to last week? · Global Voices\nPhoto by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY-NC 2.0\nAt Global Voices, our community researches, writes, edits, and translates stories with a mission to support human rights and build bridges of understanding across countries, cultures, and languages.\nWe don't publish just to grab clicks or follow a news trend. We do, however, like to keep track of the ways in which our hard work has impact around the world.\nTo that end, one useful metric is how readers respond to our stories and translations. So let's take a look at who our readers were and what caught their attention during the week of April 23-29, 2018.\nWhere in the world are Global Voices’ readers?\nLast week, our stories and translations attracted readers from 202 countries! The top 20 countries represented across all of Global Voices’ sites were:\n1. United States\n2. Brazil\n3. Japan\n4. France\n5. Mexico\n6. Spain\n7. Peru\n8. Colombia\n9. Taiwan\n10. Argentina\n11. Italy\n12. United Kingdom\n13 Bangladesh\n14. Germany\n15. India\n16.", "746" ], [ "Ecuador\n17. Russia\n18. Canada\n19. Tanzania\n20. Indonesia\nBut that's only a small slice of the diversity of our readership. Let's use the True Random Number Generator from Random.org and take a look at a few other countries on the list:\n100. Ghana\n25. Philippines\n174. Chad\n114. Benin\n201. Swaziland\nGlobal Voices in English\nThe English-language site is where the majority of original content is first published at Global Voices. The top five most-read stories of last week were:\n1. Why did China take its own propaganda film offline? Netizens point to US tech sanctions\n2. How an Indian professor is turning plastic trash into highways\n3. China Central Television backs Russian version of the Syrian crisis, saying chemical attacks were staged\n4. Puerto Rico’s flag is black and in ‘mourning’ over US-imposed oversight board (originally published in 2016)\n5. 8-year-old <PERSON>’s heinous rape and murder in India fans the flames of nationalism\nGlobal Voices Lingua\nLingua is a project that translates Global Voices stories into languages other than English. There are about 30 active Lingua sites. Below is last week's most-read story or translation on each active language site.", "746" ] ]

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[ [ "TL;DR\nNo, making a country that spans multiple planets is not a good idea.\nWhile it is feasible(ish), it's certainly not very useful. Let's imagine a rudimentary system for the space of this answer. It consists of four worlds:\n* Earth\n* The Moon\n* Mars\n* <PERSON> (orbiting a star 500 light years away)\nOk, so now let's try using a US style government:\nEach planet is divided into 200(ish) 'states', which are equivalent to US states in function, but are much larger, approximately equal to countries on Earth. Further, each 'state' is divided into 'substates' which are the size of US states. Ergo, the organization chain-of-command might look something like:\n1. Federation of Planets\n2. Planet\n3. State\n4. Substate\n5. County\n6.", "801" ], [ "Town\nWe'll assume that the Federation has a constitution similar to that of the US, and that laws work, like in the US in a top down jurisdiction (Ex. a law at the planet level holds across its planet) and a bottom-up importance (Ex. the Federation outlaws wearing tall hats, but <PERSON> specifically permits it, so residents of the planet Bob are allowed to wear tall hats.)\nGreat! You have a functional country.\nAnd then election time comes along. Since, for important plot reasons, the main government is situated in Oklahoma City, the president of the Federation has to live in the Octarine House. Now you have a conundrum. If we assume for a moment that a <PERSON>, a ungendered person who lives on planet Bob, is elected by majority, then they need to travel to Earth to live in the Octarine House. Unfortunately, that leaves the Federation without a president for the next five hundred years while <PERSON> uses relativistic travel to get to Earth.\nIf <PERSON> isn't a source of candidates, then there's a big spat over government without proper representation, and that story has already been told.\nBut let's assume it happened anyways. In the above link, the parent government tried to put down the rebellion and it failed.\nEarth can't even do that. For the same reason that <PERSON> can't elect a president who lives there, Earth can't really attack <PERSON>. Bob is, essentially, under its own rule.", "943" ], [ "I, the King, wish to share the Kingdom's wealth with the People. If the Kingdom's population keeps growing, how long before they collectively are richer than the Royal Family?\nAn estimate would say 'Probably 100 years'. An exact formula says never.\nStick with me here.\nLet's say this is a verrrryy nice king. What goes around comes around- he shares his wealth with his people. For every sum of cash(for ease, we're going to call this amount $2C$) that comes into the kingdom, he takes $\\frac{1}{2}C$ for himself. He then decides to group the kingdom by population and closeness to himself: every group has one more person than the one above it. He's on the top by himself, his Queen and heir are one below, his three knights below that, four nobles, etc., all the way down to his thousand peasant farmers. Everyone in each tier gets the cash divided up like this:\nSo, the fraction of C you get is one over two to the power of the number of people in your tier.\nThe rich stay rich and the poor stay poor, but everyone's grateful to the king because he gives each of them enough to sustain their own lifestyles, but critically not enough for anyone to move up or down. When you're born, you're shoved into the 'lowest bottom pile'.", "130" ], [ "If someone dies higher up and you have a right to that space, it's yours and you get the cash. For this reason, this system can scale towards infinity.\nHis Royal Highness is also very intelligent. He knows money talks, and is aware of the meltdown that could occur if he suddenly became very unpopular and the people had more wealth than he did. Or he's an egomaniac. Either way, he wants his family to be #therichest.\nWith this system, what's the maximum population size you can have before the people have more wealth than the king?\nAn estimate would say \"Well, given the current population growth, I'd guess 20 years your Highness?\". However, a Medieval mathematician (<PERSON>) proved that this sequence converges to 2. Hence why I used $2C$ at the start. Read that proof. It's truly brilliant.\nFinally, some simple math:\n$Wealth_{King} = \\frac{1}{2}$\n$Wealth_{Queen} + Wealth_{Heir} = \\frac{1}{4} + \\frac{1}{4} = \\frac{1}{2}$\n$Wealth_{Royal\\,Family} = 1$\n$Wealth_{Infinite\\,population} = 2-1 = 1$\n$Wealth_{Infinite\\,population} = Wealth_{Royal\\,Family}$\nSo, as long as the population is less than infinite, the King can share the Kingdom's wealth with his people and his family will always be richer than everyone else put together. Neat, right?\nI'm aware this is such a botched explaination of pretty much everything, so let me know if something's unclear and I'll try to clean it up in an edit.\nHope it helps!", "587" ], [ "Frame Challenge\nIt's not a ship that would find a planet, it's an observatory.\nKeep Watching the Skies\nRight now, we've found 4 341 planets outside our solar system, and we've only barely sent one space ship outside of same. Even with many space ships, people wouldn't be sending ships to go find planets. Even in Star Trek, stellar cartography is mostly handled by enormous telescopes.\nSo that's what your planet would be hiding from. An enormous space telescope, probably built a long way from the star of its solar system, gradually cataloguing all the stars in the night sky. Watching for the dips in intensity that indicate a planet, and the spectral lines indicating what its atmosphere is made of. We can do that now with space and ground-based telescopes. Any civilization that has starships is going to have much, much better telescopes that are constantly on the lookout for where their next scouting team is going to be sent.\nSo then that's the challenge. The pirates happen to find a planet in an as-yet unmapped part of space...", "199" ], [ "but the cartographers aren't sitting still. So the question is - how good are the telescopes, and how many of them are there? There are approximately 200 billion stars in the Milky Way. Assuming a Cartographic Observatory can process ten a day, it would take fifty million years to work its way through them all, and 25 million to find a particular planet at random. But if it can work through ten thousand a day, and if there are a thousand such installations... the pirates' secret planet's days are numbered.\nSide Note: Space is Big\nIt would make sense to only fly through charted territories, so random asteroids and pirates are not as much of a problem, right?\nPirates may be a problem. Asteroids are not. Our solar system's asteroid belt is pretty dense as far as such things go in space. The average distance between any two objects in that belt is approximate 966 thousand kilometres.\nThere are not (indeed, cannot be) asteroid belts as dense as those pictured in Star Wars, because such a belt would aggregate into a planetoid or planet, unless it was a very, very recent phenomenon (Alderaan, for example).\nSo if you choose a direction at random in the sky, and fly your rocket in that direction for twenty lightyears, the odds that you hit anything of note once you leave the mess in Earth's orbit behind are astronomically (haha) low.\nIf you want a reason for people to take particular routes, it's best to have it associated with how you handle FTL - because asteroids, nebulae, and other space-borne objects are not a reasonable threat.", "921" ], [ "You've already stated that there is no stealth in space. Good. Anyone who wants to counter that can find an answer on this question explaining that no <PERSON>, there is no stealth in space.\nSo rather than to answer your question of how to detect another ship in an empty system, lets ask how you remain hidden in such a scenario. We've already determined that it's not possible, so lets ask that question anyway.\nAnswer: don't point your drive at the person you're hiding from, or if you do, make sure there's something else between you and them.\n<PERSON>. Now you know how to detect another ship: its drive is pointed at you (or at least, in your vague general direction) and there isn't anything between you and them. How visible is it? Well, there's a nice link from the above question that states that \"a single attitude control thruster of the Space Shuttle can be detected at 15 million km range and using main engines it can be detected from Uranus. With current technology.\"\nMind, current technology scans the sky very slowly, but pointed in the right direction it'd know. Oh it would know you were there.", "199" ], [ "And how fast you were going, in what direction, and how much acceleration you had (and in what direction), and could predict your course through the solar system (to within some degree of accuracy, not due to the ship or even to the light-time delay, but rather due to the N-Body Problem). Beef up the detection tech in your story so it's got the same resolution as current tech, only it scans faster, and ta da.\nThe TV show The Expanse has done an amazing job of being Hard Sciency about space travel and communication and detection thereof. The only unreal thing about it is the engines, capable of providing upwards of 10G worth of thrust on virtually no fuel (which, if we're being frank, is the major limiting factor to our civilization's colonization of the other planets). Oh, and there's the...\n! aliens and the alien tech that does apparent magic.\nBut it's not terribly relevant to this answer.\nEvery instance of stealth in the show has been done under a hard-science approach: decoys (\"this isn't the ship you're looking for, sorry!\"), flak clouds (\"sure, you see us, but can you pick out which 'us' is the right one amidst this cloud of radar jamming junk?\"), or pure gravitational assisted flight (if no one knows to look for you and you don't fire up the GIANT GLOWING TORCH BEACON OF LOOK AT ME I'M MISTER MEESEEKS then you can drift around the system at your leisure and be impossible to spot). The gravitational stealth approach in the show had a 45 second slice that broke my suspension of disbelief, as <PERSON> came around the curve of a moon, spotted a Martian vessel and was able to reverse course without being spotted. He was still using the attitude control thrusters, but they appear in the show as gas-vent propulsion, not torches, but the part that broke it for me was that he was able to abort his trajectory enough to slip back around the horizon. Honestly they should have omitted that scene. The quip about \"oh yeah, the moons hide them from us too\" is clever, but that's the only purposed it served.", "947" ], [ "What would Typical Adaptations for Life be on a Gas Giant's Habitable Moon?\nOkay, this question may seem too broad, but bear with me.\nOn Damarian, the largest moon of the gas giant Checuti, there are no continents larger than the Americas (Both North and South America) in area, but there are many of them all across Damarian. Most of the biggest of these are about 3,200 km apart, and there is a massive ocean on one side.\nI'm fairly sure that tsunamis would be a big problem, especially if they spawn on the ocean side of Damarian. I'm also sure that the fact that Damarian is tidally locked with Checuti (Due to the fact that Checuti is a gas giant denser than Jupiter, and Damarian's just a wee little Earth ball. 50% larger than Earth...) would affect the adaptations.\nDamarian Factoids:\n* Due to how Damarian is locked with Checuti, you can see Checuti from the westernmost of the landmasses, and the eastern side of the ocean (Think I'll call is the Oruchkan Ocean, or just Oruchkan) gets a similar view. Standing in a specific spot on Damarian's surface would give you a view of whatever part of Checuti Damarian was passing over, without it being hidden by horizon. During what would count as an eclipse if you're viewing from Checuti, people with a view of Checuti can sometimes see the shadow of Damarian passing over Checuti.\n* Damarian has a magnetic liquid that freezes well above temperatures that Earth-like life can survive, but that operates just like normal Earth crust at habitable temperatures.", "701" ], [ "This liquid provides Damarian's magnetic field, which is needed due to Damarian being too far from Checuti to really have much of Checuti's magnetic field helping out.\n* Damarian has moderately extreme temperature variation, depending on where it is in its orbit around Checuti. If it's on the closer side to Kenser of its orbit (That is, it's more to the inner edge of the habitable system), it gets warmer globally, while, on the other side of the year, it gets colder globally. Unfortunately, this might not be too relevant, because of the next factoid:\n* Damarian's day/night cycle is 50 Earth hours, which also happens to be its orbit time around Checuti. Its year time is 384 Earth days. Thus, Damarian has a year of about 185 days.\nOkay, I'm not asking anyone to build a new ecosystem, but I'd like to know general things that native life would possess.\nIdeas:\n* Obviously, a sleep/wake cycle twice as long as Earth life, due to longer day/night cycle.\n* Possibly a behavior that makes land life retreat from the heat about 12 hours 30 minutes into day, due to midday being blazing hot, and a similar behavior 12 hours 30 minutes into night, due to it being possibly very cold.\nThese are only two adaptations I though of, but I believe someone else might have other thoughts or insight.\nNOTE: By typical adaptations, I mean adaptations nearly all animals would most likely have. Also, Damarian could be split into 4 parts: The Oruchkan ocean on the Checuti side, the Oruchkan on the Kenser side, the land on the Checuti side, and the land on the Kenser side.", "701" ], [ "How to make many sapient species on an alien planet without genetic engineering?\nWith the species of Damarian, as found on the list here, there are many different species, which all evolve at about roughly the same time.\nObviously, a huge problem about multiple species evolving simultaneously is that if they're all sapient, they can kill each other off in a deathmatch-esque war. However, I want most of them to have at least some technology, and for them to have survived long enough to accept one another.\nSo, without further ado, here's what Damarian's surface is like:\n* Larger than Earth (1.5-ish Earth Diameter, roughly 4.5-ish Earth circumference, and thus (Most likely, following surface area calculation rules) several times Earth's surface area).\n* Same percentage of land area and water area as Earth; 71% water (WAY more water than Earth, and also much more area, even with 29% land area)\n* Most likely chillier, due to Damarian's orbit being roughly 384 days (19-ish days longer than Earth's orbit), but if it is, most likely the temperature differences would be minor, only noticeable at the (Much more distant) poles, and would be nearly indistinguishable at the equator.\n* Orbits Aplha Centauri A, also known as Rigel Kentaurus, at almost the same distance as Earth does with the Sun, but more distant enough for an almost 19 day extension of the year (Hopefully, with Alpha Centauri A's bigger size and thus extra heat and light, habitability by humans is possible).\n* Has 6 moons, which are NOT relevant for the question AT ALL; This question assumes the Damarian's orbit (And those of its moons) are stable and life has adapted to 5 moons and the tidal effects they all make. Plus, 3 of them are tiny ex-asteroids, and 2 of the other 3 are less than 1,000 km wide each.", "701" ], [ "The largest is about the same size as our own Moon.\n* Four major landmasses: Gaundar (Mostly in the north of the planet, colder but longer and thinner); Tharizdun (Huge mass split nearly down the middle near the equator, resulting in a huge middle sea, with many hundreds of islands in the surrounding ocean; Sort looks like a fortune cookie that's been opened); Kehez (Comes from the south pole and goes up past the equator, getting within 2,000 miles of Tharizdun's southern edge, and gets fairly close to Gaundar on its northern edge); and Dendar (Southern temperate zone, close-ish to Kehez on the opposite side from Tharizdun). I'll be referring to the continents for the habitats.\nHere is what Damarian's non-sapient life is like:\n* VERY rich plant life (In the energy and nutrients easily available from the plant); fruit and nut eating herbivores only need to eat for about 30 minutes each day, leaf and fungus eaters only need 2-ish hours of feeding daily, and even grazers and grain eaters only need to eat about 4 hours a day, but typically spend most of their day eating anyway (Hey, why not?)\n* This rich plant life means herbivores can sustain HUGE populations, which leads to much larger population counts of carnivores, which, along with Damarian's size, means that Damarian can hold much more biomass than Earth.\n* The animals provide prey for the Stone Age peoples, who occasionally met. Being Stone Age people, each interaction was different: Some meetings ended with fight, others with trading.\nSo, using this question, I know that there are a few things the sapients need to keep themselves from killing each other: Different habitats (Easy, with Damarian being THAT big), but some way to interact often (I'm thinking they all can survive just fine in most climates, but usually live in two or three particular habitats), or have them have different niches or needs.\nWith all of my species in order of appearance, here's their habitats and general niches (During the Paleo- and Mesolithic Ages):\nVolrortheans: Either chilly, Scandinavian-esque locales (Closer to the coast) on Gaundar or Kehez, or warm, Polynesian-like coasts on equatorial Kehez, and temperate grasslands of Kehez. They are typically megafauna hunters in smallish groups (4 to 12 adults, half that many youngsters).\nMaravneans: Temperate plains and forest of Kehez, usually near rivers; Usually fish and hunt/gather.\nAsterians: Hot deserts and temperate plains of equatorial Kehez, typically hunt and trap smaller critters and smaller members of megafauna species.", "445" ], [ "Other answers address the question of gravity, so I'll just expand on the atmosphere topic.\nThe Problem\nThe biggest physics issue with your proposed world is the atmosphere.\nA star is formed when enough gas is present that the gravity from all of the gas is enough to collapse it down into a dense hot sphere. It would thus collapse any atmosphere around it into itself. First you may think, well maybe the star only collapses the heavy elements and the light ones could still form an atmosphere. However, most of a star is hydrogen, the lightest element.", "473" ], [ "So this is not true.\nThe density and pressure of a gas grows exponentially towards a the source of gravity, so it is impossible to have an extremely thick atmosphere without reaching pressures where things form plasmas. The exponential growth is because each layer of gas must have a pressure that can support all of the weight above it.\nEven if the star initially didn't have enough gravity by itself to suck down a giant atmosphere, even a low density atmosphere would have more mass and thus gravity than a typical star.\nThe Solution\nIf you want to have a giant atmosphere, consider having it on the outside of a shell. So then you'd have a star, a large vacuum, a (possibly transparent (maybe even diamond)) inner shell, an atmosphere, and an optional outer shell.\nWith this arrangement your gravity in the atmosphere would be:\n$$g=\\frac{G\\,(M_{star}+M_{shell}+ M_{atm})}{r^2}$$\nWhere $r$ is the distance to the center of the star, $g$ is your gravitational acceleration, $G$ is the universal constant of gravitation, and the $M_{star}$, $M_{shell}$, and $M_{atm}$ are the masses of the star, inner shell, and portion of the atmosphere closer to the star than $r$ respectively.\nSo now let's take a look at the equations for the atmosphere to see if we can come up with some numbers that will fit your criteria:\nFirst the specific ideal gas law relating temperature $T$, density $\\rho$, and pressure $P$:\n$$\\rho=\\frac{P}{RT}$$\nWhere $R$ is the specific gas constant (for air = $286.9\\frac{J}{kg\\,K}$)\nLet's say the temperature is constant to simplify our analysis, and keep our creatures comfortable.\nThe change in mass of atmosphere closer than $r$ as $r$ increases will just be the surface area of the sphere of size $r$ times the density at that $r$:\n$$\\frac{d\\,M_{atm}}{dr}=4\\,\\pi\\,r^2\\,\\rho=\\frac{4\\,\\pi}{RT}\\,r^2\\,P$$\nThen since the pressure of the atmosphere must support the weight of the gas above it, the rate of change is also related to the density:\n$$\\frac{dP}{dr}=\\rho\\,g=\\frac{P}{RT}\\frac{G\\,(M_{star}+M_{shell}+ M_{atm})}{r^2}$$\nTo simplify things a little let's change our variables:\n$$M=M_{star}+M_{shell}+ M_{atm}$$\n$$\\frac{dM}{dr}=\\frac{dM_{atm}}{dr}$$\nNow we almost have enough information to do a numerical integration; we just need our initial values, and our constants. So let's try:\n$$T=25^\\circ C$$\n$$M_0=M_{sol}= 10^{30} kg$$\n$$P_0=1 atm = 10^5 Pa $$\n$$r_0 = 1 AU = 1.5\\times 10^{11} m$$\nIntegrating numerically we can get a plot of pressure vs altitude:\nAs you can see, the pressure drops off to less than three quarters of the initial pressure (enough to cause altitude sickness) by about 5000 km. Certainly a thicker breathable atmosphere than the measly 2.4 km that earth has, but let's see if we can do better.\nBy increasing our starting radius and decreasing the mass of our star and shell we can decrease the rate of pressure drop off, so let's look at a start with near the minimum mass to still be a red dwarf, about a tenth of our sun, and let's start out 100 times as far away:\nFor this system it looks like the breathable atmosphere would extend out to 7000 km: not much of an improvement for the extremes it took to get there.", "24" ], [ "Lots of questions, but I'll try to answer:\nForming without a Ruling Body\nA completely urbanized planet might be able to form without one ruling body. This would mean that the different countries on the planet would have to be very trusting of each other. Or at a point in war where you couldn't destroy each other's cities.\nIn the Middle Ages, France and England were at war. Along one river in France, each country would build a castle, each on their own side of the river. Around these castles towns would form, the two enemy towns may be very near each, even though they were at war. Cities on an urbanized planet could form similarly. Even if both countries were at war, the cities could come up to the boundary line (or very close) if the technology or incentive was there not to attack. In the case of France and England, the river prevented a quick attack on the opposing town, meaning that the town would have time to flee to the castle and be protected.\nIf the two countries were allies, then they might not object to building cities right up against each other. There would probably be a small boundary line, but this would be negligible to the size of the city. It might even be used as a park.\nWhy Such a Planet is Good\nCities provide great opportunities.", "878" ], [ "They are the sources of jobs, because the jobs can find labor. They are the source of government, because the governors need a place to meet. If cities kept growing, with bigger corporations and bigger amounts of work, it could be economically beneficial. It might also be more efficient (more people in a smaller space), keeping scientists together so research could go on. It could also be politically useful, everyone in one place is easier to manage than having them scattered across the stars.\nThese are all reasons to do this if you had the ability to travel to other habital planets. If you couldn't travel, a planet-wide city would merely provide you with enough space to house all your people.\nI don't see why there couldn't still be private landowners, it is just likely that a land owner would get a \"cubic\" plot, meaning that their land doesn't necessarily go up into the sky forever. This would make it easier to build large sky scrapers.\nSummary\nYour final section of the question asks why this could happen. I believe I have already answered that, but I will summarize.\nSuch a planet might exist if there were a single government and the population needed a planet-wide city to provide enough space. Or it could exist if the government thought a large city to be economically or politically beneficial.\nSuch a planet might exist if there were multiple governments and they were at peace. Each government would extend its city as far as possible, for the reasons above. Or if the planets were at war, a system were each side couldn't attack the other would allow for the reasons above to take over.", "121" ] ]

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[ [ "I am not a nuclear physicist but I have studied these structures. <PERSON> is not a fool. He knows what he is talking about. The claim that \"everything possible occurs in nature\" is not true. While fullerenes and tetrahedral carbon/diamond does occur, and while you could point to \"natural\" stainless steels, such as iron-cobalt-nickel meteorites, I can point to unnatural, manmade structures that do not occur in nature. Japanese metallurgists have made an Austenitic Stainless steel called H-1 which uses nitrogen in place of carbon in the iron matrix, and thus it is nearly 100 percent impervious to rust and is used in knife blades by Spyderco knives. Stainless steel does not occur in bone structures and yet steel is ten times stronger than bone.", "561" ], [ "Because something does not occur in nature does not make it impossible.\nI guess the two main issues here are stability issues: 1 Could you make subatomic/nuclear femto structures that take forms other than a glob or drop. Well, what if the assumption that the nucleus is a sphere are false? <PERSON> proved the vector equilibrium structure/tensegrity/geodesics are found in nature, from the atom and molecule on up to the galatic level. You are ASSUMING that SUB-Atomic structures are chaotic and cannot have structures like tubes, sheets, bars, rods, and so on and so forth. If we find these structures in the atomic world (fullerenes for example), why wouldn't they exist even at smaller scales, like this: ? http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0112066.pdf\n\" Motivated by <PERSON>, in this Letter we point out the exis tence of new ge- ometric structures in QCD with high spatial symmetry. We det ermine the geometric structure and the characteristic “magic numbers ” of these configu- rations, using analogies with carbon Fullerene structures . We explore some of the interesting topological structures that can be created by QCD networks and closed cages that may be produced in high energy nuclear r eactions joining multiple QCD junctions and anti-junctions. Although the QC D Lagrangian is CP even, we point out that the junction and anti-junction bui lding blocks can be used construct CP odd configurations that may also serve as domain walls between inequivalent ( θ ) QCD vacua.\"\nAt least consider it", "364" ], [ "The electric breakdown in air produces all sorts of radical, ions and some more stable compounds. The temperature created in the current flow during discharge can be quite high, high enough to scramble most gas molecules into all sorts of small pieces which recombine (or fall apart) into other species. I mean you can smell ozone around high voltage equipment - apparently you didn't know that. As for what specifically is formed, wow, that's a really hard question to answer. The more serious question is what is detected? (Because a chemical has to persist for \"a while\" to be detected, instead of only existing for an instant to have been \"created\"). What persists long enough to be detected depends on what is around. Especially important are pollutants like sulfur dioxide and organics. In pure humid air, you've got the obvious ions, and species like H2O2, NOx, O3. I wouldn't expect any NH3 (ammonia) but I wouldn't be too surprised if it was found, either. This may not seem related, but it is: did you know that you can detect x-ray emissions from Scotch Tape being pulled off of a surface when it's in a vacuum? (They don't detect it in air, not because it doesn't happen, but because the air absorbs the (faint) x-rays before they can be detected). There's a LOT of chemistry that is going on all around us that is just happening too quickly for us to see. And of course if you're into scifi, you know about the experiments with lightning (arc discharge) making polymers which used to be the most popular explanation of how life originated on Earth.", "104" ], [ "Electric discharge is actually NOT well understood. What we do know is that it is definitely powerful enough to make all sorts of (random) chemicals. They use electrical discharge to cut holes (with very precise dimensions) in thick, thick steel. It packs a wallop. So, to answer your question in a general way. Take H, C, O, N as the (atomic) constituents of air (as CO2, H2O, O2, and N2) and assemble ANY molecule with say, 3 or fewer of any of them. Chances are some of that is made. CO (carbon monoxide)? sure. NO, NO2 ? I'd bet on it. H2O2? Probably...So write this HwCxOyNz and vary w, x, y and z from 0 to 3 and you probably have listed something which has at least transient existence. H, H2, H3 (er...maybe) N, N2 (already present), N3 etc., HN, H2N, HN2, etc. etc.", "662" ], [ "We don't know and you can make up the effect you want. The answer given above correctly sums up our current understanding of black holes and gravity. However, currently we can't reconcile our understanding of gravity (which explains black holes) with our understanding of quantum mechanics (which explains mater/antimatter interaction). In other words, \"nothing will happen\" ist not something we know but something we'd need to test in an experiment.\nIf you want a spectacular effect, you can make one up: During matter/antimatter annihilation, the mass/energy stops to have gravity for short moments (due to quatnum gravity effects we have not been able to observe yet, because they are to weak when we do these experiments with single atoms in a collider). This allows some mass and or radiation to escape (either in direction with the spin of the BH, or as a jet along the axis of rotation). Also the on/off sends strong gravitational waves.", "343" ], [ "Some of the emitted matter/energy lumps may be dense enough to form black holes themselves, they may loose momentum when interacting with the accretion disks and fall back into the large BH ...\nThe shape will be weird - wikipedia has this to say about a black hole merger: \"As two black holes approach each other, a ‘duckbill’ shape protrudes from each of the two event horizons towards the other one. This protrusion extends longer and narrower until it meets the protrusion from the other black hole. At this point in time the event horizon has a very narrow X-shape at the meeting point. The protrusions are drawn out into a thin thread. The meeting point expands to a roughly cylindrical connection called a bridge.\"\nOne question that a reader with a good grasp of physiscs will have is when this cataclysm will happen - I think our best guess according to current physics is that time will stop inside the event horizon due to gravitationl time dilation. Short 'hiccups' in gravity will also stop this dilation.\nFor story purposes it would be a bad idea if the affair becomes a completly naked singularity (20 SM matter annihiliation?), however I think you can make up a mechanism with that only partially ot for short moments 'opens' the event horizon.\nFor scientists this will be very exciting because it is the first chance to look at a naked singularity. Problem is: Noone can quite predict what will happen, so noone knows the safe distance to observe the event!", "43" ], [ "Is antimatter power theoretically possible?\nThere is a quote and citation on the \"Antimatter\" page of the obvious encyclopedic site (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter), saying that positrons could be produced (in the future) at a rate of $250 million per 10 milligrams. Unfortunately, the author of that quote made it in 2006. Yet there is also a growing possibility of harvesting antimatter in the radiation belts, solar wind, or even lightning bolts.\nThis leads me to consider: If the production (or harvesting) of antimatter becomes practical, is it theoretically possible to have an antimatter electric power supply?\nMy idea of antimatter power goes like this. Positrons are contained in a vacuum chamber, probably with a magnetic field. Electrons are somehow shot into the chamber, colliding with the blob of positrons.", "922" ], [ "This produces 2 gamma rays. The vacuum chamber is surrounded by solar panels, tuned to receive gamma ray frequencies instead of visible light, and thus converts the gamma rays into DC electric power.\nFor the sake of concreteness, let me ask 4 questions revolving around the engineering problems:\n(1) Is it possible to build efficient solar panels tuned to gamma ray frequencies? They would also need a decent lifetime.\n(2) How exactly would electrons be accelerated into the region containing the positrons? My intuition says that if a magnetic field is containing them, then an electron would have a hard time penetrating that field.\n(3) Can we get enough power from this to self-sustain the magnetic containment field, as well as the electron accelerator, while still having a decent amount of leftover power to spare?\n(4) Are electrons and positrons the best choice of matter-antimatter? From what i've read, it seems the simplest choice of annihilation---they produce just 2 gamma rays at low velocities---but perhaps other kinds of antimatter are easier to contain?\nIn case your wondering, i'm not trying to make a form of free/cheap power. I just think it would be great if we could replace nuclear reactors, both the plants and the naval drives, with something that has few moving parts with even better energy density. To me, that would be worth a somewhat bigger price than nuclear is today. It would also be nice if space stations and space ships were not so limited in their power generation.", "284" ], [ "Effects of a very large magnetic field on the human body\nEver since reading about the NHMFL I have always wondered about this and asked several people without getting a good satisfactory answer. My question is, considering the simplest case let's say a uniform magnetic field with a very high magnitude constant both in time and space permeating a large room, what would happen to my body in such a field like if I was to just walk through it? How large would the magnitude need to be before I \"feel\" anything? One tesla is fairly large, would I feel anything? I imagine as we crank up the magnitude, I would feel queasy and sick. What if I crank it up to fifty teslas or a hundred teslas? Would it hurt? Would it mess up my synaptic potentials? Would I go crazy with a dysfunctional brain? Would I pass out or go into a coma? At what point will the damage become irreversible? What magnitude will cause death? With a high enough magnitude would molecules in my body start falling apart? What happens at hundreds of teslas? Thousands of teslas or millions of teslas?\nThe closest thing here I found was here in the accepted answer \"a magnetar that would be 1000 miles away would kill us due to diamagnetism of water in our cells\".", "258" ], [ "This is the kind of stuff I am looking for, the magnitude of the B-field and then its effect on a human body. Like \"at 100T, your body would __ because __ and at 1000T, your body would _ because _\" and so on.\nIf we allow changes in the magnetic field in time, does the induced electric field \"hasten\" the effects somehow? Would a strong enough E-field cause a shock within us burning our organs and killing us even if the average B-field is small but the db/dt is \"large\" for example?\nI don't know if any experiments on biological samples have been done because artificially creating magnetic fields beyond a 100T or so hasn't been quite done yet much less sustaining them and observing the effects on a biological tissue. But if there are any cool references even if they are on theoretical grounds, that would be interesting.\nThanks.\nEdit: Just to make the question more answerable, I'll focus only on static fields. Anyone know of any references/experiments regarding the effects of large magnetic fields on biological tissues?", "75" ], [ "Expect big problems, esp. if it is your home.\nThe supernova that forms the magnetar will scour all life of any planets orbiting the companion stars of a magnetar. So, a dead planet is the only kind that will be available. <PERSON> mentions that 50-100 light years is generally accepted as the closest safe distance for a supernova.\nOther than being biologically dead, can there be anything left of the planets. Absolutely, binary stars can have considerable separation distance. The <PERSON> catalog of 116 nearby stars mentions 14 binary systems separate by over 2000 AU.\nAt 2000 AU, planets would easily survive (though not the delicate biological squatters). National Geographic mentions planetary survival at a mere 100 AU though with consierable disturbed orbits, whereas the effects at 2000 AU would be 400 times weaker.", "99" ], [ "1 light year is over 63,000 AU\nWhere you draw the line at a survivable distance for the planet is your call, but 200-500 AU seems reasonable to me, orbital changes are not necessarily for the worse either. The new orbits would tend to be less circular (a bad thing for the occupants)\nNot counting the supernova event, orbital problems at 100 AU separation is so minor as to be simply neglected, gravity from the sibling star is approximately 10,000 times weaker than the parent stars, and the tidal forces are 1,000,000 times weaker.\nCapture of another star is exceedingly unlikely, you have to scrub off delta V to capture it, and nothing in the system would have that ability as virtually all gas and debris is long gone with the supernova, thus no significant delta v is possible -- not to mention that a star capture event would be near certain to destroy the accompanying planetary orbits.\nA magnetar lasts perhaps 10,000 years as a magnetar, making a star capture even more unlikely. A captured star would almost of necessity be far too close as the farther you get from the magnestar, the less possibility of a delta v change existing.\nThe magnetic field is also subject to inverse square strength rules. And the magnetic force is far weaker than the gravity force. At 1 AU, the magnetic force is strong enough to erase a credit card, but the gravitic force is strong enough to keep planets in orbit with an acceleration of 0.018 m/sec^2 for 3 solar masses. I did not mention it, because it was just too obvious in my mind.\nQuestion said hard science, this is the way it works. No hand-wavium to capture another star and its planets. There are only about 10 known active magnetars in the galaxy, chance of another star capture in 10,000 years is so close to zero, I doubt it has ever happened in the universe.", "24" ], [ "Part of the argument can be reasoned without using any \"heavy handed\" general-relativity, but it is a long road.\nPart 1: Relativistic objects are \"pulled toward\" gravitational sources more than predicted by newtonian mechanics. Light is pulled twice as much. This needs general relativity, see here.\nPart 2 Pressure results from exchange of moving particles. In an ideal gas, the moving particles cause pressure. In a solid of liquid, it's more complex. There is degeneracy pressure and attractive forces that allow object to exist in tension. This is due the the exchange of negative energy virtual photons.\nA system under pressure (such as a hot gas) contains moving particles that have \"extra\" gravitational attraction to our test mass. Conversely, our test mass feels an extra attraction to these particles. Although the kinetic energy of the particles contributes to the total mass and thus the gravity, the pressure creates extra gravity beyond that of the mass and kinetic energy alone.\nAn example: Consider a thin hollow spherical mirror filled with photons (again, we are working with a weak gravity source).", "343" ], [ "We place a test mass (that does not interact with light) just inside the mirror. Due to the shell theorem we need only consider the tiny amount of mass/energy that closer to the center of the sphere than our test mass. The Newtonian calculation would be G(our_mass)(energy_of_photons)/r^2, but the actual force is twice that due to the pressure. If we are outside the mirror the newtonian formula again applies. Although there is pressure inside, there is tension in the walls of the mirror, in effect it is a a balloon inflated with photons! The pressure and tension terms cancel themselves out. When you are outside of a spherically-symmetric object, only total mass matters and the internal pressures will always cancel.\nWhen pressure is due to gravitational compaction you can't escape hard-core relativity if you want to account for it: On earth, the pressure contribution to gravity in the core is only 1e-9 of the density (mass) contribution. This \"tiny\" amount of pressure isn't canceled out by tension as in the case of our mirror balloon. However, to understand why it gets canceled out we would need to invoke full-beast-mode-general-relativity because relativistic effects are also 1e-9 as strong as Newtonian gravity for Earth (no it's not a coincidence that both are 1e-9). Pressure is only important, in comparison to density, when P ~ (density)c^2, and that c^2 makes even core-of-Earth pressures look small.", "343" ], [ "First of all, please edit your first sentence to complete the thought(s). (Arguably, you should form 2 sentences from it). Au exists as 196Au with atomic number 79. That means it has 118 neutrons, and 79 electrons and protons. BY DEFINITION, chemical reactions do not change sub-atomic particles, nor do they change the nucleus of any atom. So, the \"reactions\" aren't chemical, they're nuclear, and so are the \"equations\".\nMany sources, including Wikipedia contain charts indicating which isotopes are stable. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope#/media/File:Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.\nYou should look at that, and pay special attention to the rows (Neutron number is on the vertical axis). The dark brown, almost black cells are stable. So, what you wish to do is by taking either a step up or a step right to move from one of the atoms (specific isotopes, actually) in air H,C,O,N,Ar,etc.", "662" ], [ "to move to (79,118). I'm not going to do that drudge work for you. You'll note that there are several rows between At. No. 19 and 79 that do not have a dark brown cell in them. That is, you can't get there from here without going through a radioactive element, even if you assume you can magically manipulate the atoms so that the one you 'tear a piece off of' remains, and the new isotope/element also doesn't spontaneously decay. However, it might be possible (again, I'm unwilling to do your work for you) to chose a path through an isotope which has very little high-energy radioactivity/radiation decay modes (Wikipedia has charts on the types of decay, and their energy, I believe. If not Wikipedia, then one of the (US) National Labs will have it.) So, in the cases where you have to \"cross\" a radioactive element (like Potassium, K) you should choose the route which has decay products which are most easily contained. The obvious question is why should that be a problem for a technology that can manipulate individual nucleons? It seems inconsistent to me that you can manipulate atoms and yet not be able to contain the radiation.", "969" ] ]

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[ [ "Vacuum Fiber Molding (VFM) Machine\nIntroduction: Vacuum Fiber Molding (VFM) Machine\nThis instructables guides you through the steps of making a Vacuum Fiber Drawing (VFM) machine, a tool to designed for chemists/soft-roboticists/academics to rapidly design and iterate LCE actuators.\nSupplies\nTools needed:\n-Laser cutter\n-3D printer\n-Screwdriver\n-Glass drill\n-superglue\n-hot glue\n-wirestrippers\nParts needed:\n-5mm perspex\n-Glass pane +/- 10x15cm (max 2 mm thick)\n-Fan guard +/- 9x9cm\n-XH-W1209 thermostat\n-Female DC Jack\n-12V 3 amp powersupply\n-Regular 3D printer heater block with M6 thread\n-6mm heater cartridge\n-1/2\" xM24 air valve\n-1/2\" coupling\n-1/2\" hose connector\n-Linear bearing SCS8UU\n-8mm by 235mm metal rod\n-8mm rail support\n-Spring 10x15mm (4x)\n-Tensionspring 5x15mm\n-Neodymium magnet 10x2mm (5x)\n-Heat sink +/- 1x1cm\n-Breadboard +/- 10x30x2mm\n-felt\n-zipties\n-Nylon Bolt M3x8 (4)\n-Bolt M3x20 (28x)\n-Bolt M3x60 (6x)\n-Bolt M3x25 (4x)\n-Bolt M3x8 (4x)\n-Spacer M3x20 (4x)\n-M3 nut (44x)\n-M3x10 Nylon spacer (2)\n-M3x20 metal spacer (4x)\n-Bolt M5x20 (4x)\n-M5 nut (4x)\n-Coach bolt M6x60 (4x)\n-Bolt M6x12\n-M6 nut (4x)\n-Silicone\nStep 1: Laser Cut Perspex Parts\nLasercut the 3 DXF files out of 5 mm perspex (or any other 5mm thick material of choice).\nStep 2: Connect Frame Plates\nUse 15 M3x20 bolts and nuts to secure the two perspex base plates together (see pictures for reference of placement). Then glue a stack of 2 magnets in the two holes on top of the frame as shown in the last two pictures.\nStep 3: Glue Thermostat Box\nUse superglue to glue the parts of the thermostat box together as indicated on the schematic.\nStep 4: Glue Thermostat Box in Base Frame\nUse superglue to to attach the thermostat box in the base frame at an angle, make sure before glueing in place that the cover of the thermostat box can be easily put in place and removed.\nStep 5: Glue Heating Element Cover\nGlue the parts of the heating element cover as indicated on the schematic.\nStep 6: Assemble Heating Element\nFirst drill a 6mm hole in the centre of the heat sink. Then, cut a piece of breadboard to about 30 by 16 mm. in the bottom of the breadboard two 3 mm holes need to be drilled, use the holes in the heating element cover as a guide to drill the holes. Then drill another 6 mm hole on the top of the breadboard.", "582" ], [ "Now use the nylon spacers and bolts to assemble the heating element, heat sink and breadboard to the perspex cover. Optionally another heatsink can be placed on top of the breadboard.\nStep 7: Assemble Slider\nGlue the parts of the slider in place, then screw the SCS8UU in place using four M3x25 bolts and nuts. Glue a magnet to the bottom of the slider, also cut and glue four pieces of felt to the legs of the slider.\nStep 8: Connect Heating Element to Slider\nConnect the heating element to the slider using the 4 plexiglas arms and M3x60 and M3x20 nuts and bolts as seen on the images.\nStep 9: Assemble Rail Support\nSlide the 8mm rod through the linear bearing and screw the rail support in place at the ends of the rod. Then attach the rail support to the corners of the plexiglass frame using 4 M5 nuts and bolts\nStep 10: Wire Thermostat\nSolder the DC Female jack to the contacts on the bottom side of the thermostat. Then bridge the K1 and 12v by soldering a wire between the terminals on the bottom of the thermostat.", "56" ], [ "P-CNC Laser Engraver and Pen Plotter\nIntroduction: P-CNC Laser Engraver and Pen Plotter\nIn this project, I'd like to share how to build a homemade 3 axis P-CNC machine with its frame and supports made of PVC pipes and acrylic sheets. It has two operation modes: pen plotting and laser engraving.\nPlease check the brief description and how P-CNC Engraver & Plotter works in the video below before getting started in detail.\nStep 1: Supplies\n1. Main materials:\n* 1pcs x 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported.\n* 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module.\n* 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988.\n* 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n* 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm.\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth.\n* 3pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n* 3pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut.\n* 20pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm.\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 10mm x 10mm.\n* 1pcs x Power Supply 12VDC.\n* 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A4, thickness at least 5mm.\n* 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-5/10mm.\n* 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n* Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3/M4 bolts and nuts, some small neodymium magnets.\n2.", "1000" ], [ "PVC pipes and its fittings (with some spares):\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Straight Connector Ø42mm.\n* 14pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø42mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Pipe Cross Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø42mm.\n* 6pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø60mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Reducer Ø50mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm and Ø60mm.\n3. Tools:\n* Drilling machine with drill bit hole 8/22mm.\n* Hand saw.\n* Hand grinder.\n* Soldering machine.\n* Big scissor.\nStep 2: Connection\nI used a GRBL-based controller for a 3-axis CNC machine and it supports laser control.Connection diagrams:\n* Plugging three stepper motor drivers A4988 on the CNC controller at X, Y and Z label position.\n* Connecting the cables from CNC controller to three stepper motors.\n* The laser module has 3 wires connected to a female header: Red (12V+), Black (GND), Yellow (PWM) and I just connected it to a 3-pin laser male header on the CNC controller with the same label.My laser module parameters are shown on the nameplate as follows:\n* Wavelength: 450nm.\n* Power output: 2.5W.\nThe NEXTPCB support me for this project. If you have a PCB project, please visit the NEXTPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons.\n* Only $0 for 1-4 layer PCB Prototype: https://www.nextpcb.com/pcb-quote?act=2&code=tune...\n* New customer get $100 coupons, register at: https://www.nextpcb.com/register?code=tunendd\nHere are mid-summer sales at NextPCB:\n* Up to 30% off for the PCB orders.\n* Up to 20% off for the PCBA orders.\nStep 3: Building P-CNC Frame\nI assembled a PVC frame, with horizontal dimension L480 x W480mm and vertical dimension W480 x H550mm.\nIt was made of:\n* 10pcs x PVC tees Ø42mm.\n* 6pcs x PVC elbows Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC straight connectors Ø42mm.", "1000" ], [ "D.I.Y 3-Axis Polar CNC Machine\nIntroduction: D.I.Y 3-Axis Polar CNC Machine\nToday I would like to share how to build a 3-Axis Polar CNC Machine at home. Similar to a few of my recent projects, the main materials used for this project are also PVC pipes and broken or discarded materials, hope you guys don't get bored.\nPlease see the brief description, as well as, how a Polar CNC Machine works in the video below before getting started in detail.\nStep 1: Supplies\na. Main materials:\n* 1pcs x Arduino Uno R3. (Link Amazon)\n* 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL. (Link Amazon)\n* 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988. (Link Amazon)\n* 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 1pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x 8mm Linear Rail Shaft Clamping Guide Support.", "1000" ], [ "(Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut. (Link Amazon)\n* 20pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC. (Link Amazon)\n* 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-5/10mm. (Link Amazon)\n* 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable. (Link Amazon)\n* Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3/M4 bolts and nuts, some paper clips.\nb. PVC pipes and its fittings:\n* 4pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Straight Connector Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Pipe Cross Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø60mm.\n* 4pcs x PVC Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm and Ø60mm.\nc. Tools:\n* Drilling machine with drill bit hole 8/22mm.\n* Hand saw.\n* Hand grinder.\n* Soldering machine.\n* Big scissor.\nStep 2: Schematic and How It Works\nThe 3-Axis Polar CNC general configuration is including: three NEMA-17 stepper motors, leadscrew and belt driven system, PVC & acrylic frame and it is controlled by Arduino Uno plus GRBL CNC Shield. Its operation is as follows: one Y axis spin a rotary table, one X axis move linearly forward and backward relative to the centre of rotary table, and one Z axis move linearly up and down to carry out the task, e.g: lift a pen up/down.\nThe connection is quite simple. My Polar CNC has 3 axes which are called:\n* Linear X axis: its stepper motor is connected to X axis header on CNC shield.\n* Rotary Y axis: its stepper motor connected to Y axis header on CNC shield.\n* Linear Z axis: its stepper motor connected to Z axis header on CNC shield.\nThe NEXTPCB support me for this project. If you have a PCB project, please visit the NEXTPCB website to get exciting discounts and coupons.\n* Only $0 for 1-4 layer PCB Prototype: https://www.nextpcb.com/pcb-quote?act=2&code=tunen...\n* New customer get $100 coupons, register at: https://www.nextpcb.com/register?", "1000" ], [ "Bedside Lamp (Box) - LED 12V 2.5W - 3D Printed\nIntroduction: Bedside Lamp (Box) - LED 12V 2.5W - 3D Printed\nI have already published a bedside lamp here: https://www.instructables.com/Bedside-Lamp-LED-12V-25W-3D-Printed/ ... lamp head in tube form.\nBut for those who like it more square, this one now has a box shape and was originally the first bedside lamp I have designed and printed. The design is based on \"PLAzzy Dog Lamp - LED 12V 2.5W - 3D Printed\" ...", "858" ], [ "that cannot be denied!\nThe assembly is in many parts identical with \"Bedside Lamp (Tube)\".\nThe files must be printed in the following number of copies:\n* 1x BSL_LED Lamp_head.stl\n* 1x BSL_LED Lamp_back.stl\n* 1x BSL_LED Lamp_neck.stl\n* 2x BSL_LED Lamp_leg.stl\n* 2x BSL_LED Lamp_foot.stl\n* 1x BSL_LED Lamp_spacerwasher.stl\n* 1x BSL_LED Lamp_lightsocket.stl\nPrint settings:\n* Printer brand: Prusa Printer: I3 MK3S\n* Supports: No\n* Resolution: 0,18\n* Infill: 20%\n* Filament brand: Prusa; ICE Filament color: Galaxy Black, Silky Silver; Romantic Red\n* Filament material: PLA\nAfter you have printed your parts ...\nRemark: As all parts are designed to fit very precisely, it may happen that you have to rework one or the other part a bit with sandpaper and/or cutter due to different dimensional accuracy of the printers and the different behavior of the filaments.\nSupplies\nFor this project you will need:\n* 1x … 64x64x3mm white polycarbonate glass, 70% translucency (or transparent polycarbonate glass or twin wall-sheet). I used polycarbonate glas - because of the more pleasant light.\n* 1x … Ø 4x55mm from a threaded rod (or screw Ø m4 x 60 and saw of the screw head)\n* 1x … Ø 4x45mm from a threaded rod (or screw Ø m4 x 50 and saw of the screw head)\n* 2x … Ø M3x20mm + plus 2 matching washers (to connect head, neck and light base)\n* 4x … wing nuts Ø 4mm\n* 10x … washers Ø 15x4,5mm\n* 5x … self-tapping screws Ø 2,2x 9,5mm\n* 4x … self-adhesive rubber pads Ø 8x1,6mm\n* Switch wire, 10cm\n* Drill, Ø 2mm\n* Fretsaw\n* Soldering Iron\n* Solder\n* Glue\n* Sandpaper\n* Phillips screwdriver\nEspecially for the light installation you need:\n* AC/DC Socket 5,5/2,1 mm\n* 4G bulb socket\n* 2 Position Mini Toggle Switch\n* 4G LED bulb 2,5W/250Lm\n* AC/DC power adapter\nIMPORTANT!: I do not advise the installation of a higher wattage bulb, because of too much heat development!\nSome of these parts you can find here:\n*\n* Light: Trango 5er Pack G4 LED Leuchtmittel TGG415-2.5W - 12V AC/DC - 2.5 Watt 250 Lumen mit 3000K Power SMDs warmweiß https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00LEFGDOM/ref=cm_sw_em_...\n* Power adapter: LEICKE Netzteil 12V 2A | 12V 2000mA | Ladegerät 24W für LCD, LED-Streife https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00LEFGDOM/ref=cm_sw_em_...\n* Bulb socket https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00NP08M4S/ref=cm_sw_em_r...\n* AC/DC Socket https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00EQ1UWX4/ref=cm_sw_em_r...\nStep 1: Preparations - Overview\nBefore you start ... here an overview:\n* All print parts.\n* Different \"glass\" options.\n* All possible parts you need for assembly.\n* All parts you need for the electric.", "858" ], [ "Polar CNC Pen Plotter & Laser Engraver\nIntroduction: Polar CNC Pen Plotter & Laser Engraver\nI've done a 3-Axis Polar CNC Machine on the previous post. I've made some below modifications this weekend and would like to share in detail.\n* Change the CNC structure: the Y rotation axis is mounted on the X linear axis.\n* Pen plotting mode or laser engraving mode can be used.\n* Test with DFRduino Mega2560 and Ramps 1.4.\nLet's getting started.\nSupplies\na. Main materials:\n⦾ Controller options:\n* 1pcs x DFRduino UNO R3 - Compatible with Arduino Uno + 1pcs x Arduino CNC Shield V3 GRBL.\n* 1pcs x DFRduino Mega2560 + 1pcs x RAMPS 1.4 Controller.\n* 3 Axis Control Board GRBL With Laser Engraver Supported.\n⦾ 1pcs x 2500mW Laser Module.\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper Motor Driver A4988\n⦾ 3pcs x Stepper motor NEMA 17.\n⦾ 2pcs x 50 mm L Stepper Motor Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 6mm Closed Timing Belt 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 20 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x GT2 Timing Pulley 60 Teeth.\n⦾ 2pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 400mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Round Shaft Diameter 8mm, Length 200mm.\n⦾ 2pcs x 8mm Linear Rail Shaft Clamping Guide Support.\n⦾ 2pcs x T8 Lead Screw 2mm Pitch, 8mm Lead , Length 400mm with Copper Nut.\n⦾ 20pcs x Ball Flanged Shielded Bearings 8 x 22 x 7mm.\n⦾ 1pcs x Aluminum Flexible Shaft Coupling, Inner Hole Size: 5mm x 8mm\n⦾ 1pcs x Power Supply 12/24VDC.\n⦾ 2pcs x Clear/White Acrylic, size A3, thickness at least 5mm.\n⦾ 4pcs x Copper Brass Pillars L-20mm.\n⦾ 1 meter x 8P/16P Rainbow Ribbon Cable.\n⦾ Some small cable ties, cable spiral wrap, M3/M4 bolts and nuts, some paper clips.\nb.", "1000" ], [ "PVC pipes and its fittings:\n* 4pcs x PVC Pipe Elbow Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe Straight Connector Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe Tee Ø42mm.\n* 3pcs x PVC Pipe Cross Ø42mm.\n* 16pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø42mm.\n* 8pcs x PVC Pipe End Cap Ø60mm.\n* 4pcs x PVC Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x PVC Tee Reducer Ø60mm to Ø42mm.\n* 2 meter x PVC Pipe Ø42mm and Ø60mm.\nc. Softwares:\n* LaserGRBL\n* tkCNC Editor\n* Universal Gcode Platform (UGS)\nStep 1: Build Rotary Y Axis\nCut an A3 sized acrylic sheet into a circle form with a diameter 297 ~ 300mm. Two motor L-shaped supports and two 8mm linear rail shaft clamping guide supports were mounted on acrylic sheet so that the shaft supports center hole and acrylic sheet center were aligned together.\nAssemble the rotary motor support, it included:\n* 3pcs x PVC pipe cross Ø42mm.\n* 1pcs x acrylic sheet for mounting rotary stepper motor.\n* 3pcs x PVC end caps Ø42mm.\n* 2pcs x bearings at top and bottom of middle cross.\nStep 2: Build Linear X Axis\nFrom rotary support, I continued to build up the linear X axis by:\n* Mount two PVC pipe tees Ø42mm to left and right crosses of rotary base.\n* As picture below, left tee will thread a lead scew and right tee for a round shaft. So they were installed copper nut and bearings on their end caps, following their functionalities.\nInstall rotary working plate on this base.\nThread a lead screw and T8 round shaft through copper nut and bearings.", "1000" ], [ "Rack and Pinion, 3 to 1 Stroke.\nIntroduction: Rack and Pinion, 3 to 1 Stroke.\n\"Rack and Pinion, 3 to 1 Stroke\" is a mechanism I designed for an upcoming automaton. The mechanism is designed to increase the stroke of a modified Scotch Yoke mechanism by a factor of 3 to 1 in order to provide a large (68mm) stroke from a short (68 / 3 = 22.67mm) stroke.\nDesigned using Autodesk Fusion 360, sliced using Ultimaker Cura 4.12.1, and 3D printed in PLA on Ultimaker S5s and an Ultimaker 3 Extended.\nSupplies\n* AWG28 wire.\n* Solder.\n* Soldering Iron.\n* Thick cyanoacrylate glue.\nStep 1: Parts.\nI acquired the following parts:\n* One 6VDC 30RPM N20 gear motor.\n* One 4.5VDC power supply.\n* One coaxial connector compatible with the power supply.\nI 3D printed the following parts at .15mm layer height, 20% infill, no supports:\n* One \"Base.stl\".\n* Four \"Bolt (M8 by 1.25, 6mm).stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Compound (1.5m 12t, 1.5m 24t).stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Compound, Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Compound, Mount.stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Motor (1.5m, 16t).stl\".\n* One \"Rack.stl\".\n* One \"Slide, Guide.stl\".\n* One \"Side.stl\".\n* One \"Yoke, Gear (1.5m 38t).stl\".\n* One \"Yoke, Gear, Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Yoke.stl\".\nPrior to assembly, I test fitted and trimmed, filed, drilled, sanded, etc.", "654" ], [ "all parts as necessary for smooth movement of moving surfaces, and tight fit for non moving surfaces. Depending on your slicer, printer, printer settings and the colors you chose, more or less trimming, filing, drilling and/or sanding may be required to successfully recreate this model. I carefully filed all edges that contacted the build plate to make absolutely certain that all build plate \"ooze\" is removed and that all edges are smooth using small jewelers files and plenty of patience.\nThe model uses threaded assembly, so I used an 8mm by 1.25 tap and die for thread cleaning.\nStep 2: Assembly.\nTo assemble the model, I performed the following steps:\n* Attached \"Yoke, Gear (1.5m 38t).stl\" to \"Base.stl\" using \"Yoke, Gear, Axle.stl\", making certain the gear spun freely.\n* Pressed \"Gear, Compound, Mount.stl\" onto \"Yoke.stl\".\n* Attached \"Gear, Compound (1.5m 12t, 1.5m 24t).stl\" to the yoke assembly using \"Gear, Compound, Axle.stl\", making certain the gear spun freely.\n* Soldered 100mm long wires between the motor terminals and coaxial cable connector.\n* Pressed the motor into \"Rack.stl\".\n* Pressed \"Gear, Motor (1.5m 16t).stl\" onto the motor shaft.\n* Slid \"Slide.stl\" into \"Slide, Guide.stl\" noting the orientation of the small dot on the slide (the dot is used for alignment purposes).\n* Attached the slide assembly to the base assembly using two \"Bolt (M8 by 1.25, 6mm).stl\".\n* With the slide centered in the slide guide, and the pin on the yoke gear oriented as shown, I slid the yoke assembly into the base assembly noting the alignment of the holes in the slide and the larger gear of the compound gear.\n* Slid the rack assembly onto the base assembly making certain to maintain the previous alignment, and aligning the small dot on the smaller compound gear with the center tooth of the rack.\n* Secured the rack assembly to the base assembly using two \"Bolt (M8 by 1.25, 6mm).stl\".\nWith assembly complete, I applied 4.5VDC power to the model and tested the stroke lengths to make certain the slide movement was centered within the slide guide.\nAnd that is how I 3D printed and assembled \"Rack and Pinion, 3 to 1 Stroke\".", "784" ], [ "Valentine Heart Pinwalker.\nIntroduction: Valentine Heart Pinwalker.\nWith Valentine's Day only a few days away, I decided to create \"Valentine Heart Pinwalker\" for the Valentine in my life. The model walks via a pin style walking mechanism while the eyes scan side to side looking for a Valentine!\nUnfortunately, the file \"Heart.stl\" exceeds the size limitation for this site and the .zip file format is not accepted, so click on this link: \"Heart.stl\"to my YouTube channel where links to the heart can be found in the description.\nAs usual, I probably forgot a file or two or who knows what else, so if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask as I do make plenty of mistakes.\nDesigned using Autodesk Fusion 360, sliced using Cura 4.121, and printed in PLA on Ultimaker S5s.\nOne final note, I receive no compensation in any form for the design, parts and/or materials used in this model.\nSupplies\nSoldering Iron and Solder.\nThick cyanoacrylate glue.\nStep 1: Parts.\nI acquired the following parts:\n* One 3.7vdc 100ma Lithium Battery (https://www.adafruit.com/product/1570).\n* One JST PH 2-Pin Cable (https://www.adafruit.com/product/3814).\n* One N20 6VDC 100RPM gear motor.\n* One micro switch (Uxcell a12013100ux0116 High Knob 3P 2 Position 1P2T SPDT Vertical Slide Switch, 0.5 Amp, 50V DC, 50 Piece, 3 mm).\nI 3D printed the following parts at .15mm layer height, 20% infill, and no supports:\n* One \"Axle, Eyes.stl\".\n* Two \"Axle, Leg.stl\".\n* One \"Base.stl\".\n* One \"Cam And Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Cam.stl\".\n* One \"Chassis.stl\".\nEither:\n* One \"Eyes, Black.stl\".\n* One \"Eyes, White.stl.\nOr:\n* One \"Eyes.3mf\".\nThen:\n* One \"Gear, Crown, Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Crown, Motor.stl\".\n* One \"Heart.stl\".\n* Two \"Leg.stl\".\n* One \"Tie.stl\".\nThis is a precision print and assembly model using at times very small parts and in very tight spaces. Prior to assembly, test fit and trim, file, sand, etc.", "654" ], [ "all parts as necessary for smooth movement of moving surfaces, and tight fit for non moving surfaces. Depending on you printer, your printer settings and the colors you chose, more or less trimming, filing and/or sanding may be required. Carefully file all edges that contacted the build plate to make absolutely certain that all build plate \"ooze\" is removed and that all edges are smooth. I used small jewelers files and plenty of patience to perform this step.\nThe model also uses threaded assembly, so I used a tap and die set (6mm by 1) for thread cleaning.\nStep 2: Chassis Assembly.\nTo assemble the Chassis, I performed the following steps:\n* Soldered the switch and JST connector the the motor so that the motor, when viewed from the axle end, rotated clockwise.\n* Pressed the motor assembly into \"Chassis.stl\".\n* Pressed \"Gear, Crown, Motor.stl\" onto the motor shaft.\n* Positioned \"Gear, Crown, Axle.stl\" into the chassis assembly, over the small chassis side hole.\n* Slid \"Cam And Axle.stl\" into the large chassis side hole, through the axle crown gear, and out the small chassis side hole.\n* Pressed \"Cam.stl\" onto the cam and axle such that it was 180 degrees out of phase with the cam on the cam and axle.\n* Secured one \"Leg.stl\" to the chassis assembly using one \"Axle, Leg.stl\".\n* Repeated the previous step for the remaining leg and leg axle.\nStep 3: Final Assembly.\nFor final assembly, I performed the following steps:\n* If you printed the eye black and white components separately, press the two \"Eyes, Black.stl\" into \"Eyes, White.stl\".\n* Positioned the eye assembly into \"Heart.stl\".\n* Secured the eyes to the chassis assembly using \"Axle, Eyes.", "784" ], [ "A New Marblevator.\nIntroduction: A New Marblevator.\nThis simple Marblevator uses a cam synchronized stair assembly to transport a ball bearing around an oval track.\nAs usual, I probably forgot a file or two or who knows what else, so if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask as I do make plenty of mistakes.\nDesigned using Autodesk Fusion 360, sliced using Ultimaker Cura 4.12.1, and 3D printed in PLA on Ultimaker S5s.\nSupplies\n* Thick cyanoacrylate glue.\nStep 1: Parts.\nI acquired the following part:\n* 8mm ball bearing.\nUnless otherwise noted, I 3D printed the following parts at .15mm layer height and 15% infill:\n* One \"Base.stl\".\n* Five \"Cam.stl\".\n* One \"Cover.stl\".\n* One \"Handle, Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Knob, Handle, Axle.stl\".\n* Three \"Track, Center.stl\".\n* Two \"Track, End.stl\", .06mm layer height.\nThis is a fairly high precision print and assembly. Prior to assembly, test fit and trim, file, sand, etc. all parts as necessary for smooth movement of moving surfaces, and tight fit for non moving surfaces.", "654" ], [ "Depending on you printer, your printer settings and the colors you chose, more or less trimming, filing and/or sanding may be required. Carefully file all edges that contacted the build plate to make absolutely certain that all build plate \"ooze\" is removed and that all edges are smooth. I used small jewelers files and plenty of patience to perform this step.\nThe model uses threaded assembly, so I used a M4 by 0.7 tap and die to clean the threads.\nStep 2: Assembly.\nTo assemble the model, I performed the steps as seen in the video and as listed below:\n* Threaded and glued \"Knob, Handle, Axle.stl\" into \"Handle, Axle.stl\".\n* Assembled the cam shaft by inserting each \"Cam.stl\" into \"Base.stl\", then pressing the handle / axle into the cam, noting that each cam is rotated 180° from the previous. When completed, the cam shaft must rotate with ease.\n* Assembled the cover by inserting the two \"Track, End.stl\" and three \"Track, Center.stl\" into \"Cover.stl\", making certain that each track raised and lowered independently with ease.\n* Snapped the base assembly onto the cover assembly.\nAnd that is how I 3D printed and assembled \"A New Marblevator\".\nI hope you enjoyed it!", "784" ] ]

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[ [ "Blood:\nThe energy pool your talking about could be the casters own blood.\nTo regain that energy, sleeping and general restfulness could increase the amount of blood in the body, so that the caster can cast more effectively. But this is boring.\nCombat:\nWhile the casters own blood is most potent for his or her spells, the blood of others works too. They need physical access to it, its your call whether they need to drink it, stand in it, whatever. The caster can use lethal quantities of other peoples blood to cast too. The more you kill, the more you cast.\nCasters:\nTheir blood is better than muggle blood. A combat caster would specifically target enemy casters, with the intent of capturing and harvesting their blood, which you go with your Universe, is probably also an integral part of the energy-recharge potions you mentioned.\nNaturals vs Meditators:\nThis could either be hand-waved, or if its a hard requirement, then meditators have a mind-over-body way of having their body produce more blood than normal, similar the the Buddhist monks who can raise their body temperature and change their heart rates at will. It is not inconceivable that this skill or ability would appear in a world where blood was the determining factor in who lived and who died.\nPolitic:\nThe Crimson King and Vampire clans and all sorts of nasty political entities would form around the need to acquire large volumes of blood to win wars.", "227" ], [ "Others would band together to protect innocent people and rally the masses to their cause. For this reason, I don't really see 50% and being sustainable.\n50%, but for how long?\nThis blood-caster trait would get pretty noticed. Maybe it would go like Dragon Age, where using other peoples blood becomes heresy and gets you killed. More likely, the muggles would rise up and hunt casters, vilifying them and calling them things like \"Vampire\". Or perhaps we would be something like the goofy last season of True Blood, where everyone would try and get a caster in the family, making the trait so Universal that everyone has it. Either way, I can't really see 50% holding for long. A couple hundred years, tops. That gives all the evil casters time to win large wars or all the muggles time to hunt casters to extinction.", "164" ], [ "Numbers\nFirstly, if the Wild Hunt is such a big deal then I would imagine sheer numbers would be enough to overrun most villages and smaller settlements.\nThink about what they're taking\nYou ever seen someone on Methamphetamines? 6 cops can have serious difficulty restraining one person on a lot of meth. Take the right drugs and you will be unphased by a knife through your gut and strong enough to tip a car over. Maybe your elves are high on a very specific cocktail of drugs?\n\"Successful\" Is a subjective term\nWhat actually defines the hunt as successful? Maybe a lot of drow do die. It could be that surviving your first Wild Hunt is a rite of passage. Maybe half the drow that go need serious magic to be healed when they get back.\nAnimals\nLots of forms of hunting involve animals doing most of the work. Maybe they bring massive beasts that do a lot of the work for them and they bring back badly injured survivors. Maybe they bring something with a paralysing sting and they go 'round collecting people like they're discarded statues.\nTributes\nThis being a regular event, maybe the world of men use it as an opportunity. Perhaps the drow think they're conquering settlements when actually the only people around are half-starved prisoners who thought being sent out during the Wild Hunt was a good alternative to a life in chains.", "164" ], [ "(Like joining the Night's Watch in GoT). Maybe the cities send out defenceless slaves to lure the drow away from the city?\nInfluence them\nTake some inspiration from the film \"The First Purge\". Spoilers ahead:\n! The guys running the purge had professionals around to ensure the purge was a success. Sure, a few people wanted to kill and stuff, but most people just partied or stayed at home. Throw in a few drow who are either of the ruling class or hired by them that act drunk and crazy but are actually completely clear headed and have them be guiding the other elves. Some of the drow decide to head toward a major city? They pick a fight with them and run off on the other direction and by the time the drunks give up chasing them they've forgotten where they were going before. Some humans are more dangerous than expected? They kill soldiers from the treeline with arrows until the drunks get past their defences.\nIf all else fails\nJust don't address it. A lot of people will imagine a reason far better than you would have put in. People love to speculate.", "164" ], [ "<PERSON> and <PERSON> sorta have this already. Except one is a superhero and one is a supervillain.\nHawk Girls dies and is reborn as the same person with all her memories from her past lives. Memories and powers tend to come flooding back in high-school, she does something heroic that makes the papers, and <PERSON> starts tracking her down again.\n<PERSON> occasionally complains that his wives and children die and he doesn't, but he's an uber-rich super-villain. The few times he's monologued about it made the character even less likable.\n<PERSON> complains much more often about unfair it is that she is hunted by an uber-rich super-villain. Even she seems to think living forever with her past memories would be nice if she could just take a reincarnation off sometimes.\nImmortality is usually seen as a blessing, not a curse\nThere are cautionary tales, such as Tuck Everlasting, but immortality is generally greatly desired and quested after. Mythology like the Fountain of Youth is built on everyone's desire to live forever.\nThe mom lives forever straight up. All she has to do is pop out a baby every 75 years. This seems like a small price to pay.\nShe knows her kid will get all her memories back soon, let's say around age 10. Mom knows she just puts up with a crying, snotty kid for 10 years and she'll get an adult trapped in a child's body.\nArmed with the experiences of an adult, teenage years would be far less traumatic. Kid will have already acquired the soft-skills you need in a past life.", "494" ], [ "Since mom knows your basically an adult, she probably won't be too strict with bedtime or discipline.\nPassing on wealth would be simple too. One of you genuinely gets reborn. Mom pops out the kid. Mom raises the kid and puts her in charge of the family business. Mom goes off to have fun and leaves the kid to run things for 20 years.\nKid makes new best friend Mom! I mean <PERSON>. <PERSON> inherits the business in kid's will. Pops out the kid again. Repeat!\nPsychologically, the worst part would likely be children + grandchildren not being in the (rebirth) loop. Sadly, many families lose young children. Mom and <PERSON> would at least get to see their children live long full lives, and be there for great-great-grandchildren.\nI think you'll have to add something like <PERSON>/Vandal Savage to make it a punishment. As it stands now people will be lining up outside the witch's door!", "494" ], [ "How would humanity react to Intelligent animal life?\nI know the title is misleading, but hear me out.\nLet's say mankind has evolved past the frontiers of the Oort cloud, something like in the Avatar or Alien Universes. Enough to have jumping from stars be as mundane as taking a train ride between cities in the closest-to-earth, most developed areas, but enclaves or colonies of terraformers in the most barren.\nLet's also say, going by the previous examples, that they find inhabitable planets with terran atmospheres that, while able to sustain life, are already inhabited by intelligent, sentient species which not only are not even close to prehistoric in technology, but also see little use to it physiologically.", "162" ], [ "As if the whole world were a \"What if\" humans never existed, a look back to 50 million years ago or if Na'vi-like species were all around the place. Sort of hostile, but kinda nice overall.\nFrom there, there's a crapton of ways to go. I'm aware of how some reserves or isolated populations are left alone due to worries in biological hazards as well as to avoid land claims, as well as it depending on who finds it or who funds the operations, as Military or Corporate could pretty much end up in a Na'Vi situation which I'm not particularly sure I want as the trope is kind of tiring.\nIf academia discovers it, which is the path I'd rather take, would we do the same we usually try to do with wild animals in our world in the sense of studying them as close as we can but without direct intervention like putting a tracking collar or sending a spy robot from orbit or from a colony? Would a hostile planet like this also have to take space poachers looking for the most dangerous game offworld into account? Not to mention how culture could be different and have the scientists pull a Fuegia Basket and HMS Beagle on the aliens.\nI know it's a lot to cover, or try to, with as broad an approach as this is, but how do you think Academia could react or, if possible, try and minimize the footprint humanity leaves on such environment?\nAs always, thanks in advance.", "197" ], [ "TL;DRI'd recommend reading up on addiction and PTSD. Also consider how the Game itself will be able to meet the needs of many different kinds of players, and how in doing so would make them dependent on it. Also look into the current day anti-gaming hysteria, as much of your own story could be a direct contrast to it. Also, think Facebook.\nYeah, sorry. This is longer than I meant it to be.\nIntro: We could already be in this world, depending on who you ask. Gaming is commonly pointed to as being the cause of many of the modern social ills, from the \"obesity epidemic\" in modern countries to social anxiety, depression, suicide, or even violence which could lead to an increase in murder rates. Let's assume for the moment that it's true, what would make a gamer want to be a gamer?\nAddiction is the commonly-named devil. In today's world, I think it's the only one ever given. It's a good descriptor as it is frequently used by gamers to describe videogames (eg, current-gen MOBA addiction) while being vague enough to allow one to envision it into being as threatening as an unhealthy love of chocolate or as benign as daily meth use. It's also a great way to demonize something without bothering to try and understand what drives the addiction to begin with.\nSo why would a gamer choose to play a game that can kill them? I could write a book on just this, but I'll cover what I consider hasn't been said yet.\nMinimizing Cons: Many intelligent people will accept more danger than they realize, either through belief, relying on bad information, or due to our in-built preference for early gain over far-off consequences. I'll give a few examples below.\nPerceived Danger is less than Actual Danger - The world is a messy place, filled with messy information. Some information is more correct, sure, but it's hard to say what is true. I see no reason to simplify this in a Sci-Fi world. The actual danger could be unknown, leaving many people guessing at what the cause of these new comas are.\nFor example: the comas are linked to both Game play as well as energy drink consumption, is this an odd correlation or could it be the cause? Well, my friend has over 10,000 hours of Game play and hasn't experienced any problems, so it can't be the Game. Yo, did you hear that the pro player who live-stream comaed just broke up with his girlfriend an hour before? Just don't play on a bad day man. Wireless signal density in the lower metropolitan area may be linked to genetic damage and may be an indicator for those at risk.", "238" ], [ "It's a calcium deficiency. WHAT ABOUT THE VACCINES?!?\nTruth be told, having a new epidemic creates a new marketable need. Think organic food and homeopathy; new products will spring up to offer solutions and answers on what the new problem might be. Some may be honest mistakes based on anecdotal evidence and may even offer some benefits, while others will outright lie or use it to drive their own agenda. As long as it doesn't immediately threaten all living humans, society will be happy to argue, sensationalize, and make money off of it. No rush, especially if altering the Game would have a large impact on society. And it would.\nHowever there's also the possibility in which the actual danger is known but hidden, which leads us down the rabbit-hole. If the Game company has a good media and marketing group, they can coerce public opinion. Or maybe they can make the believers out to be the crazy ones, ostracizing the truth. Eg the conspiracy is the cover up.\nActual Danger also exists in the virtual tech - It could be that the tech the new Internet runs on itself may cause the problem, the Game just increases the risk. This is like the difference between smoking a pack a day and a pack and a half a day. It's there, but if you know about the risks it may not seem as much of a problem.\nThe Benefits: Due to having a third of the population playing the Game, it will be a primary force in the story's culture, especially if that third was isolated in a specific area (say, the developed world). As the Game is Culture, many will play it just to be part of the in crowd. The Game's influence in Economy will be large, and could be similar to how Entropia Universe combines real money with virtual property, Second Life focuses on social groups and custom content, or be based on making transferable wealth through inter-game cryptocurrencies. Likewise checking the current top PC games shows that games focusing on quick slices of action (or rounds), creativity and world-building seem the most popular, especially when mechanics are fairly simple to start. However, games like Eve Online show that adding optional depth can lead to die-hard fans.", "207" ], [ "The way I see it, you've written yourself into a corner. I'll try to break my reasoning down here, and come at this from different angles to show you why I come to that conclusion.\nFirst.\nDragons, in Medieval times, are seen as beasts to be slayed. Adventurers, in the traditional fantasy sense, are in it for money, glory, or for the thrill of the hunt (for generalized archetypes with the group). So, what part of this won't attract adventurers in droves?\nTo get around this, you would need a reasoning why dragons are so feared, few would dare face it. And that creates a new issue, because you need people to face it regularly enough to feed it. Adding that it was common to have hunting trophies hung so that local lords could tell the epic tale of how he felled so mighty a beast. So you add to the issue.\nSecond.\n'To rescue his daughter'. Rescuing a princess is often equated with earning her hand in marriage. Even if not outright stated, it is often assumed. And that would attract nobles in droves itching to climb the political ladder. Or does marrying a princess mean nothing in this setting?\nEven if it doesn't include a claim to inheriting the throne from the king, which many would argue marrying the princess does, it comes with clout. That's what political marriage did in time period. The mere mention of a princess in peril will drive most if not all single nobles to act.\nTo further highlight this. There's the simple act of 'saving a damsel in distress'. All you would need is one man with a hero complex and an army under his command, and the king's plan is ruined.", "412" ], [ "While it can be argued most would be more pragmatic about it, claiming that no one would is patently misguided.\nThird.\nEven if you have the king issue decrees to the nobles not to engage the dragon, which comes with a slew of issues in and of itself. And even if you ignore my first two points entirely. You have one very important hurdle to overcome: the common folk.\nWhat happens when there's talk of a wolf lurking too close to their herd? They panic and try to band together to hire someone to take care of it, if not hunt the beast themselves.\nNow there's talk of a dragon? It can be argued that most will not pay it any mind as long as this dragon stays far away from their farms and herds and families. Until, that is, a single incident that cannot be readily explained otherwise. Perhaps someone falls ill and they don't know the cause of the illness. Or someone goes missing and can't be found or, worse, a half-eaten corpse that might be the missing party is found.\nAll they need is one person in an angry mob to suspect this dragon and give voice to it. And you've got yourself a brand new issue on your hands. So now there's not just adventurers to contend with, but local militia out for the dragon's head. They might not know or even care about the reward, they just want revenge.\nWhile it can be argued that common folk stand no chance against a dragon, will every farmer refuse to face a dragon when farmers were so often drafted into the military to fight a noble's war? It would just take one such a survivor to take up arms. And given how many peasant revolts took place in history...?\nConclusion:\nYour best bet is to use this dragon as your executioner. Have the king make a new decree. That anyone who commits a crime that warrants it, the perpetrator will be fed to the dragon. Depending on the population and prosperity of the kingdom, it would happen often enough that you should feed it regularly enough.\nBut it still doesn't negate the above points. The king would have to play his cards carefully. Admit the dragon is in the kingdom's best interest and rival kingdoms will hire adventurers to slay it, in order to weaken them. Admit to nothing and people will get nervous about tales of a dragon.\nGiven massacres have been sparked by 'cruelty to a cracker', I do not have high hopes this will work out in the king's or the kingdom's favour.", "164" ], [ "No explosives, eh? Well, if you are going to change how chemistry works on your world, people will wonder about basic life processes too. Anyway, other medieval-level advancements could be:\nMetallurgy\nLongbows, crossbows and ballistas were already capable of penetrating armor, fortifications, and ships. These weapons stored kinetic energy in wood or fiber, not springs. However, consider that the medieval Japanese made vast improvements in steel during this time, albeit with an eye toward sword making. Perhaps blacksmiths could explore making spring-steel, to make better siege engines.\nMagnetism and Electricity\nRail guns, anyone? A world without combustion means that propulsive forces are not chemical in nature. Other answers have already mentioned steam and thermodynamic engines (expanding gasses) to do work. Another option is electricity. Static electricity was known to the ancient Greeks, and the compass by the ancient Chinese, and certainly everyone has seen lighting. Maybe in this world the Baghdad Battery was for real?\nBallistics\nThe study of ballistics began during medieval times, though it was rudimentary. First, there's the projectile itself. Consider that the transition from musket ball to rifled barrels was a huge advance.", "1006" ], [ "Maybe round projectiles were abandoned in favor of darts, with fins that impart spin. Second, had Catholic dogma not held us in the Dark Ages for 1000 years, it's entirely possible that the Renaissance would have happened a lot earlier. This would include the study of physics and the laws of motion, which would improve the accuracy and efficacy of weaponry.\nAerial Attack\nThe first hot air balloon was not until 1783 but the concept was known by medieval minds. Sky lanterns were known in 3rd century China. <PERSON> and <PERSON> both conceived of hot air balloons. <PERSON> also thought of gliders. (I will ignore other physically impossible man-powered contraptions since they are not feasible.) So, perhaps hot-air zeppelins and aerial bombardment/scouting/command/close air support?\nPropaganda and Totalitarianism\nI always assumed medieval war was Total War, but what if some medieval <PERSON> realized the true power of propaganda? Certainly ancient Egyptian steles and statues were used to glorify pharaohs and intimidate their enemies, but those did not necessarily motivate entire populations to action. Single-page leaflets and fliers potentially played a significant role in fomenting and focusing the rebels of the American revolution. The printing press and Gutenberg Bible was definitely available since the 1400's. What if the social and political sciences developed to such an extent that lords and governments began to desire and exert not only physical and financial control of its population, but also full totalitarian control of each individual (like the Church basically did). Since the concept of nation-states was still forming at the time, a feudal form of totalitarianism would probably depend more on the cult-of-personality, as we've seen with <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, etc.", "1006" ], [ "I, the King, wish to share the Kingdom's wealth with the People. If the Kingdom's population keeps growing, how long before they collectively are richer than the Royal Family?\nAn estimate would say 'Probably 100 years'. An exact formula says never.\nStick with me here.\nLet's say this is a verrrryy nice king. What goes around comes around- he shares his wealth with his people. For every sum of cash(for ease, we're going to call this amount $2C$) that comes into the kingdom, he takes $\\frac{1}{2}C$ for himself. He then decides to group the kingdom by population and closeness to himself: every group has one more person than the one above it. He's on the top by himself, his Queen and heir are one below, his three knights below that, four nobles, etc., all the way down to his thousand peasant farmers. Everyone in each tier gets the cash divided up like this:\nSo, the fraction of C you get is one over two to the power of the number of people in your tier.\nThe rich stay rich and the poor stay poor, but everyone's grateful to the king because he gives each of them enough to sustain their own lifestyles, but critically not enough for anyone to move up or down. When you're born, you're shoved into the 'lowest bottom pile'.", "130" ], [ "If someone dies higher up and you have a right to that space, it's yours and you get the cash. For this reason, this system can scale towards infinity.\nHis Royal Highness is also very intelligent. He knows money talks, and is aware of the meltdown that could occur if he suddenly became very unpopular and the people had more wealth than he did. Or he's an egomaniac. Either way, he wants his family to be #therichest.\nWith this system, what's the maximum population size you can have before the people have more wealth than the king?\nAn estimate would say \"Well, given the current population growth, I'd guess 20 years your Highness?\". However, a Medieval mathematician (<PERSON>) proved that this sequence converges to 2. Hence why I used $2C$ at the start. Read that proof. It's truly brilliant.\nFinally, some simple math:\n$Wealth_{King} = \\frac{1}{2}$\n$Wealth_{Queen} + Wealth_{Heir} = \\frac{1}{4} + \\frac{1}{4} = \\frac{1}{2}$\n$Wealth_{Royal\\,Family} = 1$\n$Wealth_{Infinite\\,population} = 2-1 = 1$\n$Wealth_{Infinite\\,population} = Wealth_{Royal\\,Family}$\nSo, as long as the population is less than infinite, the King can share the Kingdom's wealth with his people and his family will always be richer than everyone else put together. Neat, right?\nI'm aware this is such a botched explaination of pretty much everything, so let me know if something's unclear and I'll try to clean it up in an edit.\nHope it helps!", "587" ] ]

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[ [ "On most UNIX/Linux systems, you can read the header like this:\nhexdump -e '80/1 \"%_p\" \"\\n\"' myfile.fits\nwhich only half the solution; the other half is getting the actual data out.\nIf I resort to writing a little python, I can get the output I want. For example, using this command:\nhexdump -e '\"%_ad\\t\" 80/1 \"%_p\" \"\\n\"' astlimits.fits | less\nI can look through the FITS file, and find the byte number of the start of the data I am interested in. (The %_ad starts each line of output with a byte number, the %_p prints each printable character and replaces non-printable ones with a \".\" Because FITS data must begin at an integer multiple of 2880, the data will start at the start of a line when broken into 80 byte lines.) I can read off the number of rows from the NAXIS2 header keyword of the HDU I am interested in, and the types of each column from the TFROMx keywords.\nSo, if the data I want starts at byte 5760, the number of rows 5730 (close by coincidence only), and the bytes per row 42 (from NAXIS1), I can use the following python to extract the table I want:\npython -c 'import struct\n> f = open(\"astlimits.fits\")\n> f.seek(5760)\n> for i in range(5730): print \"\\t\".join(map(str,struct.unpack(\">hhhddhhiiii\",f.read(42))))\nLess compactly but more readably, this is like running this python script:\nimport struct\ndata_start_byte = 5760\nnum_bytes_in_row = 42 # NAXIS1 from header\nnum_rows = 5730 # NAXIS2 from header\nf = open(\"astlimits.fits\")\nf.seek(data_start_byte)\nfor r in range(num_rows):\nrow_bytes = f.read(num_bytes_in_row)\nrow_values = struct.unpack(\">hhhddhhiiii\", row_bytes)\nrow_strings = [str(v) for v in row_values]\nprint \"\\t\".join(row_strings)\nIf I used a big endian machine, I could do all of this with another hexdump statement. Unfortunately, hexdump won't change endian-ness.\nThe hardest thing here is remembering how the type codes used in the FITS TFORM values map to the types codes in the first argument of struct.unpack.\nBut, what I really want is something comparable to hexdump in simplicity.", "373" ], [ "Issue translating World Coordinate system to cartesian coordinate\nI have two fits images from the WFC3 that I am trying to combine with a C# program. When I try to combine multiple images I don't think the values I am getting for my x/y coordinates (calculated from Right Ascension/Declination) are correct. I am expecting a final image that is about the same width as the two images combined, but it turns out to be about the same width and about twice the height.", "563" ], [ "I know the final image should be about double the width of a single image because I manually combined the images in photoshop and the final image was about twice as wide as either of the two original images.\nNOTE: when I say \"image\" they are fits images, so they are just a bunch of single values in a file, so to combine them I create a new file and initialize the correct number of single values (width * height) to zero, and then fill in the values from the images I am using to combine. They are not jpg or tif or png.\nI am using the following formula to change from world coordinate system to cartesian: formula is (since distance is the same for everything): x = cos(dec) * cos(ra) y = cos(dec) * sin(ra)\nI get the right ascension and declination from the header in the fits file.\nFor the final image dimensions, I calculate the distance between x1 and x2 and create a new image that is 1/2 image 1 width + distance + 1/2 image 2 width. For the final height I do a similar calculation with y and image heights.\nThe images do also have a rotational component, but I am ignoring that as both images share the same rotation. This could be part of my problem.\npublic const double PixelsPerArcSecond = .039; // per WFC3 spec from Nasa\npublic static ImageDataModel Combine(List<ImageDataModel> inputImages)\n{\n// Right ascension is CRVAL1\n// Declination is CRVAL2\n// formula is (since distance is the same for everything):\n// x = cos(dec) * cos(ra)\n// y = cos(dec) * sin(ra)\nImageDataModel returnImage = new ImageDataModel();\nImageDataModel bm = inputImages[0];\ndouble x1, y1, x2, y2;\nx1 = Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL2) * Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL1);\ny1 = Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL2) * Math.Sin(bm.CRVAL1);\nint mult = 4; // todo: set this based off of the bitpix of the incoming images.\nfor (int i = 1; i < inputImages.Count; i++)\n{\nImageDataModel cm = inputImages[i];\nx2 = Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL2) * Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL1);\ny2 = Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL2) * Math.Sin(cm.CRVAL1);\ndouble dx = x1 - x2;\ndouble dy = y1 - y2;\nint distX = (int)((dx * 3600) / PixelsPerArcSecond);\nint distY = (int)((dy * 3600) / PixelsPerArcSecond);\n// This is what I expect to be wider than tall, but the converse is true.\nint w = Math.Abs(distX) + (bm.ImageWidth / 2) + (cm.ImageWidth / 2);\nint h = Math.Abs(distY) + (bm.ImageHeight / 2) + (cm.ImageHeight / 2);\n// This is where the two images are combined into the final image.\nImageDataModel imd = CombineTwoImages(bm, cm, i, w, h, mult);\nbm = imd;\n}\nreturn returnImage;\n}\nI am expecting an image that turns out like this:\nhttp://wierdling.net/stack-overflow-images/ManuallyCombined.png\nBut getting this:\nhttp://wierdling.net/stack-overflow-images/CombinedTest.png\nThe stats for the first image are: Width = 4139, Height = 4535, RA = 350.1584456860353 (CRVAL1), DEC = 61.16155335032816 (CRVAL2), ORIENTAT = -125\nThe stats for the second image are:Width = 4139, Height = 4535, RA = 350.1159150008405 (CRVAL1), DEC = 61.", "373" ], [ "xkcd already did the math on this one!\nLike <PERSON>'s answer, xkcd also links to this question on Hubble's website. Hubble moves too fast for its minimum exposure time to be able to focus on anything on the surface. He goes one step further, linking to this article on Bad Astronomy that points out that Hubble frequently points at the sunlight side of Earth to help calibrate its WFPC2 camera.\nStill, you may be surprised to find out that Hubble routinely points at the Earth! It uses the bright, daylit Earth to help calibrate one of the cameras on board. The Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2, pronounced ``whiff pick 2'') is an electronic device which detects light, and is similar in principle to a normal digital camera. However, it is far more sensitive, and astronomers are very particular about how well they understand such devices. They want to make sure that every part of the detector is very well calibrated.\nOne way to calibrate the camera is to look at some bright, evenly lit object. If one part of the detector is more sensitive than another, for example, then part of that object will look brighter, even if in reality it isn't. This can be used to correct any later images.\nIn space there aren't any flat fields you can use, but we do have one right here: the Earth.", "758" ], [ "To calibrate WFPC2, sometimes Hubble is pointed straight down at the Earth. As the terrain (or water or whatever) streaks across the field of view it forms a very crude flat field image. The image is called a ``streak flat'', and looks really weird. Trees, houses, all sorts of objects blur across the image. It takes a lot of sophisticated computer processing to turn this into a real flat field for Hubble to use, but luckily there are a lot of smart people working on the problem.\nxkcd also shows an approximation of what it would look like if you tried to take a picture of an average desk from orbit. It is just a smear of colors, devoid of any discernible detail. I tried attaching the pictures here, but SE doesn't like the png files for some reason and I don't have time to do the file conversion. Just check out the first link to see what it looks like, plus a more detailed explanation of why.", "758" ], [ "If you don't already have an estimate of where you are pointing, the only other option I know of is WCSFixer. There also used to be the Pittsbugh WCS correction service, but it seems to be defunct now.\nThese tools only work with FITS files, so your first step would be converting whatever format you have into a FITS file. The FITS website has a FITS viewer page that also has a list of tools that can convert formats, although converting from FITS to something else is more commonly supported.\nA note on terminology: WCS stands for \"World Coordinate System\", the standard used for metadata in FITS files that lets software transform between pixel coordinates and sky coordinates. If you have good WCS values, tools such as DS9 will let you find the coordinates of objects in a FITS image interactively.\nIf you already have an idea where you are pointing, there are more options. The simplest conceptually is to find the field were you think you are in SkyView or Google Sky and see if you can match up objects. If you can, any of the several professional data reduction toolchains have the tools that can be used to generate WCS metadata. For example, the IRAF data reduction environment has a few different options.", "964" ], [ "The learning curve is steep, but not insurmountable for someone computer savvy with some time. DAOphot and FOCAS (now incorporated into IRAF?) are other options.\nIf you already have an approximate WCS solution, there are several other tools that will help refine the solution. The astromatic.net toolchain is one example. (I believe astrometry.net uses astromatic.net software \"under the sheets,\" while WCSFixer uses IRAF.)\nThe algorithms that can determine pointing without an initial guess generally use triangles of stars in the field, because the angles in a triangle are the unchanged by rotation and scale. However, these algorithms can work poorly in highly distorted images. See <PERSON> et al. 1994 and <PERSON> 2007 for more details.\nAnother tool of interest is DS9's catalog overlay feature, but its more useful for confirming that your WCS is correct than it is at doing something about it if you find that it isn't.", "964" ], [ "For the objective of setting exposure times for different targets, it may be easiest to just use the V-filter fluxes you have for the targets, or take the average of the B-, V-, and R-filter target fluxes as a rough guess at the Luminance-filter target flux.\nTo support this recommendation, I'll try to answer the title question using SYNPHOT.\nBut first it's important to define what \"flux\" means. The example in the question has units of erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1. These are units for spectral irradiance (or spectral flux density). If this is integrated over wavelength, it becomes irradiance (or flux density), with units of erg s-1 cm-2. The jansky is a unit of spectral flux density, but it is per unit frequency (Hz-1) instead of per unit wavelength (Å-1). Here is a table of some of these units that are available in SYNPHOT:\nFirst compare the example source to the filter passbands mentioned in the question. We use a 10000-K blackbody as the source spectrum for Vega, but SYNPHOT contains a Vega spectrum that could be used instead. SYNPHOT also contains predefined filter transmission functions for B, V, and R. We build the Luminance filter as a boxcar function:\nThe units in the plot are the same spectral flux density units as in the example from the original question, with filter transmissions arbitrarily scaled to show up on the graph. The spectral flux density of the source actually changes by over a factor of 2 across the Luminance filter (or from B to R). So it's worth understanding what the 3.75e-9 erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1 in the original question refers to.", "224" ], [ "In the V filter, the source has a spectral flux density of 3.32e-9 erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1 at a wavelength of 5479 Å, which is close enough to the example that it could be explained by differences between the actual Vega spectrum and the 10000-K blackbody. The wavelength of 5479 Å is the pivot wavelength, which is one way of defining the central wavelength or effective wavelength of the filter. I chose pivot wavelength because it's simple to get it from SYNPHOT.\nSYNPHOT can be used to integrate the spectral flux density over filter bandpasses to get flux density, to determine average spectral flux density over filter bandpasses, or to sample the spectral flux density at the effective wavelengths of the filter bandpasses. Here is a table comparing the results:\nIntegrated Averaged Sampled\n(erg cm-2 s-1) (erg cm-2 s-1 Å-1) (erg cm-2 s-1 Å-1)\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nB: 5.26E-06 2.63E-09 5.23E-09\nR: 4.61E-06 1.05E-09 2.14E-09\nV: 3.24E-06 1.41E-09 3.32E-09\nB+V+R: 1.31E-05 5.09E-09 3.56E-09\nLuminance: 9.69E-06 3.88E-09 3.80E-09\nActually calculating all this requires the source spectrum. If your input data only consists of broadband flux values (in B, V, R), then you don't have the necessary spectral details. But for this example, we can compare different methods of combining the broadband filter data.\nThe integrated flux density may be best for an exposure time calculator (but you may want to play with the units to get photons s-1 cm-2 instead). For this example, just adding up the B+V+R flux densities comes pretty close to the calculated Luminance flux density. But, without knowing more about the spectra of your targets, you won't really be able to integrate the spectral flux densities.\nThe averaged spectral flux density column again cannot be calculated without more info on the target spectra, and it's included here mainly to show that it's not useful. These values are basically the area under the curves of the spectra where the source and filter have been convolved. Here, adding B+V+R comes somewhat close to the Luminance average spectral flux density, but it's not very good.\nThe best result is to use the \"Sampled\" column, and take the average of B, V, and R spectral flux densities (which is what you have in the example for Vega in V-band). For our example blackbody, the average only has a 7% error. Second best for this example would be to just use the V-band spectral flux density, with a 13% error.", "224" ], [ "The simple answer is that it isn't resolving in both orthogonal directions equally well. The horizontal dimension is the binocular dimension, and from looking at your animation, it looks to have about ~3 times the resolution. The horizontal banding, I'm pretty sure is not ringing, and is in fact, representative of additional information.\nThis article does a nice job of explaining what is being seen, and it has a picture, both of a simulated depiction of Io from one of the two telescope mirrors, and the combined image. The thing you should notice from the above image is that the 8.4 m telescope picture is at the same resolution as the vertical axis of your animation.\nWhat is going on with the interferometer image?\nBy increasing the separation between telescopes, we increase the angular resolution. Just about everyone with a casual interest in astronomy will have learned that fact in this past week.\nBut the other thing you do, is introduce interference patterns. The two telescopes essentially act like a double slit experiment. In the vertical (non binocular) dimension, the diffraction can be treated like a single-slit experiment.", "758" ], [ "The angular intensity formula for a single slit is as follows: $$ I(\\theta) = I_0 sinc^2(\\frac{\\pi b sin(\\theta)}{\\lambda})$$ where $b$ is the diameter of each mirror, and $\\lambda$ is the wavelength of the light.\nThe horizontal (binocular) dimension acts as a double slit. The double slit formula is as follows: $$ I(\\theta) = I_0 cos^2(\\frac{\\pi d sin(\\theta)}{\\lambda})sinc^2(\\frac{\\pi b sin(\\theta)}{\\lambda})$$ where $d$ is the distance between the centres of the two telescopes.\nWhen you combine these two together, using the telescopes dimensions that you quotes (b=8.4, d=14.4), you come up with a pattern remarkably close to what you actually see from the telescope.\nOn the left, screencapture from above animation, on the right, the predicted double slit intensity.\nFringe removal\nIt seems that the animation you saw is based off unprocessed images from the LBT. Obviously, they have methods for removing the fringe bands. As to how, I have no idea. I found a paper that discusses interferometry in depth and they mention:\nWhat we therefore have is a series of fringes, whose amplitude is given by the Fourier transform of the source intensity distribution. In practice, steps are usually taken to get rid of the fringes using a phase rotation whose rate is known (as both B and s are known). This is done in optical interferometers by use of accurate delay lines to compensate for the path difference, and in radio interferometers by the insertion of electronic delays.\nBut I have no idea what that means. Perhaps some boffin from Physics.SE would be nice enough to answer.", "795" ], [ "I am the discoverer of delta Velorum's variability (along with the Galileo spacecraft) and I detected those variations visually, so yes, they can be observed, and they are really fun! If you go to the AAVSO VSX page of the star, you have a button called ephemeris that will produce a list of eclipses with their times of beginning - mideclipse - and end.\nI copy them here: Dates in UT\n26 Mar 2021 08:56 26 Mar 2021 15:58 26 Mar 2021 23:01\n10 May 2021 12:32 10 May 2021 19:35 11 May 2021 02:37\n24 Jun 2021 16:08 24 Jun 2021 23:11 25 Jun 2021 06:14\n08 Aug 2021 19:45 09 Aug 2021 02:47 09 Aug 2021 09:50\n22 Sep 2021 23:21 23 Sep 2021 06:24 23 Sep 2021 13:26\n07 Nov 2021 02:57 07 Nov 2021 10:00 07 Nov 2021 17:03\nThose are times for the primary eclipse. The secondary eclipse can also be observed but one has to create the ephemeris oneself using the period and epoch of Min II. The secondary eclipse is not so deep (0.32 mag.", "758" ], [ "instead of 0.48) but lasts a whole day (durations are different because the orbit is eccentric).\nMideclipse will take place at\n03/01/2021 04:49:43 Monday\n04/15/2021 08:26:03 Thursday\n05/30/2021 12:02:23 Sunday\n07/14/2021 15:38:42 Wednesday\n08/28/2021 19:15:02 Saturday\n10/12/2021 22:51:22 Tuesday\nWhenever you see a magnitude range in V, it means those variations are seen in the visual band (V= visual, most specifically Johnson's V band which is very similar to the eye response, especially for white stars like this one).\nTo detect the changes visually, you can use the following comparison stars:\ngamma Velorum V= 1.70\nbeta Canis Majoris V= 1.98\ngamma Centauri V= 2.16\niota Carinae V= 2.24\nzeta Puppis V= 2.25\nkappa Velorum V= 2.49\nI attach a chart for your convenience.\nThere are few observations because not many people like to observer bright stars and because their changes are subtle and not everybody are confident to detect them. I hope you can take up the challenge and feel the same thrill of discovery I felt the night of July 1, 1997 when I found it dimmer than usual :)\nCheers, <PERSON>, Buenos Aires. <PERSON>", "758" ], [ "Doing photometric reduction (from image to brightness) includes the following steps:\n* image cleaning (bias + dark + flat + etc.)\n* identify/measure brightness of the object of interests from the cleaned image (using e.g. sextractor). Let's say the image was taken in U filter with the brightness (mA_U_image) in any arbitrary magnitude given any arbitrary zeropoint (ZP).\n* identify/measure brightness of standard objects (which are objects that we know their brightness) using U filter and the same ZP. Let's say the brightness is mB_U_image.\n* Find transformation: mB_U_real(AB) = mB_U_image(arbitrary with zeropoint = ZP) + correction where mB_U_real(AB) = magnitude of B in U filter in AB system (or in other magnitude system as identified by the database of B given U filter).\n* Apply the transformation: mA_U_real(AB) = mA_U_image(arbitrary with zeropoint = ZP) + correction\nNote: this method is simplified because both science objects and standards were assumed to be taken from the same U filter.\nSo, to answer your question:\n* Typically, there are two frequently used magnitude systems: Vega and AB. You might need to get the Vega to AB correction if the transformation involve changing from one system to another.\n* UGRIZ and ugriz: I found that sometimes UGRIZ is used to notify that the magnitude is expressed in Vega system and ugriz is in AB system, or vice versa.", "964" ], [ "For an example, https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.01054\n* U and u and u' are slightly different (check their response curves from the telescope handbooks). So, transforming from one filter to another might need to include more terms in the transformation.\n* If standards and science objects were taken from different filter/telescope/setting (even in the case of U and u), you might need to also include a color correction term in the transformation.\n* Eq. 1 is for calculating chi-sq to be used in the optimization problem. I believe that the equation is expressed in u-g color index as an example. You should be able to use any color index pair. If you really want to use u-g index, but you have UBVR, here is what I think you should do: find u = U + correction, and g = B + correction.", "964" ] ]

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[ [ "I have not seen the newest movie yet but I have seen the other movies leading up to it (and the trailer for the latest movie).\nWhat I would say is that it's optional, depending on what you are interested in.\nLet's take a tangent and discuss <PERSON>'s other career-defining role, <PERSON> who's had several movies\n* Rocky\n* Rocky II (2 Rocky 2 Furious)\n* Rocky III (The Fate of the T)\n* Rocky IV (Rocky 2 Russia)\n* Rocky V (Back 2 Rocky)\n* <PERSON> (Rocky Drift)\n* <PERSON> (<PERSON> & Apollo)\n* Creed II (<PERSON> & <PERSON> Ride Again)\nEach movie added to the character arc of the protagonist, each chapter there were new losses, new lessons and in the end, the protagonist came to terms with his lot in life and earned some rest (until the next sequel came along anyway). Regardless, each film was enjoyable on its own as a self-contained unit, started with a small recap of the last film if it was important to the continuity.\nRambo films are slightly different in that the continuity of one films isn't as closely tied to the others but each film reflects how the character is affected by the politics at that time in American history.\nGiven that you have seen the first two, I'll skip that and will actively not spoil any plot points of the other two movies.\nI will say that Rambo III was dedicated to the brave people of Afghanistan (word for word from the closing card of the film) as they fought the Soviet forces in the area.\nRambo (the fourth film) finds a battle weary warrior in the post 9/11 era. Completely detached from American military, finding himself involved in a conflict where he initially has no stakes but is compelled to act since not participating is itself taking a stance (and you can therefore be complicit in the consequences of the actions of others you didn't act to prevent)\nFrom the trailer, there are allusions to his past catching up to him. His new antagonists may be part of drug cartels (which may link it to Middle East Opium/Heroin and his time in Afghanistan, who knows).", "569" ], [ "<PERSON> is indeed a character from the original Vertigo series, published as part of DC's darker, grittier comics.\n<PERSON>, the show forerunner and executive producer (along with <PERSON> and <PERSON>) have conceded that they could not do a one-to-one translation from comic to episode as that would make the series end rather quickly. We cannot rely on canon for an answer here, more than likely, as there only about 75 issues in total with 4 specials and a spin-off series.\nMy opinion (and I will try to defend it) is that this is yet another nod to \"The Big Lebowski\" (<PERSON>'s least favorite film by the <PERSON> Brothers). Towards the end of that film (no spoilers, hopefully), we are introduced to a group of individuals who dress in black and simply call themselves Nihilists because \"They believe in nothing\".\nThe connection to <PERSON> may be tenuous but the similarities are the following:\n* German origins - The Nihilists are of German descent and we know <PERSON> initially serves a German government agency.\n* Accent - just because someone is of German descent does not automatically mean they're gonna have a German accent. The choice to give both pronounced German accents is deliberate (a TVTrope, if you will).\n* Philosophy - the comments to the question are what prompted this answer as there are references to sadism, which is the enjoyment of inflicting pain. In a romantic setting, it requires the consent of another party who enjoys receiving pain in a BDSM arrangement (as poorly portrayed in Fifty Shades of Gray). This, however, is not what is taking place in this scene. <PERSON>, per the OP, is regaling Herr <PERSON> with a story about meaning, which is the antithesis to Nihilism. In asking her to remove her top and stick the butter under her chin, he is showing that a) he has no interest in her story b) demonstrating that his actions won't always have a purpose (as he might not believe in anything either) c) as someone who doesn't believe in things like morality or propriety, actions that might be deemed cruel to a casual observer are part and parcel to any conversation with him.\nThere are no pointless scenes in television, every minute (indeed every second) is paid for in actor salaries, wardrobe, makeup and post-production.", "663" ], [ "Whether the choices that are made make sense to each of us individually or to the audience as a whole is another topic altogether.\nUpdate after re-watching scene\nThis scene occurs in the Herr Star chronology after he's shown the video of <PERSON> using the voice of God super-power on <PERSON>, telling her to \"Sleep\" Everything else said above still stands, but with the additional context of <PERSON> being unimpressed with the footage, saying he's bored (after the floating pig incident) \"Since when is a woman obeying a man a superpower?\". The dinner scene then is him proving his own point. Power is not always supernatural, the daughter of the governor of Louisiana felt like she had to listen to what he said as he worked for the world's most powerful organization, with agents in 113 countries, all ready to do his bidding at a moment's notice. Would you refuse what he said?\nNext on the chronology, we do hear about his R-word fantasy with multiple prostitutes but through his battle with Cat popup ads, he accidentally reviews more of <PERSON>'s surveillance footage.\nOnce again, everything above stands but perhaps <PERSON> is a bored Nihilist searching for the same thing <PERSON> is - order in a world of chaos.\nOne more update - within the larger context\nI am getting tired of the phrase Nihilism because it's a weird word to type, like bananas, too many of the same vowel- I digress.\nIn their initial date, mentioned by the OP, <PERSON> was more than bored. He was baffled perhaps even offended by her story, perhaps the way she told it. The conversation starts with how important <PERSON> is and how his influence got them a reservation at a restaurant that was closed other than the two of them (and the staff, of course). <PERSON>, impressed with his masculine power/influence, tries to regale him with her feminine accomplishments of traveling and volunteering but it is the way she tells it that offends him. She begins with a condescending tone of someone who has achieve enlightenment and has to teach the ignorant \"The Way\" or some such (\"I was once like you were...\"). Indeed, what triggers the sequence of events that started this question and its lengthy answer (I'm sorry...", "663" ], [ "Why are some scenes of a movie shot in public places?\n<PERSON> pointed out in his/her answer (towards the end) about a <PERSON> spoiler that had been leaked by public. It is one of the underlying points that fuel the question. What is the need/requirement to shoot a scene in a public place? It involves dangers like:\n1. Getting a major plot point spoiled (A leaked photo from Endgame showing the characters in New York battle costumes).\n2. Causing disruptions in the day to day working of that public place (for example in Mission Impossible movies where a certain area is kept under lockdown for the scene to be shot and traffic has to be diverted, for example <PERSON> film shoot to cause traffic delays on Las Vegas Strip).\n3. If area is not locked down, then there is the chance of public crossing/interfering with the movie scenes in one way or other (like people getting in front of cameras).\n4. The dangers of keeping crew/celebrity out in the open (I raise this because I have seen celebrities [not all but the more famous ones] escorted by bodyguards when they are in public).\nThere are alternatives:\n1.", "862" ], [ "Shoot in a set/studio like Ramoji Film City (I mention this studio because I have been there and I was told that movies which require public places like a railway station had a counterpart there).\n2. Using CGI/green screen to create the environment: A scene from an Indian movie-Singham 2 involved a well known bridge known as the Bandra Worli Sea Link which has strict restrictions attached to it. However, the movie replicated the place nice enough using CGI.\nSo, if a scene is to be shot in say Paris, on a public road, then what makes it so important to shoot there and there itself considering above dangers and ignoring above alternatives. Why would the person, who has control over this particular scene, decide to go with a public place? To achieve realism?\nA studio might not have a place that would look like the road in Paris, but there is CGI. Modifications can be done with CGI after the scene is shot in a studio. After all, an entire planet (Titan in Avengers Infinity War) was made with CGI. Even if CGI is costly, then is it less efficient than having to talk with authorities of a public place, get permissions, make appropriate payments, deal with the risks and shoot in public?", "900" ], [ "Trilogy spanning past, present and future\nI am looking to identify a book trilogy I read. I am pretty sure I read it in the early 2000s, but I don't know when it was written. If I had to guess, I would say it was likely pretty new when I read it (possibly written in the late 90s). I thought it was a Twilight Zone story but I haven't been able to find any of those that match my memory so it is possible I am mistaken on that point.\nEach book in the trilogy covered a different time period. One was the past (about medieval times) , one the approximate present and one in the future.\nI believe there was at least one character who is involved in all three books (Let's call him <PERSON> since I can't remember his name and having a name makes this description easier to read). I know that in the future book he is disembodied and he possesses a woman (Let's call her <PERSON>). Many people in that time have phones implanted in their jaws so <PERSON> is able to talk to <PERSON> without people thinking she is crazy.\nI think <PERSON> may have been alive in the past story, but I don't remember for sure.\nI think that in the future story, someone is planning to force another disembodied soul into an unwilling person's body.", "944" ], [ "I think <PERSON> and <PERSON> work together to try to stop this.\nThe trilogy may have used the theme about magic really being science sufficiently advanced so as not to be understood. I.e. There may have been \"magic\" in the past book but the same things were seen as science in the future book.\nSo the parts that I remember clearly are that it was a trilogy with each book set in a different era and in the future a disembodied spirit possesses a woman and they work together. Also, in the future many people have phones embedded in their jaws.\nI have tried these Google searches:\n1. scifi book trilogy past present future - unfortunately I am not looking for <PERSON> album \"Trilogy: Past Present and Future\"\n2. scifi book phone embedded in jaw - Results show Warship, Red Moon, The Circle Trilogy, Harper Hall Trilogy, The Sentinel, etc. I haven't yet seen any that match what I remember.", "322" ], [ "I'm immediately put in mind of <PERSON> \"Discworld\" series. It's a tongue-in-cheek parody but the ruler of the main city has simply incorporated things like the Assassin's Guild and Thief's Guild into the civil government.\nHis reasoning, in a nutshell, is that you are going to have criminal elements anyway so you might as well put them where you can see them and give them some rules that they can follow. The Thief's Guild actually becomes responsible for all theft that occurs in the city. There are quotas and buyout options, effectively making the Thief's Guild into an actual, functional \"protection racket\". If you have paid your fee and someone robs your store, the robber will find that not only are the cops after him, but so is the thief's guild, and generally it's better for him if the cops find him first.\nThe Assassin's Guild works much the same way. Assassination, for a suitable fee, is accepted, however, the Assassin's Guild is held responsible for all murders that occur in the city.", "805" ], [ "Unsanctioned murder is, therefore, going to be a case of who catches you first: the cops or the Assassin's Guild.\nLike I said, all a very tongue-in-cheek parody but there is a logic to it and maybe the scientist in question had the same thinking, or maybe that's similar to how things work now. Maybe the criminal classes even come with a code of conduct, such that an assassin gets assassin skills but he also finds that he must be paid to kill, and must feel it is a fair value. Assassin classes never become psychopaths or plain murderers because they are programmed against it. They might even find that their programming makes them feel personally affronted to hear about an unpaid murder. Net result: there are still assassinations but \"random crime\" is actually tapped down with vigor by these programmed criminals.\nAlternatively, I am also put in mind of <PERSON> character in Fifth Element, where basically he felt that destruction was necessary for a productive society.\nThe Matrix had very similar reasoning, too. The machines found out that utopias didn't work. They created a realistic setting, crime and all, because it's what humans seemed to expect and work best in.", "44" ], [ "Here was my take on it.\nFirst, review the story:\n--\nIn the story \"Peter and the Wolf\", many suggest that the wolf represents a darker-side of <PERSON> himself. As the story goes, <PERSON> lives alone with his grumpy grandfather who tells him to be wary of wandering too far from the house or the wolf might get him. <PERSON> says \"boys like me aren't afraid of wolves\". <PERSON>'s theme (the song used for the ring tone for <PERSON>) is intentionally light-hearted and vivacious. And <PERSON>'s lack of fear is somewhat representative of his youthful ignorance and naivete -- as well as his youthful vigor and zest for life.\nDisobeying his grandfather, he strays too far from the house only to witness the wolf chasing, catching and eating the duck in one gulp.", "295" ], [ "(same as <PERSON> sees <PERSON>, who embodies the dark potential of a replicant intent on working for evil crushing the device that holds <PERSON>)\nSeeing this brutality, <PERSON> -- without fear -- sees the wolf cornering the cat up a tree and while it is distracted, solicits the help of the bird to distract it further. He then fashions a lasso and catches the wolf by it's tail as it's trying to snap at the bird and ties it firmly to the tree.\nHunters then arrive [plodding along wrecklessly and shooting aimlessly in all directions] looking to kill the wolf, but <PERSON> convinces them to instead help him to parade it to town and put it on display in a Zoo to show off that he managed to catch and restrain it.\nAs they march off to town, <PERSON> and the hunters leading the wolf with the grandfather grumpily plodding behind, the grandfather asks \"but what if <PERSON> had not caught the wolf?\"\n--\nGiven the assumption that the wolf represents a darker side of <PERSON> as well as a realization of the Grandfather's ploy to keep him from straying to far, the [story of the] wolf might be said to represent the false memories used to keep the replicants from acting out against their slaveholders.\nThe duck, perhaps might represent <PERSON> (the bird that cannot fly, obviously looked down upon in comments from the other replicants. \"he doesn't like 'real' girls\", stated by another replicant. Early on in <PERSON> and the wolf, the duck argues with the bird, the bird asking \"what kind of a bird are you if you cannot fly?\" the duck responding \"what kind of a bird are you if you can't swim?\").\nThe wolf again represents the darker side of the replicants and the grandfather those such as the police chief or even <PERSON> who only see the negative that can come from replicants being allowed to roam free and risk being exposed to their darker side if given such free choice and reign. And the Hunters are the blade runners and the system that keeps them in place.", "295" ], [ "Plague.\nBetter termed an epidemic or pandemic. Bubonic plague was the reason the industrial revolution happened in Europe but not in Africa and the Americas. The Black Plague did affect Asia, so I'm not sure how that compares with Europe.\nGunpowder was known but firearms were much inferior weapons to archery. When there is plenty of labor, scribes provide no problem which needs a printing press. Likewise people didn't see a problem with laborious weaving. It took a while after the plague to develop the steam engine but the pressure to use it and other labor saving devices comes from the plague.\nThe quick drop in population disrupted solutions which relied on plenty of labor. This started our favoring labor saving whenever possible.\nMore Detail:\nOn the plus side, repeating the development from the Black Plague has verisimilitude as it actually happened.", "1006" ], [ "On the negative side, it actually happened in our timeline so what makes the new timeline different?\nThere were earlier plagues in recorded history, including the Plague of Justinian, so you also have to consider how things made the Black Plague the right time to set off the events leading to industrialization.\nBefore the Black Plague there was the Medieval Warm Period where agriculture flourished into areas previously unable to support it and population swelled. Following that was the Little Ice Age which reversed the success of agriculture, the farm land expanded into failed to be productive and there was much starvation. This made the Black Plague much worse than it might have been because people who grew up during the famine had their immune system compromised at the age where the immune system develops. (See The Great Mortality by <PERSON>.)\nPrior to the Renaissance had been the Mongol Empire. By the way, the globalization from that empire was a big factor in triggering the plague pandemic. After the collapse of the Mongol Empire the Renaissance was driven to re-establish eastern trade to return to access to eastern products such as silk and spices.\nSo looking at factors which brought about the Industrial Revolution in our timeline includes the confluence of drive to re-establish far away trade with the upheaval of the social and political structure (ending Feudalism) from the great die off from famine due to drop in temperature from favorable to unfavorable and from deaths from a pandemic. This led to the Enlightenment, then the Renaissance, then the Industrial Revolution.\nAs other answers have said, the Industrial Revolution took very big societal factors over centuries, so it might be a struggle to insert into an alternate timeline. It still may be worth considering the above in how it came about in our timeline.", "878" ], [ "This is an example of Art Imitates Life but that's not the TVTrope link you need.\nThis is the TVTropes link you deserve Object Ceiling Cling\nBasically, in storytelling, it's a comedic effect to have things stuck in the ceiling and maybe fall after.\nHowever, there are specific pencil references in that link:\nLive-Action TV\nAn episode of Coach featured <PERSON> in <PERSON>'s office throwing and sticking pencils up into the ceiling to the point it was literally covered in them. When <PERSON> kicks <PERSON> out of his office he slammed the door causing all the pencils to fall down.\nIn Dharma & Greg, episode 1, <PERSON> is shown in his new law office throwing a couple pencils at the ceiling. The camera pans up to show a couple dozen pencils already stuck in the tiles above his desk. Later, he throws one more pencil above his head, only to have all the others fall out of the ceiling onto him.\nHow I Met Your Mother: <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> are throwing pencils at the ceiling. One falls and bounces up <PERSON>'s nose, which <PERSON> calls a miracle.\nCombination of Live-Action TV and Real Life: Late Night with David Letterman.", "5" ], [ "Viewers know of <PERSON>'s tendency to flip pencils up out of view coming out of commercial break. Studio audience members get to see the result; the fake acoustic ceiling above the desk is peppered with pencils, and his accuracy is epic (I went to half a dozen shows and he didn't miss once).\nThe X-Files: episode \"Chinga\", <PERSON> spends his spare time throwing pencils into the ceiling over his desk.\nThe very last one is probably the one you reference in your question. HIMYM (the other show was probably contemporary to Castle) but Coach was late 80's and Dharma & Greg was early 90's\nThe link goes on further to\nReal Life\nKids in school launch pencils up at ceilings which have small holes just small enough for the pencil to stick in\nOffice workers who work in buildings with fake ceilings often throw pencils into the ceiling, as the fake ceilings are often as weak as cardboard. Parodied in [a] Bud Light commercial.\nIt is a visual cue of boredom, ennui; in Spanish we say \"ocio\" where in English there is a saying \"Idle hands are the Devil's tools\". Not sure where in the world you hail from, but there may be an international equivalent you are familiar with.", "900" ] ]

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[ [ "PLEASE NOTE: This was a playtest of a prototype version. Components, mechanics and such might change in the final product.\nWhat an honor! Being a part of the first public playtest of <PERSON> latest title, 504 (to be released at Essen this year), meeting the man himself and getting my copies of Power Grid and Friday signed - I couldn't be happier! Forgive me if some parts are a bit unclear, I’m exhausted but too excited to sleep!\n504 is a game for 2-4 players that consists of 9 modules (wargame, pick up & deliver, majorities, racing, exploration, privileges, shares, streets and plants). Three of these modules are chosen and the order determines the main objective/scoring (primary), how economy works (secondary) and flavor added to the game (tertiary). Components consisted of a number of discs, meeples, cubes, player markers, roads in different player colors as well as neutral discs, terrain tiles (with different sides), a die, resource tiles, money, a fifth set of player components for specific games (I believe shares module uses these, but does not allow for a fifth player) and so forth. I got to try two games that I will describe to give you an idea of how combinations of modules work:\nExploring > Plants > Streets: Players started on a single tile with all the other tiles (forest, desert, city, sea, plains, grasslands and mountains) put to the side in their respective piles, some of which had a token marking 1-6 on it. We started with $60 to spend on workers ($10 each) which could be used to take various actions through exhausting (lying sideways) or expending. For example, to explore we would declare where we wanted to explore and expend a workers, rolling a die to find out what tile is discovered on that spot. The numbered tokens change over the course of the game on different factors such as how far away the area you are exploring is to the closest city.\nWorkers can be used to move into tiles, collect victory points on tiles, build plants (secondary – for income, bonus money for players who produced different resources from the different types of tiles in addition to a base of $20) and building roads (tertiary – allowed for easier movement). I might be missing some uses for the workers. Different tiles cost different amounts of workers (1 for grasslands, 2 for forests, 3 for mountains) and fisheries could be created adjacent to water tiles.\nThere are a few more mechanics to the game and it ends when every tile has been used. Some of us spread out, covering a lot area, some kept their workers together and others focused on streets to allow for easy movement. It was interesting to see different strategies used and as you would expect, where some lacked on victory points, made up for it with stronger income for a better late-game.", "349" ], [ "Sadly we didn’t get to finish as a player had to leave and we wanted to try new modules before the night was over. This game might be about an hour and a half to two hours with experienced players.\nRace > Pick Up & Delivery > Privileges: The board was set up before playing. Some tiles (I think just water), were placed in predetermined areas while the rest were shuffled and filled in almost like a diamond. The ten city tiles had different facings from the previous game we had played and on them had a combination of different resources on them. If I remember correctly, each of them was missing one resource e.g. wheat, cows, ore, fish but with lumber missing (I might be forgetting one of the resources but I feel this is correct with two city tiles of each type).\nEach player started on a different city tile marked with a disc of their color. To win, we had to be the first player to visit the 9 other cities (also the game end condition). The missing resource printed on each city tile had four tokens of that resource on it. Players have a car which can hold up to one good and can be sold at a city tile that a) has that resource printed on it and b) has not had that resource sold on that city before (marked by putting the resource chit face down to cover the resource printed on the tile). The value of goods are reflected on a chart that changes as players sell goods (sold resource moves down three increments of $10 and all other goods move up one increment). Again players would also receive a base amount of $20 at the end of their turn.\nPlayers start with $80 and can upgrade their vehicle once per turn. For $80 the car can hold two goods instead of one and for $50, the speed of the car can be upgraded (3 > 4 > 5 > 7). Money can be used to increase the number of tiles traveled, water tiles are impassable and mountains required an additional movement point to travel into.", "349" ], [ "Here is an overview of Tiletum after playing it at Gencon. We only played one round but it gave a good feeling for how everything works.\nTL;DR: This is an awesome game.\nTiletum is a dice drafting game. In each of the 4 rounds of the game, you will use 3 dice to gather resources and do actions, then there is end of round scoring and some cleanup.\nOn your turn you choose a die: the color and value will tell you which and how many resources you get. There are five colors associated with the five resources - wool, stone, iron, food and gold.\nThe place where you took your die from, tells you which action you can take. The higher the dice value, the less actions you get (it's always 7 minus the value). So e.g. a 5 die gets you 5 resources and 2 actions.\nThere are 6 actions, the sixth is just a Joker where you get choose any of the other five.\n- The King action basically just moves you up the king track to get bonus points and get the first player marker at end of the round.\n- The Merchant actions allows you to move your merchant meeple on the map, place houses and take bonus tokens.\n- The Architect action allows you to move your architect meeple on the map, place pillars and take bonus tokens.\n- The Citizen action allows you to take citizens and/or place them into your houses.", "349" ], [ "They might give you bonuses, and filled houses also unlock additional buildable houses.\n- The Contract actions allow you to take contract cards or trade resources. Fulfilled contracts unlock additional pillars you can place.\n- There are also a few different free actions you can do on your turn: using the bonus tiles you got from the map or action wheel, fulfilling contracts, placing crest tiles on your houses, contributing to cathedrals where you already have pillars.\nYou are also watching the end of round objectives - to even take part you either need a house or your merchant meeple in the given city.\nSpots to place houses and pillars are of course limited, taken bonus tokens don't get refilled and the cathedral tokens go down in value as they are built, so there is some racing for things.\nThere some interesting things going on on your player board. Like I said you have to unlock houses and pillars to place, as you only start with two each. The bonus tokens, citizens and contracts all go to your warehouse, which only has 4 spaces, so you can't just gather everything, you need to use them up. If you fill up houses with people and a crest you unlock plus-tokens which buff a particular action for the end of the game.\nThere really is a lot going on, and in a good way. I think this is a really strong contender in the T-Series, the decisions each turn are crunchy.\nI gotta confess we sold Tekhenu and weren't really interested in Tabannussi after seeing it, but this has me hyped.\nThe biggest downside is the theme of course: traveling merchants in the Renaissance era dealing with influential people and building cathedrals.\nHowever the game still looks awesome on the table. It immediately caught are eye as we were walking around during GenCon.", "349" ], [ "I first heard about Zona on Essen Spiel '19 where I had the chance to play a demo after which I purchased the game. As there is no information on the game to be found on BGG I thought it might be helpful to note down some information on how the game plays and my impressions after the demo. I have not played the game enough to do a full review, nor have I ever written a review for that matter, so please keep this in mind when reading.\nThe setting\nIn 1986 the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl happened. A 30km evacuation area, the Zona, was created. Just before the explosion the army shut down the remaining two reactors and sealed off an area, the 'Sarcophagus'. The army remained there and, using a network of underground bunkers and laboratories, started experiments in the nuclear zone. Since then rumors have been going round describing dangerous events such as unsettling anomalies and sightings of mutating animals but also of valuable artifacts being found in the Zona.\nThe year is now 2017 and scavengers living in the Zona help deserting scientists escape. These scientists confirm the existence of the artifacts and the mysterious sarcophagus. Finding the Sarcophagus will get you artifacts which will sell big on the black market, so you take on the role of a scavenger and set out for glory.\nUnfortunately the scientists also warn that the emission center is about to reach a new critical state and when it does the results will be even more devastating than the 1986 disaster. Will you be able to beat other scavengers to the Sarcophagus before time runs out?\nThe box/components\nWe bought the game on Spiel. The board was given separately as apparently there had not been time to add these to the box (it all fits in nicely in the end, no worries). We also got a small artbook and Zona-themed scarfs as a small bonus.\nWhen opening the box there's a rulebook, punch out sheets for tokens, character boards and a load of cards.\nThere is a tray for threat tokens and a small sticker sheet to indicate which type goes where.\nLast item in the box are the dice used for tests and the scavenger minis which are, as far as I can judge, of decent quality.\nThe setup\nThe board has two sides, depending on the number of players (1-2 or 3-4). The setup is very straightforward.", "386" ], [ "The board iconography makes it easy to identify what goes where and the rulebook provides clear guidance on what specific steps to take for game board and the scavengers, who need to get some specific starting items and stats and determine where the starting threaths appear. Below is the setup for two players.\nThe rulebook\nAs far as I am concerned this is an excellent rulebook. It provides a high level overview of the game flow as well as more detailed rules in the second section. There are numerous examples, graphics and also some flavour text here and there. I may be biased as I had the game demo'ed to me before reading the rulebook so I can't tell how easy it will be for a first-time reader to get a grasp of the rules but it is hard for me to see reasons why there would be an issue.\nGameplay\nZona is a competitive game. The board is roughly divided into 3 areas, from safest to most dangerous: green, orange and red. There are a few safe zones (bunkers) where scavengers can go to camp and trade goods and secret locations that need to be unlocked to get enough information to gain access to the Sarcophagus and retrieve the valuable artifact to win the game. This needs to be done before the rumor deck (top left on the board) runs out. When it does, the source implodes and the <PERSON> and everyone in it gets destroyed.\nThe first player acts as <PERSON> and will get to make decisions affecting other players. The Voice of the Zona is passed on to a new player every round.\n1. Game rounds\nEach round consists of 3 phases:\nAction phase\nEach player gets to perform a maximum of two actions\no Move (and resolve an encounter when entering an area with a threat)\no Local action\no Open secret location\no Encounter\no Rest\no Pass\no Camping (when in a bunker) - repair, buy/sell items, heal...\nEvent phase\nEvery player, in turn order, draws an event card based on the zone they are in and resolves its effects. Effects can be based on location or reputation. The red zone and bunkers do not have event crads. The green zones, orange zones, Sarcophagus and secret locations all do.\nRumor phase\nThe Voice of the Zona draws a rumor card and moves the emission tracker accordingly, then resolves other effects on the card.", "629" ], [ "In Agricola each player builds their own personal farm in front of them. You must choose how you develop your land while continuing to feed your family. At the end of the game each farm is scored on it’s strengths and diversity.\nBasics\nPlays: 1-5 players\nTime: 30-40 minutes per player\nComponents\nLots!\nI am pretty sure it weighs in at 2.2kg\n9 boards\n5 personal farm boards (many of these have other useful things on the back to be used if you have less than 5 players)\n3 boards for the action cards\n1 board for the Major Improvement cards\nThe boards are all thick and sturdy with colourful graphics on them\n57 Tiles representing house rooms and fields. These are also very thick with cute and varied illustrations (e.g. scarecrows in some fields, different room tiles)\n313 pieces of wood including family members, fences, wheat and vegetables, raw materials and animals. These are mostly abstract cubes and discs in a number of different colours but serve the purpose well. Unfortunately the colours of some of the raw materials do not match colours in the cards that well. An issue I understand will be fixed for the English language edition.\n360 Cards\nThe majority of these are Occupations and Minor Improvements in ‘E’ (easy) ‘I’ (Interactive) and ‘K’ (complex) decks.\nThere are also some food markers and other tokens as well as a scoring pad for the end of the game.\nGameplay\nEach player has their own Family Members (initially 2, represented by wooden discs) and their own Farm board. In the centre of the table are the Action boards on which Action cards are placed.\nThe Action boards start with a certain number of preset actions on them. Each round a new card is added to the next space on the Action board. Then players take it in turns to place their family members on the Action boards, immediately taking the actions. Only one player can take each action, so if another player takes the action you wanted this can really mess with your plans. Once all players have placed their family members then the round finishes.\nHarvest\nEvery few rounds a Harvest occurs. They occur more frequently as the game progresses.\nDuring the harvest you get wheat or vegetables back that have grown in your field and animals you have reproduce. You must also feed your family members.", "84" ], [ "This is a key element of the game. Each family member requires 2 food, to start with this doesn’t sound that hard, but it is important to find efficient ways to generate food. You don’t want to spend all your actions generating food and leaving none for farm improvement.\nActions\nSo this is the heart of the game. I am going to describe some of the actions as this gives you a good idea of how the game works. As mentioned before a limited number are available at the start of the game and additional ones are added each round.\nGet resources – wood, clay, stone, reeds, wheat, food and later in the game vegetables and animals. These actions are pretty self explanatory.\nBuilding – build a new room to your house by paying the appropriate resources. This gives you space for more family members (see below) and also counts for final scoring.\nFamily Growth – add a new member to your family (provided you have space in your house). The plus side of this is you get one extra action, and VPs at the end. The downside is that you have one more mouth to feed.\nMinor Improvement – this allows you to pay the appropriate resources and bring a minor improvement card into play from your hand. More on these cards later.\nOccupation – This allows you to bring an Occuaption cards (also covered below) card into play from your hand. These cost food and with food being scarce you cant play them as often as you would like.\nPlough – This ploughs one of the squares on your board and makes it ready for planting\nSow – this allows you to take wheat or veg from your supply and plant it in your field. It then grows in that field (by adding more from the supply) and you get some back each harvest.\nFences – use wood to build fences on your board creating pastures to keep your animals in\nRenovation – upgrade your house from wood to clay or clay to stone by paying the resources. The better your house the more it is worth at the end of the game.\nCards\nThese are another significant part of what makes Agricola, the Minor Improvements and Occupations. Every player starts with seven of each. The effect these have are too diverse to describe but can be things like; get extra resources for certain actions, bonus actions, bonus end game VPs for certain criteria, ways of generating food, allow you to break certain rules.", "629" ], [ "La Citta (Kosmos – 2000) is an area influence/city building game where players try and build the most impressive cities in order to cause mass emigration from their opponent’s cities to their own. There is a definite conquest element to the game, but there is absolutely no fighting, it is all done by influence.\nLa Citta is an excellent game. It is a game where there are more things available to do than you CAN do, which I always enjoy in a game. The scoring tends to be tight and although people could slow the game down by calculating everyone’s score each round, the game moves pretty quickly for a game of this weight. I am generally not a big fan of games with a set number of turns, but this game is done well so I don’t feel cheated by the artificial time limit.\nThe game begins by setting up the board. This is done in two different ways. There is a basic setup where the land is distributed evenly about the board, or the advanced method where the terrain is laid out randomly. The board consists of several paths of hexes of 3 different colors. Depending on the amount of players, certain colored paths are not used (the ones on the outmost edges). The paths surround triangular areas where terrain is placed. The terrain is laid out in 1 per section. The terrain can either be Farmland with 1 to 3 Food Icons on it, Mountains, or Water. The deck of the Voice of the People cards are shuffled and placed next to one side of the board, and the Political Cards are shuffled and placed next to the other side. The grey plastic Citizens are placed so that players may have access to them during the game as a pool. Each player then chooses a color and takes the 4 Castle Tokens of their color, the 4 Citizens of their color, and the 3 Action Cards of their color. A player order is determined. If playing with the basic setup, the starting locations of their starting 2 castles are predetermined. If playing with the Advanced Rules, things change. Beginning with the first player, each player places one of their castles. They may place it anywhere on an open hex on one of the paths in play. 3 grey Citizens are placed on the Castle. No Castle may be placed within 3 hexes of another Castle.", "349" ], [ "After everyone has placed a Castle, the last player to play places their second Castle and so on in anti-clockwise format. If a Castle is placed next to a Farmland tile, the number of Food Icons on it determines how many Food Tokens are received by the player who owns the adjacent Castles. If a Castle is adjacent to more than one Farmland, the total of all the Food Icons is received in Food Tokens. Food Tokens are placed in front of the Player. Each player receives 1 Gold. The player to the left of the player who placed the last Castle is now the Starting Player.\nThe game consists of several phases. These phases are:\n1) Change Start Player: The first turn this phase is ignored, after than the previous starting player hands the Start Player Token to the player on their left who becomes the new start player.\n2) Voice of the People: 4 cards are taken from the top of the deck of 27 Voice of the People cards. The first card is turned over while the other 3 cards are laid face down. The Voice of the People deck consists of 9 cards each of “Education” (black), “Health”, blue, and “Culture” (white). These determine which buildings are going to be influential this game turn. The people’s desires change each turn. After the sixth turn the game ends, so 3 cards will not be in play.\n3)Income: Beginning with the start player, each player receives 1 Gold per Quarry they have built next to a Mountain Territory. If their Quarry is adjacent to more than one Mountain, a Gold is received for each adjacent Mountain.\n4)Population Increase: Beginning with the start player, each player places one grey Citizen in each of their cities. If a city has 5 Citizens already and no Marketplace, no new Citizen is placed. If a player has 8 Citizens already and a Marketplace, but no Fountain or Bathhouse, no new Citizen is placed. There are no more limits after that.\n5)Political Rounds: In turn order, each player takes a Political Round. This continues until 5 Political Rounds have been completed by each player. The top seven cards of the Political Card deck are turned over and placed by the deck. After the first round, the cards will already be laid out. Each player may do 1 of 2 actions during their Political Round:\nPlay an Action Card: Each player has 3 Action Cards in their player color. They may play one of these by turning it over. An Action Card may be used to:\nGain Gold: The player receives 2 Gold from the bank.", "84" ], [ "[originally posted (with photos) at: Board Games with Flartner\nMarco Polo is the newest game from <PERSON> and <PERSON>, the designers of the hit, Tzolk'in: The Mayan Calendar. In Marco Polo, players recreate the journey <PERSON> made from Italy to China. Each player will have a unique character with a special ability. The game is a dice placement game, like Kingsburg or Alien Frontiers.\nThe game board is separated into two main parts - the action selection regions take up the bottom half of the board, while a large map of Eurasia occupies the top half of the board.\nEach round begins with players rolling their dice. Then in turn order, they will place a group of dice (or a single die) at an action location, and immediately executing that action. Players are able to place their dice at places where other players have placed already that round (for a cost), but each color dice can only be placed at each location once - so repeating an action during a round is not allowed.\nThe action spaces allow players to gather resources, gain new contracts, or move their character token along the paths on the map. There are a few ways to earn points in Marco Polo, but one of the main ways is to fulfill contracts, which involves discarding the required resources on a contract you own to gain rewards (usually resources and points).\nThe other main way to gain points in Marco Polo is to use resources to travel across the map, visiting both large and small locations along the way. When players end their movement in a location, they immediately get to build a trading post there. When a player has built a trading post in a small location, they get an immediate benefit, as well as that same benefit at the beginning of each round, as income.", "597" ], [ "When players have built in a large location, they are given access to an additional action location they can use to dice activate on their turn.\nAfter five rounds of play, the player who has completed the most contracts gets a bonus 7 points, anyone who has reached Beijing can trade their leftover goods (not camels) for points 2:1, and whoever has the most points is the winner!\nI was immediately drawn to this game after watching <PERSON> video overview of it in February. The main thing that caught my eye (aside from the beautiful production) was the way the dice are used. Most action spaces have tiers of effectiveness. When using an action space that requires multiple dice, only the lowest die is considered when determining which tier benefit a player will receive. So for example, using a 1 and a 6 on a two die space would only net the player the 1 pip benefit. On the flip side of that, when players place dice on action space where other players have gone, they have to pay money equal to the lowest die they are placing - so high rolls are good, but those low dice still very much have a use.\nTraveling is my favorite part of the game. It is very exciting to look at the random set up of each game, and deciding which income bonuses and which large city action space are worth going for each game. I love the engine building feel of this part of the game. This is one of those games where the end comes, and I wish there was 1 or 2 more rounds so that I could really get my point generation going!\nMarco Polo is a wonderful game that you should certainly keep an eye out for when it hits in the next few months.\nSo - was this review helpful? Do you want to try Marco Polo? Are you going to be sure to steer clear? Or do you need to know more? Let me know in the comments below!", "629" ], [ "The Bottom Line\nPalazzo is an auction and drafting game that is suitable as a medium weight game for gamers, but, because of some fiddleyness and poor theme to mechanics integration, is not the best choice for non-gamers or as a gateway game. I recommend it only if you have gamers to play with, and need to add variety in the middle weight, forty-five minute niche.\nThe Rules\nIn Palazzo players represent renaissance era architects attempting to build the highest and best Palazzos that they can. Palazzos are considered better, and are awarded more points, if they are constructed out of a homogenous material (there are three construction materials available: marble, brick, and limestone), if they have a lot of windows and doors, and if they are at least three stories tall. In the end, the player with the most points wins.\nPlayers are given money in four different suits with which to buy the components of their Palazzos. Three of the suits each represent a different currency, the fourth is wildcards which can be any currency. Money may only be spent if it is all of a matching currency (wildcards can be added to any currency). One exception is if three money cards are played each from a different suit but of a matching denomination, in this case the three cards together are worth 15 regardless of their denomination. Such a “15 point set” can also be created by playing 3 wildcards together.\nMoney is spent on “stories” which are used to construct the <PERSON>. Stories come in one of three materials and with one to three windows. Additionally, each story is numbered from between one to five. The stories must be placed on a Palazzo in ascending order. In other words a Palazzo may start out with story one, then have story three, then story five, but it can’t have story one then story three then story two. The maximum height a Palazzo can achieve is thereby five stories. The material of a Palazzo may be mixed and matched but there is a point bonus for making homogeneous Palazzos.\nGame play is as follows:\nOn a players turn he may choose to take one action from the following three options.\n1) Take Money – If a player opts to take money he deals, face up, a number of money cards equal to the number of players plus one. The active player then selects any two of the money cards to add to his hand. The remaining players select, in turn order, one money card each.", "84" ], [ "There is no limit to the number of money cards a player can have nor to how many times in a row this action may be taken (at least until the money deck runs out).\n2) Build – If a player opts to build he turns over one tile from the appropriate tile deck (there are three tile decks of increasingly valuable stories. In this way the stories come out in a reasonable progression) and places it in the central market place (see picture below). He then takes a second tile and adds it to one of the quarries on the periphery. This is done by counting the number of windows on the tile and then counting that number of quarries ahead the Master Builder pawn. In this way more valuable tiles are place further from the Master Builder.\nThe active player then must decide if he wants to buy from the central market or from the quarries. If he opts for the central market then he may buy one or two tiles and each one costs ten minus the number of tiles that were present in the market at the beginning of his turn. So, for example, if there are three tiles in the central market a player may purchase one for seven, or two for fourteen. When a player pays he may overpay, but he may not make change for his payment.\nIf the player decides to buy from the quarries then he advances the Master Builder pawn one quarry clockwise, and all of the tiles in that quarry will be auctioned off to the highest bidder. The active player gets a free bid of three. Bidding proceeds in turn order with each player either increasing the bid or dropping out until only one player is left. That player pays his bid and takes the tiles in the quarry. Once again, players may add to their bid but cannot pick up their previous bids and make change.\nThere is one exception if there are four or more tiles in the quarry. In this case there is no auction. Players take turns selecting one tile from the quarry for free, any excess tiles are discarded.\nAfter a player acquires some tiles he must add them to his Palazzos. He may add a tile to an existing Palazzo as long as the story number of the new tile exceeds the highest story on the Palazzo. A player may also start a new Palazzo simply by placing a lone tile in front of him.", "84" ], [ "Image Courtesy of <PERSON>\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type – Euro Game\nPlay Time: 30-60 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-5 (Best 3+)\nMechanics – Tile Laying, Bidding, Valuation, Set Collection\nDifficulty – Pick-up & Play (Can be learned in 20 minutes)\nComponents – Excellent\nRelease – 2015\nAwards – 2016 Kennerspiel des Jahres (connoisseur/expert game of the year)\nDesigner – <PERSON> (Broom Service, Great Western Trail, The Mines of Zavandor, Mombasa, Oh My Goods!, Port Royal)\n+\n<PERSON> (Broom Service, Cash-a-Catch, Sewer Pirats)\nOverview and Theme\nThe Isle of Skye is a region of Scotland that resides in the northwest of the country. It is a land of rugged terrain featuring mountains, waterways, pastures, castles and narrow lochs. This is the setting for this tile-laying game and makes for some interesting and varied features on the game's many tiles.\nAs a Scottish Clan Chieftain, it is your responsibility to explore (lay tiles) in order to grow the size of your region. In doing so you will acquire livestock, farms, fishing boats and many other resources of note to help you claim the title of King of the Isles!\nInterestingly this game won the Kennerspiel des Jahres for its design duo, their second consecutive win after taking the award in 2015 with Broom Service. The Kennerspiel is a relatively new award in the family of Spiel des Jahres awards and was created to recognise games that offer a bit more than the entry level SdJ but are still less 'brain-burny' than the Deutscher Spiele Preis (DSP).\n<PERSON> won that award (DSP) for Mombasain 2016 and came an honourable runner-up to in 2017 with Great Western Trail.\nWhat I'm getting at here is that this design team and Pfisterin particular have hit the gaming scene in a big way in the last 3-5 years and have some serious gaming chops.\nSo join me lassie as we take a stroll through the hinterland and contemplate whether Isle of Skye sits well in such company.\nThe Components\nIsle of Skye is one of those games that is produced really well and you are proud to have it on your shelf and out on the gaming table...because it looks good.\nBoard – The game makes use of a smaller board that is not actually played on, instead it is used to track scoring and help manage aspects of the game. The board is also double-sided to manage the 5-player game differently to any other player count.\nThere are essentially 3 features of note on the board. The score track ranges from 0-50 and skirts the outer edge. A series of 4 arched windows are locations to place the randomly selected Scoring Tiles and these suggest you are looking out of your castle to the fields and oceans yonder.\nThe final element is the round\\turn track.", "470" ], [ "This horizontal row numbers each round and uses illustrations of bowls (on your table), upon which the Round Marker can move. From round 3 onwards a coin value is indicated, which is used to award supplemental income to some of the players (more on that later). Beneath each bowl are set of pennants are illustrated. These indicate which Scoring Tile will be active for each round and those same pennants can be found above the 4 arched windows.\nTwo reminders are also given regarding end of game scoring. We'll get to those shortly.\nOverall, the central board is more functional than breathtaking, but it makes use of contrasting colours to help it appeal to the eye.\nImage Courtesy of Alice87\nGame Tiles – The game tiles have a quality feel and look. The colours are engaging and the illustrations are both interesting and well laid out. A total of three terrains can be found in the game; pasture, mountain and water. A raft of other features are then added, which can help in scoring VPs. These features are of course strewn across the tiles in such a way that the game maintains a balance of sorts but they (the tiles) never look cluttered or too busy.\nThickness wise, these tiles are great. In relation to size they are exactly the same dimensions as those found in .", "872" ] ]

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[ [ "On what conditions would an alien's civilization be completely peacefull?\nI have been making noumerous quiestions about alien civilization when it comes to lacking things like greed, money or violence. The reason I'm doing this is because I'm designing an alien species which is completely peacefull with its own race and its environment. So my quiestion is, how could a civilization develop if it was peacefull from the beggining? I know that many of you would say that \"this is my world and I should do what I want\" but I want my world to be at least a bit realistic, and I could really use some help from profesionals. Now, I have thought a few things that may have pushed my race of aliens to be peacefull: • First of all, my species evolved and develop civilization on a small island in the middle of an ocean. So at the beggining there was only one small tribe that lived happily on its island eating fruits, insects and fishes (sidenote* there weren't any large herbivores for them to hunt or domesticate) Because of that, there was barely ever conflict in the island, because it was just one nation. If there were other nations then... well, most likely there would have been conflict and thus war. Plus, there were no other tribes in the rest of the world because as I mentioned at first, they all started at a small island. • Secondly, the females of this species were considered supperior. I'm not an expert, but I feel like women have a less violent nature tgan males, so making them be supperior seemed logical to me in order for there to be more peace. (Again, I'm not sure, don't judge) • Third, nature was like a goddess to them, even as they kept advancing. This sort of relligion, kept them away from causing mass destructions to their environment. It's not like they didn't alter their planet's ecosystem, but they never hunted other animals for fun and never took to much of what their world provided them. In essence, they though that they were part of the other lifeforms in the world and that they should use what the world provides them with consent. •Four: destroying the ecosystem wasn't an option anyways. Even with their religion there were some who supposed that they should do more massive changes to their planet but in term they could be harmful to nature. But this wasn't always easy due to the planets biosphere. Example someone wants to clear out the forest in wich they live to keep predators out, while this worked it brought a problem. Without the trees to cover them they were an easy target for large aerial predators.", "197" ], [ "Another example is when it comes to resources, let's say that in this species future they need metal and other minerals in order to build things like rockets or skyscrapes etc. While the best way to take a large amount of these metals was to create large mines, which would probably destroy a few forested areas, there was another problem. You see, in tgis world there were large worm like creatures that were feeding upon minerals. Since the people, were digging more and mire of them, the \"worms\" sensed all this food and came to feast upon it. Now, many of you would say that the best course of action would be for them to drive other creatures into extinction so that they can develop, and I agree. But because of this whole nature religion thing, the decided not to. Instead they found new and better solutions to their problems. Basically the were trying to find methods of keeping their effect on the world low. • Another thing to keep in mind is the way they started producing energy. You see, on their planet there are plants and trees that can produce a sort of electric sort and thus energy. So the people had a renewable and safisticated energy source. •Lastly, they had a knowedge based economy system. What do I mean by that? Well, to put it simply, if you wanted to buy something you had to learn something new. This sonething could be either an infirmation or a new skill. Now each person had its own personal file, where what he or she had learned was written down. Not only did that economic system, made people more eager to learn, it also made crime a thing of the past. I nean, how can you steel knowelge? You can't. Those are my soeculations on how my race turned out to be peacefull. Now I'm just asking if these would really work, and if anything else needs editing.", "121" ], [ "Alien ecosystem and intelligent life\nI'm currently designing an alien world that has a rich biosphere. Now, one thing about the lifeforms of this planet is that they have a completely different genetic code than us. Apart from being different, their genetic code has some.. \"different settings\", than ours. To make this more clear, here on Earth most scientists say that the goal of all lifeforms is to ensure the survival of their own and the next generation. As for the planet I'm designing, the goal of every lifeform is to ensure the balance of the ecosystem. What do I mean by that: Well for starters, the animals aren't competing with other ones of their species for territory or food. In fact, animals and plants would rather share food, living space, soil for plants etc. Apart from that, most species on the planet are social creatures and almost no creature is on it's own. Even plants are cooperating with each other by sending nutrients to other plants via their \"roots\". Now on this planet, there is the predator and prey relationship, but the primorial reason for this is so that no species will grow too big in numbers and cause damage to the environment. If a species is on the path to cause damage to the ecosystem on a big scale then the ecosystem will sort of try to \"fix\" this.", "197" ], [ "Basically, it's like the ecosystem has a mind of its own. Now, as for how this whole \"ecosystem brain\" works, I'll explain. First thing I should say, all plant species have neurons. What does that have to do with the ecosystem you ask? You see, as I mentioned earlier, the plants of this planet can communicate with each other to exchange information with each other. This way they know when is a good time to floorish or leave their seeds and also when plant eating animals are around the area. Now animals have a way to access this information. For example plant eating animals can sense when the plants that they like are ready to eat. Of course the plants can sense it back so, tgey inform each other that a herbivore is coming. The reason they do this though is not to put out some sort of defence, but in hopes that a nearby carnivore will sense this sort of signal and go to eat the hebivore. So basically this creatures have a way to connect with the rest of the planet. On this planet, there is also an intelligent lifeform that has developed an advanced civilization. Their species, is completelly peacefull, they have never driven other species into extinction, they live in balance with their ecosystem and their motive for advancement was purely curiousity and wonder. Now my quiestion is, could this planet and the fanction of its ecosystem really exist?", "445" ], [ "What if an advanced alien civilization wanted to save the Earth's ecosystem and help humanity advance as a species?\nLet's say that one day an advanced alien civilization comes to Earth and for reasons unknown, they want to save the Earth's ecosystem and biosphere and help humans develop into the next stage of civilization. But how exactly would they do that? I've though of it myself though and there are many things that seems to be a problem. First of all, I think its very clear that many nations would be shocked and paranoid by the mere existense of the aliens, and with that chaos going on, it's reasonable to assume that some nation will probably assume that the aliens are a threat and try to nuke them (Looking at you North Korea). That in term I think, would make it more difficult for the aliens to help us and perhaps pisses them off and then try to destroy us instead. Apart from that, even if the world decided to accept their help, I think the goverment would really listen to the aliens. The aliens would probably know that in order for the world to get better, humans have to get better as well and, assuming that the aliens decide not to brainwash us or something, that would be extremely difficult.", "197" ], [ "Given man's nature, humans aren't the most welcoming beings when it cones to change. And that counts for saving the environment as well. I'll give an example: \"One of the alien's say to the humans that they should stop using fossil fuels because it destroys the environment and instead they will give us a new form of energy. Of course, there's a problem. If the fossil fuels factories close the companies and therefore the government will lose money and as far as I know, the companies wouldn't accept that and most likely they would hire someone to kill the alien before it convinces anyone to use the new energy\". So my quiestion is, if the aliens were determined to help our planet and species, how would they go about it? Note: Brainwashing our species or using force is not an option.", "197" ], [ "Creating an interesting openining\nAbout me\nSo, hello everybody. I am quite new here. I'm trying to bring down a story on paper for quite some time now. Funnily enough I'd rather not be writing, but there is this 'tale worth telling' in my head that won't let go and I just want to find the right words to express it. I've once heard there are 2 types of writers, and I am definitively an architect. I can write down a few hundred pages of worldbuilding and chararcters, but I scrap most of my stories after the first chapter, because my writing doesn't live up to my expectations. Normally I try to change some aspects of my plot, try something different or just start at another point after a few failures, but for quite some time now, I am stuck with the same concept and can't even get a proper prolog done, that I deem as interesting enough to even be worth proof-reading ever again.\nThe Setting\nMy story is set in an medieval fantasy world. The prolog starts right in a forest, it's autumn and a storm builds up at the horizon. There is a little castle on top of a small hill in this forest. It's more of a ruin than a fortress, but it is in a pretty defensible position. In the forest, covered by the shadow of the incoming clouds, hunderts of Orcs march towards the hillfort, which is held by a small garrison of humans and serves as a prison. The protagonist of this short introduction is a mighty warlord amongst the orcs. His brother has been imprisoned under false allegations and he has mobilized an army to free him.", "248" ], [ "Once he enters the prison he doesn't find his brother, but a secret passage where he frees an immortal being (the true protagonist), who has been betrayed by the self-proclaimed gods of this world, who feared that he might challange their undisputed rule, if they don't stop his sudden rise to power. Unable to kill him, they managed to capture him and lock him somewhere where he should never be found, due to some 'divine intervention' from some of his former allies amongst the gods (which noone should be aware of), the orc sets him free. He destorys the whole hill in his fury and leaves.\nMy Struggle\nI've put quite some thoughts into this prolog. I want it to establish the orcs as an itelligent and strong species (they are supposed to be the descendents of survivors for a thermo-nuclear war, while the humans are descendents of people who fled into space or cryo-sleep and then came back to reclaim their planet, which created an ever-lasting conflict between them and the orcs), who believe to act on a moral high ground. I want to create a recognizable character for the orcish warlord, as he is supposed to reappear later and become an important character for my story and I want to establish my immortal prisoner as a ruthless and embittered anti-hero, who, though once being a kind person, is now purely driven by his wish for revenge.\nHow to start?\nI've tried a few different ways to start this prolog already\n* I've tried to start with a \"cinematic intro\". In my imagination this idea turned into the first few minutes of a movie. An sole eagle flies over an stone tower in the middle of the woods. Covered by the trees there is a small fortress, a strong wind sweeps in dark and mighty storm clouds, the dives in the forest, passes a column of big, grim-looking creatures and lands on the hand of the orcish warlord. In the end I spent waay to much time into describing the situation (I also tend to use long sentences with lots of adjectives), and then struggled to cut to the action fluently, which would discourage any reader)\n* I've also tried to start with some kind of exposition-dump. I am big fan of <PERSON>, as he creates a living world right at the start of his books, despite writing half a dozen pages just describing a hobbit hole, but I didn't like the kind of narrator he uses. I decided against it, because I couldn't find a way to build it into my prolog without replacing it completely.\n* Many books I've read (I started reading just waaay after school when i learned that books can actually be interesting and engaging, so my bookshelf isn't too full yet) start with a casual conversation (like in asoiaf or metro) as their prolog. I liked that kind of introduction, but I often end up ruining its purpose of a fluid tranistion right into the story by letting my characters talk in expostion-dumps. I've tried this a few times in my prolog, too.", "248" ], [ "How to effectively defeat an alien \"infection\"?\nI was thinking on the classic alien mass which spreads throught almost any surface, and in contact with live beings, it doesn't consumes them, but takes control of their minds in order to vary the means of spreading, which also can be the ability to control complex machinery.\nOn my story, a contamined alien ship falls on a planet, and something on it would harm the infection enough to the main \"host\" be able to wake up from the mind control.\nI am trying to imagine a \"natural\" way to stop it, as if it was original from that planet itself, instead of something made by intelligent life beings. Also, consider it without any magic or similar. My first idea was simply a different type of crystals, which these could be harmful to the infection in some way, but I decided to see if there is better ways to deal with it, intead of having these crystals scattered around the surface of the planet.\nI am open to ideas, doesn't need to be scientifically accurate, only rational enough to work.\nEdit: Well, this is my first question, so I didn't knew how to make it properly, I ask apologizes(my first language isnt english, so bad grammar may happen)\nThe disease was found in an abandoned asteroid, by a team trying to mine its resources.", "239" ], [ "It is resistant to fire and can grow at fast speed in vacuum, however it still can grow in atmosphere. It is fully sentient, and works as a hive mind, until he gains control of the protagonist, using him to achive goals of further spread, as he is expert in controling spacecrafts. The disease also can grow tentacle-like parts in order to hold the \"victim\" and other objects of its interest. Some parts of it has \"blob\" like substances, these can explode and send parts of the infection further away, ir instantly contaminate the target.\nWhen I said \"harm it enough to wake up the main host\", I meant that it was in control of the protagonist, and the crash in the planet made able to him break free from the disease, because of the factor in the planet.", "238" ], [ "How could work a functional secondary respiration system (\"Universal\" respiration/lungs) at terrestrial and active creatures?\nFollowing the path of my super predator, I thought that one interesting characteristic can be breath while is eating or producing sounds, an addition that could be useful for do not lose time during the alimentation or eat while is running and for some intelligence comunicate with others or produce sounds to trick the preys. (But also I want genetical modifcated humanoids with a similar characteristic, for this the requirement of the voice).\nIn simple words I want to know how to separe the respiratory, vocal and ingestive tracts. Working indepently\nSo, I was considering some options for this but till now dont fill my expectatives:\n1. The whale, in this case I am not sure but remember that whales have differencied plates between the trachea and esophagus, because the trachea is just conected eith the nostrils and the esophagus, so the eating while breathing could be solved, but the comunication still being basic the most time. (I dont know if dolphins with a more complex language have the same system).\n2. The next options were amphibiasn like axolotls, this animals have 3 respiratory systems, lung, dermical and gill respiration, but the dermical is denied when I remembered that this requires a very sensible skin which also makes dehydration a more notorious problem and gills (till where I know) probably can not make atmosferical oxygen exchange.\n3.", "671" ], [ "Then the banshees from avator looked like a good option, but I dont know if a respiratory system like this really could work in phyisical and biological terms of the real life. Because have a respiratory tract divided in two widely separated respiratory passages, in what would be the collarbone and with a head obvioulsy used for feeding and that can produce sounds, this made thought that can inhale by this passages and exhale by the neck and then mouth. And in addition because have wings looks like they do not have problems with the force of the arms Following this concept, the most realistic thing that I found were the Alphynix's land sharks, but they can not exhale by the mouth.\n4. And as a last option something like the xenomorph respiration. Probably based on insects but upgrade than just be passive, the xenomorphs can take air from their pipes or chimneys, and decide if want exhale from these or for the mouth. But neverless can create a several structural problems to the muscle anchors, bones and the pipes look that can not filter air or be closed (even if in some movies can swim or stay at space). So, the biomechanics still being complicated\nSo, how could be a good respiratory system that can do at least two of the three proposed actions at the same time? (Would be amaizing if can do three actions at the same time).\nAnd the bigger complications would come if I want specific functions like the super efficient oxygenation of the sauropods, the air sacks from birds, the powerful lungs of cheetahs and horses or the resistance of humans, but I thought I will search solutions then, but if now you have possible solutions do not hesitate to say it.\nMaybe I have been too conventional and for that I can not think more alternatives.", "671" ], [ "Could a Giant Earth planet have lower gravity than Earth?\nI'm writing a neo-pulp adventure and one of the planets that appears needs to have the following characteristics:\n* Is populated by giant non-sentient non-humanoid insect-like aliens, some from the sizes of cattle but some from the size of a Boeing 747. Some of the bigger creatures should be able to fly.\n* The atmosphere is very thick and most of the planet is very jungle-like like a rain forest.\n* The flora is not so Earth-like, there are no trees, but plants with flowers can grow taller than redwoods.\n* There will be one type of spider-like creature that creates something similar to a spider web but strong enough to capture a small flying vehicle. Thus this creature should be able climb plants.\nNow I was thinking that for many of these characteristics it should have lower gravity however I'm not sure if is physically possible for a rocky planet some N times Earth's size to have lower gravity.", "922" ], [ "I know that a planet's gravity has to do also with density and not only size, but again, not sure if a rocky planet can not be dense enough to have lower gravity than Earth. Another possibility is to make the opposite, a planet with high gravity with its fauna adapted to it, however in that case I doubt flight will be possible.\nKeep in mind that: * Earthlings (as I'm not using the term human) are not going to stay there for much longer, just a couple of days, weeks at most. * If Gravity is higher than Earth it should not crushed humans and human-size aliens that arrive there, but can cause some discomfort.\n* Technically is not necessary for it to be a super Earth, even an Earth-size planet is still huge but if possible to keep this will be more fun. * Is preferable that the atmosphere is human-breathable.\nThanks in advance.\nPD: Is a neo-Pulp novel so is certainly not hard sci-fi, science doesn't have to be rigorous (although some scientific accuracy doesn't hurt anyone) but the point is it's soft sci-fi as long as avoids magic or fantasy explanations will be enough.", "947" ], [ "First of all. Let me make some basic assumptions. I will assume your world will consist of mostly ocean. I will also assume that there are many continents roughly the same size that we have on earth. That will mean an awefull lot of continents. Furthermore I will assume that your humans evolved on this world.\nEvolution One light year means that on with a speed of 1km/h one would need 1 billion years to cross the planet. With this speed a species that reaches the other side of the world would have evolved into something completelly different by that time.", "258" ], [ "This speed would also mean that even if we assume life starts at one place by one billion years life would be everywhere.\nProbably live would move to each continent separately, but nearby continent would influence one another.\nIntelligence Intelligent life could evolve on many of these continent. But it would still be unlikely for two species to evolve to intelligence at exactly the same time on neighbouring continents.\nLooking at human evolution it appears that we could not cross any oceans until quite late in our evolution. The americas where only settled 40000 years ago. That means that for most of its evolution sentient life will be bound to only a few continents.\nOnly after devoloping ships will people discover the other islands. Note that by that time the people will propably already have developed an advanced culture.\nFrom there a culture can spread across the rest of the world at a relative slow speed. In our society it took only a few centuries from there to developing modern communication technology.\nEffects This would mean that each civilization has a mother continent from where it originates. Politically people further away will become independent from their mother continent. However it would be unlikelly for them to lose all communication with their mother continent.\nSome information of general interest (scientific for instance) could well spread very wide, but a lot of information will probably be only of local interest and people on other continent would not be interested in them.", "335" ] ]

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[ [ "How I Build an A-Frame Playhouse\nIntroduction: How I Build an A-Frame Playhouse\nFor the last few years my kids have had a small playhouse to play in, it went from on the ground to on stilts to having a decking with a slide but it was getting old and it was time for an upgrade.\nMy wife gave me a crude pencil drawing and sent me A LOT of Instagram and Pinterest pictures. So i pulled what was feasible from them all and came up with a simple 2.4m x 2.4m platform with a simple A-Frame house design. No doors or windows, completely open but built so the kids can imagine it as anything wanted inside.\nThe whole design consisted of the following key points:\n* 2.4m x 2.4m deck\n* 2ft of the ground\n* Steps to get up and down\n* Ramp to go up and down\n* Depth of 5ft for the house\n* Wood shingles on the roof\n* Boho style and feel to the project\nWith that in mind i created a parts list :\n* 2.4m x 2.4m decking kit\n* 10 2.4m 2x3 timber for the frame\n* 5 2.4m 2x3 timber for the legs\n* 2 packs of cedar roof shingles (5 SqrMtr)\n* 5 bags of quickcrete\n* 1 bulk bag of stone\n* Waterproof membrane\n* Hesian/cotton type material (I used a cotton dust sheet)\n* Gravel Membrane\nI was incredibly lucky to have gotten in touch with the team at eDecks.co.uk who loved the idea and design of the project and wanted to get involved. They supplied The decking kit as well as the shingles for the roof however upon searching throught the Massive amount of different materials and tools they have available you can get everything you need from for this particular project in one place as well as everything you need for any project. The best part is they also have options to purchase rejected items, for example decking boards with knots in or a few scuff marks here and there. The delivery was super quick and it was dropped off in the morning with everything i needed to get going with the project.\nThank you eDecks for your support!\nHead to https://www.edecks.co.uk\nLets get building\nStep 1: Clearing and Prepping the Area\nFirst thing I did was cut down the 2x3 timber into 3ft length, glued and screwed them together to create 5 posts that were 3ft long and 3x4\" in diameter. I used some black outdoor paint to treat them, and help them last as long as possible.\nWhile they were drying I removed the old playhouse and salvaged as much usable timber as possible. I removed the only house, weeds, things my kids and lost in the wilderness underneath and moved the existing stones that were there already.\nOnce this was all gone, I went ahead and raked all the loose soil into a flat useable space. I then placed the first post in the back left corner of the area leaving around 150mm from the wall and the fence, marked the location and dug a 1ft x 1ft hole 1ft deep.", "47" ], [ "I braced the post and measured 2.4m in both directions and used a string line and stakes to mark out the next two posts. I followed the same process to get the location of the 4th post. It is important to measure from corner to corner in both directions to ensure you are square.\nI then ran a string line from all four corners, crossing in the middle to find my final centre post location. One i had all the locations its time to dig. When installing fence posts the rule of thumb is to dig down a third of the total height sticking out of the ground, for example a 6ft fence post should go at least 2ft into the ground meaning the post will be 8ft in total length. As the posts were sticking out of the ground 2ft I dug down 1ft and made the holes 1ft wide to be on the safe side.\nAfter the holes were dug I rolled out the gravel membrane and cut crosses where the posts were going.\nNow were ready to get building\nStep 2: Setting the Posts\nSetting the posts in incredible important and a step you should take time doing. DO NOT RUSH THIS PART.\nI was fortunate to have a brick wall at the back of the build so I utilised that to get the same height across all four posts as the ground is not even. I marked on the wall 2ft from the ground and started in the back left corner. I put a small later of stone at the bottom of the hole for the post to sit on, put the post in the hole and braced I using some offcuts.", "220" ], [ "How to Make a DIY Crank Table for Garden or Indoor - Can Turn From Coffee Table to Dining Table (using Decking and Jacton Hand Crank).\nIntroduction: How to Make a DIY Crank Table for Garden or Indoor - Can Turn From Coffee Table to Dining Table (using Decking and Jacton Hand Crank).\nI have always loved hand crank tables but they are either really expensive or not the right size. So instead I decided to make my own with an imported crank, timber and decking. With the right equipment the project takes a few hours only and allows for a very versatile table that can be used as a coffee table or as a dining table. It is designed to sit 6 (3 on each side) but could do eight if you have a person at each end.\nThe dimensions are:\nWidth: 75cm\nLength: 186cm\nMin Height: 52cm\nMax height: 82cm\nThe difficult part was sourcing the crank. The carpentry is pretty straight forward.\nSupplies\nTools and Supplies needed:\n* 4 x Decking Timber (45mm x 66mm x 2000mm)\n* 6 x Decking boards (26mm x 117mm x 3000mm)\n* Decking screws\n* Nylock bolts and nuts\nTools:\n* Hand saw or chop saw\n* Wrench set\n* Tape measure\n* Drill and drill bits\n* Router for edging (optional)\nStep 1: Order the Hand Crank\nThe key thing for the project, is that you need to purchase the crank mechanic, axle, and hand turning wheels and coupling connections.\nI ordered the ones Here from JactonIndustry Co in Guandong, China. These come as a pair with all of the correct connections and can lift 2.5 tonnes. The cost when ordered was a couple of hundred dollars at the time but note that the shipping from China was about the same cost (they organise this for you via FEDEX). There may be local suppliers near to you but I could not find one near me and therefore paid the shipping.\nI have to say the service from Jacton was excellent with brilliant comms the whole way and the products are really well packaged. Exact dimensions are included in the PDF for info and their contact details are on the website.\nThey have a youtube of the product here.\n(Note - you use Grease 2 on these when you need additional lubricant.) See my watch outs at the bottom.\nStep 2: Make a Frame for the Hand Crank\nStep two is to create a frame that holds the crank mechanic securely, but also allows enough height for the table to be at dining height or at coffee table height.\nStart by cutting two lengths of timber that are 141.5cm in length (we used outdoor decking timber with a width of 6.6cm and a depth of 4.5cm).\nThen drill holes that are 12mm in diameter and attach the two crank mechanics (1 cm from the end of the wood). See image.", "787" ], [ "I used bolts (12mm diameter and 8.5cm in length) with nylock nuts\nThen create four legs that provide the crank enough height to work properly. To do this cut four pieces of the the same timber used before at a length of 31cm and attach these using a simple rabbet joint.\nFinally add a strip of wood at the base for stability. I cut this at 68cm long with a 45 degree angle to avoid tripping over it. This is attached with decking screws.\nStep 3: Add Tabletop Base Support\nUse decking (we used thermo treated pine), which was 26mm x 117mm x 3000mm.\nCut two decking lengths of 75cm in length and drill four holes (12mm) that align with the top of the crank mechanic. Note the bolts need to be countersunk so they do not interfere with the table top being attached.\nStep 4: Add Table Top From Decking\nFor this step, you will need 5 pieces of decking. We chose a length of 186cm in length for the longest section, because it would sit three people each side with a final table width of 75cm.\nYou also need decking spacers (see picture attached) for even distribution.\nWe chose to angle the ends in an octagonal shape (135 degrees inner angle) because this is the shape of our balcony. You can chose to do this with a simple rectangle of course if you prefer to maximise the space.\nThese should then be screwed to the cross beam that you attached in Step 3 with decking screws. We used two per beam at each end. See the photo attached.\nNote - I added additional wooden supports in a z shape underneath for added strength at this point. See picture.\nI also cut a hole for an umbrella pole.", "56" ], [ "Wooden Box Planter\nIntroduction: Wooden Box Planter\nHaving recently built a new fence around the garden I had plenty of offcuts of wood.\nNot wanting to throw them away, I had to make use of them in some way.\nSo a raised box on legs for plants seemed a suitable use for the offcuts.\nSupplies\nDecking board 1.8M x 120mm x 24mm\nStick Timber 1.8M x 50mm x 50mm\nExternal wood screws 5mm x 50mm\nSaw\n3mm Drill bit\nDrill\nScrewdriver.\nTri square\nRuler\nTape Measure\nMarker/Pencil\nG clamps/Adjustable clamps\nStep 1: Design\nThe wooden box planter is designed in Tinkercad using Code blocks at 1/10 scale.\nThe design is available at Elevated_box_planter | Tinkercad\nStep 2: Box Elements\nUsing two decking planks, measure 4 lengths of 56cm and cut the decking, these will form the front and back.\nCut 8 x 24 cm lengths these will form the sides and the base.\nCut the timber stick to create two length of 51cm, these will form the support for the base.\nStep 3: Base Corners\nTake two of the base boards and mark two 50mm x 50mm squares on one long side of each board aligning one with the top edge and one with the bottom edge.\nCut these four squares from the two boards these will form the entry points for the legs.\nAlign the short end of the base support with the inset vertical edge of the base corner board.\nAlign all 4 corners to form a rectangle and in each of these corners insert a screw.\nPrior to inserting the screws drill a pilot hole with the 3mm drill bit, this will prevent the wood splitting when the screw is inserted.\nStep 4: Long Sides\nPosition the long sides front and back and attach with 2 screws per support block.\nThe screws should be positioned so as to enter the midline of the support block at ~25mm\nStep 5: Short Sides\nThe four offcuts from the support are used to enable the short sides to be fitted by first attaching them to the outer edge of the corner supports.\nOnce these are attached the sides can be screwed in place.\nStep 6: Level One\nThe long and short sides attached so far are only the first level as another row is required to complete the box.\nThe other four sides are attached to the legs.\nStep 7: Attaching Legs\nThe legs are inserted into the corner openings previously created.\nThey are inserted so as to have 30cm visible below the bottom of the box.\nOnce measured mark a line in case the leg moves.\nAttach the leg to the first row by the corner of the long and short sides with 2 vertically aligned screws, repeat for all four legs.\nThe screws should be positioned so as to enter the midline of the support block at ~25mm\nStep 8: Level Two\nOnce the legs are secure fit the long and short sides by screwing these to the legs with 2 vertically aligned screws.\nThe screws should be positioned so as to enter the midline of the support block at ~25mm\nA gap of 24mm is created by using a short piece of decking board as a spacer between the first and second level.\nOnce the sides are fitted the spacer can be removed.\nStep 9: Finally\nApply preservative, stain and or paint as required then include plants in pots or grow bags.", "401" ], [ "Kids Sandpit With Seating Lid\nIntroduction: Kids Sandpit With Seating Lid\nThe kids will soon be breaking up for their summer holidays so what better time is there than now to make them a sandpit? This one is made from decking boards and incorporates a folding lid design that opens out to create seating.\nHere is the full step by step video:\nSupplies\nMaterials Used:\n* Decking\n* 38mm Square Wood\n* T Hinges\n* Screws\n* Landscaping Fabric\n* Staples\n* Play Sand\n* Garden Paint\nTools Used:\n* Hand Saw\n* Drill\n* Sandpaper\n* Paint Brush\n* Scissors\n* Staple Gun\nStep 1: Create the Sandpit Frame\nThe first job is to cut the decking boards to length. The boards I used were 2.4m long so I measured and marked halfway and cut them to length. I used a hand saw to cut the boards but you could use a powered saw too. 4 boards will be enough to create the frame when stacked 2 boards high.\nTo join the boards together we need some square material in the corners. I used 38mm x 38mm wood. This is plenty big enough for this application. I cut 4 pieces to length making sure their length matched the width of 2 decking boards butted together. that was roughly 25cm in my case.\nWith those cut, it's time for assembly. I first drilled pilot holes through the decking boards and into the square wood. Making sure the decking was butted tight together and flush on the ends with the square wood pieces. They could then be secured together with 2 screws for each board. I repeated this onto the other side too.\nThat gives us 1 side piece with 2 corner pieces attached. Repeat the process to create another side piece exactly the same.\nThese can then be joined together with the remaining decking boards to create a square frame. Make sure the decking is sitting flush on both ends before securing with screws.\nYou could stop here if you like, you have the basic sandpit frame made. I recon the folding lid is a great addition though.\nStep 2: Create the Folding Lid\nThe first step for creating the lid is to cut some more decking boards to length. The amount you'll need will vary depending on how wide the boards are but for a rough estimate, I used 5 boards (cut in half) to cover a 1.2m x 1.2m sandpit.\nYou'll want to cut the boards to match the width of the sandpit, in our case that's 1.2m long.\nYou can then secure 2 boards to the frame with screws at both ends. These sit flush on the ends and will give us something to attach the hinges to. They also provide support for the seat later.\nWith those fixed in place, we can add 2 more boards at both ends but these get attached with T hinges and braces.", "401" ], [ "First secure them together with the hinges, 2 on each side. Then secure those hinges to the boards that we fixed in place earlier. The hinges will hold the boards but it's not very strong so using the same wood we used in the corners cut some braces. I cut 4 in total, 2 for each side. I also cut away the corners and sanded them round to make them look like little armrests.\nThey can then be attached to the underside of the boards with screws. Make sure they sit inside the frame though. Double-check the lid will close ok without the braces hitting the side of the frame. Do the same to the other side too.\nThe final board to add in place at each end is attached with T hinges too, slightly shorter ones though. They get attached on the underside this time too, that way the final board can fold in the opposite direction to create a backrest. Again, it will need some braces made from the same wood we used for the other braces. These are cut slightly oversized though. They are only fixed to the one board with screws because this allows them to swing over and interact with the frame itself. They lean against it creating a really strong back rest support. They also work great as handles to open and close the lid sections.\nStep 3: Paint & Add Sand\nThe next step is totally up to you. It's time to decide what kind of colour scheme you want to go with. I went with blue garden paint but you can choose any colour you like for this. There are a variety of outdoor paint and preservers to choose from so go with what you think will suit your garden best.\nOnce it's had its chosen finish applied you can add the landscaping fabric to keep the sand in place and prevent weeds poking through. Attach the fabric to the frame with staples and cut to size with scissors.\nWhen adding the sand please make sure you're using play sand or sandpit sand.", "959" ], [ "🐦 House Sparrow 🐦 Bird Box Terrace 🐦\nIntroduction: 🐦 House Sparrow 🐦 Bird Box Terrace 🐦\nBased on a number of comments I've had from my USA readers please read this note before embarking on this project...\nThe House Sparrow is an invasive species to the Americas, as such should NOT be encouraged. You could use this instructable as a starting point for a box that encourages your native species.\nPlease take into consideration your local wildlife recommendations for house styles.\nI'm lucky enough to be in the UK and have a tree and bushes outside our front window, for years now I've been feeding the house sparrows that congregate there. Sometimes there are 40-50 birds chirping away.\nA couple of years ago I put up a cheap bird house that was immediately occupied and saw two broods.\nI decided this year they would get a house upgrade to a terrace of four houses they could share with their friends.\nSupplies\nThe supplies for this one is fairly simple, about 4 metres (4.4') of rough sawn timber and some outdoor screws. If you decide to go over the top (as I did) 5–6 metres (5.5–6.5') of 7 mm (0.28\") western red cedar.\nI also used an air staple gun to attach the shingles.\nStep 1: Bird Terrace Design\nThe design of the terrace was based around the original single bird house. This was obviously the right size and shape, so was a good starting point.\nI've attached the original SketchUp file so you can edit it if you choose. I've also put all the individual images into a single PDF file for those who don't have SketchUp.\nStep 2: Preparing the Planks\nUnfortunately the length of the planks I got were too big to be safely cut on my table saw.\nI use my chop saw very infrequently, so it is packed away. I had to cut them down to length with the circular saw.", "644" ], [ "To make sure this was straight I clamped a framing square and cut to that.\nOnce I had cut the pieces to length I used the planer to square them up, then a few passes through the thicknesser to get them all to the same thickness.\nGetting the pieces square and the same thickness is very important for the next step.\nStep 3: Making the Front and Back\nThe planks I had were only 150 mm (5.9\") wide, so I had to join two lengthwise to get the width needed.\nHaving got the boards straight and flat I joined them using Kreg pocket screws, waterproof wood glue was also used.\nI used dog hole clamps to make sure the faces were flat while the pocket screws were screwed in.\nChecking on the angle of the top edge in the SketchUp design, I needed 72.6º. Having zeroed the angle finder the closest I could get it was 72.7º, I was happy that a 0.1º error wouldn't be noticed by the sparrows.\nThis angle was cut to the top edge of both the front and back pieces.\nWhile the angle was set on the saw I also ran the cut along the back of the lid. I left the front of the lid so there was a rain overhang.\nStep 4: Making the Separators\nThe SketchUp image here shows the sizes required for the separators, the two larger ones are for the ends and three shorter ones are required for the internal separators.\nOne of the dangers of cutting lengths of wood on a table saw is trapping the wood between the blade and fence. To stop this I have a piece of 20 mm (7.87\") wide wood that bolts through the fence, the wood to be cut is butted to the fake fence then cut, it makes sure there is enough space so the cut piece doesn't get trapped.\nWith the 5 lengths cut I then added the angled cut to the top. The angle is 72.6º the same as the top edges. I used the mitre guide sliding table on the saw. My saw has a really handy 'yellow dot' on the saw bed, marked on this is the kerf of the blade, it makes it super easy to line up the corner to cut to.\nStep 5: Entrance Holes\nThe entrance holes for bird houses have very specific dimensions depending on the bird they are intended for. For the house sparrow it needs to be 32 mm (1.26\").\nThe SketchUp image shows the layout of the entrance holes.\nThe holes were marked out, then drilled using a 32 mm (1.26\") Forstner bit in a pillar drill.", "599" ], [ "Adjustable Drawing/drafting Table\nIntroduction: Adjustable Drawing/drafting Table\nMy latest project is super important for me. I have recently decided to go back into product design and wanted an area that I can work from that isn't a boring desk. I decided to design and fabricate my own drawing/drafting table using steel A frame legs and a big hefty piece of Oak.\nThe design had 3 important parts that were a must.\n1. It had to look industrial\n2. It had to have a big chunky flat work surface\n3. It needed to be adjustable\nThe gas strut allows me to set the table angle at any angle between 7 and 40 degrees meaning while drawing I can easily change the angle of the table to suit my needs by either pulling up or pushing down on the table.\nSupplies\nI used the following materials:\nFor the frame\n6M of 40x40x3mm mild steel box section\nThe steel was supplied by Rapidmetals.co.uk, it was delivered within 2 days of the order being placed, packaged really well and secure, the pieces were cut to the correct length and cut at perfect 90degree angles (which when working with any material at exact lengths, this is important). You can see from the image attached that they amount of different materials they have available is huge and although they are called rapidmetals.co.uk they also have engineering plastics. Although there is a large amount of information on their website they also have an online chat and a super fast email response times.\nThis is the first time using this company and it will not be the last! I work on multiple projects each year and I will be using rapidmetals.co.uk for all.", "787" ], [ "Thank you rapidmetals for supporting this project.\nThe mechanism\nThe adjustment of the table top angle is achieved using two flange bearing units with 20mm ID\nOne 250mm gas strut to keep the table top at the correct angle (The weight of the table top stops the strut from fully extending.\nTwo 100mm 20mm wide steel round bar\nThe table top\nThe table top is a 980x625x40mm solid Oak kitchen worktop offcut that was found on Facebook marketplace. I decided to use this as its big, chunky, aesthetically what I'm looking for and importantly its flat.\nStep 1: Fabricating the a Frame Legs\nThe first thing I did was use my CNC software to create the legs digitally which gives me the exact angle needed at the top and bottom of the steel to achieve the correct angle of the A frame. I printed the angle sections, checked they were 40mm wide (width of the steel), cut them out and glued them to the ends of the steel with Pritt Stick. Doing this give me the exact lines i needed to cut in the steel and by putting a template on both sides of the steel it means the cuts on both sides are even, especially when cutting with an angle grinder!\nI did the same thing for both ends of the leg for all four legs. Once the angles were cut I cleaned and chamfered the edges to allow for a better connection when welding, clamped two legs to the table in the correct place and stick welded down the seam.\nWhen welding I tack welded on one side first, flipped the legs over, checked the joint was ok and welded fully around all edges. Once the top was welded I added small square caps to the bottom of the legs and cleaned all the welds up with a flap disc on the angle grinder.\nStep 2: Fabricating the Table Top Mounts\nThe table top mounts were a very similar process to the A frame legs however I was able to scribe a 45degree line on the steel using a set square as a guide rather than printing the angles.\nThe mounts are 250mm pieces of steel box section with two 45degree angles, welded together to form a V shape. I created a small 45degree jig using my CNC machine for a project a number of years ago which came in handy to clamp the steel too, ensuring it stayed at the 45degree angle.\nI also welded a 100mm piece of 20mm round steel in the corner of the V to create the pivot point. This was done with careful measurements and using welding magnets to keep it in place. Although this is critical, to ensure the pivot points are in the same place on both mounts, the flanged bearings do have some play in them if they don't sit exactly the same\nOnce the pivot pieces were welded I added extended caps onto the ends of the V and drilled two screw holes to allow me to fix them to the table top.\nThis was then repeated as two of these mounts are needed.\nStep 3: Mounting the Bearings and the Table Top\nMounting the bearings\nAs the two A frame legs were identical mounting the bearings was easy.", "787" ], [ "Tensegrity Lampshade\nIntroduction: Tensegrity Lampshade\nThis is the fourth in a series of Tensegrity projects having previously made projects with 3D printing and wood, this time I make use of Acrylic sheet. Previous projects include: Tensegrity Planter & Tensegrity Shelf\nThis would employ Tensegrity at multiple points on multiple levels to create a Lampshade.\nUsing eight C suspensions over two levels with shared wires over the two levels to reduce the number of tensioning wires.\nSupplies\nAcrylic sheet White: 5mm x 160mm x 160mm - Qty 2\nAcrylic sheet Black: 5mm x 160mm x 160mm\nAcrylic sheet Clear: 5mm x 60mm x 60mm\nAcrylic sheet source.\nAcrylic Clear Tube: 25mm(Outer dia.) x 21mm(Inner dia.) x 155mm(L)\nBrass Wire: 0.4mm diameter\nM3 Grub Screws: 3mm - Qty 24\nM3 bolts: 16mm - Qty 3\nM2 bolts: 4mm - Qty 16\nM2 bolts: 20mm - Qty 12\nChrome plated copper pipe 50mm dia. x 155mm (L)\nPlastic plant pot 100mm dia.", "31" ], [ "x 80mm (H)\nReady mix cement\nCork mat or felt\nAcrylic Adhesive\nMulti purpose Adhesive\nNo affiliation to any of the suppliers used in this project, feel free to use your preferred suppliers and substitute the elements were appropriate to your own preference or subject to supply.\nMany of these items are also available at DIY stores.\nTools\nPliers\nCutters\nHole saw 54mm\nHole saw 50mm\nHole saw 38mm\nHole saw 32mm\nSaw\nCombination square\nMarker/Scribe\nCompass\nScrew drivers\nAllen keys\nDrill\n2mm drill bit\n3mm drill bit\n15mm masonary drill\nClamps\nFile\nSanding paper\nCircular bubble spirit level\nKnow your tools and follow the recommended operational procedures and be sure to wear the appropriate PPE.\nStep 1: Cutting the Arcs\nUsing black Acrylic sheet.\nIdentify the centre of the circle to be cut in the Acrylic sheet and draw a horizontal or vertical line to create 2 equal segments.\nClamp the Acrylic sheet to a sacreficial piece of wood and secure in place.\nUsing a 38mm hole saw cut out a circle.\nWith a 54mm hole saw align the centre drill bit into the hole made in the wood by the previous process and carefully cut out an Acrylic ring ring.\nRepeat this process for a total of 4 rings\nUsing a saw cut each ring in half along the remnants of the line.\nRepeat this process using white Acrylic sheet.\nThis will result in 8 black and 8 white arcs.\nNote:\nFrom experience I have found that Acrylic sheets have different thermal properties which effect the cutting.\nRunning the saw at very high speeds can result in the Acrylic sheet melting which can clog and trap the saw.\nStep 2: Drilling the Arcs\nEach arc requires two holes to be drilled in the perimeter edge close to the vertical cut.\nMeasure 2.5mm in from the vertical edge and mark with a line across the perimeter.\nMeasure 2.5mm in on the perimeter edge and draw a line along the perimeter.\nMark at the intersection of the cross.\nSupporting the arc in a vice or clamp drill a 2mm hole through the outer perimeter to exit at the inner perimeter.\nRepeat at the other end of the arc.\nPerform this process on all 16 arcs.\nSmooth any rough edges with sanding paper or a file.\nNote.\nDo not apply too much pressure when drilling the arcs to prevent damage.\nStep 3: Platform Markup\nRefer to the diagram which shows the relationship between the outer platform and the inner platform which are aligned to enable coincident holes. Although the radius of the outer platform is 63mm whilst the radius of the inner platform is 83mm.\nWith a 5mm Acrylic sheet of 160mm x 160mm.\nThe measurements on one platform are used to create the alignment for the other platforms.\nA total of 3 platforms are required.\nThe process is simplified by stacking and clamping the three platforms and using the top platform for drill alignment.\nIn the finished form the platforms are stacked with the following colour pattern of White, Black & White.\nBegin first by marking out the first platform.\nMark the centre of the sheet. (80mm, 80mm)\nAt the centre with a compass draw a circle with a radius of 63mm.", "819" ], [ "Offcut Stack Birdhouse\nIntroduction: Offcut Stack Birdhouse\nA bird house with a difference that does not conform to the standard convention of four walls and a roof.\nI would make it out of offcuts stacked on top of each other with a central hole.\nThe offcuts are bolted together with threaded rod and the central hole capped at both ends to make a box with an access hole in the front.\nAll the pieces that make up the house are all exactly the same shape and size, meaning no odd shapes to contend with.\nIts simply a case of drilling a large central hole in all but 2 pieces and aligning them vertically.\nSupplies\nDecking boards H 9.5\" (24cm) x L 9.25\" (23.5cm) x W 4.75\" (12cm) - Qty 10\nWood Screws 5mm x 50mm - Qty 2\nM8 nuts - Qty 2\nM8 T nuts - Qty 2\nM8 Threaded Bar 10.5\" (26.7cm) - Qty 2\nM8 1\" (25mm) plain washers - Qty 2\nM6 1.62 (45mm) bolt\nM6 plain washer\nM6 nut\n3mm drill\n8mm drill\n102mm Holesaw\n32mm Holesaw\nCylinder pull latch\n22mm flat drill\nHammer/Mallet\nStep 1: Design\nThe bird house is designed for small birds such as chickadees and tits\nThe design has been created in Tinkercad and can be found here: Offcut_Birdhouse\nThe bird type defines certain design features.\nMost designs are square and as such this defines a floor size of 4\"x4\" (10.16cm x 10.16cm), this design 2\" (5.08cm) radius.\nA height between 6\"-10\" (15.42cm-25.4cm), this design is 9.52\" (24cm)\nHole diameter 1.125\" (2.86cm), this design as specified\nHole above floor 8\"-10\" (20.32cm-25.4cm), this design 7.5\"(19cm)\nBox above ground 6'-15' (1.82m-4.6m)\nFurther details can be found at Birdwatching Bliss*\n*Not affiliated to this site in anyway and you may have your own preference.*\nStep 2: Cut the Main Holes\nThe offcuts consisted of 10 rectangles of 24mm x120mm cut to 23.5cm.\nI already had the offcuts available but if not these can be cut from a full size length which is 1.8M long.\nIdentify the centre (60mm x 11.75cm), and mark.\nFit a sacrificial plank beneath the plank to be drilled to protect the work area and clamp the plank to be drilled above it.\nWith a 102mm hole cutter drill out a hole in each of the eight planks.\nStep 3: Stacking the Blocks\nMark the block at (60mm x 45mm), from the end, do this at both ends and drill 2 x 6mm holes.\nDo this on 8 of the planks.\nThe 9th plank is the bottom of the house and blocks the end of the hole created by the stack.\nTake the 9th plank and drill 2 x 8mm holes at (60mm x 45mm), from each end.\nThese holes are to accommodate the T-nuts, tap them in with a hammer to force the prongs in to the wood to lock them in place.\nStack all nine blocks together and fit the 6mm threaded bar of length 27cm through both holes from the bottom and screw into the T-nuts.\nOnce these are attached fit a washer and nut on the bottom end and tighten.\nThis now holds the stack together.\nStep 4: Fitting the Lid\nAlign the lid with the top of the main stock.\nMark at 60mm x 25mm and drill 3mm holes at both ends of the block in to the lid and through to the block below.\nThese hole will hold the lid in place.\nThen with a 22mm flat bit drill to a ~5mm depth using the centres of the threaded bar as a marker. These holes are to accommodate the top of the T-nut.\nDrill two 8mm by 10mm deep holes coincident with the centres of the 22mm diameter holes.\nTurn the plank over and align with the tops of the threaded bar it should fit flush with the previous plank.\nFit two 5mm x 50mm screws to hold the lid in place.\nStep 5: Entrance\nMark a vertical line along the centre of the stack.", "401" ] ]

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[ [ "CNC Graphics Tablet\nIntroduction: CNC Graphics Tablet\nThis instructable explains how to make a CNC graphics tablet from a 4-wire resistive touchpad and an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller.\nA gcode file is created for each of your drawings. [1]\nConstruction is simple ... all you need is a steel ruler and a sharp knife.\nThe tablet supports both freehand and point-to-point drawing.\nThe touchpad has a resolution of 600 x800 pixels which translates to a 600mm x 800mm drawing if your target resolution is 1mm/pixel.\nThe estimated cost of construction is less than $25\nImages\n* The cover photo (photo1)shows the completed tablet.\n* Photo 2 shows a magazine cover under the tablet\n* Photo 3 is a close up of the tablet\n* Photo 4 shows the freehand tracing\n* The video shows the tablet in operation\nNotes\n[1]\nThe tablet is intended for use with CNC plotters ...", "16" ], [ "not CNC mills.\nStep 1: Parts List\nPhoto one shows all of the parts needed to build this tablet.\nThe following parts were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only 8 inch, 183*141mm (4:3), AT080TN52 V1 4 Wire Resistive Touch Screen Panel\n* Resistive Touch Screen Panel\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller with USB cable\n* 4 only 100mm male-to-male Arduino jumper wires\nThe following parts were obtained locally\n* 2 only 23cm x 26cm pieces of mat-board from a picture-framer\n* 8 only M3 x 5mm bolts\n* 4 only 9mm x M3-threaded nylon spacers\n* 1 only roll of cloth tape\n* 1 only roll of doubled-side tape\n* 1 only wooden toothpick\nThe estimated cost of construction is less than $25\nStep 2: Circuit\nPlace the touchpad face-up and connect the Arduino pins A0, A1, A2, and A3 as shown.\nDo not cross the male-to-male jumper wires\nStep 3: Theory\nThe 8 inch 4-wire resistive touch-screen comprises two resistive films that are separated by an 800 x 600 array of microscope insulators.\nEach resistive layer has two leads\n* The Y-axis has one lead connected to the top-edge and one lead connected to the bottom edge.\n* The X-axis has one lead connected to the left- edge and one lead connected to the right-edge.\nPressing on the top surface causes the two films to make contact.\nY-Axis Measurements\nFor ease of explanation let’s assume that the bottom layer is the Y-axis and that the Y-axis leads are connected to a 5 volt DC supply.\n* The resistive film acts like a voltage-divider.\n* The voltage at the bottom will measure 0 volts,\n* the voltage at the center will measure 2.5 volts,\n* and the voltage at the top will measure 5 volts\nTo measure this voltage we connect a lead from the top film to an analog input such as A0 , then press the top layer with a stylus to make a connection. [1]\nWhen a connection is made the Arduino analog-to-digital (A/D) converter will output a number between 0 and 1023\n* 0 volts equates to a reading off 0\n* 5 volts equates to a reading off 1023\n* 2.5 volts equates to a reading of 2.5/5*1023 = 512 (rounded)\nThese numbers can be converted to Y-coordinates using the following Arduino code:\nYpos = map(y, 61, 958, 0, 800); ................................................................ (1)\nwhere\n* 61 = actual value when the bottom of the screen is touched [2]\n* 958 = actual value when the top of the screen is touched [2]\n* 0 = the lower screen coordinate.\n* 800 = the top screen coordinate.\nX-Axis Measurements\nSimilarly the X-coordinates may be found by applying 5 volts across the X-axis leads (top-layer) and measuring the A/D values with one of the Y-axis leads.\nIn this case the X-coordinates may be found using the following Arduino code:\nXpos = map(x, 95, 912, 0, 600); ................................................................ (2)\nwhere\n* 95 = actual value when the left-side of the screen is touched [2]\n* 912 = actual value when the right-side of the screen is touched [2]\n* 0 = the left screen coordinate.\n* 600 = the right screen coordinate.", "611" ], [ "4-Wire Horizontal Plotter\nIntroduction: 4-Wire Horizontal Plotter\nThis instructable explains how to make a 4-wire plotter using the wheel-rims from a toy car, four stepping motors, a scrap of sheet aluminium, some pulleys, and an Arduino UNO R3.\nUnlike 2-wire vertical plotters the drawing surface for this plotter is horizontal.\nConstruction is simple:\n* the “base” requires a ruler, a few drills and a saw.\n* the “gondola” requires an electric drill, a set of circle cutters, and a sharp knife.\nFeatures include:\n* an on-board interpreter that recognizes the g-code output from “Inkscape”.\n* accurate ... approximately 1mm with nylon\n* scaleable ... just increase the cable lengths\n* easy to make\n* low cost\nThe estimated cost of parts, excluding the power supply, is less than $100.\nImages\n* Photo 1 shows a close-up of the plotter\n* The video shows the plotter in action\nStep 1: Parts List\nThe following parts were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 + USB cable\n* 1 only SG90 servo\n* 4 only 12VDC Nema17 17HS3430 stepping motors\n* 4 only NEMA 17 Motor L-mount stepping motor brackets with screws\n* 4 only 2A per phase Big Easy Driver v1.2 A4988 stepper motor driver board\n* 4 only 65mm RC Car wheels with tyres on 50mm drums (see photo 1)\n* 4 only hexagonal brass couplings with 5mm bore to fit the motor shafts and a 4mm hole for attaching the wheels.", "16" ], [ "The short ones in photo 1 are satisfactory.\n* 4 only miniature V624ZZ pulleys with V-groove size 4*13*6mm\nOptional:\n* 1 only CPS-3205 Compact Mini Variable Adjustable DC Power Supply 0-32V 0-5A AC110-240V (not required if you already have a 12 volt 2 amp DC power source)\nThe following parts were obtained locally:\n* 1 only sheet of 6mm composition board approx. 800mm x 600mm\n* 1 only length 60mm x 20mm timber for corner supports\n* 1 only reel of 0.5mm diameter nylon fishing line\n* 1 only switch\n* 1 only MBR735 diode for reverse voltage protection\n* 1 only pkt of assorted Arduino jumper cables\n* 1 only scrap of thin acrylic sheet for gondola annular ring\n* 4 only M3 threaded Nylon spacers for supporting the acrylic annular ring\n* 1 only scrap of thin sheet aluminium for pulley mounts\n* 4 only M3 x 9mm tubular spacers for pulleys\n* 12 only wood screws for assembling corner supports\n* assorted M4 nuts and bolts to suit your particular build\n* assorted M4 nuts and biolts to suit your particular build\nThe estimated cost of parts, excluding the power supply, is less than $100.\nStep 2: Circuit Diagram\nPhoto 1 shows the circuit diagram of the 4-wire plotter.\nThe Big Easy Driver “direction” lines are on Arduino PORTC pins A0, A1, A2, and A3\nThe Big Easy Driver “step” lines are on Arduino PORTB pins D8, D9, D10, and D11\nThe SG90 servo “control” wire is connected to pin D3\nThe MBR735 diode provides reverse voltage protection.\nMotor Wiring\nIt may be necessary to reverse the two center wires from each of the 17HS3430 Nema17 12 volt stepper motors as the Big Easy Driver v1.2 A4988 stepper motor driver boards expect the wires from each of the coil-windings to be adjacent.\nThe default color sequence for the 17HS3430 cables (for my motors) is red, blue, green, black. The color-sequence following the modification is red, green, blue, black.\nThe red, green winding is connected to the “A” terminals of the Big Easy Driver.\nThe blue, black winding is attached to the “B” terminals of the Big Easy Driver.\nBig Easy Driver Current Limits\nThe current-limit on each of the Big Easy Driver must be set to 400mA (milli-amperes) .", "611" ], [ "Servo Deadband Correction\nIntroduction: Servo Deadband Correction\nAnalog servos require the pulse-width to change by up to 10 microseconds before they start to move. This represents an error of almost 2 degrees. [1]\nThis instructable explains how to significantly reduce the deadband errors in the servo plotter described in https://www.instructables.com/Servo-Plotter/\nImages\n* Photo 1 shows the orginal servo plotter\n* The lower trace in photo2 shows two overlaid squares. One square is plotted clockwise (CW) ... the other is plotted counter-clockwise (CCW). Deadband is distorting the squares and causing the diagonals to separate.\n* The upper trace in photo2 shows the improvement when deadband compensation is applied.\n* The video shows servo plotter 2 in action ...", "134" ], [ "note the deadband improvement\nThe cost of the push-switches for this project is less than $5.00\nNotes\n[1]\nFor a standard servo:\n* 500uS produces 0 degrees\n* 1000uS produces 90 degrees\n* 1500uS produces 180 degrees\n* 1 degree equates to (1500-500)/180uS = 5.5uS\n* 10uS equates to 10/5.5 = 1.8 degrees\nStep 1: Reducing Mechanical Errors\nPhoto 1 shows the penlift in instructable https://www.instructables.com/Servo-Plotter/.\nThis simple penlift has a serious problem ... the servo horn tends to displace plotter arm 2 sideways when it is raised and lowered.\nRotating the SG90 servo 90 degrees doesn’t fix the problem as the servo horn is now off-center causing arm2 to twist.\nArm 2 is replaced in Photos 2, 3, 4 with a length of 3mm aluminium extrusion to which an alternate design penlift is attached.\nOnly the pen touches the paper under its own weight ... the servo arms are no longer displaced.\nNow that the mechanical errors have been minimised (there is still a tiny backlash in the gears) lets modify the circuit.\nStep 2: Circuit Diagram\nThe circuit and parts are the same as for the plotter described in https://www.instructables.com/Servo-Plotter/ with the addition of two push-switches.\nThese push-switches allow you to increase/decrease the servo pulse widths under menu control.\nThe cost of the push-switches for this project is less than $5.00\nStep 3: Installing the Software\nMethod:\n* Copy the attached file “servo_plotter_10.ino” into an Arduino sketch and save it to a folder using the same name but without the .ino extension.\n* Copy myServo.h into the folder you have just created. [1]\n* Copy myServo.cpp into the folder you have just created. [1]\n* Compile and upload “servo_plotter_10” to your Arduino.\n* Set your Arduino “Serial Monitor” to 9600 bauds.\n* The menu in photo should appear.\nCaution:\n[1]\nThe above files, myServo.h and myServo.cpp, are different from those of the same name in https://www.instructables.com/Servo-Plotter/\n15 January 2022\nAlternate software using a PCA9685 servo shield has been posted here https://www.instructables.com/ArduinoServo-Shield/\nStep 4: Calibrating the Servos\nServo Arm 1\n* Draw radials at 10 degree intervals as shown in photo 1\n* Select menu option T4 ... numbers should start scolling on your monitor.\n* Press the “decrease” button until the servo is fully left (0 degrees)\n* Now press the “increase” button and record the microseconds every 10 degrees.\n* If you overshoot press the decrease button and approach the overshot point in a CW direction.\n* You should now have 19 measurements.\n* Repeat the process, this time recording the pulsewidths every 10 degrees in a CCW direction.\n* Enter these values into spreadsheet as shown in photo 2\n* Subtract the readings at each 10 degrees interval\n* Sum these readings and divide by 19 ... this your servo deadband.\n* Record this reading as “deadband1” in the “servo_plotter_10.ino” file header.\n* Record the CCW reading for 90 degrees in the “servo1_90” header variable.", "16" ], [ "Laser Anemometer\nIntroduction: Laser Anemometer\nThis instructable explains how to make an anemometer from an Arduino Uno R3, two VL6180X laser distance modules, and a section of plastic drain pipe or similar.\nProcessing3 is used to display the wind speed and wind direction.\nThe wind direction is independent of the pipe dimensions.\nThe sensitivity to wind speed depends on the pipe dimensions and the amount of applied damping.\nConstruction is simple ... all you need is a drill , a hacksaw, and a hot-glue gun.\nThe anemometer is purely experimental and is published in the hope that the techniques will be of use to others.\nThe estimated cost to build this anemometer is between $20 and $50 depending on how many parts you have on-hand.\nImages\n* The cover photo shows the anemometer construction\n* Photo 2 shows the display\n* The video shows the anemometer in operation.\nSupplies\nThe following parts were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 2 only VL6180X Range Finder Optical Ranging Sensor Modules for Arduino I2C\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3\nThe following parts were obtained locally\n* 1 only small length (150mm) 65mm inside diameter plastic downpipe [1]\n* 1 only endcap to fit the above pipe\n* 1 only length (500mm) 10mm inside diameter aluminium pipe\n* 1 only 11/16” extension spring\n* 1 only M4 bolt\n* 1 only M4 nut\n* 1 only self-tapping screw\n* 6 only lengths of hookup wire (these are threaded through the pipe)\nThe estimated cost to build this anemometer is between $20 and $50 depending on how many parts you have on-hand.\nNote\n[1]\nAn opaque plastic drink bottle with the base cut off should also work providing it is circular.\nStep 1: Theory\nThe cross-section of a pipe is a circle.\nThe points at which the two laser beams touch the inside of a pipe define the end points of a chord on this circle.\nThe length of this chord varies when the pipe is tilted (photos 1, 2, 3)\nKnowing the pipe radius it is possible to calculate the X and Y displacement of the pipe from which the wind speed and direction may be calculated (photos 3, 4)\nStep 2: Circuit Diagram\nThe anemometer circuit is shown in photo 1\nVery few parts are required ...", "16" ], [ "just the Arduino and two Vl6180X laser distance modules.\nStep 3: Construction\nStep 1\n(Photo 1)\n* Cut one loop off the end of the 11/16” extension spring (I used a diamond file)\n* Press the M4 nut inside the coiled spring\n* Solder the nut through the spring ... the solder will not take to the spring but will prevent the nut pulling out.\n* Push the other end of the spring down tube\n* Fasten the spring in place using the self tapping screw. [1]\nStep 2\n(Photo 2)\n* Cut 20mm from the bottom of an old credit card or similar.\n* Cut the length to twice the height of a VL6180X sensor\n* Lightly score the center and fold to 90 degrees\n* Hot glue this plastic angle to the aluminium tube such that it will just be covered when the plastic downpipe (or bottle) is attached\nStep 3\n(Photo 3)\n* Hot glue a VL6180X sensor to each of the plastic faces.\n* Before doing this read Step 5: Calibration below\nStep 4\n(Photo 4)\n* Drill a 5mm hole in the tube above the sensors\n* Feed three pairs of twisted wires through the hole and out of the tube.\n* One pair of wires is for VCC and GND\n* The second pair of wires is for SDA and SCL\n* Each of the remaining wires is attached to a sensor SHDN pin\nStep 5\n(Photo 5)\n* Attach the pipe and end-cap\nStep 6\n(Photo 6)\n* Mount the pipe vertically for testing [2]\nNotes\n[1]\n* The amount of exposed spring determines the damping.\n* If too much spring is exposed the tube will tend to oscillate much like a playground swing\n* If too little is exposed the tube will require a large air flow before it will tilt.\n[2]\n* A multispeed hair-dryer is useful when testing.\nStep 4: Software\nStep 1\n(Photo 1)\nDownload and install the Pololu VL6180X library.", "611" ], [ "CNC Plotter\nIntroduction: CNC Plotter\nThis Instructable explains how to build a CNC plotter, using two NEMA17 stepping motors, a timing belt, a few idler pulleys, an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller, and some printed PLA parts.\nThe paper size is A4 ... longer pipes are required for A3\nResolution is 80 steps per millimeter.\nUnlike some plotters, in which the arm moves back and forth, the footprint for this plotter is constant.\nA mounting base is not required as the plotter is freestanding. Screw-holes, however, have been provided should you wish to add a base.\nThe design is such that a laser print-head (future project) can be substituted for the pen-lift shown in photo 1. The current design is used for creating watercolor outlines.\nThe detachable pen-lift is described in my instructable https://www.instructables.com/CNC-Pen-Lift-1/\nThe plotter runs a modified version of “GRBL- Servo” and works with “UGS” (Universal G-Code Sender).\nThe timing-belt path is unusual in that the belt passes through the inside of the 12/10 diameter metal arms. This accounts for its simplistic look.", "16" ], [ "The belt is tensioned by moving the end-brackets outwards.\nConstruction details, including all STL files, are provided … … all you need is a screw-driver, a pair of side-cutters, and a hacksaw.\nExcluding the CNC-Pen-Lift, the estimated cost of this plotter is less than $100\nImages\n* Photo 1 shows the assembled plotter\n* Photo 2 shows a sample plot\n* The video shows the plotter in action\nSupplies\nThe following parts were purchased from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 with USB cable\n* 2 only Big Easy Driver motor controllers\n* 2 only 12 volt 30 ohm 17HS3430 NEMA17 stepper motors\n* 2 only NEMA17 stepper brackets\n* 1 only 3m length GT2 6mm timing belt\n* 2 only GT2-20 6mm timing pulleys with 5mm bore\n* 3 only GT2 6mm toothless idler pulleys with 4mm bore\n* 4 only GT2-20 6mm toothed idler pulleys with 4mm bore\n* 6 only LM12UU linear bearings\nThe following parts were obtained locally:\n* 2 only 1m lengths 12/10mm (O.D./I.D.) metal tube [1]\n* 8 only M3 x 5mm bolts\n* 4 only M3 x 10mm bolts\n* 4 only M3 x 20mm bolts\n* 4 only M3 x 35mm bolts\n* 4 only M3 nuts\n* 15 only M4 x 30mm bolts\n* 15 only M4 nuts\n* 2 only cable ties\nIn addition to the above parts your will need to make the pen-lift described in my instructable https://www.instructables.com/CNC-Pen-Lift-1/\nYou will also need to print the PLA parts described further on\nExcluding the CNC-Pen-Lift, the estimated cost of this plotter is less than $100\nNotes\n[1]\nI used 12mm O.D. aluminium tube\nAluminium tube was all that was available at the time … (stainless steel would be better)\nStep 1: Circuit\nThe wiring diagram for this plotter is shown in photo 1.\nIMPORTANT - the Big Easy Driver modules expect the wires from each motor coil to be adjacent. Check that the motor wires don't alternate ... if so swap the two center wires.\nAdjusting the motor current(s)\n* Attach a 12 volt 30 ohm NEMA17 stepping motor to a Big Easy Driver module and apply 12 volts DC to the motor assembly. [1]\n* Now adjust the small potentiometer on the Big Easy Driver module for a current reading of 0.4 amps\n* Repeat this process for the remaining motor and Big Easy Driver module.\n* Disconnect the power.\nSubstitute motors\nThe plotter also works with 6 volt 8 ohm stepping motors in which case a 6 volt power supply should be used and the motor currents set to 0.6 amps (600mA).\nNotes\n[1]\nI’m using a CPS-3205 adjustable power supply which has on-board metering. Any 12 volt power supply/battery capable of 2amps will work equally well … just insert a current meter in series when adjusting the current.", "16" ], [ "Arduino Servo Shield\nIntroduction: Arduino Servo Shield\nThis instructable explains how to make an “Arduino Servo Shield” from a PCA9685 breakout module and an Arduino PCB expansion board.\nThe basic module supports 16 servos which may be expanded to 992 servos by adding additional PCA9685’s.\nImages\n* The cover photo shows five servos attached to the PCA9685 servo shield\n* Photo 2 shows the PCA9685 Servo Shield attached to an Arduino UNO R3\n* The PCA9685 Servo Shield video shows the five servos in operation [1]\n* The PCA9685 Servo Plotter video shows an experimental servo plotter attached to the shield [2]\nNotes:\n[1]\n* The code used in both videos is provided in Step 3 “Software”\n[2]\n* Construction details for the servo plotter may be found here https://www.instructables.com/Servo-Plotter/\n* The wobbles in the radial lines are due to mechanical backlash in the servos.\nSupplies\nThe following items were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 + USB cable\n* 1 only PCA9685 16 Channel 12-bit PWM Servo Module\n* 1 only prototype PCB expansion b oard for Arduino UNO R3 Shield\nThe following items were obtained locally:\n* Hookup wire\n* Breakable male header strip pins\nThe estimated cost of this project is less than $50.00\nStep 1: Theory\nThe PCA9685 I2C breakout module has its own clock.\nEach module supports 16 servos.\nUp to 62 modules may be daisy chained for a total of 992 servos.\nThe V+ pin on each module is connected directly to the green connector. Connect it to the Vin pin of your Arduino for self-contained operation if your servo supply is between 7V~12V.\nThe default address for each module is 0x40.\nAdditional modules require that you jumper the address lines by means of a solder blob(s) as shown in photo1\nThe PCA9685 modules may also be connected in a serpentine manner as shown here https://learn.adafruit.com/16-channel-pwm-servo-driver/chaining-drivers. This method is probably intended for small pockets of servos as all of the servo current passes through the PCB wiring rather than the load being spread as shown in photo 1.\nStep 2: Construction\nStep 1\n* Solder the header pins shown in photo1 to the Arduino expansion board\nStep 2\n* Replace (unsolder) the existing pins on the PCA98685 Servo module with breakable single-line male header pins.", "16" ], [ "The pins are shown in photo 2.\n* Fit a second set of breakable single-line male header pins at the opposite end.\nStep 3\n* Position the PCA9685 module such that the pins do not touch the Arduino connectors beneath and solder in position as shown in photo 3\nStep 4\nWire the\n* Arduino 5V to the PCA9685 VCC\n* Arduino GND to the PCA9685 GND\n* Arduino SCL (pin A5) to the PCA9685 SCL\n* Arduino SDA (pin A4) to the PCA9685 SDA\nThese connections are shown in photo 4\nStep 3: Software\nStep 1\n* Download and install the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment” from https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.\nStep 2\n* Download and install the following library https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit-PWM-Servo-Driver-Library\n* This library may also be installed by clicking “Tools/Manage Libraries” in your Arduino and typing “adafruit pwm” in the search bar as shown in photo 1.\n* This method requires some patience as it takes a while before anything happens. Click “Install” when the library listing appears.\nStep 3\n* Download the attached file “PCA9685_servo_demo.ino” and copy the contents into a fresh Arduino sketch. Use a text editor such as Notepad++ ... not a word processor.\n* Save the sketch as “ PCA9685_servo_demo” without the quotes then compile and upload it to your Arduino.\n* Disconnect the USB cable to your Arduino\n* Attach your servos to the shield ...", "379" ], [ "Magnetic Shaft Encoder\nIntroduction: Magnetic Shaft Encoder\nThis instructable explains how to make a magnetic shaft encoder using a 3mm x 6mm neodymium magnet, an MLX90393 3-axis magnetometer, and an Arduino UNO R3.\nThe encoder outputs the absolute angular shaft position in degrees.\nAccuracy is excellent ... angles between 0~360 degrees plot a straight line.\nPotential applications include measuring servo joint angles and DC motor position.\nArduino test code and STL files are included.\nThe estimated cost of the encoder, excluding the Arduino, is less than $10.00\nSupplies\nThe following items were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only MLX90393 Hall 3D Sensor module\n* 1 only 3mm x 6mm Neodymium magnet\n* 1 only I2C bidirectional 3.3V to 5V logic level converter\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 with USB cable\nThe following additional items were used for testing:\n* 1 only Arduino Uno R3 with USB cable\n* 1 only 17HS3430 bipolar stepping motor\n* 1 only Big Easy Driver module\n* 2 only M3 x 10mm bolts\n* 2 only M3 nuts\n* Arduino hookup wire\nThe following items were 3D printed:\n* 1 only sensor bracket\n* 1 only magnet holder\nStep 1: Circuit Diagrams\nThe encoder circuit diagram is shown in photo 1.\nA logic level-shifter reduces the 5 volt Arduino levels down to 3.3 volts for the MLX90393 sensor.\nPhoto 2 shows the optional “bipolar motor test jig” used for plotting the curves.\nStep 2: Theory\nThe MLX90303 is a 3-axis magnetometer with 12-bit angular resolution. [1]\nThe Earth’s magnetic field may be ignored when the MLX90393 3-axis sensor is in the presence of a strong magnetic field.\nQuadrature X-axis and Y-axis sinewave outputs are obtained if a neodymium magnet is rotated directly above MLX90303 chip ... the Z-axis output remains constant. (photo 1)\nTo be of use the X-axis and Y-axis sinewaves must be scaled to the same amplitude and their midpoints centred about zero. (photo 2)\nOnce we have done this we can calculate the shaft angle using the following code segment. [2]\nAngle = atan2(y, x)*RAD_TO_DEG;\nif (Angle < 0) Angle += 360;\nThe green waveform in photo 2 shows the angle-of-rotation.", "16" ], [ "The 0..360 degree amplitude has been scaled to 0..3600 for clarity.\nReferences\n[1]\nhttps://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/learn_tutorials/5/7/7/MLX90393-Datasheet-Melexis.PDF\n[2]\nCode line 2 is required as the atan2(y,x) function outputs -180 ~ 0 when the shaft angle rotates from 180 ~ 360 degrees.\nStep 3: Construction\nKey construction points\n* Center the magnet over MLX90393 sensor chip.\n* Position the magnet close to the sensor to swamp any external magnetic field.\n* Maintain a constant distance between the magnet and the sensor.\nThe curves in photo 1 were obtained when a magnet attached to a motor shaft was rotated clockwise twice then counter-clockwise. These curves are smooth because the distance between the magnet and the MLX90393 sensor was constant.\nThe curves in photo 2 were obtained using the experimental test jig shown in photos 3 ~ 5. In this experiment the magnet was rotated by hand. The wiggles in the curves are due to a slight rocking motion as the magnet was turned.\nStep 4: Mounting Brackets\nPhotos 1 & 2 show the 3D brackets used for testing\nFile \"GT2_encoder_pulley.stl\" produces the GT2 test pulley shown in photo 1. A 6mm x 3mm neodymium magnet is inserted into the end “pocket”\nFile GT2_sensor_mount.stl\" produces the MLX90303 mounting bracket shown in photo 2. The MLX90303 module is attached to the bracket using M3 bolts via the two M3 holes at the top right. The two lower-right holes are screwdriver access holes for attaching the bracket to the motor.\nThe STL files were created using FreeCAD 0.2.\nCura 4.13.1 was used to slice the models.\nThe models were printed on a Voxelab Aquila printer with a nozzle size of 0.2mm.", "16" ], [ "TICO – Tic -Tac-Toe Arduino Robot\nIntroduction: TICO – Tic -Tac-Toe Arduino Robot\nTICO is a 3D printed, Arduino-powered Tic-Tac-Toe robot that inspires kids to learn code, robotics, and electronics.\nIn this intractable, I will explain how to print and assemble Tico. Then, we’ll provide a working code that can bring Tico to life and ready to play.\nThe initial design of Tico was inspired by the popular Plot clock project.\nSupplies\nMarker\nTico was designed to hold the following Shuttle Art marker:\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Shuttle-Art-Magnetic-Whiteboard-Dry-Erase/dp/B086W55NRY/\nYou can use other small whiteboard markers as well. However, they may require some adjustments.\nEraser\nPrepare the eraser by cutting a small piece of cloth from a standard whiteboard eraser and sticking it onto the 3D printed eraser part (hot glue will work great).\nScrews\nTo connect the 3D printed parts together you will need the following M3 screws:\n7 X M3 | 12mm\n2 X M3 | 14mm\n4 X M3 | 8mm\nYou will also need 7 X M3 Nylon nuts (regular nuts will also work).\nElectronics\nThe Arduino code below uses various electronic components to provide an excellent game experience. However, many of these components are optional, where you can start with just the Arduino and the servos if you'd like.\n* Arduino Nano microcontroller.\n* 3 X MG90S Metal servos(It is possible but not recommended to use the SG90 plastic servos).\n* 38 KHz IR receiver.\n* IR remote (this one is recommended but your regular TV remote can work as well).\n* 3 X AA / AAA batteries and a battery holder\n* Button module\n* ST7735 TFT Display - The display we used in our photos is blue and not red, this is not as this is the same screen. Be sure to use a screen with ST7735 controller.\n* 5V passive buzzer\nStep 1: 3D Printing Parts\n3D print the included parts.", "832" ], [ "There is no need for support and printing time is about 2 hours.\nI recommend printing the arms in a different color (orange part in the photo).\nThe board part should be printed in white.\nStep 2: Prepare Board\nThe board part should be printed in white and then covered with clear packing tape as shown in the the photo below (the tape will make it very easy to erase the board between games)\nStep 3: LIFT Servo\nTake one of the plastic servo arms (included in the servo bag) and drill a 3mm hole in the center of it.\nUse a cutter to make the arm shorter.\nAttach the two parts using a 12mm screw and nut as shown in the photos below (orientation is important!)\nDo not tighten the screw. The parts should be able to rotate against each other freely.\nAttach the LIFT servo to the base using two screws included in the servo bag.\nImportant: Connect the servo to an Arduino and rotate it to 80 degrees. Only after doing this, attach the arm to the servo, like shown in the photos.\nThe angle between the servo and the arm should be 90 degrees as shown in the photos (this is important).\nStep 4: LEFT/RIGHT Servos\nAttach the servos to the holder as shown in the photos below (orientation is important!).\nAttach the RIGHT/LEFT servos holder to the LIFT servo arm with a 12mm screw and nut.\nDo not tighten the screw. The parts should be able to rotate against each other freely.\nThe RIGHT/LEFT servos holder should also be attached to the base using a 14mm screw and nut.\nStep 5: Eraser Holder\nUse 2 X 12mm screws to assemble the eraser gripper.\nAt this stage, you can also install the board in its place.\nStep 6: Arms Assembly\nAssemble the arms precisely, as shown in the photos. Use 12mm screws and nuts.\nDo not tighten the screw. The parts should be able to rotate against each other freely.\nDo not put the arms on the servos (we will do it soon).\nInside the servo bag are two additional plastic arms that we haven’t used yet.\nUse a cutter to make them “one-sided,” as shown in the photos.\nImportant: Connect the servos to an Arduino and rotate them to 130 degrees (left servo) and 140 degrees (right servo).", "259" ] ]

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[ [ "Surface gravity of an asymptotically $\\text{AdS}_5$ black hole with a constant magnetic field\nA week ago, I posted this question about calculating the Hawking temperature for the following metric with <PERSON> field\n\\begin{align} \\text{d} s^2 &= \\frac{L^2}{U(r)} \\text{d} r^2 + \\frac{1}{L^2} (-U(r) \\text{d} t^2 + V(r) (\\text{d} x^2 + \\text{d} y^2) + W(r) \\text{d} z^2) \\tag{1},\\ F &= B \\text{d} x \\wedge \\text{d} y, \\end{align}\nsuch that as $r \\rightarrow \\infty$, $U(r), \\ V(r), \\ W(r) = r^2$ and $U(r_h) = 0$, where $r_h$ is the horizon radius.\nThrough the Euclidean time formalism, in said post I calculated the <PERSON> temperature to be\n$$T_{\\text{H}} = \\frac{U'(r_h)}{4 \\pi L^2}.$$\nI want to verify that I get the same result using the black hole's surface gravity. However, there's some things that make me doubtful of whether my analysis is correct, which is the following.\nSince the metric doesn't depend on $t$, then $\\xi^\\mu \\partial_\\mu = \\partial_t$ is a Killing vector field. Firstly,\n$$\\lim_{r \\rightarrow r_h} g_{\\mu \\nu} \\xi^\\mu \\xi^\\nu = 0,$$\nwhich means that $\\xi^\\mu \\partial_\\mu$ is null on the horizon. Secondly\n$$\\lim_{r \\rightarrow r_h} g_{\\mu \\nu} \\xi^\\nu = 0 \\tag{2},$$\nso $\\xi^\\mu \\partial_\\mu$ is normal to the horizon. Thus $r = r_h$ is a Killing horizon. Also, $\\xi^\\mu \\partial_\\mu$ is hypersurface orthogonal since $\\xi_{[\\mu} \\nabla_\\nu \\xi_{\\rho]} = 0.$\nWith this in mind, we know that the surface gravity is given by\n$$\\kappa = \\lim_{r \\rightarrow r_h} \\sqrt{-\\frac{1}{2} (\\nabla^\\mu \\xi^\\nu) (\\nabla_\\mu \\xi_\\nu)},$$\nand is constant along the horizon.", "474" ], [ "Through some calculations, $\\kappa$ turns out to be\n$$\\kappa = \\frac{U'(r_h)}{2L^2}.$$\nTherefore, the Hawking temperature is (in natural units $c = \\hbar = k_{\\text{B}} = 1$)\n$$T_{\\text{H}} = \\frac{\\kappa}{2 \\pi} = \\frac{U'(r_h)}{4 \\pi L^2} \\tag{3},$$\nwhich is the same result I got in my post from a week ago. However, here are the things that give me some trouble: I don't know if equation (2) really means that $\\xi^\\mu \\partial_\\mu$ is normal to the horizon. What I want to express in that equation, is the fact that the \"inner product\" between the metric and the Killing vector field as $r \\rightarrow r_h$ is 0, yet I'm not sure if I'm interpreting said equation correctly.\nThe other thing that brings me some confusion is that, as far as I'm aware, these results are valid in asymptotically flat spacetimes, which mine is not. In particular, these results are the ones an observer far away from the black hole would measure. In contrast, I don't know if that's the case here since the metric is asymptotically $\\text{AdS}5$. For example, in this post it is described that we can fix the Killing vector field by requiring $\\xi^\\mu \\xi\\mu|_\\infty = -1$ which cannot be done in this case. Does this mean that I cannot apply the previous results in order to conclude that (3) is the <PERSON> temperature?\nThank you for your time.", "474" ], [ "<PERSON> temperature for an asymptotically $\\text{AdS}_5$ black hole with a constant magnetic field\nI'm trying to calculate the Hawking temperature for an asymptotically $\\text{AdS}_5$ black hole with a constant magnetic field. Suppose that the metric and magnetic field of this background are given by\n\\begin{align} \\text{d} s^2 &= \\frac{L^2}{U(r)} \\text{d} r^2 + \\frac{1}{L^2} (-U(r) \\text{d} t^2 + V(r) (\\text{d} x^2 + \\text{d} y^2) + W(r) \\text{d} z^2) \\tag{1},\\ F &= B \\text{d} x \\wedge \\text{d} y, \\end{align}\nsuch that $U(r), V(r), W(r) \\rightarrow r^2$ as $r \\rightarrow \\infty$, and $U(r_h) = 0$, where $r_h$ is the horizon radius. If we expand at $r = r_h$ , the metric functions are approximately\n\\begin{align} U(r) &\\simeq U_{1, h} (r - r_h),\\ V(r) &\\simeq V_{0, h},\\ W(r) &\\simeq W_{0, h}, \\end{align}\nwhere $U_{1, h}, \\ V_{0, h}, \\ W_{0, h}$, are expansion coefficients.", "474" ], [ "Plugging these expansions in the metric, and after a <PERSON> rotation, $\\text{d} s^2$ becomes\n$$\\text{d} s^2 \\simeq \\frac{L^2}{U_{1, h} (r - r_h)} \\text{d} r^2 + \\frac{1}{L^2} (U_{1, h} (r - r_h) \\text{d} t_{\\text{E}}^2 + V_{0, h} (\\text{d} x^2 + \\text{d} y^2) + W_{0, h} \\text{d} z^2).$$\nThrough the change of coordinates\n\\begin{align} \\rho^2 &= \\frac{4L^2 (r - r_h)}{U_{1, h}},\\ \\varphi &= \\frac{U_{1, h} t_{\\text{E}}}{2L^2}, \\end{align}\nthe metric is\n$$\\text{d} s^2 = \\text{d} \\rho^2 + \\rho^2 \\text{d} \\varphi^2 + \\frac{1}{L^2} (V_{0, h} (\\text{d} x^2 + \\text{d} y^2) + W_{0, h} \\text{d} z^2) \\tag{2}.$$\nIn order to avoid a conic singularity as $\\rho \\rightarrow 0$, $\\varphi$ has to have a period of $2 \\pi$. On the other hand, when a <PERSON> rotation is made, the Euclidean time coordinate is identified with period $\\beta = \\frac{1}{T}$. Therefore the <PERSON> temperature is given by\n$$T_{\\text{H}} \\stackrel{?}{=} \\frac{U_{1, h}}{4 \\pi L^2}.$$\nHowever, the reason I doubt this result is because, as far as I understand, the metric has to be of the form\n$$\\text{d} s^2 = U(r) \\text{d} t_{\\text{E}}^2 + \\frac{1}{U(r)} \\text{d} r^2 + r^2 \\text{d} \\Omega_{n - 2}^2 \\tag{3},$$\nin order to arrive at the afore mentioned conclusion. Unless I'm mistaken, there's no change of coordinates in which (1) can be transformed into (3).", "15" ], [ "Trajectories in AdS\nOn page 2 of this paper (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1106.6073v2.pdf), <PERSON> explains (and has a very nice picture) showing the trajectories that a timelike and null particle would take in AdS space.\nOf course, what this diagram really shows is the conformal compactification of AdS - hence the cylinder. To see this, I can consider the metric of, say, $AdS_3$: $ds^2=L^2(-\\cosh^2{\\mu} dt^2 + d \\mu^2 + \\sinh^2{\\mu} d \\theta^2)$ where $\\mu \\in [0, \\infty)$ is the radial variable of $AdS_3$.\nTo conformally compactify, we substitute $\\sinh{\\mu}=\\tan{\\rho}$ and find $ds^2=L^2(-\\sec^2{\\rho} dt^2 + \\sec^2{\\rho}d \\rho^2 + \\tan^2{\\rho} d \\theta^2) = \\frac{1}{\\cos^2{\\rho}} ( - dt^2 + d \\rho^2 + \\sin^2{\\rho} d \\theta^2)$ where $\\rho \\in [0, \\frac{\\pi}{2}]$ is the new angular variable\nWe can then consider the compactified metric $\\hat{ds}^2 = \\cos^2{\\rho} ds^2 = ( - dt^2 + d \\rho^2 + \\sin^2{\\rho} d \\theta^2)$ which is exactly the cylinder metric with radial boundary at $\\rho=\\frac{\\pi}{2}$ representing $\\mu=\\infty$ of the original $AdS_3$.\nNow my concern is that conformal compactification preserves angles (whether curves are spacelike, timelike etc) but it doesn't preserve distances and so we need to be careful whether we are plotting geodesics of $AdS_3$ or of its compactification.\nI agree with <PERSON> as to how the null geodesic looks.", "474" ], [ "Indeed, if I set $ds^2=0$, and supress the motion in the angular direction with $d \\theta=0$ then I can rearrange the compactified metric to find (I denote affine parameter with $\\lambda$):\n$0=L^2(-(\\frac{dt}{d \\lambda})^2+(\\frac{d \\rho}{d \\lambda})^2) \\Rightarrow \\frac{d \\rho}{dt}=\\pm 1 \\Rightarrow \\rho = \\pm (t+t_0)$. In other words, a future directed null ray would travel on a straight line of gradient 1 as shown in <PERSON>'s picture.\nHowever, I disagree with his trajectory for the timelike particle. Here, I have $ds^2=-1$ and so, again supressing the motion in the angular direction with $d \\theta=0$, I can rearrange the compactified metric to find (now denoting proper time by $\\tau$):\n$-1=L^2(-(\\frac{dt}{d \\tau})^2+(\\frac{d \\rho}{d \\tau})^2) \\Rightarrow \\frac{d \\rho}{d \\tau}= \\sqrt{-\\frac{1}{L^2}+\\frac{E^2}{L^4}}$ where I have used that the timelike Killing vector $\\partial_t$ generates a conserved energy $E=-g_{tt} \\frac{\\partial t}{\\partial \\tau} \\Rightarrow \\frac{\\partial t}{\\partial \\tau} = \\frac{E}{L^2}$.\nTo plot this curve on the $(\\rho,t)$ <PERSON> diagram, I use that $\\frac{d \\rho}{dt} = \\frac{d \\rho}{d \\tau} \\frac{d \\tau}{dt} = \\sqrt{-\\frac{1}{L^2}+\\frac{E^2}{L^4}} \\frac{L^2}{E}= \\sqrt{1-\\frac{L^2}{E^2}} \\Rightarrow \\rho(t) = \\sqrt{1-\\frac{L^2}{E^2}} t$ which is again a linear trajectory as opposed to the oscillatory one that he draws!", "394" ], [ "Moduli Stabilization in 6D Einstein-Maxwell theory - Fluxes and O3 planes\nI'd like to do the maths for the moduli stabilization of 6D Einstein-Maxwell Gravity $$ S= \\int d^6X \\sqrt{-G_6}(M_6^4R_6[G_6]-M_6^2|F_2|^2), $$\nwhere the 6D metric is specified by $$ ds^2 = g_{\\mu\\nu}(x)dx^{\\mu}dx^{\\nu}+R^2(x)\\hat{g}{mn}(y)dy^mdy^n, $$ and $\\hat{g}{mn}$ is the metric of a compact 2D manifold with unit volume.\nThe setup of this model can be found in Denef, Douglas, Kachru, starting on page 10.\nNow I want to perform the dimensional reduction of the theory and thereby obtain the correct effective potential $V(R) = \\frac{\\chi}{R^4}-\\frac{n^2}{R^6}$.\nI could manage to derive the first part of the potential by rewriting $$ ds^2= R^2(x){\\frac{g_{\\mu\\nu}(x)}{R^2(x)}dx^{\\mu}dx^{\\nu}+\\hat{g}{mn}(y)dy^mdy^n} $$ which allows me to rescale the 6D action by $G{MN}=R^2\\tilde{G}{MN}$. Then we are left with a product space, i.e. we can write $R_6[\\tilde{G}_6]=R_4[\\tilde{g}]+R_2[\\hat{g}]$, where $\\tilde{g}{\\mu\\nu}=\\frac{1}{R^2}g_{\\mu\\nu}$. Further rescaling brings a factor $R^{-4}$ for the term $\\chi$, while a factor $R^2$ has been absorbed in order to write $M_4^2=M_6^4R^2$.\nHowever, I'm not sure how to obtain the term $\\frac{n^2}{R^6}$.", "818" ], [ "I'd appreciate any help.\nMy idea is as follows: $$ \\int d^6X \\sqrt{-G_6}M_6^2 |F_2|^2 = \\int d^6X R^6 \\sqrt{-\\tilde{G}_6}M_6^2 |F_2|^2 = \\ = \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-\\tilde{g}}\\int d^2y\\sqrt{\\hat{g}} R^6M_6^2 |F_2|^2 = \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g}\\int d^2y\\sqrt{\\hat{g}} R^2M_6^2 |F_2|^2 \\sim \\ \\sim M_6^2 \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g}R^2 (\\frac{1}{R^2})^2 \\cdot (\\frac{n}{R^2})^2 = M_6^2 \\int d^4x \\sqrt{-g} \\frac{n^2}{R^6} $$\nIn the last line, we obtain a factor $R^{-4}$ because of $\\gamma^{m\\hat{m}}\\gamma^{n\\hat{n}}F_{mn}F_{\\hat{m}\\hat{n}}$ and the second factor comes from $F_2 \\sim \\frac{n}{R^2}$, since $$ \\int_{M_2} F_2 =n. $$\nHowever, I'm puzzled because the factor of $M_6^2$ remains. If I want to rewrite the action s.t. we have a factor $M_4^2$ in front, then the term I obtain reads $\\frac{1}{M_4R} \\frac{n^2}{R^6}$ (reminder: $M_4^2 =M_6^4R^2$).\nSo, where is my mistake?\nFurthermore, it is claimed that O3 planes give rise to an additional term $\\frac{m}{R^4}$ (after <PERSON> rescaling), but I've no idea how it arises. I would start with a CS term $\\int C_4$ for the action...\nIt would be great if anyone could help me with these questions.", "521" ], [ "The difference lies in spatial infinity: AdS like spacetimes have timelike infinity while Schwarzschild spacetime has a lightlike infinity.\nIn general the prescription to build <PERSON> diagrams of spherically symmetric spacetimes goes as:\n1) Define the tortoise coordinate except for the constant;\n2) Define null coordinates in the 'usual way';\n3) Define new null coordinates in order to avoid the coordinate singularity in the event horizon;\n4) Reparametrize the null coordinate in order to put it in a finite diagram.\nIn the case of AdS-Schwarzschild spacetime it is a little bit of hard work:\n1) We have a metric of type $g_{\\mu \\nu }= (-f, f^{-1},r^2,r^2\\sin^2 \\theta )$ and $ f = 1- \\frac{2m}{r} + c^2r^2$, $c$ meaning the inverse of the AdS curvature radio. Now, as long as $f$ has always a real positive and two imaginary roots, we have \\begin{eqnarray} r_* = \\int \\frac{1}{f}dr = \\frac{(2r_+^2 + 4p)\\arctan \\left(\\frac{r_++2r}{\\sqrt{4p-r_+^2}}\\right) + r_+ \\sqrt{4p-r_+^2} \\ln \\left( \\frac{(r-r_+)^2}{r^2+r_+r+p} \\right)}{2c^2(2r_+^2+p)\\sqrt{4p-r_+^2}} + constant \\end{eqnarray} in which $r_+$ is the event horizon ($f(r_+)=0$) and $p=r_+^2+\\frac{1}{c^2}= \\frac{2m}{c^2r_+}$. (Assume: $constant \\equiv C$).\n2) The usual null-coordinates, $u$ and $v$ written as \\begin{eqnarray} du=dt-dr_ \\ dv=dt+dr_ \\end{eqnarray} lead the metric to \\begin{eqnarray} ds^2 = -f du dv + r^2 d \\Omega^2 \\end{eqnarray} which is still singular in $r=r_+$ as long as $f=0$ there.\n3) Defining now \\begin{eqnarray} \\tilde{U}=-e^{-\\eta u}\\ \\tilde{V}=e^{\\eta v}, \\end{eqnarray} we have \\begin{eqnarray} ds^2 = \\frac{-f}{\\eta^2}e^{-2\\eta r_*}d \\tilde{U} d\\tilde{V} +r^2 d\\Omega^2 \\end{eqnarray} (being $\\tilde{U}$ and $\\tilde{V}$, also null).", "578" ], [ "If $\\eta = \\frac{c^2(2r_+^2+p)}{2r_+}$, the coordinate singularity is avoided.\nWith these new coordinates, and the proper choice of $C$ (in blocks) we have, \\begin{eqnarray} \\lim_{r\\rightarrow \\infty} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = -1 \\ \\lim_{r\\rightarrow r_+} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = 0 \\ \\lim_{r\\rightarrow 0} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = 1. \\end{eqnarray}\n4) Finally, define \\begin{eqnarray} U = \\arctan \\tilde{U}\\ V = \\arctan \\tilde{V} \\end{eqnarray}\nin which case, the maximal spacetime is placed in a square of size $\\pi / \\sqrt{2}$. To see this, we have to take the 3 limits above, considering the coordinates $U$ and $V$ as in the file bellow.", "804" ], [ "<PERSON> equation for the geodesic deviation in the weak field limit\nThe geodesic deviation equation can be written in the following form $$ \\nabla_U^2 \\xi = R (U, \\xi) U \\tag{1} $$ where $R$ is the <PERSON> tensor. It can also be written component-wise using the <PERSON> tensor $$ (\\nabla_U^2 \\xi)^\\alpha = R^\\alpha_{\\;\\, \\beta \\mu \\nu} \\: U^\\beta U^\\mu \\xi^\\nu \\tag{2} $$\nI'm interested in this equation on a Riemannian manifold equipped with the following metric tensor $$ g = -(1+2\\phi(x))\\mathrm{d} t \\otimes \\mathrm{d} t + (1-2\\phi (x))\\left(\\mathrm{d} x \\otimes \\mathrm{d} x + \\mathrm{d} y \\otimes \\mathrm{d} y + \\mathrm{d} z \\otimes \\mathrm{d} z \\right) \\tag{3} $$ with the standard torsion-free and metric-preserving connection $\\nabla$. I'm only interested in the spatial part of the Jacobi equation, that starts from $U = e_0$ i.e. $$ (\\nabla_t^2 \\xi)^i = R^i_{\\;\\, 0 0 \\nu} \\,\\xi^\\nu \\tag{4} $$\nIn textbooks it can be found that in the weak-field limit (keeping only the linear terms involving $\\phi (x)$) this reduces to $$ \\frac{\\mathrm{d}^2 \\xi^i}{\\mathrm{d} t^2} = - \\phi_{,ij} \\, \\xi^j \\tag{5} $$ where comma indicates partial derivatives.\nHowever, when I try this for $g$ above, I get a different result.", "346" ], [ "Disclaimer: my notation here differs from yours: My variable $z$ is your variable $1/z$. So $z=0$ for me is $z=\\infty$ for you and vice-versa.\nIf we think about the $AdS_{p+1}$ space as embedded on $\\mathbb{R}^{2,p}$ as\n$$ X^{I}X_{I}=-R^{2} $$\nThe $AdS_{p+1}$ metric becomes the induced metric from $\\mathbb{R}^{2,p}$, i.e.\n$$ ds^{2}=dX^{I}dX_{I} $$\nThe boundary is defined as the $n_{I}X^{I}\\rightarrow \\infty$ for all possible $n_{I}$ compatible with the constraint above. If we rescale the $X^{I}$ variables in order to maintain them finite as we approach the boundary we obtain a parameterization of the boundary in terms of projective coordinates $\\bar X^{I}$\n$$ \\bar X^{I}\\cong \\Lambda \\bar X^{I},\\qquad \\bar X^{I} \\bar X_{I} = 0 $$\nwhere the radius $R$ goes to zero because of the re-scaling.\nNow, once we cover a patch of $AdS_{p+1}$ by coordinates, what we should look after is the intersection of boundary defined above with our patch. It is not guaranteed that our patch will cover the whole boundary.\nThe boundary have the topology $$ \\frac{S^{p-1}\\times S^{1}}{\\mathbb{Z}_2} $$ where $S^{1}$ is a closed time-like curve. Doing a universal cover opens this closed time-like curves into $\\mathbb{R}_t$, which makes the boundary $$ S^{p-1}\\times\\mathbb{R}_t $$\nThe <PERSON> patch is the patch of $AdS_{p+1}$ covered by the <PERSON> coordinates:\n$$ X^{+}=\\left(\\frac{1}{z}+z\\,x^{\\mu}x_{\\mu}\\right),\\quad X^{-}=R^{2}z,\\quad X^{\\mu}=Rz\\,x^{\\mu} $$\nwhere $x^{0}$ is the time coordinate and $z>0$. This does not cover the entire $AdS_{p+1}$ space but only the patch where $X^{-}>0$.", "586" ], [ "At $X^{-}\\rightarrow 0$, which in our coordinates is $z\\rightarrow 0$, we have an horizon in which our time coordinate $x^{0}$ never cross. You can compare with the situation with the <PERSON> coordinates for flat space.\nThe part of the boundary of $AdS_{p+1}$ that is contained in our patch is given by $X^{-}\\rightarrow \\infty$, which in our coordinates is $z\\rightarrow \\infty$. This part of the boundary have the topology of $$ \\mathbb{R}^{p-1,1} $$ which is different than the topology of the whole boundary.\nAn interesting thing happens when we perform a <PERSON> rotation $x^{0}\\rightarrow ix^{p}$. The horizon $z=0$ closes to a point since the size of the hypersurface defined by holding $z$ fixed shrinks as $z\\rightarrow 0$. The same phenomena happens when we do <PERSON> rotation on <PERSON> coordinates. The horizon of the <PERSON> coordinates also shrinks to a point.\nThis means that the <PERSON> coordinates cover almost all the Euclidean $AdS_{p+1}$ except singular point at $z=0$. This point turns out to be a point of the boundary of Euclidean $AdS_{p+1}$ and the topology of the boundary becomes\n$$ S^{p} $$\nWhat happened is that the <PERSON> rotation maps part $\\mathbb{R}^{p-1,1}$ of the boundary to $\\mathbb{R}^{p}$ and the horizon to mapped a point at infinity of $\\mathbb{R}^{p}$, closing it to a $S^{p}$.\nYou could also make all this claims using the explicit form of the metric\n$$ ds^{2}=R^{2}\\left(\\frac{dz^{2}}{z^{2}} + z^{2}dx^{2}\\right) $$\nand define the boundary to be the place where the metric truly diverges, i.e.", "419" ], [ "On the use of the Cauchy-product in deriving the stress-energy tensor constraint for a string in light-cone coordinates\nI shall be following the notation used in <PERSON> String Theory notes. In bosonic string theory, after fixing the gauge of the <PERSON> action using Diff/Weyl invariance to make the two-dimensional metric flat, we arrive at the free wave equation of motion for a string subject to additional constraints imposed onto the stress-energy tensor:\n$$ T_{\\alpha\\beta} = \\partial_\\alpha X \\cdot \\partial_\\beta X - \\frac{1}{2}\\eta_{\\alpha\\beta}\\eta^{\\rho\\sigma} \\partial_\\rho X \\cdot \\partial_\\sigma X, \\quad \\quad \\alpha, \\beta = 0, 1, \\tag{1.32} $$\nwhere the constraints require that:\n$$ T_{01} = \\dot{X} \\cdot X' = 0 $$ $$ T_{00} = T_{11} = \\frac{1}{2} \\left( \\dot{X}^2 + {X'}^2 \\right) = 0 \\tag{1.33}$$\nwhich in light-cone coordinates are:\n$$ \\left( \\partial_+ X \\right)^2 = \\left( \\partial_- X \\right)^2 = 0.\\tag{1.38}$$\nThe Fourier mode expansion of the string in the light-cone coordinates give:\n$$ \\partial - X^\\mu = \\partial- X^\\mu_R = \\frac{\\alpha'}{2} + \\sqrt{\\frac{\\alpha'}{2}} \\sum_{n \\neq 0} \\alpha^\\mu_n e^{-in\\sigma^-} = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\alpha'}{2}} \\sum_n \\alpha_n^\\mu e^{-in\\sigma^-} $$\nand similarly for the left-moving modes.", "616" ], [ "Substituting this into the constraint we have that:\n\\begin{align} \\left( \\partial_- X \\right)^2 &= \\frac{\\alpha'}{2} \\sum_{m, p} \\alpha_m \\cdot \\alpha_p e^{-i(m+p)\\sigma^-} \\ &= \\frac{\\alpha'}{2} \\sum_{m, n} \\alpha_m \\cdot \\alpha_p e^{-in\\sigma^-} \\ &\\equiv \\alpha' \\sum_{n} L_n e^{-in\\sigma^-} \\end{align}\nwhere\n$$L_n = \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_m \\alpha_{n-m} \\cdot \\alpha_m\\tag{1.39}$$\nis the Virasoro operator. Now my questions is: how is the line\n$$ \\left( \\partial_- X \\right)^2 = \\frac{\\alpha'}{2} \\sum_{m, p} \\alpha_m \\cdot \\alpha_p e^{-i(m+p)\\sigma^-} $$\nderived? In my attempts I make use of the Cauchy product for the multiplication of the two infinite sums. However, this is only defined for all positive integers in the outer-sum and for all positive integers up to the first summation variable in the inner-sum:\n$$ \\left( \\sum_{n=0}^\\infty a_n \\right) \\cdot \\left( \\sum_{m=0}^\\infty b_m \\right) = \\sum_{p=0}^\\infty \\sum_{q=0}^p a_q b_{p-q} $$\nso I am struggling to see how $(\\partial _- X)^2$, which has the product of two sums over all integers, can be evaluated?", "262" ] ]

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[ [ "If there had been alien satellites in the solar system at that time, would radio astronomers have been able to intercept their communications?\nOnly if the observers were lucky and the satellites had no desire to hide their transmissions.\nFirst, you have to be looking in the right direction, at the right time, at the right frequency.\nBut then you have to recognize that the incoming energy is a signal - which means that it has to be coded in a way that you can detect, and expect. 1950's technology still used fairly simply effectively analog modulations - signals of interest had lots of energy concentrated in narrow bandwidths. But many modern schemes are instead spread-spectrum and can only be detected by a receiver seeking a comparable pattern. Even something not trying to hide - say our own contemporary GPS satellites which transmit different coding sequences all in the same frequencies - would be difficult to detect as intentional radiators with 1950's gear, unless someone knew exactly what to build gear to look for. Something so close might be seen by reflecting sunlight or on an early active radar search, but that's distinct from intercepting its signal.\nWould it have been possible for mid-20th-century terrestrial radio technology to send signals back to space, and establish two-way communication with these devices?\nIf the satellites were design to make that possible, then yes, most definitely.\nIf you wanted to communicate with an early electronic society, you'd go to efforts to make things easy. You might try some very longwave frequencies for ultra-primitive situations, and your classic physics-inspired SETI ones, but if you're orbiting someone's planet you'd mostly you'd pick the low VHF range where you easily get energy through an ionosphere, while remaining in the realm of what can be done with vacum tubes.\nThen you'd use (at least at the outer attention level) simple modulations, for example toggling between two discrete nearby frequencies in such a way that you elicit a response from all of your basic detector types (BFO, AM, FM). And you'd use it in a way that creates a \"curious\" pattern such that a lifeform manually noticing the signal finds it interesting enough to bring it to the attention of someone who can hook up more instrumentation to look at it.", "199" ], [ "Finally, you encode your meaning in terms of basic mathematics - prime numbers and all that, and in a self-teaching way. Our own science fiction authors and actual real world outgoing contact attempts have examined the possibilities there.\nTo some extent though, to have a meaningful \"conversation\" you have to pack a fair amount of AI into that satellite. And if you're going to do that for the meaning, you might as well do it for the communication, too. In other words, you monitor your target civilization's own communications, and you respond in kind. If they call each other with a particular pattern, you use the same pattern. If their broadcast stations turn off a certain period after the local star rotates past the horizon, you jump in an instant later with your own \"greetings planetenials\" message - or simply replay their own traffic of the previous platentary revolution. In short, you get their curious individuals curious, and you make the task of responding within reach", "209" ], [ "Living on a giant banana world\nIn my story, which should be taken entirely seriously, mankind encounters a region of space occupied mostly by giant exo-householdobjects.\nThat is, planet sized kettles, saucers, teacups, cutlery, etc. There is even a giant <PERSON> branded teapot, because this is how serious a story it is. They orbit around perfectly ordinary stars of various sizes.\nThe protagonists are going to spend a significant amount of time stuck on a giant banana while observing a solar system with many such objects. They are mostly incredibly impractical people - philosophers, theologians and so on - with a small cohort of ships engineers and tradesmen, as well as a rapacious mine manager called <PERSON> who only cares about the giant silverware.", "322" ], [ "They're very well supplied with everything they could want except the means to get offworld.\nLeave aside the problem of gravity trying to make the banana into a sphere - assume that either the banana is mostly made of a nearly infinitely strong material when you drill much beneath the peel, or better still, that gravity is excluded from operating within it and only begins at the surface (albeit with all the mass of the banana still contributing). With a sunlike star, what combination of orbital distance and rotational motion can make this pungent, ethyne laced world in the sweet spot of being inhabitable but periodically very uncomfortable or dangerous?\nI'm specifically interested in: 1) and main) What problems are generated by rotation of the banana and what if any rotational motions are amenable to life at least over a few square kilometres while still being a damned nuisance?\nSo, it needs a few square kilometres that have sort-of earth temperatures and pressures. I'll say -20 to 80 deg C temperature, and 0.3 to 3 bar pressure, with possible intermittent exceptions.\nI'm guessing depending on the axis of rotation, there are going to be areas that are uninhabitably hot/cold. I'd like to place their town in the middle of the banana on the concave side, unless there are any serious objections or better suggestions.\nFor obvious reasons, answers need only stand up to limited scrutiny.\nOrbiting fruit worlds and kettles raise such serious theological, philosophical and anthropological problems that the eggheads that are on it are only going to notice that their lives are in danger when the engineers are banging on their doors warning of the impending 30 day shadow that will cause temperatures to drop to dangerously low levels and they need to put their entire libraries in buggies or local flying craft and relocate.\nI welcome anyone raising problems relating to atmospheric composition or ground instability that are likely to arise as the banana ripens, although I am not short of ideas in this department...unlike, you know, how these people can survive for 20s without freezing or burning or being thrown off the surface.", "921" ], [ "<PERSON>'s answer - Hidden in Plain Sight - is excellent.\nI'm just going to develop that idea a bit further, in a way that's too long for a comment.\n<PERSON>' answer boils down to: don't hide it - show it, but as an either utterly boring or unattractive phenomenon. With several good ideas on how to do this. I'm going to focus on the boring, \"can't be bothered\" aspect, inspired by two authors.\n1. <PERSON> (HitchHiker's Guide). Making anything invisible is incredibly hard. It's much easier to surround it with a Somebody Else's Problem (SEP) field. People observe the thing, but instantly turn away and forget about it.\n2.", "627" ], [ "<PERSON> idea of \"interstitiality\". In that novel <PERSON>'s protagonist is a member of a quirky cult, one of whose rules is that, when forced to enter the normal, \"unclean\" world, you must never do things in the usual way, but find a way to slip through the cracks between systems, customs, normal way of living. (The Hungarian concept of the kiskapú or \"small [side] gate\" is similar, but refers to getting things done in an overly bureaucratic state).\nWhat I'm suggesting is to engineer the invisibility of your planetoid, but using social rather than technical engineering.\nHow, in the context of your world, might you encourage anyone who might be interested, who happens to stumble across evidence of your planetoid, to actively not want to investigate any further - to react not with curiosity but with indifference, or even with an active desire to do anything else (clean the bathroom, de-claw the cat)? In other words, how to create a real SEP field?\nPerhaps the disguise this planetoid adopts, in official records, could connect it with a difficult, burning issue, which people would rather just not deal with. A recent traumatic war; a pandemic; some religious prohibition. Whatever impression your planetoid projects, it needs to be tiresome rather than challenging, evidently boring rather than noteworthy or enigmatic.\nOr, using the idea of interstitiality: you disguise it (using an artificially-created emissions spectrum, for example) as one of millions of objects which fall between two jurisdictions. For example: according to Galactic Exploration Institute's records (which you have \"improved\" for your own purposes), this object is being surveyed by the Institute for Galactic Exploration; according to IGE's records, it's the GEI who are responsible for investigating it. Both the GEI and IGE are immensely bureaucratic, and they loathe each other.", "239" ], [ "I am quite fond of books by a Russian writer, <PERSON>, who among other novels, explored technologies for achieving practical immortality and their implications on individuals and society, in \"Wish Generator\" and somewhat in \"Nanotech network\" as one of the aspects : http://technocosm.narod.ru/e/wg_e.htm\nBeing a sci-fi writer, he leans toward longevity of the conscience - not necessarily confined to the original biological body it was born in. Not necessarily to one body at all (e.g. spawn a copy of yourself - and both are fully yourself, no paradox and conflict of clone/origin - to travel the universe (perhaps in a body that can live in the cold and void or dive into stars), then sync back the impressions of your copies whenever their ways cross again.", "240" ], [ "The technologies and biological basis for what he proposes as initial stages of modularizing the body (and eventually replacing, as it ages) as a carrier of consciousness are already available or will probably emerge in foreseeable decades.\nRegarding your question, one of his outcomes was that true immortality on scale of many (all) humans can cause them to become very responsible about what they do. There is no more place for \"I can do whatever, those who come after me will sort it out\" - I will live to be hit by the consequences; even if you're immortal, living forever in a wasteland with no way out is not a good prospect...\nThis will probably boost technologies and space travel as well: \"If the Sun burns out in a billion years and swallows the Solar system, this is my personal existential threat, and a problem I have to solve.\" Quite possibly, the immortal humanity will have to invent ways to travel the galaxy and take the planets (and stars) with them as big comfortable spaceships to fit them all.\nIt can impact the work of memory as well: it is not infinite, so the trick is to remember what is needed, what matters, and to be able to lose the cruft over time. \"The perfect memory is not one that remembers everything collected over millennia, but one that is usable and where you can still find the needed memories in reasonable time.\"", "693" ], [ "You can't hide the engines\nIf we're assuming hard science no-magic-warp engines and ships that go places in years, not millenia, then the most visible part of any ship is going to be it's exhaust. In most natural planetary environments, there is nothing that could be confused with it. Some answers here are arguing that you might make a ship so \"quiet\" that can be confused with an asteroid - but that can be done only while not maneuvering at all.\nEven our current technology allows us to make an exhaustive list of any ships firing their engines in our closest star systems - I mean, there aren't any; but if someone used any engine capable of moving a sizeable ship (as per the requirement of some people inside, not a tiny probe; plus a capability for maneuver not the current practice of a single burn and airbrake because we don't have enough fuel to stop) in story-meaningful time - say, no more than a few months for interplanetary distances or less than a century for interstellar distances - then we already would know it.\nIf you're seen, we know that you're not natural\nWe can't do it yet, but there should be no issues for a spacefaring civilization to have a detailed list of every asteroid of significant size (say, ship-size) in their planetary systems, in the same manner that we currently track every baseball-sized piece of junk in earth orbit. Yes, there are many of them, that's why we have computers. We don't frequently get any new asteroids, and when we do, we can observe the collision that made it.", "199" ], [ "If a ship that's otherwise indistinguishable from an asteroid arrived in some soft-science way, say, from hyperspace - then we'd still could get an immediate and automated warning from passive sensors that hey, we have a new asteroid that wasn't there yesterday.\nOnce you are detected, you stay detected forever\nLet's assume that some pirate successfully robs a ship, gets some loot, starts running away and has the quietest most hidden ship possible. Well, we still know where exactly it is, and and rather accurately where it will be in next month or next year. The only thing that a perfectly stealthy ship can do is float in a straight line, and the moment it wants to adjust it's course, then once again everyone will know where exactly it is and where it's going to now.\nThis also means that \"You never know when space pirates are going to strike\" is not really true - every space station would have an exhaustive list of every ship that is currently on route \"nearby\" (for very, very large values of \"nearby\" - passive detection of engines would work at longer ranges than ships with those engines will fly in a lifetime) as well as their exact routes, since you don't need their cooperation to obtain that, you just need to look. If you don't want to fly past anyone, then you don't. If someone fires up their engines to intercept you, then you notice that well in advance, and everyone else does as well, and is able to track the other ship to wherever it goes to.", "500" ], [ "What immediately comes to mind when considering this question is that the the system is symmetrical - that is, it works exactly the same even if someone from planet 1 is transplanted to planet 2. It is not a subjective exclusion from the current planet. The energy of the current planet is objectively unusable. So what would make that happen? The simplest answer, for me, is that something in the transition from planet X to planet Y is necessary for it to become usable.\nTo find what that is, I would look at the physical layout of a solar system. What is between you and another planet that isn't between you and your own planet? This could be some object in its own orbit, or maybe the energy must be drawn through multiple planets to amplify. But my thought is that it must be drawn through the sun.\nWhy? Well, it's big, bright, and your planet's energy can never ever go through it on its way to you. The sun could act as a focus or an activator of another planet's energy, and that energy must be (inadvertently) drawn through the sun to be useful to a magician. Or perhaps the journey of the magical energy through the sun's radiation between planets activates it and it doesn't physically have to go through the sun, but the idea is the same. Something between the planets (the sun or some other arcane object) acts as a catalyst for magical reactions.", "943" ], [ "The energy around planets is the fuel, but it needs a spark somewhere out in space that just isn't available on the planet you stand on.\nThe other simple observation is the sheer distance involved. I liked it <PERSON>'s inverse square law idea, but I like it better the other way. The further the planet is from you, the greater distance the energy has to build momentum. If you draw it from a paltry 4000 miles from the center of your planet (or less if it's from the atmosphere), it is equivalent to a musket-ball rolling out of the barrel. But, drawing from a Pluto analog 5 billion miles away, your magical bolt comes screaming like an abused particle doing loops somewhere in a Swiss lab.\nThink of it as potential energy in a gravitational field - except the gravity is the magician pulling on the magic. The further it has to fall (be pulled), the more time the force acts upon it, applying an acceleration the whole time. Even a small (whatever small is in magical terms) acceleration over 5 billion miles produces an inordinately larger velocity than an acceleration across 4000 miles. And translating \"velocity\" into magical power, that's the ballgame. The furthest source of magical energy on your planet just isn't far enough for any significant, noticeable power to be built up.", "621" ], [ "Slower than light or faster than light?\nIf you invoke some kind of magical FTL, then the nuances of that FTL will determine everything, and they can be tweaked to produce any results that you desire.\nHowever, for relativistic slower-than-light interstellar planet that fits physics as we currently know it (e.g. engines spending limited fuel/energy to accelerate, and as much energy to decelerate), shipping lanes don't really make sense because:\n* You don't stop in the middle as a trip with an intermediate stop takes exactly twice as much fuel and significantly more time as a trip without a stop;\n* Interaction requires matching speed, not only position - if you're not willing to spend fuel to make an intercept, then you either fly past each other at ludicrous speed or get destroyed in a collision;\n* Direct routes make practical sense - on land, you may want to follow roads and go through major towns on the way, so route from A to B will have travelers passing from C to D through A and B; in space the optimal route is a straight line between C and D without detours.\n* the lane would be empty. Even if some ship would be destroyed en route, it would simply fly further with the same speed forever until it flies past (or into) the destination.\n* as everything moves relative to each other, two ships going from A to B at different times will take different routes. Assuming slower-than-light travel times (years between stars, days or more between planets), if a faster ship leaves after a slower one, it may reach the destination before the slower one but it will never \"meet\" it, since they travel on different paths unless it intentionally went on an intercept trajectory and not to the destination.\nRealistic physics don't really have unplanned encounters\nEngines that can get you from Earth to Jupiter in weeks or from Earth to another planet in less than millenia are visible from far, far away, and also give up your exact location, direction and speed - i.e., source and destination. Any maneuvers require firing the engine - want to start moving? Throw out lots of matter or energy into space.", "947" ], [ "Want to stop or steer? Same thing. Want to move with speeds that get you anywhere soon (as opposed to going from earth to a comet in 10 years) - throw out lots of energy once. I recall seeing calculations that if such a ship was moving between planets in Alpha Centauri, then we'd be able to track it with our current technology from Earth.\nSo no encounters can be really unplanned - a ship would know all the ships in the neighbourhood, and observe all their maneuvers long before they have any effect - i.e., if someone is changing their speed to meet with you, then you know that they have done that long before they actually meet with you. Before you launch, you'd have a database listing where exactly every ship currently is moving, even if they were launched decades ago. Furthermore, everyone else knows if any meetings occur, and where they go afterwards - if a ship gets intercepted, then everyone in multiple star systems know that and also know where both ships go afterwards.", "199" ], [ "If these mirror don't require any physical connection, and yet they are able to transmit light and sound in perfect fidelity from one point to another at the speed of light, it is very likely that they can do even more than this.\nYou have no idea how it works, but are able to follow simple instructions which it sounds like anybody could do to build the mirror, so the principles involved appear to be fairly simple. Specifically, it's not like a building a large computer where you need a billion dollar semi-conductor fab to build the wafers, it's more like the first transistor where you can build one out of materials that you are able to obtain. Depending on how magic works in your world, it may be that like building a transistor radio that takes up a kitchen table, there is a 50 year or more technological growth curve where this sufficiently advanced technology can be studied and refined. Or alternately, magic in your world may be totally separate from physics and follow its own rules or logic.\nEither way, the value is this is potentially incalculable. If you are willing to put the time and effort into it yourself, you could raise venture capital and lead the effort to research how the mirror works and additional effects that are possible. If you can send light, what other things can you send? Can you send gravity? If you can send sound, can you send other kinds of physical vibrations? Can you send matter? If so that would be of immense value as your magic mirror is now a teleporter.", "209" ], [ "The sorts of research into exactly what sorts of things you can do and what sorts of things you might be able to do with tweaks to the mirror could take years, but also disrupt entire industries. If you don't want to put all the work in, you very likely could make a great deal of money selling the information on how to build the mirrors to a third party - just be sure to put together all these thoughts into what exciting and valuable possibilities could be made available and require that the deal allows you to reap rewards proportional to the advances are made, instead of some fixed sum of money.\nEven if your mirrors are only ever capable of sending light and sound, how much light? How much sound? Is it just the visible spectrum or other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? If there is no attenuation of the signal, then a large mirror was placed in orbit closer to the sun, and a great deal of energy could be beamed directly to the Earth for a variety of uses.\nEven if your mirrors actually behave no differently from a camera / screen setup, as the other answers mention you still have what seems to be a more reliable system not requiring wires and possibly even noise free transmission mechanism. What if millions of these mirrors were made, but microscopic in size, you could have a revolution in computers as you eliminate the need for comparatively slow electrical paths. Is there any limit on how many point to point connections can be created at once? It sounds like you may have a better crossbar mechanism as well. The possibilities are endless. Play your cards right and you'll be rich beyond your wildest dreams!", "209" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nAs usual, <PERSON> style is something fun and to be admired, from the framing to color palette to awkward deadpan matter-of-fact tone of dialogue, but I've been chasing the high I felt from Moonrise Kingdom and The Grand Budapest Hotel where I believe <PERSON> really peaked in creativity, style, and storytelling.\nBoth Asteroid City and The French Dispatch have failed to impress me on that level, although I still can find enjoyment in them. They simply don't have that special something that can be found in some, well, most, earlier <PERSON> films.", "252" ], [ "<PERSON> and <PERSON>\nReally remarkable stop motion here, with <PERSON> elevating his game even higher. It's in the fine details of fast movement and in the jumps and gravitational bits. So good. His command of how things move and have weight has always been phenomenal, but he's improving all the time.\nHis cinematic chops are also extending. he's using camera overlays including bits of hand drawn animation.", "594" ], [ "He is cross cutting action sequences and he's using multiple angles of the same action.\nAs parable, this isn't much, but it is a pretty devastating rip on the bourgeoisie. Because of his use of insects and animals, we see thee creatures as ourselves - and so here we see ourselves as rats. Not entirely comforting. And if I did have a minor quibble, it's that even though he is now animating the faces of these rate, it does move the piece a little further into pastiche because they no longer look like real animals, but closer to cartoon versions. Its something that was bound to happen if he wanted this level of characterization, but it is a trade off. Still, this piece has some great stuff.", "862" ], [ "Hi, Mom!\nTwo perfectly good, separate, movies; short films even, coexist in 86 minutes of runtime in <PERSON> Hi, Mom!. The only problem is that this isn’t two movies. While both parts are brilliant in their own ways, they simply do not fit. It’s pretty upsetting.", "698" ], [ "<PERSON> futile yet unique attempts to make a porno surely makes an amazing comedy, and his radical theatrical production and later guerilla warfare make for a hugely theoretical and impactful political thriller of sorts, but there simply isn’t enough reason for these stories to intersect. It doesn’t feel like one movie. Because it shouldn’t be. If you split this film in half I’d give each half a higher rating than this. It’s a single flaw, but it’s a pretty damn big one.", "698" ], [ "<PERSON>\nThere's a wonderful visual gag early on that I thought was there just to skewer the vapid world of social media influencers, but in context with the rest of the film it also serves as a reminder to the viewer to keep on your toes.\nI tuned in hoping for another HOST or an UNFRIENDED-like experience, but this only dabbles with that sort of thing and is equally SCREAM and going on from there.\nAnd it's odd that this is yet another horror film I've seen in the very recent past that is playing with the \"killing dogs in genre films\" taboo. Seems to be a recent wave of that and I am glad to see it.", "645" ], [ "Ferrari\n“Our deadly passion. Our terrible joy.”\nContains one of the most earned and deeply affecting moments of shock and horror I have ever seen in any movie. <PERSON> has stripped away any remnants of romanticism in service of what is probably his most upsetting work to date.", "1016" ], [ "In doing so, he has found new chameleon like muses in <PERSON> and <PERSON>, both of whom give career defining performances. Nowhere near as formally showy as <PERSON>’s other films, and yet it still contains some of the most striking images in his entire catalogue. Simply earth shattering.", "464" ], [ "Capernaum\nCAPERNAUM really hit it off the park for me. One very angry movie Labaki has made here (and yet, she still found one or two moment of sweet laughter). Political? Maybe.", "170" ], [ "But the reason I love this film so bad is less because of the message and more of how beautifully made the film really is, despite of it's ugly subject matter.\n<PERSON> has already said it -the cinematography by <PERSON> is something to be celebrated.\nThe score, by <PERSON> is phenomenal. I instantly browsed all his previous works and apparently he's a Labaki regular and has always been THIS good.\nEven the sound editing and sound mixing guys did a great job in this: every sound of car engines from streets of Beirut felt like a genuine threat to our protagonists.\nI haven't even mentioned the one that carries the whole film: The actors. <PERSON> did more with his eyes than all the Oscar nominees did with all their might combined. And Boluwatife Treasure Bankole is indeed, a treasure.", "529" ], [ "<PERSON>: Chapter 4\nIn some ways this is absolutely top of the franchise for me. Every frame is immaculately presented with a sense of formal beauty that tops what <PERSON> has done before. You can feel his confidence bursting of the screen with the explosions of colour, light and smoke all throughout. It's also the most stripped back <PERSON> has been, which means the outstanding supporting cast all step up to amazing effect. There isn't a bad character in the bunch, with <PERSON> Mr Nobody quietly stealing the film for large chunks. <PERSON> and <PERSON> are both outstanding additions to this world, adding a new type of kinetic energy to the action that I adored.", "594" ], [ "<PERSON> also pops up perfectly.\nThe action is of course the star of the show here, and once again the franchise shows its desire to show us things we've never seen in the genre before.\nThe Osaka Continental is a perfect piece of location setup and payoff, establishing setting before everything explodes into violence. Whether it's doorbell-assisted martial arts, nunchuck combos or bow and arrow finishers, it's an excellent first sequence.\nCompared to the patience of the Osaka sequence, the final Paris dash is a brilliant Warriors homage that serves as a perfect grab-bag of everything we love this franchise for. The bird's eye crane move is an all-timer presentation for <PERSON> mayhem, which is only topped by the fact that it happens twice!\nAll of the stuntperson pratfalls that came before culminate in <PERSON>'s climb up the Sacré-Coeur steps, which is some of the best stuntwork I've seen in ages. Countless people tumble down and down these steps, and it's hard not to feel out of breath just watching it. The work of the stunt choreographers and performers needs to be lauded, because what they pull off in this one is absolutely bananas.\nOverall I feel like the series has maintained a steady level of quality, which is super impressive for a franchise that's gone on this long. I think this is the top of the bunch for me, if only slightly beat out by 3. There's something to love about all of them, which is perfect.", "594" ], [ "<PERSON>: Part One\nMore of a journalistic recreation of a Wikipedia article than a movie, but it kind of lands due to the magnitude of it all. It has no characters, just historical figures, but it works with the overall approach.", "698" ], [ "It’s meant to make you feel like a witness of history. <PERSON> embodies <PERSON> as much as he obscures him, feeding into the myth.\nHilarious how neither <PERSON> nor <PERSON> could stick with an accent for <PERSON>, but at least <PERSON>’s has been living abroad for a while. What’s <PERSON>’s excuse?", "585" ] ]

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[ [ "Kurdistance: · Global Voices\nHello everyone! I'm finally back -and married. The winner of the “GV Kurdish Post Title” contest was <PERSON> from Talk Turkey, and I particularily enjoy the irony that it was a Turkish gentleman that came up with the neatest name for a Kurdish weekly, it just goes to show the great sense of harmony and openness that I believe Global Voices fosters. Anyway, on to the update of the Kurdish blogosphere for the last two weeks:\nTalk about the Passion continues to chronicle his adventures in teaching in Northern Iraq/Southern Kurdistan. Thunder is particularly loud where he is living now and he has rats but he seems to be enjoying his stay and will be celebrating his one year anniversary of teaching in Kurdistan.\nSave RojTV continues in their effort to stay operating and have been collecting letters and articles of support from the Kurdish and European communities, one of the article postings this week is from none other than <PERSON> who writes From Holland to Kurdistan (featured weekly here).\nEast of Kurdistan continues to offer itself as a one stop shop for all of your Eastern Kurdistan news needs.\nThe Is-Ought Problem is back on-line with support for the Danes.\nUpdates on the bird flu in Kurdistan is provided by Pearls of Iraq this week. Also there is a posting of a great article about the cartoon controversy.\nAlong the same vein Roj Bash! has an excellent posting about Islam, <PERSON> and his Critics that looks at the historical implications. Plus there is a wonderful posting of a translation of another Kurdish blogger who writes primarily in Kurdish on the same subject.\n<PERSON> writes about the absurdity of a recent Turkish newspaper editorial calling for a re-evaluation of the Kurdish Question in Turkey.", "926" ], [ "Other items written about include a piece about Kurdish activists such as <PERSON> from the American Kurdish Information Network. The murder of a different Kani, <PERSON>, is discussed as the event has been a shock to the Kurdish communty.\n<PERSON> posted an obituary for <PERSON> as well. He responds to critism that he has received over voting in the Iraqi election. He also posts about the recent success of <PERSON> a Kurdish pop singer in Sweden.\nWe will wrap up with info on <PERSON> Kurdistan who has written on a bunch of different subjects including the new anti-American war movie Valley of the Wolves-Iraq. He also writes of Kurdish protests of the Turks and Kurdish protests of the <PERSON> cartoons. And in the extremes of happy and sad news, <PERSON> has a wonderful article on a topic neglected in Kurdish politics, that of the state of the Kurds in Western Kurdistan, Syria and allegations of the government burying Kurds alive and then on the opposite side of the spectrum a posting about American soldiers befriending the Kurds of Northern Iraq/Southern Kurdistan.", "926" ], [ "Travels in the Kurdish Blogosphere · Global Voices\nThis was my first week of using a feed aggregator for watching the Kurdish blogs and I am not sure how I feel about it. Part of me really enjoyed checking every single blog each week, but it can be terribly time consuming. I set up the aggregator for the website Kurdistan Blog Count, and if you are interesting in linking to it yourself here is the public site. However the new feed has enabled me to organize today's post thematically, in which we will be able not only to discuss the major topics but address the subject of Kurdish bloggers that have become prominent in the news.\nFirst item up, the elections in Iraq: By and far the most regarded coverage of the Iraqi elections has been the blog The Iraqi Vote (unfortuately the permalinks were not functioning correctly on their site, however I strongly recommend that you review the comment dialouge and the posts if this topic is of interest to you.) From Holland to Kurdistan and <PERSON> have also had excellent election coverage, especially with respects to expat voting—I recommend reading the personal commentaries that <PERSON> has provided. <PERSON> from Kurdo's World writes about possible election fraud and his decision not to vote, he has some amazing links to photos from the election. <PERSON> from Hiwa Hopes expresses his happiness at being able to vote and his hope for an independent Kurdistan.", "926" ], [ "Lastly in this long list of esteemed bloggers, is Kurdish blogger <PERSON> who was able to meet with the President of the United States on election day (I am sure that many will recognise the photo.)!\nSecond item: There are several trials that are ongoing that the Kurdish blogosphere are buzzing about. The first is Dr. <PERSON> who is being held by the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraqi Kurdistan for crimes that include “disgracing the Kurdish government and it's struggles”. This brings out issues of credibilty of the KRG asking neighboring states to grant free speech to their Kurds, but denying the right to its own Kurds. While this has been covered most notably by the blog the Is-Ought problem, other bloggers have weighed in this issue including Hiwa, Rasti and <PERSON>. A lot of comparisons between this trial and the upcoming trial of Turkish author <PERSON> have been drawn.\nThirdly, just a reminder for people to check out the work being done by the blog Save Roj TV, which is campaining to retain the broadcasting rights of Kurdish television in Holland.\nAnd finally, The Kurdistan Bloggers Union has written to remind Kurdish bloggers that they need to guard their own safety when they blog.", "926" ], [ "Kurdistance: · Global Voices\nWow, it's Wednesday again, with school and several threatening comments on my personal blog today I almost forgot. But don't worry dear readers, I am here to give you your weekly fix of Kurdish blogs!\nFor a quick update on last week's column, I had reported about a blog site being abuptly taken down, it turns out that all is well and that particular blogger is back up and running again. Additionally, we had mentioned last week about a Turkish club singer who is working on a Kurdish film; <PERSON> gives an update on his blog From Holland to Kurdistan:\nI especially liked her answer to this question:” A kind of odd question for you <PERSON>, How do you think the Turkish government reaction might be towards everything you're doing for Kurdistan?”\nShe said she doesn’t care and wants to unite Kurds and Turks.", "926" ], [ "“We are neighbors and I want the two nations to live in peace and have their rights.”\nThe Is-Ought Problem calls for the internet publication of persecuted Kurdish author <PERSON>, who I erroneously reported as a female author last week. The fatwa against his life was issued for the book entitled: ” Sex, Sharia and Women in the History of Islam”.\n<PERSON> from Hiwa Hopes writes about a private screening he was invited to for the new film Ahlam.\nSave RojTV writes about a new letter campaign they began to save their television station in Mardin (Northern Kurdistan, Southeast Turkey). Their long list of supporters continue to grow including Kurdish author <PERSON>:\nThis national awakening of the Kurds towards Kurdish Language and identity is a respond to the Turkish states violation of human rights, and it wont stop. Turkey can't shut down the voice of Roj TV, and continue with its policy of human right violation, whilst trying to become a member of the democratic society.\n<PERSON> writes this week comparing the Three Stooges and Iran, and about memories brought on by a recent article written by <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> wrote about alleged poisonings of Iranian Kurds and gives a personal account of an encounter of the Kurdish kind in Turkey.", "361" ], [ "Travels in the Kurdish Blogosphere · Global Voices\nThis week marked the beginning of a trial for <PERSON>, not only is this trial an unprecedted event, but the question that lingers is that can he really be tried for all of the atrocities that he is credited for. Another interesting aspect of the trial is that the primary judge in the case is a Kurd, which is a sweet victory for the Kurdish peoples. <PERSON> from Hiwa Hopes gives a moving post about why it is important that this trial is happening, and gives us some details of memories he carries from being supressed by <PERSON> in his youth.\nOf course, when there is any speculation on what <PERSON> is or isn't responsible for, the issue of Iran being “next on the list” or wheter or not Iran was responsible for items attributed to <PERSON> comes back to the surface. On the Kurdistan Bloggers Union there is an interesting discussion as to the issue of who is responsible for the gassing of Kurds at Halapja, some critics site Iran as the perpetraitor of the deed, while it is the Iraqi regime that is traditionally held responsible. <PERSON> from From Holland to Kurdistan muses as to wheter or not Iran might hold the same fate as Iraq and have its regime dismantled as well.", "926" ], [ "Speaking of Iran, there has also been a revisiting of the history of Iranian oppression of the Kurds, the blog Land of the Sun: Kurdistan gives an excellent overview of Iran's actions towards the Kurds of Eastern Kurdistan.\nRecently there has been an upsurge in violence in the previous peaceful areas of Northern Iraq/Southern Kurdistan which has been causing some concern for the Kurds in that region. Especially as there are rumors that the violence is stemming from and sanctioned by the Sunnis of Iraq.\nOther issues currently facing the Kurds of Iraq are the political aspects of a new country. The new Iraqi Constitution was recently passed, however that does not mean that Iraq's stability is ensured. Kurdish critics have begun to argue that perhaps too many Kurdish consessions were made in forming the new Constitution, others have agreed with US President <PERSON> that the Kurdish political parties need to unite to be effective.\nPerhaps the best reaction to the Kurdish involvement is the following picture posted from the blog Koerdistan:\nAlthough the results of the constitution vote came out only yesterday, the Kurdish blogs have yet to fully comment on its impact, but I expect that more will come out in the week to come.\nIraq and Iran have not been the only countries that the Kurds are discussing this week. Turkey has also been looked at for not only its formal opening of talks with the EU but also its citizens support of honor killings. Plus, this week there was also news about Reporters without Borders report on Turkey's lack of freedom of the press.", "926" ], [ "The Kurdish Blogosphere-Identities of Silence · Global Voices\nRecently on the Iraqi Bloggers Central an epic seven part update on the Kurdish/Iraqi blogs was written. While the summary was excellent (and a highly recommended read!) it also begs the question why were the Kurdish blogs and the Iraqi blogs linked together? It all comes down to the issue of multiple identities. While it is important to make the distinction that not all of those that belong to the Kurdish blogosphere are from Southern Kurdistan, the majority of Kurdish bloggers who blog in English are originally from the Northern Iraq-Southern Kurdistan area. It is possible to be both Kurdish and Iraqi at the same time, just as one is able to be American and Kurdish, Dutch and Kurdish, or Iranian and Kurdish…the Kurdish identity is only a part of who we are.\nOne such blogger who has found a balance between being Iraqi and Kurdish is <PERSON> from Iraqi Thoughts, who recently talked about rejection in his last post. Rejection in the sense of being pushed in from all sides because he doesn't agree with those around him, something that I think that many bloggers can identity with. In another recent post entitled stupidity, <PERSON> has an interesting point to make about Iraqis in general, but also can be applied to the Kurds as well:\nThe deal is that now Iraqis have freedom of speech, they are abusing it and sadly instead of pushing towards changing the country, they instead try and build bridges between themselves. The Sunnis say that federalism will split the country, when their real fear is that federalism would mean that the resources that exist in the South and North can't be taken advantage of.\nWhile <PERSON> is angry that what he sees as an abuse of freedom of speech, the failure to use it as a catalyst for action, at least the there is some sort of dialogue going on. Looking into the Kurdish blogosphere it is very clear to see a difference between what is said, and what isn't.", "926" ], [ "The Iraqi/Kurdish bloggers are discussing the major issues at hand, such as the recent conference on the Iraqi constitution. However the other Kurdish bloggers from the other regions of Kurdistan have been incredibly quiet. I think that we are witnessing an extrememly formative period in Kurdish dialouge within cyber-space. Instead of putting their resources into blogs, many Kurds are joining the discussion in online forums, such as the KBU forum, where many Kurds can feel free(er) to debate in a setting that doesn't feel as if their respective home governments are watching over them. Other efforts have been put into Newsites, where Kurds are writing the news that they are making. One such notable site (out of many) is The Kurdistani. While news isn't exactly blogging, isn't the very act of writing news an act of free expression in itself?\nSo what are we to do while we are waiting for the Kurdish silence to end? Good question. Read the news, visit the forums, be patient….and visit frequently the blogs who are trying to keep the dialogue going like the Kurdistand Bloggers Union and From Holland to Kurdistan. Soon the Kurdish Blogosphere will be buzzing again.", "926" ], [ "Travels in the Kurdish Blogosphere · Global Voices\nWelcome back to the Kurdish Blogosphere!\nOriginally announced on the Kurdistan Bloggers Union was the creation of the Kurdistan Blog Count this week. Modeled loosely after the Iraq Blog Count, it intends to monitor and catalog the Kurdistan blogs out there in the world wide web. Other items announced on the Kurdistan Bloggers Union is the creation of a new KBU badge available for download.\nCharles from the Is-Ought Problem has an excellent post about what happens when you use the “wrong” term in reporting about Kurdistan. The topic of Kurdistan in general is sensitive to say the least, and critisim about terminology used is given from all sides of the movement. As subject to this critisim often as your weekly author, I have come to the conclusion that if I anger someone, I anger them, but I try not too. Objectivity in this topic comes at a price, and with the excellent work that we have seen in the two-three weeks on this particular blog, I hope that Mr. <PERSON> does not give up his quest.\nIn honor of Human Rights Day, Bleak Blogorrhea gives us a link to a report done about the Human Rights violations in Eastern Kurdistan (Western Iraq). The report was submitted by the Human Rights Organization of Kurdistan, which nicely has their website translated into English if you are interested in reading the report.\n<PERSON>! posts about a purported dispute between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Amnesty International, they promise a more detailed analysis on the subject soon.\n<PERSON> From Holland to Kurdistan has reports about the upcoming Iraqi elections. The first is an article from <PERSON> on why he is voting for 730. The second is a report about the Kurdish expat voing in Holland.\nRasti is a relatively new Kurdish blog. The author has been quite proliferic with his writing since he began to write.", "926" ], [ "He has an interesting commentary on the state of the PKK in Turkey at the moment, and how no matter what is done the Kurdish Question in Turkey will always be tied to the PKK. He also has some very cogent analysis on the history of the PKK involvement in Turkey.\nPearls of Iraq posts about Islamic peacebuilding programs in Iraq and types about the rural building being done in the small town of Kalar in Northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan).\nThe last two bloggers on our list for this week have something in common, they are both giving detailed information about the upcoming Iraqi elections on December 15th (tomorrow!): Hiwa Hopes and the Iraqi Vote. Either later this evening or tomorrow at the lastest you can expect an detailed analysis of the Iraqi elections from the bloggers persceptives. Hiwa has been covering the elections from a Kurdish Iraqi POV, from party manifestos to allegations of who will be and will not be allowed to vote. The Iraqi Vote‘s coverage is a bit more holistic, and for the purposes of the post on the Iraqi elections, we will be drawing heavily from the information from that particular blog. The Iraqi Vote poignantly addresses the importance of the upcoming elections:\nOn December 15, 2005, the people of Iraq will vote for the first, permanent, democratically-elected government ever. This government has the most grand task of completing the skeleton that we call a constitution. As a result of the October 15th vote, the constitution was passed, but what kind of a constitution is it? Almost every article in the constitution says that it will be made permanent by a law, a law that will likely be voted on by the next government and the next government will be formed as a result of a general election due in only six days.\nIt is possible that this election will be the last one that matters because Iraq is likely to become a decentralized, federal state in which regional politics will be far more important than national politics. This fact is already evident in the absence of one of Iraq's most powerful politicians, Mr. <PERSON>, president of the Kurdistan Regional Government.\nIn the next four years, Iraqi politics is likely to shift from a national to a regional focus where elections in the regions would become more important than the national elections. However, that remains to be determined and it is wholly dependent on the results of next Thursday's vote.", "926" ], [ "Steppin’ into the Turkish Blogosphere · Global Voices\nWelcome back to the Turkish Blogosphere…. Here is a quick update on the newest items from the Turkish Bloggers who post mostly in English.\n<PERSON> has an interesting link to an educational book called “Who are the Turks” if you are interested in learning more about the Turkish people. Turkish Digest is also an interesting site for up-to-date news information on Turkey. <PERSON> has a couple of interesting book reviews on three new books out: The Young Turks by <PERSON>, The Yezidis by <PERSON>, and Sufi Cuisine by <PERSON>. <PERSON> of the The White Path, who writes on many of the social/political aspects of Turkey has been focusing on Intelligent design and the Intelligent Design Network which he was recently was asked to join. <PERSON> from Ignore Me If You Can wrote recently about recent earthquakes in the Aegean, which is a concern for many Turks in the region, especially those living in the Istanbul and Izmir region which suffered so in the 1999 Earthquake.", "287" ], [ "<PERSON> from Amerikan Turk recently had his photo in the VELONEWS photo gallery. <PERSON> ponders on how much control he has in his life, and what the perfect operating system would look like. Socioeconomics has a very interesting read on randon thoughts on States and the human race.\nVery little has been written about the bird flu in Turkey this week, although <PERSON> from Metroblogging Istanbul wrote about a press conference given by the Turkish government to show that there is nothing wrong with eating poultry. Another interesting item off of Metroblogging Istanbul was about a project called the Face of Tomorrow, where photos of different individuals from various regions are blended to create one common face, you can see the face of Istanbul here.\nI had entended to focus a little on Turkish poetry blogs today, but that will have to wait for another day as there will be a lot of bridge-blogging involved.\nAs there is such a large number of Turkish blogs (Blog Kardesligi alone has over 800 listed) I thought that I would start a feature of the top 3 most interesting finds of the week…So here are this week's top three:\n1. Kutuphane (Library in Turkish) which posts about different libraries.\n2. Back to the 80's (in Turkish) focuses on all things of the 1980's pop culture.\n3. A fantastic photo blog can be found at Tenturdiyot.", "926" ], [ "Turkey is Typing…Film and Other Arts · Global Voices\nPursuits of the artistic type seemed to be on the fingertips of the Turkish bloggers this week from film reviews to art galleries and music.\nFilm\n<PERSON>'s Daily gives us her review of the film Apocalypto, which she gave a 7 out of 10:\nThat is to say, that man is just an ordinary man who may have lived any time and in any society. The movie is not about Maya culture. I dont think that the movie should tell us more about Maya civilization since it is not a documentary but a movie however we need more information to understand what is happening. Maya is nothing to do with the film. The territory that the man lives in is inside Maya territory, that's all. Besides we dont have to know anything about Maya but I felt like people including me watch the movie as we know basic information about the civilization. If you dont know what's happening inside the empire, then the movie only appears as an adventure of a man who is escaping from his enemies.\nErkan's Field Diary posts an interview from <PERSON>, filmmaker of the controversial film Takva:\n“Takva” is originally an Arabic word. It means “A man's fear of God” which is also the subtitle of the film in English.\nThe White Path reviews the film 300 with a critical eye:\nThis week I went to see the new chic movie, “300,” which tells the story of the ancient Spartans’ last stand against an invading Persian army.", "829" ], [ "Yet what I have found in the film was, besides all the spectacular photography, a crude Orientalism and a thinly veiled fascism. The person who made “Orientalism” a household term was, of course, the late <PERSON>, the most prominent Palestinian intellectual ever. According to <PERSON>, the whole Western scholarship about the East, i.e., the Orient, was dominated by a discourse intentionally created to depict this “other” civilization as inherently backward. The Eastern peoples, and especially the Islamic world, was portrayed as irrational, absurd and stagnant — an image which only served the imperialism of the West.\nArt in its Various Forms\nWhile Athanasia's Daily discusses the recent Mongol art exhibit in Istanbul, Istanbul Street Style explores the clothing of Istanbul's artists….and the Izmir Blog discusses the art of shopping for maternity clothes in Izmir. Of course, we can't miss the art of the tabloid as <PERSON>'s Ignore Me If You Can points out that she lives in a country:\n..that would rather read about some model going on a pilgrimage\nto the Mecca (which appears on the front page of the newspapers)\nthan important news on global warming. (which appears at the back of the newspapers)\nThe Music of the Street\nMetroblogging Istanbul posts about street performers (with pictures) in Taksim, while <PERSON> gives us the run-down of the Turkish music scene:\nBy no means do I pretend to be a connoisseur of or an apt guide to the music of Istanbul, but here are a few suggestions to those that want to try out different sounds from the city's music scene, as opposed to the mainstream Turkish pop and arabesque sounds that tourists will usually hear.\nIstanbul Beats\nPossibly a statement too idealistic to make, but in music the talent and writing should be the main focus points. Looking at a beautiful face and body is always a bonus, but the packaging shouldn't overtake the album. Good visuals enhance a concept and help it sell, but it shouldn't be the driving force of an album.\nShiny pictures are nice, but the songs should shine more.\nCheck out some of the links, and maybe, just maybe, you will become as addicted to Turkish music as I am!", "260" ] ]

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[ [ "This is my first review, and I may be letting myself in for some heat since it is destined to be a negative one of what looks like an extremely popular game. Oh well... Tally ho!\nDisclosures:\n1. This review is based on my opinions and those of my group\n2. None of us ever played 1st Ed\n3. Not going to give a breakdown of mechanics, since there are a plethora of reviews that cover those bases\n4. I generally prefer more complex games (Mage Knight, TI3, RuneWars, Game of Thrones etc.)\nPlea for mercy:\nI don't hate you if you enjoy Descent 2e, so please don't hate me for not enjoying it.\n----------------------------\nDescent 2e is a light dungeon crawl game for 2-5 players. It has a modular board, beautiful miniatures, and has many many chits and cards. It is truly beautiful to behold. Just from a production value point of view, this game fires on all cylinders.\nThe rules are fairly simple, and this is mostly a good thing. There are numerous ambiguities in the rules however - especially when you get to the rules specific to each scenario - and I never got through a session without scouring rule books and checking forums. It's been a while since I last played (and have now traded the game away so I can't check) so I'm unable to give specifics, but my experience was truly marred by this. Note that my group is pretty nit-picky about rules, and we all try to extract maximum advantage from a situation, so clear and unambiguous rules are a huge bonus. Yes, there is a lawyer in the group.\nSome rules fluffs can be dealt with, but in this game (we only ever played campaign) there are several pages of unique rules for each scenario. Rules that sometimes contain errors, sometimes are unclear, and yes - sometimes we were just idiots and didn't read them right. Often the campaign mode was hindered by noticing something we did wrong a few sessions earlier, and then arguing over what effect that mistake had and if the heroes or overlord had 'really' won the scenario. Arguing was a constant in this game.\nThe modularity of the board, while cool, could also become a problem.", "386" ], [ "It doesn't take a huge amount of time to set up most scenarios - maybe 15-20 minutes at most. The problem arises really with poorly balanced scenarios that can be won in a turn or two. 20 minutes of setup for a possible 2 round scenario kills all enthusiasm for another go - especially when it means reading the next set of rules, tearing it all down, starting play, then arguing about a poorly worded or explained rule.\nScenarios in this game seem to be set up with a winner in mind. One scenario is a cakewalk for the Overlord, while another is an almost certain player victory. Nothing grated on us more than this. Maybe it all balances out over the (very) long run, but playing a scenario knowing you're the loser (or winner) from turn 1 is boring, frustrating, and to my mind incredibly poor game design. I kept buying expansions hoping that as the designers got more experienced the scenarios would feel more balanced, but in truth the problem just got worse as more stuff was added to the mix. It makes me wonder how anyone can play this as individual scenarios, since each one in isolation (of the ones that I played which isn't all of them) is so skewed towards one side or another. \"Let's have a game of Descent, we can play the scenario where you automatically win this time...\" ???\nThe game is also much lighter than expected in terms of actual tactical possibilities. For the Overlord the overwhelmingly common strategy is to use the monsters to block passageways. For the heroes the strategy is basically to ignore all monsters and run to the objective. Now I realize this is an objective game, not a monster bash. But it felt incredibly hollow having these fantastic figurines moving about when mechanically they are just there to stand in a hallway, while the heroes heroically avoid all combat and pick up the colored chit. Fighting was a hindrance to success from the point of view of the heroes, and for the overlord it really just meant that the heroes were 'doing it wrong'.\nUltimately, despite the beauty of the components, it felt like there was very little game inside the huge box. If you won it was often because that was the scenario where you basically couldn't lose - and vice versa. In the end I was hauling the game out only because I had pumped so much cash into it. I did not have a single enjoyable experience of Descent 2e.\nAs always, your experience will inevitably be different from mine, perhaps better or perhaps worse.", "884" ], [ "Intro\nAs an Age of Steamfan (it is my #1 game), I was intrigued though not hypnotically drawn to Steam. I purchased a copy of Steam to ensure that was able able to get a copy with the extra wood bits (after all, I play red and I've played enough Age of Steam that the colors and goods don't confuse me). I was able to finally play Steam (the basic version) and found the new rules interesting, but the game felt like \"Age of Steam Lite\" - and that's ok, because it meant that when we didn't want the full brain burn or length of Age of Steam, we could still \"scratch that itch\". So I kept my copy rather than trade or sell it.\nRecently at my FLGS I noticed Steam Barons and also noticed that it was an expansion to Steam. A quick glance showed me that the box had some trains, a double sided board and mentioned stock certificates. but it $50 for what appeared to be a glorified expansion, so I passed. Later I checked here at the BGG to find out a little more. You see, I've really come to enjoy some of the current train/stock games, especially Chicago Express. I've also played <PERSON> Steel Driverand enjoyed that (though not as much as Chicago Express). My first impression was that this looked to be akin to Steel Driver except that it was using Steam track building and goods movement to earn company value. This sounded good enough that I decided to go ahead and get it (plus, it comes with 144 wooden trains, which it ends up is the same as the train set upgrade that Mayfair is selling). This review is of the stock variant, not of the maps in Steam proper.\nComponents\nThe game comes with 144 trains in 6 colors - matching the Steam base colors (brown, natural, orange, white, black, and green). If you were considering buying just the $25 train set from Mayfair, you should skip it and get this instead. In addition to the trains, you also get a double sided map that can be used for either Steam Barons (the stock game) or Steam. You also get additional double sided track tiles, 16 black goods, a \"stock board\" and 6 stock markers. It is all the same quality of the original Steam. My only complaint about the components? The map (and box) are the WRONG size. Yep. The original Steam map will not fit in the expansion box nor will the expansion parts fit in the steam box.", "304" ], [ "One is too wide, the other too long. I realize that the boxes were \"stock\" sized boxes, but this was pretty poor planning and a little annoying.\nThe Game\nReading the rules after I got the game, it seemed to be pretty straight forward. It also seemed to be sufficiently different from both Steel Driver and Chicago Express. After playing this, our group felt like this was closer to an 18XX game than anything else. I have not played any 18XX games for a couple of reasons - length being the main detractor. Stories of needing to run a spreadsheet to speed up play, being out of the game 2 hours into a 6 hour game were other factors. I have wanted to play an 18XX game as the general concepts appeal to me. Having played Steam Barons, my desire to play 18XX has gone down - not because I found that I dislike the genre, but because this game perfectly scratched the itch. Now, I'll likely try an 18XX game at some point, but this game is really easy to pick up and start playing if you have already played Age of Steam or Steam. The expansion will play between 2 and 6 players. If you are planning to use the maps for Steam, they are designed for a higher number of players (as opposed to say 3).\nThe game starts by seeding the board with goods. The game will the last five rounds, each with a set of phases. The original goods are the only goods for the game - there is no production or urbanization to bring more into the game. The companies are randomly ordered for play.\nThe first phase is an auction for a share in each of 6 companies (none have a set starting point on the maps). The first turn has only one share available. Future rounds may have more available, depending on what each company does on its turn. Money for the shares go to the bank (not the company). Each company is auctioned in turn order\nAfter all the companies have been through the auction phase, the person with the control of the company (majority share holder - CEO) then builds track ala Steam - except that the maximum number of tracks that can be built is equal to the current round plus one (so 2 the first round, 3 the second and so forth) - assuming the company can afford the costs. The costs are generally the same as Steam, but the money to build the tracks comes from the company coffers (not player money).", "629" ], [ "I played (most of) a whole 2 player game of this at the UK Board Games Expo 19, and ended up preordering it (\"August at the latest\" they said). In this post I'll go over my first impressions of it and why I felt it worth the investment; so it won't have exhaustive details of all the rules or the experience of multiple plays to draw on.\nRules: The map is a made up of hexagons. Some are outside the city, and contain raw resources, some are inside the city of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) and are more traditional \"action spaces\" (upgrade your resources, get points for things etc.), and there are also some coastal tiles, containing fish (another raw resource).\nEvery turn you build one of your little buildings on one of the vertices of these hexes (though some combinations are not allowed if you have insufficient wood/stone, two of the raw resources). You do what is indicated on the three hexes you are next to. And finally, the novel aspect of the basic rules is that most of the city spaces trigger again for everyone else who has build touching that hex. This brings a whole world of tactical options into play, which we barely explored in our 2 player game, but we got some inkling into the depth that exists in this area of the game.\nTheme: Whilst not the most immersive in terms of theme, I thought it worked pretty well. I felt that I was helping to develop and urbanise the city and the area, and one of the actions in the city involved building part of the city walls (you get bonus points for your longest segment). However I was also doing it for my own benefit. I guess we played the part of local businessmen? It wasn't really explained to me (or I just forgot).\nArtwork: I liked the artwork; it looked really professional and pretty. I'm not one to decide on the artwork but it makes a nice bonus. The city walls are a nice touch, and by the end of the game we had a nice looking board. I imagine this would be even more the case if we played for a whole game, or with more players.\nReplayability: This comes in two aspects.", "349" ], [ "Firstly, there are objective cards - all the ones I saw gave 2 points for each \"thing\" you got up to a max of 12. These things were either resources in the game, or \"luxury goods\" that you could get on ships. There are 5 ships, and when ships are bought (via a town action) they are replaced with new ones.\nPlayer count: 1-5. I'm not sure what different rules apply, but from what I saw I can easily see it working well at least 2-4 players. I appreciate games having a 5 player option too.\nSummary\nThis game looks like it has real strategic depth thanks to the re-activating hexes bringing a new dimension compared to a more traditional worker placement game. This wouldn't be enough to make me buy it, but there are two other things that struck me. One is the speed of the game. Having depth like this in game that plays in under 90 minutes (more like 40 for 2p I think) is impressive. The other is that there is little downtime (a problem in many 4-5 player games). Even if it's other player's turn, you may still have actions to do if your hexes are activated. There is a small amount of randomness, which is just the right amount for me, to keep replayability without the frustration that too much luck can bring. Finally there are several different ways of scoring points (ships, completing objectives, having certain resources in certain combinations...) which gives me more confidence that the depth I felt I could see in the game is real.", "629" ], [ "This review continues my series of detailed reviews. I have tried to cover every aspect of the game and as such you may prefer to skip to the sections of most interest.\nImage Courtesy of chaddyboy_2000\nSummary\nGame Type – Board Game\nPlay Time: 90-120 min\nNumber of Players: 2-4 (Best with 4)\nMechanics – Area Control/Influence, Card Drafting, Hidden Planning\nDifficulty – Moderate (Can take 2-3 plays to fully comprehend rules and the basic strategy)\nComponents – Excellent ++\nDesigner - <PERSON> - (Colonial Diplomacy, <PERSON>, Heads of State, Triassic Terror)\nOverview\nWars of the Roses is an ambitious game in that it tries to capture a tumultuous time in English history that was far more than straight forward warfare. So to be true to the period the game needs to incorporate not only military conflicts, but the political nature of the day, the importance of the church and the key role of economics.\nOn top of all that, it is crucial that the game also allows for intrigue and surprises to occur if it is to truly reflect the historical nature of the time and give the game that extra something.\nI am happy to report that Wars of the Roses does this wonderfully well and the combination of its physical design combined with its mechanics makes it something of a Euro/Wargame hybrid.\nBefore I continue it has come to my attention from reading some forum pages that there may be some confusion between this title and another game called Richard III: Wars of the Roses, by Columbia Games.\nThe game being reviewed here by Z-Man Games is in no way connected with the game from Columbia. They are both independent titles, which interestingly enough, were released within 3 months of each other.\nThe Theme\nWars of the Roses is set in the period of English History dating from 1455 - 1487, which is referred to as 'The Wars of the Roses'. It was a period of time in history when two great houses were fighting for control of England and control over who sat on the throne.\nMilitary conflicts were common but political infighting was the real 'lever of power'. The church was heavily involved and the houses were forever trying to convince powerful nobles to support their cause.\nAs key figures in this struggle, the players take on the roles of a key personality aligned with 1 of the 2 houses. <PERSON> (<PERSON>) and the Earl of <PERSON> (<PERSON>) represent the House of Lancaster (<PERSON>). The Earl of <PERSON> (<PERSON>) and the Duke of Gloucester (<PERSON>) represent the House of York (<PERSON>).\nOn a personal level I had no real understanding of this period in history before learning of the game. Whilst I am an avid student of history, both ancient and modern, this time period never did it for me.\nIf you are like me however, do not despair, as it will not result in you enjoying the game any less. It is very easy to play the game and remove yourself from the theme, simply playing as part of a team (at least initially) and using the mechanics to go about acquiring your assets in order to turn the screws on your opponents.\nOn the other hand, if you have a good knowledge of the period, or like to immerse yourself in the theme of a game, it allows you to do that too. You can amass large forces, control great Royal Castles, make a swift attack on the Midlands, control the Bishops or a region or dominate the Shipping Lanes.\nI guess what I am trying to say here is that the game is fairly accessible.", "299" ], [ "If you have no interest in the setting of the game, it can still be enjoyed on a 'game only' level. But there is plenty here for the history buffs and theme demons. Indeed the rulebook and Planning Screens offers great detail on the background to the conflict for those that want to know more. I must admit, the game has given me a much greater understanding of the Wars of the Roses - so yay to that.\nComponents\nA word of warning (it's a good warning) - you will need to start working out if you expect to carry the box for more than 2-3 metres. This baby is chock-o-block full of gaming component goodness. Not only is there lots of components, but they are quality components. This thing weighs more than a 12 month old baby but thankfully it isn't as messy.\nThe Board - The board is a big old gorgeous creation that depicts England. The country is divided into 6 regions. Each region is referred to as a county but for game purposes they really represent an amalgamation of counties. Each county has its own colour to help determine one from another easily. The colours are muted in tone and not garish (something that many a modern board has done of late).", "336" ], [ "I'm a picky gamer so it takes a lot to get me excited about a new game. Every now and again one comes down the pike that makes me eager for the next session. I think the last game that got me this excited to play again was probably Panamax. So let's dive in..\n1) Disclaimer: I need to make two disclaimers. The first is that I only have a single play under my belt. The second is that I played Teotihuacan using a mod on Tabletop Simulator, with a downloaded copy of the rule book from BGG. As a note to the designers (and designers everywhere), immediately after finishing the game, I hopped on Amazon and pre-ordered a copy. Online play remains my favorite way to learn new games and the most likely way for me to purchase a physical copy.\n2) Components: Since I've only played it online, I can't comment on the quality of the components. However, TTS uses scanned images of the actual graphics, and I can say they are gorgeous, easy on the eyes, well laid out, and have moderately easy to grok iconography. There are no language dependent cards for those playing in a multilingual group.\n3) Rules: The rule book is well written with no glaring ambiguities. I have a few lingering questions about tile interactions that I've posted in the rules forum, but over all learning the game from the book was not a chore.\n4) Mechanics: For long time gamers, the mechanics of Teotihuacan will feel comfortably familiar, but also fresh enough to justify being a new game.", "386" ], [ "This to me is a perfect combination because it makes a game that has a decent amount of heft and complexity relatively easy to learn and teach.\nThe heart of the game involves moving workers (in the form of dice) up to three action spaces per turn. The cost of taking an action goes up depending on how many other players already have dice there, and the power of the action goes up if you already have your own dice there. Timing your actions to save money (in the form of cocoa) adds one layer that makes every decision more consequential, and thus more interesting. Timing your actions to focus your workers on the same action adds another.\nThis is a point salad game, with multiple paths to victory. The most obvious involves contributing to the building of the Pyramid of the Sun, but there are many other strategic paths you can take as well.\nIn the process you'll have to manage your resources - wood, stone, gold, and cocoa, along with the most precious resource of them all - time. Periodically the game is interrupted by a solar eclipse which triggers a scoring round. There is some variability in the timing of the eclipses, but you'll have plenty of notice. After the 3rd eclipse (or when the pyramid is completed) there is a final scoring round and the game ends.\n5) Pacing: Turns consist of \"pick a die, move it, take an action, next!\" Pacing is fairly quick with not a lot of downtime in between turns (another important consideration for me). Each round the game moves one step closer to the inevitable eclipse, creating a maximum turn length, but player actions can also hasten the process so there is some player control over game length as well.\n6) Theme: For the most part, the theme felt organic. I understand that early on in the development process there were some questionable marketing choices but those seem to have been corrected. There is one aspect of building the pyramid that seems a bit pasted on, but creates interesting game play decisions and wasn't so far removed from the game as to be immersion breaking for me.", "629" ], [ "Back in my teenage years I had a habit of buying monster games and never playing them. It had never dawned on me that the storage for World in Flames'6000+ counters was a prerequisite to actually playing the game, so it languished on a shelf next to Victoryand Columbia Games' Eurofront. After getting hooked on WWII video games (enough to write an honours thesis on them), eventually I got into Flames of War, which I played for a few years. By this time I was over grand strategic, and pretty hooked on tactical games. Eventually Flames stopped interesting me, and I started to look at tactical hex-based games.\nThe first one that caught my eye was ASL. I'd been aware of it for at least 10 years by this point, but had always been turned off by the size of the rulebook. I picked up the starter kits and played through them, and before long was moving up to the full rules. Then I hit a bit of a plateau where rapidly-increasing rules overhead and play length overtook fun, and it was then I bought Combat Commander: Europe. I tell you all of this so you understand where I'm coming from, and why my opinions on CC:E are what they are.\nCC:E was not my first choice for a couple of reasons. The main one was that there were no tanks - I felt I would miss them. ASL also appeared more comprehensive, and the starter kit was cheaper. In practise, I didn't miss the tanks, and there were a few things Combat Commander did so well that I thought for a while it would eclipse ASL for me. This is the story of how it didn't quite manage it. My journey through CC:E started off really well, so too my review will start with the good parts.\nThe good\nCC:E has a lot going for it, and it was its innovative features that grabbed me and didn't let go for the first ten games. The single most impressive addition it makes to the genre, and one I wish every wargame could somehow have retrofitted, is its random scenario generator. It creates balanced and fun scenarios quickly from scratch, and every step of the way you can decide to simply choose a component of the scenario rather than allow fate to do so, without unbalancing the game. It lets you choose and customise your forces, and decide through those choices whether you will attack or defend.", "52" ], [ "The game is effectively infinitely replayable.\nThe RSG works because of the second major innovation in the game - the extremely easy to use and easy to read scenario information sheet. The RSG interacts with the main piece of this, which is the tug-of-war style victory point track. Whenever you get a VP, your opponent loses one, and vice versa. The defender is always the person starting with the VP track on their side, and the number of VPs acts as a cushion for inferior forces - and it works.\nThe scenario tracking sheet also contains another really innovative device - the time track. Time in CC:E is very fluid - it advances in fits and starts. Sometimes you will get a lot done between time triggers, other times you will get almost nothing done. The game also doesn't end at a set time - it just has an increasing chance to end after a certain number of time triggers. This mechanism creates an incredible level of suspense, though it also generates some gamey tactics (which I don't necessarily have a problem with) - you often find yourself taking lots of shot that will do nothing just to hopefully trigger a time advance (which occurs on the play of certain cards, or when a deck runs out of cards). Regardless, it's really clever. Reinforcements are also tied to the time track, and come on when the time counter hits them.\nI also like the command range of individual leaders - it's neat being able to command a lot of troops with one guy, and it saves on order cards (which is an important facet of the game). But the glow of these two startling innovations and the slightly different take on command when compared to ASL faded pretty quickly...\nThe bad\nAfter a while, a number of things just started to get to me. The major one was the card-driven nature of the game. I understand that it's meant to model chaos, but that's just the problem - nothing you do really changes the way the chaos model works. As <PERSON>\n<PERSON> fond of saying, the chaos model is flat. What he means is that the board situation has no bearing on the cards you draw. You are as likely to draw a fire card when you have an SMG team in a building next to an enemy team, as you are at the start of the game when you need move cards. You can only get into the very deadly Close Combat with an advance card, but being ready to use one doesn't add to your chance of generating one.", "237" ], [ "There have been a plethora of reviews for Eldritch Horror (EH) as of late, and no wonder. The Arkham Horror (AH) franchise is one of FFG's most popular and longstanding, and many of us were curious to see what would change with this new manifestation. Rather than do a lengthy review or even a detailed comparison (which I'm sure you can find elsewhere), let me tell you three quick things that I love about EH - and 3 things that still, admittedly unfairly, nag at me.\nPositive #1: Exploring locations is fun and strategic\nThere's no doubt that <PERSON>. set out to deliver a more cohesive narrative experience in EH, and by all accounts, I think they've succeeded. Several factors contribute to this. A globetrotting romp through cities both familiar and exotic breaths new life into the classic \"oh crap, here comes Cthulhu\" experience. After years of exploration, Arkham was starting to feel a bit tight - constrained - vicious. The Unnamable? The Black Cave? The Graveyard? These don't sound like fun places to visit. And they weren't. You moved there to gather a clue token or two, but there was always a price to be paid. A pound of flesh or a slice of your soul, either way, nothing was free. But what motivation was there to visit the Newspaper or Velma's Diner? Given that clues rarely appeared at these locations and you were never certain of a reward, you'd rarely waste a turn even with those wackos at the Lodge. Furthermore, if you visited a shop or the Science Building or anyplace else to take an action, you couldn't draw an encounter and get a narrative experience. How many unique encounters did you have at the General Store?\nIn EH, you draw an encounter card at every location you visit. And every single one provides a unique narrative experience, building the story and providing new twists and turns. More importantly, most encounters are rewarding. Instead of, \"You passed the skill test, nothing bad happens to you! (AH)\", we now have, \"You passed the skill test, here's something good! (EH).\" At least, that's how it feels to me. And each city in the world is designed to provide a specific benefit. Monsters starting to overflow the board? Visit Tokyo. Need to bulk up your Influence, since you didn't realize how important it is? Visit Istanbul.", "558" ], [ "A nasty Mi-Go eating all your clues? Visit London. For this reason alone, EH feels less \"random\" to me than AH - even though I know that's a loaded term.\nPositive #2: Fiddly-ness minimized\nNo more cash to collect (or closed gates or defeated monster tokens). Now you just roll Influence checks and see what you can afford. Desperately want that Carbine rifle? Take out a loan. Done. No more of those annoying skill sliders from AH. Sure, it was a (somewhat) interesting decision to make every turn - and I liked the concept of Focus as a gameplay mechanic - but was the benefit worth the fiddly-ness? Monster movement? Gone. The crazy rules surrounding Monster Surges, the Outskirts, Terror Level, and who knows what else? Gone. Thank god.\nTurns move quickly, and more time is spent discussing options and cooperative strategy than managing the game system. Even the Mythos phase, which is still the most \"rule-heavy\", has been trimmed down a bit.\nPositive #3: Tension builds and the entire game arc is satisfying\nEven with the help of some expansions, I think many players of AH can agree that pacing and tension was always a problem. Things got ugly fast, but once you sealed a few gates, the endgame's tension dissipated. Houserules could alleviate this, but it was always a problem for me. Furthermore, sealing gates was a repetitive experience.\nIn EH, you build a unique Mythos deck for every GOO. The cards are sorted in such a way that the \"easier\" ones will be encountered first. Thus, a build-up in tension in designed into the game, requiring only minimal set-up. There are unique mystery decks for each GOO, so that how you win the game differs every time. Sure, closing gates is still absolutely important - but it's incredibly satisfying to be drawn in so many different directions by EH's multitude of obstacles. Do you spend your turn building your character, killing monsters, closing gates, dealing with rumors, going on expeditions, or solving mysteries? Everything is useful, everything is different, and everything is fun.\n------------------------------\nSo what are the missed opportunities here? Mind you, all of these are somewhat silly and a bit unfair, and that speaks to my overall feelings for EH at this time (very positive!).\n1. Delayed vs. detained. Did we really need both of these?", "884" ], [ "Yesterday I had the opportunity to be one of the first people to play Founding Fathers, part of a small bunch of the games sent via air mail from the Chinese printers to arrive in time for Origins. (I will write a review of Origins once it is all done).\nFounding Fathers is the newest game from <PERSON> and <PERSON>, the co-designers of 1960: The Making of the President. <PERSON> was also the co-designer of Twilight Struggle. I have a special place in my heart for this design team, as 1960 was one of the games that got me back into gaming - even though my affection for it lessened with each play.\nAgain dipping into U.S. history, <PERSON> and <PERSON> have created a game about the authoring of the U.S. Constitution. You play one of five of the Founding Fathers of the United States, attempting to be the primary influencer of the document in order to be recognized as the \"father\" of the country. I thought this was a super theme and was certainly intrigued to play.\nPlay centers around three primary mechanics: voting on issues, deciding issues in committee, or having the most influence in debate across the four factions in the game (Federalists, Large States, Small States and Anti-Federalists). Each of these are largely straightforward in their mechanics. Similarly straightforward are the four actions each player can take on their turn: to have a delegate vote \"Yea\" or \"Nay\" on the current issue, to commit delegates to the debate tracks for the four factions, to use the Action on the card of a delegate, or to jettison your delegates and redraw. Each player starts with three delegates in their hand: the Founding Father they are playing and two other delegates. These cards have flavour text, action text and clarify which state and faction they are affiliated with.\nPlayers earn victory points based on how successfully they commit delegates to winning issues, how well they do in the debates at the end of the game, and based on special actions on the delegate cards. Thus you are trying to come in on the \"right\" side of issues - yea or nay - while steering the faction control behind the issues and debates in a way that proves advantageous to your debate equity at the end of the game.", "366" ], [ "Nice, clean, simply.\nOverall I like the game and plan to buy it, but that is largely because I think my children will benefit from the theme and history - not because I see it being a fixture in my personal play. Don't get me wrong: it has a lot going for it. But ultimately I think it has myriad problems that keep it in the realm of being a \"good\" game as opposed to being \"special\" in a way that it seductively at times seems to be.\nStarting with the things I like about it, the basic actions and mechanics of the game are nice and smooth. What you're trying to do, and how, is crisp. There is also a nice layering of strategic and tactical considerations, with multiple paths to victory. I suspect that with a group of 5 smart, cutthroat gamers who learn the system this is going to be a deep and challenging game with various levels of meta-gaming possibility. As mentioned before, the theme is really attractive as well. While these are just a few points in favour, they are all really important points and before going into the litany of problems I have with Founding Fathers I want to emphasize that.\nThe first problem and biggest disappointment I have with the game is the graphic design. Ever since the gorgeous cover art was first published I expected this game to set a new standard in graphic design. Unfortunately there were a variety of failures with the bits; here are my biggest gripes:\n- The card design has information on the back of the card - the state of the delegate and the faction they represent - intended to be viewable to all other players while being held in their owner's hand during the game, to help them make strategic decisions. In trying to be slick with the graphics they made these card backs unusable. While the faction icons are nice, crisp, light coloured and a very visible contrast to the dark cards - and in the upper corner to boot! - the state name runs down the side of the card and the font is poorly chosen in terms of its weight and colour. I could rarely-to never see what state the cards my opponents were holding was. They include some little flag-like things but who is going to know what all 13 of those different, arcane symbols represent? That is an absolute critical fail, given that the designers felt it important enough to include the information for all to see to begin with! Trying to make it \"slick\" became the enemy of the usable, and players of the game are the losers.\n- The small cards with each player's Founding Father on one side and the overview of play on the other was just...sloppy.", "366" ] ]

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[ [ "You seem to be conflating \"causally linked\" with \"in the same reference frame\". This is not correct. Two points in the spacetime are \"causally linked\" if there is a causal (timelike or null) curve that connects them (meaning you can reach one point from the other without moving faster than $c$), so two observers can be considered \"causally linked\" if there is such a curve connecting two points on their worldlines. If we consider flat spacetime in a particular reference frame, then an observer moving at a relative velocity will not be in the same frame but will still be causally linked to the original observer.\nIn general relativity the situation is completely different, since the global notion of a reference frame doesn't exist. Only at a single point can you compare the velocities of observers passing through that point and have a notion of frames of reference. So talking of separated observers as being in the same reference frame in GR doesn't make sense. The notion of \"casually linked\" points remains more or less the same however, just now the connecting causal path is on curved spacetime. The \"unlinking\", as you call it, is just two observers originally having a causal curve between them and then not, which can occur for accelerated expansion.", "562" ], [ "You can see this in the figure below, which shows the FLRW spacetime sliced into spacelike hypersurfaces on which the so-called co-moving coordinates are defined by the intersections of timelike geodesics. If the expansion accelerates at a large enough rate, then two observers at fixed comoving coordinates will eventually no longer have a causal curve connecting them (you can imagine the causal curves as curves whose tangents make angle of $\\leq 45$ degrees to the geodesics).\narXiv:1803.05148\nIf you want a very crude intuitive picture, think of somebody accelerating in a car away from you and you (representing a light signal) are trying to run after them. As soon as they pick up enough speed you will never be able to catch them and so there is no \"causal\" link between your starting point and the car. But it's not like there's any explicit \"mechanism\" that causes this to happen.\nAs for this question:\nAt the beginning of the big bang, weren't all matter causally linked ...\nThis may be the intuitive expectation, however for an FLRW model, if the spacetime expands sufficiently quickly it need not be the case and particle horizons will be present from the moment of the Big Bang. <PERSON> (1984) Sec 5.3b goes through this and I've included a passage from it here:\nThis demonstration is most easily made in the case of flat spatial geometry, $$ds^2=-d\\tau^2+a^2(\\tau)(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)\\tag{(5.3.10)}$$ and we will focus our attention on that case. By making the coordinate transformation $\\tau\\rightarrow t$ defined by $$t=\\int\\frac{d\\tau}{a(\\tau)}\\tag{(5.3.11)}$$ we can reexpress the metric, equation (5.3.10), as $$ds^2=a^2(t)(-dt^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)\\tag{(5.3.12)}$$ Written in this form, it becomes manifest that this metric is merely a multiple of the metric of the flat <PERSON> spacetime metric. Such a metric is called conformally flat. The relevance of this remark arises from the fact that a vector will be timelike, null, or spacelike in the metric of equation (5.3.12) if and only if it has the same property with respect to the flat metric $$ds^2=-dt^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2\\tag{(5.3.13)}$$ Thus, it is possible to send a signal between two events (i.e., join the two events by a timelike or null curve) in the metric of equation (5.3.12) if and only if this can be done in the flat metric, equation (5.3.13). With this in mind, it is not difficult to see that an observer at an event $P$ will be able to receive a signal from all other isotropic observers if and only if the integral, equation (5.3.11), which defines $t$, diverges as one approaches the big bang singularity, $\\tau\\rightarrow$ $0$.", "562" ], [ "The only physical theory we currently possess that is capable of describing cosmology is general relativity (GR). Although we can to some extent interface quantum mechanics with GR, they are basically incompatible, and we don't know how to reconcile them. Therefore it's natural to answer this question within the framework of classical GR.\nThe way classical GR expresses the notion of cause and effect is as follows. You start with a Cauchy surface, which is a spacelike surface such that every timelike curve intersects it exactly once. (This is the equivalent of fixing a time t in newtonian mechanics.) Then given the initial conditions on this surface, GR allows us to extrapolate forward or backward in time. The extrapolation can fail if you hit a singularity, or if you have closed, timelike curves (\"time machines\"). A spacetime is called globally hyperbolic if the extrapolation always works.", "651" ], [ "A globally hyperbolic spacetime is one in which cause and effect hold.\nAn example of a spacetime in which cause and effect fails is one that contains a timelike singularity. Such a singularity can absorb or emit arbitrary energy and information. Standard big bang and black hole models contain only spacelike singularities, and therefore they are globally hyperbolic and allow a sensible notion of cause and effect.\nIn GR, a singularity is something that is missing from the spacetime manifold. Therefore the big bang singularity cannot be used as a Cauchy surface or as part of a Cauchy surface.\nIn cosmological models, it's useful to define a time $t$ which is the time on a clock that has been at rest relative to the Hubble flow ever since the big bang. Then if you pick any $t>0$, it defines a valid Cauchy surface (although most Cauchy surfaces are not of this special type).\nTherefore the answer to your question is sort of the opposite of what you imagined. The big bang is uniquely ill suited to stating a set of initial conditions for the universe. Any $t>0$ works fine, but there is no $t=0$, since the big bang singularity isn't even part of the spacetime.\nAn answer by <PERSON> says:\nAll the energy we have now was determined at the Big Bang\nThis is wrong, both for the reasons described above and because GR doesn't have global conservation of energy.\nAlso:\nSo even though the present events depend on the original BB, the path to them is not reversible.\nThe <PERSON> equation has perfect time-reversal symmetry. Other answers have given more competent descriptions of the quantum aspects of this question.", "43" ], [ "To answer your question it's important to understand exactly what the FRW solution is. The GR field equations give you a way to calculate the metric given some distribution of matter and energy (aka the stress-energy tensor). If you assume the universe is full of matter that is homogeneous, isotropic and non-interacting (except for gravity), then feed this into the field equations they tell you that the metric describing this universe is the FRW metric.\nThe metric allows you to calculate the curvature of the universe locally i.e. if you take some point you can work out the curvature of the universe around you. It doesn't tell you global properties like the topology, so for example the FRW metric wouldn't tell you whether the universe is an infinite sheet or a torus. Both would be possible.\nAll we get from GR is the metric, but then this is all we need. The metric tells us the local curvature, and because we started with the assumption that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic we know that the curvature is the same everywhere. Note that the metric describes spacetime not just space. If you know the metric at some starting point you can use it to work out the evolution of the universe in time as well as space.", "651" ], [ "In fact this is exactly how the big bang theory came to exist. The FRW metric predicts the universe must have started at a singularity, and that it will end either as another singularity or infinite expansion depending on the value of $\\Omega$.\nSo to get back to your question, there is no \"shape\" that is distinct from the metric. The metric/curvature is all there is. I mentioned that the global topology could be anything, but I suspect this isn't what you meant by \"shape\". Incidentally, when I mention the topology could be a torus, that doesn't mean space is curved into a dougnut shape. The topology just describes the connectivity i.e. a torus just means that whatever direction you move in you'll eventually get back to where you started. The universe could be a torus and still be flat (I'm not sure if an $\\Omega$ > 1 universe could be a torus).\nWere you thinking about the topology when you mentioned a cone? The problem with a cone topology is that spacetime wouldn't be isotropic. There would be some directions (around the cone) where you get back to where you started, but other directions (away from the tip) where you wouldn't get back to where you started. Also there'd be a singularity at the tip.", "393" ], [ "At first glance this seems like a reasonable question, but on closer inspection it turns out to be asking about a non-issue. Furthermore, the answers given so far are incorrect resolutions to this non-issue.\nThe <PERSON> diagram for an astrophysical spinning black hole (as opposed to the <PERSON> spacetime) is not obvious. It may actually look about the same as the <PERSON> diagram for a non-spinning black hole that forms by gravitational collapse. For the sake of simplifying the discussion, let's assume that.\nNow consider an observer at a point P in the exterior region of the spacetime. The second <PERSON> diagram shows three surfaces of simultaneity for this observer.\nAccording to the red notion of \"now,\" this observer wonders where the angular momentum is, and imagines that it must be contained by the singularity. But the same observer could equally well choose the green surface of simultaneity, in which case the mystery is solved, and the angular momentum is in the infalling matter, which is inside the horizon but has not yet reached the singularity. Finally, the same observer can choose the blue surface, in which the black hole hasn't formed yet, and none of the infalling matter has even reached the horizon yet.\nThis shows that the original question is a question about a non-issue. For any Cauchy surface that the observer picks (such as green and blue), there is a perfectly clear explanation of where the angular momentum is. The red surface is not a Cauchy surface, which is defined as a surface such that every inextensible non-spacelike curve intersects the surface exactly once. But if the observer really wants to insist on the red surface, then she can say that the black hole's energy, momentum, and angular momentum are contained in the gravitational fields of the black hole. Gravitational energy is not counted in the stress-energy tensor, and is therefore not localizable, but a distant observer in an asymptotically flat spacetime can say that it exists.\nA bunch of answers here have proposed to resolve the paradox by saying that it's resolved because the singularity is a ring.", "43" ], [ "This is nonsense for one reason and also doubtful for another reason.\nReason #1 is that GR does not define angular momentum in terms of taking a cross product of a radius vector with a momentum vector. This definition can't even get started, because there is no such thing as a displacement vector in a curved spacetime. In asymptotically flat spacetimes, there are ways of defining the total angular momentum, but the way you do it is not as straightforward as just writing down L=rxp from freshman mechanics.\nReason #2 is that a singularity does not have a well-defined shape or geometry. In general we cannot even define its dimensionality or topological properties. If you look at a careful treatment such as Hawking and <PERSON> (p. 276) or <PERSON> ( https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0622 , p. 28), they will clearly explain that these notions are not really well defined. A singularity is by definition not a point-set and not a point-set where the metric is defined, so we lack the measurement apparatus to talk about its shape or geometry. Statements that a <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> , p. 28), they will clearly explain that these notions are not really well defined. A singularity is by definition not a point-set and not a point-set where the metric is defined, so we lack the measurement apparatus to talk about its shape or geometry. Statements that a Kerr black hole has a ring singularity are shorthand for statements that in a certain coordinate chart, if you throw away the physical metric and instead impute a Euclidean metric to the coordinates (as if they were ordinary spherical coordinates), then the coordinates at which the singularity occurs look like a ring.", "43" ], [ "Quite clearly, the answer to the question\nIs the assertion that \"a Lorentzian manifold in consideration does not admit a global, non-vanishing, asymptotically time-like Killing vector field\" a coordinate-independent statement?\nIs \"most certainly\". This can easily be seen from the fact that the statement does not involve any coordinate dependent concepts.\nIf yes, what goes wrong in the example shown above?\nThis is harder to explain. (Partially because there seem to be several misconceptions).\nFirst I'll try to explain what is actually going on. De Sitter space is a maximally symmetric spacetime. Consequently, there exists a complete set of four independent Killing vector fields. Or more precisely there exists a four dimensional family of Killing vector fields. Consequently, at any point (event) in deSitter space, you will be able to find a Killing vector field that is timelike at that event.\nHowever, that Killing vector field will not be timelike everywhere but only on some local patch of de Sitter space. Each of these patches corresponds to a patch of static coordinates (which uses the integral curves of that particular Killing vector field as its \"time\" coordinate). The edge of this region is the particle/event horizon for some observer. The location of these horizons is clearly observer dependent.", "298" ], [ "This does however not mean that the dynamics of spacetime is observer dependent.\nThis brings us to the central misconception in you example. You write:\nAccording to <PERSON>, the region $r\\gt H_\\Lambda^{-1}$ is described by the following metric:\n$$ ds^2 = \\frac{dt^2}{(H_\\Lambda t)^2 - 1} -\\Big((H_\\Lambda t)^2 -1\\Big) dr^2 -t^2 d\\Omega^2, \\qquad t\\gt H_\\Lambda^{-1} \\,. $$\nHere, you have extended the static coordinate metric through its coordinate singularity(ies) at the horizon(s). This is obviously not how to do this. To analytically extend <PERSON>'s metric, he would need to extend it through the horizons at $t=\\pm\\infty$. That is, he would need to change to coordinates that are regular at the horizon. E.g. the \"closed slicing\" coordinates. When he does this he finds that he expects the spacetime behind the horizon to be perfectly similar to the spacetime at his local patch.\nAnother note. Somewhere in the comments you write (as an alternative formulation of your question):\nGiven a Lorentzian manifold (with signature +---) and a chart such that the metric is (locally expressed) a function of time, can we always find another chart with the same domain such that the metric is time-independent?\nNo this is not always possible. Doing this requires the existence of a Killing vector field that is timelike, at least locally in the patch where you want to make the metric time-independent.", "976" ], [ "From this and your previous question, I suspect your confusion stems from the interpretation of $L$ in the length contraction formula. In fact this is something that confused me a lot when I was starting out.\nConsider two observers attached to frames $S$ and $S^\\prime$, with $S^\\prime$ moving at speed $v$ relative to $S$ in the $x$-direction. Let their coordinates coincide at the origin. When we derive the formula for time dilation, we consider a change in time of $\\Delta t=t_2-t_1$ in the $S$ frame. Performing a <PERSON> transformation then gives a that same change in time in the $S^\\prime$ frame as $\\Delta t^\\prime=t_2^\\prime-t_1^\\prime=\\gamma(t_2-t_1)=\\gamma\\Delta t$ since $x=0$ for the observer in $S$. So we arrive at the familiar $$\\Delta t^\\prime=\\gamma\\Delta t,\\tag*{(1)}$$ which tells us that the time for the observer in $S$ to reach $t_2$ is seen to be dilated to the observer in $S^\\prime$.\nNaively, we might try next to do the same thing for the spatial coordinate(s). Say we consider a length $\\Delta x=x_2-x_1$ at $t_1=t_2=0$. Going through the same motions, we find that $$\\Delta x^\\prime=\\gamma\\Delta x.\\tag*{(2)}$$ But wait.", "562" ], [ "This isn't the correct form of the length contraction formula. It should really be $\\Delta x^\\prime=\\Delta x/\\gamma$. What gives?\nThe way to understand this is to realize that $L$ is supposed to be a length. Equation 2 is the $x^\\prime$ distance between two points (the ends of the rod, say) at different times. This is obviously no good. While for the derivation of the time dilation formula it was okay to compare the intial and final times despite the fact that each observer had changed spatial position from the perspective of the other, the same is not okay for measuring the length of a rod. You need to measure the spatial positions of either end at the same $t^\\prime$ coordinate.\nThis is something that can be made much clearer by a spacetime diagram:\n(<PERSON>, 2008)\nConsidering the diagram on the right, the $x^\\prime$ distance between the pair of diagonal dashed lines is the $\\Delta x^\\prime$ in eq. 2. The contracted length however is the $\\Delta x^\\prime$ shown in the diagram, which is a distance between points at simultaneous $t^\\prime$.", "586" ], [ "In the image included in your question, one should not view the arrows as literally extending through space or having a spatial length associated to them. The length of these arrows is the magnitude of the field, and they should each be thought of as living inside of their own vector space which is \"internal\" or \"attached\" to a given point in space. Your last statement is essentially correct, there is no \"lateral extension\".\nAs a very simple analogy, imagine a particle moving through space along some trajectory with coordinates $\\gamma(t) = {x(t),y(t),z(t)}$. The trajectory traces out of a one-dimensional curve through space. At every point on this curve, we can talk about the velocity vector, $\\mathbf{v}(t) = \\dot{x}(t)\\hat{\\mathbf{x}}+\\dot{y}(t)\\hat{\\mathbf{y}}+\\dot{z}(t)\\hat{\\mathbf{z}}$. We often draw a picture of the curve and its associated velocity vector as if the velocity vector had a length in space, for example like this:\nDoes the velocity vector literally represent something with a spatial extent? Of course not. We should understand the velocity vector as living in the tangent space $T_{\\gamma(t)}E$ at the point $\\gamma(t)$, where $E$ is the spatial manifold, usually taken to be Euclidean space. There is a separate tangent vector space for every point in space, and these are the spaces where each of the velocity vectors live for each point of the trajectory.", "499" ], [ "Note that the direction that the arrows point has a meaning with respect to space, but their length only tells you the magnitude of the velocity (i.e. the speed). We don't think of the velocity vectors as representing spatial displacement vectors (they can't since a velocity vector has magnitude measured in units of length/time while a displacement vector has a magnitude measured in units of length).\nIn fact, the electromagnetic field should properly be understood as living in the space of 2-forms at each point of space, $\\bigwedge^2 T_pM$ for each point $p$ in $M$, where $M$ is 4-dimensional <PERSON> space.\nThe basic idea is that the \"fields\" we talk about in physics (including quantum fields) take a value at every point in space(time), and the value they take lives in an \"internal space\" at each point. This notion is formalized in the idea of a fiber bundle, where the fibers are the \"internal spaces\" connected to each point of space.\nAddendum\nRemember that the field takes independent values at every point in space. I made a little animation of a plane wave to show this. Note that in the image below each little arrow represents the local field strength and direction, but these arrows each live in the internal space. I can only show a finite number of arrows, but there are more arrows filling all of space in the gaps. Try focusing on just a single arrow.", "499" ], [ "After I commented on the question I started wondering what an observer inside a collapsing shell would experience.\nIf you construct a spherical shell then an observer inside it feels no gravity. This is true in Newtonian gravity, and is also true in General Relativity as a consequence of <PERSON>'s theorem i.e. the metric inside the shell is the <PERSON> metric.\nIn principle we can take the shell and compress it until it's external radius falls below the Schwarzschild radius $r = 2GM/c^2$, at which point the shell will start collapsing inwards and form a singularity in a finite time. In fact it's a very short time indeed. Calculating the lapsed time to fall from the horizon to the singularity of an existing black hole is a standard exercise in GR, and the result is:\n$$ \\tau \\approx 6.57 \\frac{M}{M_{Sun}} \\mu s $$\nThat is, for a black hole of 10 solar masses the fall takes 65.7 microseconds! I would have to indulge in some head scratching to work out if the same time would be measured by an observer riding on the collapsing shell, but if the time isn't the same it will be of a similar order of magnitude. This means much of the question doesn't apply, since the shell cannot be stable long enough for the black hole to evaporate.", "43" ], [ "However it leaves open the interesting question of what the observer inside the shell experiences.\nCurious as it seems, <PERSON>'s theorem implies the observer experiences absolutely nothing until the collapsing shell hits them and sweeps them, along with the shell, to an untimely end (a few microseconds later!).\nResponse to comment: time dilation\nThe infall time I calculated above is the proper time, that is the time measured by the freely falling observer on their wristwatch. You need to tread carefully when talking about time in relativity, but the proper time is usually easy to understand.\nRe time dilation: again we need to be careful to define exactly what we mean. In the context of black holes we usually take an observer far from the black hole (strictly speaking at an infinite distance) as a reference and compare their clock to a clock near the black hole. By time dilation we mean that the observer at infinity sees the clock near the black hole running slowly.\nA clock in a gravitational potential well runs slowly compared to the clock at infinity. This was discussed in http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/69043/the-higher-you-go-the-slower-is-ageing/69048 (and also in http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/10089/gravitational-time-dilation-at-the-earths-center). It's important to understand that it's the potential that matters, not the gravitational acceleration, so even though the observer inside the shell feels no gravitational acceleration they are still time dilated compared to the observer at infinity.\nNote that the time dilation relative to the observer at infinity goes to infinity at the event horizon, so it makes no sense to compare times inside the event horizon to anything outside.", "43" ] ]

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[ [ "non-local field theory (of Jaffe type) vs strings\nAs it is well known expectation values of fields are distributions. One usually works with tempered distributions or even with Jaffe fields (https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.158.1454), all defining local field theories because the space of test functions contains those of compact support. In a sense, rather than writing $\\phi(f)$ for a test function $f$ that smeares the operators, one can loosely write $\\phi(x)$ because the function $f$ can be made arbitrarily localized in a compact region around a point $x$. That's why we talk about local fields in the first place. Moreover, one can talk about vanishing commutators at spacelike distances (microlocality) precisely because one is able to sharply decide whether two test functions are causally connected, once they have no overlap.", "651" ], [ "This again explains why these fields are considered local.\nOn the other hand, one could in principle work with non-local fields (non-localizable in the terminology of <PERSON>) where the space of test functions doesn't include those of compact support (this is the case for correlators in momentum space that grow faster than a linear expontential). There is an inherent non-local aspect in these type of fields and perhaps calling them fields is misleading (and some theorems do not longer apply, e.g. the <PERSON> bound, renormalization theorems, only macrolocality holds, not sure about the OPE,...). Moreover, they need infinitely many counterterms in perturbation theory, which is why people started to study those in the sixties, in order to attach the pion-theory and even gravity with a field theory approach.\nAfter this introductory background, here is my question: is there a relation between these non-local field theories and string theory? Have people explored a connection between the type of fields generated by string theory and the non-local ones of <PERSON>? I am asking this because the fact that one can't localize arbitrarily these fields is reminiscent, to me at least, of the problems for gravitons in quantum gravity (e.g. black-hole production that prevents one from exploring arbitrarily short-distance scales) and the notion of local observables.", "651" ], [ "How to organize this strong coupling perturbation theory?\nConsider a 2d scalar field theory with quartic interaction $$S[\\phi]=\\int d^2x \\left((\\nabla\\phi)^2+m^2(\\phi^2+g\\phi^4)\\right)$$ I want to compute the partition function $$ Z[m,g]=\\int\\mathcal{D}\\phi\\,e^{-S[\\phi]}$$ say as a function of $m,g$. I want to do this in $m^2\\to\\infty$ limit keeping $g$ finite.\nShort statement of the question. When $m^2$ is large the saddle point methods seem appropriate. I expect that the leading term is given by the the one-loop partition function $\\log\\det (-\\Delta+m^2)$ of the quadratic action and that the $\\phi^4$ will give further $1/m^2$ corrections. However, the naive perturbation theory leads to all loop diagrams being of the same order in $m^2$. Is there a way to organize the perturbative expansion such that it gives meaningful $1/m^2$ corrections?\nMy attempt to do a naive perturbative expansion and why it fails.\nSince there is a large parameter in the action, I try to use the saddle point expansion. The saddle point configuration is just $\\phi=0$ so the action already is written for the fluctuations about the saddle point. Next, one expects quadratic term to dominate while the quartic term to produce corrections in the form of $1/m^2$ expansion. However if I try to do naive perturbation theory this turns out to be false.\nConsider a simplest diagram without self-contractions which turns out to be three-loop and write it in coordinate space $$\\left<\\left(gm^2\\int d^2x\\phi^4\\right)^2\\right>\\simeq g^2m^4 \\int d^2x'\\int d^2x G^4(x-x')\\simeq g^2 m^4 V \\int d^2x\\,\\, G^4(r)$$ Here $V$ is formally the volume of space $V=\\int d^2x $. If flat space it is infinite so we could put the theory in a finite box or on a closed surface but I think these details are irrelevant.\nNow, naively the propagator of a heavy field should behave as $G\\propto m^{-2}$ so that $G^4\\propto m^{-8}$ and the whole diagram is proportional to $m^{-4}$.", "324" ], [ "However, the actual propagator for the massive field in two dimensions is up to a constant $$G(r)=K_0(mr),\\qquad\\qquad(-\\Delta+m^2)G(r)=\\delta^{(2)}(r)$$ Here $K_0(r)$ is the zeroth order modified Bessel function. It has a logarithmic singularity at $r=0$ and decays exponentially at $r\\to\\infty$. So actually $\\int d^2x G^4(r)=\\int d^2x K^4_0(mr)\\propto m^{-2}$ and not $m^{-8}$. As a result the whole diagram is proportional to $m^2$. It is easy to see by similar arguments that suppressing factors $m^{-2}$ are not associated with propagators but rather with vertices in the diagrams. However as each vertex carries a factor $m^2$ coming from the action all diagrams in the perturbation theory have the same order $m^2$.\nI the quartic couplig $g$ can be treated as small, then this naive perturbative expansion is sensible as expansion in powers of $g$. However if I insist on keeping $g$ of order one is there a way to reorgonanize the expansion to get $m^{-2}$ corrections described by a finite amount of diagrams?\nI should perhaps note that I have very little experience with perturbative expansions of this kind. The solution may be simple, for example to use an improved propagator, or much more complex. Pointers to the literature are also very welcome.\nAbove I have written a simplified version of my actual problem. From discussion with the Chiral Anomaly it appears that this toy model may not be completely adequate.", "818" ], [ "On the last question, I am not sure how good you are at the representation theory, but the following fact is true: take so(d,2) (we need so(3,2) for this work), use the conformal base, i.e. <PERSON> generators $L_{ab}$, translations $P_a$, conformal boosts $K_a$ and dilatation $D$, $a,b=1..d$. $P$ and $K$ behave as raising/lowering generators with respect to $D$, $[D,P]=+P$, $[D,K]=-K$. Take the vacuum to carry a spin-s representation of the Lorentz algebra and a weight $\\Delta$ with respect to $D$, i.e. $|\\Delta\\rangle^{a_1...a_s}$. When $\\Delta=d+s-2$, there is a singular vector, $P_m|\\Delta\\rangle^{ma_2...a_s}$. This is a standard representation theory: finding raising/lowering operators, defining vacuum, looking for singular vectors. Actually, singular vectors are exactly the conformally-invariant equations one can impose.\nOn the field language this means that $\\partial_m J^{m a_2...a_s}=0$ is a conformally invariant equation iff the conformal dimension of $J$ is $\\Delta=d+s-2$. Despite the fact that $J^{a_1...a_s}$ is a good conformal operator for any value of the conformal dimension, only for $d+s-2$ its divergence decouples. (Perhaps you have seen $L_{-2}+\\alpha L_{-1}^2$ as a singular vector in the Virasoro algebra, now it is replaced with $P_m$ or $\\partial_m$).\nNow, having $J^{a_1..a_s}$ of weight $\\Delta$ we can consider its contragradient representation or on the field language couple it via $\\int \\phi_{a_1..a_s}J^{a_1...a_s}$ to some other field $\\phi$.", "364" ], [ "That we need a conformally invariant coupling implies $\\Delta_\\phi=d-\\Delta_J=s-2$. Not surprisingly something special must happen for $\\Delta_J=d+s-2$.\n$$\\int (\\phi_{a_1...a_s}+\\partial_{a_1}\\xi_{a_2...a_s})J^{a_1...a_s}=\\int \\phi J-\\int \\phi_{a_1...a_s}\\partial_m J^{ma_2..a_s}=\\int \\phi J$$ we see that a statement that is dual to the conservation of $J$ is the gauge invariance of $\\phi$.\nI have not read the paper yet, but as far as I can see they play with the dimension of $J$ and for $d+s-2$ and $2-s$ it describes a conserved tensor and a gauge field just because of representation theory of the conformal group (decoupling of certain null states). At any given moment of time in the paper $J$ has some fixed dimension and is either a conserved tensor, a gauge field or just a spin-s conformal field of generic dimension $\\Delta$.\nOn the last but one, you are right in that gauge invariance has a little to do with conformallity. The answer is spin and dimension dependent. For $s=0$ there is $m^2$ for which the scalar is conformal. For $s=1$ and certain $m^2$ the <PERSON> field is a gauge field but the <PERSON> equation is conformal in $d=4$ only. Beyond $d=4$ a gauge spin-one field is not conformal, or a spin-one conformal field is not a gauge field. For $s\\geq2$ the situation is even more tricky: in $AdS_4$ the gauge fields are conformal, but in <PERSON> space they are not conformal (in terms of gauge potentials $\\phi_{\\mu_1...\\mu_s}$). You may have a look at http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.1085\nOn the second, first of all the transversality is on the right place in 5.1. Secondly, your confusion (inspired by my answer to another question) is that there are two different classes of fields people are interested in.", "364" ], [ "The neutrality condition and the (non)-vanishing of the one-point correlator for the bosonic vertex operator\nConsider the massless scalar field Hamiltonian, \\begin{align} H = \\frac{1}{2}\\int \\Pi^2- (\\partial_x\\phi)^2 dx \\end{align} with $\\Pi \\sim \\partial_t\\phi$ the conjugate field of $\\phi$. This Hamiltonian is treated in a number of texts, in particular <PERSON>'s text on Bosonization on page 1841 and the Conformal Field Theory book by <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON> (chapter 6 and 9). Furthermore, my question also relates to this text by <PERSON> and <PERSON> on bosonization.\n<PERSON> defines the vertex operator as the normal ordered operator $:e^{i\\alpha\\phi}:$. He states (p1843) that the one-point correlator is unity, $\\langle :e^{i\\alpha\\phi}:\\rangle =1$, since the exponential can be expanded and only the first term does not vanish.\nBut just before that he also states that the two-point correlator $$ \\langle :e^{i\\alpha\\phi}: :e^{i\\beta\\phi}: \\rangle $$ vanishes unless $\\alpha + \\beta = 0$. This is the neutrality condition and it follows from the fact that $\\phi\\rightarrow \\phi + a$ is a symmetry of the Hamiltonian, which needs to be respected by the (two-point) correlators. That sounds convincing enough, but then why does the one-point correlator not vanish according to that same argument?\nTo add to (my) confusion the normal ordered form is given by $$ :e^{i\\alpha\\phi}: = e^{i\\alpha\\phi_+}e^{i\\alpha\\phi_-} $$ where $\\phi_{\\pm}$ contain all creation/annihilation operators. So using some rules of exponentiated operators (see appendix C of Von Delft) one can reorder the operators such that $$ :e^{i\\alpha\\phi(z_1)}: :e^{i\\beta\\phi(w_1)}: = f(z-w) :e^{i(\\alpha+\\beta)\\phi(w_1)}: + \\cdots $$ with $f(z-w)$ a (singular) c-number. This is of course just the OPE. But that would imply that if the right hand side has a non-vanishing correlator, then the left hand side is non-vanishing as well.", "346" ], [ "If the one-point correlator does not vanish, why does the two-point correlator need to obey the neutrality condition?\n<PERSON> has some other, more elaborate proofs using <PERSON> identities (Chapter 9) that show that indeed $\\alpha+\\beta = 0$ in order for the correlator to be non-zero. In particular that means that, according to their conventions, any $N$-point correlator vanishes unless the neutrality condition is satisfied. It could be that the different texts have different conventions that I'm missing and everything is fine. Still, a different question arises: If the exponentials in the normal ordered operators are expanded, and only the first (unit) term is kept, then surely the one-point correlator is just $1$? Why does this approach fail, according to their conventions?\nLet me also mention <PERSON> and <PERSON>. They also state that the one point correlator of the normal ordered operator $:e^{i\\alpha\\phi}:$ does not vanish. Instead they define the vertex operator (chapter 9) as $$ V_\\alpha = \\left(\\frac{L}{2\\pi}\\right)^{-\\frac{\\lambda^2}{2}}:e^{i\\alpha\\phi}: $$ with $L$ the system size (periodic boundary conditions). They state that \"evidently $\\langle V_\\alpha\\rangle =\\delta_{alpha,0} $ in the limit of $L\\rightarrow\\infty$.\". Does the neutrality condition then only hold in the $L\\rightarrow\\infty$ limit?. This would invalidate <PERSON> treatment, I presume.\nSo, in short, I'm quite confused on how to \"merge\" these different treatments.", "346" ], [ "As you say, loop corrections change the value of the quartic coupling $\\lambda$ is modified by loop corrections. If the renormalization group changed its value so $\\lambda \\gg 1$, the perturbative interpretation of the theory would break apart. Note that the condition $\\lambda < 1$ (or $\\lambda/(4\\pi) < 1$) is only a hint of the perturbativity, the real condition is that the two-loop correction (order $\\lambda^2$) must be neglible with respect to the one-loop correction.\nNote also that the real danger isn't non-perturbativity, but the existence of a <PERSON> pole, i.e., that the coupling constant goes to infinity at some finite energy. Of course, non-perturbativity is usually a warning of a <PERSON> pole. But you could encounter \"new physics\" at some energy that modifies your beta function and makes the theory perturbative again.", "976" ], [ "In that case, non-perturbativity only conveys our failure on doing the maths (well, the necessity of using other approaches such as lattice field theory).\nBut... in the SM that doesn't happen [the question asks specifically for SM, even though OP is concerned about other models in comments below]. The one-loop Renormalization Group equation is $$16\\pi^2 \\frac{d \\lambda}{d(\\ln \\mu)} = 12 \\lambda^2 + 12 y_t^2\\lambda -12 y_t^4 $$\nwhere $y_t$ is the Higgs-top Yukawa coupling, and the rest of Yukawa couplings and gauge group couplings have been neglected. The renormalization group equation is a first-order differential equation. So, after plugging the value of $\\lambda$ at one energy scale, you can predict its value at any other energy. Usually we take that energy as the electroweak scale $\\mu_{EW} \\sim 100 \\mathrm{GeV} \\sim v$, where the spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs, and use the value you quote $\\lambda(\\mu_{EW}) = m_h^2/2v^2$.\nAs the energy scale $\\mu$ grows, $\\lambda(\\mu)$ gets lower, and around $\\mu\\sim 10^{10}\\mathrm{GeV}$, $\\lambda(\\mu)<0$.\nWhat does this mean? At large energies ($\\mu \\gg m_h$), $\\lambda$ determines completely the Higgs potential, and if $\\lambda<0$, then the potential is metastable, it can decay to a lower energy state of the Higgs field.\nBoth figures are taken from <PERSON> et al.: Higgs mass and vacuum stability in the Standard Model at NNLO arXiv:1205.6497 [hep-ph]", "976" ], [ "I think he is referring to the Coulomb Gas formalism.\nThe 'usual' massless boson in 2D has the energy momentum tensor $T= -\\frac{1}{\\alpha}\\partial X^\\mu\\partial X_\\mu$ (normal ordered). This energy-momentum tensor is the generator of conformal transformations. The current $\\partial X^\\mu$ and vertex operator $e^{i\\alpha X^\\mu}$ are examples of fields which transform covariantly with respect to these conformal transformations. These fields have a certain conformal dimension (the current has $h=1$ and the vertex operators something like $h=\\frac{1}{2\\alpha^2}$, depending on your conventions) and the theory has a central charge of $c=1$.\nHowever, we can modify the energy momentum tensor by adding a term:\n$$T= -\\frac{1}{\\alpha}\\partial X^\\mu\\partial X_\\mu + V_\\mu \\partial^2 X^\\mu$$\nThis energy-momentum tensor also generates conformal transformations, but a different kind. For instance, the field $\\partial X^\\mu$ is no longer primary (does not transform covariantly with respect to these transformations). The EM tensor in complex coordinates is: $$ T(z) =-\\frac{1}{2} :~\\partial X^\\mu \\partial X^\\mu~: +i\\sqrt{2}\\alpha_\\mu\\partial^2X^\\mu$$\nwhere $\\alpha_\\mu$ is related to $V_\\mu$.", "298" ], [ "This extra term arises due to the addition of a linear, imaginary coupling to the theory.\nIn this new conformal theory the vertex operators are still primary, but with a shifted conformal dimension: $h=\\alpha^2 - 2\\alpha \\alpha_0$. Another thing that can be checked is the central charge, which has been shifted to: $c=1-24\\alpha_0^2$. A last interesting thing is that this new theory has a different neutrality condition.\nMoral of the story: by the addition of an extra, linear coupling to theory we move away from the original massless boson. However, we do not lose the conformal symmetry, but instead uncover a whole zoo of conformal theories. The massless boson does not just realize the $c=1$ case, but can be used to construct many, many different central charges and different content of primary fields. For example, with this construction you can obtain all the minimal models.\nSee chapter 9 of the big yellow book by <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON>.", "976" ], [ "Worldvolume vs boundary in AdS/CFT\nThe original AdS5/CFT4 correspondence is usually claimed to match near-horizon supergravity -rather IIB string theory- with a \"boundary\" super Yang-Mills theory at $T=0$, i.e. in a <PERSON> spacetime without matter. But the stacked/parallel brane world volumes lie at the horizon of AdS$^5$, i.e. its center, $z=\\infty$, $r=0$, and so does their low-energy worldvolume SYM theory describing low energy open strings ending on them. Now when talking of boundary physicists always mean $z=0$, $r=\\infty$. But the boundary theory is not a priori the worldvolume's, this is very puzzling. The explanation I can make of this is that the boundary is actually a conformal boundary, which has a full representative slice at all scale factors $z\\sim 1/r$, inverse radius. So one could actually view the \"boundary\" theory as sitting anywhere in AdS$^5$, on the equivalent of a Cauchy hypersurface except that instead of asking that all maximal timelike geodesics intersect it one asks that all scaling, i.e.", "651" ], [ "holographic renormalization group trajectories extending from $z=\\infty$ (IR) to $z=0$ (UV) intersect it. Conformal invariance would justify taking correlators anywhere in the bulk and scaling them according to their mass/conformal dimension. The arguments using the scalar or the graviton wave equation would be modified accordingly -taking boundary conditions $\\phi(r,x)=\\phi_r(x)\\ne\\phi_0(x)$ at $r\\ne\\infty$. The problem would be that at $z>0$, in the bulk, sources for worldvolume local operators would not correspond to local perturbations in the bulk, e.g. $\\delta$-function sources would probably not correspond to $\\delta$-function sources on the boundary. So to get the simple $\\mathcal O\\phi_0$ source term in the boundary action as precribed by GKPW we want to set the boundary condition at $z=0$ scale.\nIn his 1997 article <PERSON> does not seem to place the CFT at the boundary but only initial conditions for the bulk which he does not precise how they affect the CFT. This was then clarified by <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>; <PERSON>, and recently by <PERSON> and others in between. It is also not clear to me that their prescription should hold without slight modifications at finite brane charges, $N<\\infty$, finite momenta when considering multiple branes/wrappings.\nSo am I right thinking that it is just a historical convention -motivated by practical calculation considerations- that set the SYM to actually live at $z=0$? Am I right to find this extremely misleading, especially when combined with the potentially confusing issues on coordinates/notations for AdS?\nReferences for this are:\n<PERSON>'s original article,\nvarious survey lectures on AdS/CFT -which surprisingly do not really clear up this issue in my mind,\non correlator correspondence, GKP arXiv:hep-th/9802109\nWitten arXiv:hep-th/9802150\nThanks alot in advance.", "346" ], [ "The dilaton $\\sigma$ is the Goldstone boson of scale invariance. Scale transformations $x\\rightarrow x/\\lambda$ are generated non linearly, e.g. $$ \\sigma(x)\\rightarrow \\sigma(\\lambda x)+f \\log\\lambda\\,,\\qquad \\lambda>0 $$ where $f$ is the dilaton decay constant (see below). An effective field theory for this Goldstone boson can be easily written with the following trick described e.g. in this very nice paper. In particular, define $\\chi(x)=f e^{\\sigma(x)/f}$ so that under scale transformation $\\chi$ behaves like a field of scaling dimension $1$ $$ \\chi(x)\\rightarrow \\lambda\\, \\chi(\\lambda x)\\,. $$ With this field at hand now you can build your scale invariant lagrangian that describes the effective theory of the dilaton: it is an expansion in derivatives $\\mathcal{L}(\\chi)= \\sum_{n} \\mathcal{L}^{(2n)}$ where the lagrangian $\\mathcal{L}^{(n)}$ is \\begin{equation} \\mathcal{L}^{(2n)}=\\sum_{m\\geq 0} \\frac{a_{n,m}}{(4\\pi)^{2n-2}f^{2n-4}}\\frac{\\partial^{2n}\\chi^m}{\\chi^{2n+m-4}} \\end{equation} where the derivatives are inserted in all possible ways among the $\\chi^m$.", "976" ], [ "The logic is to write all operators with scaling dimension 4 so that the action $S=\\int d^4 x \\mathcal{L}$ will be scale invariant (given that $d^4 x\\rightarrow \\lambda^{-4}d^4 x$). You can basically think of $\\chi$ as conformal compensator: build a Lorentz invariant and divide it by enough powers of $\\chi$ to make of dimension 4. Notice that a term with no derivatives, contrary the the usual Goldstone bosons of internal symmetries, is instead allowed: $\\mathcal{L}^{(4)}=(4\\pi)^2a_{0,0}\\chi^4$.\nMoreover, if the dilaton isn't the only light state in the effective theory left over by the spontaneous symmetry breaking, other terms that seem breaking scale invariance need to be compensated by the insertions of the Goldstone so that dynamics will be invariant (whereas the states of the theory will not). For example, since you have mentioned QCD, one could wonder that the RG evolution comes from spontaneous breaking of scale invariance. Some particles that were contributing to the beta functions (which was zero in an unbroken scale invariant theory) becomes massive after spontaneous symmetry breaking, then decouple and don't contribute to $\\beta$ anymore, leaving in fact an imbalance for which $\\beta$ start running from the scale of symmetry breaking down to smaller energy scales. In practice one knows that the coupling runs logaritmically from the scale $f$ of symmetry breaking down to an arbitrary IR scale $\\mu_{IR}$ $$ \\mathcal{L}{gauge}=-\\frac{F^2{\\mu\\nu}}{4g^2(\\mu_{IR})}=-\\frac{F_{\\mu\\nu}^2}{4}\\left[\\frac{1}{g^2(\\mu_{UV})}+\\frac{b_{IR}}{(4\\pi)^2}\\log\\frac{f}{\\mu_{IR}}\\right] $$ But the scale $f$ appeared spontaneously and needs then to be compensated by dilaton insertion to restore scale invariance, $f\\rightarrow f e^{\\sigma(x)/f}=\\chi(x)$, so that one can immediately read off the coupling among the gauge bosons and the dilaton \\begin{align} \\mathcal{L}{gauge} & \\rightarrow -\\frac{F{\\mu\\nu}^2}{4}\\left[\\frac{1}{g^2(\\mu_{UV})}+\\frac{b_{IR}}{(4\\pi)^2}\\log\\frac{f e^{\\sigma(x)/f}}{\\mu_{IR}}\\right]\\ =& \\mathcal{L}{gauge}-\\frac{b{IR}}{(4\\pi)^2 f}\\sigma(x)F_{\\mu\\nu}^2\\,. \\end{align} As you can see the dilaton couples to the the $\\beta$ function.", "976" ] ]

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[ [ "In order to maintain the safety of drivers and pedestrians alike, motorways and train crossings are essential components of contemporary transportation. The coordination of highway traffic signals with railroad crossing signals is a crucial component of this safety. To prevent accidents and maintain smooth traffic flow, the two types of lights must operate in unison.\nFirst of all, be aware that when a train approaches, the crossing signals are immediately engaged. Typically, sensors positioned close to the tracks are used for this. These sensors send a signal to the crossing signal system when a train passes over them, and the system subsequently turns on the lights and gates. These signals are timed precisely to provide drivers enough advance warning to stop securely.\nA sophisticated network of sensors, controllers, and communication tools handles the coordination of train crossing signals and traffic signals on highways. The signals' timing is crucial to this synchronization. When the crossing gates are down, it is important to make sure that drivers have adequate time to stop safely while also facilitating smooth traffic flow when the gates are up.\nTo accomplish this, the timing of the neighboring traffic signals and the train crossing signals are meticulously synchronized.", "924" ], [ "This is accomplished by deploying a sophisticated network of sensors and communication tools that enables real-time information sharing between the two systems. The sensors alert the traffic signals close by when a train is approaching a crossing, and the signals modify their timing accordingly to maintain smooth traffic flow and provide drivers enough time to stop safely.\nYet, timing alone can't represent the coordination between train going across signs and highway traffic lights. The speed of the train, how much vehicles on the course, and the hour of day are a couple of additional viewpoints that should be thought of and considered. For instance, the traffic signals may be changed to let more automobiles pass through during rush hour and to cause as little interruption to the neighborhood's residents as possible during the middle of the night.\nThe situating of the actual signs is a pivotal component in the coordination of railroad going across signs and expressway traffic lights. The objective is to prevent congestion and delays while making sure that drivers have ample time to safely stop. This frequently necessitates a delicate balancing act between efficiency and safety. For example, it very well may be expected to move a railroad crossing away from a congested or busy crossroad to reduce traffic, yet it could likewise be important to install more signals which provide drivers sufficient time to stop securely in different conditions.\nGenerally, a crucial component of contemporary transportation is the synchronization of highway traffic signals and train crossing signals. It depends on a sophisticated system of sensors, controls, and communication devices and necessitates a delicate balancing act between efficiency and safety. These two signal kinds help maintain both traffic flow and the safety of both drivers and pedestrians by synchronizing their operations.", "924" ], [ "One of the world's biggest and most famous deserts, the Sahara Desert spans North Africa and is around 3.6 million square miles in size. The Sahara has always been a harsh and brutal environment. Still, in the coming decades, climate change's effects are anticipated to substantially impact the desert's size.\nRising temperatures, sea levels, and more frequent and severe extreme weather events are just a few of the changes that climate change is bringing about to the Earth's climate system. The Sahara Desert is no exception to how these changes affect ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide.\nIncreased desertification is one of the principal effects of climate change on the Sahara. It becomes more difficult for plants and animals to thrive as once-rich terrain becomes increasingly arid through the process known as desertification. Managing natural resources, land use patterns, and climate change are just a few factors that frequently influence this process.", "867" ], [ "In the case of the Sahara, desertification is anticipated to be primarily driven by climate change, resulting in increased temperatures, less precipitation, and more frequent droughts.\nAs the Sahara grows drier, the size of the desert will increase, decreasing the amount of land accessible for farming, grazing, and habitation. Significant social, economic, and environmental effects could result from this, such as a rise in food insecurity, a decline in biodiversity, and community relocation.\nOther effects of climate change on the Sahara are anticipated besides desertification. These effects include changes in temperature and precipitation patterns and a rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events like sandstorms and floods.\nOverall, the Sahara is projected to experience severe and varied effects from climate change. Although it is difficult to foresee exactly how the desert will evolve over the next few decades, it is obvious that immediate action is required to reduce the effects of climate change and save the local population and ecosystems. This will necessitate various actions, such as lowering greenhouse gas emissions, encouraging sustainable land use, and helping local residents adjust to the changing environment. By acting now, we can ensure that the Sahara, as well as the people and wildlife that call it home, have a sustainable and prosperous future.", "481" ], [ "Information is converted into a code that can only be understood by the intended receiver through the use of encryption. It is frequently utilized to safeguard privacy, protect data, and secure conversations. The function of encryption and the many kinds of encryption techniques will be examined in this article.\nIn order for information or communications to be encrypted, they must first be converted into ciphertext, an unintelligible form. A hidden piece of information known as a key and an algorithm are used to perform this transformation. Only those who possess the proper key can decrypt the message after it has been locked (encrypted) using the key.\nIt's crucial to remember that encryption does not ensure total security. There are various encryption methods that can be utilized, and they can provide differing levels of protection.", "256" ], [ "Asymmetric encryption algorithms, on the other hand, utilize different keys for encryption and decryption while symmetric encryption methods use the same key for both.\nOther encryption methods are also available, including Transport Layer Security (TLS). The secure communication between two or more parties is guaranteed by this protocol. A popular security protocol that encrypts data delivered over the internet is HTTPS.\nData and communication security can be improved via encryption. It functions by converting data into an unintelligible format that can only be decoded with a secret key. There are many different encryption methods and protocols out now, each with varying degrees of security. Individuals and organizations can guarantee the security of their data and the privacy of their conversations by implementing the appropriate encryption techniques.\nThe most recent encryption techniques and protocols must also be kept up to date for corporations. In order to protect data from hostile actors, it is crucial to utilize the most secure encryption algorithms available because new threats are always developing.\nThe benefits of encryption include:\n- Preventing unauthorized access to data\n- Assisting in maintaining the security and privacy of people and organizations\n- It can be put into practice rather fast.\nThe following are the drawbacks of encryption:\n- High implementation costs\n- Difficulty in handling many keys\n- Possibility of using old protocols or insecure encryption, leaving data open to attack", "256" ], [ "In the cooperative board game \"Pandemic,\" players assume the roles of several specialists entrusted with containing and getting rid of diseases all throughout the world. Players must cooperate to stop the spread of diseases, develop treatments, and eventually preserve the world in this globe map-based game. Each participant has a distinct function and can take advantage of certain special powers. For instance, the doctor can eliminate numerous sickness cubes from a city with a single action whereas the scientist can find a treatment with fewer cards.\nThe randomness of \"Pandemic\" is one of its distinctive features. The towns that are infected with diseases and the severity of the epidemic are determined by the cards that players draw at the start of each turn. Because players must continually adjust to new obstacles and collaborate to find answers, the game's element of chance keeps things interesting and fresh.\nTop-quality effort went into \"Pandemic's\" graphics and layout. The game's playing surface is a globe with vibrant, colorful graphics that are both aesthetically pleasing and useful. The player cards show in-depth depictions of each specialist's distinct skills, and the game components are sturdy and well-made. The game's overall polished and professional appearance enhances the immersive experience.\nEvery time I've played \"Pandemic\" with friends and family, it's been a blast. The game's cooperative design encourages cooperation and communication, which results in an enjoyable and interesting experience.", "699" ], [ "Requiring players to use strategy and adjust to shifting conditions stops it from getting boring, makes it difficult, and Fresh.\nEach playtime of the game is distinct since it is randomly generated, offering players fresh obstacles and possibilities. The game includes various different jobs and levels of difficulties that are joined to make extraordinary game varieties. Consequently, there are in every case new ongoing interaction mechanics and strategies to explore different\nThe game powers members to cooperate as opposed to rival each other, which encourages joint effort and correspondence. Also, the game's randomization keeps it intriguing and fresh, preventing it from being boring. The game's replay ability is another plus because there are constantly fresh obstacles to overcome and tactics to experiment with.\nIt is a good idea to have a backup plan in case of an emergency. The game is difficult, requiring players to use strategy and adjust to shifting conditions. Some players can find this scary, especially beginners to board games. Also, because of the cooperative aspect of the game, it can be unpleasant when a single player makes a mistake that badly affects the entire team.\nAlthough \"Pandemic\" is meant to be played as a group, it can also be played alone. The game's solitary play guidelines are the same as its multiplayer guidelines. Yet when you play alone, you lose the cooperative aspect of the game, which depends on communication and teamwork. Also, playing alone may be less enjoyable because you have no one to bounce ideas off of or experience the game with.", "853" ], [ "Having a strong understanding of mathematics is crucial for navigating our increasingly interconnected and data-driven world. The capacity for logical reasoning, mathematical reasoning, and an understanding of numerical relationships is becoming more and more crucial in virtually every sector and career. Hence, being literate in mathematics has become a valuable ability for citizens to acquire.\nThere are several advantages to being literate in mathematics. Mathematical literacy is an important skill for people of all ages, as it helps with everything from being able to understand data and analyze patterns to creating and evaluating financial strategies. Making better judgments in daily life—whether they involve money, health, or public policy—can be facilitated by developing this talent.", "256" ], [ "Also, it can aid in closing the knowledge gap between individuals who are conversant in mathematical ideas and those who are not as proficient in them.\nAlso, mathematical literacy is becoming more and more crucial in the job because it's necessary to have a solid grasp of fundamental math in order to read graphs, analyze data, and come up with innovative solutions to issues. People could lose out if they lack certain skills on chances for growth and development.\nA ranking of the mathematically literate nations and on how it has benefited them\n-Japan: Due in part to a heavy emphasis on math education, Japanese Students routinely perform in the high echelon of international math assessments. As a result, Japan is now a global leader in engineering, robotics, and technology.\n-South Korea: Because to the country's concentration on math education, South Korean students consistently achieve among the highest marks on international math exams, and the nation is now a leader in science and technology.\n-Singapore: Singapore has made considerable investments to guarantee that its pupils are knowledgeable in maths. This has enabled the nation to pursue scientific research and establish itself as a global leader in financial technology.\n-Finland: Finland places a lot of focus on math and science education, which has helped it become one of the top engineering and technologically advanced nations.\n-India: Due to increased investment in math and science education, India has seen a boom in technology companies. Math and science are highly valued in India.\n-China: China has made significant investments in math and science education, which has resulted in outstanding advancements in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence.\nSome nations have achieved global leadership status in science and technology by making investments in math literacy and putting more focus on math education.\nIn conclusion, being literate in math is an useful ability in today's complex world. Understanding mathematics is crucial for a variety of reasons, including decision-making and gaining an edge in the labor market.", "1006" ], [ "What treats should a building have to be used by people for next 1000 years?\nI chopped my answer to three portions: Location, architecture and materials.\nLocation\nTo keep a building current and frequently used, it needs to be standing in a place where people are likely to still congregate centuries later. This might be impossible to predict exactly, but provided we don't have some serious innovations in transportation of both industrial products and people, waterways, railroad hubs and airports are places that will likely keep their relevancy as transit hubs. So building near or in industrial era built cities will be a good bet.\nOf course the immediate centre of any city is the place where the most reconstruction and demolition happens, so the epicenter of a bustling metropolis might not be the greatest option. But if people are able to transit to your building effortlessly, it has the potential to still be used after a long time.\nArchitecture\nIt won't matter how close to a city centre the building lies if it's unusable but in a single purpose. Large, open amphitheaters can serve in a myriad of social events, which is why things like the Verona Arena are still in use: Location, architecture and these days the intrinsic value of a historical site.\nThe Spanish 100-year old church that was converted to a skate park serves as a good example of how even the most odd buildings can be reused with a little bit of effort. So as long as the building is designed in a way that it will be standing after a millenia, it can still be in use.\nMaterials\nPyramids and ancient ruins are mostly still standing because of the massive amounts of stone used to build them. They're not in their prior glory because of erosion, but the sheer volume protects them from being wiped out too quickly.\nBut I'm assuming you don't wish for tons and tons of granite slabs, but something more \"modern\", there's three possible solutions for materials: Concrete, metal and metamaterials.\nConcrete\nConcrete is already designed in some cases to last up to centuries of rough use.", "87" ], [ "High-volume intersections and highways in some cities in the US picked concrete for the more durable characteristics is has over asphalt. In buildings modern reinforced concrete has a few issues, namely the emphasis on rapid construction, more so than durability. This leads to corrosion in the reinforcements and cracking of the concrete in decades. But with proper design and material choices concrete could be a very potential candidate, especially if coated with..\nMetals\nWith metals you get a lot of benefits over concrete. Things like far superior fracture toughness: Most metals bend and deform and are in general quite malleable in comparison to concrete and stone. Of course constant swaying will wear any metal down too and it will fracture just like concrete would.\nMetamaterials\nThis brings us to the third category of potentials, which is the various metamaterials currently being developed. Self-healing plastics or even shape retaining, light reacting and self-healing polymers. Any sort of smart materials that would be usable or even mass producible are still probably decades away from reality, though.\nAll in all, the safest way to ensure your building is used after a millenia is to build it from huge stones and slightly off-centre of an active metropolitan area.", "561" ], [ "Anticipating the future viability of coastal cities in the next four decades presents numerous complexities and uncertainties, making it difficult to provide a definite answer. Nevertheless, several crucial factors can help us comprehend the potential obstacles and risks that coastal cities may encounter in the coming years.\nA major concern for coastal cities revolves around the rising sea levels attributed to climate change. As global temperatures increase, the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contributes to a rise in sea levels. This poses a substantial threat to coastal regions. This is by increasing the risks of storm surges, coastal erosion and flooding. The susceptibility of coastal cities varies based on different factors. These include local topography, existing infrastructure and the efficacy of coastal protection measures.\nThe frequency and severity of extreme weather events including hurricanes and cyclones will increase due to climate change. These occurrences have the potential to cause major harm to coastal cities. This includes infrastructure damage and financial setbacks. Cities capacity to withstand and bounce back from such occurrences will be crucial to determining whether or not they survive.\nThe accessibility and sustainability of freshwater supplies are additional factors to take into account.", "481" ], [ "Cities along the coast frequently depend on freshwater resources from rivers, aquifers, or desalination facilities. However, when sea levels rise, freshwater supplies may become contaminated and unfit for use in agriculture or human consumption. This is due to saltwater intrusion. A sustainable and resilient water supply becomes crucial for the survival of coastal cities.\nAdditionally, the socioeconomic factors influencing coastal cities contribute to their resilience and adaptive capacity. Cities equipped with strong governance, robust infrastructure, effective urban planning, and adequate resources are better positioned to confront the challenges associated with climate change. Investment in climate adaptation measures such as flood-resistant structures and sustainable infrastructure can enhance a city's ability to withstand future risks.\nCoastal cities' chances of surviving over the next 40 years are still in question. It is dependent on a number of variables. These include rising sea levels, extreme weather and international efforts to slow down climate change. Although there are many obstacles, proactive adaptation strategies and international cooperation provide coastal cities hope for increasing their resilience and reducing hazards. Governments, communities, and other stakeholders must work together to create resilient, sustainable coastal cities that can endure the effects of climate change.", "685" ], [ "What is a good location to publish my research in a public setting?\nFirst and foremost, I do believe this is an appropriate question for this site, but my apologies if not!\nMy class has been asked to publish our individual research papers in a public setting. In a minimum of one paragraph we are to present our work, be it in a relevant blog, as a Wikipedia entry related to our research topic, magazine, local newspaper, scholarship site, contest, and any other sort of relevant outlet.\nRegrettably, I'm entirely unsure of where I might go about posting something in regards to my own topic, and I was wondering if anyone had some ideas.\nBelow is my abstraction and thesis.\nThesis: Google has bettered the world by offering these within the implementation of its business model, contributions and innovations in computer products and services, and its attention to researching and developing products guided towards the future.\nAbstract: Google has been able to succeed in a market that had already been largely filled with competitors that had a considerable foothold by using advertising as a revenue generator. By innovating and making itself a sole provider of certain services, and offering alternatives to those already available that were of high quality, Google has been able to acquire an immense user base to fuel the effectiveness of its advertising platform, adwords. As a direct result of these things, Google has acted as a stellar example of what innovation can produce.", "340" ], [ "Increasing the standard quality of software available to the public for free, it has resulted in a raised standard of software, and that the mindset to innovate and bring something new and useful to the market can allow some corporations to thrive. Google[x] has implemented several future oriented projects, those being the Loon and Contact Lens projects. Google Loon and Google Contact Lens are examples of such, Google Loon to give internet access to people in rural and remote areas, provide service in coverage gaps, and to people after disasters, and Contact Lens to allow diabetics glucose monitoring in the form of a contact lens. Google’s products and services, researching and developing towards the future, and its business model have factors that have bettered the world.\nThank you!", "256" ] ]

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[ [ "‘The Position of Women in Science Has Changed for the Better’, but ‘Is Still Far From Ideal’ · Global Voices\n<PERSON> with her permission\nAs part of a two-pronged series of interviews with medical researchers based in Africa (read the first part here), Global Voices reached out to Dr. <PERSON>, who is currently working in Zambia.\n<PERSON> grew up in Pune, India, where she obtained her bachelor's and masters degrees in zoology and molecular biology, respectively. She then moved to the US and obtained her PhD in microbiology from the University of Pennsylvania. She is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at Yale University with a Fogarty Global health research fellowship to conduct research in Lusaka, Zambia.\nAs a minority woman who has research experience in India, US, and now Zambia, <PERSON> brings her unique views on women in science, science and public opinions, and what science can bring to Africa.\nGlobal Voices (GV): What drew you towards a career in science?\n<PERSON> (SI): I grew up in India and every year the monsoon season would be followed by an increase in the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya. As a child, I observed how interventions like the distribution of mosquito bed nets and the introduction of fish larvae into standing water puddles to eat mosquito larvae helped with vector control and reduced disease incidence. I was impressed with how public health interventions using existing technologies can have a massive impact on human health. After the completion of my master's degree in molecular biology, I worked on a project to identify a novel drug target for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at AstraZeneca, India. My internship at the company taught me that multidisciplinary team efforts from basic laboratory researchers to public health workers are necessary to address critical global health concerns in a sustainable manner. I had the opportunity to spend a year in Lusaka, Zambia from 2008-2009 and I noticed the direct and indirect impact of HIV/AIDS that cut across all strata of society. This galvanized me to be part of the improvement of health care in resource-limited countries by combining basic research and public health skills. While I Iived in Lusaka, I volunteered at an NGO that provided peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and milk to the children that visited the clinic with their parents to obtain [antiretroviral therapy]. These meals provided both nutrition and a positive experience for the children attending the clinic, helping retain them in care. This experience drove home how diverse the range of helpful interventions can be, each with their own benefit and scope. I knew then that I wanted to pursue a career in infectious diseases and its translation into global health research.", "820" ], [ "Understanding and following the scientific method has provided a satisfying way of answering questions to indulge my curiosity in a way that is rigorous and well-defined.\nGV: In your opinion, what can medical research bring to countries where the needs for primary healthcare are more pressing?\nSI: Research can help build resources in less fortunate countries. This includes the introduction of technology and instrumentation, training and knowledge-building among local researchers, the generation of opportunities for employment and education (even through exchange programs). The development of research capacity can foster global partnerships and collaborations and result in the building of an organization's reputation. Outcomes with a more direct benefit include therapeutic (vaccines and drugs), public health interventions (mosquito bed nets, affordable water filters, assessment of gender-based violence) and income generating (generic drugs for instance).\nGV: Until recently, scientific research has been perceived as a man's world. Do you think that this false perception has changed and do you think women scientists are now more recognized for their contribution?\n<PERSON>: I think that the position of women in science has changed for the better in recent years. However, their place in a scientific society is still far from ideal. Even in developed countries, tenured women scientists are not paid salaries comparable to their male counterparts. They are more frequently overlooked for promotions and administrative positions. This situation is even worse in the developing world, where women's rights and the idea of equality are still a new/foreign concept. Women with strong, assertive and demanding personalities earn unflattering reputations, which could hurt their chances of making tenure, collaborations and attracting research students. Men with these same qualities are, however, revered and respected. Growing up in the developing world, I experienced women being required to toe their male supervisor's line (even though they were far more accomplished/brighter), discriminated against because they were female and subject to harassment from male professors/supervisors. In general, it felt like an uphill battle to be a woman scientist and these struggles had nothing to do with what should be gender neutral issues like funding and publications. In the US, I definitely felt more secure voicing my opinion, defending my research and applying for awards.", "693" ], [ "Conducting Medical Research in Africa: Opportunities and Misconceptions · Global Voices\n<PERSON> in 2016 in Zambia with his permission\nMedical research conducted in Africa is often undercovered and ignored by the media, but it is a thriving field that highlights the continent's most pressing needs.\nThe reason why there is demand for locally conducted medical research is two-fold: Firstly, global health currently does not have the range of medicines and vaccines required to tackle the health issues specific to the African continent. Diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria have a greater detrimental impact on the poorest countries of Africa and a lack of investment in products targeting these diseases by pharmaceutical companies is a major problem.\nSecondly, research conducted by African scientists will serve to develop research capacities in Africa and an increased role for science and technology can only be beneficial to the continent's economic development.\nDr. <PERSON> is the director of the Central Laboratory at Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ). He grew up in Lusaka, Zambia in the 1990's just as the AIDS epidemic began to take a major toll on the national health. He left Zambia to pursue higher education in the United States in Louisiana, then Indiana. He conducted his own research on the HIV virus as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania before deciding to go back home in order to make an impact on Zambian healthcare.\nGlobal Voices discussed both the future of medical research in Zambia and the things that the media gets wrong about such research in Africa with Dr. <PERSON>. (Disclaimer: Dr. <PERSON> is speaking in a personal capacity):\nGlobal Voices (GV): What is your research topic?\n<PERSON> RW: I'm doing a lot of implementation work currently, supporting the Zambian national ART programme with Laboratory testing. I am just starting a research programme in Molecular Diagnostics development for HIV, TB, and other pathogens of interest.\nGV: What do you see/think are the trending and hot topics in science in your country and Africa in general? How is it different from that in Western countries?\n<PERSON>: There is no basic R&D.", "926" ], [ "It's all implementation of solutions developed elsewhere. This has to change, otherwise we will always be receivers rather than makers. The received solutions are not usually ideal for our environment and making them work here correctly is sometimes impossible.\nGV: Where does the funding and support come from? Is it sufficient? How easy/difficult is it to recruit suitable scientists?\nRW: US and Europe. Different projects have different levels of funding. It is difficult to recruit people to come back or to move here, as funding and growth opportunities are better in other countries .\nGV: How are the research infrastructures? What are the obstacles in your routine research activity that you didn’t encounter before?\nRW: Basic infrastructure is not up to developed country standards and it costs a lot to get uninterrupted power, water, and Internet. Supplies are expensive and take months to be imported from other countries.\nGV: What are the public’s opinions towards science and scientists in Africa?\nRW: There is interest, but an extremely limited understanding of the scientific method. I would suggest critical thinking and the scientific method be taught in school to improve the situation.\n<PERSON>: In your opinion, what is the potential in scientific research in Africa, where it should focus on and how we can help its development?\nThere is amazing potential. I have seen incredible students of all ages. There is need for dedicated science education starting at all ages. Social sciences, computer sciences, big data, outer space exploration, healthcare (non-communicable and Infectious diseases), and traditional medicine efficacy will pay off big.\nGV: Could you describe the pros and cons of the life as a scientist in Africa vs Western countries based on your experience?\n<PERSON>: Mainly it is the speed of doing things and the access to expertise that are big challenges here. The system that journals have to put articles behind paywalls is also limiting the amount of information and the speed with which research can be done.", "693" ], [ "Tunisia: Watching Arab Media on HIV/AIDS · Global Voices\n<PERSON> is a Tunisian doctor, blogger and activist, currently based in the United States, who is dedicated to fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa. In September 2008 he started a blog called HIV in the Arab World [Ar], which monitors Arab media coverage of HIV/AIDS.\nA wide range of subjects are covered in the blog, such as an awareness-raising campaign [Ar] in Tunisia, reasons for the spread of AIDS in Iraq [Ar], and a Saudi religious scholar's opinion [Ar] on the permissibility of marrying a person with HIV/AIDS.\nIn this post, <PERSON> tells Global Voices Online about his work, and how it all began.\nAIDS Awareness Ribbon, by <PERSON> (used under Creative Commons License)\nWhat prompted your interest in working in the field of HIV/AIDS?\nA family member died of HIV/AIDS when I was 11. This was in the 80s and at that time there was nothing we can do. This event shaped my life and made HIV/AIDS become part of the issues that are dear to me. During my medical school, I joined the Tunisian Association Against AIDS (Association Tunisienne de Lutte Contre le Sida) and never left the HIV field ever since. I worked in Tunisia, Lebanon and Sudan so far and I’m looking forward to help my colleagues and friends in more countries.\nWhat are the greatest challenges for people living with HIV in the Arab world?\nStigma and discrimination is definitely on the top of the list. Stigma is partially due in my opinion to the fear-creating approach that our governments and activists adopted as a main prevention message. Fear is often paired with ignorance and stigma is a consequence of this mix. Stigma makes it more difficult to convince people to get tested, and hence to get treated. It also contributes in denying basic rights to those who are infected and does not allow them to have security regarding their future (work, family…).\nWhen did you start the HIV in the Arab World blog, and who are you aiming at?\nI believe in the power of media in changing behaviours and bringing awareness. For many years Arab media has been neglecting the issue of HIV/AIDS and during the last years I observed some changes in the way they framed HIV/AIDS. I created this to better follow the way Arab media reports about AIDS and to offer to those interested a webpage that collects all the articles that talk about this epidemic in the MENA [Middle East and North Africa] region.", "926" ], [ "It is also a way for me to keep connected with the MENA HIV news.\nYou also have a Facebook group associated with the HIV in the Arab World blog – who is it for?\nI left the region in 2007 and moved to the United States where I work for the department of Global Health at the University of Washington. This move made it difficult for me to keep in touch with my friends and colleagues from the region. I created this Facebook group to reconnect with my friends and to offer an opportunity for activists and HIV/AIDS professionals to meet and discuss about the issues that are important to them. It is a primarily a networking tool and also a forum where news and emerging issues are discussed. The group is open only to those who are working in the field and has already more than 42 members from all over the Arab world.\nHow many HIV-positive people are there in Tunisia? Can you describe the work of the Tunisian Association Against AIDS [fr]?\nTunisia’s HIV epidemic is relatively small (3000 estimated cases/10,000,000 inhabitants). We estimate the prevalence to be one of the lowest in the world. This is due to male circumcision, a good healthcare system, conservative sexual behaviours and the government/civil society’s work. There is however a lot that needs to be done in order to prevent the disease from spreading larger. These actions include a need to target vulnerable groups with better designed prevention interventions and more work on the policy and epidemiology level.\nI joined the Tunisian HIV association in 1997. This NGO is the largest and one of the most popular ones in Tunisia. We work in the areas of HIV prevention, care and support, and advocacy. We cover the Tunisian territory with more than 5 local offices and we participate in many international activities and networks that represent to us a source of funding and partnerships.", "803" ], [ "Exclusion in access to public information for marginalized groups in India · Global Voices\nField documentation in Goa, India (<PERSON>, CC-BY-SA 4.0)\nThis post was first published at Yoti as a part of <PERSON> Digital Identity Fellowship. It has been edited for Global Voices.\nDigital identity programs are touted as a way for governments to streamline their processes and provide services to their citizens in a more efficient manner. However, in India and around the world, these programs are surfacing questions about digital rights and social exclusion because of the potentially life-altering consequences they have in people's lives.\nIndia's Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identity number that the residents are expected to enroll in and obtain by providing their biometric and demographic data. Though Aadhaar is yet to be mandated for all the citizens in the Indian constitution by the supreme court, various social welfare benefits are already linked with it and public and private institutions have already started to make use of Aadhaar as a de facto authentication identity. Aadhaar raises the concern of endangering human rights, particularly privacy and security, and has been criticised as a tool for mass surveillance. Serious issues of common people being denied their rights include refusing school kids free lunches when they fail to produce their Aadhaar.\nWhat does an ordinary member of the public go through while accessing vital information provided by the Indian government? What if this person in question is either a monolingual speaker of an indigenous language that is not the official language of their region or is illiterate or has a visual impairment or is subject to any kind of systemic oppression?\nTo research access to public information in India from the lens of social exclusion, indigenous and linguistic rights, disability and technical hindrance, <PERSON> conducted interviews with marginalized communities and other stakeholders (from linguists, activists and technical experts) that are key to the digital identity discourses.\nIndia’s linguistic diversity\nIndia is home to the largest number of indigenous peoples in the world. 22% of the country’s terrain is home to 705 indigenous groups (about 104 million constituting 8.6% of the population as per the 2011 Census). These groups speak more than 419 different languages and most of these languages are oral in nature. Out of the 780 languages spoken across India, only 22 are officially recognized by the constitution.", "607" ], [ "This recognition is critical in that it enables them to be used for governance. Though some from these 419 languages are multilingual, many are not. The official Aadhaar website (uidai.gov.in) is currently partially-translated into 12 out of the 22 official languages, with no inclusion of even one indigenous language.\nArticle 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights…identifies access to information in one's own language as a fundamental right.\nArticle 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a 1948 document that was drafted by representatives made up of diverse legal and cultural backgrounds identifies access to information in one’s own language as a fundamental right.\nIn a recent interview, noted linguist Dr. <PERSON> – who heads the Endangered Languages Archive (ELAR) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London – said, “you cannot send out a pamphlet in majority languages during an emergency due to an epidemic”. She further emphasized by providing the example of the 10-12,00 people that live in a 10 km2 area in Lower Fungom region of Cameroon who, on a daily basis, speak about nine languages. When Dr. <PERSON> identifies the issue of creating and updating information in the 7,000 languages spoken in the world, she emphasizes the need to identify the language that each community of an administrative region understands—indigenous or a majority language—while developing public information.\nWhile Aadhaar gradually becomes the go-to authentication system in both government and private sectors, the official website currently has no audio-based information available to help indigenous oral language speakers or people with illiteracy. This represents not just a linguistic barrier but also a digital accessibility hindrance. It is important to note that India is home to the world’s largest number of people (15 million) with visual impairment and screen readers that help people hear the text while accessing text-based information that is absent in the majority of the languages.\nThe lack of linguistic and digital accessibility resources constitutes a large part of the initial field research in India.\nKey questions asked to affected community members\n* How do people in your community who are subject to illiteracy, poverty, visual impairment (or have other forms of disability) and various social exclusions access vital public information? What challenges do they face and what is missing?\n* How do you find the technology behind Aadhaar at the moment? What can be done to improve its openness, transparency and accountability?\n* What are different exclusions that many beneficiaries are subject to in the rollout of digital identity programs in India and around the world? What are the repercussions from a human rights standpoint?", "607" ], [ "#MarginalizedAadhaar: Is India’s Aadhaar enabling more exclusion in social welfare for marginalized communities? · Global Voices\n<PERSON>, a Lanjia Sora language speaker walking in her home in Rayagada district, Odisha, India. (Image by author, CC-BY-SA 4.0 License)\nThis post was first published at Yoti as a part of <PERSON> Digital Identity Fellowship. It has been edited for Global Voices.\nThe recent State of Aadhaar report that claims statistically that the Indian digital identity has mostly been beneficial with a negligible exclusion is in sync with the makers of the technology and largely the Indian government. However, perspectives reflected through interviews with marginalized communities and other stakeholder experts prove otherwise.\nThe report claims that 92 percent of the 167,000 surveyed people are “satisfied with Aadhaar’’ and 90 percent “trust that their data are safe in the Aadhaar system.’’\nThe report, however, did not address surveillance and risks to the right to privacy, which is crucial to the human rights and digital rights of India's population of 1.3 billion people (1.23 billion out of the total 1.3 billion people have enrolled for Aadhaar by 1 January 2020). The report was published by international consulting firm Dalberg Global Development Advisors with support from Omidyar Network.\nThe Indian government also often puts the state's national security above such individual rights, a concern that has recently been amplified with the ongoing discussions around the Personal Data Protection Bill of 2019 (read the proposed bill here) which can give the government agencies to access people's private data.\nWhat is Aadhaar?\nAadhaar is a unique 12 digit number provided by a public organization Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) that Indian residents can obtain by providing their biometric data and demographic data. Aadhaar is tied to a range of citizen beneficiary services, and logistical and technical issues have led to the exclusion of many marginalized communities. Similarly, the use of personal data in Aadhaar for authentication by public and private entities have raised serious human rights issues.\nUnique Identity (UID) is used to tag Indian citizens with Aadhaar by centralizing a range of personal data (including biometric).", "607" ], [ "Contrary to a popular misconception that Aadhaar is yet another “card” that provides the Indian citizens a form of identity, it is merely a number.\nResearch subjects\nThe 20 individuals — whose interviews form the basis for this report — are from communities that are marginalized on the basis of social and economic factors and are based in the Indian states of Odisha and Uttarakhand in four different locations. Five (25%) of the interviewees were women and two of those women were illiterate, whereas the male interviewees were all literate. Interviewees from Odisha were from two adivasi (indigenous) communities — Lanjia Sora and Jurai Sora, and the interviews from Uttarakhand were from low economic groups.\nThe other set of interviewees were key stakeholders including human rights lawyers and activists, litigators, ethnographers, and academic and other researchers.\nAadhaar, social benefits, and exclusion\nAs Aadhaar has been and is being linked to many citizen beneficiary services, authorities tend to use fingerprint scanning-based identification and authentication. Services like state pension or rations (food, fuels and so on) — or even subsidized healthcare — are received by individuals who are generally marginalized on the basis of age, literacy, access to public information in one’s own language, etc. Illness or manual labor can cause loss of or change in fingerprints which one might have to update periodically. Such a case can make a fingerprint-based authentication to fail.\n‘‘For someone already part of a public system and already receiving their benefits, the complexity of getting everything connected through Aadhaar becomes burdensome,’’ shares a researcher-interviewee (who did not want to be named) who was studying the receipt of public benefits such as pensions and Public Distribution System (PDS), a federal government initiative to provide food and essential commodities to people in need with the objective of eradicating poverty) in rural Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. He adds, “people who do manual labor, or have an illness, or are in old age (or any of these combinations) often find their fingerprints are not detected or authenticated’’ while emphasizing how authentication using a mobile number or biometric (it has to be either in the case of Aadhaar) has many flaws, an issue researcher and human rights lawyer Dr. <PERSON> and advocate <PERSON> also highlighted.\nAccording to Dr.", "607" ], [ "Is India’s digital ID system, Aadhaar, a tech solution for a socio-economic problem? · Global Voices\nBiometric details being captured in an Aadhaar enrolment centre in Kolkata, West Bengal, India (<PERSON>, CC-BY-3.0)\nThis post was first published on Yoti as a part of <PERSON> Digital Identity Fellowship. It has been edited for Global Voices.\nThe world's largest biometric ID system, Aadhaar, assigns Indians a 12-digit unique identity number which is tied to a range of citizen beneficiary services. The programme was meant to be a technological solution to both existing and emerging socio-economic challenges, designed to help ensure inclusion in India. In practice, however, it has done the opposite, deepening the exclusion of marginal and vulnerable communities.\nAadhaar began to take shape in 2009, when the Indian National Congress (INC) was in government, but saw aggressive implementation under the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), currently in office, which holds a majority at the federal level and wields strong influence in many provinces. The system has therefore been used in both federal and provincial public programmes on a massive scale, but exclusion persists.\nIt was hoped that, after a decade of Aadhaar, issues like the country's long history of racial oppression — which existed long before British colonisation and continues long after the country became a democratic republic in 1947 — would be addressed. Instead, many marginalised communities find themselves in a multitude of troubles, unable to access basic amenities and services.\nConversations with members of several such communities — as part of research conducted for the MarginalizedAadhaar project (see Field Diaries #1, #2 and #3) — indicate that the most marginalised among them have been further excluded as a result of the absolute trust in ‘tech-solutionism’ displayed by several state entities.\nHowever, the technological biases that have come out of the systemic social oppression in Indian society — especially in the context of Aadhaar — are yet to be addressed.\n‘Tech-weapons of mass exclusion’\nWhen viewed through the lenses of different demographics — social, political, economic, regional, linguistic, religious, and most importantly, access to privileges for those at the bottom of the pyramid — one can only grasp a tiny portion of what a national biometric-based identity system like Aadhaar means to citizens.\nBy their very nature, ID systems need to allow for social inclusion and the rights of individuals to address issues across the spectrum — from widespread inequality to the nuances associated with the Adivasis, especially the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. If they do not, people with privileges but with no understanding of diversity and inclusion, end up building ‘tech-weapons of mass exclusion.’\nFor instance, Aadhaar has been deployed for biometric-based authentication in the distribution of food rations through the Public Distribution System (PDS), a federal government initiative that provides food and other essential commodities to those in need.", "607" ], [ "The objective, of course, is to eradicate poverty, but data from the country's census showed that between 2001 and 2011, the number of people in need rose from 21 to 26.8 million, a 22.4% increase.\nContextualising tech\nTechnology, particularly in India, cannot be discussed without bringing up systemic racial discrimination. The country’s political power dynamics are much more racially divisive than ever before, to the point where they have now become part of the apparatus for exclusion.\nThe caste system divides people of the Hindu faith into four major classes, of which some are considered outcasts, or ‘untouchables’. These communities are collectively known as Dalits in progressive discourses; in India's constitution, they are classified as Scheduled Castes (SC).\nThe BJP, the ruling right-wing nationalist party dominated by “upper-caste” Hindus, has been pushing to exclude the Dalit, Muslim and Adivasi people — and several other marginalised communities — through divisive policies. From a human rights perspective, the technological implementations of these policies often translate into inherent and serious design flaws.\nA Muslim woman in the state of Assam who was declared as a “Doubtful Voter” in the National Register of Citizens. (Screengrab from a video reportage by NewsClickin. CC-BY 3.0).\nAccess to information in native languages\nCuriously, in a country where there have been no less than 402 documented internet shutdowns since the BJP came to power in 2014, the Aadhaar system relies on the internet to function. People wanting to get food rations must authenticate their identity via a fingerprint-based process, and authorities at the ration centres use an online portal to verify the information.", "607" ], [ "Sustainable nutrition: Speaking with Dr. <PERSON>, winner of the 2021 World Food Prize · Global Voices\nDr. <PERSON> making the keynote presentation at Accelerating the End of Hunger and Malnutrition – A Global Event, on November 29, 2018, in Bangkok, Thailand. Photo by <PERSON> for FAO/IFPRI on Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.\nOn May 11, Trinidad and Tobago-born Dr. <PERSON>, a nutritional scientist who is also a Danish citizen, was announced as the winner of the 2021 World Food Prize, in recognition of her 40 years of ground-breaking work improving the health of millions of people in the Global South.\nThe foundation that bestows the prestigious honour each year was founded in 1986 by 1970 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and “Father of the Green Revolution” Dr. <PERSON>. The prize, worth 250,000 United States dollars, recognises individuals who find ways of improving people's quality of life by sustainably enhancing the global food supply.\nDr. <PERSON> was chosen for her “groundbreaking research, her critical insights and landmark innovations” in understanding and promoting the importance of aquatic food. By devising “holistic, nutrition-sensitive approaches to aquaculture” with her network of international collaborators, Dr. <PERSON> succeeded in boosting the nutrition of millions of vulnerable people around the world while securing their livelihoods by building more resilient ecosystems into the bargain.\nIn the 1980s—the same decade that the World Food Prize Foundation was formed—while working at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dr. <PERSON> was deeply affected by the large number of children suffering from malnutrition; she decided to try improving the nutritional value of their diets by creating a food system using small, native fish as a staple. Her idea soon became a movement: people began raising fish locally and inexpensively, transforming the diets and livelihoods of impoverished communities in Asia and Africa, where food insecurity was a concern.\nIn this two-part interview post (you can read the second instalment here), Dr.", "803" ], [ "<PERSON> spoke to me via email about her passion for nutrition and the many people she's been able to help.\n<PERSON> (JMF): What has been the most satisfying part of your journey and what impact will the prize have on your work?\nDr. <PERSON> (SHT): Being able to work with communities, mothers and children and knowing that my work can have a positive impact on their lives. Working with younger researchers and students and being able to [impart] knowledge to them, which they can carry further in their work and benefit communities. I hope that getting this award will give me a platform to change the way we look at [and] work with food systems—moving the narrative from ‘just feeding’ to ‘nourishing.’ Also, getting this award I hope will inspire young people, [especially] young women, to study science and take up a career in food and nutrition.\n<PERSON>: What drove you to rethink how people could be fed nutritiously en masse?\nSHT: Working with severely malnourished children and their mothers [in Bangladesh], I witnessed first-hand the power of diverse, nutritious foods in keeping people well-nourished and healthy. This can be done sustainably, through employing very many pathways […] producing diverse foods; paying attention to quantity as well as quality, nutritional quality and food safety; consuming sufficient [food], not excess; greatly reducing food waste and loss.\nDr. <PERSON>, winner of the 2021 World Food Prize for her trailblazing scientific work in making aquatic food systems an integral part of sustainable food production, thereby relieving hunger, aiding livelihoods and increasing all-round resilience. Photo courtesy Dr. <PERSON>, used with permission.\nJMF: How did your Caribbean roots factor into how you thought about this problem of food security? What made you look to the sea when most people think of agriculture as land-based?\nSHT: Growing up in Trinidad and in a home in which my grandmother ruled the kitchen, I did not think of the issue of some people facing food insecurity. My grandmother instilled in us the value of healthy food for good brain—[including] fish—and for being strong. Working in Bangladesh, the most nutritious food in the diet, small fish, comes from water. The sea is not the only source of aquatic foods. Inland waters—lakes, rivers, seasonal water bodies, floodplains—are extremely important sources of diverse aquatic foods [like] animals, plants, seaweed. Two-thirds of the planet is covered by water, so we must make use of this potential for harvesting and growing diverse, nutritious foods, sustainably.", "820" ], [ "Japan: “The Light and Darkness of Social Media” · Global Voices\nThis post is part of our special coverage Japan Earthquake 2011.\nIt's human nature for rumors to run rampant in a high pressure situation, and social meda tools can be a double-edged sword in expediting this situation. <PERSON> gives an analysis in his blog post “The Light and Darkness of Social Media” (ソーシャルメディアがもつ光と闇), drawing parallels between social media usage and consumption of mass media.\n<PERSON> is a widely respected Web designer, developer, and consultant in Tokyo. He tweets in Japanese at @yhassy.\nThe following post was translated in its entirety under the terms of CC BY-NC-SA 2.1.\nSocial media played a great role during the revolution in Egypt at the beginning of this year. Now more than ever, people are calling to leverage social media for public/social activities.\nHowever, the praise for the true power and utility of social media in the case of Egypt started me thinking, “The next time there is some kind of sweeping social change, we’ll probably start seeing the dark side of social media, too”. Maybe this is because I like to play devil’s advocate, but still, that fact withstanding…\nSocial media helped me in a couple of ways during the Great Tohoku-Kanto Earthquake. While cell phone services were completely shut down, social media acted as the information lifeline. It was the only way to communicate with friends and family.\nThis was a luxury I had because I wasn’t in an afflicted area, but it’s probably safe to say that most people were not in a situation where they had absolutely no information at all.\nThroughout the disaster, I experienced the “light” of social media but at the same time, I saw “darkness” as well. This might have also happened in Egypt but it has risen to the surface now that I’ve experienced it in the Japanese language.\nMany people still have not realized the actual social capability of social media. The advent of the Web in our lives brought forth an enormous amount of information. At the same time, it gave us the capability to broadcast information, almost as easily as we can attain it. There is no need to write anymore. All one needs to do is press a button, and many people will receive the information.\nLet us ask ourselves, are we diffusing information before fully digesting its meaning? Do we experience a mental block that makes us forget to check the facts when we see the words “Pls RT? Are we mindlessly taking part in strange festival-like fervor on social media, whether or not we actually agree with the opinions?\nHaving sociability means taking actions with the responsibility of being on common ground.", "243" ], [ "It is important to have good sociability especially when using social media; where it could be ambiguous whether you are either receiver or messenger.\nAll in all, many “social media users” are still similar to those who establish their values by consuming the information on TV and magazines. People are still passive. We have the capability of sharing information, but perhaps at the same time, underestimate its power.\nSocial media is one of the platforms that allows people to connect to one another. The strong connection between the users can work to amplify emotions. These emotions can at times be positive but can also be negative, inducing fear and hatred. The degree of this amplification can become severe for users that passively accept information to then pass it on to others, forgoing any process of factual scrutiny.\nI’m not trying to say that social media should not be used by those with low information literacy. One can only learn to use social media to its full extent by becoming exposed to many kinds of information, by learning how the information is used by others, and by trying things out. As mentioned above, social media provides countless sources of light; we can’t afford not to use it.\nHowever, we should be conscious about the act of sending out information to others, and remind ourselves to be critical about the information we receive. It is important to have this kind of attitude when using social media, especially in a time like this when information can be shared with a single click. I consider this to be the first step to prevent social media from entering into darkness.\nSocial Media Wordle by Flickr user <PERSON> (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)\nAddendum\nThis article was first posted to a Facebook group. Some users have already pointed out mistakes and have commented on it. One comment in particular referred to Movatwi, the Internet application that allows non-smartphone users to use Twitter on their cell phones.", "339" ] ]

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[ [ "Blue photons (= photons of ~420 nm wavelength) have higher energy than red ones (= photons of ~600 nm wavelength). That means that each individual absorbed blue photon will indeed heat the surface more, because it gives it more energy. But two red photons would heat the surface more than a single blue photon. Photons themselves don't \"have\" heat, heat is a collective consequence of random motion of many atoms/molecules/...\nPhotoelectric effect in the video is a bit different phenomenon from heating the material because photons need sufficient energy to eject electrons from the material. Red light might not eject any electrons no matter how many photons hit the material, while blue would even if you have few photons (and therefore lower heating).\nTemperature of light, eg as on \"3000K\" light bulbs, is something different still. Blackbody gives out EM radiation. Spectrum of that radiation depends on the temperature - say something at 3000K has peak of radiation at approximately 1 micrometer wavelength (near-IR) while our sun at ~6000K has peak at green light.", "184" ], [ "And that temperature designation of the light bulb simply means \"this bulb gives out light that has approximately similar spectrum to the body at this temperature\" (skipping details about color quality).\nYou can start with 3000K bulbs, then add filter to get 6000K light. First light is red-ish, second one is blue-ish. But even though after filter your photons flying out are more blue and therefore have more energy on average, this filter absorbed (or reflected; in video filter absorbed light) quite a lot of energy - many red photons had to get blocked. So, average photon has higher energy, but total energy of all photons in the light is lower. Shining unfiltered red-ish light on thermometer would heat it more than shining filtered blue-ish light on it.\nThis losing energy is true even if you have laser light and convert it to have half the wavelength (eg 1064 nm to 532 nm) - in that case all input photons have low energy and all output photons have high energy, but you lost many (at least half) photons in the process, so the total energy (that gets converted to heat by absorber) is the same or usually lower (with some energy lost during conversion and resulting in heating of the converter). In this case of up-conversion (photons flying out having higher energy) you can also get photoelectric effect with the converted light while original one doesn't kick single electron out of the material. This is unlike with filters that merely block some wavelengths - there, photoelectric effect of filtered light is at most the same as in original light.", "970" ], [ "Parabolic mirror\nEasy one - take a parabolic mirror (e.g. a typical satellite dish, the one you can find in your kitchen and paint it shiny), put some heat resistant holder in the focus and there you go.\nThe heat in the focus can easily reach upper hundreds of kelvins (which is more than enough even for a grill) for a typical small (~1m) parabolic dish and you can regulate the temperature very easily. As a bonus, there is no air to take the thermal energy away. Add some water into an airtight (and strong) packing, and you get your classical boiled food (if fried/grilled is not for you).\nIf you do not have a satellite dish among the regular equipment in your kitchen, a huge metal ladle might do, or a pot cover, and you would be able to watch the TV cook.\nSolar constant is about $1360\\, \\rm W\\cdot m^{-2} $ [1] - that is (by definition) at 1 AU and outside of atmosphere (It's a total irradiation, not just inside the visible spectrum, but the maximum is in the visible spectrum anyway and polished metal surface would reflect IR and UV easily).", "184" ], [ "Typical high-end mirror reflexivity can reach 90%, if we allow for non-visible spectrum and lower efficiency, we can get $500\\, \\rm W\\cdot m^{-2} $ easily (note that for low cost, less than perfect reflexive cookers in our atmosphere and realistic weather the efficiency is very low, [2] got only 15% maximum energy efficiency). A typical hot plate consumes maybe 1 kW of electricity and is perfectly adequate for cooking (and the efficiency is likely rather low as well). That means $2\\,\\rm m ^2$ is more than enough to replace a typical hot plate.\nNote that solar cooking is not uncommon, especially in developing countries without proper access to electricity. See [3] for a detailed description and fields testing of solar cooking in Indonesia.\nA typical pressure cooker operates at 2 atm - that means 1 atm overpressure, which is perfect for vacuum - keeping the same 1 atm overpressure will give exactly 1 atm pressure in the cooker, which means the conditions for cooking are exactly what we are used at.", "108" ], [ "Short answer - it will not work because of several reasons:\n1. Elastic scattering of light from particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light is known as Rayleigh scattering. The scattering efficiency is proportional to $d^6$, where $d$ is the particle diameter, thus it is gets very small for molecules. You would have to use maximal laser power, but then you cannot tell if the particle scattered 1 or 2 or 50 photons.\n2. The momentum of a single photon is too small to shift 1 nm particle. Let's take even smaller particle - hydrogen atom, which has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. If we consider a photon of green light (500 nm), elastically bouncing of the hydrogen atom, then from the conservation of momentum I calculate the additional velocity for the hydrogen atom is 1.6 m/s.", "580" ], [ "This looks large enough, but keep in mind that the average velocity of a hydrogen atom at room temperature is 2200 m/s, but it can be anything between 0 and 5000 m/s, according to Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.\n3. There are $10^{19}$ molecules per $cm^3$ of air in normal conditions, so even in highest vacuum ($10^{-12} $bar) you cannot isolate a single molecule. Aerosol particles in vacuum will just drop down.\nBut even if this doesn't work, such technique can be used for other interesting measurements. While researching this question, I found that Rayleigh Doppler Technique can be used to measure temperature and wind speed high in the atmosphere. The idea is to distinguish between the light scattered from molecules and aerosol particles.\nMolecules move fast in random directions, so there will be some Doppler broadening of the scattered light that increases with the speed of molecules, that is proportional to temperature. Aerosol particles, on the other hand, are too heavy for random motion and just follow the air flow. The light that they scatter back will not be broadened, but shifted according to the speed of particles relative to the laser. Of course, this shift is very small, as air moves much slower than the speed of light, but it can still be observed with an interferometer.", "580" ], [ "Several misconceptions in this question.\n1. Kinetic energy is a property of particle in given coordinate system. Perform the following experiment: imagine a coordinate system moving with 99.9999991% speed of light with respect to you. In that coordinate system you are moving with 99.9999991% speed of light and your kinetic energy is enormous. However, while performing the experiment you will notice no change in your body or your surroundings, and performing this imagination is entirely safe.\n2. Kinetic energy is not internal energy of an object. Consider the following examples:\na) You throw a piece of ice. You increase its kinetic energy, but nothing bad happens to it while its flying.\nb) A flying piece ice hits the ground. It may break, because its kinetic energy transforms into other forms of energy, like mechanical waves or heat.\nc) You put a piece of ice on a stove and turn on heating. Soon the ice will melt. The piece doesn't move, you don't increase its kinetic energy. You rather increase its thermal energy. Thermal energy is related to kinetic energy of individual water molecules, but total kinetic energy of the whole piece of ice remains 0.\nThe fact that a proton is moving fast doesn't change anything about it. The quarks and gluons forming a quickly moving proton behave the same as those in a stationary one. Only if our proton collides with something, e.g.", "815" ], [ "with another proton moving in the opposite direction, their kinetic energies can be transformed into something else, e.g. breaking them and forming new particles.\nA fast moving proton is something quite different than what's called excited proton or more often excited nucleon which has elevated internal energy, in form of angular momentum and spin configuration. Excited nucleons can be created in high energy collisions, such as those in LHC, and are very unstable; after very short time they release their extra energy (in form of new particles) and decay back to \"regular\" proton or neutron state.\n1. Several people mentioned decays. I think this is not what you asked about. You speak about disintegration of a proton due to its large internal energy, e.g. similarly to breaking or melting piece of ice. The only way we have to increase internal energy is by colliding the proton with something else. That's something completely different from spontaneous decay.\nSome particles are unstable and decay into other particles after some time. Decay of proton is theorized, however it hasn't been discovered experimentally. Therefore proton is either stable, or its lifetime is extremely long.\nParticle decays are actually affected by their movement, due to time dilation. Time passes slower for a moving object. E.g. muons produced by interactions of cosmic rays high in the atmosphere reach the ground, despite their mean lifetime of 2.2µs multiplied by the maximum speed they may have, speed of light is only 660m. So if proton could actually decay, it would even less likely do so if it moved with relativistic speed in an accelerator.", "781" ], [ "First it helps to understand what a black-body is: a perfect black-body is a 'material' that absorbs all radiation that shines onto it and emits 'black-body radiation', which is a broad spectrum of radiation that peaks at a frequency related to the body's temperature. It is important to understand that a black-body isn't necessarily 'black. If the black body is relatively cool, less than a few hundred degrees C, it will emit mostly IR radiation. But a hot black-body (100 C and more) will have the peak in the visible spectrum, and a very hot black-body could have an emission peak in the UV, X-ray, or gamma-ray spectrum. In fact stars are actually pretty close to black-holes in their absorption/emission spectrum. But to answer your questions.\nQ1) A box, painted internally with black paint and/or with lots of internal baffles is a pretty good black-hole radiator. If you shine visible light in through the hole (including laser light if you wish) then most of the light will be absorbed in the box and a reasonable approximation to black-body radiation will be emitted through the hole. But in practice, you don't need to shine anything in. The box will emit light in a frequency range related to its interior temperature, so you can keep it warm by sitting it on a stove, blowing hot air on it, or wrapping it in cuddly rabbits.\nQ2) The most important qualities of lasers are that they emit light that is coherent, collimated and monochromatic.", "184" ], [ "So, all the waves at the same phase, all moving in the same direction, and all at the same frequency. Black-body radiation is the exact opposite of this: phases all mixed up, light emitted in all directions, and a very broad spectrum. So a black-body isn't and cannot act like a laser.\nQ3) All materials emit light. Whether they emit IR or other frequencies depends (mostly) on their temperature. The only benefit of a hole or cavity, is that light that shines in will most likely be absorbed after multiple internal reflections, so won't bounce straight out at the same frequency. So a shallow hole with a reflective interior will not be at all like a black-body.\nQ4) Ignoring the question of what an IR black is, if you paint the inside of a hole with a paint that absorbs most/all of the incoming radiation it will probably be a better black-body than a hole that you leave unpainted. But in the real world, paints and other materials also have emission spectra - by which their thermal radiation differs from that of a perfect black-body radiator. So if you chose the wrong paint you could make things worse. Actually, if you had a perfectly absorbing paint (black at all frequencies), then you don't need a hole at all - just paint a spot of it on a wall and that spot becomes very close to a black-body radiator.", "184" ], [ "The following answer is much more detailed re-write from my previous answer, which some people here didn't seem to understand.\nThis is a difficult question to answer, and none of the answers I've read here actually answer the question. They try to give the impression that substitution of words is an explanation.\nThe temperature of a material is directly related to the vibrational energy of the molecules/atoms that make up the material. The molecules/atoms of solids are held in place by their mutual forces. But those forces only create a neutral position, with the vibration of interest occurring about that neutral position. How then does rubbing increase that vibration?\nIt's my understanding that the frequency of this vibration is fixed by quantum mechanics, well up in the multi-terahertz. and thus rubbing cannot change that frequency. However, it can change the amplitude, as I'll explain.\nWith the spring/mass analogy made for these phenomena, changing the amplitude and keeping frequency constant results in higher vibrational velocities, and thus higher temperatures.", "104" ], [ "That's the basic idea, and here are the details.\nSo how does rubbing change the vibrational amplitude? Answer: the atoms/molecules of both rubbing and rubbed material either physically contact those of the other material or become so close to the latter that electrostatic forces become large between the particles in both materials. Further, the displacement of the rubbing material is many orders of magnitude larger than the amplitude of vibration of the particles in both materials. Thus, whether by direct contact or close enough contact between both materials' particles, the pertinent particles in both materials are forced into displacements that are exceedingly larger than their vibration amplitudes. In fact, the forced displacement breaks some of the inter-bonds of these materials and their surfaces become worn.\nThus, a vibrating particle that is able to not be too far nudged from its neutral position will snap back to vibrate, but with now a larger amplitude, since the \"initial condition\" for the new vibration is larger than the amplitude before rubbing. The larger amplitudes of vibration occurring at the contacting surfaces in turn impose larger vibrational amplitudes in nearby particles, and the heating of the bulk material proceeds by diffusion.\nIt can be easily seen how such a process requires a transfer of energy from the rubber to the rubbed. It takes energy to increase the amplitude of vibration, in the same way it takes energy to push someone on a swing to higher amplitudes. The energy levels involved are less for those simply increasing temperatures than for those involved in breaking intermolecular and interatomic bonds, which is what occurs with abrasion, wearing, and sanding.\nIn the case of a gas, where it's the translational energy that defines temperature (not the internal rotational and vibrational modes) we can consider that rubbing creates a boundary layer, and in the most violent situations, creates also large turbulent eddies. But the original question regards only solids, so I'll reserve the detailed explanation of this case for a new question.", "104" ], [ "Accuracy\nThe obvious issue is that since speed of light is many orders of magnitude larger than the speed of sound, any inaccuracies in measuring the sound propagation time will have a disproportional effect on the calculated estimate of the speed of light, so a small inaccuracy in your estimate of speed of sound or any tiny delay in the process of determining when exactly \"sound wave reaches the clocks\" will make the whole endeavor useless.\nSpeed of sound depends on all kinds of factors such as temperature, humidity and pressure, so you would need very accurate knowledge of the atmospheric conditions (and very accurate information about their exact effect on speed of sound) throughout your experimental area - since speed of sound is approx million times smaller than the speed of light, a 1-in-million error in the estimate of speed of sound means +/- 100% error in your calculation of speed of light. The same also applies for your second scenario unless you can somehow control conditions ensure that the speed of sound is equal in both directions from the synchronizer, which won't be true by default.\nPropagation of sound also is diffuse enough to limit you to relatively small distances (it's tricky to accurately transmit a pulse of sound over 10+ miles) so the delay of sound propagation across a part of the receiving apparatus can be larger than the elapsed time of light propagation you're trying to measure.\nSo the conclusion is that you technically could try to do it this way, but it's simply not the most practical way to construct an accurate apparatus to make this measurement useful. Like, as you say, having a \"controlled air tight environment\" removes some sources of inaccuracy, but it's not trivial to have controlled air tight environment that's, say, a mile long, and it's difficult to get an accurate measurement of the speed of light if you want to limit the experiment to something room-sized since the elapsed time would be so tiny.\nAnd of course, if you would postulate that there's some difference in light speed one way over the other, then this would likely also affect the directionality of the speed of sound, in that case you can't simply assume that the speed of sound is equal in all directions.", "795" ], [ "First you must understand how a (primary) rainbow is formed. Here is a summary with some details that are not in the linked article:\nWhenever a beam of light encounters an air-water boundary, it is either reflected or refracted. To form a primary rainbow, we must first have enough small water droplets in the air, as these are close to spherical. Parallel light beams that reach such a water droplet must be refracted once as they enter, reflected off the inner surface of the droplet once, and refracted once more as they exit:\n(image from the linked article)\nThere are 3 important points to note here:\n1. Water droplets in the air are never perfectly spherical. That is one source of fuzziness.\n2. Parallel beams entering the same water droplet can exit at different angles! This is the major reason why rainbows can never give sharp spectra even if you have perfectly spherical water droplets (say in outer space). Why then do we still see the rainbow? There are three reasons, which together result in the rainbow being seen roughly at 42°:\n3. Different incident light beams will have different amount reflected/refracted.different incident light beams will have different amount reflected/refracted.", "970" ], [ "In particular, the bottommost incident beam (in the diagram) will mostly pass through without being reflected at the back of the droplet, and the topmost incident beam will mostly be reflected rather than enter the droplet.\n4. The light beams emerging from the droplet after the above process are 'denser' along the so-called caustic ray, because the emergent angle does not vary monotonically with the distance of the incident beam from the central axis, and it reaches a maximum for the caustic ray, around which the emergent angle varies less.\n5. The incident light beams further from the central axis undergo greater refraction, hence resulting in greater separation of different wavelengths. In contrast, the rainbow rays from incident beams close to the central axis largely overlap one another and wash out. (See this webpage for an image illustrating this.)\n6. Light beams may encounter more than one droplet! This is another major reason why we cannot expect a sharp spectrum from a (natural) rainbow.\n7. Even if we assume that the water droplet is a point, the light beams from the sun will not be perfectly parallel. In fact, the sun subtends an angle of about 0.5° to an observer on Earth, so this leads to roughly that same amount of spreading of the rainbow as compared to one generated by a point light source. Still, this is a much less significant effect than point 2.\n(<PERSON>'s answer is incorrect but inexplicably has lots of upvotes.)", "70" ] ]

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[ [ "Use a first order upwind (for the convection component) and a second order central difference (for the diffusion component). So the end result would be equivalent to discretising the equation,\n$$ \\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial t} = \\frac{\\partial \\boldsymbol{v}}{\\partial x} + D\\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial x^2} $$\nSo using the $\\theta$-method you will end up with,\n$$ \\frac{u_{j}^{n+1} - u_{j}^{n}}{\\Delta t} = \\boldsymbol{v} \\left[ \\frac{1-\\theta}{2\\Delta x} \\left( u_{j+1}^{n} - u_{j-1}^{n} \\right) + \\frac{\\theta}{2\\Delta x} \\left( u_{j+1}^{n+1} - u_{j-1}^{n+1} \\right) \\right] + \\ D \\left[ \\frac{1 - \\theta}{(\\Delta x)^2} \\left( u_{j-1}^{n} - 2u_{j}^{n} + u_{j+1}^{n} \\right) + \\frac{\\theta}{(\\Delta x)^2} \\left( u_{j-1}^{n+1} - 2u_{j}^{n+1} + u_{j+1}^{n+1} \\right) \\right] $$\nwhere $u^n$ and $u^{n+1}$ terms are the present and future time step, respectively. So a fully implicit scheme would be recovered by setting $\\theta=1$ and the Crank-Nicolson by setting $\\theta=1/2$.\nTo solve this equation you need to write as a linear system so group in terms of the solution variable $u$ and move the unknowns and known to different sides and you should be able to solve.\nFor example, the end result would have the form,\n$$ \\underbrace{\\boldsymbol{A}}{A}\\cdot\\underbrace{\\boldsymbol{u^{n+1}}}{x} = \\underbrace{\\boldsymbol{M}\\cdot\\boldsymbol{u^{n}}}_{d} $$\nwhere,\n$$ \\boldsymbol{A}=\\begin{pmatrix} 1+2s\\theta & -\\theta(s + r) & & 0 \\ \\theta(r-s) & 1+2s\\theta & -\\theta (s + r) & \\ & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\ddots \\ & \\theta(r-s) & 1+2s\\theta & -\\theta (s + r) \\ 0 & & \\theta(r-s) & 1+2s\\theta \\ \\end{pmatrix} $$\nand\n$$ \\boldsymbol{M}=\\begin{pmatrix} 1-2s(1-\\theta) & (1 - \\theta)(s + r) & & 0 \\ (1 - \\theta)(s - r) & 1-2s(1-\\theta) & (1 - \\theta)(s + r) & \\ & \\ddots & \\ddots & \\ddots \\ & (1 - \\theta)(s - r) & 1-2s(1-\\theta) & (1 - \\theta)(s + r) \\ 0 & & (1 - \\theta)(s - r) & 1-2s(1-\\theta) \\ \\end{pmatrix} $$\nFinally $\\boldsymbol{u^n}$ and $\\boldsymbol{u^{n+1}}$ are just column vectors of the solution variable discretised over the space.", "935" ], [ "And very finally, $s=D\\frac{\\Delta t}{(\\Delta x)^2}$ and $r=\\boldsymbol{v}\\frac{\\Delta t}{2 \\Delta x}$.\nA side note.\nFor 1D conservation problems you could also consider the finite volume method, it is just as easy to implement. It has some advantages in the fact that the conservative property is preserved to the discretisation level. You have to be a little be careful because discretisation will be come unstable for advection dominated problems so you need to introduce adaptive-upwinding or exponential fitting. For a step-by-step guide see my notes.", "232" ], [ "For the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, a convenient possibility is to choose the time step by considering the stability criterion of the inviscid (hyperbolic, Euler) and the viscous (parabolic, diffusive) terms independently from one another:\nFor the <PERSON> term you have \"something like\"\n$ \\Delta t_\\mathrm{Hyperbolic} \\leq \\displaystyle\\min_{\\mathbf{x}i\\in\\Omega} \\left( \\min{d=1,2,3} \\frac{C \\Delta x_{i,d}}{\\lvert u_{i,d} \\rvert + a_i} \\right ) \\; ,$\ndepending on your grid, spatial discretization and temporal discretization schemes, where $u_{i,d}$ is the d-th velocity component in the i-th cell/element, $a_i$ is the speed of sound, $\\Delta x_i$ is the i-th cell/element size, and $C$ is the Courant number. Remember that in 1D the eigenvalues of the flux Jacobian for the inviscid term are $u + a$, $u - a$, and $a$ (and that you can compute them at every time step for every cell/element).\nFor the diffusive term you will have \"something like\"\n$ \\Delta t_\\mathrm{Parabolic} \\leq \\displaystyle\\min_{\\mathbf{x}i\\in\\Omega} \\left( \\min{d=1,2,3} \\frac{ \\Delta x_{i,d}^2}{\\lambda \\; \\mu} \\right ) \\; ,$\nwhere $\\mu$ is your diffusivity and $\\lambda$ is a factor that depends on your spatial and time discretization schemes. Although it seems counterintuitive, explicit time integration schemes for the linear diffusion equation satisfying this criterion are stable for a sufficiently large $\\lambda$. Implicit schemes allow you to take a larger $\\Delta t_\\mathrm{Parabolic}$ from the stability point-of-view, but if it is not small enough your scheme won't be very accurate.\nSo one could choose $\\Delta t = \\min ( \\Delta t_{\\mathrm{Hyperbolic}}, \\Delta t_{\\mathrm{Parabolic}} )$ and hope to remain stable for a sufficiently large class of problems if $C$ and $\\lambda$ are choosen appropiately (they depend on the spatial and temporal discretization schemes!).\nHowever, don't forget that: both terms are actually coupled, and as <PERSON> said above, the CFL condition is a necessary condition (which is not the same as sufficient!). If you are using a first order finite volume method, a consistent and monotone numerical flux ensures that your scheme is both stable and convergent.\nWe know from <PERSON> theorem that no linear monotone scheme of higher than first order accuracy exist.", "649" ], [ "This means that a higher order scheme has to be non-linear in order to be monotone. Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) methods can be constructed through limiting in FV, limiting and filtering in DG, and non-linear stabilization in FE. For higher than second order accuracy, it is worth relaxing the TVD constraint in order to retain the global order of accuracy of the method when discontinuities are present in the solution. Alternatives are Total Variation Bounded (TVB) and Total Variation Bounded in the Mean (TVBM). These methods do not remove oscillations completely, but kind of ensure stability while maintaining your global order of accuracy.\nSo, if you satisfy both the CFL condition and some non-linear stability condition (TVD,TVB,TVBM) your scheme will be very likely to remain stable. If you do not, you are on your own, which does not mean that your scheme will be unstable (see for example second-order FV schemes for the Euler equations using unlimited weighted least-squares reconstruction).", "232" ], [ "Writing the <PERSON> equation finite-difference matrix with <PERSON> boundary conditions\nI am interested in solving the <PERSON> equation using the finite-difference approach. I would like to better understand how to write the matrix equation with <PERSON> boundary conditions. Would someone review the following, is it correct?\nThe finite-difference matrix\nThe <PERSON> equation,\n$$ \\frac{\\partial^2u(x)}{\\partial x^2} = d(x) $$\ncan be approximated by a finite-difference matrix equation,\n$$ \\frac{1}{(\\Delta x)^2} \\textbf{M}\\bullet \\hat u = \\hat d $$\nwhere $\\textbf{M}$ is an $n \\times n$ matrix and $\\hat u$ and $\\hat d$ are $1 \\times n$ (column) vectors,\nAdding a <PERSON> boundary condition\nA <PERSON> boundary condition enforces a know flux at the boundary (here we apply it at the left-hand side where the boundary is at $x=0$),\n$$ \\frac{\\partial u(x=0)}{\\partial x} = \\sigma $$ writing this boundary condition as a centred finite-difference,\nNB. I originally made an error here, sign error and didn't divide by 2. The following has been corrected. $$ \\frac{u_2 - u_0}{2\\Delta x} = \\sigma $$\nNote the introduction of a mesh point outside the original domain ($u_0$). This term can be eliminated by introducing the second equation, $$ \\frac{u_0 - 2u_1 + u_2}{(\\Delta x)^2} = d_1 $$\nThe equation arrises from having more information because of the introduction of the new mesh point.", "935" ], [ "It allows us to write the double derivative of the $u_1$ as the boundary in terms of $u_0$ using a centred finite-difference.\nThe part I'm not sure about\nCombining these two equations $u_0$ can be eliminated. To show the working, let's first re-arrange for the unknown,\n$$ u_0 = -2\\sigma\\Delta x + u_2 \\ u_0 = (\\Delta x)^2 d_1 + 2 u_1 - u_2 $$\nNext they are set equal and rearranged into the form,\n$$ \\frac{u_2 - u_1}{(\\Delta x)^2} = \\frac{d_1}{2} + \\frac{\\sigma}{\\Delta x} $$\nI chose this form because it is the same form as the matrix equation above. Notice that the $u$ terms are divide by $(\\Delta x)^2$ both here and in the original equation. Is this the correct approach?\nFinally, using this equation as the first row of the matrix,\nSome final thoughts,\n1. Is this final matrix correct?\n2. Could I have used a better approach?\n3. Is there a standard way of writing this matrix?", "935" ], [ "Multi-steps method for Navier-stokes equations with strongly nonlinear diffusion\nI am trying to solve a particular form of the Euler / Navier-Stokes equations in 1D, with very strong and non-linear diffusion coefficients.\nMy system of equations is\n\\begin{cases} \\frac{\\partial n}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(nv \\right ) = S_n\\ \\frac{\\partial \\left( n v\\right)}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(nv^2 + nT \\right ) = S_M + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(\\nu(T)\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} \\right)\\ \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}\\left(\\frac{3}{2}nT + \\frac{1}{2}n v^2 \\right ) + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(\\frac{5}{2}nTv + \\frac{1}{2}n v^3 \\right ) - \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(D(T)\\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial x} \\right) - \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(v\\nu(T)\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} \\right) = S_E \\end{cases} where $\\nu(T)$ and $D(T)$ are strongly nonlinear coefficients. For instance, in some versions of my model, $\\nu(T), D(T) \\propto T^3$. This system is associated with a set of boundary conditions and initial conditions that I think are not essential to describe my issue. The temperature diffusion term ($D$) is by far (at least one order of magnitude) the fastest timescale in my system.\nI've tried solving this using a purely time-explicit scheme, but this leads to very small time-steps (if the diffusion terms are removed from the system, I can use higher time-steps, so I guess they are the culprits). I also tried a fully implicit method (Crank-Nicholson or Backward-Euler, implemented with Petsc), but the non-linear <PERSON> solve-step is quite slow. I would like to improve this.\nI wondered if a scheme like the following could be more efficient:\n1. Solve the advection part of the equation\nusing $Q = \\begin{pmatrix} n \\ nv \\ \\frac{3}{2}nT + \\frac{1}{2}nv^2 \\end{pmatrix}$ and $F(Q) = \\begin{pmatrix} nv \\ nv^2+nT \\ \\frac{5}{2}nTv + \\frac{1}{2}nv^3 \\end{pmatrix}$,\nwe solve $\\frac{\\partial Q}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\partial F}{\\partial x} = S$ (where $S$ is a vector of the source terms).", "935" ], [ "This is a quite \"classical\" problem, that can be solved explicitly (I've tried a FD-WENO3 that I was happy with). This gives us $Q^\\star$, from which we can compute $n^\\star$, $v^\\star$ and $T^\\star$.\n1. We \"push\" $v$ implicitly, assuming other variables are frozen. We write\n$n^\\star \\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial t} = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(\\nu(T^\\star)\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} \\right)$.\nThis is linear in $v$, so can be solved very effectively, and get $v^{\\star\\star}$\n1. We \"push\" $T$ implicitly, assuming other variables are frozen. $n^\\star \\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial t} = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(D(T^\\star)\\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial x} \\right) + \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(v^{\\star\\star}\\nu(T^\\star)\\frac{\\partial v^{\\star\\star}}{\\partial x} \\right) $.\nwhich again should not be complicated to solve. We get $T^{\\star\\star}$.\n1. Solve again the explicit part using $n^\\star, v^{\\star\\star}, T^{\\star\\star}$ as initial solutions.", "955" ], [ "Neumann boundary condition FD implementation for instationnary diffusion equation\nI am trying to solve this diffusion equation : $\\dfrac{\\partial D\\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}}{\\partial x}+S = \\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial t}$ ($D$ is not constant and varies according to $x$) with the following BC: $f(x,0)=1 , f(0,t)=0, \\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}(1,t)=0$\nI am using a central finite difference scheme (2nd order) for space and Euler explicit for time (1st order). The discretized $[0..1]$ domain contains the $x_{i}$ points, $i \\in [0..N]$ ($x_{0}=0 , x_{N}=1$).\nThe implementation of Dirichlet condition at $x=0$ is simple. For the <PERSON> boundary condition, I saw a lot of references that treated simple cases, adequate for constant diffusion coefficients and stationnary cases, like the ghost point, that I can't consider in my case(Diffusion coefficient can't be evaluated out of the domain, ghost point envolves evaluation the equation on a point that is not inside the interior domain...", "935" ], [ ").\nSo I am trying something at my own and I want confirmation or correction if I omitted an important aspect in my work:\nThe discretized equation evaluated at $x_{N-1}$ involves the value of $f_{N}$. If we had Diricihlet condition at $x_{N}$, the problem would have been solved directly. But in our case, $f_{N}$ is unknown.\nWhat I did is that I treated the Neumann BC with a backward scheme (at the 2nd order to preserve the general order of the whole scheme) in order to have an expression of $f^{k}_{N}$:\n$\\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}(x_{N},k\\Delta t)=\\dfrac{-3f^{k}{N}+4f^{k}{N-1}-f^{k}_{N-2}}{2\\Delta x}=0$\n$f^{k}{N}=4/3 f^{k}{N-1}-1/3 f^{k}_{N-2}$\nthen I injected the new expression of $f^{k}{N}$ in the discretized equation at $x{N-1}$. Meaning that I did not add an equation to the problem as I would do for a stationnary problem but I injected the expression of $f^{k}_{N}$ inside the last equation.\nSo the unknown vector $f^{k}$ in a case of matrix writing would only contain $f^{k}_{i}, i\\in [1..N-1]$ (like in a full Dirichlet situation)\nIs it correct ?\nFor information, the matrix form of the discretized problem is : $f^{k+1}=Af^{k}+S+B$, with $B$ the vector containing the B.C , and $S$ the 2nd member vector", "935" ], [ "I assume, that you have conducted a space discretization, so that you are about solving the (vector-valued) ODE $$ \\dot u_h(t) = F_h(t,u_h(t)), \\text{ on [0,T] }, u_h(0) = \\alpha. $$ via a numerical scheme $\\Phi$ that advances the approximation $u_h^n$ at the current time instance $t=t^n$ to the next value $u_h^{n+1}$ at $t=t^{n+1}:=t^n+\\tau$.\nThen your questions refer to properties of explicit, where the update writes as $$ u_h^{n+1} = u_h^n + \\Phi_e(t^n,\\tau,u_h^n),\\quad \\quad \\quad $$\nimplicit, written like $$ u_h^{n+1} = u_h^n + \\Phi_i(t^n,\\tau,u_h^{n+1},u_h^n), \\quad \\quad \\quad (*) $$\nor a combination of both ('IMEX', see <PERSON> answer) single-step time-stepping schemes.\nIn this setup, the <PERSON> method simply is an approach to solve the possibly nonlinear in $u_h^{n+1}$ systems resulting from $(*)$.\nAnd my answers base on results from the numerical analysis of single-step methods.\n1. If you use convergent schemes, in terms of the convergence order, there is no general advantage of using implicit schemes (see. 2.). However, for stiff systems, e.g. your system containing a Laplacian, there are implicit schemes that are stable without time-step restrictions. Nevertheless, in theory, for the explicit scheme, you get better results with smaller time-steps, as long as your equation itself is stable (e.g., referring to Picard-Lindelof Theorem, if $F_h$ is <PERSON> in the second argument) and your time-step is not too small.\n2. You can find examples, where explicit schemes perform better. (Theoretically, you can reverse the time in your example, start from the terminal value, and find implicit and explicit interchanged.) If you make the <PERSON> error sufficiently small, you can still improve accuracy by decreasing the time-step or by using time-stepping schemes of higher order.\n3. The constant $C$ in the error estimate for the global error grows exponentially with the length of the time-interval.", "768" ], [ "See, e.g., here for the explicit <PERSON> scheme. This is true for every single-step method. As the estimate is of type $err \\approx C \\tau^p$, $p>0$, a smaller time-step $\\tau$ only postpones this effect.\nSome more remarks and the final answer:\n* IMEX schemes can be used to treat only the linear part implicitly what avoids the nonlinear solves. See <PERSON> answer.\n* Crank-Nicolson is a single-step method. The 'multi' in multi-step methods refers to the use of a number of preceding timesteps to define the current update. E.g. like $$ u_h^{n+1} = \\Phi_m(t^n,\\tau,u_h^{n+1},u_h^n,u_h^{n-1}). $$ This is very different from single-step and also split-step or IMEX methods, where the update is defined not recurring to previous values.\nSo, my answer is: Yes, you can solve nonlinear PDEs without <PERSON>'s method. You can use explicit schemes, 'IMEX' schemes, or socalled linearly implicit methods (e.g. the <PERSON> methods). Also, you can employ other approaches to solve the systems from $(*)$ like fixed-point iteration or, in particular cases, algebraic solvers.", "915" ], [ "Space-time <PERSON> of <PERSON> changes the convection speed\ntldr: Can space-time <PERSON> schemes applied to convection-diffusion problems lead to effects on the convection velocity?\nFor time $t\\in (0,1)$ and the spatial variable $\\xi \\in (0,1)$, I am considering the viscous <PERSON>'s equation\n$$\\dot z + \\frac 12\\partial_\\xi (z^2) - \\nu \\partial_{\\xi\\xi}z = 0 \\tag{*} $$\nwith a viscosity parameter $\\nu$. I have zero Dirichlet conditions in space and as the initial condition $z(0)$, I use a step function, which is one on one half of the domain and zero on the other half.\nWith finite elements in space and Runge-Kutta in time, I get to the expected numerical results.\nNow, if I discretize the equation with a space-time <PERSON> scheme, I get a picture, where, apart from artefacts due to low-dimensional bases, the convection speed is obviously too fast. (The front reaches the border too early)\nIn fact, if I replace the factor $\\frac 12$ by the factor $0.375$ in the equation $(*)$, then the convection looks right.\nSince this factor $0.375$ works for all kind of experiments, namely for various viscosity parameters $\\nu$ and sizes of the space-time bases, I am almost sure that this is not a bug in my code.", "346" ], [ "Thus, my question is: Is there a known issue concerning space-time discretizations of transient convection-diffusion problems that cause this corrections in the convection speed?\nNote that I use continuous Galerkin in time as well, so that there is no interpretation of the time-space scheme, as a space discretization plus time stepping.\nEdit (of the first edit): Here is the result of the space-time <PERSON> simulation for a finer resolution, a smooth initial condition that is consistent with the Dirichlet conditions, and a shorter time frame to avoid the \"clash\" of the wave with the zero Dirichlet conditions:\nAs before, in the low-order space-time <PERSON> approach (right) the wave speed is too high if compared to the FEM/Runge-Kutta solution (left).\nEDIT (and confession) I must admit that it was an error in the implementation. After <PERSON>'s answer and after that <PERSON> from nutils provided me a benchmark simulation of the same problem with high-fidelity space-time finite elements I was convinced to revise my code bottom-up. Anyways, this is how it could look like with a low-dimensional (12, 12) degrees of freedom in (space, time) space time <PERSON> scheme.", "346" ], [ "Typically your sampled fluid velocity data would 'live' on a specific element of the mesh. For example in 3D, the velocity field 'lives' on the faces of your volume mesh. They are scalar values on faces representing the flux of fluid through that face.\nThis is a good explanation of how you calculate differential quantities on the discrete mesh. http://www.geometry.caltech.edu/pubs/ETKSD07.pdf\nThe flux on a mesh is a 2-form and the gradient of that would be a 3-form, meaning it lives on cells of the mesh. In data it would be 3 numbers stored at the cells representing difference in flux in the x direction, y dir, and z dir. The gradient operator on the mesh is literally a difference flux1-flux2. So your numbers at a cell become [flux(x+)-flux(x-), flux(y+)-flux(y-), flux(z+)-flux(z-)]. I assume you're on a regular cube mesh... If not, then everything is a little different... This is an implicit representation of gradient of u.", "432" ], [ "Which is a diagonal matrix in the basis representing the orientation of the cell.\nPresumably your pressure data also lives on cells of the mesh so you can simply multiply by the identity and add them to your grad(u)+grad(u)T. Your result in data would be a 3x3 matrix at each cell of the mesh.\nThis is an implicit representation of your stress tensor. I believe the resulting diagonal matrix will represent stresses in the orientation of the cell. The choice of discretizing velocity as fluxes forces your stress matrix to be diagonal. You can rotate the basis of the stress tensor to something else, if needed, then it won't necessarily be diagonal.\nIf for some reason the data you recorded for velocity doesn't 'live' on faces, that's still ok. You can do an additional step to convert from wherever your data lives to the faces. For example, if you chose to represent velocity data as (x,y,z) vectors at the cells of the mesh, you can integrate the implied velocity field across the faces, resulting in the flux representation of your velocity field. You would need an interpolation scheme to do the integration, like HBR said. But a super simple method could just be to take the difference between the component of your (x,y,z) velocity in the direction of the cell face, with the component of the (x,y,z) velocity on the other side of the cell face. This is clearly not a smooth interpolation though. There's lots of interpolation schemes.", "7" ] ]

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[ [ "Please note that the light-cone coordinate transformation is not an element of the <PERSON> group, nor of the full Conformal group. The easiest way to see this for the conformal group is to consider the transformation properties of the metric tensor. For the <PERSON> group note that the proper distance $x_0^2-x_1^2 \\rightarrow t\\bar{t}$ which is not of the form $x_0^2-x_1^2 \\rightarrow {x'}_0^2-{x'}_1^2$.\nTherefore the scalar field $\\Phi_a(x)$does not transform in a representation of some corresponding group when moving from $(x_0,x_1)$ to $(t,\\bar{t})$.\nThe way I would go about deriving eqn. $(1.2.5c)$ and $(1.2.5d)$ (which are the correct forms of the respective commutators) would be in exact analogy with the steps required to go from eqn. $(1.1.5)$ to eqn. $(1.1.8)$.", "364" ], [ "Namely, one starts with: \\begin{equation} U(\\gamma)\\Phi_a(t,\\bar{t})U(\\gamma)^{-1} = (ct+d)^{-2\\Delta_a}(\\bar{c}\\bar{t}+\\bar{d})^{-2\\bar{\\Delta}a}\\Phi(\\gamma(t,\\bar{t})) \\tag{1.2.4} \\end{equation} Note that exactly as in equation $(1.1.8)$ where $-Q_k$ is the operator corresponding to the special conformal transformation parametrised by the parameter $q_k$, in this case the operator $-Q(-\\bar{Q})$ corresponds to special conformal transformation parametrised by $b+(b_-)$ (ref. eqn. (1.2.3)).\nTherefore the Lie Group elements $U(\\gamma)$ are given by:\n$$ U(\\gamma)= e^{-i(b_+Q+b_-\\bar{Q})} $$\nIn the following I drop the $\\bar{t}$ dependence here since the treatment is exactly analogous, and the left and right moving (holomorphic and anti-holomorphic) components decouple. Now, eqn. $(1.2.4)$ gives:\n$$ e^{-ib_+Q}\\Phi_a(t)e^{ib_+Q} = (1+b_+t)^{-2\\Delta_a}\\Phi_a(\\frac{t}{1+b_+t}) $$\nexpanding as a series in $b_+$ $$ (1-ib_+Q+\\dots)\\Phi_a(t)(1+ib_+Q+\\dots) = (1-2\\Delta_ab_+t+\\dots)(\\Phi_a(t)-b_+t^2\\partial_t\\Phi_a(t)+\\dots) $$\nCollating terms in powers of $b_+$: $$ \\Phi_a(t)-ib_+[Q,\\Phi_a(t)]+\\mathcal{O}(b_+^2) = \\Phi_a(t)-b_+(t^2\\partial_t+2\\Delta_at)\\Phi_a(t)+\\mathcal{O}(b_+^2) $$\nand comparing the coefficients of $b_+$ one gets: $$ i[Q,\\Phi_a(t)] = (t^2\\partial_t+2\\Delta_at)\\Phi_a(t) $$\nFinally, remember that in 2 dimensions, there are in general 2 distinct scaling dimensions ($\\Delta_a$ and $\\bar{\\Delta}_a$) which are not the same as the scaling dimension $\\Delta_a$(Let's call it $\\Delta_a'$ for clarity) in eqn. $(1.1.5)$. These satisfy $\\Delta_a+\\bar{\\Delta}_a=\\Delta'_a$ and only in case of a spinless field have $\\Delta_a$ = $\\bar{\\Delta}_a$.", "804" ], [ "The difference lies in spatial infinity: AdS like spacetimes have timelike infinity while Schwarzschild spacetime has a lightlike infinity.\nIn general the prescription to build <PERSON> diagrams of spherically symmetric spacetimes goes as:\n1) Define the tortoise coordinate except for the constant;\n2) Define null coordinates in the 'usual way';\n3) Define new null coordinates in order to avoid the coordinate singularity in the event horizon;\n4) Reparametrize the null coordinate in order to put it in a finite diagram.\nIn the case of AdS-Schwarzschild spacetime it is a little bit of hard work:\n1) We have a metric of type $g_{\\mu \\nu }= (-f, f^{-1},r^2,r^2\\sin^2 \\theta )$ and $ f = 1- \\frac{2m}{r} + c^2r^2$, $c$ meaning the inverse of the AdS curvature radio. Now, as long as $f$ has always a real positive and two imaginary roots, we have \\begin{eqnarray} r_* = \\int \\frac{1}{f}dr = \\frac{(2r_+^2 + 4p)\\arctan \\left(\\frac{r_++2r}{\\sqrt{4p-r_+^2}}\\right) + r_+ \\sqrt{4p-r_+^2} \\ln \\left( \\frac{(r-r_+)^2}{r^2+r_+r+p} \\right)}{2c^2(2r_+^2+p)\\sqrt{4p-r_+^2}} + constant \\end{eqnarray} in which $r_+$ is the event horizon ($f(r_+)=0$) and $p=r_+^2+\\frac{1}{c^2}= \\frac{2m}{c^2r_+}$. (Assume: $constant \\equiv C$).\n2) The usual null-coordinates, $u$ and $v$ written as \\begin{eqnarray} du=dt-dr_ \\ dv=dt+dr_ \\end{eqnarray} lead the metric to \\begin{eqnarray} ds^2 = -f du dv + r^2 d \\Omega^2 \\end{eqnarray} which is still singular in $r=r_+$ as long as $f=0$ there.\n3) Defining now \\begin{eqnarray} \\tilde{U}=-e^{-\\eta u}\\ \\tilde{V}=e^{\\eta v}, \\end{eqnarray} we have \\begin{eqnarray} ds^2 = \\frac{-f}{\\eta^2}e^{-2\\eta r_*}d \\tilde{U} d\\tilde{V} +r^2 d\\Omega^2 \\end{eqnarray} (being $\\tilde{U}$ and $\\tilde{V}$, also null).", "578" ], [ "If $\\eta = \\frac{c^2(2r_+^2+p)}{2r_+}$, the coordinate singularity is avoided.\nWith these new coordinates, and the proper choice of $C$ (in blocks) we have, \\begin{eqnarray} \\lim_{r\\rightarrow \\infty} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = -1 \\ \\lim_{r\\rightarrow r_+} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = 0 \\ \\lim_{r\\rightarrow 0} \\tilde{U} \\tilde{V} = 1. \\end{eqnarray}\n4) Finally, define \\begin{eqnarray} U = \\arctan \\tilde{U}\\ V = \\arctan \\tilde{V} \\end{eqnarray}\nin which case, the maximal spacetime is placed in a square of size $\\pi / \\sqrt{2}$. To see this, we have to take the 3 limits above, considering the coordinates $U$ and $V$ as in the file bellow.", "804" ], [ "Complete expression of special conformal generator in $d\\geq 3$ does not satisfy conformal algebra\nI am having trouble with the equation (4.31) from <PERSON>'s Conformal Field Theory. \\begin{equation} K_\\mu = 2 x_\\mu \\tilde{\\Delta}-x^\\nu S_{\\mu \\nu} -2i x_\\mu x^\\nu \\partial \\nu +i x^2 \\partial \\mu \\end{equation} It seems from his derivation as if there is a factor of $2$ missing in the spin part. In fact if you work out the commutator of $K_\\mu$ with $P_\\nu=- i\\partial_\\nu$ it is supposed to give \\begin{equation} [K_\\mu , P_\\nu] = 2i(\\eta {\\mu \\nu}D-L{\\mu \\nu}) \\end{equation} but for me that just does not work out unless there really is a factor missing. If this is a typo then it is not yet listed in the errata and has been copied into the lecture notes by <PERSON>. (arXiv:1511.04074 Eq.2.37)\nOn top of that I tried to find an alternative derivation of the expression of $K_\\mu$ to check for myself. I started from the definition of the generator and the transformation rule for primary scalars under special conformal transformations.", "818" ], [ "All terms come out as expected except of course for the spin part. To get that one I wanted to look at the infinitesimal version of the SCT and treat it like a rotation, i.e. \\begin{equation} \\tilde{x}\\mu = x\\mu +\\omega_{\\mu \\nu}x^\\nu \\end{equation} where $ \\omega_{\\mu \\nu}=2b_\\nu x_\\mu-b_\\mu x_\\nu$. Then disregarding the other parts of the transformation that we already know a field with spin should transform as \\begin{equation} \\tilde{\\phi} = \\left(1-\\frac{i}{2} \\omega_{\\rho \\nu} S^{\\rho \\nu}\\right )\\phi \\end{equation} But if we work out the resulting contribution to $K$ we find \\begin{equation} i\\frac{\\delta \\tilde{\\phi}}{\\delta b^\\mu}=-\\frac{3}{2}x^\\nu S_{\\mu \\nu} \\end{equation} which is definitely wrong.\nSo my question is:\n1. What is the correct factor for $S$?\n2. Why is my derivation wrong?", "818" ], [ "Disclaimer: my notation here differs from yours: My variable $z$ is your variable $1/z$. So $z=0$ for me is $z=\\infty$ for you and vice-versa.\nIf we think about the $AdS_{p+1}$ space as embedded on $\\mathbb{R}^{2,p}$ as\n$$ X^{I}X_{I}=-R^{2} $$\nThe $AdS_{p+1}$ metric becomes the induced metric from $\\mathbb{R}^{2,p}$, i.e.\n$$ ds^{2}=dX^{I}dX_{I} $$\nThe boundary is defined as the $n_{I}X^{I}\\rightarrow \\infty$ for all possible $n_{I}$ compatible with the constraint above. If we rescale the $X^{I}$ variables in order to maintain them finite as we approach the boundary we obtain a parameterization of the boundary in terms of projective coordinates $\\bar X^{I}$\n$$ \\bar X^{I}\\cong \\Lambda \\bar X^{I},\\qquad \\bar X^{I} \\bar X_{I} = 0 $$\nwhere the radius $R$ goes to zero because of the re-scaling.\nNow, once we cover a patch of $AdS_{p+1}$ by coordinates, what we should look after is the intersection of boundary defined above with our patch. It is not guaranteed that our patch will cover the whole boundary.\nThe boundary have the topology $$ \\frac{S^{p-1}\\times S^{1}}{\\mathbb{Z}_2} $$ where $S^{1}$ is a closed time-like curve. Doing a universal cover opens this closed time-like curves into $\\mathbb{R}_t$, which makes the boundary $$ S^{p-1}\\times\\mathbb{R}_t $$\nThe <PERSON> patch is the patch of $AdS_{p+1}$ covered by the <PERSON> coordinates:\n$$ X^{+}=\\left(\\frac{1}{z}+z\\,x^{\\mu}x_{\\mu}\\right),\\quad X^{-}=R^{2}z,\\quad X^{\\mu}=Rz\\,x^{\\mu} $$\nwhere $x^{0}$ is the time coordinate and $z>0$. This does not cover the entire $AdS_{p+1}$ space but only the patch where $X^{-}>0$.", "586" ], [ "At $X^{-}\\rightarrow 0$, which in our coordinates is $z\\rightarrow 0$, we have an horizon in which our time coordinate $x^{0}$ never cross. You can compare with the situation with the <PERSON> coordinates for flat space.\nThe part of the boundary of $AdS_{p+1}$ that is contained in our patch is given by $X^{-}\\rightarrow \\infty$, which in our coordinates is $z\\rightarrow \\infty$. This part of the boundary have the topology of $$ \\mathbb{R}^{p-1,1} $$ which is different than the topology of the whole boundary.\nAn interesting thing happens when we perform a <PERSON> rotation $x^{0}\\rightarrow ix^{p}$. The horizon $z=0$ closes to a point since the size of the hypersurface defined by holding $z$ fixed shrinks as $z\\rightarrow 0$. The same phenomena happens when we do <PERSON> rotation on <PERSON> coordinates. The horizon of the <PERSON> coordinates also shrinks to a point.\nThis means that the <PERSON> coordinates cover almost all the Euclidean $AdS_{p+1}$ except singular point at $z=0$. This point turns out to be a point of the boundary of Euclidean $AdS_{p+1}$ and the topology of the boundary becomes\n$$ S^{p} $$\nWhat happened is that the <PERSON> rotation maps part $\\mathbb{R}^{p-1,1}$ of the boundary to $\\mathbb{R}^{p}$ and the horizon to mapped a point at infinity of $\\mathbb{R}^{p}$, closing it to a $S^{p}$.\nYou could also make all this claims using the explicit form of the metric\n$$ ds^{2}=R^{2}\\left(\\frac{dz^{2}}{z^{2}} + z^{2}dx^{2}\\right) $$\nand define the boundary to be the place where the metric truly diverges, i.e.", "419" ], [ "On the last question, I am not sure how good you are at the representation theory, but the following fact is true: take so(d,2) (we need so(3,2) for this work), use the conformal base, i.e. <PERSON> generators $L_{ab}$, translations $P_a$, conformal boosts $K_a$ and dilatation $D$, $a,b=1..d$. $P$ and $K$ behave as raising/lowering generators with respect to $D$, $[D,P]=+P$, $[D,K]=-K$. Take the vacuum to carry a spin-s representation of the Lorentz algebra and a weight $\\Delta$ with respect to $D$, i.e. $|\\Delta\\rangle^{a_1...a_s}$. When $\\Delta=d+s-2$, there is a singular vector, $P_m|\\Delta\\rangle^{ma_2...a_s}$. This is a standard representation theory: finding raising/lowering operators, defining vacuum, looking for singular vectors. Actually, singular vectors are exactly the conformally-invariant equations one can impose.\nOn the field language this means that $\\partial_m J^{m a_2...a_s}=0$ is a conformally invariant equation iff the conformal dimension of $J$ is $\\Delta=d+s-2$. Despite the fact that $J^{a_1...a_s}$ is a good conformal operator for any value of the conformal dimension, only for $d+s-2$ its divergence decouples. (Perhaps you have seen $L_{-2}+\\alpha L_{-1}^2$ as a singular vector in the Virasoro algebra, now it is replaced with $P_m$ or $\\partial_m$).\nNow, having $J^{a_1..a_s}$ of weight $\\Delta$ we can consider its contragradient representation or on the field language couple it via $\\int \\phi_{a_1..a_s}J^{a_1...a_s}$ to some other field $\\phi$.", "364" ], [ "That we need a conformally invariant coupling implies $\\Delta_\\phi=d-\\Delta_J=s-2$. Not surprisingly something special must happen for $\\Delta_J=d+s-2$.\n$$\\int (\\phi_{a_1...a_s}+\\partial_{a_1}\\xi_{a_2...a_s})J^{a_1...a_s}=\\int \\phi J-\\int \\phi_{a_1...a_s}\\partial_m J^{ma_2..a_s}=\\int \\phi J$$ we see that a statement that is dual to the conservation of $J$ is the gauge invariance of $\\phi$.\nI have not read the paper yet, but as far as I can see they play with the dimension of $J$ and for $d+s-2$ and $2-s$ it describes a conserved tensor and a gauge field just because of representation theory of the conformal group (decoupling of certain null states). At any given moment of time in the paper $J$ has some fixed dimension and is either a conserved tensor, a gauge field or just a spin-s conformal field of generic dimension $\\Delta$.\nOn the last but one, you are right in that gauge invariance has a little to do with conformallity. The answer is spin and dimension dependent. For $s=0$ there is $m^2$ for which the scalar is conformal. For $s=1$ and certain $m^2$ the <PERSON> field is a gauge field but the <PERSON> equation is conformal in $d=4$ only. Beyond $d=4$ a gauge spin-one field is not conformal, or a spin-one conformal field is not a gauge field. For $s\\geq2$ the situation is even more tricky: in $AdS_4$ the gauge fields are conformal, but in <PERSON> space they are not conformal (in terms of gauge potentials $\\phi_{\\mu_1...\\mu_s}$). You may have a look at http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.1085\nOn the second, first of all the transversality is on the right place in 5.1. Secondly, your confusion (inspired by my answer to another question) is that there are two different classes of fields people are interested in.", "364" ], [ "Here are a couple quick and dirty ways to count these operators:\n1. Compute the conformal block expansion of the four-point function $\\langle \\phi\\phi\\phi\\phi\\rangle$. This will only contain blocks with $\\Delta-\\ell=d-2$. This is done in http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.5985, equation 64.\n2. Compute the character of the conformal group acting on operators in the theory. By decomposing this character into characters of irreducible representations of the conformal group, you can read off the conformal primaries. See http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/<PHONE_NUMBER> for an introduction to conformal characters.\nHowever, the free theory is simple enough that we can just do the analysis from scratch.\nAn operator in the free theory is built from a string of derivatives $\\partial_\\mu$ and $\\phi$'s. It's easy to see that the only operators appearing in the $\\phi\\times\\phi$ OPE have $\\phi$ number 0 (the unit operator) or 2. The case of $\\phi$ number 2 is the most interesting. These are operators of the form $\\partial\\dots\\partial\\phi\\partial\\dots\\partial\\phi$.\nRecall that any operator of the form $\\partial_\\mu \\mathcal{O}$ (where $\\mathcal{O}$ is any operator) is a descendant. Let us consider the space of all operators modulo descendant operators.", "976" ], [ "Equivalence classes in this space will be in 1 to 1 correspondence with conformal primaries.\nIn this quotient space, we have $\\partial(A B) = \\partial A B + A\\partial B \\sim 0$ (where $\\sim$ means \"is equivalent to\"). Using this relation, we can move derivatives from one $\\phi$ to the other, modulo descendants. Let us put all the derivatives on the right-hand $\\phi$. We now have operators of the form\n$\\phi \\partial_{\\mu_1}\\cdots\\partial_{\\mu_\\ell}\\partial^{2n}\\phi$\nHowever, the equation of motion says that $\\partial^2 \\phi=0$, so we're left with\n$\\phi\\partial_{\\mu_1}\\cdots\\partial_{\\mu_\\ell}\\phi$\nWe're not quite done. The above operator could be equivalent to a primary modulo descendants, or it could be a descendant itself. It turns out that when $\\ell$ is odd, it is a pure descendant (homework exercise!). When $\\ell$ is even, there is a primary in the same equivalence class. To find it, we must solve the equation $K_\\mu \\mathcal{O}=0$, where $K_\\mu$ is the special conformal generator. The solutions are\n$\\phi \\partial^\\leftrightarrow_{\\mu_1}\\cdots\\partial^\\leftrightarrow_{\\mu_\\ell}\\phi$\nwhere $A\\partial^\\leftrightarrow_\\mu B=\\partial_\\mu A B - A\\partial_\\mu B$. You can see that this is indeed equivalent to the above modulo descendants when $\\ell$ is even.\nFinally, note that the above operator is traceless by the equations of motion, so it transforms in a spin-$\\ell$ representation of the rotation group. It has $\\Delta-\\ell=2\\Delta_\\phi=d-2$ (where $d$ is the spacetime dimension), so it saturates the unitarity bound for $\\ell>0$.", "818" ], [ "First of all it is good to differentiate what can be curved. One way to deal with <PERSON> equations is to choose a space-time foliation (global when possible). In the <PERSON> models one has a set isometries which define the homogeneus and isotropic spatial hypersurfaces, it can be shown that these hypersurfaces have a normal vector field $n^\\mu$ which is geodesic $(n^\\nu\\nabla_\\nu{}n^\\mu=0)$ where $\\nabla_\\nu$ is the connection compatible with the <PERSON> metric $g_{\\mu\\nu}$ (signature $(-1,1,1,1)$), i.e., $\\nabla_\\alpha{}g_{\\mu\\nu}=0$.\nGiven this choice of hypersurfaces we have the projector $\\gamma_{\\mu\\nu}\\equiv{}g_{\\mu\\nu}+n_\\mu{}n_\\nu$ which acts as a metric in the spatial sections.", "578" ], [ "This metric we have a unique covariant derivative (in the hypersurfaces) $D_\\alpha\\gamma_{\\mu\\nu} = 0$, and this derivative in turn defines a <PERSON> tensor on the spatial section $$(D_\\mu{}D_\\nu-D_\\nu{}D_\\mu)v_\\alpha = \\mathcal{R}{\\mu\\nu\\alpha}{}^\\beta{}v\\alpha,$$ where $\\gamma_\\alpha{}^\\beta{}v_\\beta=v_\\alpha$. For the <PERSON> metric we have that $$\\nabla_\\mu{}n_\\nu = \\Theta_{\\mu\\nu} = \\frac{\\Theta}{3}\\gamma_{\\mu\\nu},$$ where $\\Theta_{\\mu\\nu}$ is the extrinsec curvature and $\\Theta$ its trace.\nIn short, the notion of a foliation induces a concept of curvature and a extrinsec curvature in the hypersurfaces in a way that the four dimensional Riemann tensor $$R_{\\mu\\nu\\alpha}{}^\\beta{}v_\\beta = (\\nabla_\\mu\\nabla_\\nu-\\nabla_\\nu\\nabla_\\mu)v_\\alpha,$$ is split in $\\mathcal{R}{\\mu\\nu\\alpha}{}^\\beta{}v\\alpha$ plus combinations of $\\Theta_{\\mu\\nu}$ and $D_\\mu$, i.e., $$R_{\\mu\\nu\\alpha\\beta} = \\mathcal{R}{\\mu\\nu\\alpha\\beta} + 2\\Theta{\\mu[\\alpha}\\Theta_{\\beta]\\nu} - 4(D_{[\\mu}\\Theta_{\\nu][\\alpha}n_{\\beta]} + D_{[\\alpha}\\Theta_{\\beta][\\mu}n_{\\nu]}) + 4(n^\\sigma\\nabla_\\sigma(n_{\\mu}\\Theta_{\\nu][\\alpha}n_{\\beta]}) + n_{[\\mu}\\Theta_{\\nu]}{}^\\sigma\\Theta_{\\sigma[\\alpha}n_{\\beta]}),$$ where $T_{[\\mu\\nu]} = (T_{\\mu\\nu}-T_{\\nu\\mu})/2$.\nAll this said, we can see that it is possible to have a zero spatial curvature (Ricci tensor) $\\mathcal{R}{\\mu\\alpha} = 0$, but a non-zero four dimensional $R{\\mu\\alpha}$. For a <PERSON> metric we have $D_\\mu\\Theta=0$, $\\mathcal{R}{\\mu\\nu} = 2K\\gamma{\\mu\\nu}$ and $D_\\mu K=0$.", "578" ], [ "Variation of <PERSON>-Hawking-York term. General boundary condition and total derivatives\nIt is actually a comment and question to the answer of <PERSON> in the following post:\nhttp://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/10606/explicit-variation-of-gibbons-hawking-york-boundary-term\nIn deriving the variation of the extrinsic curvature, I obtain an additional contribution associate to what he calls $c^{\\mu}$. I could not figure out why it should vanish in the first place (hence before assuming any boundary conditions as Dirichlet).\nThus for me the variation of $K$ is given by (where $D_{\\mu}c^{\\mu}$ is a total derivative w.r.t.", "346" ], [ "$\\int_{\\partial M} \\sqrt{h}$): $$\\delta K=−12K_{\\mu\\nu}\\delta g_{\\mu\\nu}−\\tfrac{1}{2}n_{\\mu}(\\nabla_{\\nu}\\delta g_{\\mu\\nu}−g_{\\nu\\lambda}\\nabla_{\\mu}\\delta g_{\\nu\\lambda})+D_{\\mu}c^{\\mu} + n^{\\nu} (\\partial_{\\mu}n_{\\nu}) c^{\\mu}$$\nThe last contribution stems from the fact that $H^{\\mu\\nu}H_{\\nu\\rho}=\\delta^{\\mu}{\\rho}-n^{\\mu}n{\\rho}$ is degenerated and yields not simply $\\delta^{\\mu}_{\\rho}$, hence the usual <PERSON> symbol structure has some further terms containing the normal directions.\nBasically, what I was doing is the following: $$ \\int \\sqrt{h} \\nabla_{\\rho} c^{\\rho}= -\\int \\sqrt{h} \\tfrac{1}{2}(h^{\\mu\\nu}-g^{\\mu\\nu})(\\partial_{\\rho}g_{\\mu\\nu})c^{\\rho}=\\int \\sqrt{h} \\tfrac{1}{2}n^{\\mu}n^{\\nu}(\\partial_{\\rho}g_{\\mu\\nu})c^{\\rho}$$ and then playing around with the orthogonality of $h$ and $n$. In my case it was $\\nabla_{\\rho}c^{\\rho}$ appearing in the variation of $K$ in the first place and I converted in the above way to some total derivative and the additional term.\nI am mentioning this point (though this question is old and it might have a trivial solution) because this post appears as the first hit whenever one searches for Gibbons-Hawking variation. Thus, any clarification why this additional term should disappear except for Dirichlet conditions might be helpful, or in the unlikely case I truly haven't overlooked anything, I think this term should be added in the previous results. Anyway, I am open for suggestions to match these outcomes.", "818" ] ]

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[ [ "Croatian president criticized for saying Yugoslavia was behind the Iron Curtain (it wasn’t) · Global Voices\nCroatian President <PERSON> during NATO Military Committee Conference in Split, Croatia, Sept. 17, 2016. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY 2.0\nCroatian President <PERSON> drew an avalanche of sneers on Balkan social networks after she said Croatia was behind the Iron Curtain, an assertion considered historically inaccurate.\nThe president made the remarks during her acceptance speech of the 2019 Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the Fulbright Association in a ceremony on October 26 in greater Washington D.C., United States.\n<PERSON> has been president of Croatia since 2015. She is currently campaigning for reelection — Croatians will vote on December 22.\nThis is what she said on October 26:\nI was a girl born on the wrong side of the Iron Curtain when I started dreaming big. Together with my friends, all of them boys for that matter, I would lie down on the ground in the evening and gaze at the stars and the flickering lights of the aircraft flying high in the sky, wishing they would take me away, to those other places where people said freedom of choice existed. Where, they said, you could do whatever you wanted. Where, they said, you could say whatever you believed in without being persecuted. And where, they said, you could become whatever you wanted, only if you work hard enough. And I am proud tonight to dedicate this award both to my family and my nation.\nHer words caused many angry reactions and accusations of historical revisionism.\nJournalist <PERSON> wrote an extensive thread on Twitter debunking her comments — while also taking the opportunity to poke criticism at Croatia's current state of freedom of expression:\nI just wanted to remind you what free speech looks like today in the free Croatia\n— <PERSON> (@yellena_p) October 27, 2019\nMeanwhile, others criticized the president's attempt to portray herself as a victim in spite of her privileged upbringing.\nAccording to her official biography, <PERSON> was born on April 29, 1968, in Rijeka, where she attended primary school.", "739" ], [ "She attended high school in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the US, graduating in 1986. At that time, the Iron Curtain was still standing, and kids from the Eastern Bloc didn't have a lot of opportunities to travel to the West.\nYugoslavs, on the other hand, prided themselves on the privilege of holding the “red passport,” which allowed them to travel both to the Western and Eastern Blocs, as well as to some Non-Aligned countries that were off-limits to a few Western citizens. Such mobility also extended to working and studying — for example, Yugoslavs formed, along with the Turks, the largest population of “guest workers” (gastarbeiter) in West Germany.\n<PERSON> President <PERSON> is again presenting a different view on history. She claims she grew up on the “wrong side” of the #IronCurtain & had no freedomsof choice, obviously forgetting she finished high school in the US #Trumpian https://t.co/rS4QoFXodG\n— <PERSON> (@AdelinaMarini) October 27, 2019\n<PERSON> also belonged to the more affluent section of Yugoslavian society. In the 1980s, her family owned a butcher shop and a ranch with 22 cows in the village of Lopača near Rijeka. Unlike the countries of the Eastern Bloc or neighboring Albania, socialist Yugoslavia never completely clamped down on private property and allowed entrepreneurial activities.\n<PERSON> @KolindaGK , @HDZ_HR i <PERSON> ! Zeljezna zavjesa izgledala je ovako. pic.twitter.com/rcljb0Tgv4\n— špijunski (@pogledizstklma) October 27, 2019\nOnly for <PERSON>, the [political party] Croatian Democratic Union and the Fulbright Association. This is how the Iron Curtain looked like.\nResponding to the criticism, <PERSON> said that <PERSON> included Yugoslavia within the range of the Iron Curtain when he first came up with the term. But <PERSON> made that speech in 1946, just after the communists took power in Yugoslavia, but before their split with the Soviets two years later.", "260" ], [ "Remembering the Mexican parody songs of the former Yugoslavia · Global Voices\nCover art for the albums ‘Celovečernji the Kid’ (1983), ‘Pozitivna geografija’ (1984) and ‘Mi imamos mnogo problemos’ (1987). Fair use.\nMost people wouldn't associate Balkan pop culture with Latin America. However, Mexican music was massively popular in the former Yugoslavia for several generations — first in earnest, and then as farce.\nThe YuMex phenomenon is partly explained by Yugoslavia's unique position in the Cold War after 1948 — a socialist country that was a de-facto enemy of the Soviet Union under <PERSON>.\nSpeaking with Public Radio International, Slovenian author <PERSON> said: “This rupture left the country in a very difficult position, in the middle between the Eastern bloc and the West. (…) This caused problems — one of them being what to show in cinemas.", "739" ], [ "We could not import ‘capitalist’ movies from Hollywood. But we could not buy Soviet films anymore.”\n<PERSON>-led government's solution was to import films from Mexico, which was not only living its Golden Age in the 1950s-1960s, but also frequently referenced the Mexican revolution — a perfect match for the country that had just been reborn as socialist out of the Second World War.\nInfluenced by the movies, dozens of bands from all parts of the Federation recorded famous Mexican songs, in Spanish or translated in the national languages.\nOne of the most celebrated was <PERSON>, from Skopje, whose career spanned over 25 years — their last album was released in 1983.\nBy the 1970s, British and United States’ pop and rock took over the scene in the Federation. However, some of those new American-influenced bands took a jibe at their predecessors with parody songs of the previous Mariachi trend. And those parodies were just as popular as the new rock ‘n’ roll songs.\nIn 1983, singer-songwriter <PERSON>, from Novi Sad in Serbia, released the album “Celovečernji the Kid” (which could be translated as “Wholevening the Kid”) featuring the smash hit “Don Francisco Long Play,” with English lyrics sung in an exaggerated Mexican accent.\nThe song tells the story of an eponymous character reminiscent of the gunslingers of classic Westerns as “The Magnificent Seven,” “The Treasure of the Sierra Madre” and “Vera Cruz“:\nYou must be careful, my compadre,\nyou must be very careful if you going south,\nbecause in mountain Sierra Madre\nis very best for you to shut your dirty mouth.\nO, there are banditos mucho danger,\nthey want your money and your horse.\nYou are a gringo, I mean, You are a stranger,\nbut you know everything of course\nabout famous and very popular\nDon Francisco Long Play.\nA year later, the Belgrade pop-rock band Bajaga & Instruktori (“Bajaga and the Instructors”) released their first album, “Pozitivna geografija” (“Positive Geography”), featuring songs about various parts of the world, from Berlin to major cities in Russia, from Asia to the Americas.\nOne of them, “Tekila, gerila” (“Tequila, guerilla”), sung in Serbian, also tells a story of a fictional Latin American character: <PERSON>, a young boy who gets drunk on Tequila and starts a revolution in order to save his kidnapped girlfriend from the clutches of a stereotypical evil general. The events take place in Macondo, the fictional town of <PERSON> novel “One Hundred Years of Solitude,” and have no claim of historical accuracy at all.\nNi <PERSON> ni <PERSON>\nNisu znali <PERSON>\n<PERSON> su čuli da mu je deda\n<PERSON> lično <PERSON>\nNeither <PERSON> nor <PERSON>\nKnew about <PERSON>\nBut they've heard that his grandpa\nHas personally met <PERSON>\nMescalito, the popular name of the peyote cactus that contains the hallucinogen mescaline, is an allusion to a fictional leader of the Mescalero Apache in this case.\nThe album became a major hit and solidified the reputation of the young bandleader <PERSON>, also known as <PERSON>, as lyricist and performer.", "260" ], [ "Yugoslavia wasn’t a Soviet ally—so why does that misconception persist in Western media? · Global Voices\nA Yugoslav Partisans celebration featuring <PERSON> with the flags of all their allies: the USA, the USSR, and the UK; as well as portraits of allied leaders (out of frame) <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>. Vis, Croatia, 9 November 1944. Photo: znaci.net, public domain.\nWhile reporting on the ratification of the protocol for North Macedonia's NATO accession in the US Congress on October 22, US website The Hill incorrectly asserted that Yugoslavia was an ally of the Soviet Union. This historical fallacy, frequently found in Western media, is considered an offensive stereotype by many citizens of post-Yugoslav countries.\nThe Hill is an influential publication in Washington DC and is read by top decision-makers in the United States. In fact, the article in question was tweeted by former US vice president, Senator <PERSON>.\nI strongly support the Senate's approval of North Macedonia's NATO membership. The countries of the Western Balkans deserve to be part of a Europe whole, free and at peace and we should be supporting Euro-Atlantic integration across the region. https://t.co/UUyOWL20z7\n— <PERSON> (@JoeBiden) October 24, 2019\nWhile the article is accurate for the most part, its background section includes the following sentence:\nPreviously part of Soviet ally Yugoslavia, North Macedonia, was formally invited by NATO in July 2018 to start accession talks and 22 countries have since ratified its accession.\nFor most of its existence, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was not a Soviet ally – on the contrary, its independence from both the Eastern and the Western blocs was a key feature of its national identity.\nYugoslavia was established in 1943 at the height of the Second World War by the Yugoslav Partisans, the communist-led anti-fascist resistance which was supported by the Allies. While they received assistance from the US, the UK, and the USSR, the Yugoslav Partisans liberated large portions of the Axis-occupied country on their own. It was only in this broader sense that Yugoslavia was a formal ally of the Soviet Union – alongside all the other allies.\nAfter the war, the relations between the two communist parties deteriorated.", "739" ], [ "By 1948, the Yugoslavs renounced Stalinism in order to create a distinct form of socialism. And between 1948 and 1955, during the Informbiro period, Yugoslavia was in direct opposition with the Soviets, to the point of preparing to fight off an invasion by the Warsaw Pact.\nGerman soldiers passing by anti-fascist graffiti “Long live our allies: USSR, England, America!” after they temporarily re-occupied the Croatian island of Hvar on 2 April 1944. Source: znaci.net, public domain.\nAs evidenced by information released by John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Yugoslavia heavily relied on US aid during the post-war period — for example, by receiving food supplies from the United States Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which prevented mass famine in 1945. For part of its history, the US bestowed on Yugoslavia the status of the “most privileged nation” in trade, which boosted the Balkan country’s economic growth.\nA map of Europe with the Iron Curtain (black lines) by Wikipedia, CC BY-SA.\nAs part of its balancing act between the blocs, Yugoslavia was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Unlike East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria, it was on the western side of the Iron Curtain, the so-called line dividing the Soviet-dominated zone from the rest of Europe.\nThe incorrect assertion that equates Yugoslavia with the Soviet Union has popped up from time to time in Western media, mostly in its right-wing sphere. When intentional, it's constituent of a modern-day Red Scare discourse which degrades the reputation of political actors from the region. That discourse is usually aimed at conservative Western audiences who are still sensitive to “the communist threat.”\nFor instance, in October 2015, The Hill published an article by a lobbyist paid by VMRO-DPMNE, a Kremlin-friendly nationalist party that ruled North Macedonia from 2006 to 2017, that attempts to smear its pro-EU and pro-NATO opponents as pro-Russian. It says that Macedonia was “a former Soviet bloc country” whose “domestic opposition party, SDSM, is led by <PERSON>, the successor to the former ruling communist party during the Cold War.”\nA 2016 article in the same publication, loaded with narratives pandering to right-wing concerns about migration, misrepresented <PERSON> as a “culprit” for Balkan instability and “the head of the Russia-leaning SDSM Socialist Party.", "739" ], [ "Looking back at Feral Tribune, Croatia’s doomed but legendary satirical newspaper · Global Voices\nThe infamous Feral Tribune front pages with <PERSON> and <PERSON> from 1993; a 1995 version with Bosnian President <PERSON>. Photo courtesy by <PERSON> and <PERSON>, via BIRN.\nBalkan Insight has published a two-part series of articles about the history of Feral Tribune, a Croatian magazine that combined satire and investigative reporting to stand up to corruption and promote human rights during the turbulent years of war in former Yugoslavia.\nFounded in 1993 by a group of rebellious young journalists working to speak truth to power under the repressive regime of <PERSON>, Feral Tribune achieved legendary status across the region at a time when the press was generally expected to perform “patriotic” self-censorship in the service of nationalist political agendas.\nBut direct and indirect pressure from the government, including a hostile takeover of their initial publishing house by government cronies, and then a host of lawsuits and legal fees, caused the newspaper to lose its advertisers. It was ultimately forced to close down in 2008.\n15 years after it closed, Croatia's most famous satirical magazine, the ‘Feral Tribune’ remains a symbol of independent journalism.\nThis is the story of how this legendary anti-establishment outlet went up against Croatia's 1990s regime: https://t.co/ZZCD0nGY5M pic.twitter.com/c0QJ467mZV\n— <PERSON> (BIRN) (@BIRN_BTJ) July 2, 2018\nThe first part of the series explains the origins of Feral Tribune in the coastal city of Split, and how it achieved impact through uncompromising reporting from the field, shining light on the war crimes committed by people on all sides of the wars in Yugoslavia, and featuring front page caricatures that ridiculed the nationalist leaders of their own and neighboring countries.\nWhen the photo montages (above) were published, presenting the macho leaders of belligerent Croatia and Serbia, and later also Bosnia, lying in bed and embracing each other, they caused outrage in conservative circles.\nThe 1993 headline read “Is this what we were fighting for?” referring to the Croatian War of Independence. The 1995 version read “Is this what we were arguing for?” referring to the Dayton Peace Agreement.\nThe images were intended to reflect the popular opinion that the politicians were actually colluding with one another, perpetrating the wars as a way to accumulate power and other benefits. This position was later confirmed in a ruling of the International Criminal Court.\nIn retaliation, the Croatian government tried to force editor-in-chief <PERSON> to enlist in the army. His colleagues expressed fear that he may become a casualty of an unfortunate incident of friendly fire, publishing a front-page montage titled “Watch your back.” As explained by the publisher and journalist <PERSON> in this video, Croatian editors and journalists were exempt from army recruitment at that time. Under international media pressure <PERSON> was released from the army soon after.\nThe second part of the series narrates how Croatian authorities hit back against the iconic anti-establishment magazine, crippling the satirical publication’s finances with lawsuits and taxes, and ultimately forcing it to close in 2008.", "260" ], [ "This model of targeting critical media, which included intimidation of advertisers, was used repeatedly by repressive regimes across the Balkans in the 1990s and early 2000s. In 2007, Global Voices documented the final days of this struggle, as well as blogger reactions.\nIn 2012, as editor of Feral Tribune, <PERSON> received the Duško Kondor Award for Affirmation of Civil Courage. Another online resource that chronicled these events is “A Mirror of Evolving Society,” a short documentary filmed at the time, and published with English subtitles by the Bosnian educational charity Gariwo.\nIn the documentary, former Croatian president <PERSON> confirms that his predecessor <PERSON> had a direct telephone line with former Serbian president <PERSON> installed in his office.\nI remember buying my first copy of Feral Tribune in 1993 from a newsstand in Makarska. The exact cover escapes me, but its wild look and cutting humor were splashed across every page. Brilliant all the way round. I miss <PERSON>. 1964-2018.https://t.co/YohGs7t1Kj\n— <PERSON> (@_edinh) January 12, 2018\nFeral Tribune served as a model for independent newspapers in neighboring countries, such as Fokus from Skopje, established 1995, which faced similar challenges during the period of state capture in North Macedonia. Nevertheless, it survived and continues to use photo-montages and comics to satirize politicians.", "260" ], [ "Death of a fighter: Post-Yugoslav civil society bids farewell to dissident playwright <PERSON> · Global Voices\n<PERSON> at the conference “Is there a chance for civil society in Macedonia?” held in Skopje on May 18, 2018. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY-NC-SA.\nInfluential Serbian playwright and anti-war activist <PERSON> passed away at 72 on June 30, 2019, in Belgrade, after falling ill suddenly. Civil society activists and cultural workers from all over former Yugoslavia have commemorated her outstanding legacy.\n<PERSON> was the founder and director of Centre for Cultural Decontamination (CZKD), a Belgrade artistic institution established in 1994 whose mission was to fight the climate of nationalism, xenophobia, hatred, and fear running rampant during the breakup of Yugoslavia that fueled the latest round of Balkan wars (1991-2001).\n<PERSON> [1947-2019] R.I.P. – A very dear and courageous friend, in so many civic struggles from the very beginnings and founder and leader of the #Belgrade Center for Cultural Decontamination and so much else… A very sad day https://t.co/LWHEAizQQ8\n— <PERSON> (@IVejvoda) June 30, 2019\n<PERSON>'s activism started during the 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade. At that time, she was studying at Belgrade's Academy of Theatre, Film, Radio, and Television.\nWriter <PERSON> remembered her from that time as a “rebellious girl with pigtails”, and described her as “<PERSON> of Second Serbia” in the title of his eulogy, comparing her to the title character from <PERSON> anti-war play Mother Courage and Her Children.\nAn obituary published by CZKD noted that during the 1970s and 1980s she had a prolific career as art director and playwright in a number of theaters across Yugoslavia, as well as at the celebrated Belgrade theaters Atelje 212 and the Belgrade Drama Theater. In 1993, she was fired from the Belgrade Drama Theater due to her opposition to the regime of <PERSON>.\nFor many years, <PERSON> wrote columns on the newspapers Susret, Vreme, and Danas, and have had books of essays published. She was awarded the Hiroshima Foundation for Peace and Culture award in 2004, the “Ruts” award of the European Cultural Foundation in 2009, the “Osvajanje slobode” (Conquest of Freedom) award from the Maja Maršićević Tasić Foundation in 2005, and the Legion d’Honneur from the government of France in 2001.\nThe etymology of the female name <PERSON> is linked to the Serbian words for “fight” and “fighter,” a connection that wasn't lost on the many of the people who paid tribute to <PERSON> on social networks in the past week. The actor and activist <PERSON> tweeted:\n<PERSON>. Gledajte je kroz razne prizme i mislite šta god hoćete: <PERSON> je bila istrajan i pošten borac.", "260" ], [ "Do kraja. I kad se ne bih slagao sa njom, uvek bih je poštovao. Jer sam radio s njom i za nju i kod nje, kao student i dalje.\nOna je stajala iza svakog čoveka. Uvek.\n— <PERSON> (@WhistlerDick) July 2, 2019\n<PERSON>. You can view her through various lenses and think of her what you will, but one thing remains: <PERSON> was a persistent and honest fighter. Until the end. And at the times when I disagreed with her, I always respected her. Because I worked with her and for her and at her place, as a student and beyond.\nShe stood behind every human being. Always.\nA few Twitter users from Bosnia and Herzegovina noted that she was one of the few voices in Serbia who dared to speak out against the genocide in Srebrenica. They have tweeted some of her quotes, like the one below:\n“Kad jednom počnete upotrebljavati eufemizme i laži, onda vi i u ostalim dijelovima života to isto činite.", "260" ], [ "A Decades-Long ‘Conversation’ Between Yugoslav and Polish Rockers · Global Voices\nThe Gdańsk shipyard, a springboard for democratic changes in then-Communist Poland of the 1980s. A 2016 photo by <PERSON>, CC BY.\nEven though cultural ties between countries that formed ex-Yugoslavia and Poland are not too frequent, there's one form of communication that has been an exception. Over the last four decades, rock music had formed a peculiar bridge bringing the people of these countries closer together.\nRepublishing music in online video format enables us to take a peek into these developments.\nThe conversation started in the early 1980s, with the songs of Zagreb-based, multi-ethnic band Azra, which commented directly on the unfolding political situation in Poland at the time.\nTheir songs “Poljska u mome srcu” (“Poland in my heart”) and “Proljeće je 13. u decembru” (“Spring comes on December 13″) directly addressed the initial successes of the Solidarity movement, and the regime's attempts to suppress it. The simple, yet powerful lyrics in Croatian/Serbian made the first song one of their most popular tunes:\nGdanjsk osamdesete / kada je jesen rekla ne\nGdanjsk osamdesete / držali smo palčeve\nrudari, studenti, brodogradilište / svi mi\nGdanjsk osamdesete / uzavrele tvornice\ndva puta se ne šalju / tenkovi na radnike\nnisu se usudili / pobjedili smo svi mi\n<PERSON> u mome srcu…\nGdańsk 1980 when the Autumn said no\nGdańsk 1980 we all crossed our fingers\nminers, students, the shipyard — all of us\nGdańsk 1980 — the boiling factories\none can't send tanks against workers twice\nthey didn't dare — we all won, all of us\nPoland in my heart…\n<PERSON> was one of the key bands of the Yugoslav New Wave, which built upon the pop and rock base by combining new foreign influences like punk, ska and reggae, with native musical elements and addressing new themes — from urban existential angst to social issues and sometimes, political criticism.", "260" ], [ "It was part of a well established popular music scene, which featured mainstream rock and a number of sub-genres.\nUnlike other European socialist countries, non-aligned Yugoslavia was not part of the Eastern Bloc. In the cultural sense, it was much more open to Western than Eastern influences. Due to language barriers, its music industry mostly focused on internal consumption, not export. However, some Polish musicians acknowledged the work of their Yugoslav counterparts, producing covers of their songs. Over the years, this interest blossomed in the form of the tribute album “Yugoton”, released in 2001.\nThis project lead to the formation of the supergroup Yugopolis, whose members were already successful as solo artists or as part of other groups, and which published two additional albums in 2007 and 2012, as well as several compilations.\nOne of their most popular songs is “Ostatnia nocka” (“Last night”). Made with <PERSON>, it is almost a direct rendition of “Verujem, ne verujem” (“I believe, I don't believe”) by Belgrade-based mainstream rock band Bajaga i Instruktori:\nThe 1988 song's lyrics can be interpreted as a reference to the need for political changes towards greater freedom.", "112" ], [ "Serbia: <PERSON>, Widow of <PERSON>, Dies Isolated and Forgotten · Global Voices\nShe was a revolutionary, a commended war veteran, a style icon and first lady to the leader of the only socialist country in the world that refused to be a Soviet satellite. <PERSON> (nee <PERSON>), widow of Marshall <PERSON>, passed away in Belgrade [en] on October 20, 2013. On Saturday, October 26, <PERSON> was honored with a state funeral in Serbia's capital and buried in the mausoleum known as “The House of Flowers” [en] next to her husband, a full 33 years after his death.\nPresident <PERSON> and Mrs. <PERSON>, President <PERSON> and Mrs. <PERSON> overlooking arrival ceremony on the South Lawn from the South Balcony of the White House; photo form the White House Photo Office Collection, public domain.\n<PERSON> spent a lifetime being loved, hated, praised and criticized by many. Few and far apart are those who had no opinion of her at all. Born into a family of humble means in Lika (Croatia), she joined the revolutionary partisan forces at the age of 17 and soon became one of <PERSON>'s secretaries. Their whirlwind romance began sometime during the Second World War and they were married in 1952, when she was 28 and <PERSON> 60.\nAlthough 30 years her powerful husband's junior, <PERSON> was decisive, opinionated and had tremendous influence over her husband at times. Those who met her through diplomatic and political circles claim that she was a highly intelligent woman of elegant poise. There were also those in Yugoslavia and, more recently Serbia, who criticized her spending habits, along with her husband's, who was a well-known hedonist of expensive taste. The video below shows <PERSON> and <PERSON> at the height of his power in 1971, during a state visit to US President <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> enjoyed a jet-set lifestyle while she was first lady of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, but lived the last 30 years of her life as a recluse in Belgrade in poverty, never inheriting any part of her late husband's estate or receiving much from the state. Reports began emerging in 2005 on blogs and later in media about the conditions in which the former first lady was living in – with no heat, a leaking roof, doors that wouldn't lock, in an old house in the once high-end Belgrade neighborhood of Dedinje that was, essentially, falling apart.", "260" ], [ "Since her death, the blog Bašta Balkana quoted [sr] one of these reports from 2005, when they visited Jovanka, describing the poor state of the house she was living in and a conversation with <PERSON>'s sister, <PERSON>. The reporter asked:\n- Živi li vaša sestra ovde potpuno sama i bez grejanja?! Kako je moguće da se nadležni godinama oglušuju da joj stvore elementarne uslove za život?!\n- U ovoj ledari, moja sestra živi sama i to godinama traje – odgovara Nada. – Ponekad ostane i bez struje, nekad se prekinu telefonske veze, plafon prokišnjava. Ali nije samo ona ugrožena. Njenu sudbinu dele i njene komšije. I oni su danima bez grejanja.\n- Does your sister really live here all alone and without heating?! How is it possible that the [institutions] responsible for this are ignoring to provide basic living conditions for her?!\n- In this icebox, my sister lives alone and it has been like this for years – <PERSON> responds. – Sometimes she is left without electricity too, sometimes the telephone lines go out, the ceiling leaks. But she is not the only one at risk. Her neighbors share this fate with her. They are also left without heating for days.\nThe government then reacted fairly quickly after these reports and some assistance and reparations were provided for <PERSON> and her neighbors occasionally over the next few years. <PERSON> remained as far from the the public eye as she could, although media interest had been raised. In the months prior to her death, knowing that her health was rapidly declining, the former first lady of Yugoslavia decided to publish her memoirs, as recorded by author <PERSON>.", "463" ], [ "Racing down socialist memory lane: a classic Yugoslav cars video goes viral · Global Voices\nWikipedia photos of cars featured in the video: Zastava 101, Renault 4, Volkswagen Beetle, Yugo 55, Zastava 750, and Polski Fiat 126\nA Slovenia-produced video of a race featuring classic cars from the former Yugoslavia has gone viral in the Balkans. The video, in which iconic car models from the 1970s and 80s vie for supremacy, has attracted the interest of older and younger alike, bringing a touch of nostalgia to those who lived through the period, and inspiring a new generation of aficionados of Yugoslav-made cars.\nProduced by the team at car-aficionado site Atmosferci, the short video “Charge! – Race with cars of our youth” (Na juriš! – Dirka z avtomobili naše mladosti) features a race between six economy cars that used to be status symbols for the middle-classes during the golden age of Yugoslav socialism. The video had over 400,000 views on YouTube in just one week after it was published.\nThe cars include three brands produced by Yugoslav factory Zastava from Kragujevac, Serbia, that were based off models by Italian manufacturer Fiat.\nThe Fast and the Furious, Yugoslav edition\nThe six cars featured in Atmosferci's video and how the hosts described them.\n* Zastava 101, 1972: “Like the one <PERSON> gave as present to <PERSON>“\n* Renault 4 TL, 1977: Called “The Four” in various languages, which had been assembled under French license in Novo Mesto, Slovenia for the Yugoslav market;\n* Volkswagen Beetle, 1973: Made in West Germany and “initially ordered by <PERSON>, but ironically loved by the whole world, maybe because it was designed by the genius <PERSON>”\n* Yugo 55, 1983: <PERSON> claims that the old idea ingrained in North American popular culture that the Yugo is “one of the worst cars ever made” simply isn't true.\n* Zastava 750, 1976: Nicknamed “Fičo” in Slovene language; small but surprisingly spacious and would chug with the same intensity in all kinds of weather as well as pull a trailer.\n* Polish Fiat 126 BSI, 1987: a cultural icon in non-Western Europe, nicknamed “little clothes iron” in Serbian/Croatian and Macedonian, and “little flea” in Slovene.\nAlthough designed to be family cars, modified versions of all those vehicles have figures in rally racing — a sport that was the subject of the Yugoslav cult film “National Class Category Up to 785 ccm” (1979).\nThe title of the Atmosferci video (“Na juriš!”) was the battle cry of Yugoslav partisans. It invokes patriotic pride based on the successful anti-fascist struggle during World War II and Yugoslavia's post-war independence from the Cold War blocs.\nIn the video, the three hosts and three Slovenian celebrities race each other while sharing remarks such as “my dad used to drive one of these.” The video is spoken in Slovenian and has Croatian subtitles.", "739" ], [ "However, much of the video is self-explanatory, and the results of the race are shown on screen in text form.\nYugo: a symbol of socialist comfort and pre-war harmony\nBetween 1986 and 1992, Yugoslavia had exported over 140,000 Yugos to the US. In line with the widespread perception in that country that the car was poorly made, several Hollywood movies featured a Yugo for tragicomic effect during car chases. For instance, <PERSON> and <PERSON> characters replace it by hijacking a Mercedes in a scene from the 1995 action thriller “Die Hard with a Vengeance.”\nBut for many Generation X ex-Yugoslavs who had experienced some benefits of that life before the breakup of the federation, these cars carry a lot of nostalgia.\nBosnian rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje has dedicated one of its post-war songs to the Yugo 45. The lyrics (here they are in Bosnian and English) tell the story of how a family managed to purchase the car. Told from the perspective of the youngest son, it says that low-interest loans were widely available during socialism.\nThe tragicomic video closely follows the allegoric narrative: once the whole multi-ethnic neighborhood used the Yugo 45 model for chores and fun; that all came to an end with the ethnic cleansing of the Bosnian War.", "260" ] ]

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[ [ "Coil Winder Using Arduino\nIntroduction: Coil Winder Using Arduino\nWhy this project was built?\nI work at Prabal Learning Innovations, an educational startup. One of our educational kits contains a 3D printed part that is wound with a copper coil to demonstrate electromagnetic induction. Winding the 3d printed part usually requires two people, one to hold the motor and the other to hold the 3D printed part. So, I built this machine, to do the job.\nP.S. Check out Prabal. We make a lot of experiential learning kits and experiments.\nWhat can this project do?\nEven though this machine was built specifically for my company's needs, the code, as well as the design, can be tweaked as per different needs.\nStep 1: Things Required\nStep 2: Project General Outline\nThe whole setup is attached to a high-density foam piece using screws. A wooden piece or any other more rigid material would have been a better choice for this since the screws seem to lose their grip eventually because of the not-so-rigid nature of the foam.\nStep 3: Connecting the Hall Sensor\nI have used a hall sensor module to count the number of windings. The hall sensor is a device that is designed to detect the hall effect. There are two different types of hall sensors - analogue and digital. I have used the latter.\nTo know more about hall effect and how the hall sensor works, refer to this video -\nEach time the magnet attached to the motor goes past the hall sensor, it goes HIGH. An interrupt function is used to count the number of times the hall sensor goes HIGH (thus counting the number of windings). The image shows how the hall sensor is connected to that Arduino.\nStep 4: Connecting the LCD\nThe LCD display is coupled with the I2C module and connected to the Arduino. The image shows how the LCD display is connected to the Arduino.\nRefer to these videos to know more about LCDs and how to connect them to the Arduino.\nStep 5: Connecting the Servo Motor\nThe servo motor distributes the copper coil evenly across the 3D printed part. The image shows how the servo motor is connected to the Arduino.\nRefer to these videos to know more about servo motors and how to work with them.\nStep 6: Connecting the Push Button\nThe pushbutton is used to confirm the input given through the potentiometer.", "152" ], [ "The image shows how the pushbutton is connected to the Arduino through a pull-up resistor.\nRefer to this video to know more about pushbuttons and pull-up/pull-down resistors.\nStep 7: Connecting the Buzzer\nThe buzzer gives a beep sound as soon as the winding is done. There are two different types of buzzers, active and passive buzzers. I have used a passive buzzer. The image shows how the buzzer is connected to the Arduino.\nRefer to these videos to understand more about buzzers and how to program them.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHYKRrlPNzM&list=PLGs0VKk2DiYw-L-RibttcvK-WBZm8WLEP&index=24\nStep 8: Connecting the Potentiometer\nThe potentiometer knob is used to give the input regarding the amount of coil to be wound around the 3D printed part. I have used a 10KOhm potentiometer. You can use a different potentiometer. Use the schematics to connect the potentiometer to the Arduino.\nRefer to this video to learn more about potentiometers:\nStep 9: Connecting the Motor, Battery and Self-locking Switch\nUse the schematics to connect the motor to the battery through the switch. Make sure to get the exact same switch. If you don't find it, you can always get a different switch and use the continuity testing feature of the multimeter to figure out how to connect it, to perform the same action.\nStep 10: Connecting the Arduino\nUse the schematics to connect the Arduino to the battery. I have used a battery pack made of three Lipo cells. The total voltage of the battery pack is 11.1V (3.7V x 3). The Vin pin allows an input between 7-12V. You can use a 9V battery, commonly available at stores.\nStep 11: Code\nStep 12: Calculations\nNOTE: You will not need this calculation if you want to wind based on the number of windings, instead of the weight of the copper coil to be wound.\nThe inputs given through the potentiometer knob are just numbers between 0 -1024 (the analogue values that the Arduino reads). These values are then mapped between 0-30 (using the map function in the code).", "939" ], [ "Arduino Powered Multimeter\nIntroduction: Arduino Powered Multimeter\nIn this project, you will be building a voltmeter and ohmmeter using the digitalRead function of an Arduino. You will be able to get a reading almost every millisecond, much more precise than a typical multimeter.\nFinally, the data can be accessed on the Serial monitor, which then can be copied onto other documents, e.g. excel, if you want to analyze the data.\nAdditionally, since typical Arduinos are limited to only 5V, an adaptation of the potential divider circuit will allow you to change the maximum voltage that the Arduino can measure.\nThere is also a bridge rectifier chip incorporated into this circuit which will allow the multimeter to measure not just DC voltage but also AC voltage.\nSupplies\n1) 1 x Arduino nano/Arduino Uno + Connecting cable\n2) 5cm x 5cm Perfboard\n3) 20 x jumper cables or wires\n4) 1 x 1K resistor\n5) 2x resistors of the same value (doesn't matter what the values are)\n6) 1 x 16x2 LCD screen (Optional)\n7) 1 x DB107 bridge rectifier (Can be replaced with 4 diodes)\n8) 1 x 100K or 250K potentiometer\n9) 6 crocodile clips\n10) 1 x Latching push switch\n11) 1 x 9V battery + connector clip\nStep 1: Acquiring the Materials\nMost items can be purchased off amazon. There are a couple of electronics kits on amazon which provide you with all of the basiccomponents such as resistors, diodes, transistors, etc.\nThe one I have found to give me a bang for my buck is available on this link.\nI personally had most of the components already as I do a lot of these types of projects. For the inventors out there in Singapore, Sim Lim Tower is the place to go to purchase all electronic components. I\nrecommend Space electronics, Continental electronics, or Hamilton electronics on the 3rd floor.\nStep 2: Understanding the Circuit (1)\nThe circuit is actually slightly more complicated than you might expect. This circuit makes use of potential dividers to measure the resistance and add the feature of variable maximum voltage for the voltmeter aspect.\nSimilar to how a multimeter can measure the voltage at various stages, 20V, 2000mV, 200mV so on and so forth, the circuit allows you to vary the maximum voltage the device can measure.\nI will just go over the purpose of the various components.\nStep 3: Understanding the Circuit: Purpose of Components\n1) Arduino is used for its analogRead function. This allows the Arduino to measure the potential difference between the selected analog pin and its ground pin.", "769" ], [ "Essentially the voltage at the selected pin.\n2) The potentiometer is used to vary the contrast of the LCD screen.\n3) Building on that the LCD screen will be used to display the voltage.\n4) The two resistors of the same value are used to create the potential divider for the voltmeter. This will make it possible to measure voltages above just 5V.\nOneresistor will be soldered onto the perf board while the otherresistor is connected using crocodile clips.\nWhen you want more precision and a max voltage of 5V, you would connect the crocodile clips together without any resistor in between. When you want a max voltage of 10V you would connect the second resistor between the crocodile clips.\n4) The bridge rectifier is used to turn any AC current, maybe from a dynamo, intoDC. Additionally, you now don't have to worry about positive and negative wires when measuring the voltage.\n5) The 1K resistor is used to make the potential divider for the ohmmeter. The drop in voltage, measured by the analogRead function, after 5V is inputted into the potential divider will indicate the value of the R2 resistor.\n6) The latching push switch is using to switch the Arduino between the Voltmeter mode and Ohmmeter mode. When the button is on, the value is 1, the Arduino is measuring the Resistance. When the button is off, value is 0, the Arduino is measuring the Voltage.\n7) There are 6 crocodile clips coming out from the circuit. 2 are the voltageprobes, 2 are the ohmmeterprobes, and the last 2 are used to vary the max voltage of the multimeter.\nTo increase the maximum voltage to 10V, you would add the second same value resistor between the varying maximum crocodile clips. To keep the maximum voltage at 5V, connect those crocodile pins together without any resistor between them.", "1003" ], [ "Arduino Based Tachometer for Gym Cycles\nIntroduction: Arduino Based Tachometer for Gym Cycles\nMy grandfather tries to exercise regularly on the gym cycle he has, however, the display for the cycle is broken. Therefore he is unable to see the distance travelled by him after exercising for a certain period of time.\nThe LCD used on the gym cycle to display the data was custom made and could not be replicated. He was unwilling to exercise without an indication of the distance travelled.\nTherefore, I came up with this solution where my grandfather could still measure the number of cycle revolutions over a certain period of time and calculate the distance travelled.\nThis project won't apply for regular cycles, but for exercise bikes, it is a perfect option if the LCD display is old or damaged.\nThe design of the circuit is very similar to one of my previous projects: Distance sensor (for white cane). Please check it out if you would like to. https://www.instructables.com/Distance-Sensor-for-...\nSupplies\n1) 1 x 16x2 LCD screen (link)\n2) 40 x Male to Male and Male to female jumper wires (link). You need an assortment of male to male and male to female wire (link)\n3) 1 x HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor (link)\n4) 1 x Arduino Uno or Arduino Nano with its connecting cable (link)\n5) 1 x 170 point-small-breadboard (link)\n6) 1 x Potentiometer or trim pot for controlling the LCD's contrast (link)\nStep 1: How the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Works With the Arduino\nThe HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of sound wave reflection. One side of the sensor sends an ultrasonic wave and the other side of the sensor detects it.\nThese two sides are used in conjunction, the trig pin of the HC-SR04 is activated, which causes the sensor to shoot an ultrasonic sound wave.\nThe echopin then comes into play.", "939" ], [ "The sensor gives out a high value on the echo pin when it detects that the sound wave has reflected and come back.\nThe Arduino and its code are used to measure the time difference between the ultrasonic sensor's trig pin being activated and the echo pin turning high.\nThis time difference is essentially the time taken for sound to traveltwo times the distance (because it is being reflected) between the sensor and the object it is being pointed at.\nKnowing the speed of sound, about 340 m/s, and the time difference makes it very easy to calculate the distance.\n2 * distance = speed of sound x time dif.\nActual distance = 0.5 x 340 x time dif.\nHere is a link that might explain the circuit a little better. https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/ul...\nThe other two pins on the sensor, Vcc and GND, are connected to the +5V supply and ground pins on the Arduino respectively. They are there just to power the sensor.\nStep 2: How the Device Works\nThe entire device sits right underneaththepedal so that when the pedal with the ultrasonic sensorpointingup on to the underside of the pedal.\nThe device is constantlymeasuring the distance between the sensor and the pedal. Since the person is cycling, this value would be changing constantly similar to a sinecurve.\nWhen the pedal is on its lowestpoint the distance measured by the sensor and recorded by the Arduino is less than the set thresholdvalue in the code.\nThis causes a counter value on the Arduino to increase by 1 indicating that one revolution has been completed. This then can be translated to actualdistance using the diameter of the gym cycle wheel.\nThe devicestarts immediately recording the number of revolutions once it's USB cable has been plugged into a power source. This power source can be a laptop, power bank, or an adapter from the wall.\nStep 3: Wiring the LCD\nPins D2, D3, D4, D5, D11, and D12of the Arduino is connected to pins 14, 13, 12, 11, 6, and 4 of the LCD, respectively.\nThe pins will be numbered directly on the Arduino. For the LCD you can count the pins from left to right if they aren't already numbered.\nThese are roughly the data pins which transmit information from the Arduino to the LCD about what to display on the screen.\nPins1, 5, and 16 of the LCD are connected to ground.\nPins2 and 15 of the LCD are connected to +5V.\nPin 3 of the LCD is connected to the middle terminal of the Potentiometer or trim pot. One of the other two terminals of the Potentiometer or trim pot should be connected to ground and the other to +5V.", "939" ], [ "Automatic Bed Lighting\nIntroduction: Automatic Bed Lighting\nDo you sleep at night too?\nDo you also see nothing in the dark?\nDo you also have dark in the room at night?\nIf so, this device is for you!\nI think most of us like to stay a little longer in the evenings. The reasons may be different - Netflix, YouTube, maybe a nap. The worst thing is when it is dark in the room, and we will have to suddenly leave it or, for example, disconnect the charger from the other side of the room. Bed lighting may come in handy, turning it on automatically. Now let me show you how to make it.\nStep 1: Prototyping\nI will start by making a prototype on a breadboard. I connected the led, resistor, PIR detector, DC Jack socket and connected the whole thing according to the first diagram. The potentiometer on the right on the motion detector is responsible for the sensitivity of motion detection, and the one on the left is responsible for the time the LED will be on after motion detection and its minimum value is approx. 3 seconds.\nThen I slightly modified this prototype by removing the diode and adding a relay with a led strip. I connected these elements according to the second diagram. A gentle twist increased the value of the time during which the detector output is high to approx. 35 seconds. As you can see on the video, everything works as it should.\nStep 2: PCB\nBased on the second prototype, I created a circuit diagram in Eagle and a PCB that will look like this on the screenshot. I exaggerated a bit with the resistor housing :) I exported this file to Gerber files and ordered them from PCBWay (10 PCBs for only $5). I ordered a PCB with a yellow solder mask for the first time and to be honest I did not like this colour. I unpacked the bubble wrap plates and put one of them in the holders to facilitate the soldering process.", "982" ], [ "I put flux on all the solder pads and then a little tin on one of a diode and transistor pads. After placing these elements in their places, I soldered the rest of the pads. Then I soldered two resistors, DC Jack socket, relay and goldpins. I put heat-shrinkable tubes on the led strip cables and soldered them to the female goldpins, and then welded the tubes. That's it for soldering.\nStep 3: Testing\nBefore I design the housing and enclose the PCB in it, I have to test this device. I connected the signal from the PIR detector and the power supply to the board. I connected a LED strip to the two goldpins in the middle, and the goldpins on the left side can be used to power other intelligent devices that I plan to make. I have no objections to the operation of this device, I can start designing the housing.\nStep 4: Housing\nI started by creating a new project and saving it as \"Bed Light\". Then I added a new sketch and, taking into account the size of the board and the relay, I determined the dimensions of the housing. I added a hole for the DC Jack socket, handles to attach the housing to the bed and holes for wires. Another part that I had to design was the PIR detector housing, which I made in the same way as the previous one. The last stage of the projecting stage was to saves the project and export it, to later put it into Creality Slicer and print it.\nStep 5: The Last Thing to Do\nThe only thing left was to mount the device and the led strip to the bed. Thanks to the mounts, you can easily attach this device to the bed, be it with screws or hot glue, I chose the second option. I attached the device first, then the detector and aimed it at the area where it is most likely to be found, and finally attached the led strip. After connecting the power supply, I was able to enjoy the next completed project.\nMy Youtube: YouTube\nMy Facebook: Facebook\nMy Instagram: Instagram\nGet 10 PCBs for only $5: PCBWay\nShop with 3D printing accessories: Solid 3d (-10% on all products with the code \"ARTR2020\")", "635" ], [ "Aquassist : DIY Automatic Fish Feeder With Companion App\nIntroduction: Aquassist : DIY Automatic Fish Feeder With Companion App\nToday, we are here with an interesting DIY project, the automatic fish feeder. You might be thinking, what's new in an automatic fish feeder, right? Sit tight; we've got you a surprise.\nApart from the existing automated fish feeders, this has a companion app that can control the fish feeder from anywhere in the world. You can instantly feed the fish using the \"Feed Now\" button. In addition, you can set your feeding schedule and change them easily using the scheduler in the companion app.\nStep 1: Materials Needed\nTo make one of your own you will need only a few items. Here is a list of what we used and where you can find it for yourself online.\n* 1 X Wemos D1 Mini V2\n* 1 XTowerPro SG90 Continuous Rotation 360 Degree Servo Motor\n* 1 X 5V 2A USB Wall Adapter\n* 1 X Micro USB Charging Cable\n* 1 x Instant adhesive\n* 2 X M2 Nuts and Bolts(Optional)\nStep 2: Why Wemos D1 Mini ?\nThere is a wide variety of development boards with the ESP8266 chip. We actually need a board with an optimum size that can be easily reprogrammable and powered from an external source. So Wemos D1 Mini satisfies our need.\nFor programming up the Wemos D1 Mini with Arduino IDE, let's have a look here.\nNote: You can use any development board with an ESP8266 chip.\nStep 3: Continous Rotation Servo\nIn this project, we are using a continuous rotation servo for rotating the Archimedes screw, because they have integrated motor drivers in a compact and very inexpensive. They can easily drive from the microcontroller itself, not needing an external power supply. The normal DC motor needs a driver circuit which will make the project a little messy. As you all know servo can provide high torque also.\nA continuous rotation servo (sometimes called a full rotation or 360°servo) looks like a regular hobby servo. While a regular servo motor only turns over a narrow range, with precise control over position, a continuous rotation servo has a shaft that spins continuously, with control over its speed and direction.\nA continuous rotation servo motor can be controlled by calling the servo.writeMicroseconds() function, which typically accepts values from 1000-2000.", "977" ], [ "A value of 1000 should rotate the motor counter-clockwise at full speed. A value of 2000 should rotate the motor clockwise at full speed. A value of 1500 should cause the motor to stop rotating (and without any vibration). Intermediate values can be used to change the speed of the rotation.\nIf you need your device to only rotate for a specific period of time, then simply use a delay() statement to wait for a specific amount of time in milliseconds (1000 milliseconds = 1 second) before stopping the motor. If you want to know more about this, just have a look here.\nHere we used SG90 named servo which can produce optimum torque and that is very enough for this project. If you are planning to make a large feeder consider huge torque generating servos.\nNote: You can also hack your normal servo for continuous rotations by referring this guide\nStep 4: Firebase Realtime Database\nFirebase is a mobile and web application development platform. Firebase frees developers to focus on crafting fantastic user experiences. You don’t need to manage servers. You don’t need to write APIs. Firebase is your server, your API and your data-store, all written so generically that you can modify it to suit most needs. In our project, we use Firebase real-time database to instantly post and retrieve data so that there is no time delay.", "149" ], [ "IoT Pet Feeder to Feed Your Pets Remotely With Your Phone\nIntroduction: IoT Pet Feeder to Feed Your Pets Remotely With Your Phone\nWe have two cats in the office. On weekends, some colleagues would go to the office to feed them. But what if they don't have time? So, in order to ensure our cats get fed every day, we made a cat feeder this time.\nAll the things we used are listed below, and the code for this project is also provided in this article, so let's give it a go!\nIf you like our projects and tutorials, you can follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube for more interesting STEM projects and ideas.\nSupplies\nElectronics:\n1 × Future board\n1 × USB-C cable\n1 × Robotbit expansion board\n1 × 2KG servo\n1 × 3D printed part\nTools:\n1 × Hotspot (phone/ router)\n1 × Android phone\n1 × Glue gun\n1 × utility knife\nOther things:\n1 × Storage box/ jar\nsome LEGO bricks\nyour pets\nStep 1: Draw Mind Maps\nOverall mind map and the technical mind map.\nStep 2: Collect Information - Amazon\nGenerally, we should collect information before we start to make the project so that we can complete our project more efficiently and perfectly! Many people would buy a pet feeder to feed their pets, so we can find information about it easily.\nThe first station of information collecting: Amazon!\nAs shown in the first picture, almost all the cat feeders are in the form of bin + plate. Now we know what should our cat feeder look like.\nWe can also click to view the promotional pictures or videos to figure it out.\nAs can be seen from the above figures, the machine makes use of the gravity of the cat food. There is a rotating structure at the bottom of the bin to stir and push the cat food out.\nNow we have a basic idea of the machine's structure.\nStep 3: Collect Information - Thingiverse\nThe second station of information collecting: https://www.thingiverse.com/\nThingiverse is a global 3D model sharing website, which shares a variety of interesting and fun models. You can first go and see if there is a cat feeder model, then we don't need to model but just print it directly (Sometimes we can be \"lazy\" ;)\nMany people have shared their models on the website, you do can print them directly, but the 3D printer we made before may not be big enough for them.", "141" ], [ "Also, the models they share all include their special items, such as bottles with a strange shape, which we definitely do not have. So we decided to make a 3D model by ourselves.\nFrom the website, it seems that the easiest structure of the cat feeder is of the screw form, so we will model according to this form.\nStep 4: Which 3D Modeling Platform Should I Use?\nThere are many 3D modeling platforms, within which Tinkercad may be the easiest platform to master for students. It has an enjoyable interface and is very useful if used for simple modeling or teaching.\nHowever, for more complex projects, Fusion 360 may be a better option.\nFusion360 is a 3D modeling platform launched by Autodesk. This software is very popular and is free for personal (non-commercial) and educational users, so it has a very broad mass base.\nIf you have never tried this type of platform before, you can find various tutorials on Youtube about Fusion 360 like this one here.\nStep 5: Modeling Draft\nOkay! Let's get started. First, we draw our structural sketch.\nStep 6: Fusion 360 Modeling\nThen we model in the Fusion360 according to what we drew.\nThe attached 3D model file can be opened directly. One of the magical parts of Fusion 360 is that you can see the author's modeling process at every step, like a video player.\nStep 7: 3D Printing\nAfter exporting the model, we perform 3D printing. After one night of printing, we assemble the 3D printed parts, storage boxes, and Lego structural parts together.\nStep 8: Dig a Hole on the Storage Box\nUse a utility knife to dig a round hole at the bottom of the storage box (55.6mm in diameter)\nStep 9: Glue\nMix AB glue to glue the printed parts.\nStep 10: Assemble Everthing\nAssemble Future board, Robotbit, and 2KG servo together.\nStep 11: Register IoT MQTT Topic\n* Log into the Kittenbot IoT server: iot.kittenbot.cn (It's in Chinese but don't worry!", "438" ], [ "A DIY Zipline Robot With Arduino, 3D Printed, and Lego-compatible Parts\nIntroduction: A DIY Zipline Robot With Arduino, 3D Printed, and Lego-compatible Parts\nIntroduction\nHave you ever thought of robots that are involved in sports and recreation activities? Robots that could mimic the act of athletes like runners and, gymnasts. Such robots are extremely interesting for robotics enthusiasts, makers, and inventors. One of the sports and recreation activities that attract boys and girls, young and adults are ziplining. Ziplines are designed to transfer cargo or a person from the top to the bottom of the inclined cable. The cargo or the person is propelled by gravity and moves on the cable through a freely rotating pulley. The zipline robot that we are going to make looks like a monkey that moves on a cable by using its two arms. Making such a creature that uses its arms for locomotion on a cable is a challenging task.", "949" ], [ "However, in this tutorial, we are going to make a fun and easy-to-build zipline robot with Lego Technic components, an Arduino board, and some off-the-shelf electromechanical components. The instructions are prepared in a way that you can build them at home.\nStep 1: General View of Biped Robot\nThe zipline robot hangs itself from a cable and uses its two arms for locomotion across the cable. In its simplest setup, the zipline robot is made of Lego Technic components, an off-the-shelf DC gear motor, 3D printed parts, and an ON/OFF toggle switch.\nStep 2: Combination of Body Structure and Gear Motor\nFor more sophisticated applications, an Arduino NANO board is added to the zipline robot to significantly increase the expandability and programming elements of the project. As you know, various adds-on shields can be added to any Arduino board to expand the project’s capabilities.\nStep 3: Electrical Assembly\nFor instance, in the current project, a microphone from Adafruit is added to the zipline robot that enables a user to control the motions of the robot by clapping. This feature adds a lot of interactivity to the zipline robot. For example, you can control the speed of the robot by clapping, so that, the faster you clap, the faster it goes. Very fascinating.\nStep 4: Zipline Robot With Arduino Board and Microphone\nIn this tutorial, we will make the zipline robot’s body structure out of Lego Technic pieces and then drive the arm’s mechanical mechanism using an off-the-shelf DC gear motor that is attached to the body structure through a 3D-printed housing. The gear motor’s torque is transferred through a pair of bevel and worm gears to both arm mechanisms.\nStep 5: Materials\nList of electronic parts\nA) 1x 9v Battery Connector, Male DC Connector\nB) 1x TT Gear Motor\nC) 1x 3D Printed Gear Motor Housing\nD) 1x 3D Printed Lego-Compatible Coupling\nE) 2x Breadboard, Mini Size\nF) 1x Arduino Nano\nG) 1x M3 x 10 Machine Screw\nH) 1x M3 x 30 Machine Screw\nI) 1x L298N Mini Motor Driver\nJ) 1x MAX4466 Microphone Module\nK) 1x Power Jack, Barrel Type\nL) 1x Mini Switch, Toggle Type\nM) Male to Male Jumper Wire\nList of Lego Technic components\nA) Frame, 5x7-module\nB) Beam, 5-module\nC) Beam, 3-module\nD) Double bevel gear, 36-tooth\nE) Gear, 24-tooth\nF) Worm gear\nG) Double cross block, 3-module\nH) Connector peg with friction/axle, 2-module\nI) Connector peg with friction, 3-module\nJ) Bevel gear, 12-tooth\nK) Gear, 8-tooth\nL) Angular block 2, 180\nM) Axle, 2-module\nN) Bushing/axle extender, 2-module\nO) Bushing, 1-module\nP) Angular block, 5(157.", "832" ], [ "How to Make a Basic Ultrasensor Keyboard Prototype With Arduino\nIntroduction: How to Make a Basic Ultrasensor Keyboard Prototype With Arduino\nFor this Instructable, I have made a primitive musical soundboard using an ultra sensor as a keyboard. Here I will show you the basic steps on how to create such a device yourself. Later on, in December, I will demonstrate to you how to make a more complex or soldered version of this soundboard with the Arduino.\nSupplies\nWhat You Need (some examples of the materials are demonstrated above):\n* Wooden board to make the keyboard sturdy, approximately 27cm x 32cm is wide enough.\n* One passive buzzer\n* One ultrasonic (HC-SR04) sensor module\n* 1-2 breadboards\n* Approximately 5-10 woodscrews\n* Approximately 2-3 male-to-male wires\n* 4 female-to-male or Dupont wires\n* One Arduino\n* 6-12 woodscrews\nOther Basic Materials\n* ruler (preferably one that measures in cm or mm)\n* pencil and/or pen\n* tape\n* screwdriver\nBONUS:\n* 1 RGB led\n* 4 more male-to-male wires\n* Possibly 3 220 Ω resistors.\nCode requirements:\n* Arduino Libraries “pitches,” “SR04.h”\n* Buzzer Code\nMOST IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS:\n* Patience\n* Self-confidence\n* Self-love\n* tenacity\nStep 1: Setting Up the Board\nThe first thing you would want to do is set down your wooden board. Then place your Arduino, Ultrasensor, and breadboard in a way that they are accessible and close to one another, yet spacious enough for the Keyboard. As you can see with my finished prototype, I originally intended to have more components in my project, which is why mine is so spacious, but due to time constraints and issues with the button switches, I had to remove those components. Oh well, it's just a prototype in this stage; less is more, I suppose. Will probably add them later on in December.\nAnyway, I recommend you arrange your board like this, as you can see above in the diagram.\nStep 2: Drawing the Notes\nThe next step of this process would be to measure the sides of your wooden board. The first thing to do is make a mark 6-8 cm away from the ultra sensor. The next thing to do is after you make after your first mark is make an additional 2 cm marks all the way to the end as seen in the diagram above. Say, if you plan to have eleven notes, draw twelve lines.", "769" ], [ "If you plan more, do more, but make sure they're at least 2 cm apart, otherwise you would have to reprogram your prototype later on.\nImportant note:\nIt would also probably help if you mark some distance that is even numbered so it would be easier to program later on.\nStep 3: Securing the Board\nAfter you place your components in a way you prefer, mark over them with a pencil or pen. Then use the woodscrews and screw them into the holes on the side of the Arduino (if you don't get it yet, those little protruding holes on the side of your Arduino are for woodscrews) and the soundboard. Since this is a prototype and it doesn't need to be too fancy, you can use tape, another wooden block, or even glue if you so choose to secure the ultra sensor. For my prototype, I used tape. Just make sure that the ultra sensor has a clear area and is not blocked by the tape, a woodscrew, etc. You can refer to the diagram with the black dots, each black dot signifies a woodscrew, which gives you a general idea of where to place your screws.\nIf you want to, you can even take off the adhesive strip and attach the breadboard to the wood, but I wouldn't recommend that if you plan to use that breadboard again.\nImportant note:\nWhen it comes the wood you have and the material,the minimum number of screws needed to secure your Arduino would be two, the minimum number of woodscrews for the breadboard would be four. You can add more if you wish, but its already secure as is. That is the number I went with for my prototype.\nStep 4: Wiring the Ultrasensor\nNow, this is the fun part. The first thing you want to do is wire your ultra sensor to the Arduino. Now, its time to get your female-to-male wires. With these pins, connect one to The Echo slot so the pin goes into pin 11, and the trigger pin goes into pin 12.", "259" ] ]

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[ [ "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies\nI really wanted to hate this because I hate how the Teen Titans Go! series brought a watered down depiction of the phenomenal 2003 Teen Titans series. After seeing so many positive reviews and finishing my rewatch of Teen Titans I gave this movie a chance and was pleasantly surprise. This movie was hilarious, meta, witty, and it had a surprisingly creative plot. Although this movie in no way lives up to the original Teen Titans series, I am happy to say that Teen Titans Go! has now not completely ruined the masterpiece of a series that came before it and has given us something new.", "462" ], [ "Trolls Band Together\nThe first Trolls movie was pretty good, World Tour was an absolute masterpiece, but this one just fell flat. This film ingores a lot of the <PERSON> characters besides <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON> to make room to introduce <PERSON>'s Brothers although I didn't find any of them to be particularly interesting. I laughed at a few of the jokes, some of which were surprisingly adult. There were some good musical numbers the highlight being the Sweet Dreams/Fame Mashup during the climax, although I felt like the first two had better soundtracks.", "292" ], [ "The animation was good with the usual trippiness one would expect from a Trolls film. However, the story really brought the whole thing down. It was very predictable to the point where the film seemed self aware about this fact. Not really sure who this was made for because I don't think kids these days have much interest in boy bands", "877" ], [ "Godzilla vs. Kong\nWhile fun and enjoyable in many parts, Godzilla vs. Kong felt like a missed opportunity to continue and expand on the great streak that Monsterverse movies have been on for awhile.", "269" ], [ "Instead this movie tries to copy the Avengers formula with bombastic action set-pieces and lousy screenwriting that almost made my entire head blow off, it was so ridiculous and unrealistic I was laughing and not for the right reasons. The thing that made Kaiju movies so fun to watch is because the films were enjoyable monster action-adventure movies grounded in a sense reality that made the films seem slightly plausible with a possibility that this could happen in real life, but in this film they've got space lasers and flying cars making nothing seem even remotely possible. Oh, also, WTF, the marketing team were doing some real crazy stuff when they came up with this marketing plan, but saying \"one will fall\" made me think think that one of the titans would die and it would be a real sad moment, but they couldn't even copy the good part of Endgame and instead went for all of the trash parts. If this movie did anything, it made me want to rewatch Hunt For The Wilderpeople.", "269" ], [ "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\nFor a movie titled Multiverse of Madness there was very little multiverse, and even less madness. I'm not sure why this tremendous opportunity to create something intriguing and exciting was reduced to something that felt like going to Disneyland but seeing only a tiny part of a single ride - blindfolded for the rest. I'm guessing perhaps it was cost, but the movie definitely did not fill the brief laid down by that title.", "700" ], [ "<PERSON> Spiderman films will always hold a special place but the oversaturated video and occasional feel-fuzzy dialogues seemed like a step down. But maybe that's just me. Even ignoring that however, this movie was lazy, unambitious, and extremely lack luster. Probably one of the less, if not the least, enjoyable MCU film to date.", "269" ], [ "Spider-Man: No Way Home\nEven on my second viewing, I can confirm that every single thing in this film was still an absolute pleasure to watch. <PERSON> arc has finally come full circle from being the kid who depends on others into being the responsibility-bearing Spider-Man that we know and love. I’m so excited for what lies ahead of MCU <PERSON>! Anyone know how to erase your memory? I wanna watch this film for the first time all over again 🥺\nAnyway, the audience reactions today was really weak though, and it makes a HUGE difference than what I experienced on the opening day 💔", "995" ], [ "The Flash\nFrom the reviews I’ve seen, it’s either love or hate and I have to say I was pleased. I had no idea what to expect after all the DC news of late. I will say I am a <PERSON> boy. I’m going to miss <PERSON>.", "577" ], [ "I think The Flash blends it’s action, humor and heart very well. I was incredibly entertained and was happy the entire film. And films are really that easy. So, yes, to me it was a successful film with enough heart to maybe even make you shed a tear.", "583" ], [ "Ghostbusters Frozen Empire plays on the nostalgia of the original film while also delivering a fresh storyline. Featuring cameos from actors such as <PERSON> and <PERSON> and returning to classic filming locations such as the New York Public Library reminds viewers of the first two films, but the film doesn't overplay the sentimental value. Instead of just reminiscing, viewers will be engrossed in the new plotlines of the <PERSON> family: Can the blended family overcome teenage angst while fighting ghosts? Will the mayor of New York City shut the ghostbusters down for good? And, most importantly, will we get to hear the theme song? Learn these answers and more when you see Ghostbusters Frozen Empire.", "378" ], [ "Aladdin\nIve been sick for like five days lol. It’s not been fun at all. And I’ve rewatched Aladdin 4 times. Where do I even begin with my passion for this movie. This might not be my favorite Disney movie. But it’s definitely the one where Ive rewatched the most and its the one I quote the most. I’m at the point where I can quote basically the entire movie. Every song here slaps. Not a single bad song to be found.", "462" ], [ "<PERSON> performance as the Genie is probably my favorite voice performance in any animated movie. Friend Like Me is my favorite Disney song. A Whole New World is one of my favorite songs in general. This is just top tier Disney. I thought it was amazing as an infant. I thought it was amazing as a child. And I still think its amazing as a teen. Lion King may be my favorite Disney movie and I think its their best. But Aladdin is a close second.", "462" ] ]

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[ [ "No Transference Of Wealth, Inheritance, etc\nOveview:\nPeople cannot keep any assets ( both financial & physical ) attained during their lifetime within their bloodline. Assets are best utilized for enhancing your quality of life ( + your spouse & children, if you opt for that lifestyle ) and/or making an impact in the world however you choose. Assets are non-transferable, even to your spouse & children. If they choose to give up their dependent status, they must make their way in the world armed only with the education & life perspective you helped them to develop. Upon death, all remaining assets are liquidated and invested into socioeconomic development.\nDoes it work? What does life look like? Potential benefits & disadvantages?\nPoints to consider:\n* familial bonds\n* overall human progress ( sociology, technology, etc. )\n* economy ( business, politics, caste structure, etc. )\n* crime\nSide Note:\nThis question was prompted by the post, What do insanely wealthy people buy, that ordinary people know nothing about?, on /r/ThreadKillers\nRules:\nIn this society, people are required to carry out life as either a \"Provider\" or a \"Dependent\".\nProviders:\n* can only acquire wealth through direct personal efforts\n* cannot transfer their assets to anyone\n* can assume dependents in the forms of:\n* spouse(s)\n* children ( birthed with a spouse, or adopted )\n* are required only to cover basic life needs of their dependents\n* this means: food, water, shelter, etc.\n* once those needs are met, they can choose to provide as much or as little as they discern for their dependents; in terms of education, recreation, goods, services, etc.\n* upon death: monetary & physical assets will be liquidated and invested into socioeconomic arenas of their choosing ( technology, healthcare, etc. )\n* see Assumptions[4] for edge cases.\nDependents:\n* are allowed & encouraged to develop their own assets while under a provider\n* are allowed to indefinitely maintain a state of dependence, given acceptance by their provider\n* all physical assets bestowed upon dependents will be liquidated upon their transference to the role of provider\n* can ( but are not required to ) assume a prior provider as a dependent ( to care for seniors, those with disabilities, etc. )\nAssumptions:\n1. Physical money has been rendered obsolete.", "207" ], [ "All monetary assets are in the form of digital credits, which are directly linked to individuals and are only transferable in exchange for goods & services. A programmatic system is in place to minimize fraudulent transfer of assets in the form of overpaying for goods & services.\n2. Individuals who have opted not to assume dependents are bound by the same rules as providers.\n3. Any dependents entering the same career or political arena as their provider will be subject to additional scrutiny by the board of said arena. They must be proven to be competent in all skills required, and will not be given preference over other candidates.\n4. In the event that a provider dies while their dependents are not capable of sustaining themselves; the provider's credits will be transferred to the dependents in a weekly recurring amount, which is dictated by State regulated terms. Credits will also be directly applied to maintenance of essential assets as described below.\nAssumption 4, continued:\nScenario examples:\n* dependent is a child\n* dependent has been acting as a full-time caretaker for a child, and as result, has not developed their personal assets\nState terms are regulated based on the current economy and include:\n* a time-based allotment of credits that cover basic life needs as previously mentioned\n* the allotment has an expiration date which is based on the particular case\n* continued usage of any essential physical assets of the provider ( house, car, etc. )\n* continued education ( IE: dependents will continue whatever educational path they are currently on )\nThe intention of this trust system is for the dependent to develop themselves into a provider in what is deemed to be an acceptable timeframe, given their circumstances. All non-essential assets ( vacation homes, multiple vehicles, etc. ) will be held as reserves for emergency cases by the State until the term has expired, and will be liquidated thereafter.\nEDIT: I made a few updates to address some potential loopholes that were mentioned in the initial answers.", "852" ], [ "Step 1: Energy Crisis\nAs it turns out, major corporations have been lying to us. The oil and gas reserves turn out to be completely depleted by 2017, and all sales only came from allready mined deposits too keep up apearances. There is a massive push for alternative Energy, but it will still take years to actually build the required infrastructure. Huge swaths of the population are suddenly cut off from electricity.\nStep 2: Economic Collapse\nThe lack of electricity and fossil fuels leads to a collapse of 90% of all Industry. The divide between poor and wealthy worsens massively, with the wealthy/powerfull maintaining highly protected conclaves that subsist on their own powergrids. Starvation sets in as international trade colapses. The first world is hit especially hard.\nStep 3: Riots\nOrder in the streets has long since colapsed. The poor lead continous rebellions against the rich. The rich employ more and more drastic methods to controll the poor.", "207" ], [ "In addition the poor turn on each other in their bid for survival. Ideologies and Religions are forged as coping mechanisms against the daily struggle; These come in two flavors:\n1. Repentists, who think we are being punished for our transgression, and aim to destroy all that remains of the old world in their quest for absolution.\n2. Punishers, who think that we are all paying for the mistakes of the \"Leading Elite\", and aim to destroy all signs of the old \"opressive\" world order.\nBooks and heretics are burning in the streets, everyone enjoys the bonding experience. If you enjoy science or critical thought you help everyone stay warm, by feeding the bonfires.\nStep 4: Apocalypse\nNow that we ourselves have destroyed most anything that could helps us recover, an actual apocalypse sets in. Let's for example say, that the automatic reaction systems in our mutualy assured destruction protocols don't take kindly to neglect and laymans fiddling with them.\nAn atomic winter starts.\nStep 5: Decay\nWhat remains of society is made up off those few wealthy who persisted through the riots and their guards (read: private armies), everybody else lacked the resources, protection, or organisation. As the survivors are only made up of those that were allready willing to take any neccessary step to isolate themselve from the world, morality of the survivors is questionable even for these extreme conditions.\nThe remaining societies decay into military dictatorships. Education is kept low in order to make control of the population easy.\nIsolation due to the post-apocalyptics effects keeps the genepool small, and along with the radiation, genetic and mental defects become common place.\nAfter the isolation ends, the only thing that remains of mankind are inbred pseudo-humans. The only thing remaining of the past is the somewhat militaristic seeming clan structure of those that survived.", "207" ], [ "Slum Economy: Barter\nIn the slums of Big City, the state has long lost control. Who lives here has hit rock bottom, or was born into it; most are poor, many struggle to get (healthy) food, and barely get along by either working in one of the many factories around or trading illegal goods. One drug, Notcocaine, is especially abundant due to the colonial history of the place, back when it was used to subdue the oppressed population. It is regularily consumed by most of the population still1. Factory workers may be paid in cash, or by supplying a warm meal and the likes2.\n1 Comparison to western Europe: not nicotine/ alcohol levels, but close to marihuana consumption\n2 Either one or both of the two payments, whatever fits best.\nAdditional info:\n* There are no mass-produced transistors yet, and computers are big, expensive, and slow. Many inhabitants of the slums haven't ever heard of the concept \"computer\". Trading in tech gadgets is therefore nonexistent.\n* While many poor workers live in horrible conditions, \"true\" slaves are rare. Human trafficking/ slave trade is not common enough here to play a central role in the economy.\n* Working in the factory is dangerous; moving machine parts and lacking health & safety regulations make spontaneous amputation at the work place or chemical burns, broken bones and other injuries not uncommon.", "1006" ], [ "Stumps are a common sight on the bodies of factory workers. Workers crippled by injuries become permanently unemployed, without state support.\n* To support their families, many start working at around the young age of 5.\n* There are some properly built houses here but most people live in handmade shacks.\n* Outside the slums, cash is used for trade. It's a protectionist economy.\n* Consumption of NotCocaine is illegal, and will be punished with incarceration. Although it can be obtained fairly easy outside the slums too, its use is frowned upon because it's a \"poor man's\" drug. NotCocaine is therefore not used frequently outside the slums.\n* Because the police only has negligible power in the slums, what's illegal and what's not by the police's standard does not matter too much there. Law enforcement can be bribed, avoided, or deterred by gang violence, so illegality of certain substances or actions is not really a problem.\n* Population density, climate, and level of population diversity is similar to that of the Dharavi slums in Mumbai. The slums in Big City are larger though.\nI have a strong interest to have state money be of no or secondary value in the slums, and to make most trades barters; that is without a medium of exchange. While NotCocaine could make a good substitute, dealing in grams instead of coins, I want especially want to not have the economy be primarily based on such units.\nWhy do the inhabitants of the slums not just resort to using drugs as money, or actual cash in their transactions?\nA good answer gives an answer to the above question with supporting reasoning.\nA great answer does that too, while also giving examples of goods or categories of goods mainly used in barter.\nMy question is pretty much the inverse of \"Introducing money to a barter based economy\".\nI am aware of this excellent answer to the question \"What can I do to make a Bartering system stable?\".\nIf completely abolishing money or a money substitute does not work at all, it would also be acceptable to just have barter be very commonplace.", "207" ], [ "How to keep a country rigorous when not at war?\nI'm trying to create a world that has a strong military and good citizenship even in times of peace. I'm kind of stuck at the moment, but I have done some research already, so here is a brief case study I have been putting together. I used evidence from a world called: \"Earth.\"\nCase Study: Earth\nA famous Earthling named <PERSON> once said:\nWar should be the only study of a prince. He should consider peace only as a breathing-time, which gives him leisure to contrive, and furnishes as ability to execute, military plans.\n<PERSON> puts it so eloquently that it sounds self-evident. However, <PERSON>, a political columnist of Time Magazine, submits that even a country as economically developed and militarily powerful as the US actually falls short of the mark:\nSince WWII, yes we have had some problems, but [America] has not had any existential wars in which all of our young people have to go out and fight. In the interim, I think that we have lost a lot of the habits of citizenship. In contrast to the men and women in the military, we do not feel as if we are part of something that is larger than ourselves. We have re-tribalized our society.\nWhat is good citizenship?\nWhat exactly constitutes \"good citizenship\" is subjective to a degree. Whether you agree or not, to keep the scope of the question within reason, consider \"good citizenship\" & \"rigorousness\" here to mean:\n* sense of basic unity. Putting the good of the government over the good of the tribe (to use <PERSON>'s framework).", "714" ], [ "Thus creating a \"rigorous\" state, in which citizens weight heavily how their actions impact the government, because of a presumed sense of basic unity.\nOptional Musings\nNotably, in the post-Vietnam era, it has become fashionable to be skeptic of the government. Hollywood often portrays government or deep-state villains. There is an anti-establishment vibe that pervades everywhere from off-shore banking on wall street to the Malthusian moral hazards of exploiting welfare.\nQuestion\nIf America fails to keep society from being fragmented and tribalized, as per the earlier definition of \"good citizenship\", how can a fictional state that is similar to America learn from any potential mistakes and do better? Or would any such state be doomed to fail to stay \"rigorous\" in times of peace? Why or why not?\nFurther Clarifications and Assumptions:\n* You do not need to encompass all the definitions of good citizenship in your answer. That is to say you can make it as broad or as narrow as you feel comfortable with. Just state which one(s) you choose and how it factors in to your answer. For example, maybe your solution focuses on political literacy and voter turn out. Or maybe you approach things from the military/veteran care angle.\n* For the sake of simplicity, all solutions should adopt the organic view of government -- the individual only has significance as part of the community. Mechanistic (where government is for the benefit of the people) views I feel will distract answers from the heart of my question.\n* I do not wish to create a state of brain-washed people who all drink the koolaid. Rather, I want a healthy degree of skepticism that does not take away from the good of the country.\n* Not that we could every truly have such knowledge, but just for robustness, assume the government is relatively benevolent. Maybe there are inefficiencies or cases of corruption, but the government is not trying to murder its own people or something extreme like that.", "207" ], [ "TL;DRI'd recommend reading up on addiction and PTSD. Also consider how the Game itself will be able to meet the needs of many different kinds of players, and how in doing so would make them dependent on it. Also look into the current day anti-gaming hysteria, as much of your own story could be a direct contrast to it. Also, think Facebook.\nYeah, sorry. This is longer than I meant it to be.\nIntro: We could already be in this world, depending on who you ask. Gaming is commonly pointed to as being the cause of many of the modern social ills, from the \"obesity epidemic\" in modern countries to social anxiety, depression, suicide, or even violence which could lead to an increase in murder rates. Let's assume for the moment that it's true, what would make a gamer want to be a gamer?\nAddiction is the commonly-named devil. In today's world, I think it's the only one ever given. It's a good descriptor as it is frequently used by gamers to describe videogames (eg, current-gen MOBA addiction) while being vague enough to allow one to envision it into being as threatening as an unhealthy love of chocolate or as benign as daily meth use. It's also a great way to demonize something without bothering to try and understand what drives the addiction to begin with.\nSo why would a gamer choose to play a game that can kill them? I could write a book on just this, but I'll cover what I consider hasn't been said yet.\nMinimizing Cons: Many intelligent people will accept more danger than they realize, either through belief, relying on bad information, or due to our in-built preference for early gain over far-off consequences. I'll give a few examples below.\nPerceived Danger is less than Actual Danger - The world is a messy place, filled with messy information. Some information is more correct, sure, but it's hard to say what is true. I see no reason to simplify this in a Sci-Fi world. The actual danger could be unknown, leaving many people guessing at what the cause of these new comas are.\nFor example: the comas are linked to both Game play as well as energy drink consumption, is this an odd correlation or could it be the cause? Well, my friend has over 10,000 hours of Game play and hasn't experienced any problems, so it can't be the Game. Yo, did you hear that the pro player who live-stream comaed just broke up with his girlfriend an hour before? Just don't play on a bad day man. Wireless signal density in the lower metropolitan area may be linked to genetic damage and may be an indicator for those at risk.", "238" ], [ "It's a calcium deficiency. WHAT ABOUT THE VACCINES?!?\nTruth be told, having a new epidemic creates a new marketable need. Think organic food and homeopathy; new products will spring up to offer solutions and answers on what the new problem might be. Some may be honest mistakes based on anecdotal evidence and may even offer some benefits, while others will outright lie or use it to drive their own agenda. As long as it doesn't immediately threaten all living humans, society will be happy to argue, sensationalize, and make money off of it. No rush, especially if altering the Game would have a large impact on society. And it would.\nHowever there's also the possibility in which the actual danger is known but hidden, which leads us down the rabbit-hole. If the Game company has a good media and marketing group, they can coerce public opinion. Or maybe they can make the believers out to be the crazy ones, ostracizing the truth. Eg the conspiracy is the cover up.\nActual Danger also exists in the virtual tech - It could be that the tech the new Internet runs on itself may cause the problem, the Game just increases the risk. This is like the difference between smoking a pack a day and a pack and a half a day. It's there, but if you know about the risks it may not seem as much of a problem.\nThe Benefits: Due to having a third of the population playing the Game, it will be a primary force in the story's culture, especially if that third was isolated in a specific area (say, the developed world). As the Game is Culture, many will play it just to be part of the in crowd. The Game's influence in Economy will be large, and could be similar to how Entropia Universe combines real money with virtual property, Second Life focuses on social groups and custom content, or be based on making transferable wealth through inter-game cryptocurrencies. Likewise checking the current top PC games shows that games focusing on quick slices of action (or rounds), creativity and world-building seem the most popular, especially when mechanics are fairly simple to start. However, games like Eve Online show that adding optional depth can lead to die-hard fans.", "207" ], [ "Progress is not inevitable!\nIt only seems that way because our modern civilization has created a positive feedback loop that continually increases the pace of technological progress. Prior to the various revolutions within the past few centuries, there are plenty of examples of individual civilizations whose technological progress stagnated or even regressed because one or more of the factors import for innovation was lacking.\nKey Factors for Innovation\nThe following is a list of factors that can contribute to innovation (some of which are discussed further in other answers). Understanding these different factors will allow you to craft a scenario that best suits the world you are building.\nSurplus\nPut simply, to develop technology effectively civilizations need extra food and other resources. Innovations will be sporadic and difficult to retain if you do not have individuals who can dedicate at least a portion of their time to learning and experimenting.\nNecessity may be the mother of invention, but scarcity is often the bane of innovation. When resources are limited, a civilization will need to use them towards survival. Thus, in dire circumstances, it's exceedingly difficult to develop technology to overcome the situation; instead, it's more likely that people will adopt different practices using similar (if not inferior) technologies.\nMotivations & Incentives\nThough some individuals are natural innovators, the majority of people need some form of motivation. Competition, be it nations warring against each other or individuals participating in a free market, is a great motivator, but it is not the only one. People may also innovate for the sake of prestige, to promote humanitarian efforts, or enable creative expression. Too few people will develop technology if there are no incentives to do so.\nCultural Acceptance\nTo ensure technological progress has a meaningful impact, a society must be open to innovation. If the majority of people are hostile, fearful, or even just apathetic towards new technologies, they will not be adopted. Furthermore, those who do try to expand the civilization's intellectual and technological capabilities will, at best, be ignored and, at worst, persecuted.\nCommunication Networks\nEstablishing networks of communication is vital to innovation for numerous reasons. Communication can expose individuals to diverse, unique, and inspiring ideas that they were unlikely to come up with themselves. It enables collaboration so that innovators can build off of each other and coordinating efforts (as opposed to working in isolation on the same technologies).", "1006" ], [ "When two or more civilizations communicate with each other, it expands the pool of possible innovators and provides a means of retaining knowledge should one civilization fall.\nFor much of history, this was accomplished through friendly trade and diplomatic exchanges. War may be a motivator for innovation, but peace is an enabler.\nNatural Resources\nMany technologies cannot be developed without access to the appropriate resources. Animal husbandry would be impossible without animals that are suitable for domestication. Metallurgy is completely impossible without metal ores and nuclear physics would be nearly as impossible without sufficient quantities of radioactive materials. These resource dependent technologies are often the most vital to expanding a civilization's capabilities; it's difficult to imagine a modern world without such resources.\nLiteracy & Education\nThe value of literacy and education is two-fold: first, it significantly increases a civilization's ability to retain knowledge. Secondly, it enables more people to be innovators. The more widespread these are, the better!\nHistorical Examples\nThe following are just a few examples to illustrate the above points.\nLack of Surplus, Lack of Motivations & Incentives\nIt's worth mentioning that the first civilizations to emerge were agrarian societies that settled along fertile river basins. These were by far the easiest places to produce surplus with limited technology.\nCivilizations that lived in other environments would not be able to generate the same level of surplus. Meanwhile, non-agrarian civilizations lack incentives for innovation. If resources are scarce or your neighbors are hostile, you can readily move.\nLack of Cultural Acceptance\nAs for stagnation, one example (as mentioned in another answer) is China. It had the potential to initiate the Industrial and Scientific revolutions. However, the government actively discouraged innovation as it was seen as a threat to the stability of the nation.\nSimilarly, Arab scholars were not only responsible for retaining much of the knowledge past civilizations (including the famous Greek philosophers that Europeans would later celebrate), but they made a number of important advancements. Unfortunately, the sentiment that scientific pursuits were contrary to the teachings of Islam grow to the point that the various Muslim academies were shutdown.\nLack of Communication Networks, Lack of Natural Resources\nIn the Americas, civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas emerged. They were reasonably complex, but geography and lack of natural resources greatly undermined technological development.\nThe Aztecs and Incas were contemporaries, but they were far too removed from one another to effectively establish trade.", "1006" ], [ "How to Keep a Local Radio Station Broadcasting in an Apocalypse\nI need to keep a radio station running after an Apocalypse. There is no power grid of course.\nDetails of apocalypse are not entirely set in stone. The only rules to this question are those annotated below.\n1. No zombies.\n2. No power grid.\n3. Those who can not listen to this broadcast slowly lose their sanity.\n4. The broadcasts played by this station keeps people from going mad (the Madness).\n5. If the broadcast stops playing, you have a few hours before you go raving mad.\n6. The only survivors are those listening to this station.\n7. Everyone else has gone all sorts of mad, raving, & crazy, losing their self identity in various ways.\n8. The station owner knows these facts.\n9. So do the survivors (eventually)\n10. The station crew must keep the station transmitting even after loss of the power grid.\n11. They must maintain all required upkeep as well.\n12. The Station must listen to it's own broadcasts to stay sane.\n13.", "548" ], [ "Any thing broadcast by the tower protects against the Madness.\n14. Once you succumb to the madness there's no recovery.\n15. If it's only been couple of hours without a broadcast and you haven't fully succumbed to the Madness, you might sometimes recover slowly by listening to the broadcast.\n16. It's only this station and none others that has this effect, and those outside of its range are doomed.\n17. Broadcast Range is perhaps 200 miles.\n18. Location is a made up small town near Savannah, Georgia.\n19. The broadcast must be playing within earshot while you sleep, or you wake up mad.\n20. The station is not the cause of the Madness.\n21. As I do not know with good knowledge all of the supplies needed in detail to run a Radio Station, all I can put out at this moment is the following :\na. There are multiple nearby military bases, and they have not been too looted.\nb. The mad/crazy people don't use many supplies (if any), and they make up the majority of the population. This allows for extra resources.\nc. Since not everyone listened to the station, only a few people are even active utilizing supplies. So resources are not scarce.\nd. Supplies with shelf lives/expiration dates are unusable in some instances.\ne. This is a simple small town with only a couple of fast food restaurants, some gas stations, and a Wally-Market.\nNOW BACK TO THE QUESTION:\nHow do I keep my radio station running and supply power and other necessities?", "548" ], [ "On a living planet, nothing lasts forever. Especially if you're limiting the number of iterations of each book to one. One book per topic (e.g. <PERSON>) per place (is that household / city / county / nation / planet?) is asking for disaster, and even more disaster as you move from left to right along that scheme!\nThat said, there are several time tested possibilities:\nClay Tablets\nThe \"Assyrian National Library\", sponsored by Emperor <PERSON> at Nineveh, is the oldest surviving royal library known, dating to 700BC or thereabouts. Clay is easy to write in and once fired, the tablets are sturdy. They're a pain in the backside to deal with for texts of any great length or complexity. Can last thousands of years if well cared for, or if abandoned and forgotten for millennia.\nStone\nEgyptians carved literature into stone. Like clay it's durable, but is not indestructible. Like clay, it's a pain to maintain lengthy texts. Can last myriades to millions of years if protected from erosion\nPapyrus, Paper & Vellum\nWell known to ancients & moderns alike.", "111" ], [ "Easy to make & convenient to write on. Durable and long lasting. If you're people are repairing books every decade, then I'd say they are either overly abusive towards books or else don't know to bind books. A book printed on good rag paper and well bound can last several centuries without needing more than minor repairs. When well maintained, books of this sort can last many centuries: expect somewhere between 13 and 20 centuries. All these materials will eventually decay, even in the best of conservatories.\nMetal\nThis is probably the most durable option. Books have been written on gold pages, the oldest of which are in the region of 2500+ years old. Copper / bronze, stainless steel, gold, platinum: any of these should last indefinitely under stable atmospheric conditions.\nTo Digitise or Not to Digitise?\nEven the best digital media will find it difficult to compete with well curated books. Digital media are also heavily reliant on external factors such as electricity, computers, operating systems, stable cultures & societies just in order to be accessed & processed. Whether it's magnetic or battery supported or flash memory, digital media are not a good idea for truly long term archival of a culture's most important data.\nConclusion:\nI'd recommend that the culture's most precious data --- scripture, literature, mythology, folklore, poetry and the like --- be preserved on metal plates. And also on high quality paper books bound in solid & protective hard covers.\nAll rapidly changing data --- scientific & technical developments, rapid advances in medicine, changes in law --- should be committed to okay quality paper.\nEphemeral data --- accounts, receipts, bills, notes and so forth --- these don't need to be archived at all and can be kept on cheap paper.", "111" ] ]

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[ [ "Bicycle Rear Camera Instead of Back Mirror\nIntroduction: Bicycle Rear Camera Instead of Back Mirror\nThis time I'll introduce some useful bicycle gadget-making ideas without concern to solder any circuit components on PCB.\nAs you can see in the picture above, all the required components are a smartphone, camera module, and USB cables.\nThis gadget can be called an electronic back mirror utilizing a camera module, smartphone, and OTG camera viewer program.\nI saw some bicycle back mirror accessories on the Internet.\nWhen riding a big auto-bike, a back mirror mounted on the handle is quite useful as it can faithfully show the backside view in the mirror.\nBut if you riding a small electrical bike like mine, a back mirror is completely useless.\nAs the bicycle handle width is usually half or 1/3 length of the auto-bike, the back mirror shall only show you in the mirror.\nYou can't see the backside view with any kind of bicycle back mirror accessories.\nThat's why I'm making this rear camera for a bicycle.\nStep 1: Operation Concept\nWhen you look at the picture above, you can immediately understand the bicycle back mirror problem.\nWhen you mount the back mirror on the bicycle handle, it will show only you.\nIf you mount the back mirror at the side of a handle with some strange and abnormal method, it can show you the backside view.\nBut looking at the mirror is a little bit difficult and you should turn your head to look at the mirror.\nBut if you can look backside view on the small screen mounted on the handle, it will be more convenient and safer to ride a bicycle.\nBy the rear camera attached to the bicycle luggage compartment, you can easily look at the backside view on the smartphone screen.\nStep 2: Parts\nOf course, the most important part is the camera.\nI bought this camera module from a local (Korean) Internet web store for about 35$.\nThe technical specification of this camera is like below.\n* Sensor: 8MP 1/4” IMX219\n* Resolution: 8MP 3264H x 2448V\n* Data Format: MJPG/YUY2\n* Field of View (FOV)：H=62.2°, V=48.8°\n* IR Sensitivity: Integral IR filter, 650nm IR Filter, visible light only\n* Frame Rate: MJPG 15fps@3264x2448, 30fps@1920x1080; YUY2 30fps@640x480\n* Adjustable Features: Brightness, Contrast, Saturation, Sharpness, Gamma, White balance.\n* Power Supply: USB Powered 5V\n* Working Current: MAX 200mA\n* Operating Temp.: -4°F~167°F (-20°C~+75°C)\n* Dimension: 31mmx31mm\nAs I'm using a camera module for the first time, the technical specification above seems like encrypted text.\nAnyway, this module seems quite popular among many DIY users.\nAnother important part is the USB gender cable that connects the camera module to the smartphone.\nRegarding the smartphone, you can use any brand if the phone can support OTG peripherals such as USB token or OTG camera module introduced above.\nI'm using my daughter's unused old LG phone for this project.\nStep 3: Mounting Camera to the Bicycle\nTo get the unobstructed and clear backside view, locating the camera module in the proper position is very important.\nAs you can see in the picture above, I designated three positions on the backside of the bicycle.\nVelcro band is used to mount and fix the camera module to the bicycle.\nThe most desirable position is on the rear end of the luggage bag surface.\nBut the cable is too short to connect the camera and smartphone when attaching the camera at the rear end position.\nAs the USB cable from the camera is about 1 meter, I tried to attach the camera module to the red backlight that is located right under the bicycle saddle. (You can see the white Velcro band is attached to the red backlight in the picture above)\nBut as the red backlight is mounted in a slanted manner, the camera shows only the road surface view.\nI can't see any persons or vehicles approaching when the camera is mounted on the red backlight.\nTherefore, I'm mounting the camera in the middle and upright (90 degrees) position as can be seen in the picture above.\nStep 4: Connecting Camera to the Smart-phone\nAs shown in the picture above, the camera module is connected to the smartphone by the USB gender cable.\nAbout 1-meter length of USB cable is included in the delivered camera module kit.\nTo be connected with a smartphone, the camera USB cable end (Type A male connector) should be connected to the USB gender cable.", "152" ], [ "1W Power LED Flasher\nIntroduction: 1W Power LED Flasher\nThis is a common LED flasher utilizing 1W power LED and 18650 Lithium-ion battery.\nAs I'm supposedly moving to the rural area within several months from now, this kind of daily necessities shall be a must-have gadget.\nConsidering portability, all parts are housed in Tapa-ware like a plastic box as shown in the picture above.\nIt's the first time for me to use the 1 Watt power LED in a DIY project.\nFor making the power LED lighting circuits, finding some useful information from the Internet was difficult.\nCommonly I can find the circuits using a simple current limiting resistor or some exotic LED driver ICs.\nAs power LED types are so diverse, I can't sure that the specific schematics from the Internet can support the LED I had purchased.\nSomehow, I figured out a simple circuit that can drive my 1 Watt power LED finally.\nLet's look at the circuit in more detail.\nStep 1: Schematics and Parts\nOverall LED flasher circuit consists of the following five major components.\n***\n- 1 Watt power LED module\n- 18650 lithium-ion battery 2900mAh (Samsung SDI)\n- TP4056 based lithium-ion battery charger break-out\n- LM339 based battery capacity monitoring circuit\n- Plastic box and acrylic board for flasher circuit enclosure\n***\nAmong the circuit components above, the most important part is the power LED driving portion of the flasher circuit as it produces the light I need.\nFor powering 1 Watt LED, Samsung 18650 battery is used.\nAnd the TP4056 lithium-ion charger module supplies electricity when the 18650 battery is discharged by using the flasher.\nThe LM339 based battery monitoring circuit shows the remaining energy level of 18650 while using the flasher.\nI found the circuit in the following instructable.\n***\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Li-Ion-battery-level-indicator/#discuss\n***\nAs details are described in the instructable above, I made the battery capacity monitoring circuit by myself as depicted in the schematics drawing above.\nThen let's look at each portion of the flasher circuits in the steps below.\n***\n<Circuit modification part1>\nOriginally the 1Watt LED is directly connected to the Battery(+/-) pins of TP4056.\nBut TP4056 supports additional OUT(+/-) pins and the IC can prevent battery over-discharging with the OUT pins.\nWhen the battery voltage drop under 2.9V, TP4056 turns off the power supply from OUT(+/-) pins to protect the 18650 battery.\nAs this is a quite useful feature and it can support the longevity of a 18650 battery, I modified the original schematic to the new one. (You can see the changed circuit in the pink-colored part in the new schematics above)\n***\n<Circuit modification Part2>\nSome mistakes are included in the original schematics.\nAs mentioned right above, utilizing the TP4056 OUT(+/-) pin is recommended for the 1W LED wiring.\nThe other part is using the 20K VR for correctly setting the 18650 battery level.\nPlease refer to the rightmost schematics for the correct circuit wiring. (Blue shaded parts are correct parts utilization)\nWhen any 18650 battery is fully charged, the output voltage becomes 4.2V.\nWith the fully charged 18650 battery, you can correctly set the voltage level with 20K VR.\nRotating a small screw of 20K VR to turn on all 5 LEDs. (When the leftmost Green LED is just turned on, you need to stop rotating the screw of 20K VR)\nThen each LED indicates the following voltage level of a 18650 battery.\n* Green (Rightmost) LED: battery voltage is bigger than 4.1V\n* Green LED: voltage is bigger than 3.8V\n* Yellow LED: >3.6V\n* Yellow LED: >3.4V\n* Red LED: >2.2V\nStep 2: Power LED Driving Circuit\nI bought this power LED module from the offline store that makes LED signboards and home LED lighting fixtures.\nThey stocked these Chinese LED modules for possible use but can't find any specific usage for several years.\nThey don't know the manufacture of the LED and the technical specification of the module.\nTherefore, I need to find the electrical feature of the LED module by myself.\nBecause the nominal voltage of the Samsung 18650 battery is 3.6V and the common operation voltage of 1 Watt LED is 3.3V, I wired LED directly to 18650 battery without a current limiting resistor.", "267" ], [ "Bicycle Backlight With Arduino\nIntroduction: Bicycle Backlight With Arduino\nThis is the first bicycle accessory gadget I made with Arduino.\nIt's a pattern-based backlight attached to the back-bag mounted on the bicycle luggage compartment.\nI’m riding an electric bicycle which can speed up around 24km/h at maximum.\nBut I had fallen already three times and one of the incidents makes me go to the hospital for checking possible fractures.\nAfter the unpleasant experience, I’m riding the bicycle at a safer speed around 10km/h.\nBut this time, usually I’m hearing honking from the backside by other bicycle riders as my speed is a little slow.\nTherefore, I made this moving arrow pattern of the backlight which tells other bicycle riders to overtake me if they want to go faster.\nStep 1: Shape and Operation Concept\nThis is the exterior appearance of the backlight circuit including everything.\nFor using this one day and night, a relatively bright 8x8 LED matrix display is used.\nWhen the brightness is set at its maximum, you can see a moving arrow even under daylight.\nArduino Uno is used for showing moving arrow patterns on the LED matrix.\nTo support portability, a 2000mAh of 18650 type of battery is included along with a 5V voltage booster regulator circuit.\nYou can see the video of the backlight circuit operation in the attached file below.\nLet’s look at more details of the backlight circuit sub-components.\nStep 2: Parts\nAs functionality is very simple, a few sub-components are used for making the backlight circuit.\nThe following are used parts for making the backlight.\n- Arduino Uno (Compatible board made by Chinese manufacturer)\n- 5V voltage boost break-out board (Step-up voltage from 3.7V to 5V)\n- 18650 type 2000mAh battery (3.7V) with holder\n- 8x8 LED matrix display with MAX7219 controller\n- Pin header, wires, DuPont jumper wire, and SPST switch\n- Acrylic boards (WxH: 8cm x 7cm), metal PCB supporter x 3, nuts (3.5mm)\nI had soldered the male side of DuPont jumper wire to universal PCB and pin-header for plugging terminal end firmly to the female socket of Arduino.\nWhen you are using the default male pinhead socket of DuPont wire, a relatively weak connection can’t stand shocks and vibrations caused by bicycle riding.\nStep 3: Schematics\nAs just one break-out board needs to be integrated with Arduino Uno, I enclosed everything into single acrylic boards of transparent chassis.\nOverall wiring is very simple as Uno is connected with just two external boards as follows.\n- 3.7V output from 18650 battery firstly fed to voltage booster regulator circuit\n- 5V output from booster regulator is connected to Vin and GND pins of Arduino Uno for powering up the micro-processor\n- For controlling 8x8 LED matrix, only three pins are required to be interconnected between Uno and LED matrix such as DIN to PIN 12, CS to PIN 11, and CLK to PIN 10.\n- Power of 8x8 matrix can be connected to Vcc (5V) and GND pins of Uno\nStep 4: Sketch Program\nLuckily I found this sketch program on the Internet.\nI can’t remember the web page or any information about the author of this program.\nBut I guess the original author of this program is very expert in making such kind of code.\nWhen you look at the code as attached in the file below, arrow pattern moving is supported with a few of C++ codes.\nAs program logic is so compactly made with high efficiency, depicting the arrow pattern sequentially at each stage will be more comprehensive than the flowchart.\nStep 5: Conclusion\nVelcro band is used for mounting 8x8 LED matrix on the back-bag.\nArduino and battery containing chassis is stored inside the pocket of the back-bag.\nAs a result of using this backlight, I’m hearing less honking sound from other riders even I’m riding this bicycle at a turtle moving speed such as less than 10km/h.\nNovember is the late fall season in Korea and you can see lovely roads covered with fallen leaves.\nI hope you also enjoy bicycle riding before snow falls and become too much cold to ride a bicycle.\nAnd if you preparing such kind of accessory gadget, you will have less hustle while riding a bicycle as your style and tastes.\nThank you for reading this story.", "769" ], [ "Solar Charger Circuit (2nd Prototype)\nIntroduction: Solar Charger Circuit (2nd Prototype)\nThis time I'm trying to make some more practical solar charger circuits with multiple small size solar cells.\nThe capacity of the individual solar cell (Actually it's a small panel) is 5V 60mA.\nA total of ten cells are interconnected together as parallel to support 5V output with a maximum 600mA current producing solar charger circuit.\nThis circuit will be a more practical solution than the previous prototype using only a single solar panel.\nI'm interesting this circuit can support adequate capacity for fully charging 2900mAh 18650 battery within daylight hours.\nAlong with the charger circuit, I'm including additional circuit consuming generated electrical power during night hours with 1W LED.\nAs I mentioned in the previous solar circuit Instructable, this is an experimental circuit project to make a practical solar street lamp using high-power 12V Photovoltaic devices.\nStep 1: Schematics\nAs shown in the schematics above, the solar power generating circuit itself is simple.\nAs I'm interested in the operational scheme of the solar cell, several measuring circuits are included such as a voltage meter, ampere meter, and battery capacity level meter.\nI'll explain each measurement circuit one by one in the later step or at the other instructable as each device is a little bit complex.\nThe operational scheme of this solar circuit is simple like below.\n- Solar cell produces about 50mA current when it receives sunlight (Although the solar cell specification claims a maximum of 400mA, the actual current I got under the sunlight through windows is 50mA)\n- TP4056 lithium-ion battery charger circuit storing electric energy from the solar cell to 18650 battery (This module prevents overcharging and over-discharging of 18650 battery while operating)\n- The 18650 battery storing energy from TP4056\n- Battery level indicator circuit showing the capacity level of 18650 battery (This circuit was explained in other Instructables)\n- 1Watt LED circuit is a load of this solar circuit and consumes energy stored in the 18650 battery\nAs this kind of solar circuit that charging battery is very common, maybe no further explanation will be necessary.\nStep 2: Parts\nThe first design of this solar charger circuit was not much complex.\nBut I had tried to make this circuit more useful and more sub-components are added subsequently.\nI'll explain the detailed circuit operation scheme in the later step (Step 5. operation scenario).\nFor making this circuit, the following components are utilized.\n***\n- 5V 60mA solar panels (10EA, 68mm x 35mm size)\n- 20L15T Schottky diode as blocking current from battery to panel\n- Arduino Uno board\n- TQ2-5V relay (2 contacts)\n- 2N3904 NPN transistor\n- 1N4001 silicon diode\n- Resistors (1.2K, 330ohmx5, 10Kx2, 100K)\n- LEDs (Greenx2, Yellowx2, Redx1)\n- 1W white LED\n- LDR (photo-resistor sensor)\n- TP4056 Lithium-Ion battery charger\n- 5V Boost-up voltage regulator (input 3V ~ 4.2V to 5V output)\n- Push-button\n- PCBs, metal supporters\n- DuPont wires (male, female) and interconnection wires\n- 18650 battery\n***\nYou can see each component in the schematics depicted in the steps later.\nStep 3: Electricity Generating Capability of New Solar Panel\nThe most interesting part of this project is how much electricity can be produced by the newly made solar panel.\nTherefore, I measured voltage as current on a very shiny day (1st April 2022) and the result is shown in the graphs above.\nAs my apartment is facing the western side, sunlight is bombarding the solar panel from 11:50 AM.\nAgain far less current is produced from the claimed solar panel capacity.\nAs 10EA of 5V 60mA panels are used, theoretically about 600mA should be produced.\nBut the actual is about 1/4 of current (160mA) is produced at its maximum.\nMaybe as the panel is located inside balcony windows, the strength of sunlight seems a little bit degraded.\nBut the voltage measurement is quite OK as 3.8~5.2V is observed and most time more than 4.1V is produced by the new panel.\nAs the nominal voltage for the TP4056 charging battery is 4.1V, I can see the 18650 battery charging slowly but continually.\nTherefore, the battery voltage increases from 3.6V to 4.1V while the solar panel gets sunlight.\nAs conclusion, new solar panel can support adequate energy producing capability for charging the 18650 battery.", "267" ], [ "Bicycle Journey Tracker With Arduino and GPS Module\nIntroduction: Bicycle Journey Tracker With Arduino and GPS Module\nThis is a bicycle journey recording device utilizing Arduino and a GPS module.\nI’m riding an electrical bicycle from time to time during weekends.\nSeveral good bicycle riding routes which pass by the lakes and parks are located near to my house.\nTherefore, bicycle riding become a favorite personal pastime recently.\nFor planning the next journey, checking previous riding history becomes very useful and important.\nWhen GPS-based detail route information is available, a more customized and well-organized next bicycle riding journey plan can be made.\nUsually, I had just passed by must to visit places such as good places to take a picture or nice restaurants where I can enjoy some special eateries.\nWhen you store such sites information together with GPS route data, your next trip will be more satisfying by looking at the more good things to see and tasting other yummy new foods.\nThat’s why I made this useful gadget.\nStep 1: Components of Journey Recorder\nGPS data recording device requires several sub-components as it should support signal receiving from satellites, processing/displaying, and storing data to SD card of functions.\nAll necessary break-out modules and electronic components are assembled as three parts such as:\n- GPS antenna and receiver circuit module\n- Main data processor circuit module which includes Arduino and LCD display\n- Power supply module\nThe analog ampere meter shown in the picture above is connected just for power consumption measuring purposes.\nWhen riding a bicycle, it’s not necessary and simply can be removed.\nAbout 200mA is required to power up the GPS journey tracker circuits.\nLet’s look into more details at how this circuit is made.\nStep 2: Parts\nFirstly, I tried to assemble every break-out board and electric component into a single enclosure.\nBut as you can see, several small break-out boards that need to be interconnected to the journey tracker circuit.\nTherefore, three small acrylic chassis are utilized instead for housing-related small break-out boards together to each module.\nThe following parts were used for this project.\n- Arduino pro-mini 5V\n- SD card module 5V and SPI interface\n- 2GB micro SD and SD socket\n- 16x2 I2C LCD module with PCF8574 controller\n- Neo-6M GPS module and antenna\n- 18650 lithium-ion battery (3.7V)\n- 5V fixed Boost up voltage regulator\n- Universal PCB board, pin-head, and cable wires\n- Acrylic boards, 3.5mm bolts, and nuts\nNo exotic parts are used for this project.\nYou can easily purchase all break boards and electronic components at internet shops.\nStep 3: Schematics\nAs four break-out boards are interconnected with Arduino pro-mini, wiring is relatively a little bit complex.\nBut only SCL (A5) and SDA (A4) with PCF8574 I2C LCD module is dedicated wiring.\nOther connections can be changed according to the configuration setting in the sketch program.\nFor the wiring of Arduino pro-mini, the following connection is used.\n- 5V output from power supply to RAW pin of Arduino pro-mini board\n- GND of power to one on GND pin (There are 2 GND pins are available with pro-mini)\n- 5V power input of all other break-out boards (GPS, SD card, and 16x2 LCD) will be connected from Vcc pin of pro-mini\nSD card break-out requires relatively many connections like below to support SPI communication with pro-mini.\n- CLK of SD card module to PIN 13 of pro-mini\n- MISO to PIN 12\n- MOSI to pin 11\n- CS to PIN 4\nThe above connections are typical wiring conventions as defined in “SD.h” header file.\nWhen you are using other wiring methods, port connection definition should be re-declared in sketch program.\nNeo-6M GPS module needs TX and RX connection with pro-mini.\nI’m using the following connection between Arduino and GPS module.\n- Tx of GPS module connected to digital pin 5 of Arduino pro-mini\n- Rx to Pin 6 of pro-mini\nInstead of a power switch, I’m using a simple jumper wire and 3 pin-head terminal for supplying 5V power to the overall journey tracker circuit.\nYou can see the jumper wire turn to the power switch later when looking at more detail of the power supply module.\nStep 4: GPS Module\nLet’s look at each module one by one for more detail about how it was assembled is seen.\nThe GPS module consists of controller break-out and Antenna.", "33" ], [ "Second Multi-functional Weather Station (3.5 Inch LCD)\nIntroduction: Second Multi-functional Weather Station (3.5 Inch LCD)\nAs I mentioned in the previous Instructable, this device is the most frequently utilized DIY output among the many other Arduino project outcomes.\nBut the first version has several problems I'll describe details in the next step.\nTherefore, I made this second version of the Multi-functional Weather Station having a bigger screen, simplified circuit, and more readable sketch program code.\nThe overall functionality of the second version is almost the same as the first one.\nBut information displaying method is changed to suit my daily usage pattern and unnecessary sensors are removed for simplifying the overall circuitry.\nLet's look at more details of this second version.\nStep 1: Some Improvements From the First Version\nThe picture above shows the first version of the device in action at night hours.\nAlthough it was a little bit useful for showing needed information all time, it has the following problems.\n- Unnecessary sensors (noise, LDR) and redundant SD card breakout boards are emitting too many lights which can distress sound sleep\n- 1.8 inch LCD screen is so small for immediately recognizing information displayed\n- Displayed photo image quality is poor to be utilized as a digital album because of the small LCD size\n-Looking at multiple screens is necessary for checking time and other relevant weather information\nFor improvement, the bigger 3.5 inch LCD is used for displaying high-resolution images and bigger time and weather information messages on the screen.\nThe black acrylic board of the front cover is added to block unnecessary lights from the internal system boards.\nThen let's look more other details of the new device.\nStep 2: Schematics and Parts\nWhen comparing the schematics with the first version, overall circuitry becomes more simplified.\nSomewhat less useful sensors (LM393 base sound sensor and LDR) are removed from the second circuit version.\nAs the integrated SD card circuit to the 3.5 inch LCD module is used, overall circuitry becomes more compact.\nThe following parts are utilized.\n- Arduino Mega2560 board\n- 3.5 inch LCD module (SD reader is integrated)\n- DS3231 real-time clock\n- DHT 22 temperature and humidity sensor\n- BMP280 atmospheric pressure sensor (including temperature sensor)\n- Acrylic boards (Transparent and black acrylic boards)\n- 12V external power supply\nThe most important part is the 3.5 inch LCD module in this project.\nI bought three of these at Aliexpress at less than 10 dollars each.\nIt can support 480x320 resolution with ILI9486 video driver IC.\nThe LCD manufacture is providing their device driver and graphic library as well as several sample demo programs.\nBut I want to use Adafruit graphic library as it was frequently used in many previous projects and is familiar.\nBut I can't find any helpful technical resources to interface this LCD module with Adafruit graphic library.\nTherefore, I slightly modified the demo program provided by the manufacture for making the digital album that displays photo images on LCD.\nStep 3: Wiring and Mounting Parts\nWiring and configuration details of sensors and other break-out boards are explained in the previous Instructable listed below.\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Multi-functional-Weather-Station-Mega2560-Version/\nAs the first Multi-functional Weather Station circuit is utilizing similar electronic components, the overall wiring and configuration scheme is the same for the second version.\nInstalling DHT22, BMP 280, and DS3231 are already explained several times in the previous Instructables.\nTherefore, I'll explain only the wiring and configuration method of 3.5 inch LCD module as this component is a new one included in the second version of the circuit.\nThe LCD module is called as 3.5 inch 8 bit TFT LCD module for Arduino Uno at Aliexpress.\nLikewise, the LCD module can be plugged into the Uno board similar to other HAT boards.\nAs the wiring scheme is widely different among LCD manufacturers, the following method will be only relevant for the LCD module I bought.\nThe LCD module requires 8 data lines, 5 LCD control lines, and 4 SD card interfacing lines with Arduino as follows.", "152" ], [ "My First Solar Cell Project (Prototype)\nIntroduction: My First Solar Cell Project (Prototype)\nThis is a small-scale prototype PV (PhotoVoltaics) project before making a decent and practically useful home solar panel system later.\nTherefore, this is the testing purpose of basic circuits made for understanding the operational scheme of a solar cell.\nThe overall circuit configuration is very basic and power is rated less than 2W (using 5V and 400mA solar cell).\nAs this is the first time for me to utilize solar cells in a DIY project, I'm wondering how this component is working and really any electricity is produced from it.\nI'm using only one small solar panel and produced electricity from it is stored in a single 18650 battery through the TP4056 charger module.\nWith this circuit, I can understand the basic operational characteristics of a solar cell as well as the method of storing energy in a lithium-ion battery.\nThrough experiences and knowledge with this circuit, I can make a more useful solar energy generating system someday.\nStep 1: Schematics\nAs shown in the schematics above, the solar power generating circuit itself is simple.\nAs I'm interested in the operational scheme of the solar cell, several measuring circuits are included such as a voltage meter, ampere meter, and battery capacity level meter.\nI'll explain each measurement circuit one by one in the later step or at the other instructable as each device is a little bit complex.\nThe operational scheme of this solar circuit is simple like below.\n- Solar cell produces about 50mA current when it receives sunlight (Although the solar cell specification claims a maximum of 400mA, the actual current I got under the sunlight through windows is 50mA)\n- TP4056 lithium-ion battery charger circuit storing electric energy from the solar cell to 18650 battery (This module prevents overcharging and over-discharging of 18650 battery while operating)\n- The 18650 battery storing energy from TP4056\n- Battery level indicator circuit showing the capacity level of 18650 battery (This circuit was explained in other Instructables)\n- 1Watt LED circuit is a load of this solar circuit and consumes energy stored in the 18650 battery\nAs this kind of solar circuit that charging battery is very common, maybe no further explanation will be necessary.\nStep 2: Parts\nThe most important part is of course solar panels.\nFor making this experimental solar circuit, I chose a small size solar panel that's dimension is 125mm x 125mm.\nThe following are used parts.\n- 5V and 400mA solar panel\n- TP4056 single 18650 battery charger break-out\n- 20L15T Schottky diode as blocking current from battery to panel (this is a 20A device but you don't need this much high capacity diode. I only have this device in my inventory)\n- 2900mAh Samsung 18650 battery\n- 1W LED as the testing load\n- Others (Battery level indicator, voltage meter, and current meter circuits)\nAccording to the TP4056 charger IC specification sheet, an additional blocking diode (such as the 20L15T Schottky diode listed above) is not necessary.\nInternally power MOSFET is included in the TP4056 and the MOSFET includes a parasite diode that can be acting as a blocking diode role.\nBut for the reliable solar circuit operation, this additional Schottky diode is used as a safety measure.\nStep 3: Wiring Major Parts\nAs the circuit is simple, no additional wiring diagram will be necessary for explaining the part connection details.\nThe solar panel is connected with the TP4056 charger via the Schottky diode.\nThe diode prevents current flow from the battery to the solar panel during night hours.\nThe 18650 battery is connected to the Battery(+/-) pin and the TP4056 charge current to the 18650 with a regulated 4.1V level. (So output power from the solar panel is less than 4.1V, actually charging seems not occurring)\nFor a load of battery (Stored energy consumer), 18650 battery level circuit and 1W power LED are used as details explained in the following instructable.\n***\nhttps://www.instructables.com/1W-Power-LED-Flasher/\n***\nAs I was curious about how much current can be produced from the solar panel, voltage and current measuring meters are produced and connected. (I'll explain details about these meters later)\nStep 4: Measuring Voltage Produced by Solar Panel\nFirstly I'm supposing 5V is produced by the solar panel I bought.\nAs the specification of the solar panel is rated as 5V and claims to produce 400mA, I naively assume that a constant 5V can be observed when the panel is exposed to sunlight.", "267" ], [ "RPI and 5 Inch LCD Digital Album and Weather Station\nIntroduction: RPI and 5 Inch LCD Digital Album and Weather Station\nThis is 5 inches LCD digital photo album using Raspberry Pi (RPI) Wireless Zero and a weather station device displaying humidity, temperature, and air pressure information.\nMaybe this is the most upgraded and functionally versatile device among the weather station circuits I made before.\nIt can display high-quality photograph images on a wide LCD screen (5 inches).\nAlso, it can show important weather information, and date/time on the LCD screen while enjoying the high-quality photo images.\nLogging major weather data is possible along with timestamps for knowing long-term yearly climate change trends.\nLet's see more detail about the RPI digital album and weather station circuit.\nStep 1: Weather Station Circuit Upgrading History\nAbout five different types of weather station circuits were made until now using 16x2 Dot-matrix LCD, 1.8 inch TFT, and 3.5 and 5 inches LCD.\nAs the display module size become bigger, the digital photo album function is integrated together for showing more versatile and enjoyable images.\nYou can see the previous weather circuits in the photo images above.\nThe first circuit is made with Arduino pro-mini and 1.8 inch TFT display.\nAs the DS3231 RTC and SD card break-out modules are used, it showed a one-year weather change trend across four seasons in Korea.\nThe disadvantage of this device is like below.\n- As the internal flash memory of Arduino pro-mini is just 32KB, storing programs of the weather station and image album was quite difficult\n- The 1.8-inch size display was so small for showing high-quality photo images on the LCD\nThe second circuit is made by using Arduino Mega2560 and 3.5 inch LCD module.\nIt operating for about six months and usually, I checked the time in the morning before leaving home to catch the bus going office.\nBut this circuit also has the following disadvantages.\n- As the Chinese 3.5 inch, LCD manufacturer does not provide a compatible device driver, interfacing the display with Mega2560 was very difficult\n- Also, the LCD manufacturer only supports a primitive image handling library, BMP file image was distorted when the resolution is not exactly 480x640 dpi\nBut the new device using RPI Zero and a 5-inch LCD module can remedy all previous problems due to the following reasons.\n- As 32GB SD card is used for installing RPI OS, storing python program and image data, storage capacity is quite enough to support image photo album and storing many weather log files\n- Because RPI and 5 inch LCD are connected with HDMI interface, I can utilize standard python graphic library and Tkinter X-windows application program\n- RPI using time clock synchronization via NTP (Network Time Protocol), no additional RTC module (DS3231) is not necessary (But the RPI should be connected with wireless AP for receiving NTP time synchronization data)\nUsually, the RPI development environment is more powerful than Arduino IDE, as RPI OS (Linux) can support various application development tools such as python, X-window, GPIO/I2C device interface related packages, and libraries.\nStep 2: Schematics\nAlthough RPI is used, overall schematics is almost similar to the Arduino weather station circuit.\nAs mentioned above, the DS3231 RTC module is not necessary as RPI uses NTP for time data synchronization.\nBut you need a wireless connection to your home AP (Access Point) which connects to the internet and receives clock synchronization data from a level 0 clock source within the internet.\nBecause I'm interested in humidity, temperature, and air pressure of weather data, the DHT22 and BMP280 sensors are connected to RPI.\nAs both sensors are operating at 3.3 volts, two RPI Zero 3.3V power supply pins are used for connecting these sensors.\nThe 5-inch LCD module requires a 5V power supply for operation and an HDMI interface is needed for connection with RPI.\nThe tact switch de-bouncing circuit requires some explanation.\nBut you don't need such a complex circuit for your own project.\nThe followings are the reasons why I'm using such a complex circuit for simple tact switch input capturing.\n- I want full proof of no-chattering making push-button circuit using 74HC14 (Schmitt−Trigger Inverter) IC\n- As the RPI GPIO pin operating at a 3.3V level, I want completely isolate the de-bouncing circuit (Operating at 5V) from RPI by using an optocoupler (PC817)\nThe de-bouncing circuit only produces a single shoot of a pulse by the operational characteristic of the Schmitt−Trigger Inverter gate.", "152" ] ]

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[ [ "A Safe for Valuable Things\nIntroduction: A Safe for Valuable Things\nFirstly, I need a safe to put my money in. Chinese New Year is coming. I will get red envelopes from my great-grandma, grandparents, great-uncles, great-aunts, uncles, and aunts. I need a safe to store my money. I can also use it to put anything valuable to me.\nSecondly, I need a safe to put my snacks. My father usually eats up all my candy, chocolate, and cookies when he feels hungry. To help my father control his weight, I need a safe to store my snacks. With the safe, my snacks are safe, and my father will be thinner and healthier.\nWith the safe, my money and my snacks will be safe.\nStep 1: Prepare the Hardware Required\nWhat you need:\n1. Breadboard x1\n2. Arduino board (I am currently using Arduino Leonardo.)\n3. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) module\n4.", "152" ], [ "One Keypad\n5. Two servo motors\n6. One button\n7. One NeoPixel LED Ring\n8. Wires\n9. One Paper Box\nStep 2: Assemble All the Parts\nAfter getting all the materials needed, assemble all the parts. The ways of assembling are shown in the circuit diagram.\nTo open the safe, you need to key in the password.\nStep 3: Programming\nNow it's time for programming. You can change the values of some parameters to meet your needs. You can change the password, the number of LEDs on your NeoPixal ring, and the arrangement of your keypad. The ways of changing these parameters are shown in the picture I've uploaded.\n**Download and install Fastled library from https://downloads.arduino.cc/libraries/github.com...\n**Download and install Keypad library from https://downloads.arduino.cc/libraries/github.com...\nAfter you've downloaded these two libraries, open your Arduino IDE, click on Sketch > Include Library > Add .ZIP Library. Then choose the zip file you just downloaded.\nAfter following the steps above, paste this code into your Arduino IDE.\nThe complete code is attached below.\nhttps://create.arduino.cc/editor/danielliu0000/b1bd3903-877f-44d8-b044-508600011a9b/preview\nStep 4: Testing\nMake sure to test if your code can run well before you arrange and hide all the materials.\nStep 5: Find a Suitable Box and Cut Out Holes\nFind a suitable box and cut out holes used to show the button, the LCD module, the servo motors, the keypad, and the LED lights.\nStep 6: Arrange All the Materials and Do the Decoration.\nAfter Hiding all the wires into the box and doing the decorations, you are done. Now you can put your valuable things in it.", "991" ], [ "Animated Cat Toy\nIntroduction: Animated Cat Toy\nIt never fails. I want to play with my cat and she wants to sleep. She wants to play and I am busy. What to do? The Automated Cat Toy mimics my cat’s favorite game - chase the laser dot.\nThe purpose of this Instructable is two-fold:\n1) demonstrates automating a task and\n2) continues the instructional sequence on using the 2020 Lego Mindstorm Robot Inventor Kit.\nThis Instructionable focuses on programming the Robot Inventor’s sound.", "141" ], [ "It also elaborates on the movement, motor, and distance sensor commands which were introduced in the “Lego Robot Inventor Kit - Blast: On His Own” Instructable and the “Happy Pi Day!” Instructable.\nSupplies\nLego Set - Mindstorms (51515)\nSelected parts including hub, battery, 3 motors, distance sensor, technic beams (1x11, 1x7), connector beams, wheels, frames, pins, and bushing.\nAdditional Legos\n1x1 plate round (4073) - red - quantity 5\n1x1 round brick (3062b) - white or gray - quantity 10\n2x2 round plate (4032) - white - quantity 2\n2x2 round plate (4032) - red - quantity 1\n2x2 round brick (3941) - white - quantity 2\n2x2 dish (4740) - dark bluish gray - quantity 2\n1x1 technic brick (6541) - reddish brown or dark bluish gray - quantity 1\nArduino Nano and Arduino Software\nLaser Diode\nBreadboard\n9-volt Battery\nBattery connector\nPiece of Wire for the tail\nVelcro\nMindstorms software\nStep 1: Build the Mouse\nThis step shows how to build the Mouse. Follow the images using parts from Lego Kit 51515 as well as the additional lego parts listed under Supplies.\n1) Connect the three motors to each other using black pins, position eight black pins on the outputs of the two outside motors, position one (1/2) pin on the center motor, attach the connector beams (3x3) to the bottom of the two outside motors, attach 1x3 beams to the outside of each connector beam, and insert one blue (pin/axle) pin on the outside of each connector beams (see images 1 and 2).\n2) Connect 1x11 beam to front of the connector beams, attach 1x7 beam to front of 1x11 beam, insert five 1x1 round red plates into the middle of the 1x7 beam (the mouth), and attach all four wheels (see image 3).\n3) Connect two 1x9 beams (stacked) to the motors between the rear tires using 3L blue pins and attach two 1x9 beams (stacked) to the motors between the front tires using 3L blue pins. These beams raise the hub higher (so that it doesn’t interfere with the wheels) and flatten the wires (see image 4).\n4) Connect ten 1x1 round bricks together (thread the extra piece of wire through the bricks), position one 1x1 technic brick to the (½) pin on the middle motor, and connect the string of round bricks to the technic brick (see image 5).\n5) Connect the technic frame to the top of the hub using black pins, attach 1x9 beam to the front of the hub using black pins, attach two 1x2 beams to the front of the hub, and insert two black pins in the 1x9 beam, one black pin in each 1x2 beam, and four black pins to the bottom of the hub (see image 6).\n6) Connect two 2x2 round plates and two 2x2 round bricks together, attach a 2x2 cone to the round plates/bricks, attach a white 2x2 plate and a red 2x2 plate to the top of the cone to form a nose. Attach the hub to the motors, connect a 1x5 beam to the two 1x2 beams, and attach the nose to the 1x5 beam using a 3L axle with a bushing (see image 7).\n7) Connect two 1x3 beams to the front of the technic frame using black pins and connect a 2x2 dish to each 1x3 beam (see image 8) for ears.\n8) Attach distance sensor to the black pins on the front (see image 8) for eyes.\nStep 2: Attach Wires to the Hub\nThis step shows the attachment of the motor and distance sensor wires to the hub.\n1) Attach the motors and distance sensor to the hub (see image 1 for the lettering).", "832" ], [ "A Signboard for My Store or My House\nIntroduction: A Signboard for My Store or My House\nMy idea came from https://www.instructables.com/Arduino-Ultrasonic-S... I made some changes according to my needs.\nI designed an LED signboard to say \"Hello\" to my friends who come to my house or to say \"Hello\" to my customers who come to my shop (if I have one in the future). More letters on the signboard will light up as someone comes nearer and nearer. The signboard will make a welcome sound and the letters on the signboard will shine when someone is at the door. When it gets dark, the letters on the signboard will light up automatically. This shows people where my house or my shop is. I can hang the signboard on the door of my house or my shop so that people will know that I welcome them to my house or my shop! HELLO! Welcome here!\nStep 1: Prepare Hardware Required\nWhat you need:\n1. Breadboard x1\n2. Arduino board (I am currently using Arduino Leonardo.)\n3.", "769" ], [ "Double-sided PCB board x 6\n4. LEDs ( red, blue, green, and yellow)\n5. Jumper cables; wires\n6. Resistors x 6 (Note: for more safety of LED)\n7. Mosfet x 6\n8. HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor x1\n9. Speaker x1\n10. Foam board x 1\n11. Paper box x 1\nStep 2: Design Your Sign\nAfter getting all the materials needed, arrange the LEDs on the PCB board to make the five letters H, E, L, L, O, and a smiling face.\nThe steps are shown in the pictures.\nStep 3: Assemble the Other Parts\nThe ways of assembling are shown in the circuit diagram.\nEach of the five letters--H, E, L, L, O, and the smiling face is controlled by a different wire. You need to label them or you'll get confused easily because there are too many wires.\nStep 4: Programming\nNow it's time to start programming the code.\nMy code is attached below.\nhttps://create.arduino.cc/editor/danielliu0000/26b...\nStep 5: Do the Decoration If Needed\nHide all your materials into a box and you are done.", "635" ], [ "Lucky Mini Slot Machine\nIntroduction: Lucky Mini Slot Machine\nAre you going to throw a party lately? or going to a carnival? or just want to have fun with your kids? See if this mini slot machine can make your event much more fun!\nThis machine would choose a number itself and show the number on the screen. When people press the joystick, the number in the middle of the machine changes. When it changes to the number that is shown, a prize would come out.\nIf you like our projects and tutorials, you can follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube for more interesting STEM projects and ideas.\nSupplies\nHardware\npaperboard * 1\nseveral LEGO bricks\n3D printed reel * 1\nGeekservo 2KG servo *2\nRobotbit base *1\nRobotbit Edu *1\n18650 Lithium Battery *1\nFuture board *1\nSugar Joystick *1\nSoftware\nKittenblock\nTool\nUtility knife\nscissors\nruler\npencil\ndouble-side tape\n3M tape\nmarkers\n3D printer\nStep 1: Idea\nThe slot machine is basically a cuboid, so we will use a piece of paperboard to cover the LEGO working parts and draw something on it to make it look like a real slot machine. The turning of the reel and the presentation of the prize require a servo.\nStep 2: The 3D Printed Reel\nWhen finished printing, get rid of the extra parts, and write down the numbers with markers.\nStep 3: Assemble the Inner Part of the Machine\nAssemble everything following the assembly instructions.\nStep 4: Design the Cover\nDraw on the paperboard and cut out the parts we need.\nStep 5: Cover the Lego Framework With the Paperboard Cover\nUse LEGO technic rubber stoppers to fix the cover to the LEGO parts.\nStep 6: Draw on the Cover!\nDraw everything you like on the slot machine.", "997" ], [ "We drew some patterns to make it looks more like a real slot machine.\nStep 7: Write the Program\nWe need to write the program to show a random number on the screen and make the reel turn to a random number and analyze whether the random number on the screen is the same as the one on the reel.\nDownload the program\nStep 8: Write the Program: First Step - Set Variables\nSet the x variable as the goal number (the number shown on the screen, and the reel needs to turn to this number to win); set the y variable as the reel number.\nStep 9: Write the Program: Second Step - to Analyze\nTo analyze whether x equals y. If so, then win the prize (the prize tray then extends); if not, then the game continues and nobody wins.\nStep 10: Write the Program: Third Step - Joystick Module\nThe triggering of the joystick changes the y variable. As y changes, the angle of the servo that controls the reel changes too. (the servo angles need to be adjusted before we write the program.)\nStep 11: Write the Program: Fourth Step - Indication\nAdd a boot animation to the beginning of the program.\nAdd the display of the goal number to the middle of the program. When the joystick is triggered once, the indication sound and image of not winning will be added to the program part that runs when not winning; same as the winning parts.\nStep 12: Now You Finish the Slot Machine!\nGive it a go and have fun with your family and friends!", "149" ], [ "Mashed Potatoes and Omelet As <PERSON> Character\nIntroduction: Mashed Potatoes and Omelet As <PERSON> Character\nIf you have a Kid who is a fan of The Lion King movie and you want to serve him/her his favorite character to eat, then this is the right Instructable for you. However, I can't assure you that he/she will eat it happily because he might feel sorry for it.", "517" ], [ "But still I believe it's worth a try. So let's see how we can make and eat the lion.\nSupplies\n* Mashed potatoes ( 2 medium potatoes cut into cubes boiled until done with a spoon of olive oil, salt and pepper).\n* Omelet ( 2 eggs beaten well with salt and pepper then fried on medium heat).\n* 1 Beetroot.\n* 1 Multi-colored bell pepper.\n* 1 small eggplant.\n* 1 olive.\nStep 1: Spreading the Mashed Potatoes\nNow that we have our mashed potatoes done, it's time to make the first layer of our plate:\n* Put some mashed potatoes on the plate.\n* look at the reference photo and spread the potatoes using a spoon until it resample <PERSON>’s face shape.\nStep 2: Dyeing the Mashed Potatoes\nBeetroot is a natural dye that you can use to give a pinkish color to food. So, to make <PERSON>'s pinknose:\n* Cut a small piece of beetroot\n* Mix it with a spoonful of mashed potatoes until it turns pink\n* Remove the piece of beetroot.\nStep 3: Carving the Facial Features\nAfter we're done with spreading the face the way it should be, we now have to outline the facial feature places:\n* Use the spoon to even out the surface.\n* Dig the eyes places in the mashed potatoes.\n* Add more of it above the nose place to make it higher.\n* Replace some plain mashed potatoes at the nose place with pink some.\n* Shape the nose to look like <PERSON>’s nose.\nStep 4: Adding the Omelet Layer\nNow it’s time to give <PERSON> His yellow color:\n* Cut the omelet into two halves.\n* Put one half on the upper part of the face like a mask covering the eyes.\n* Press on the omelet with your fingers to know the eyes places.\n* Cut out the omelet there using a knife.\n* Cover the rest of the face -expect the area around the mouth and the outer parts of the ears - with more omelet.\n* Add two small olive pieces for the nostrils.\n* Draw the mouth with a knife.\nStep 5: Adding the Eyes\nlet's now add the eyes:\n* Pick a bell pepper that have green and reddish brown colors.\n* Cut two green eye-like pieces and two brown smaller circles out of it.\nStep 6: The Final Touches\nFor the black parts of our Simba we are going to use eggplant skins:\n* Cut two small circles out of the eggplant skin for the eye pupils.\n* Cut out arches for the eye lids and the outer parts of the ears.\n* Use very thin lines of eggplant skin to trace the mouth.\n* Don't forget to add white pepper seeds to the eyes to make them sparkle.\nStep 7: Now We're Done\nET VOILÀ! we can now enjoy our tasty peaceful lion as a healthy nutritional breakfast.", "36" ], [ "Old <PERSON> Had a Riddle\nIntroduction: Old <PERSON> Had a Riddle\nWhat is it?\nThis is my digital version of an old riddle. A Farmer needs to take a <PERSON>, a chicken and a sack of grain to the market. On the way he needs to cross a river in a small boat. In the boat there is only space for the farmer and 1 object a time. Without supervision, the Fox might eat the chicken or the chicken might eat the grain. How can the farmer get all items to the market? Depending on what country you are in, the version of the story might have different characters. In Holland we know it as the riddle of the farmer, wolf, goat and cabbage. What ever characters you use, the riddle is solved in the same way.\nWhy did you make it?\nMany years ago, I published a version of this riddle in the ELEKTOR Magazine based on a attiny. It was time for an upgrade with onboard sound and Pixelleds.\nWhat makes it special?\nApart from onboard pixelleds, this version is a generic Wav player.", "118" ], [ "You could use it to give sound to your arduino nano.\nSupplies\nYou'll need a PCB. You can buy or create your own pcb with the gerber files here:\nPCB Production Files\nYou can order a pcb without components at PCBWAY.com\nOr you can buy a pre-assembled version with all components here:\nBUY Pre-Assembled PCB\nYou will also need an SB Card to store the sound files.\nI Build a housing from acrylic panels that I cut using a laser cutter. The autocad file is available for download here:\nDownload AutoCAD file\nI assembled the panels with acrylic glue and I used spacers m3 bolts and nuts to mount the pcb in the housing\nOr you can choose to create your own housing.\nIf you are planning to make it portable, I 9V battery and a battery clip will come in handy.\nStep 1: Preparing the Front of the Housing\nAfter tapping m3 threat in the holes, I screwed in 4 plastic spacers and I carefully removed any plastic that sticks out on the other side of the front.\nPreparing the front Foil\nI printed the attached pdf file with a color printer and I use a laminating machine to plasticize it. The laminating foil I used has a self adhesive side so it's easy to stick it to the front plate of the housing\nNext, I cut out the print on the red line so it will fit on the housing.\nI used a scalpel knife to cut out all the bigger holes. The small holes for the speaker, I cut out using a punch tool.\nStep 2: The PCB\nYou'll need a PCB. You can buy or create your own pcb with the gerber files here:\nPCB Production Files\nYou can order a pcb without components at PCBWAY.com\nOr you can buy a pre-assembled version with all components here:\nBUY Pre-Assembled PCB\nIf you didn't buy a pre-assembled version, you will need to solder all the components according to the assembly drawing and the part list.\nHowever, the faster and easier way to go if ofcourse buying a pre-assembled version. In that case, All you need to add is an arduino NANO, a battery clip and a battery\nIf you are looking for the schematic, take a look at the attachment, It's pretty straight forward.\nStep 3: Assembling the Housing\nGlue all together, except the bottom plate.\nTake note of how I mounted the battery. I placed some rubber dots around the battery and I pasted some foam tape on the bottom plate to keep the battery from moving around and shorting out the electronics.\nIn my version, I extended the switches will small cilinders that I cut from 10mm Acrylic. I simply but carefully glued them on the top of the switches. For the remaining windows I used acrylic bars, also cut with a laser cutter, glued into place.\nStep 4: Uploading the Sketch ( Firmware )\nI used arduino IDE to upload the sketch.\nMake sure you select the right board, programmer and bootloader for this to work.\nI made a video that shows you the settings I used.\nStep 5: Preparing the SD Card\nYou need to format the SD Card and put all the wav files in the root directory.\nIf you want to replace the files with your own sounds, all you need to do is use the same file names and following this file format: 16 bit 16Khz sample rate MONO\nStep 6: Show and Tell\nDid you solve the riddle? It's not that hard just keep trying.\nI did a Video on this item here:", "996" ], [ "Mr. <PERSON>'s Teddy\nIntroduction: Mr. <PERSON>'s Teddy\nMr. <PERSON> has been a part of everyone's childhood. I loved watching Mr. <PERSON>, I enjoy it even now. The way he brings smile on countless faces without even uttering a word is admirable. I always wanted the teddy he carries around so I made the teddy with the materials I had at hand.\nSupplies\nA Brown piece of cloth\nChalk\nSewing machine\nThread\nNeedle\nCotton\nBlack socks\nBlack beads\nGlue\nScissors\nStep 1: Draw a Rough Sketch of Teddy on a Price of Brown Cloth\nTak a piece of brown cloth and fold it from between. Next draw the teddy on one side of the cloth using a piece of chalk.\nStep 2: Sewing\nSew along the drawn line using a sewing machine. Leave a side of the cloth unstitched in order to turn it inside out later.\nStep 3: Cutting and Turning Teddy Inside Out\nCut the cloth in a teddy shape one centimeter away from the stitches.", "879" ], [ "Now cut the edges near underarms, legs, neck and ears so that it doesn't curl up on turning it inside out.Then turn it inside out through the opening.\nStep 4: Stuffing It With Cotton and Stitching the Opening\nFill the teddy with cotton through the opening. Stuff it well. After that, stitch the opening using a needle and a brown thread from outside. Make sure to give it small stitches so that it is not visible from the outside. Big stitches might ruin the look of the teddy.\nStep 5: Making Teddy's Face\nTake a pair or black beads or button, whatever you have at hand and use it to make it's eyes. Stick the beads using glue. Next, to make it's nose, take a black socks, draw an oval shaped nose on the socks using a chalk. Now, cut the oval shape with scissor and stick it on the teddy's face using glue. In the end to highlight it's nose use a whitener. And our teddy is ready!!\nYou can make any character or stuff toy🧸using with different colored cloth using this method. Do try this in your free time💕.", "879" ], [ "Skateboard Rack\nIntroduction: Skateboard Rack\nHi, my name is <PERSON> and I am a high school student in Monterrey, Mexico. My brother has a skateboard which he always leaves laying around on the floor. I decided to make this small, sleek skateboard rack that he can hang on a wall to hold his skateboard. This project takes about 4-5 hours to make. It is difficult and you will need help from someone that is comfortable working on the project and using the tools.\nStep 1: Supplies\n1. Hacksaw\n2. Hand Saw\n3. Hammer\n4. Wood Chisel\n5. Tape Measure\n6. Drill\n7. Wood Paste\n8. Wood Paint\n9. String\n10.", "668" ], [ "Sand Paper\n11. Pencil\n12. Wood 27 1/2 inches long, 3 3/4 wide, 1 1/2 inch thick\nStep 2: Sanding the Wood\nSanding the wood is important, it not just cleans the surface but also makes it smoother and easier to work with.\nStep 3: Cover Up Any Wholes\nUse the wood paste to cover up any holes. You can use a card to apply it, but your finger works too.\nStep 4: Outline Your Measurements\nDraw the lines where you will cut the wood, I personally did a diagonal cut that ended at the middle. I used 4 inches of space in between cuts and made the cuts 1 3/4 inches long. So it would be 4 inches, cut 1 3/4 inches, then 4 inches again...\nStep 5: Cutting\nThis part is not just the longest, but the most difficult. Cutting diagonally is harder than expected. Make sure to be very careful, one mistake might ruin the entire project. I recommend using the Chisel, you could use a Drill but I don't recommend it since it's very unpredictable.\nStep 6: Sanding the Cut and Finishing Touches\nAfter cutting the wood, make sure to sand the cut. If any new wholes appear make sure to patch them up.\nStep 7: Make a Hole at the Top (Cut Pointing Down)\nMake a hole with the drill so you can hang it up later. You don't have to hang it, you could work on making legs for it but I think it looks better hung.\nStep 8: Coat Your Wood With Wood Paint\nThe Wood Paint will give the wood a fine look and also make it more durable and resistant. Make sure to coat every inch of the wood don't leave out any hidden spaces. It takes about a day and a half to two days to dry. Be careful with it, it does not come off.\nStep 9: Hanging the Rack\nCongratulations, you made it this far now it's time to hang it. Put a nail on the wall and hang it with a string.", "76" ] ]

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[ [ "Hermitcraft Diorama\nIntroduction: Hermitcraft Diorama\nHermitcraft is a Minecraft SMP (Survival Multi-Player) server, where a bunch of gaming content creators record themselves playing the game Minecraft together. I have been a Hermitcraft fan artist since season 8 of this series but I haven't done very much 3D work, so I thought it would be cool to make a model of one of the scenes in one of the hermit's videos. The current season of Hermitcraft (season 9) has a lot of neat images to model, but the scene I thought would be the most interesting is when RenDog (one of the hermits) finds the GigaCorp rocket thing in a mooshroom island.\nSupplies\nA computer\nTinkercad (but you could do this in Roblox Studio)\nReference pictures\nStep 1: Get References\nBefore I started I needed to know what the characters looked like, thankfully google images had some good pictures of <PERSON>'s minecraft skin and the Giga Pod. Sadly I could not find pictures of <PERSON>, so I just used my memory for them.\nStep 2: Rocket Base\nThe Giga Pod is really square so it was easy to get a nice shape that sort of looked similar. I used a dark grey rectangular prism for the middle bit, with details on the edges. The upper part of the rocket is made out of two cones with flat tops, looking back I could've just used one, but I don't really care.\nStep 3: Details\nFirst, the bottom part of the rocket was made the same way the top was, with two cones put together, but this time the angles of the cones are different. The words are made out of boxes, I didn't want to use the premade fonts because they didn't have the minecrafty feel the original font had.", "974" ], [ "The fins are just made of two wedges.\nStep 4: RenDog Rough Shapes\nI knew that I wanted <PERSON> to be looking at the rocket, but I intended him to have realistic proportions, turns out tinkercad is not good at that. So I did a blocky minecraft character instead.\nStep 5: Finishing Body Shape\nI noticed that the model was looking kind of weird with the disconnected arm, so I added some extra blocks to smooth it out.\nStep 6: Head\nI changed the color of the head and used some rectangular prisms to make the sunglasses and hair. It's nice that I didn't have to worry about eyes, because they usually make the character look weird or creepy.\nStep 7: Ears\nIt was annoying how long it took me to make a simple dog ear, the shape was the number 1 thing that kept getting me stuck. Eventually I found a good design with two long rectangular prisms the same color of his hair angled toward each other, and a thin, lighter colored prism connecting them.\nStep 8: Clothes/final Details\nThe hardest part of the clothing was the T-shirt sleeves and the shoes, because of how tinkercad works, when you scale an object that is rotated in any way it morphs the object, which could be useful but not what I wanted. Besides that, the rest was just rearranging and recoloring parts.\nStep 9: <PERSON> Base\nThis is an easy step to do, since <PERSON> has such a simple body shape. Really the only parts that I had problems with were their facial proportions.\nStep 10: Posing/final Details\nThe final details were simply adding some texture and that thing on <PERSON>'s head, I decided to pose them last because there was a lot of detail going into their design and as I learned with <PERSON>, Rotating objects before scaling them makes everything more painful. This is my favorite part of the model.\nStep 11: Landscape Base\nTo make it easier on myself, I made a border to where I can make the landscape, this is so I don't overwhelm myself and give me somewhere to build off of.\nStep 12: Block Out Landscape\nThis is where my landscape started to come together, I used some blocks to build some higher areas, leaving the middle open for the Giga Pod to sit, and making one corner super tall, so that <PERSON> and <PERSON> can get a good view of the rocket.\nStep 13: Landscape Details\nFirst of all, I changed the ground color to make it closer to the color of the mycelium block in Minecraft. I also made it so only the tops of the blocks had purple on them to make it more varied and interesting.", "987" ], [ "Cardboard Mini Combo Safe\nIntroduction: Cardboard Mini Combo Safe\nLocks and safes are very common in this modern world, when almost everything valuable needs to be kept secure. Obviously, cardboard isn't the best option as a holder for a very expensive item, but it can be cool to have. In this tutorial I will show both how a combination lock works and detail the steps I went through to make this cardboard \"prototype\".\nSupplies\nThe supplies for this project are definitely on the cheap side:\n-cardboard boxes (double corrugated is better for more strength)\n-standard printer paper\n-elmer's glue\n-hot glue sticks\n-pencil\n-cereal box\n-q-tips OR toothpicks\nOptional Supplies:\n-super glue (only needed if you want good durability)\n-resin (I didn't do this because of time and budget constraints)\nTools:\n-box knife\n-hot glue gun\n-pencil/pen/sharpie\nImportant note: If you want to make this out of wood, it would be be exactly the same process. Just swapping the cardboard with wood would be a great choice if you want extra strength. The only reason I chose cardboard was because I am on a budget and don't have much choice. You could also coat the cardboard in a few layers of resin to make it as hard as a rock.\nStep 1: Outer Shell\nThe outer layer is pretty easy to make. I started by cutting two 5''x5'' squares of cardboard. I then cut two 4.5''x5'' pieces and hot glued all four together. Try to be as neat as possible for a decent aesthetic later on. It is pretty self explanatory how these all go together.\nNext, cut four 4 1/4''x5'' squares. Later on, these will be lined upon the inside to double layer the whole box. However, I wouldn't do it yet because on one square you still need to cut a small section out that the bolt will rest in.\nStep 2: Combination Lock Mechanism\nThe standard design for combination locks revolve around discs. Basically, there will be three small circles, the discs, on a cylinder that are able to freely spin. On each disc there is a tooth that will meet up with the other disc when the dial is spun a few times. Each disc also has a notch in it. Only when all three notches are lined up can the lever fall into the notches and pull the bolt out. This video explains the whole mechanism in detail, although for my safe there are a few modifications.\nStep 3: Building the Lock\nYou'll want to start out by making the cylinder that the discs rotate upon. This is done by taking paper and wrapping it around a pencil with Elmer's glue.", "622" ], [ "Don't glue it to the pencil, but glue the paper so that it is a decently hard cylinder that the pencil can spin spin freely inside of. Next, cut out three circles from cardboard that are a bit over an inch in diameter. The measurements don't matter two much in this combination mechanism, just make sure it will fit in the final box. Punch holes in two of the circles that will allow them to slide onto the paper tube. You want a little bit of friction but not too much or it will hinder the ability for the discs to rotate. On the third disc, punch a hole the size of a pencil, which should be slightly smaller than the paper tube.\nNow add some teeth to the outer rim of each disc. Make sure it extrudes no more than 1/4''. Use the photos above for reference. In the end, when you rotate one disc, it should meet the teeth of the other discs until all three spin. Note that the middle disc should have two teeth, one on each side. Cut a notch into each disc with random placement so the combination will end up random.\nNow take some thin cardboard and cut it into strips 1/4'' wide and long enough to be wrapped around the paper tube. These are the sections that separate the discs seen in the pictures above. Slide two discs into place along the tube, 1/4'' apart, and glue the cardboard strips in between the discs to separate them and keep them in place. The third disc needs to be glued to a section of the pencil. The pencil should extend long enough to go through the wall in order to attach the main dial. In my reference pictures, the pencil is green.\nIf done correctly, spinning the end of the pencil, which is attached to one disc, will eventually spin every disc as the teeth meet up. You can now try lining up the notches.\nStep 4: Lever\nThis part is slightly difficult to get right. It takes a lot of trial and error to get the right shape. It is sort of like a more slanted 'L'.", "276" ], [ "Light Up Kaleidoscope\nIntroduction: Light Up Kaleidoscope\nFor my art project for my physical computing class, I decided to make a kaleidoscope. I had seen a version of this on the Adafruit learn guides page, and was inspired to create my own. I used two Pringles cans for the structure of the of the kaleidoscope and a Circuit Playground Bluefruit for the lights and sound. The example I had found used a different board, so I built the code from scratch, using techniques I have learned in this course. When the user turns the kaleidoscope in the left direction, it lights up in warm colors and plays a chime sound. A turn in the right direction causes it to light up in cool colors and play a laser sound. whereas a turn in the other direction causes the lights to be in cool colors.\nSupplies\n* Large Pringles tube\n* Small Pringles tube\n* Aluminum foil\n* Circuit Playground Bluefruit\n* Scissors\n* Paint\n* Tape\nStep 1: Code\nI began my project by building the code on Mu for the kaleidoscope. I created colors for the CPB and arranged them in a way that I liked.", "769" ], [ "I used the potentiometer to detect a movement, which would set of the colors. Then I downloaded some wav file sound effects that I thought would add a fun touch to the kaleidoscope.\nStep 2: Build the Structure\nAfter emptying both of the Pringles cans, I cut off the bottom of the larger tube. Then I cut four vertical slits into the smaller tube, starting from the top and cut in about and inch. The slits allow for easier insertion of the larger tube into the smaller. I cut a small hole in the bottom of the smaller tube so that the cord for the battery would fit. Next, I taped the CPB to the bottom of the short tube and connected it to the battery through the hole.\nStep 3: Inside\nAluminum foil is a good material that would reflect the light throughout the tube. I cut a piece of foil and arranged it in the large tube so that it had an overhang to extend to the smaller tube, then taped it.\nStep 4: Decoration\nFor the final part of the project, I decorated the outside of the kaleidoscope. I used black paint for the background, and added some stars and dots for a night sky look.\nStep 5: Final Project\nNow you're done! Feel free to customize this as much as you want. You can decorate the outside, use different colors, and sound, or whatever else you want!", "996" ], [ "Mini-copter Toy\nIntroduction: Mini-copter Toy\nThis instructable will teach you how to make, and more importantly, design your own mini-copter. The idea is very simple, our copter will fly by spinning up a propeller as fast as possible. To drive our helicopter propeller, we use a cord that you can pull to spin the stick to which the propellor is attached.\nIn this instructable, I'll show you the design process of the 3d printed propeller in Tinkercad. My ultimate goal is to reach the longest flight time. I'll try to explain some of my design ideas and concepts. With this information, you too are able to design your own mini-copter, and I challenge you to design an even better propeller and beat my flight-time record with it.\nSupplies\nIn order to make the mini-copter, you'll need:\n1. a cocktail pick\n2. a piece of cord\n3. gum (or glue)\n4. a 3d printer\n(Since most people don't own a 3D printer: You can also make this by cutting the propeller out of a carton. It requires a bit more creativity, but you can make it work!)\nStep 1: Designing: Propeller Middle\nThe middle of the propeller has to be attached to the rod after printing.\nIn tinkercad, we'll start with an empty new 3D design.\nThe first shape we add is a simple cylinder, which will be the middle of the mini-copter. The cylinder has to have a hole for the cocktail pick and has to be sturdy enough to hold all of the propeller blades\nI use a cylinder with a radius of 4mm (diameter = 8), and a height for the two of 8 mm.\nAfter The cylinder has been put in, you can select a hole in a cylindrical shape by selecting the grey cylinder. A hole Put it exactly in the middle, so there will be no imbalance. You can do this easily by switching to \"bottom view\" by clicking the cube in the top left of the screen.", "997" ], [ "The hole has a radius of 2mm (diameter = 4), and also a height of 8 mm.\nIn this part you want to have as little mass as possible, the heavier the middle is the faster the mini-copter will drop to the ground. So I recommend only make the middle as small as you absolutely have to.\nStep 2: Designing: the Propeller Blades\nNext up is the \"engine\" of the mini copter. The blades push the air downwards, and as a result, also push the minicopter upwards.\nI start by adding a cube in tinkercad, by decreasing the height and increasing the length you get a nice flat rectangle that will be an ideal start for a blade.\nMake sure the blade touches the middle by dragging the rectangle. Note that you don't have to worry the rectangle will cover up the hole you made for the cocktail pick, it will automatically make a hole in the rectangle aswell.\nThe next step is to determine a nice angle for the blade. The higher the angle, the better the blades push away the air. But if you lower the angle, the air resistance decreases and the minicopter can spin longer. I therefore choose an angle of 45 degrees.\nYou can easily apply the angle by clicking the cube in the top left, and view the blade from the side.\nStep 3: Designing: Adding All the Blades\nThe next step is to duplicate the blade, so you can have as many blades as you want. I choose 4 blades, which I think is a nice balance between construction strength, having enough blades to fly, and being light enough.\nYou can copy and paste the first blade you made. By tilting the copied blade to the desired angle, and dragging it to the correct place.\nMake sure to check if all blades are perfectly symmetrical by looking at your propeller from the bottom view. Otherwise the mini-copter will not fly stable.\nYou can try changing the number of blades, the angle, the length, width and the thickness of the blades.\nStep 4: Designing: the Propeller Ring\nIn order to make sure the propeller is less prone to breaking, and to make a sturdier connection, will add a tube around de blades.\nStart by selecting a tube from the shape menu. Place it exactly in the middle. By altering the radius and wall thickness you can place the ring at the right position.\nIn addition to construction strength, the ring also adds inertia to the mini-copter. The larger the inertia, the more energy the mini-copter has, and the slower the propeller will stop spinning. Making the ring heavier therefore could result in a larger flight time.", "636" ], [ "Rag Doll Decoration\nIntroduction: Rag Doll Decoration\nI was bored one day, and I just wanted to do a simple quick project. Even though it is spring time, I was thinking it would be cute to make some simple autumn decoration. This project was really fun since it was so simple, and I allowed myself to be sloppy and messy with the sewing because I felt like it added to the aesthetic.\nSupplies\n* Fabric\n* thread\n* rice or stuffing\n* buttons\n* low weight interfacing (optional)\nStep 1: Sketch Patterns\nFirst I sketched some simple patterns, you can make you're own or you can download the image above\nStep 2: Cut\nMy fabric was a bit thin and slippery, so I decided to iron on some low weight interfacing.Then I traced the pattern onto the interface, and cut out the pieces, I didn't add seam allowance to the pattern, so be aware of that while cutting.\nStep 3: Sew the Limbs\nPin and sew together the limb pieces, if you are using a sewing machine, make sure to go carefully and slowly around the curved parts. Then once it is sewed, turn the pieces inside out, it may be a little tricky, but I was eventually able to do it. Also, if needed, you can iron the limbs flat\nYou can also sew the head during this step and put it aside for later.\nStep 4: Stuff\nyou can use anything you'd like to fill your doll, but I used rice instead of stuffing to give my dolls a little bit more weight and make them more rag-ish. I kept the limbs a little bit under stuffed, and had some loose space so that I could sew the limbs close without braking my machine. Then I closed the limbs by doing a simple straight stitch over the opening.\nStep 5: Basting\nUsing a straight stitch, simply baste the limbs onto one of the body pieces, make sure while doing this to have the limb going over the body piece.\nStep 6: Sew the Body\nOnce all of the limbs are basted onto the body pieces, you're ready to sew the body pieces together.", "316" ], [ "It's a bit hard to explain what I did, but to sew them together I basically folded one limb over and pinned the body piece over it, then I sewed over the limb and stopped to re-adjusted the pinning and fold the other limbs in. When you get the last arm, it may be a bit tricky, but take the first arm and place it in the neck hole, and take the last arm, and fold it in. Remember to leave an opening at the top for the head.\nStep 7: Flip Inside Out\nAfter sewing the body, it should look almost like a pocket with one of the arms at the top. Pull the arm at the neck hole, and continue to turn it inside out. Once you're done, you can then fill the body with rice.\nStep 8: Sew the Head\nNext, if you haven't already, you can sew the head together. Then fill the head up with rice, I filled the entire head up with rice, then stitched the bottom up with a simple wip stitch.\nStep 9: Attach the Head\ntake the head and attach it to the body using a wip stitch\nStep 10: Add the Eyes\nI was running out of time so I hot glued button eyes on, but it would probably be better to sew them on. I finished the doll here, but you can add any details you want.\nStep 11: Finished\nNow you are done! This little rag doll looks perfect for simple decoration or just to have around!", "879" ], [ "Addams Family Spooky Mansion Cardboard Model - With Lights and Sound!\nIntroduction: Addams Family Spooky Mansion Cardboard Model - With Lights and Sound!\nMy inspiration for this model was the 1991 Addams Family movie house. The set designers drew their inspiration from <PERSON> original Addams Family cartoons, bringing the mansion to life in all its imposing and slightly derelict glory. To me it is iconic.\nThis model is made mostly from cardboard boxes and hot glue and decorated with acrylic paints. The lighting and sound effects are supplied by an Arduino-compatiable chip, programmable LEDs, and a small speaker.\nSupplies\nFor the model: corrugated cardboard, cereal boxes, paper, hot glue, Tacky Glue, PVA glue, acrylic paint, Mod-Podge, spray primer, milk cartons, laser butter (optional), XPS foam, Woodland Scenics ground cover supplies, sticks.\nFor the lights and sound: individually addressable RGB LEDs (we used a strip of WS2801 RGB LEDs), DFRobot mini MP3 player, SD Card, ESP-12F wifi-enabled arduino-compatible module, 5v/3v charging module, 18650 batteries.\nStep 1: Hoard Cardboard Boxes\nI'll start off by saying that this build took way more cardboard than I had expected. Not so much the structural, corrugated kind, but the cereal boxes I used for details. We were eating a lot of cereal in our house for a few weeks to make sure we had enough. I also used kitchen roll tubes, milk cartons (for the window panes), and a few other bits and bobs from the craft kit.\nStep 2: Start Building the Structure\nI did this totally by eye with no measurements whatsoever, but you may want to be a little more precise. If so, this 3D model by finfito is a great resource, and much easier to use than scanning through the movie on Netflix. But I did that as well because it's a great movie.\nI started cutting wall shapes from the corrugated boxes and hot glueing them together to form the main structure.", "997" ], [ "For my model, I wanted it to have quirky angles rather than be straight, so I went a bit nutty with the shapes.\nCutting the windows out was far easier with the walls in place than flat on a cutting mat, so I recommend that. The curved mansard roof was a little bit of a nightmare. I cut a bunch of supports with a curve in them, glued them along the top, and then laid over some thin cardstock in the nice curve you see in the images. Trimming the corners accurately was also a nightmare, but this area will be covered with shingles later, so it didn't have to be perfect.\nThe small curved roof areas over the bay windows and conservatory were sections of kitchen roll tubes, which was a lot easier to do!\nI only made three sides of the house. This is partly because you never see the back of the house in the movie, and the jury seems to be out on how that is laid out, but also partly because I wanted to leave the back as an access panel for the electronics inside.\nStep 3: Adding the Details\nOnce you have your basic shape, it's time to start on the weatherboard cladding, roofing, and other details.\nFor the weatherboards, I cut cereal boxes into strips about 1.5 cm wide and then hot glued them to the walls, starting at the bottom, and overlapping them by a few mm. It's a long process but satisfying to slowly cover the random mix of colours and branding of the structural card, plus it has the great benefit of covering up nasty edges. Cut the boards to the width needed, and don't worry about the small gaps at corners - once the walls are all covered with boards, you can hide the corners with trim. I cut 4 mm strips of card and tacky glued them along the corner edges, holding them in place for a few seconds to ensure a nice clean edge.\nFor areas where the corrugated card would still show (i.e. along the roof edges), I cut more 4 mm strips of cereal boxes, and carefully glued them along the ugly corrugated edges with tacky glue.\nThe two most complicated details of the house are the roof windows and the front door entryway. For the windows, I constructed little roofs and pillars out of some thicker card I had in my box graveyard, then cut into the curved roof where they needed to be, and glued them in place.\nFor the entryway, I build the steps with the corrugated card, edged with more 4 mm strips, and built up the stone wall in the same way.", "959" ], [ "Spider-Man Grappler\nIntroduction: Spider-Man Grappler\n<PERSON> is a fictional Marvel superhero who has the ability to shoot webs from his wrist and swing from them. As of right now or maybe ever, humans can't shoot webs from their wrists. I am recreating this by using a spring loaded device that shoots a 3D printed grappler with twine attached to it.\nSupplies\nThe first step to building anything is to gather your materials. In creating this I used a compression spring from an old Nerf gun, an old pizza box, round magnets and Poly Line (twine) that I ordered off amazon, super glue, duct tape, and 3D printed materials that I designed myself off of Onshape.com. Feel free to use any spray paint for color like I did on some parts.\nStep 1: Creating the Base\nWhen you cut out the base, make sure it can fit around your wrist with extra room for it to overlap. I also made a long piece that will act as a trigger that runs from about the center of my palm to the end of the base (make sure that the long piece is under the base).\nStep 2: Making the Trigger\nFrom the long piece in the last step, I cut off part of the end that will make the trigger easier to bend. This however didn't work out so I 3D printed a trigger that was too long so I cut it. When designing the piece, I suggest making the extruded piece at least 2 inches (otherwise it’s difficult to hold the piece that is going to be launched). From there I super glued a magnet on to the trigger that will help pull it back in place.\nStep 3: Finalizing the Trigger\nThe magnet on the trigger from the last step isn't shown but when you taper the trigger on to the long piece of cardboard, make sure that there is a magnet superglued on the trigger piece. Along with this, create a piece out of strong cardboard that goes from the edge of the ejecting piece of the trigger to a little over half way (displayed in the picture). Be sure to super glue a magnet on the edge of the cardboard and cut of any unnecessary parts as seen in the picture. Tape the long piece and trigger together and then tape that piece to the bottom of the base.", "997" ], [ "Make sure that the trigger starts around the beginning of your hand. Super glue the newly created piece of cardboard on top of the base and make sure that the magnets line up. I have strong magnets so that I can pull the trigger and afterwards the magnets will snap the piece back in place.\nStep 4: Reinforce the Spring\nNOTE: Never throw away any materials that can be reused.\nWhen I created the 3D printed trigger, I had an extra piece that I had to cut off. This piece fortuitously fit what I needed for the spring. I cut out a piece of the cardboard that was on top of the base so that the 3D printed piece could fit in it perfectly.\nStep 5: Installing the Spring\nIn this step, I cut a hole in the center of the 3D printed piece small enough that the spring would fit around it, and large enough so that twine can run through it. I super glued the compression spring on the 3D printed piece and then super glued the 3D printed piece into the cardboard hole.\nStep 6: 3D Printing the Grappler\nIn this part I used Onshape to design a grappling hook through 5 tools: center point circle, center point rectangle, 3 point arc, fillet and the extrude. To start the design, I used the 3 point arc and placed the first two points 6 inches apart and the third point is what defines the radius of the circle (I made it 3 inches). I created a second 3 point arc that connected the original points that are 6 inches apart but instead the radius is 1.977 inches. Then I extruded the figure 1 inch and used the fillet tool (0.5 inch) on all sharp corners that makes it look like a banana. Then, from the origin, I made a 0.5 inch center point circle and extruded it 2 inches so that it connected to the bottom middle of the hook. From there I used a center point rectangle (1.26 across and 1.721 down) and extruded it 1 inch with the symmetric and remove tools applied so that it removes part of the cylindrical piece. If you have a smaller spring, I suggest shortening the cylindrical piece even more.\nStep 7: Assembling the Grappler\nFor this part, I cut a piece of twine about 5 feet long and used duct tape to tape in to the center of the extruded piece on the hook.", "276" ], [ "Arduino Morse Code Writer\nIntroduction: Arduino Morse Code Writer\nI made a robot that can convert any given text into Morse code and then write it down!!\nIt's made out of cardboard and Lego and for the electronics I used Arduino and only two motors.\nSupplies\nArduino Uno board\nStepper motor\nMicro servo SG90\nULN2003 stepper motor driver module\nPower supply module\nBreadboard\n4× Jumper wires\n6× Female-to-Male dupont wires\n9V1A Adapter\nUSB cable\nCardboard\n2× Wooden dowels\n2× Springs\nStraw\nWhite paper\nLego\nSuper glue\nHot glue gun\nElastic band ( to make a pen holder)\nScissors\nCutter\nStep 1: Building the Base\nStart by building the base.\nMine is 4 studs wide and 20 studs long, after building one layer with those lengths, I built a one stud wide boarder around it leaving a gap on one side to leave space for the stepper motor, then I added tile pieces to the middle part where the paper strip will be. Using Lego made it very sturdy and easy to modify.\nTo make the paper roll, I cut strips of A4 paper 1.2cm wide ( I chose this width because it's the same width as the Lego wheel I used, you can make yours bigger or smaller depending on your wheel) and I glued their ends together to form one very long strip, then I wrapped it around the wheel.\nStep 2: The Servo Piece\nFor this step you need:\n* two wooden dowels 4cm long\n* two springs 2cm long\n* one straw cut to two pieces 2cm long each\n* one 12cm by 4cm piece of cardboard\n* two 4cm by 1.5cm pieces of cardboard\n* one 4cm by 2cm piece of cardboard\nFirst, glue the dowels to one of the 4 by 1.5 pieces, then insert the springs and the straws in the dowels, then glue the other cardboard piece on the other side to hold everything in place.\nSecond, glue the 4cm by 2cm piece on top of the straws.\nThird, flip the whole piece over and glue a small dowel to the back of it, not in the middle but slightly to the left. (I forgot to add the small dowel in the first picture)\nFinally, cut a hole in the big piece of cardboard the size of the front of the servo motor and glue the motor in, then glue the piece we just made with the dowels to the big piece so that when the servo moves, it pushes the small dowel down which in turn pushes the springs down too.\nI ended up cutting about 3cm from the bottom part of the 12cm by 4cm piece and gluing two more 4cm by 1.5cm pieces to it, then covering that with a 5.5cm by 4cm piece of cardboard.\nAnd to hold the marker I made a small loop of elastic band and glued it to a small piece of cardboard then I glued that to the 4cm by 2cm piece which will move down when the servo starts. These additions stopped the marker from moving from side to side when the springs come back up.\nStep 3: Adding the Servo Motor and the Paper Roll to the Base\nI added two more bricks to one side of the base to support the servo piece and I glued it in place.\nThen I added the wheel to the far end of the base.\nStep 4: Building the Stepper Motor Frame\nThis step was a bit of a challenge, because the motor wasn't made to fit with Lego perfectly.", "949" ], [ "However, I did manage to do it by using the two holes in the motor to secure it to in place. Next, I glued a Lego wheel to the tip of the motor and then I put it right next to the base on the side that I left open in step 1.\nStep 5: Finishing Touches\nI added two arc pieces to cover the wheel to fix the paper in place. And I added two smaller arc pieces one to hold the wires of the stepper motor and another one to hold the paper. Lastly, I changed the stepper motor wheel to a slightly bigger one that moved the paper better than the old wheel.\nStep 6: Electronics\nFinally, you have to connect the motors to the Arduino and upload the code.\nWe will start with the servo motor, connect the brown wire (the ground wire) to the GND pin, then the red wire (the power wire) to the 5V pin, and the orange wire(the signal wire) to the Dig #5 pin.", "259" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make a Greek Kopis From Recycled Steel\nIntroduction: How to Make a Greek Kopis From Recycled Steel\nThe Greek Kopis was a large, one-handed weapon used by the Greeks as a tool for cutting meat, ritual slaughter, and performing animal sacrifices. I found out about this blade while watching season 6 episode 9 of forged in fire. When I saw this episode, I immediately thought it would be very fun to make. The one thing holding me back though was my lack of skill and knife-making knowledge. I decided to try it though because I figured I could always reuse the steel I to make another knife if it was too difficult.\nIf your lack of skill or knowledge is preventing you from trying a project, just try it. The worst-case scenario is you just have to reuse the material for another project. Also, if you haven't made any knives before, I do encourage you to try it because they are surprisingly fun and satisfying to make. (ALWAYS always use safety gear while using power tools. For example, use ear protection for loud tools like angle grinders and sanders, and use eye protection and dust masks while grinding and sanding metal and wood.)\nI hope you enjoy this project!\nSupplies\nMaterials\nHigh carbon steel (main blade)\nAngle iron (guard)\nHandle material (handle)\nAmmo Can (Quench tank)\nCanola or Corn oil (for quenching)\n3/16 inch brass rod (handle)\n5 minute epoxy\nTools\nHandheld drill or drill press\n3/16 inch drill bit\nAngle Grinder\nCutting and Grinding Angle Grinder Disks\nBelt Sander\n40-120 grit sanding belts\nCharcoal or Propane Forge\nStep 1: Finding Harden-able Steel\nThis is The most important Step of knife making. The reason it is so important is that there are a lot of different types of steels, some of which are better for knife making than others. The steel that is best for making strong, durable knives, is high carbon steel. Mild steel, on the other hand, is not as strong, but is cheaper than high carbon, and is less work to make a knife with because it doesn't need to be quenched (I will explain quenching on step 4).\nThe most common way to determine if a piece of steel is mild or high carbon is by using a method called spark testing.", "34" ], [ "Spark testing is where you grind a piece of steel so it sends off sparks. Mild steel sparks are white, have small forks, and their length will vary more than that of high carbon steel. High carbon steel sparks have a bushy spark pattern (much forking) that starts at the grinding wheel.\nStep 2: Drawing Out the General Shape\nAfter you have chosen the steel that you want to use for your knife, I recommend drawing out the shape of the knife on a piece of paper or on the steel itself (Which I did in the picture above). The length of your Greek Kopis can range from 48 cm to 65 cm, although you should keep in mind that the longer your blade is, the heavier it will be. Also, the handle is something that I would always make too small when I first was starting to make knives. I usually make my knife handles 4-5 inches long. (You can use the cover photo as a guideline for the shape if you want, or you could just look up what a greek kopis looks like)\nStep 3: Grinding Out the Shape\nRemember to always use ear protection, eye protection, and a dust mask while working with metal.\nTo grind out the shape of the knife, I used an angle grinder with a cutting disk to follow the lines I had drawn on the steel during step 2. Remember to leave a small bit of extra material so you can smooth out any rough edges on the sander. Another reason to leave a small bit of extra material is in case you cut too far into the piece of steel on the angle grinder. If you don't have a belt sander, you can also use a grinding disk on the angle grinder to do the same thing as the belt sander.\nStep 4: Quenching\n(You can skip this step if you don't have access to a forge)\nThis is one of the most important parts of the knife making process. This step is important because it is where you put the strength into your blade. The way you quench is by heating the blade, then putting in in oil to cool it down quickly, hardening it. The Heat of the blade before your quench should be between 1050 and 1090 degrees Celsius, (1922 and 1994 degrees Fahrenheit)but if you can't measure the temperature, just heat it until it is a red to orange color.", "34" ], [ "How to Make an M-1 Astronaut Survival Knife\nIntroduction: How to Make an M-1 Astronaut Survival Knife\nOn season 6 episode 21 of forged in fire, the contestants had to make an m-1 astronaut survival knife to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing. When I saw that episode, I thought it would be fun to try and recreate one myself. I made this project to show more people how fun the hobby of knife making was, and hopefully encourage them to try it themselves.\nI hope you enjoy this project!\nSupplies\n15-17 inches of high carbon steel\nHandle material\n3/16 inch diameter brass rod\n5 minute epoxy\nQuench tank (optional)\nCanola or corn oil (optional)\nTools\nAngle Grinder\nBelt Sander\nPolishing and Grinding Belts\nGrinding and Cutting Grinder Disks\nDrill press or handheld drill with 3/16 inch drill bit\nPropane or Charcoal Forge (optional)\nSharpening Stone (optional)\nDrem\nStep 1: Finding the Right Steel\nBecause this knife was meant to be used for survival, it had to be strong and reliable. To make it strong, it had to be made from a certain kind of metal called high carbon steel. The reason it is important to use this kind of metal is because it is able to be hardened with a process called quenching, which I will explain on step 4.\nThe easiest way to test if a piece of steel is high carbon or not is by spark testing. Spark testing is where you use an angle grinder to make sparks on a piece of steel. If the sparks have a bushy pattern (much forking) that starts at the grinding wheel, then it is most likely high carbon steel. (If you only have mild steel, you can use that too, but your blade wont be as strong)\nStep 2: Drawing Out the Shape\nThis step is very important to me when I try to recreate certain types of swords and knives. It is important because if I don't do this, my knife usually will turn out not so great. I usually draw out the knife shape on a piece of paper first, and then draw out the shape on the piece of metal to use as a guideline while grinding and sanding.\nStep 3: Cutting and Grinding Out the Shape\nRemember to always use ear protection, eye protection, and a dust mask while working with metal.\nTo grind and cut out the shape, I used an angle grinder with a cutting disk and and a belt sander with different grit belts, from 40 grit for grinding up to 600 grit for polishing. After I had cut out the general shape with the angle grinder, I simply sanded the metal down until it matched the lines I had drawn.", "34" ], [ "Also, Drill the holes in the tang before the next step using a 3/16 inch drill bit. (drilling through hardened steel is nearly impossible to do.)\nStep 4: Quenching (optional)\n(You can skip this step if you don't have access to a forge)\nThis is one of the most important parts in the knife making process. This step is important because it is where you put the strength into your blade. The way you quench is by heating up your blade to between 1050 and 1090 degrees Celsius (1922 and 1994 degrees Fahrenheit). If you cant measure the temperature, just heat it up until it is a red to orange color. You can heat it up using a propane or charcoal forge, or use an oxyacetylene or propane torch for an edge quench (Advantages of an edge quench over a full-blade quench include making the blade less brittle, as well as the blade having a reduced risk of bending or cracking, but edge quenches are much more of a hassle.)\nThe material of your quench tank is also something you should take into consideration. Do not make your quench tank out of anything flammable like wood, or anything that could give off toxic fumes if exposed to heat, like PVC. The ideal kind of quench tank would be a ammo can, because it has a lid that can be closed if the oil catches fire, and it won't burn or give off toxic or harmful fumes if exposed to heat. (I recommend using corn oil to quench, because it smells better than other oils and is not toxic)\nStep 5: Making the Handle\nPicking a Handle Material\nPicking the right handle material while making a knife handle is very important. There are a lot of different types of handle materials to choose from. I usually use walnut because I think it looks good when you finish it, and it is also pretty strong. One of the best materials you can use though, is micarta because it is very strong and looks nice.", "34" ], [ "Handmade Walnut and Steel Ring\nIntroduction: Handmade Walnut and Steel Ring\nI decided to make this ring when I found some old hardwood scraps in a corner that I may or may not have liberated from the woodshop at my high school. I've tried my hand at creating rings of various sorts, but this has been my favorite because of its elegance and simplicity, as well as its far greater durability than purely wooden rings.\nSupplies\nBare minimum:\nAny Type of Hardwood\nCoarse, Round File\nSheet Metal (18-20 will do)\nSheet Metal Snips\nSaw (coping is best, but any will do in a pinch)\nVise/Clamp\nSolder/Heat (torch, soldering iron, etc.)\nSandpaper of Increasing Grit (I used 150 to 1500)\nDrill\nBits\nOptional:\nLacquer/Superglue/Oil (Finish)\nCost: Totally Free!\nIf your'e like me and hoard small scraps for some unknown future project, you're set for this! If not, you can go to Home Depot and snag a couple of hardwood floor samples, which are a great source of free hardwood and also happen to be a very good thickness for this project. There is no need to buy additional tools for this, since you can make do with practically anything you have.\nStep 1: Supplies\nBare minimum:\nAny Type of Hardwood\nCoarse, Round File\nSheet Metal (18-20 gauge will do)\nSheet Metal Snips\nSaw (coping is best, but any will do in a pinch)\nVise/Clamp\nSolder/Heat (torch, soldering iron, etc.)\nSandpaper of Increasing Grit (I used 150 to 1500)\nDrill\nBits\nOptional:\nLacquer/Superglue/Oil (Finish)\nRing Sizers\nRing Sizing Mandrel\nFlux (Very helpful)\nJewelry Mallet\nStep 2: Rough Cut and Shape Wood\nBegin by cutting a circle from your wood of choice (I used walnut). Make this significantly wider than the final ring, since you will lose material as you refine.\nNext, widen the hole in the middle to the point that you can get the file in. Begin filing until the hole is wide enough for the finger you will put the ring on, then stop.\nThe piece of wood I used was far thicker than I wanted the final product to be, so I cut it down to slightly wider than the final width of the ring.\nPro Tip: Wrap a piece of coarse sandpaper around a drill bit. Tape the inside edge lightly to the bit itself, so the paper doesn't slip. You can use this assembly to widen the inside of the ring faster and more accurately than with a file. Of course, if you have the correct size drillbit, this isn't necessary.\nStep 3: Cut and Shape Metal Lining\nCut a strip of your sheet metal a little wider than your ring and just long enough to perfectly fit your finger when bent into a perfect cylinder.", "582" ], [ "If you know your ring size, then you can use the attached chart to find the approximate length of your metal strip.\nForm the strip into a perfectly circular shape the exact size you want the final lining to be, but DO NOT SOLDER yet. bend the edges of the strip in so that the metal forms a D shape, so that the raw edges are aligned on the same plane. Apply flux and solder edges.\nIf you have a ring sizing mandrel, put the soldered loop on and hammer to a circular shape. I did not use a ring sizer for this project, instead I clamped a small piece of round stock that fit just inside the ring and hammered the loop round. Ideally you should use a small rubber mallet for this step, so you don't put dents in the finished shape.If you don't have anything like this, then you can place several layers of tape over the head of a claw hammer or a ball-peen hammer, which will achieve essentially the same effect. Your solder may split during this step, if it does, bend the ring back into the D shape and resolder. The purpose of this it to join the two ends snugly to each other, which makes a stronger solder join. Basically, the ends should meet each other like this || and not like this \\ /. The first is stronger because the solder joins the ends, but in the second you are relying on solder to fill the gap between the ends, and solder is much weaker than the steel itself.\nStep 4: Fit Metal Lining to Wood\nTake your nicely rounded metal strip, and begin VERY CAREFULLY sanding the inside of the wooden section to fit snugly around the metal ring.", "981" ], [ "Brass Cufflinks\nIntroduction: Brass Cufflinks\nFirst of all: sorry for my english, I'm not a native speaker.\nI made these cufflinks for my brothers 18th birthday this summer. Brass is probably not the best material due to the fact that it oxidates fast and turns dark. However, it was the only material available to me at that time. The Inlays are white soapstone though other material can be used (as with the brass ;))\nSupplies\ntools:\n* lathe\n* small Files (flat and roud, I used watchmaker tools)\n* sandpaper\n* saw\n* M3 tap and thread cutter\n* drill bits(Ø2,4mm, Ø1,2mm, Ø1,3mm)\n* glue (I used two part epoxy)\nsupplies:\n* brass rods (Ø16mm, Ø6mm, Ø1,2mm)\n* two small pieces of brass, each about 5mm x 18mm x 3mm\n* two small pieces of white soapstone (or something else) for the inlays\nStep 1: Turning the Heads\nI started with turning the heads of the cufflinks. It is basicaly a small disc with a threaded hole in the middle and a rim for the inlay. You can take the measurements (in mm) from the scetch above.\nStep 2: Turning the Stem\nFor the stem I first turned the final diameter and the part for the thread. After finishing this I turned the piece arround, cutted the stem to its final length and rounded the end of. Then I drilled a hole (Ø1,2mm) at the marked position (see the drawing above), sawed the slit and filed it according to the measurements.\nStep 3: Connecting Stem and Head\nThis step is fairly easy. I just screwed the head on the stem.", "582" ], [ "After that I put both back into the lathe and planed the base of the head, where the inlay sits. You can also solder the two parts together but if you have a tight fit on the tread you can leave it as it is.\nStep 4: The Cross Bit\nThe last major part of the cufflink is the cross bit (I have no clue what the actual name of this piece is). I did mine from a small brass strip, rounded the edges of and added a 1,3mm hole in the center.\nStep 5: Assembling the Metal Parts\nNow that all the brass parts are completed you can assemble them. For this I cutted two small pieces from a 1,2mm brass rod and riveted the cross bit to the stem. The cross part should still be able to move relatively free. File the ends of the pins even with the stem and finish the cufflinks with fine sandpaper. You can also polish them, but i liked how the surface looked after this step.\nStep 6: The Inlay\nYou can use basically anything for the inlay, as long as you are able to work with it. It is a 1,25mm high disc with a diameter of 12mm. Depending on how exact you worked on the head, you might have to adjust these measurements to achieve a perfect fit. Glue them in place with two part epoxy glue and you are done!\nCongrats on your new cufflinks!", "276" ], [ "How to Make a Wood Carved Clock\nIntroduction: How to Make a Wood Carved Clock\nIn this Instructable I will be making a wood carved clock, with a wood spirit's (also known as an old man of the woods) face.\nSome wood carving terminology I will be using:\nA Carving burr - This is the bit that goes in the end of your rotary tool, that actually carves away the wood. There are lots of different brands, but I recommend Kutzall burrs.\nFeathering away - This means if you have cut a valley in the wood, you smooth out the transition from the valley to flat wood.\nIn the first steps I kept the carving as one large log, but if you want to cut a slab to carve straight away, skip to step 6, and then back to step 1.\nSupplies\nTools:\n* A rotary tool, sometimes known as a Dremel.\n* Carving bits/burrs.\n* A drill and drill bit.\n* Orbital sander (optional, but makes sanding much faster), or sandpaper.\nOther supplies:\n* A log or piece of wood.\n* A pencil or pen.\n* Clock module - these can be purchased off an online website like Amazon or e-bay.\n* Epoxy (this is optional, but can be useful for filling cracks).\n* Varnish (this is optional, but it makes the finished carving look much more glossy).\nStep 1: Selecting a Log\nThere will probably be lots of spare wood around you if you or someone you know has a firewood store, or you could carve a piece of store bought wood if you wanted.\nI selected a log that was fairly circular and was a relatively soft type of wood.\nI sanded the top of the log down a bit with an orbital sander, this is an optional step, but makes drawing on the design easier.\nStep 2: Drawing the Base Design\nFirst mark the approximate centre of the log, and then find the direct line across the log that splits the log into two equal parts, or as near as possible to it. This means that the face will not look lop-sided due to the shape of the log.\nMark the place you want your mouth to be, which is where the clock will be coming out of, and place the centre of the clock over this spot. Draw around the outside of the clock module, this is the area that will be recessed out from behind, so you will not be able to carve too deep in this area, or else you will penetrate through and create a hole.\nDraw a line where the eyebrows will go, the eyes will be underneath this line.\nNext draw a line where the base of the nose will be, in the next step we will draw the nose.\nThe eyes will be drawn on later, when the rest of the carving is started, to make it easier to plan out what the eyes are going to look like relative to the whole face.\nStep 3: Drawing the Moustache and Nose\nDraw the outside of the nose by drawing diagonal lines to create two triangles, one on each side of the nose.", "431" ], [ "Now do the same thing but upside down, joining the lines up with other ones.\nFor the moustache, draw two sweeping lines, starting from the bottom of the nose and the top of the mouth and joining them up further down the face to create a moustache. Repeat this process for the other side and tweak the lines and change them until they look even. This is why you draw the lines with a pencil, to allow for changes.\nIf you cannot get the moustache to look even, you can trace one half like I did. If you draw one half of the moustache, it is fairly simple to trace it on to the other half, and bear in mind that you can adjust the moustache while you are carving.\nStep 4: Carving the Outline of the Eyes and Nose\nTo carve the outline of the eyes and nose you carve around the outside of the lines we drew for the nose and carve below the line that we drew for the eyebrows.\nAt the moment you are just carving a valley in the wood, you can take a few passes to get the depth right if you need to, gradually getting deeper and deeper into the wood.\nThe next step is to 'feather away' the wood, by holding the carving burr at an angle to the wood, this will smooth out the transition from the valley to flat wood.\nFeather away the wood that is on the outside of the valley you just carved, this will raise the nose out of the face and carve the eyes deeper.\nStep 5: Carving the Outline of the Moustache\nTo carve the outline of the moustache you repeat the steps for the eyes and nose.", "36" ], [ "Worlds Simplest Drill Bit Sharpener\nIntroduction: Worlds Simplest Drill Bit Sharpener\nDo you want to give your old dull bits another life? Then I suggest to take a look at this instructable.\nStep 1: Simple Design\nAs the title suggests, it's going to be a very simple build. You will need an extension nut and a matching bolt; obviously the bigger the nut, the bigger the bits you can fit in there. If you are after something more advanced, take a look at my other drill bit sharpener.\nStep 2: Drilling the Nut\nBefore start drilling and marking. You need to create a flat surface on one edge of the nut. Then you can start by drilling three different sizes of holes in a way that half of the smaller holes are overlapped by the bigger holes.\nStep 3: Filing\nI used a triangular file to make the shape of these overlapped holes become like a drop, this simple drop shape later will help to centralize different sizes of bits automatically.", "431" ], [ "Just remember the bolt should be on the bottom of the drop.\nStep 4: Sharpening\nTo use this jig, you have to insert your bit into the drop-shaped hole from the flattened surface we created, and the bit's tip will be out from the other side just a bit enough to be ground. Make sure the center line in the middle of the bit is aligned with the nuts edge, and then tighten the bolt to secure the bit. Then, start grinding the two sides of the tip gently without grinding the nut.\nIf you liked this project, make sure to check the advanced version here too.\nIf you have any questions or suggestions for me, please leave a comment I will reply as soon as I can. I hope you enjoyed this Instructable. You can also check the video tutorial of this project by clicking on the video, which is located at the top of this page. Please feel free to ask any questions in the comment section below, and\nalso, you can check my YouTube channel for more projects like this.", "438" ], [ "Water Mill From Tree Branches\nIntroduction: Water Mill From Tree Branches\nWhen I was young, I used to go hiking with my grandparents and cousins a lot. One thing almost all trips had in common was water. Why? The answer is watermills. The easiest way to convince us to go hiking was a promise of building a watermill. No matter if we were close to a river or a creek, we built dams to direct water and placed mills into the stream.\nBack then we weren't allowed to make the watermills ourselves because we were \"too young to use knives\" but some 10 years after our last trip I am writing this Instructable to share my skills with you. All you will need is a knife (a pocket knife with a saw is even better), the rest can be found in nature.\nEnough intro, here is how you make one:\nStep 1: Making the Shaft\nYou will need to cut about 25 cm (10\") piece of branch around 1.5 cm (3/8\") thick. Make sure to find a piece that is as straight as possible as that will enable your watermill to spin more smoothly. Branch has to be fresh.\nNow cut all the way through the branch in the middle (images 2 and 3). You can do that by carefully wiggling knife up and down or, as I did, tap the back of your knife with a rock (or a piece of wood). You might want to ask a friend to hold the stick steady while you tap the knife (be careful not to cut his fingers off accidentally!). No matter what you do don't try doing this step in your lap . Find yourself a tree stump or do it on the dirt. Once you cut through, you need to twist your knife to open up the crack. You want it to be 2 to 3 times as wide as your paddles.\nNow you need to repeat the process two more times so that paddles will be spaced evenly (eyeball it to 60°).\nMake sure you cut through the centre. Cutting off centre will make your watermill's paddles stand crooked.\nLast step is to peel the bark where you want your mill to be supported.", "34" ], [ "This reduces friction and lets your watermill to spin faster. Scoring the bark with a knife will help you get straight lines.\nStep 2: Preparing Wood for Paddles\nIf you are building your mill near populated areas, you are likely to find some old broken planks. If so, I recommend you to make the paddles out of them. Otherwise you will need to find find a branch (preferably dry as it splits more easily), around 5 cm (2\") in diameter and saw off a chunk 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6\") long. Split it twice across it's center and proceed to cut slabs from outside inwards (image 3). Once you assess that slabs are becoming too narrow, proceed to splitting next quarter. Slabs should be 1 to 2 mm (3 to 5/64\") thick.\nYou can try cutting slabs from another direction but I have found that cutting slabs from quarters yields best results (fewest ruined slabs).\nDon't think splitting dried wood will be as easy as simply pressing on it with a sharp knife. You will have to help yourself with a rock or a reasonably sized branch, if you are afraid of damaging your knife. Start the cut by tapping back of your knife above the wood and once you sink your blade entirely inside the wood, proceed by tapping next to the wood.\nOne tiny trick to speed this step up is to prepare paddles in advance. Making paddles at home with a bandsaw could also be considered safer alternative to fiddling with a knife.\nStep 3: Cut to Length\nYou will find that a lot of your paddles are different in length and/or go thin towards the end. For use in a watermill that is a problem and therefore you need to cut them to length. Determine the shortest (usable) paddle and tidy it up, then use it as a reference to cut the others to length.\nOnce all paddles are cut to length, you have to thin them on one side to make it easier to insert the paddles into the shaft (image 3) and that's it!\nStep 4: Time to Assamble\nInsert paddles with the sharpened side forward in notches in shaft. If you are having trouble sticking them in, you can insert knife in the notch near it's end and twist it gently. This should open up the notch and let you insert the paddle more easily.\nStep 5: Support Structure\nThe last thing you need is two pieces of Y branches for your mill to rest on, as seen in the photo above. They can be fresh or dried - whichever you happen to come across first. In my experience, stripping bark from fresh twigs makes the watermill spin slower.", "34" ], [ "Retro Mason Jar Nightstand Lamp\nIntroduction: Retro Mason Jar Nightstand Lamp\nThis is one beautiful piece that will look great in your home. Moreover, its super easy to build and you can buy almost all the parts at your local thrift shop and home improvement store!\nSupplies\n* Old Lamp\n* Large Wide Mouth Mason Jar With Lid\n* Retro Style Light Bulb\n* (3x) 5\" x 3/4\" Metal Pipe Pre-Threaded\n* (2x) 45 Degree Metal Angle Pieces 3/4\"\n* (1x) 90 Degree Metal Angle Piece 3/4\"\n* Scrap Piece of 2x8 Board around 12\" long\n* Switch\n* Stain\n* Spray Paint\nTools:\n* Scissors\n* Soldering Iron\n* Drill With Bits\n* Handsaw or Tablesaw\n* Chisel\n* Wire Strippers\nStep 1: Take Apart the Lamp\nMAKE SURE YOUR LAMP IS UNPLUGGED.\nAC CURRENT IS VERY VERY DANGEROUS.\nWith the Lamp I used, I cut the wire at both sides of the pre-existing switch since I will be adding my own Switch. Next I unscrewed all the parts holding my lamp together in order to leave just the head (where you screw in the light bulb) and the cable attached to it. It will vary from every lamp stand so make sure to preserve the head of the light as well as the cable coming from it, and you should be good to go.\nStep 2: Assemble the Metal Frame\nGrab the: (3x) 5\" x 3/4\" metal tubes that are pre-threaded and attach them together using the (2x) 45 degree angles and the one 90 degree angle on the end (See picture above).\nStep 3: Build the Bulb Cover\nUsing the lid of the Mason jar, we cut a hole in the middle of it. Make sure it is the same size as the head of the lamp where you put the light bulb in (See picture above). The metal plate on the top of the jar is thin enough to cut with scissors, just make sure that there are some little pre drilled holes that way you have a starting point for when you cut. After cutting out the hole, place the head of the lamp in the hole and either glue it in place or tighten with the nut. Some lamps will have a nut while others won't. If yours doesn't have a nut then glue it into the inside of the lamp, that way the glue will be hidden. Make sure to spray paint it if you would like to before gluing it in. Otherwise good luck getting it out!\nStep 4: Cutting and Forming the Base\nFor the Base of the Lamp, I used a 2x8 Board scrap. You can find these for free in trashes of worksites or other places like that. Take it home and cut it to size. It is easier to do with a table saw but it is possible to be done with a handsaw.", "56" ], [ "I cut mine into a piece that was 12\" x 6.5\" and kept the stock thickness the same. Using my table saw, I also cut bevels into the sides of the base to make it more visually appealing.\nThe Next part of this step involves cutting the hole for the switch, and the hole for the metal frame to fit into.\nFirst I put a 1\" Drill bit on the end of the drill and made a hole at about a 30 degree angle. Doing so would give me the desired look from the lamp stand. Afterwards, drill a 1/4\" hole coming through the back into the bottom of the bigger hole. After this I stated to mark and cut out the hole for the switch. If you take your time, it is possible to do this without drilling a hole through the whole piece. Lastly, drill a hole from both sides that way you can run your cables from the power socket and the bulb into the compartment for the switch (See picture above).\nStep 5: Painting and Staining\nThis step is purely subjective. What that means is that you can paint or stain it however you like. I am going to be both painting the metal and staining the wood. I will also put a finish coat over the wood and show you exactly how I do both methods.\nStaining the wood:\nTo Stain the wood all you have to do is get your desired color and grab an old t-shirt or rag. It is important to make sure the surface has been sanded smooth because splintered or rough wood may rip the rag. After you surface is clear of dust and is smooth, soak the rag in the stain. Slather it all over the wood allowing it to soak in. The longer it soaks, the darker it gets (THIS IS IMPORTANT). Once you get to your desired color, let it dry overnight.", "959" ] ]

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[ [ "Cheat Resin Art With Two-Part Epoxy Glue\nIntroduction: Cheat Resin Art With Two-Part Epoxy Glue\nResin art has been popular for a few years now. Epoxy resin is more accessible, more affordable and there are so many people involved, that any question you might have can be answered within minutes. It's great, but if you really want to commit to that hobby, you will have to do a lot of research and test different brands of resin available in your country.\nI used two different brands in the past and I wasn't happy with them at all. One brand had a distinctive chemical smell that lingered for 2 weeks, another one took nearly a week to dry. It was just for experiments, I gave up after that and haven't touched clear resin since. Small quantities of resin cost an arm and a leg, it makes more sense to buy it in bulk. So, it can be really annoying if you buy large quantity of unsuitable resin and are forced to throw it out.\nI wanted to encase a small picture in clear resin and since I required 35ml to cover the whole thing, it made no sense to buy 250ml for 26$. I began experimenting with cheap two-part epoxy glue and I came up with an idea on how to use it instead of resin to glaze small projects.\nThis project only makes sense if you want to cut costs and your picture isn't bigger that 10x10inches. Anything bigger will require more epoxy and at that point it will make more sense to buy regular resin.\nIn my instructable I'm using two-part epoxy glue syringes (25ml each) used for gluing plastic, wood, metal and ceramics. I got it at a DIY shop for £1.99 per syringe (that's £8 for 100ml epoxy).\nThis method can be used to coat pictures, create coasters, preserve special mementos like your child's first attempt at writing, ultrasound photos or small paintings.\nSupplies\n* board, sheet, plywood or canvas; no bigger than 10x10inches\n* posters, postcards, pictures, print-outs\n* Mod Podge or PVA glue; brushes\n* two-part epoxy glue syringes (clear in colour and NOT quick setting)\n* acetone or gel polish remover\n* scissors, craft knife, disposable gloves, cups, stirring sticks,\nStep 1: Medium Preparation\nSince this is a small project, I used thin MDF and hardboard sheets (some of them from old picture frames), plywood offcuts, plywood crafting boards.", "74" ], [ "Basically anything that can be cut with scissors, craft knives or Dremel without creating much of a fuss.\nFor the doughnut and pepper, I printed those two drawings, cut them out and outlined them on the thin MDF sheets. I drew a 4-6mm boarder around that outline and I cut the shape out using Dremel.\nNext, I applied a layer of Mod Podge to seal the boards and painted them with white acrylic paint.\nStep 2: Painting\nSince I'm not an artist and can't draw (or paint) to save my life, I usually decoupage pictures, posters and printed designs, but I tried my hand at pepper painting this time to see how acrylic paint layers will look like underneath a layer of epoxy. Once it's dry, everything underneath will be a little bit magnified, so every mistake will be visible. However, the good news is that resin will smooth all uneven and thick layers and visible brush strokes.\nStep 3: Decoupage\nWhen it comes to decoupage, using pictures and thick posters is pretty simple. However, using regular printer paper might be a bit problematic, so you should perform tests beforehand. For example- once decoupaged, some pictures lose their vivid colours, in which case you should print the design with more vibrant colours to allow for any loses. Best way to perform those tests is to simply decoupage samples at the back of the boards and adjust accordingly.\nDecoupage is very easy. Cut the print-outs (or pictures/posters, postcards) out, apply a layer of Mod Podge to the board, place the design on top and smooth all bubbles, cover with a layer of Mod Podge and leave to dry.\nStep 4: Paint Boarders\nWhenever possible, I like to paint the boarders black to make the designs pop. Use a marker or black acrylic paint.\nYou can also use markers to add details or colours after Mod Podge has dried. Take a look at the fourth picture. Once decoupage dried I wasn't happy with the colours, it was too washed up, so I used pink and red markers to add some more colour to the hair and lips.", "1013" ], [ "Make Cement Terrazzo With Leftover Resin\nIntroduction: Make Cement Terrazzo With Leftover Resin\nTerrazzo objects made with colourful chips are traditionally made using jesmonite, but I'm going to show you how to fake it and use resin instead. It's a fun project for people who work with casting resin a lot and want to utilize ANY leftovers.\nI've been doing a lot of projects involving casting and every time I mix a new batch of resin, I have to mix 5-10% more than needed just to be on a safe side. In the end, I have a small amount left in the cup and absolutely nothing do with it. I started adding pigments to these leftover mixtures, pouring them out onto a flat surface and letting them cure. I've been collecting them for weeks and finally have enough to use in this project.\nSupplies\n* Resin and pigments (polyurethane or epoxy resin)\n* Small sheet of cellophane\n* Disposable cups and stirrers\n* Kitchen scale\n* Cutting pliers, hammer (optional, depends on the thickness of resin)\n* Plastic or sillicone mould\n* Glue gun (optional)\n* Lubricant\n* White or grey cement\n* Cement pigments (optional)\n* Sanding paper (various coarseness)\n* Spray-on gloss varnish\nStep 1: Resin Pour\nMeasure part A and part B in separate containers, add them together and colour the mixture. Pour the resin onto a sheet of cellophane and spread it out to 2-4 mm thickness. Don't pour it onto wrinkled plastic sheet or clingfilm, because the end result won't be smooth (see pic 3, resin poured over clingfilm)\nStep 2: Cured Resin\nOnce resin is cured you can crumble it into smaller pieces. I used a hammer for some of the resin pieces, some of them were too thin for a hammer and I had to use cutting pliers and/or crumble them by hand. I made the pieces on a small side because my tray had a very thin lip and I wanted to make sure they will be able to access all tight spaces.\nStep 3: Mould\nMy moulds were 3d printed and needed some clean up before I could proceed.", "74" ], [ "Pentagon moulds had to be glued to a flat surface with a glue gun since I printed them without a bottom.\nI used WD-40 and a brush to lubricate my moulds.\nStep 4: Cement\nI used water to measure the volume of each mould in order to prepare correct amount of cement and correct amount of resin chips. I used a ratio of 5 parts mixed cement to 1 part resin chips.\nI mixed dry, grey cement with black pigment and added just enough water to create a thick paste. I then added my resin chips, mixed it really well and poured half into the mould. I had to pound and drop the mould onto the countertop a few times to make sure all air bubbles raised to the surface and cement mixture got into all those tight spaces. Added more cement and used a plastic ruler to smooth and level out the surface. I left it to dry for 12 hours before I unmoulded it.\nI did the same with pentagon coasters, except I used white cement.\nStep 5: Unmoulding\nBefore you unmould, use a craft knife and very coarse sanding paper to level the back of the tray. It will be easier to do it at this point because you will have the mould walls to guide you. Gently unmould in case not all parts are dry yet and, if needed, leave it to dry further for a few hours.\nAt this point terrazzo chips won't be visible, your objects will look like they are just solid cement.\nStep 6: Sanding\nUse a combination of different sanding paper grits (40-240) to reveal resin chips. Seal with a spray-on varnish.\nStep 7: Finished", "254" ], [ "Stain Your Wood Purple Using Red Cabbage\nIntroduction: Stain Your Wood Purple Using Red Cabbage\nDIY-ing and crafting is a great hobby and stress reliever for me, but I'm not set on one particular medium and tend to jump from woodworking to 3D printing to sewing an so on... It's all fun until you sit down and calculate how much money you actually spend on supplies that only get used once or twice. I have cans and jars filled with specialised varnishes, paints, waxes that are slowly drying out because I only needed a little bit for my project , but had to buy a quarter gallon. I like to experiment with home made concoctions whenever possible to cut the costs and possibly come up with new uses for certain products.\nMy newest project focused on home made wood stain, specifically purple dye I needed to stain a wooden chest. Before I used cabbage, I tried staining my wood with diluted food dye and acrylic paint, but final effect wasn't too impressive. Food dye was the worst, no matter what brand I used, I ended up with indigo instead of purple. Out of desperation, I decided to use red cabbage which, if you remember from chemistry lessons, has the ability to change colour. That turned out to be an additional bonus, because I was able to play with it and create different colours I might use in the future.\nSupplies\nYou will need:\n* Red cabbage\n* Juicer or food processor with a grating plate\n* Strainer / sieve\n* Cheese cloth\n* Disposable gloves\nCabbage is not a particularly juicy vegetable, but even without a juicer you will be able to squeeze 1/4 cup of raw juice from a small cabbage. 1/4 cup allowed me to cover about 6 sq. ft of wood (only one layer), so if you have a bigger project in mind, you will need a bigger cabbage.\nUse disposable gloves or even rubber kitchen gloves while working with cabbage. It will stain your hands.", "74" ], [ "It's relatively easy to clean the skin with a bit of soap and a brush, but that juice stains cuticles and gets under the nails, and is very difficult to wash off. I tried everything to clean my fingernails and nothing worked, so for two days my fingers looked like I just escaped the morgue.\nStep 1: Extract the Juice\n* Grate the cabbage in a food processor and transfer (few tablespoons at the time!) to a fine sieve.\n* Push the cabbage with the back of your spoon until there is no more juice left to extract and repeat that process with remaining cabbage.\n* You will be left with a foamy liquid and possibly few stray bits of cabbage. Run that liquid through a cheese cloth or a disposable kitchen towel to purify it.\n* Your cabbage juice is now pure and foam-free. Transfer into a jar and keep in the fridge until needed.\n* You can keep it in a fridge for a few days, but after that it will succumb to mould, so finish your project as soon as possible.\nRed cabbage is used to dye fabric and there are a lot of Instructables and YouTube videos that show you how to do it. Most of them recommend chopping the cabbage and boiling it until all colour leaches into the water. I don't recommend this method, unless you want your house to smell for days. Grating the cabbage and extracting raw juice is quicker, relatively smell-free and final product is more concentrated.\nStep 2: Painting\nUse a regular paintbrush to apply the liquid all over unvarnished wood or plywood. Leave it to dry naturally, don't wipe the excess off. It will be wet and nicely saturated at first, but as it dries, the colour will become more subdued. Second layer of juice, once dry, will give the wood more vibrant colour.\nIf you are not sure about the final result, test it on an offcut to determine how many layers will be needed and how saturated the colour will be once dry. Different woods produce different results and need different number of layers.\nYou can apply clear varnish once everything is dry completely (2-4hours).\nStep 3: Wood Filler?\nFor anyone interested in using the juice over wood filler- this is what happens. White filler turned grey and no matter how many layers of juice I painted over it, it wouldn't blend in.\nStep 4: Experimenting With PH and Different Colours\nYou can experiment with your cabbage juice by adding different quantities of acid (lemon juice/vinegar), which turns the cabbage juice pink-ish, or adding alkali (bicarb of soda/soap/bleach) which turns it blue-green.\nStep 5: Wet V Dry - Different Results\nYou can see from the pictures that wet and dry stripes look completely different.", "994" ], [ "Strawberry Flower Pot Sculpted With Air Dry Clay\nIntroduction: Strawberry Flower Pot Sculpted With Air Dry Clay\nThis fun strawberry flower pot can be used by fruit lovers to display plants, hold pens or brushes. Made with widely available air dry clay, there is no need to use a kiln. It is painted and varnished with regular art supplies and sculpted mainly with hands and homemade tools.\nI made several of these planters over the year. Each time I sculpted it in one sitting, I listened to tips from sculptors and used fillers to reduce the overall weight of the sculpture. However, I always ended up with one major problem - wobbling. The main reason being the structure was too heavy at the top and too light at the bottom. To overcome this I finally started sculpting it \"the wrong way\" by adding fresh clay on top of dried one. In most cases, when working with air dry clay you can't connect wet clay with dry clay because it shrinks as it dries and newly added pieces simply pop off. In this case however, it wasn't a problem because I used clay slip to connect wet and dry pieces and new, wet clay was wrapped around dry clay, so there was no way it could have popped off. I started using this method to pay special attention to the bottom of the planter to make sure it was level. I took additional 3 days to add layer after layer of clay circles to create a tapered bottom and made sure to let it dry upside down. Once I counteracted the heavy weight of the top part with a large amount of clay at the bottom, I removed the wobbling problem completely. I also realise that I could have made the strawberry with less tapered bottom, but I was dead set on making a sculpture as closely resembling a whole strawberry as possible.\nYou will need:\n* 1kg DAS white modelling clay (I used the entire pack)\n* Tools - If you don’t have specialised sculpting tools, don’t fret, you can always improvise. Use bamboo chopsticks, disposable cutlery, popsicle sticks.", "994" ], [ "For a dotting tool you can use a bead and skewer it with a sharpened chopstick. You will also need a rolling pin, but you can use an unopened can, glass bottle or a plastic pipe.\n* Plastic cup, cling film\n* Scalpel, craft knife\n* Old or disposable brush\n* Fine sand paper\n* Red and yellow acrylic, enamel or spray-on paint\n* Gloss varnish\n* Fast acting, two part epoxy syringe (30ml)\n* 3x6 mm rhinestones for seeds\nStep 1: Plastic Cup & Clay Slip\nI made this planter with a specific plant in mind, so I had to make sure it will fit once finished. To create a hole, I used a cup slightly larger and about 2cm taller than the planter and that’s done on purpose, so that the strawberry pot can be left to dry upside down. I marked that 2cm overhang with a sharpie so I wouldn't forget.\nYou don’t want to use a cup that’s too rigid, as you might have problems removing it from the strawberry once the clay sets. My cup was actually too flexible, so I had to temporarily stiffen the walls by filling it with rice all the way to the top and sealing the opening with tape.\nLastly, I covered the cup with cling film to ease the removal later on.\nPrepare a small amount of clay slip. It will be used later on, but it takes time to dissolve. Take a grape-size amount of clay and rip it into small pieces, put in in a small container, add just enough water to cover the clay and put it aside. You might want to cover the container to keep the water from evaporating.\nStep 2: Day 1\nRoll the clay between 0.7 and 1.2cm thick and cut an appropriate shape to cover the walls. Make sure to leave 2cm space at the top. Seal the edges by pinching them and smooth roughly. This layer doesn't have to be pretty, we just want a hard outline of the cup.\nBe extra careful to keep the clay smooth and level and cut out a circle to cover the bottom. Use a smoothing tool to connect the edges to the walls.\nLeave it to dry upside down for 24 hours.\nStep 3: Day 2\nGently pull the cup out. If it’s stuck, remove the rice and try bending it until you can slide it straight out.\nUse a brush to dab a small amount of clay slip onto the seam cracks. Roll a thin roll of clay and push it in to cover the imperfections, scrape it with a tool and brush it with clay slip to keep it smooth. Fill in the wall cracks too.", "994" ], [ "How to Make Detachable (Faux) Leather Collars Using Recycled Notebooks\nIntroduction: How to Make Detachable (Faux) Leather Collars Using Recycled Notebooks\nOld faux leather notebooks are a great source of leather scraps suitable for small projects.\nThere are many different types of leather that can be used in a notebook cover. Soft and pliable leatherette, thick and robust leather, thin and paper-like vinyl. It's easy to work with them and only takes minutes to remove them from the notebook covers. You can use it in small craft projects, jewellery making or create fashion accessories.\nI wanted to make a detachable leather collar to spruce up my boring tops as well as use it to cover any frayed collar edges in my sweaters.\nYou don't need many supplies for this project: old or new notebook, scalpel, ribbon or jewellery findings. You can use rubber glue, spray contact adhesive glue, E6000, PVA glue or superglue for small details.\nBefore you do anything final, use scraps of your chosen leather to conduct some tests. Check which glue will work better and, if you want to draw or paint on the leather, which art supplies to use and how to varnish them.\nOnce I started cutting old notebooks, I couldn't stop. I ended up with more leather than needed, so I made a few additional statement necklaces like the feather, hands and bows, which are also included in this Instructable.\nStep 1: Notebooks\nAs I said before, notebooks can be covered in different types of fake leather and most of them are workable. However, if you encounter one that rips or stretches and refuses to peel away from the cover, leave it be, it won't be usable. My yellow notebook was like that, once I started cutting it and peeling it, it wouldn't budge. Turned out it was a vinyl sticker, not vinyl leather.\nUsing old notebook covers is better than throwing them away, because they don't get recycled. Once you extract your leather, you will see most notebooks have some sort of foam or plastic backing underneath, as well as layers of glue.\nCut the leather close to the edge, if there are stitches you can remove them to cut a bigger leather rectangle.\nGently peel the leather from the cover, and place the whole thing in a large bowl or sink filled with water.\nLeave it to soak for 15-20 min.", "421" ], [ "After soaking paper backing should just slide off the leather. If there is a thin tacky layer of glue covering the back, you can use a nail brush to gently scrub it off.\nPat dry and leave it out to for a few hours to dry fully.\nStep 2: Ironing the Creases\nIf you have any creases, you can use a regular iron to flatten them out. Instead of using an ironing board, use a piece of melamine board or plywood, or something similar to keep the leather flat. Sandwich the leather between kitchen towels to avoid direct heat. Iron on medium heat until all creases are gone. While the leather is still hot from ironing, weigh it down with something flat and heavy to help preserve the shape while it cools.\nTest it on a small patch first, so you don't end up with melted vinyl. I used 9 different notebooks and had no problems with ironing any of them, but you never know, it's better to test beforehand.\nStep 3: Detachable Collars\nInstead of ribbons, you can use jewellery findings or snap fasteners. I used whatever I had on hand, plus ribbons allow me to control the length of the collar better, they work whether I want the collar high and tight on my neck, or low and loose.\nStep 4: Collar Making\nStart by printing a sketch of your chosen collar. I provided sketches which you can be scale down or up, or modify to fit your needs.\nI cut the flap shape out of a piece of rigid paper, and traced two shapes onto the back of the leather sheet. I carefully cut these two flaps with scissors, then I applied a layer of glue onto the remaining leather sheet and pressed my cut flaps onto the glue.\nI covered the leather sheet with cling film (to protect the book from the glue) and then pressed a very heavy book on top to make sure both flaps set properly.\nI used a scalpel (or sharp scissors) to carefully cut each collar piece out of the leather sheet. If you plan on using a ribbon, make sure to apply the glue the way I did (pic 2), so that the last 1/2 inch of the thinner side of the collar is glue-free. That way you can fit a ribbon end between two pieces of leather (pic 4).", "316" ], [ "Matisse Inspired Statement Necklace Made From SVG in Tinkercad\nIntroduction: Matisse Inspired Statement Necklace Made From SVG in Tinkercad\nThis project combines my love for quirky jewellery and my fascination with Matisse. I got the idea to make Matisse inspired necklace by watching <PERSON> jewellery collection. I'm using plastic instead of acrylic, so this project will be accessible to most people with 3D printers.\nI'm also explaining how to process pictures/outlines/prints into SVG files to be used in Tinkercad and create unique pieces of jewellery.\nYou will need:\n3D printed parts\nPlastic filler (Tamiya), spray-on filler (optional)\nSanding paper, knife for cleaning the prints\nAcrylic paints, spray-on varnish\nJewellery findings- chains, eye pins, jump rings etc\nThin pliers\nStep 1: Finding a Model\nI was focused mainly on Matisse, so my search was quite limited, but you can obviously find different shapes to make your necklace. Search for clean pictures/prints, outlines, stencils, and don't allow too many small details. For my 3-part necklace I used an SVG file I had on my computer for ages. I'm no artist, but I had a vision for my necklace and I ended up using paper to cut those shapes out. I then had a friend convert my misshapen paper into a clean looking JPG.\nThe remaining two necklaces (Algae and Wave) I made myself using a combination of Paint, Paint 3D, photo editor and then used https://convertio.co to convert everything to SVG.\nStep 2: How to Make a 3-part Necklace\nCheck each picture, I added notes to explain the process.\n1. Upload all three SVG files and play around. Check different positions, different angles etc.\n2. I wanted the shapes to look as thought they overlap each-other, so I had to cut into them.\nFirst, click on the middle shape, duplicate it, and then make it hollow. Click on the left and middle shape and press 'GROUP' button. Left object has been cut now, middle hollow object disappeared, but the original solid remained. Repeat this process and cut into the middle object.\n3. Flip the entire necklace 180°, so we can access the back. I'm using a thin metal rod to connect all pieces, so I had to cut appropriate shape at the back. It's simply a small rectangle with a small rod down the middle. I duplicated it and distributed the connectors in places where parts meet.", "974" ], [ "I then duplicated each connector, converted them into hollow objects and cut them out of all shapes.\n4. Flip the necklace 180° to face the top and add holes for necklace chain.\nStep 3: Three Ways to Attach a Necklace Chain\nMETHOD 1\nFor this method you will need eye pins and a lighter. Create a small (1.2mmx10mm) rod and insert it into the necklace and create a hole (2nd picture). Once the necklace is printed, you will heat up an eye pin and insert it into that hole.\nMETHOD 2\nThird option is creating a small hole and affixing it to the necklace. Use two cylinders (3mmx3mm and 1.8x1.8mm), align them, so the smaller one it straight down the middle of the larger one. Convert the small cylinder into a hollow object and group them both together to create a hole.\nStep 4: How to Edit and Convert - the Easy Way\nI found my Wave Bib in a very clean picture with no complex background. I cut the desired object out of the picture (using Paint 3D) and converted it to SVG. The file ended up very neat and, once uploaded to Tincercad, resulted in a clean object.\nStep 5: How to Edit and Convert - the Timeconsuming Way\nAlgae Bib really tested my patience, but was well worth it in the end. The picture I used was not only a screenshot, but it had a very busy background, not to mention that the actual shape was white, not black.\n1. I used Paint to invert colours and then moved to Photo editor to play with white balance. Sometimes that's all it takes, changing the light to make the background disappear and the object to pop-up. In this case it didn't work. Background changed into uniform white, but parts of the black object washed out. I converted it into SVG and uploaded it to see what it would look like. As you can see it was pitted all over\n2. I had to cover those washed out parts using Paint 3D. Once the whole object was uniformly black I was able to play with the actual shape of the necklace. I removed one part completely and moved the middle part down.\n3.", "110" ], [ "Shark Scale Inspired Portable Miniature Checkers\nIntroduction: Shark Scale Inspired Portable Miniature Checkers\nThis project might be more acurately named - Magnetic Macro Shark Denticle Miniature Checkers.\nThe pawns were inspired by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of Shortfin Mako shark scales.\nWith a 8x8cm magnetic checkerboard + drawer for storing the playing pieces, the entire game fits in a 8.6x8.6cm box- perfect travel size.\nThe idea began years ago with a charity art show raising money for shark conservation. In a discussion about the fluid dynamics around a swimming shark, I came across the images of what shark skin looks like under a microscope. Things just spiraled from there.\nAlthough I don't yet have a 3d printer, I have been (slowly) working on my Tinkercad skills to make a design that can be printed, rather than modeled, carved, molded and poured repeatedly...\nSupplies\nPawns:\npolymer clay\nliquid mold making rubber\nVariety of containers for making molds (anything from bottle caps to plastic cups)\nEpoxy resin\nblack epoxy tint\nThick tipped syringe\nmetal wire\nmagnets - mine came from a 1euro store set\nsharp blade\nfine grain wet sand paper\ngel super glue\nBoard:\nblack metal sheet - I got mine from dismantling a 1euro store dry erase board\n1cm washi tape - but any type will do\ngloss finish sealer\nsharp blade\nscissors (that can cut through a thin metal sheet)\nBoard base and drawer:\nThin cardboard 3mm\nThick cardboard 17.5mm - I got mine from IKEA packaging\ntape\nribbon\nPVA glue\nwhite paper\ngold paint\npaint brush\nscissors\nBox:\nI bought a jewelry gift box with lid at the 1euro store.\nThe internal dimensions of the box bottom into which the board will fit are 8.5x8.5 cm with 3.5cm height.\nSimilar sized boxes can be found here.\nStep 1: Pawn Design\nThis is really where the whole project began, from scanning electron microscope images of shark scales. For this project I chose the denticles (scales) of the shortfin mako shark.\nStart by making a polymer clay model of the denticle. This is a very loose shape because the clay is such a soft material, it's hard to get sharp edges (especially because I used Fimo soft brand).\nAfter burning the shape use a sharp blade to trim down the size, carve the shape and get sharper points.\nFinally, sand down the piece with 1500 grain wet sand paper.\n*These final 'carving' are probably much easier if you have a dremel. I don't have one so I used what I have and I'm pretty happy with the results.\nStep 2: Making Rubber Molds\nStand the model upright in a small container, it has to be deeper than the height of the model.\nMix and pour the mold making rubber over it. When it is cured the model can just be pulled out.\n(out of habit I usually also trim the rubber from the sides to make it smaller)\nIf the process worked well your model piece should pull out whole and can be used again to make another mold.\nTip: Choose a mold making fluid that is very flexible and that does not require cutting to remove the piece. Making and working with a 2 piece mold can be tricky.\nStep 3: Pouring Acrylic Pawns\nThis is the repetitive part, since you need 12 clear pawns and 12 black tinted pawns.", "622" ], [ "The only challenge here is, because of the details in the shape, to minimize air bubbles. This is the method I used that usually gave me good results.\nCreate a short blunt piece of metal wire which is flexible. I made mine by twisting a folded thin metal wire. Having a blunt end is important because you don't want to poke holes in the rubber of the mold.\nLoad the prepared acrylic resin into a wide tipped syringe. The material in viscous so it usually would not flow through a thin one.\nInsert the wire into the mold into the tip of the scale. Use the syringe to drip the resin onto the wire close the mold opening. Repeat this with all 3 points of the scale. This way the resin should flow down the wire all the way into the tips of the piece.\nOnce the mold is full squeeze it around a bit to move any trapped air bubbles.\nFor black pieces - mix a tint into the resin.\n*I added an image of my most common pouring pitfalls - air bubbles and pouring clear pieces after having used the mold for black pieces.\n----------------------------------------------------\nI did not add a link to the acrylic resin I used because I was unhappy with it.", "74" ], [ "RETRO STACKING TOY\nIntroduction: RETRO STACKING TOY\nI wanted to make a special gift for my dear friend's grandbaby that is turning one in a few weeks. I thought of making this wooden stacking toy. So many toys today are made from plastic and other materials, however, the feel of a wooden toy is so comforting. I think of this as a \"retro toy\" that hopefully <PERSON> will enjoy for many years and perhaps pass along to her own children someday!\nAnd I made it from one piece of wood!\nStep 1: Supplies\nOne piece of wood\n12\" X 18\"\n3/4 wooden dowel\n8\" wooden plaque (for the base, or you can cut your own)\n*assorted woodshop tools ; band saw, drill press, table saw\nsandpaper\nwood glue\npainting supplies\nStep 2: Create Shapes\nmeasure the wood and into 6 pieces, each 6\"X6\"\ndesign pieces and cut the shapes.", "644" ], [ "I decided to do bugs in a garden theme.\nStep 3: Drill Holes\nI used a drill press with a 13/16 flat wood drill bit.\nThe hole didn't go completely through the wood I used for the stacking pieces, therefore, I had to flip each piece and continue the hole from the other side.\nStep 4: The Base\nWhen drilling the hole in the base (to insert the dowel for stacking) I did not want to go all the way through.\nI used an 6\" square wooden plaque for the base of my toy. (An option would be to cut your own base. )\nStep 5: Dowel\nPlace the dowel in the hole of the base and stack the 6 wooden pieces on top.\nMeasure and cut the dowel.\nSAND ALL PIECES, including what will be the exposed edge of the dowel.\nStep 6: Painting\nPaint all the pieces including the base.\nUse wood glue to insert the dowel in the base.\nI used Blick Studio Acrylic (non Toxic paint) and finished each piece with a water-based gloss finish. I wanted the pieces to be glossy as well as a surface that can be easily cleaned and also safe for <PERSON> to chew on if necessary!\nStep 7: Close Up\nOne side of each critter is detailed and the underside is solid colors of the rainbow.\nStep 8: February 2012\nOne of the first Instructables I ever published, back in 2012 was my\nSandwich Stacking Toy/Coaster Set by <PERSON>\nI had forgotten that I made it using ONE PIECE OF WOOD!", "76" ] ]

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[ [ "As stated in other answers, there isn't really a good natural candidate for this object.\nBut if you are willing to permit an artificial object, then there is something that comes close:\nA large interstellar probe\nLaunched many thousands of years ago from a distant star-system, the interstellar probe is initially invisible, coasting through space at a measurable fraction of the speed of light.\nFar out from your solar system it ignites its engine and begins to decelerate. In order to journey between star systems it would need an absurdly powerful engine, perhaps powered by nuclear fusion, antimatter, or some exotic physical processes that are currently unknown to us. Even so it would take a long time to decelerate. While it does this over months or years, it's engine is visible as a steadily brightening star in the sky. It would not appear to move much, as it is moving towards the solar system it is being observed from, meaning there would be relatively little angular deflection.\nAs it decelerates into the solar system, passing inside the orbit of comets and outer planets, it will now be moving much slower, and following a trajectory around the star a bit closer to that of a planet.", "199" ], [ "Hence it will appear to wander in the night sky, but in a predictable manner.\nOnce it has decelerated into the inner solar system, it has slowed down to interplanetary speeds. At this point, its programming changes, and it begins a survey, flying from planet to planet on brachistochrone trajectories. It would appear to move between other planets and asteroids, and although it's trajectory would be predictable from night to night, where it goes after each stop might not be.\nPerhaps during this phase, it journeys to a gas giant, and deploys cloud-scooping drones to refill its propellant tanks.\nAfter it has finished its survey, it begins to accelerate again out of the solar system, becoming dimmer and slower, eventually appearing as just another star in the sky.\nThere isn't much of a reason for it to repeat this in a cycle. However, suppose there was a software bug that had escaped testing and QA. The probe inadvertently wipes its memory of the survey data, and loses track of it's position. It could decelerate and return to the same star system, thinking it has arrived at its next survey destination, repeating the cycle again and again.", "500" ], [ "I foresee hollow protoplanets!\nSince this species develops in a free-fall environment within a space-based cloud of gas littered with resource-rich/-poor asteroids, the first major structures will be built on the asteroids for mining operations. Individuals rarely want to travel long distances to get to work (long is, of course, relative in space), so housing will be built on the same asteroid as the mining facility. As the facility grows, it will need access to more resources, so either the company will start another mining facility or haul other asteroids to an existing one.\nClumps of asteroids then become the foundation for larger settlements, which attract more attention, more business, and more inhabitants, which bring in more asteroids to support the growing population.\nIndependent facilities will produce a similar effect, though in this case \"clumps\" will be individual asteroids connected via trade routes. The collections will attract attention, which brings in business, inhabitants, and more facilities. To prevent unwanted drifting, asteroids would be tethered together to emphasize established trade and transport routes.\nIn either situation, the city is developing in three dimensions, expanding roughly evenly in all directions.", "788" ], [ "This produces a spherical structure, with the oldest buildings at the center.\nTethers and nuts and bolts should be quite capable of holding things together; after all, they do quite well under constant gravitational stress from Earth.\nThe common architecture is going to be something much like what's on the ISS. There's no real down direction, so doors can be in any flat surface, possibly even in cones, corners, or hemispheres. In the case of asteroid clusters, paths of travel will be delineated by the structures themselves, where walls and solid connectors work together to create tunnels through the whole structure. In the case of asteroid collections, paths of travel will, in the macroscale, be defined by the inter-asteroid tethers, while local conditions will be like those for asteroid clusters.\nThe tethers and pipes used to connect structures and asteroids can double as infrastructure. Tethers can provide electricity and fiber optic cable. Pipes supply fresh water and remove waste.\n(All of this ignores the viability question of your scenario, which I am in no way capable of answering.)", "99" ], [ "What happens to the air in the area, when things are transported or replicated?\nA fundamental law of physics is, in short, that two things cannot exist in the same space at the same time. This is easily demonstrated by dropping a relatively large mass, such as pasta noodles, into a container of water, such as a pot. The water level will rise as it \"makes room\" for the pasta, and will overflow if you've put in too much of either. Conversely, if you were to scoop all of the noodles out (presuming you had a way to scoop just the noodles, without taking along any water at all) you would see the water sink down to its original level (or lower, if it had overflown earlier).\nTaking this into consideration, I see a problem with transporter technology which I'm not sure I've ever seen addressed: What happens to the air surrounding a transport subject's origin point, or occupying the destination?\nThe transporter must have some means of compensating for the displacement, otherwise each transport should in theory be accompanied by a loud pop at each end - at the origin when the air collapses to fill a vacuum left behind, and at the destination when a relatively large volume of air is forced away to make room for the subject.", "1018" ], [ "This effect should be even more pronounced, and perhaps even hazardous, in closed environments such as spacecraft where the air has really no place to go.\nOne option would be to have the transporter exchange the air (or other matter, such as dust or raindrops) at the destination for the matter of the subject, as it is being transported. However, this is not seen as we would often notice small portions of dust storms or downpours getting dropped onto the transporter pad when people are transported into adverse weather conditions. Imagine having that cleanup as part of the Transporter Chief's job duties.\nAnother option would be to process the matter from the destination through the replicator, so that it is congruous with the same volume of air at the origin. This would be a fairly complex operation though, and could result in a lag too long to be acceptable by the laws of physics.\nCome to think of it, this same (or a similar) issue should affect replicator and holodeck technology as well. Has any of this ever been addressed canonically, either in a Star Trek episode or in technical manuals?", "513" ], [ "Would the seasons on this solar system be too extreme for Earth life to thrive?\nIn this artificial galaxy, there is a trinary of quasar stars at the center, each one 1.5 trillion times as massive and 995 trillion times as bright as our sun, each one having its own ring of mirrors, which further raises the luminosity.\nFar outside the quasars, there is a quaternary solar system. The first binary is a pair of artificially immortal blue hypergiants, each one 200 times as massive and over six million times as bright as our sun, each one having its own ring of mirrors, which further raises the luminosity. Orbiting the first binary from a distance of three-and-a-half parsecs (over 11 light-years) is the other binary, a pair of artificially immortal red supergiants, each one 17 times as massive, 1500 times as wide and 300,000 times as bright as our sun, each one having its own ring of mirrors, which further raises the luminosity.\nThe red supergiant binary has a habitable zone from 400 to 800 AUs away. There are plenty of Earth-like planets within this HZ, and they share the following characteristics:\n* Axial tilt: Varying from 19.01 to 28.28 degrees on a cycle exceeding 200,000 years\n* Atmosphere: While some would have an atmosphere of 300 degrees, as thick as Earth's, others would have the average of 370 miles, and maximum thickness would be 480 miles (160% as thick as Earth's)\n* Size: Identical to Earth\n* Rotation: 30 hours, which means three extra hours of daylight followed by three extra hours of night\nThe axial tilt suggests that all of the habitable worlds have seasons, but in this system, there is a second definition of \"season\", and that is because orbiting a supergiant binary orbiting a hypergiant binary affects the planet's orbital shape.", "188" ], [ "In short, it elongates the orbit until it resembles a cucumber. \"Summer\" is where the quasar ternary and the blue hypergiant binary dominate the sky during the day and the red supergiant binary are the \"second\" and \"third moon\", each one being 250 times brighter than a full moon. \"Winter\" is where the red supergiant binary dominates the sky during the day and the other five stars are dimmed down to as much as 250 times as bright as Venus.\nNone of the planets in the red supergiant binary HZ have any life, not even microbial, so it seemed feasible to seed them with Earth species of plant, animal, fungi, microbe and even soil. But is it really? With the information provided above, would the seasons of these habitable worlds be too extreme for Earth life to thrive in?", "258" ], [ "In our world, four important factors have determined the look of our clothes since the dawn of time: available resources, climate, purpose and moral. In my opinion, microgravity is simply going to add one degree of freedom to the clothing designers, but it is not going to decide whether clothes will be tight around the body, or floating in the air.\nNote on Resources. If all clothing is imported from Earth, then we can presume we'd be able to find the same range of materials that we would find in terrestrial shops. On the other hand, if the manufacturing occurs locally, then depending on the local resources, one could should consider whether cotton or linen production is feasible, whether farming for wool could happen, or whether the local fauna can provide skin for leather clothes. If the answer to these three questions is 'no', then the locals may exhibit a preference for synthetics. A note about the local fauna: if there is a native wild fauna, the corresponding skins and furs may be considered fancy pieces of garment, depending on how difficult it is to hunt them.\nNote on climate. I am going to state the obvious: cover more to protect from extremes. Extreme heat, extreme cold, extreme radiance, extreme wind, all typically call for longer clothes, covering more of the human body.\nNote on purpose. Working clothes are definitively designed for purpose. Be it a uniform to identify members of the organization, or a special suit to shield from hazards on the workplace. Hazardous working environment will require stricter control over the design. For instance, factory workers moving around large machinery may be given tighter clothes, gloves, helmets, and protective shoes.\nNote on morals. Morals dictate clothing design in our world to much a larger extent that we may imagine. The most interesting aspect of this is that hindering and impractical clothing may become the norm if it best fits the moral standards of society. The fact that women had to wear gowns for instance, even when riding horses, is just one example of such trend.", "802" ], [ "I would recommend that you define your society well before dwelling into defining the clothing design, as the latter depends heavily on the former.\nQ&A note on microgravity\nQ: wouldn't microgravity make clothes float as in water?\nA: That is very likely, but... It depends on the fabric and on the treatment. A large dose of starch can keep clothes rigidly in place for quite some time. Leather can be arranged to be stiff and in place. Old Victorian era gowns had a frame to keep them in shape, defying gravity: the same principle could be applied, i.e. to implement a frame inside the clothing, to defy microgravity.\nQ: wouldn't this floating be unpleasant?\nA: Not necessarily. In fact, it may be part of the fashion to have a floating scarf that follows you as you dash around. Or to have a tunic dancing in the air as the memory of the contour of the movements you just made. In fact, you could build a whole Bohemian philosophy on that.\nA note about military uniforms\nA military uniform is not a combat suit. It is a cloth of display. In history, military uniforms have been designed to be pompous, affected, and possibly impractical. I would imagine that they would embrace microgravity, add a cape and a complicated set of salute movements to make it float like angel's wings. Add a hat with golden threads, dangling in the air, like the mane of a godly horse. Now you have a military uniform worth being displayed.\nA combat suit, on the other hand, has to allow free movement, protect from external hazards, and provide some level of cloaking. No special microgravity thoughts there. It really depends on where the action happens.", "537" ], [ "Your question basically has two parts.\nHow would something fall up?\nThere are some theories that particles could exist which are affected inversely by gravity, such that rather than being pulled toward the source of gravity, they are repelled by it. We would not normally be able to find such particles, since 1- they would never be near any normal matter, and 2- the particles could never form a large object together on their own through gravity.\nHow would a disease cause this?\nSince you have specified a disease, I assume that you intend for microbes or parasites to be the cause of the effect. So how about this: a microbe that, when it consumes matter, converts it into this type of theoretical anti-gravity matter. The matter would remain inside the human body, despite being pulled in the opposite direction by gravity.", "279" ], [ "And if the chemical properties of the matter were unchanged by the anti-gravity conversion process, then the body's biological processes would treat it like any other matter. The matter would be combined in with normal matter in your blood and cells, where gravity's effect is overcome by strong atomic forces.\nGiven that the human body is already under normal gravitic pull and does not fall apart or suffer some sort of circulatory failure, it is fair to assume that having some of the matter in your body pulled in the opposite direction with identical force would not cause your body to fall apart or die immediately.\nThe greatest danger would be a \"head rush\" - humans who hang upside down for too long can have blood accumulate in their heads, causing loss of consciousness. But in our case, we only need 50.01% of the body's matter to be converted to anti-gravity matter in order for the person to experience weightlessness similar to zero-G that begins to cause them to rise into the air.\nThe biggest obstacle here is: how would microbes do this? Changing the physical properties of matter is no small feat, one would expect a facility like the LHC to be required to carry out this process. But much of Science Fiction is playing with \"what if the rules were a little different?\" scenarios, so if we assume that a microbe can do this, then it could produce the effect you're interested in.", "279" ], [ "In order to generate an elliptical orbit, you need to have a force which is equal to the required centripetal force:\n$$F=m\\frac{v^2}{r}\\rightarrow a=\\frac{v^2}{r}$$\nAccording to <PERSON>'s Theorem, this can only be solved with a potential for an inverse square force, or a radial harmonic oscillator potential.\nSo we cannot attain a circular orbit, is that a problem? No.\nI generated a system for our sun, Earth, and moon, dependent on a linear inverse force. What we find is that we need to rescale the Gravitational constant to the negative 22nd order. (For clarity's sake I avoided using astronomical units).\nSo if we set $G = 6.6740831\\times10^{-22}$ we find the following orbit patterns:\nWe can further decrease the orbital eccentricity when $G \\rightarrow 4\\times10^{-22}$\nNote however, that in the long term, the eccentricity will always increase, even for optimal $G$, take the following radial Sol-Earth distance over 500y:\nThere are more problems though, for instance, would a star even form with this Gravity configuration?\nNote that in this configuration, the acceleration of gravity due to Earth on its surface would be $0.000375m/s^2$ instead of $9.8m/s^2$ As the gravity drops off more slowly, but is also significantly more massive, a habitable planet would be much more massive, but such massive planets might also more easily form under these parameters.\nAnd here is where things get really interesting, if we suppose that our planet has a mass of $m_{earth}=5.97237\\times10^{28}$, four orders higher than that of the current Earth, gravity at the same radius would be $3.75m/s^2$, and we get the following 1000 year progression:\nMy suspicion is that the collapse happens 4 orders of magnitude slower, meaning you would have at least $10^5y$ of stable orbit, possible a million (1Ma).\nIf you could have a planet with a mass of order $O\\left(29\\right)$, then you might get a near-stable orbit over evolutionary time scales, however getting such a large concentration of Earth (oxyen, quartz, aluminium, lime, iron, magnesium) might be difficult to attain, except maybe in a late-stage galaxy.\nI do think the peculiar circumstances would make the formation of large planets more likely as distance is less of a factor for matter to come together.", "24" ], [ "Consequently we would expect fewer planets, but of higher average mass. However, it is also possible this situation would lead to more uniformity in mass distributions. You would have to run some galaxy wide gravity calculations for that one, and recalculate the result of the background radiation. These are things beyond my scope.", "24" ], [ "Safety equipment to survive decompression\nIn the future, space travel is common, so common, in fact, that commercial transport is available to most people, like air travel is to us.\nAs a passenger on a vessel of Galactic Spacelines, half way to your destination, you hear this announcement:\n\"Attention passengers, this is captain speaking. Due to an emergency, we will be experiencing a loss of pressure in the cabin. Safety equipment is being deployed, please use it in accordance with pre-flight orientation.", "35" ], [ "Ask a steward if you need assistance.\"\nMy question is this: What safety equipment is deployed for most of the passengers to survive this event until it ends? (I imagine that at the least this will be airtight oxygen masks for each passenger that completely cover the face, and possibly \"space blankets\" or clothes to help them retain heat.)\nFor your choice of equipment, please also answer the following:\n* The cabin may be able to retain some aspects of normal parameters, such as partial pressure. Are there limits to the situations your equipment can handle, such as a minimum pressure under which the safety equipment becomes useless?\n* How much medical attention will the passengers need after this event, using your equipment?\nOther notes:\n* Since this is about survival, that is the number one priority; comfort is less important.\n* Also, to reduce complexity and chance for user error, the Spaceline is (ahem) interested in keeping costs as low as possible.\n* You can set some conditions on the cabin, like what pressure and temperature it is reduced to.\n* This question is about a (semi) planned loss in pressure, not a sudden drop to hard vacuum, since that would be very difficult to survive, though solutions that can handle that are welcome. The loss in pressure to emergency levels will be gradual, over no less than 30 seconds.\n* Assume that the ship has enough resources to run emergency equipment until the event ends. (air, energy, etc.)\n* Assume that within 24 hours one of the following happens:\n* The ship has made contact and rescue comes\n* The ship continues and arrives at the destination\n* Repairs can be made to restore normal conditions to the cabin", "35" ] ]

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[ [ "where does entropy-increasing waste heat go during non-reversible processes?\nThe first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. $\\Delta U = Q - W$ (internal energy change is the difference between external energy supplied and work done on the environment).\nThe second law of thermodynamics states that entropy is never decreasing and is only constant in reversible thermodynamic processes. In a non-reversible thermodynamic process, the entropy of the universe is increased.\nSuppose we have an abstract 1-dimensional cellular automata universe consisting of 0s (empty space) and 1s (energy/atoms) but obeying the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The 1s are drawn together via \"gravity\" forces:\nt0: 0010000100 t1: 0001001000 t2: 0000110000\nUnlike microscopic time-reversible phenomena, let us assume that the collision of the two 1s generates entropy.\nQ1: Would the final state of this universe be cycling through all possible $10 \\choose 2$ states, as that is the maximum entropy configuration?\nQ2: If the answer to Q1 is yes, then that implies a set of dynamics that encourage an equilibrium distribution of two 1s over the 10 position.", "749" ], [ "If we have any less or more than 2 1s, wouldn't that violate conservation of energy? (the total energy of the starting system is 2).\nQ3: Where does entropy \"go\" when it is produced? In this toy universe I have no way to embody any other non-zero energy than \"1\". If we choose to introduce a new letter \"H\" as an \"entropy\" particle, does this violate the first law of thermodynamics? (since the new energy of the system is 1 + 1 + H). Does entropy occupy space?\nt1: 0001001000 t2: 000011H000\nOr is it a \"hidden state\" a cell that follows energy around?\nThe bigger question here is that when I think of living things perform some thermodynamically irreversible work to lower their entropy, I am wondering where that entropy \"goes\". If entropy is created but mass and energy are conserved, how do we end up with heat \"for free\" without changing total energy?\n``` t1: 0001001000 h1: 0000000000\nt2: 0000110000 h2: 00000H0000 ```\nQ4: Are random dynamics required here in order to eventually reach a state of maximum entropy? One way to model this would be to treat H as \"non-useful work\" that fills up the universe and potentially creates more H when it interacts with non-H cells.\nQ5: Are there any limitations to this 1D universe in my understanding of how the first and second law of thermodynamics works?", "749" ], [ "Can lightning be used to solve N!=NP\nI'm a MS/BS computer science guy who is wondering about why lightning can't (or can?) be used to solve NP complete problems in P time (considered by some to be the greatest problem in the field of computer science), but I don't understand the physics behind lightning, so I'm posting here.\nWhat seems peculiar to me about lightning is that it knows how to follow the \"easiest\" path to a given destination (as opposed to just the shortest path). This seems analogous (identical?) to the weights in the traveling salesman problem.\nSince the lightning process ionizes the air (or seems to) and pick the easiest route in non-polynomial time, I have 2 questions:\n1) Does lightning use a method similar to <PERSON>'s approach (such that a \"good enough\" path is found in p-time, but not necessarily the \"best of all options\")? Is it basically an NP \"solver\"?\nIf the answer to the above question is \"no\" and it is indeed the best pick:\n1) Could the selection process of lightning be used in a computer algorithm to solve a traveling salesman-type problem in P time and\n2) If not, could an arbitrary series of weighted nodes be physically set up somewhere and have electricity passed through it and have the results fed back into some kind of computer mechanism for every time a user wants to know a shortest path?\nIf you could use this approach to solve NP-hard problems in P time, you would have your name on the news and maybe in the history books.", "180" ], [ "So why hasn't anyone used lightning to solve this problem?\nUPDATE: Another aspect I find interesting: when lightning strikes it ionizes the air to find the shortest path. If the world were totally flat (and the clouds were also) this would ionize all the air equally. Which leads me to believe the route \"picked\" by the lightning incorporates all points, which seems to be a requisite for finding the best of all solutions.\nOriginally posted here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10586781/can-lightning-be-used-to-solve-n-np And re-posted here by a suggestion from the comments.", "229" ], [ "How exactly is kinetic energy transferred between two moving objects when a force is applied?\nI have a question about how kinetic energy is transferred between two objects when a force is applied between them. It sounds simple but when thinking about \"what really happens\" I have some questions. I also checked other entries but couldn't find a detailed explanation.\nI will use a basic example, the elastic collision.\nLet's say I have two objects with the same mass, a spring (considered with no mass) is attached to the first object.\nt=1: Object 1 accelerated from 0m/s to 10m/s. Object 2 is not moving.\nt=2: Object 1 has reached object 2 and the spring between them is compressed. Object 1 and object 2 are now both moving with 5m/s. 1/4 of the initial kinetic energy is stored in each object, 1/2 in the compression of the spring.\nt=3: While the spring expands to its original state, object 1 is decelerated until it reaches 0m/s, object 2 is accelerated until it reaches 10m/s.\nFor the numbers, momentum and energy conservation everything is fine.", "512" ], [ "Momentum and energy has not changed. At t=2 a part of the energy is stored in the compressed spring.\nWhere I have some questions: From t=2, the spring decelerates object 1. The kinetic energy from object 1 is transferred to object 2.\nWhat is the mechanism how the energy \"flows\" through the spring from object 1 to object 2? I have trouble seeing how the object that is pushed back can propagate its energy.\nI can imagine that if I would stop object 2 for a short time, the spring will be compressed further by object 1 (kinetic energy is converted). If I then stop object 1 for a short time the spring will expand and thus accelerate object 2.\nBut as the transition happens continuously, I wonder how this mechanism works in detail. As long as object 1 is faster than object 2 it is clear to me, as object 1 is still compressing the spring. I have trouble to imagine what happens exactly when object 1 is slower than object 2 but it still passes on the momentum and energy.\nIs there any model what happens in detail? Some backgrounds would be highly appreciated. It's one of the questions where I can observe and calculate the behaviour, but would like to have more explanation.", "927" ], [ "Can eternal inflation and gravity explain dark energy?\nFirst of all, I have absolutely no background in astronomy and physics. I just watch a lot of \"i-hope-scientific\" youtube channels talking about physics and astrophysics and I can kind of follow the maths and concepts.\nSo, I was thinking, with absolutely no physics to support this:\nREAL QUESTION STARTS HERE:\nSay, the big bang happened everywhere, followed by inflation that never stopped. This is wat eternal inflation described (if i am correct)\nThen, as eternal inflation goes on and more and more universe outside of the observable universe is created. Then there would be an unlimited amount of mass outside our observable universe.\nCan this mass create an gravitational effect on the galaxies in our universe?\nWe are at the center of our observable universe, so the gravitational effect of all the mass outside our observable universe would never affects us. But from the perspective of another galaxy, it would be affected by a bit of universe that is outside our observable universe.\nThen you might explain the effect that galaxies that are farther away from us move faster away from us. And that galaxies closer to use move slower away.", "150" ], [ "Then you can explain this by saying that the galaxies farther away are closer to the \"unlimited\" mass outside our observable universe. And thus are more affected by this. And that galaxies close by are less affected.\nThe theory with dark energy claims that dark energy causes an outward push from the inside of our universe. Wouldn't this be indistinguishable from a gravitational pull from the outside?\nAlso, could this explain the red-shift we see in light from the far end of the observable universe? If I remember correct, gravity can red-shift light if the light moves away from the source of the gravitational pull (as seen near black holes). Light form the far end of the universe has moved trough the gravitational pull away from the \"infinite mass\" of the outside universe.\nThis was my idea, and I would like to see where I am thinking wrong.\nOne thing where I obviously might be thinking wrong is that this effect would be homogeneous throughout the universe and it should cancel out. But is this also true when you throw some relativity into the mix?", "150" ], [ "I would say it has to do with energy/information conservation laws. You can imagine a wave (be it electromagnetic or vibrations on a string) is propagating through a medium. The energy of such a wave is given by:\n1. Classical harmonic oscillator (pendulum or vibrating string) $$ U = \\frac{1}{2}kx^2 $$ where $x$ is displacement from the steady-state rest position and $k$ is some constant (spring constant) which tends to pull the system back towards the steady-state equilibrium. The frequency of oscillation here is $$f= \\frac{1}{T}= \\frac{1}{2\\pi}\\sqrt{\\frac{k}{m}} $$ where $T$ is the period and $m$ the mass of the oscillator (mass of unit length of a string if you like). So you can see that the energy stored in the system is given by $$U=\\frac{m}{2}(2\\pi f)^2 x^2$$ So it is clear that if we assume absence of loss or gain, the frequency has to stay constant as the wave travels on the string otherwise we are gaining or loosing energy.\n2. Quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator (electromagnetic waves - photons) $$ E = hf$$ where $h$ is the plank constant. Again energy depends on the frequency and must be constant in the absence of local sources or sinks.\nNow in case of transmission/reflection at an interface, it might help to think of the rope as a series of equally spaced balls, connected with mass-less springs/ropes i.e.", "795" ], [ "something like $$-\\cdot-\\cdot-\\cdot-$$ For an interface in case of a rope we can think of a thin piece of rope attached to a thick piece of rope. $$-\\cdot-\\cdot-\\cdot-\\odot-\\odot-\\odot-$$\nEnergy travels through this rope assembly via \"nearest-neighbour\" interactions. So say a pulse is traveling from left to right, for the 3rd ball to start to move, 1st ball has to transfer energy to the 2nd and so forth. We can think of frequency as a rate of oscillation (jiggling). The large ball sitting at the interface can't start jiggling until the little ball to it's left jiggles, and these jiggles arrive at a constant rate of $f$ per second and are passed on.\nNow while the wave travels at a different velocity in the 2nd medium (by that I mean the pattern) the jiggles are transferred between individual balls at a constant rate, otherwise the flow of information will break down. This manifests in a change of wavelength in the 2nd medium. $$f= \\frac{v_p}{\\lambda}$$ where $v_p$ is the phase velocity (speed of wave pattern propagation) and $\\lambda$ the wavelength. To keep $f$ constant, if $v_p$ increases, so should $\\lambda$ and vise versa.", "453" ], [ "How does potential energy work out for floating things?\nSeeing a ship canal lift in TV spawned the following thought:\n\"Oh my, this sure is a heavy ship and it can be lifted by simply adding water. What a marvellous machinery. After all, I could lift that ship with my teacup and a bit of water in it\"\nWhich in turn spawned the following thought experiment:\nGiven some basin of know area, I can pour my teacup filled with water into it. The water level will be raised by a certain amount, depending on the volume and area. Seems legit so far.\nThe water level will always rise by that amount, no matter what is floating in the basin. I have my rubber duck floating in my basin and it is raised by the teacup amount after pouring.", "1018" ], [ "Now let's add a big lead duck (or a ship if you want, but ducks are that much cooler, aren't they?) that floats in my basin. I still raise all that floating stuff by the teacup amount, even if I added the ship.\nAnd this is where things started to feel a bit dubious.\nHow is it possible that I \"invest\" a (constant) teacup worth of potential energy, yet \"gain\" the potential energy of rising an arbitrary big mass that is floating in my basin by the constant amount caused by the water from the tea cup?\nThat right there doesn't sound dubious any more, that sounds plain wrong to me. Because wouldn't that allow the teacup ship lifter gain more potential energy out of the process than he needs to re-rise the water into his teacup?\nWhere did my thought experiment took a turn for the worse?\nUpdate:\nI try to describe my problem in more detail: A big ship needs more space, so the basin gets bigger, right?\nI'm afraid that's not the case and pretty much the core of my problem: The geometric properties seem to be independent enough to allow a \"gain\" in potential energy.\nHere's how: Let's say the basin area is constant. This means the water level rises a constant amount (depending on how much water is in the teacup) Now how does the constant basin support \"arbitrary large masses\"? By varying its depth. In order to make a bigger mass float, it has to displace more volume (of water). As the area is fixed, the ship/boat/duck can extend its volume in the third dimension (down) to displace more water, thus supporting more mass to float, yet being raised to the same height as the basin area stays constant.", "1018" ], [ "What frame of refernce to select in statistical mechanics?\nSuppose we have a solid particle suspended inside a fluid such as an ideal gas, as shown in the following picture:\nOur system is the solid particle and the environment is the gas (which acts as a heat bath). Our frame of reference is attached on the edge of the container (shown with black color, ignore the other origin for the moment).\nThe energy of the solid particle, composed of $N$ atoms, in this frame of reference is (for sake of simplicity we assume we have a monoatomic solid and neglect the potential energy terms):\n$$ E = \\sum_{i=1}^N \\frac{1}{2}mV_{i}^2 = \\underbrace{\\frac{1}{2}MV_{\\mathrm{cm}}^2}{\\text{KE of the center of mass}} + \\underbrace{\\sum{i=1}^N \\frac{1}{2}mu_{i}^2}_{\\text{KE with respect to center of mass}} $$\nSelecting a frame of reference\nWhat is the correct frame of reference to apply statistical mechanics? The center of mass of the system or the one attached on the edge of the container?\nIf it is the second, then that means that even macroscopic objects such as a rock emerged on a fluid (e.g. sea), they have on average $\\frac{3}{2}k_\\mathrm{B}T$ energy associated with their center of mass, which means that they move a little bit (because of the very high mass). Is that correct?\nI am giving below a gif from Wikipedia which can help visualizing the process.", "453" ], [ "In this gif the yellow \"ball\" is a dust particle.\nFrame of reference and net velocity\nSuppose now that we describe our system based on the origin with blue color, which happens to move relatively to the container (and also to the gas). This means that now $\\langle V_\\mathrm{cm} \\rangle \\neq 0$. This is not a proper frame of reference to apply statistical mechanics since if the relative velocity is increased, the temperature of the solid particle will increase which doesn't make sense. Is that also correct?\nIn summary, when we want to describe our system in statistical mechanics, what frame of reference should we use?", "453" ], [ "Photons and Electric Current\nI am trying to understand how photons as the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (or field) manifest themselves in a flow of electric charge, i.e. an electric current. Both standard (classical) model explanations and field explanations are welcome. I am a layman, so ... be gentle?\nAfter doing some reading, research, digging, and crying, I keep returning to some explanations that seem to describe the photon's role best (but yet, I still think they might be inaccurate).\nFor instance, someone described it this way: electrons move through a wire in a line (direct current) because they are repelled by each other, thus they \"push\" each other down the wire. This pushing is expressed by photons (some say \"virtual\", i.e. mathematical not \"real\", photons) being exchanged between the electrons that \"push\" the electrons away from each other. Yet, if these (virtual?) photons push out in all directions, they would push against both electrons in the wire (for a simplified line of single electrons each having one in \"front\" and one \"behind\"). However, the dry cell (battery) reaction forcing electrons out one end and drawing them in at the other tips the balance, if you will, keeping the electrons moving in the direction of the current.\nAlternately, I've heard it this way: a photon is a ripple in the photon field. The \"ripple\" is what we have been trying to (somewhat inaccurately) describe with the word \"particle\".", "187" ], [ "As the photon moves, it interacts with (some say \"creates\") an electric field and a magnetic field (the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other). The photons that make up a static electric or magnetic field are virtual, i.e. their energy and momentum don't satisfy the conditions of \"real\" photons: E = p*c. Photons are emitted and absorbed by charged particles constantly. A charged particle is thus constantly emitting and absorbing virtual (i.e. mathematically described) photons. Photons only interact with charged particles, not with each other. Every photon is surrounded by a group/cadre/entourage of electrons (and other charged particles), through these associated charged particles, a photon can interact with another photon. Presumptively (and likely erroneously), the movement of these photons drives the electrons down our wire to complete the electric circuit and are thus responsible for the electric current.\nFinally, there is this thing (which I love): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxqZczaSA9c\n... but what the heck is that? An electron constantly sucking in photons and spitting them about, but what are the four \"rings\" they are going through? Ripples in the electromagnetic field?", "395" ] ]

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[ [ "Elastic potential energy and springs\nThe formula for elastic potential energy(for a spring) has been derived by assuming the following things:\n1.Work done by a deforming force on a spring from a relaxed state (state where spring is not deformed) to another point would be equal to the elastic potential energy gained by the spring from the relaxed state to that point.\nUsing this assumption we derived elastic potential energy as: U = $ 1/2$ Kx$^2$\nNow let us say that we apply a constant deforming force on a block connected to the spring, now there will be a varying spring force being acted on the block to counter the constant deforming force. Once this deforming force gets greater then the constant deforming force then the deformation of the spring would stop and then the spring will gradually regain its shape.\nNow generally it is assumed that the work done by the deforming force from the moment it starts to act to the moment that the deformation of the spring stops is equal to the elastic potential energy gained by the spring.\nthat is, Initial kinetic energy of spring = final elastic potential energy of spring\nBut unless the restoring spring force gets larger in magnitude then the constant deforming force the kinetic energy of the spring would keep on increasing and also due to deformation some elastic potential energy will be increasing. Let a point 'A' describe this situation\nIt is said that the total mechanical energy is conserved in such a system, but in such a situation mechanical energy is not being conserved.\nbecause it is assumed that the kinetic energy when a constant deforming force is just applied is equal to the final elastic potential energy therefore energy is conserved in these two situations but when we compare the total mechanical energy in either of these two situations with the situation at point A then the total energy is not constant(or conserved).\nTherefore how can we say that mechanical energy is conserved in such a system? and if it isn't conserved then how we define elastic potential energy to be = $ 1/2$ Kx$^2$", "37" ], [ "Ever wondered why the value of G in <PERSON>'s law of gravitation is not 1 just like in this case you stated. Keep reading. I will come to the answer a bit later.\nThis is <PERSON>'s law of Gravitation:\nF =(G×m1×m2)/R²\nIn this equation, there are four \"defined\" physical quantities m1,m2, R and F . 1kg of mass is defined as the mass of platinum-iridium aloy kept in at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Serves near Paris, similarly length (R) is defined as the length of a platinum-iridium rod and F is defined by <PERSON>'s first law of motion: F=ma(have patience).\nSo knowing the rest of the four quantity in the equation the value of unknown G(the fifth quantity) can be determined easily(using a torsion balance).\nBut what to do if there are two unknowns as in equation of <PERSON>'s first law: F=kma Here k and F both are unknowns. When <PERSON> discovered the law, the unit of force was not defined. No one thought of measuring forces. So F is also an unknown value in the equation. But it does contains F, so it can be used to define F instead! So <PERSON> got an equation which he could use to define the first ever unit of force. But what to do of that constant k? Why was it chosen as 1?\nIn fact, the value of k can be any real number but IUPAC took it as 1.", "651" ], [ "Why? Because it was the easiest way. Taking k=1,the equation becomes F=ma. It is easy to say that 1 Newton of force is the force that can produce an acceleration of 1 m/s² to a body of mass 1kg. But we take k as 4.72675(any arbitrary number) we will have to include it in the definition. Also it will become measurements and calculations more difficult. So taking k as 1 is easier for us.\nNow you can understand that had <PERSON> discovered his law of gravitation first, he would have used it instead to define the unit of force. In that case he would had taken G as 1. And then the value of k in his first law would been something else ( may be it would had been a complex value just as G). Now you can see that it's one because it makes it easy.", "439" ], [ "In the proof where we find out minimum velocity such that it completes a rotation, we say that at the topmost point the centripetal force cancels the gravity force and hence tension is zero. Using this we find the horizontal velocity and plug it into the energy conservation equation.\nFor this case, if the velocity at the topmost point $H$ is $0$ then the bob just falls down. Even if we give the bob some small horizontal velocity at the topmost point it follows a parabolic path and falls down (because the string is not taut). Still, if the velocity at the topmost point is $0$ then velocity at the lowermost point $L$ will be $\\sqrt{4gr}$ (by energy conservation principle). That means if we were to give the <PERSON> a horizontal velocity of $\\sqrt{4gr}$ at $L$ it would complete its circular motion up to the point some point $P$ between $A$ and $B$, at which tension in the string would be zero, and then fall following a parabolic trajectory.", "246" ], [ "That means there is some minimum horizontal velocity $v_0$ for which the tension of the string will not be zero, bob will not start falling and will continue with its circular motion around the circle. That velocity comes out to be $\\sqrt{5gr}$.\nHowever, when it is made to complete one quadrant there is no requirement to calculate a limiting velocity because there is nowhere to follow a parabolic path (there is nowhere to fall even if the tension in the string becomes zero). We can just use the energy conservation equation to calculate the velocity at whatever point we may require. If you don't want to directly apply the equations of energy conservation you could proceed by finding out the equations of motion $$\\ddot{\\theta}=-\\frac{g}{r}\\sin \\theta$$ This innocent looking differential equation is actually quite nasty and does not have a solution using elementary functions. You could, however, proceed by using $$\\ddot{\\theta}=\\dot{\\theta} \\frac{d\\dot\\theta}{d\\theta}$$ whose first integral will just give you back the energy conservation equation (or it might take you nowhere!).", "499" ], [ "This may help you a bit\n\"Obviously, the wheels exert a tangential force to the surface on the road in the points of contact, P\"\nNo!!! You must understand that the wheel is not capable to exert a force in any direction it wants or you want it to. If the wheel is performing pure rolling motion, it will only exert a tangential force if it is accelerating and no tangential force is possible in case it's speed remains constant.\nHere,you must also note that, it does \"not\" depends on whether the surface is rough or smooth(frictionless), no tangential force is involved with the condition that it's speed remains constant(uniform rolling motion).\n\"I think\" you are relating rolling motion with the mechanism of walking. Don't do. You(because of your muscles and all that) can press the floor in any direction you want and at any time but it is not possible for the wheel.\nNow, you might be thinking why no tangential force(or friction) comes into play for uniform rolling motion.For this you must be knowing that\n1-> The point of contact has zero relative velocity with respect the ground and also it does not even try to have a relative velocity(which it would try if accelerating due to an external torque)\n2->Friction always acts so as to prevent relative slipping(or relative motion) between surfaces,i.e., it will come into play if either the surfaces are slipping relatively or are trying to slip.\nSince in uniform pure rolling motion there is no \"tendency\" of the point of contact to slip so no Friction (tangential force) and so no paradox.\nYou can also see how friction is not possible in \"uniform\" pure rolling like this->\nIf there is friction acting in forward direction (in direction of motion) then it must accelerate the wheel in forward direction besides it will also provide an external anticlockwise toque. So just imagine this situation -it no longer remains in uniform rolling motion(it's linear speed increase + angular velocity decreases, and so it will also start slipping,i.e.,rolling stops). But, initially we supposed that the wheel to be rolling with uniform speed.", "544" ], [ "This itself leads to a paradox and so, you can nicely conclude that friction does not act in uniform rolling motion(as it will not no remain rolling if friction acts).\nYou can now wonders that how a car is able to accelerate forward then!!!But wait! it is not \"uniform\" pure rolling. The car is accelerating! So static friction now comes into play. But how! Ok it is accelerating but it is not slipping, it's still rolling, so no relative velocity so no relative slipping(or relative motion) so no friction.\nIf you are thinking like above then the point you missed out is that I said that the it is \"static\" friction that comes into play not kinetic friction. And also when the car's engine apply a torque on the wheels the wheels(the point of contact of wheel) \"try to slip\" relatively to the ground. So static friction(our hero) comes,acts in forward direction and prevents that slipping and also accelerates the car forward. Now after travelling some distance the car stops accelerating and moves with uniform speed. Now that static friction vanishes as the now the point does \"not even try to slip\" relative to the ground.\nAt last, if you think this answer is good, then give it a second and upvote.", "544" ], [ "Consider a simple circuit of a resistor of resistance $R$ connected to a battery of emf $\\gamma$. When the battery is connected, it produces an electric field $\\textbf E$. The wires of the circuit are obviously made of conducting material so that most of the electrons are in conduction band and are loosely bound. The electric field acts on these loosely bound electrons and causes an acceleration,\n$$\\textbf a=-\\frac{e\\textbf E}{m_{e}}$$ The negative sign implies that electrons move in direction opposite to the field, as the direction of the field is defined conventionally for unit positive charge and the electrons are negatively charged. The electrons that are now under motion, will have some kinetic energy and will in due time lose the energy as $\\textbf{heat}$ when it collides with the kernals(metal ions) of the resistor. But the electrons after collision will get re-accelerated due to the field, so an overall current, say, $I$ flows through the circuit. Simultaneously, the electrons keep extracting kinetic energy from the field to continue their motion and keep giving off the energy in the form of heat in collisions. So, ultimately, $\\textbf{all}$ of the energy extracted from the field will be lost as heat when the battery is switched off or the charge is drained out.", "395" ], [ "Let the energy that is lost as heat be $Q$.\nAssuming that the connecting wires are ideal and offer no resistance, then the emf of the battery, $\\gamma$, will be equal to the potential drop across the resistor, say, $V$. Thus $\\gamma=V$. By Ohm's Law, we have\n$$V=IR$$ so $\\gamma=IR$\n$\\implies\\gamma I=I^2R$\nNow $\\gamma$ is defined as the work done by the battery or the electric field in circulating $1C$ of charge across the circuit and $I$ is the rate of flow of charges(current). So the quantity $\\gamma I$ denotes the rate of doing work by the battery or the field. If after time $t$, all the charge of the battery is drained out. Then work done by the battery is:\n$$W=\\gamma It=I^2Rt$$ The work done by the battery is the energy lost by the battery or the energy that the electrons extract from the field. We know that the energy lost as heat after the battery is drained of charges is $Q$. So, we have,\n$$W=\\gamma It=I^2Rt=Q$$\nSo in fact, all of the energy lost by the battery, ultimately appears in the form of heat.", "780" ], [ "Confusion in understanding Coriolis force example\nI am learning Classical Mechanics from a book called Newtonian mechanics by <PERSON>. The book tries to explain Coriolis force with an experiment as an example which confounds me. The book goes something like this:-\nWe can find the magnitude of this[Coriolis] force by investigating another simple motion. Suppose that instead of the situation just described[wherein on a horizontal table rotating with a uniform angular velocity, we had a particle held at a particular radius by fastening it with a string to the center of the table], we make a particle follow a radially outward path in the rotating frame at constant velocity $\\vec v'r$ . In this frame there must be no net force on the particle. Clearly, it follows a straight line path in the rotating frame.", "1002" ], [ "But in the stationary frame it follows a curved path, $AB$ . In $S$ the transverse velocity $v{\\theta}\\;(= \\omega r)$ is greater at $B$ than at $A$ , because the radial distance from the axis is greater at $B$ . Hence there must be a real transverse force to produce this increase of velocity seen in the stationary frame. This real force might be provided, for example, by a spring balance.\nI am fine with it except for the final line(in bold). Where is the spring balance here? I can't imagine where I could fit it in the picture for it to give a transverse force to the particle. Is it attached to the center or the circumference of the circle or where else? Understanding where the spring balance is, seems essential here for understanding the existence of the Coriolis force as the book itself later says:\n.. since an observer in $S'$ sees the spring balance exerting a real sideways force on the object in the $+ \\theta$ direction, he infers that there is a counteracting inertial force in the $- \\theta $ direction to balance it\nThanks for your help in advance.\nPS:- If you want to read exactly what the book says, please follow the link above and go to page 514 of the book.", "1002" ], [ "Effect of internal forces on kinetic energy\nFor a two-body system in absence of external forces, the kinetic energy as measured from ground frame is $K_0$ and from center of mass frame is $K_{cm}$. Find the correct statements:\n$1.$ The kinetic energy as measured from center of mass frame is least.\n$2.$ Only the portion of energy $K_{cm}$ can be transformed from one form to another due to internal changes in the system.\n$3.$ The system always retains at least $K_0-K_{cm}$ amount of kinetic energy as measured from ground frame irrespective of any kind of internal changes in the system.\n$4.$ The system always retains at least $K_{cm}$ amount of kinetic energy as measured from ground frame irrespective of any kind of internal changes in the system.\nI'm confused that internal forces changes kinetic energy with respect to center of mass frame or ground frame? I found a similar question here. But it didn't address my concern.\nMy attempt:\nSay we have a system of particles with masses $m_i$ and velocities $\\vec v_i$.", "512" ], [ "The total kinetic energy is then given by,\n$$E=\\frac{1}{2}\\sum m_iv_i^2$$\nLet’s define a couple useful quantities: total mass, $M\\equiv\\sum m_i$, velocity of the center of mass, $\\vec V\\equiv\\frac{1}{M}\\sum m_i\\vec v_i$. Notation for the particle velocities in the center of mass frame: $\\vec u_i=\\vec v_i-\\vec V$\nUsing these, we can rewrite the kinetic energy as $\\begin{align} E&=\\frac{1}{2}\\sum m_i(\\vec V+\\vec u_i)^2\\ &=\\frac{1}{2}\\sum m_i(V^2+u_1^2+2\\vec V.\\vec u_i)\\ &=\\frac{1}{2}MV^2+\\frac{1}{2}\\sum m_iu_i^2+\\vec V.\\sum m_i.\\vec u_i \\end{align}$\nI know that the first term is the kinetic energy from the motion of the center of mass, the second term is the kinetic energy from the motion relative to the center of mass and the third term is linear momentum of system w.r.t. the center of mass.\nMy question : How will the third term affect the energy of the system if it is acted by an internal force?", "512" ], [ "How exactly is kinetic energy transferred between two moving objects when a force is applied?\nI have a question about how kinetic energy is transferred between two objects when a force is applied between them. It sounds simple but when thinking about \"what really happens\" I have some questions. I also checked other entries but couldn't find a detailed explanation.\nI will use a basic example, the elastic collision.\nLet's say I have two objects with the same mass, a spring (considered with no mass) is attached to the first object.\nt=1: Object 1 accelerated from 0m/s to 10m/s. Object 2 is not moving.\nt=2: Object 1 has reached object 2 and the spring between them is compressed. Object 1 and object 2 are now both moving with 5m/s. 1/4 of the initial kinetic energy is stored in each object, 1/2 in the compression of the spring.\nt=3: While the spring expands to its original state, object 1 is decelerated until it reaches 0m/s, object 2 is accelerated until it reaches 10m/s.\nFor the numbers, momentum and energy conservation everything is fine.", "512" ], [ "Momentum and energy has not changed. At t=2 a part of the energy is stored in the compressed spring.\nWhere I have some questions: From t=2, the spring decelerates object 1. The kinetic energy from object 1 is transferred to object 2.\nWhat is the mechanism how the energy \"flows\" through the spring from object 1 to object 2? I have trouble seeing how the object that is pushed back can propagate its energy.\nI can imagine that if I would stop object 2 for a short time, the spring will be compressed further by object 1 (kinetic energy is converted). If I then stop object 1 for a short time the spring will expand and thus accelerate object 2.\nBut as the transition happens continuously, I wonder how this mechanism works in detail. As long as object 1 is faster than object 2 it is clear to me, as object 1 is still compressing the spring. I have trouble to imagine what happens exactly when object 1 is slower than object 2 but it still passes on the momentum and energy.\nIs there any model what happens in detail? Some backgrounds would be highly appreciated. It's one of the questions where I can observe and calculate the behaviour, but would like to have more explanation.", "927" ] ]

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[ [ "Upper limits for jerk and higher derivatives in physics\nIs there an upper limit for jerk in physics? What about higher derivatives?\nA consequence of special relativity is that no material body can reach or exceed the speed of light in vacuum (due to the relativistic mass increase, or the Lorentz contraction).\nI am not interested in obtaining these upper limits based on postulates (and following mathematical implications), like the postulate of the constancy of speed of light in special relativity.\nI would like to know whether there are experiments that would lead to these upper limits, as a matter of consistency with empirical evidence. For the speed of light in vacuum we have Maxwell's equations. As far as I know, it was established experimentally that the constant that appears in <PERSON>'s equations is the speed of light in vacuum.\nFor acceleration, there is a previous question on StackExchange, Is there a maximum acceleration?, where in an answer it is discussed <PERSON>'s maximum acceleration (the result is linked to <PERSON>'s uncertainty principle, that's the type of answer that I am interested in, as an example).\nSo for speed and acceleration, I understand that there is experimental evidence that tells us that in order to have consistency (with the empirical evidence), then we must accept that there is a maximum speed and acceleration in physics.\nI am not interested in arguments involving the <PERSON> system of units, since these arguments would be sensitive to the choice of normalization.\nWhat about jerk in physics, and higher order derivatives.", "221" ], [ "Is there any experimental data that would force us to accept upper limits for these quantities? Would it be useful to imagine experimental scenarios that would force us to accept these upper limits?\nI will reformulate the question, for clarity. I will not focus on the chronological emergence of the mathematical models that explain the experimental data.\nIn physics, maximum speed can be linked to <PERSON>'s equations. Maximum acceleration can be linked to <PERSON>'s uncertainty principle. Does this trend continue, for jerk and higher derivatives? Because intuition tells me that in physics there must be upper limits/bounds for all of them, and there is a countable infinity of these quantities.", "221" ], [ "In a theory of quantum gravity, does the gravitational coupling \"constant\" actually depend on the scale of the systems involved in the interaction?\nIn the following I will give some arguments that will indicate that the gravitational coupling \"constant\" actually depends on the scale (space and time) of the interacting systems. The question is:\nQuestion 1. Which of the following arguments are invalid?\nThe following arguments are inspired by the following article:\n\"Loops, trees and the search for new physics\", by <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, Scientific American, Special Edition, \"Extreme Physics\".\nThe unitarity method (presented in this article and others), is a way of analysing particle processes that bypasses the complexity of <PERSON>'s technique. Virtual particles are the prime reason why <PERSON> diagrams get so complicated. Virtual particles have both real and spurious effects, but the spurious effects cancel out of the final result (we can call this interference). The key to the success of the unitarity method is that it avoids the direct use of virtual particles. In this approach, it seems that each graviton behaves like two gluons stitched together.\n<PERSON>'s uncertainty principle will allow transitory fluctuations of energy that would allow processes involving multiple virtual particle loops to occur. These processes will have a very low probability of occurrence p.", "651" ], [ "The average waiting time for such a process to occur will be around 1/p (the less likely the process is, the longer we have to wait, on the average, for it to occur). we also note that there are also many possible combinations, for a fixed number of gravitons and a fixed number of loops.\nIn QCD, it has been noticed that at very short distances (including distances relevant for collisions at LHC), the coupling diminishes in value, so theorists can get away with considering only uncomplicated diagrams.\nA similar phenomenon (but at different relative scales) will appear in quantum gravity (when following the unitarity method, for example), when estimating the gravitational coupling constant (through actual measurement). The waiting time for the occurrence of processes associated with complex <PERSON> diagrams (that will affect the calculated value of the gravitational coupling constant) will be much longer than for the simple processes. Here I assume that in a theory of quantum gravity, the gravitational coupling constant can be estimated through measurement, and calculated based on the theory (as is the case for the electromagnetic coupling constant in QED).\nRelated to the dark matter problem, when scientists study the rotational speed of stars in a galaxy as a function of their distance from the galactic center, the system involves distances around thousands of light years (or more), and observation time of months or years. In this case, the gravitational coupling constant will have a greater value than in the case of systems at a lower scale. These scales leave plenty of room for the processes associated to complex <PERSON> diagrams to occur, thus affecting the value of the gravitational coupling constant (as compared to the <PERSON> length 10^(-35) m, and <PERSON> time 10^(-43) s). The force of gravity will seem stronger at larger scales.\nThe conclusion is that the gravitational coupling constant actually depends on the scale (in space and time) at which the act of measurement (observation) is performed. This does not exclude the possible existence of massive compact halo objects, WIMP particles, or other attempts to solve the dark matter problem, but I think that it plays a major role in this.\nQuestion 2. Could this solve that dark matter problem?", "688" ], [ "Would <PERSON>'s law in the solar system be independent from a presumed different fundamental gravitational law?\nA thought experiment:\nLet's assume the gravitational field of a black hole without any neighbors would be stronger than the Schwarzschild metric in the Newtonian limit.\nNow, we let a solar system (sun and planets, much smaller mass than the black hole) orbit around this black hole at $r>> R_s$, so that the tidal forces are nearly zero.\nMy question is, although the fundamental gravity law is \"set\" to be stronger, would the planets around the sun experience <PERSON>'s law?\nThe metric in the solar system can be calculated with the static, sperically symmetric solution of the field equations, namely $ds^2=-Bdt^2+Adr^2+\\text{angular terms}$ using the Newtonian limit (asymptotically flat spacetime), lim A(r) = 1, because due to the free fall (orbit) around the black hole, there are no forces, no curvature experienced by the solar system as it is moving along the curvature in free fall. That would presumably lead to the derivation of the Schwarzschild metric.\nThe question therefore is, whether this solar system does experience an asymptotically flat space because of the free fall around the BH and is this asymptotically flatness of space independent from the underlying gravity law of the black hole?\nRemark: Tidal forces are theoretically possible inside this solar system, because for example a planet experiences another force of gravity if it is behind the sun (in greater distance) in relation to the central black hole, than if it is in front of the sun (in nearer distance) in relation to the black hole.", "397" ], [ "However, these tidal forces are very small at galactic distances (see for example https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/702248/are-there-tidal-forces-between-the-solar-system-and-the-galactic-centre), even if the gravitational field produced by the black hole were stronger. The difference measured within the solar system between \"black hole gravity is stronger than Newtonian\" and \"black hole gravity is Newtonian\" is even much smaller.\nThis is just a thought experiment. It comes from the idea whether it is possible to create an alternative model of gravity by abandoning the weak field assumption.", "43" ], [ "The problem here is to distinguish between theory, facts and interpretations. The facts related to the two-slit experiment is that one particle always arrives as a point. If you have enough particles in sequence, a diffraction pattern becomes discernible that is consistent with the proposition that a wave diffraction pattern gives the probability that a given particle will arrive at a given point. We also believe the experiment complies with the laws of conservation of energy and of momentum. We also know if we shine strong light on the particles as they exit the slits, the diffraction pattern disappears, and we get the pattern, more or less, of one electron having gone through one known slit.\nEither there is a wave and a particle, or there is not. In the Copenhagen Interpretation, there appears to be not a wave as such, and the effect happens merely to comply with an equation, and the whole issue is left afloat.", "795" ], [ "The premise that there is a wave was followed separately by <PERSON> and <PERSON>, and this is the interpretation I follow, although I have made some alterations in that I add the requirement that the phase term follows <PERSON> and becomes real at the antinode (and I attach physical significance to that at times) and that the phase velocity must equal the particle velocity to affect the wave. That requires the wave to transmit energy, and I assume it guides the wave through an energy field. Where the energy is is admittedly a problem, and it effectively requires another dimension, which some will regard as ugly. I call these guidance waves, to slightly differentiate them from the pilot wave.\nThe important point is that weak measurements (<PERSON>, <PERSON> and 6 others. 2011. Observing the Average Trajectories of Single Photons in a Two-Slit Interferometer Science 332: 1170 – 1173.) indicate that when emerging from the slit the photon follows a trajectory in accord with that predicted by <PERSON>, which, in my opinion, is strong evidence in support of the wave plus particle concept, and does not sit at all well with the distributed quantum field, or the probability distribution until observed concept.", "682" ], [ "Alternative classical explanation of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment?\nMany questions have been asked on this site about the Stern-Gerlach experiment, but as far as I can tell this one hasn't. Does the following classical explanation of the SG experiment work?\nModel electrons as a finite-sized hollow sphere of rotating charge $e$. Immediately after entering the SG device, the dipole moment of the electron quickly reorients itself to align with the magnetic field of the device. This is what I would expect to happen if a small bar magnet were placed in a region of high magnetic field gradient.", "187" ], [ "Suppose this happens before the electron has traveled 1% of the distance of the device. Then, for the remaining 99% of the distance in the SG device, the electron is completely oriented either \"spin-up\" or \"spin-down,\" so the binary \"all-or-nothing\" measurement is naturally predicted by this classical picture.\nThis would also work to explain sending the beam through multiple differently oriented SG devices, since the previous spin orientation of the electron is completely altered (very quickly) each time the electron enters a new device.\nEDIT:\nI don't think I was clear enough about the overall point of the question, since a few people have now brought up the fact that the spherical electron model has issues. I'm aware of that, but not really concerned with the specific electron structure model, so much as why some classical model wouldn't work to describe the binary output beam behavior (which <PERSON> gave a very nice answer to).\nPerhaps a better hypothetical classical model would be: A classical point-particle with intrinsic angular momentum / magnetic dipole moment, the correct gyromagnetic ratio (supposing this could be a tunable classical parameter for point-particles), and some \"braking mechanism\" that allows it to quickly align with a magnetic field and stay aligned.\nI think this question matters because the SG experiment is often used as a pedagogical example of quantum mechanics in introductory courses. When I first learned QM, I remember being confused about why this example was supposed to be so convincing, since it seemed that there could exist classical explanations of it.", "187" ], [ "In the event of a vacuum phase transition, could the universe be left into a state with no fundamental symmetries?\nI was having a discussion with a physicist asking him whether there could be any process, compatible with our current knowledge of physics, where the universe would be left without any fundamental symmetries (no <PERSON> symmetry, no gauge symmetries, no conservation laws symmetries...etc).\nThis is what he told me:\nIf a vacuum decay would occur, and a high energy density is released, we would have a state far away indeed from the newly reached vacuum, and if the sate is not near the vacuum below then such a vacuum would not be relevant for physicists living in such a situation. They would hardly know if there were a vacuum ''behind'' the situation they would live in. They would rather think of something like the actual hot situation as the only state they could consider in reality. But this hot state would have no symmetries because there would be particles around breaking any symmetry.", "298" ], [ "I think that what I am saying is that we only have the great amount of symmetries in our present theory becourse we are sufficiently close to a vacuum situation, with a huge amount of symmetries, but without such an almost realizable - but still just imagined - vacuum state with a lot of symmetry we would not ``see'' the many nice symmetries. So if one comes too far from a vacuum with high symmetry we can't conceive the symmetries.\nHowever, this sounds to me as if, while in the state no symmetries would appear, there would be actually symmetries at the fundamental level (the vacuum). But perhaps I am making the wrong picture. So, even if there was so much heat produced that the state would be completely different from the vacuum where it would \"rest upon\", would that still mean that fundamentally there would be no symmetries?\nAnd also, I've read some models and theories in physics that assume that, as we turn backwards the history of the universe and approach the Big Bang (and heat and energy density would continuously grow) we would find more and more symmetries. Even if that was true, could somehow the situation that this physicist described give as a result a state with no symmetries at all?", "484" ], [ "Are integers unphysical/unnatural?\nWhen I first looked into number theory, I was surprised about why mathematicians are so obsessed about integers, primes and so on. As far as I understand, (almost) all integers in the real world arise as an approximate description of composite dynamics.\nI think anyone here understands why individual macroscopic objects, like rocks, buildings, etc. are approximations that we can count, so I'll dive directly into quantum world.\nThe obvious argument about where integers could naturally arise is a quantum harmonic oscillator, which dynamics results in the energy states that we can count with integers: $$E=(n+1/2)\\hbar\\omega$$ Or the energy states of atoms in the same way.\nHowever, there are no free quantum harmonic oscillators in reals life! In real life quantum fields are interacting, and discrete energy states are simply an approximation. To see this clearly consider quantum particle. We can count individual particles, right?\nNo! If we take full interacting theory, the particle states polarise the vacuum and, if we start looking closer (at higher energies), we will start seeing that there is no individual particles and what we see from far away as a single particle actually is some kind of a superposition of multiparticles states. (We actually don't really know what \"particles\" are. Abstractly this is captured in the <PERSON>'s theorem, stating that the state space of an interacting QFT is not a Fock space.) Moreover such state will never be localized.\nLooking at the world from the perspective of interacting QFT allows us to find similar arguments for any system where integers arise. Hence, integers are approximations and not natural.\nThe ONLY place, where I see integers as fundamental building blocks are the dimensions of symmetry groups of our world. The integer dimensions of the <PERSON> group result in the 4-dimensional spacetime, the integer dimensions of the SM groups $SU(3)\\times SU(2)\\times U(1)$ result in the integer number of different particle types.\nUpdate 1: A very good point were made about the charge. If we measure the number of elementary charges in a given area, it will always be an integer number, even though the number of particles is not conserved (in QFT).", "298" ], [ "It means, that any physical state is an eigenstate of a charge operator with an integer eigenvalue. Consider the simplest case, where the minimal set of mutually commuting operators consist of the Hamiltonian, H, and the charge operator, Q. Then we can label our states in terms of their eigenvalues $|E,q\\rangle$. However, are there any requirement, that $q$ is only an integer?\nUpdate 2: I think, I still need to elaborate on macroscopic objects to stop discussing the distribution of windows =) Consider, say, rocks, fingers or even particles. You can count them, for example, by counting the number of distinct maxima in their density distribution. This counting is an approximation. First problem is that we need to agree what exactly will count for a single object. Second problem is that these objects are not stable in time: stones will break down and the probability distribution of a particle will become highly delocalized. The next problem is that if you zoom in, you can loose your definition of a single particle: due to vacuum polarizations any electron is surrounded by a cloud of other particles. I'm ok with integers arising from approximate description, they are just not fundamental to the theory.\nUpdate 3: The question was temporary closed as being opinion-based. So here are two questions that can, in principle, be answered with facts and citations:\n1) Following \"Update 2\", are there any mechanisms that relate the fact that the symmetry space, say $U(1)$, has integer dimensions and the fact that all the physical state are eigenvalues of the generator of $U(1)$ with integer eigenvalues? Simply put, why the charged is quantized and quantized evenly?\n2) Is there a way, to construct a symmetry group, such that it doesn't have an integer number of dimensions? Such that the number of generators is not an integer number (whatever that means =))", "976" ], [ "If distant observers never see a black hole form in finite time how can the information paradox be a problem?\nSo, at least as reported in the media, the physics community is still struggling with the problem of resolving the impossibility of retrieving information from beyond the event horizon of a black hole with the fact that QM seems to guarantee information is preserved.\nHowever, as I understand, a distant observer will never actually see the creation of the black hole occur in finite time. In other words, over all finite times for a distant observer the situation can be described from via solutions to GR that don't actually result in an event horizon in finite time. Now if we assume that either the universe ends after finite time for that distant observer or the (psuedo) black hole evaporates after such time then all events can be described from some perspective without introducing any event horizon.\nBut by the equivalence principle in GR the perspective of any observer is just as valid and if information is preserved for any observer it is preserved for all observers.", "334" ], [ "So how can there be any confusion?\n(The assumption that the universe ends or the (psuedo) black hole evaporates in finite time ensures that there is no observer for whom the external observer's perspective is only valid for a finite amount of time.)\nEDIT: Yes, as pointed out the equivalence principle in GR refers to something else. I mean whatever is the GR analog of the SR principle that tells us that a description in any inertial reference frame is equally valid. My understanding was that this was extended in GR to non-inertial observers but regardless of what it is called the point is that if there is any solution of GR that describes all space for all time without the introduction of event horizons then since this description creates no paradox there shouldn't be a paradox with respect to any description.\nAlso perhaps some assumption about the observer not accelerating to infinite velocity is required as well but maybe such observers are already not considered.\nEDIT2: To be more precisce I want to choose a frame whose vector field matches the (usual) local coordinates for some observer who neither falls into a black hole or accelerats to infinite velocity relative to matter in the universe.\nPerhaps I am confused and instead want to pick a maximal coordinate chart including all the points on the manifold occupied by my observer.", "651" ] ]

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[ [ "How to deal with large data sets\nSo i'm very new to this, forgive my silly questions.\nI've got some data I need to analyse, I would usually just use excel it doesnt seem to be able to do the job.\nI have .csv files containing data for every seconds over a year period. The data consists simlpy of timestamp and valueX.\nI need to analyse these values to see if values X goes below a certain value, and if it does I have various calculations to carry out.", "650" ], [ "Value A is proportional to X and just instantaneous, then value B is a counter proportional to A.\nCould you suggest a method/ language / software that would be the best and most accessible to do this? I don't have much experience in data analytics/big data apart from using excel and a bit of matlab and python.\nthanks in advance\nEDIT: Thanks for the replies, my data is like this...\nI have a text file for January values.\n01/02/2016 00:00:00,<PHONE_NUMBER>\n01/02/2016 00:00:01,49.9690056\n01/02/2016 00:00:02,<PHONE_NUMBER>\n01/02/2016 00:00:03,<PHONE_NUMBER>\n01/02/2016 00:00:04,<PHONE_NUMBER>\nDifferent text files for each month, some files have text or notes at the top which I'd need to clean up.\nFor some context the second value is grid frequency, If it goes below a certain threshold, it constitutes an grid fault. I need to know how long these faults occur for, how often, how far the f value falls etc.\nEDIT 2: Thanks for the tips folks, I've been able to read in my data, clean it up and combine it into one dataframe. I'm now try to add some extra column to the dataframe that are dependent of the col 1 value but having some trouble.\n\"Read in month csv files and create dataframes\"\ndf_jan_short = pd.read_csv('2016_01_short.csv', header = None ,parse_dates = [0], index_col = 0, names = ['timestamp','Freq'],squeeze= True)\ndf_feb_short = pd.read_csv('2016_02_short.csv', header = None ,parse_dates = [0], index_col = 0, names = ['timestamp','Freq'],squeeze= True)\n\"Combine dataframes into one dataframe for year\" months_short = [df_jan_short, df_feb_short] year_short = pd.concat(months_short)\n\"Repalce NaN values in df with 50.00 Hz\"\nyear_short.fillna(50.00,inplace = True)\n\"Check what range freq is in\"\nyear_short['Case'] = 'No Case'\nyear_short['Case'](year_short['Freq'] > Fc & year_short['Freq'] < Ff ) = 'A' year_short['Case'](year_short['Freq'] > Fa & year_short['Freq'] < Fc ) = 'B'\nyear_short['Case'](year_short['Freq'] < Fa ) = 'C'\nyear_short['Case'](year_short['Freq'] > Ff & year_short['Freq'] < Fh ) = 'G'\nyear_short['Case'](year_short['Freq'] > Fh ) = 'H'\nBut I get the following error...\nrunfile('C:/Users/ShaneOKeeffe/Documents/Grid Freq/Py/4.py', wdir='C:/Users/ShaneOKeeffe/Documents/Grid Freq/Py')\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"C:\\ProgramData\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\interactiveshell.py\", line 2862, in run_code\nexec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)\nFile \"<ipython-input-74-3a0fbc1f23f6>\", line 1, in <module>\nrunfile('C:/Users/ShaneOKeeffe/Documents/Grid Freq/Py/4.", "373" ], [ "Regression prediction for HVAC unit Best way to utilize available data?\nI am starting to investigate machine learning applications for HVAC at the commercial level. I am an HVAC controls person by trade that has recently taken some basic courses on Machine learning and Data science.", "650" ], [ "I have a large (large for HVAC systems, anyhow) amount of data available and now i'm trying to figure out what the best way to try and utilize it is.\nUltimately What i want to do is predict performance for a period of time. i am unsure what period of time would be the most appropriate, but, i'm thinking probably in the range of 15 mins to an hour is about all i can expect reasonably.\nTo that end, I am doing some exploratory data analysis - I re-arranged the original raw data into a time series and then sorted it chronologically.\ni have 35 unique data points in this data set - here is a sample of what it currently looks like:\nTimeStamp Point Name Value\n4/13/2020 12:59 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/13/2020 22:03 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/15/2020 16:06 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/16/2020 16:00 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/16/2020 16:15 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/16/2020 17:34 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/16/2020 17:46 HVAC 3.CoolingCoilGPM 2\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.RETURN_AIR 70.23748\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.DISCH_AIR 56.54999\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.MIXED_AIR 53.00623\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.CLG_COIL 54.34374\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.FB_DAMPER 2\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.CLG_VALVE 1\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.HTG_VALVE 10\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.CHW_COIL_DELTA 9.686241\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.OA_TEMP 32.55227\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.CHW_DELTA_LOOPOUT 14\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.TOD 1\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.RFAN 1\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.SFAN 1\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.ST_DISCH <PHONE_NUMBER>\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.RH_RETURN 31.23749\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.ST_DUCT <PHONE_NUMBER>\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.HTG_COIL 52.89374\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.SFAN_COMMAND 4.642393\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.RFAN_COMMAND 2.685749\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.RA_DAMPER 2.195717\n4/17/2020 13:36 HVAC 3.SA_FLOW 13.19481\n4/17/2020 13:40 HVAC 3.RA_FLOW 9.834915\n4/17/2020 13:42 HVAC 3.RH_VALVE 8.922806\n4/17/2020 13:50 HVAC 3.DISCH_AIR 55.31249\n4/17/2020 13:50 HVAC 3.CoolingSensibleHeatChange <PHONE_NUMBER>\nSo - I thought this was a great idea, until i looked at the top few rows, and i realize that i need to have these individual points as features, not all in one column like this.\nThen i realized that the biggest question, really, is what my target should be. i'm not sure if anyone on here has any experience in this area - so i thought i'd throw my thoughts out there and see if i can get any advice.", "60" ], [ "Looking for an advice based on an output of a LSTM model\nI have fitted a LSTM model first using keras.\nData:I have a time series with 560 observations. From that I trained the model using first 500 observations and then evaluated the model using last 60 observations.\nI have only one predictor(X) where X is the lag price of the time series. So basically I am trying to predict the current price from the previous days price by fitting a LSTM model.\nI used the following setup to fit the model:\nmodel = Sequential()\nmodel.add(LSTM(32, activation = 'relu', return_sequences = True,input_shape=(dataXtrain.shape[1], dataXtrain.shape[2])))\nmodel.add(Dense(1))\nmodel.add(Dropout(0.3))\nmodel.compile(loss='mean_absolute_error', optimizer='adam')\nmodel.fit(dataXtrain, dataYtrain, epochs=1000, batch_size=16)\nThen I evaluated the model for test data. The comparison between the actual price and the predicted price for test data looks like this:\nBased on the above plot, It seems that the model is kind of capturing the shape of the actual price.", "856" ], [ "But it is underestimating the price all the time.\nCan anyone suggest anything to improve this model?\nI am beginner to model fitting in deep learning. So any help will be highly useful.\nThank you.\n*Update*** I tried following setup and the results improved drastically:\nmodel = Sequential()\nmodel.add(LSTM(50, activation = 'relu', return_sequences = True,input_shape=(dataXtrain.shape[1], dataXtrain.shape[2])))\nmodel.add(Dense(1))\nmodel.compile(loss='mean_absolute_error', optimizer='adam')\nmodel.fit(dataXtrain, dataYtrain, epochs=1000, batch_size=16)\nHowever it seems that the predicted price capturing the actual trend after some delay. Will it be possible to fix this?\nAny advice will be really helpful.\n*Edit**\nI am updating the question with the code that I used to obtain the fitted values and make the plot.\nFirst I Stored the predictions based on test data:\ny_pred = model.predict(dataXtest)\ny_pred.shape\nWhen I am fitting the model, I reshaped the data so that it is a subsequence of 2 observations. (For an example 500 training observations are reshaped as (250,2,1). Also the 60 test data reshaped as (30,2,1) )\nThen I reshaped the predictions to the original form.\ny_pred=y_pred.reshape(60,1)\ndataYtest=dataYtest.reshape(60,1)\npred_data=pd.concat([dataYtest,y_pred],axis=1)\npred_data.head(10)\n<PHONE_NUMBER>\n1 5991 5851.091797\n2 6023 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n3 5972 5939.657227\n4 6028 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n5 5429 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n6 5697 5390.026367\n7 5841 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n8 5980 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n9 6548 5897.926758\n10 6928 <PHONE_NUMBER>\nThis is how I plotted the data:\nplt.figure(figsize=(14,5))\nplt.plot(dataYtest, color = 'red', label = 'Actual Price')\nplt.plot(y_pred, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Price')\nplt.title('Test data')\nplt.xlabel('Time')\nplt.ylabel('Price')\nplt.legend()\nplt.show()", "856" ], [ "Chose the right regression analysis\nIn R I have data where head(data) gives\nday promotion profit new_users\n1 105 45662 33\n2 12 40662 13\n3 44 46800 20\n4 203 54102 46\nNow day is simply the day (and is in order). promotion is simply the promotion-value for the day, the profit is the profit that day and new_users is the number of new users that day.\nI want investigate the relationships between promotion to profit and new_users. We see a clear positive correlation between promotion and profit, and there is also a positive correlation between promotion and new_users. In R I simply test correlation\ncor.test(data$promotion, data$profit, method=\"kendall\", alternative=\"greater\" )\ncor.test(data$promotion, data$new_users, method=\"kendall\", alternative=\"greater\")\nwhich both gives a low p-value, ie we have a positive correlation.\nI want to find a point where where the increase of promotion don't increase profit or new_users that must, ie a sweet spot.\nHere is 2 plots and the R code for these\nplot(data$promotion, data$profit, col=\"brown\")\nplot(data$promotion, data$new_users)\nHow should this be done?\nMy thoughts where to make a regression model. For the first one \"promotion vs.", "650" ], [ "new_users\" one could use a poisons model because it's a count-process, so a model like this would be a good chose?\nglm(formula= data$new_users ~ data$promotion, family=\"poisson\", data=data)\nNext what regression model should one chose for the next one. Is it fair to say that this regression model is a good chose ? (I use sqrt command)\nglm(formula=data$profit ~ sqrt(data$promotion) , data=data)\nOr maybe it's not even necessary to use a regression model at all to find a sweet spot?\nThanks.\nI have now looked at 'good' new users. For each day we have a promotion value and we have a count value which is the number of new good users. This plot shows us the number of good new users we get for a promotion for each day. For example for promotion value 90 we have a day where we got 8 new good users and a day where we got 14 new good users.\nWhat would be the right approach to find a sweet spot for the use of promotion ?", "587" ], [ "Matching financial reconciliation data / matching multiple rows based on column values\nI'm working with financial reconciliation data and the ask is to train the algorithm to match transactions (that are otherwise manually matched if the existing application didn't because not all the rules were met).\nThe Currency, Account, Client have to be the same, the Settle & Trade dates of each item can be the same or vary, the Net Settlement should ideally be 0 (when the sign for one item is flipped) or as close to 0. The rest of the columns aren't as helpful because they can be blank or vary for the same match.\nSo if for 2 rows of data the currency, account & client are the same, one of the dates varies by 1 day & the settlement difference is 0.50 - they're reconciled (or at least tagged as an 80% match or a partial/possible match). In the picture for the 2nd set, 3 items are reconciled - the difference is -48 and the dates vary a bit.\nThere are also instances where it's 5+ (upto thousands) items of data all being part of the same transaction (this makes my head hurt and the math aspect of it makes this seem easy but it doesn't always become 0 and looking at the \"training\" data makes no sense )\nI was wondering if this is feasible (because there are so few unique identifiers and so many possible number of matches), what would be the best method(s) - algorithm, language, libraries etc., For a start, just being able to classify only 2 (not more) exact (same amount) matches would be great. I do have access to plenty of training data.", "650" ], [ "I have only worked with R & Python for analysis/simple predictions and this was over 1 year ago. Since I started at my first job I've basically been doing data visualization and not much else and have completely lost touch.\nP.S - I haven't come up with any ideas because my anxiety has shot through the roof & I'm fully aboard the procrastitrain - I know nothing about finance (not that necessary here, I know, I understand the basics) and as a lowly analyst I've been the only person put on this project and everybody seems to have all these expectations (they used \"ML\" about a million times). I work at a large-ish bank/finance place but most of the management is averse to anything actual tech (like, they prefer excel to Power BI) so this is new to everybody. If it was just reconciling matches, a macro or a large if-statements riddled program would do but they want to know why items have been matched so the existing application can be bettered.", "57" ], [ "python pandas optimization: filtering on text index values\nI have to filter a pandas data frame by matching a complex regular expression on a text index.\nThe data frame is multi level indexed, and contains more than 2 million records.\nThe way I'm doing is:\nidentifiers = self._data.index.get_level_values('identifier')\nfilt = ... # an_array_of_np.bool_with_the_same_length_as_my_data\npattern = ...", "392" ], [ "# a complex regular expression, as a string\nfilt = filt & np.array(identifiers.str.contains(pat=pattern, case=False, regex=True), dtype=np.bool)\n... # other filterings\nUnfortunately, the line beginning by filt = filt & is very slow.\nI'm wondering if you have some ideas to make it faster. I guess that's because of the identifiers.str.contains\nThanks a lot!\nEDIT:\nThanks @Emre\nI'm not allowed to share those data, but the code below demonstrates the problem:\n* Step 0: 0:00:00.013527\n* Step 1: 0:00:00.010127\n* Step 2: 0:00:<PHONE_NUMBER>\n* Step 3: 0:00:<PHONE_NUMBER>\n* Step 4: 0:00:00.027437\nIn fact, my feeling is that we apply the regular expression on all the values of the identifiers, while I would expect that the filter applies on the possible values of the index (lost of values are reused many times).\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\nimport datetime\nN = 2000000\nN_DVC = 10000\ndef getData():\nidentifiers = np.random.choice(np.array([\n\"need\", \"need: foo\", \"need: bar\", \"need: foo: bar\", \"foo: need\", \"bar: need\",\n\"not: need\", \"not: need: foo\", \"not: need: bar\", \"not: need: foo: bar\", \"foo: need: not\", \"bar: need: not\",\n\"need ign\", \"need: foo ign\", \"need: bar ign\", \"need: foo: bar ign\", \"foo: need ign\", \"bar: need ign\",\n\"ign need\", \"need: ign foo\", \"need: ign bar\", \"need: foo: ign bar\",\n]), N)\ndevices = np.random.choice(np.arange(N_DVC))\ntimestamps = np.random.choice(pd.date_range('1/1/2016 00:00:00', periods=60*60*24, freq='s'), N)\nx = np.random.rand(N)\ny = np.random.rand(N)\ndata = pd.DataFrame({'identifier': identifiers, 'device': devices, 'timestamp': timestamps, 'x': x, 'y': y})\ndata.set_index(['device', 'identifier', 'timestamp'], drop=True, inplace=True)\nreturn data\ndef filterData(data):\n# I know those regular expressions are not perfect for the example,\n# but it mimics the real expressions I have\nrexpPlus = '^(?:[^\\s]+:\\s)*need(?:(?<IP_ADDRESS>\\s[^\\s]+)*:\\s[^\\s]+)?$'\nrexpMinus = '(?<IP_ADDRESS>\\s)(?:(?:not)|(?:ign))(?<IP_ADDRESS>\\s)'\ntic = datetime.datetime.now()\nidentifiers = data.index.get_level_values('identifier')\nprint(\"- Step 0: %s\" % str(datetime.datetime.now() - tic))\ntic = datetime.datetime.now()\nfilt = np.repeat(np.False_, data.shape[0])\nprint(\"- Step 1: %s\" % str(datetime.datetime.now() - tic))\ntic = datetime.datetime.now()\nfilt = filt | np.array(identifiers.str.contains(pat=rexpPlus, case=False, regex=True), dtype=np.bool)\nprint(\"- Step 2: %s\" % str(datetime.datetime.now() - tic))\ntic = datetime.datetime.now()\nfilt = filt & (~np.array(identifiers.", "613" ], [ "Finding model for time dependent functions via global model statement and constraints\nI am interested in implementing a model to predict Load to Truck ratio.\nThe goal of the model and the training process is to find the set of functions that define the interaction between locations.\nWe got $N$ locations, and for a specific $t$ we have a certain amount of Loads $L(t)$ and Trucks $T(t)$. The evolution of the loads in this simplistic first stage model assumes that whenever a load disappears is due only to a truck grabbing it. So this implies that\n$$ \\frac{dL_i}{dt} = - \\sum_{j\\ne i}^Nq_{ij}(t) + s_{L_i}(t) $$\nwhere $q_{ij}$ implies a Load to Truck assignment from location $i$ to location $j$, and this can be seen as a measure of density per unit of time of load assignments between locations (self routed locations are not taking into account because they are non existent, i.e. $q_{ii}=0$). On top of that I've added a source, new load density per unit of time, i.e. $s_{L_i}$.\nOn the truck side of things we got\n$$ \\frac{dT_i}{dt} = - \\sum_{j\\ne i}^Nq_{ij}(t) + \\sum_{j\\ne i}^Nq_{ji}(t-\\Delta t_{ij}) $$\nso the first terms states exactly the same in regards to load assignments. Every time one occurs both Loads and Trucks in that location take a hit. The second term of the right hand side of the equation states that trucks for which a Load Assignment was made $\\Delta t_{ij}$ time units ago is arriving at location $i$.\nI've got information to determine - $s_{L_i}$ - $L(t)$ - $T(t)$ - $\\Delta t_{ij}$\nThe goal here is to find meaningful information, after a successful prediction of $T$ and $L$, on $q_{ij}$.", "143" ], [ "This functions represent the location-to-location interaction.\nWhat is the most direct way of finding this interaction, time-dependent function. I have zero experience in time dependent prediction, and or models. So my naive and for sure costly approach would be,\n* define a function space\n* via numerical propagation find the error of the prediction\n* train\nThe resolution of the numerical approach can manage to be on an hourly basis. Even more. Day resolution is the most desirable value. It must be said that I formulated this in a continuous way, regardless of its discrete nature, because humans are animals of habit.\nDue to consistent intra-day market behavior we could state that $q_{ij}(t)$ on a low time resolution basis is periodic (4-7 day window). Also on a coarse time scale it seems to be as well a periodic function (4 - 6 months window). I guess this can be useful if I want to narrow the model space into a product of coarse and fine grained periodic functions, $f_{c}(t)g_{f}(t)$ via Fourier decomposition. But once again, maybe this is commiting to wrong assumptions.\nAny comments or pointing out resources would be much appreciated.", "232" ], [ "Product classification in hierarchical categories based on multiple parameters and non-standard descriptions\nI want to start a machine learning project in my company and a really big pain for spend analysts is to classify the products that buyers order for maintenance, tooling, raw material and such, as the description on the purchase order is free text and people can write just about anything (often the bare minimum for the order to be approved)\nSome importan considerations are:\n* As the company is global, the language of the description is local (german, spanish, english, russian, chinesse, etc)\n* There is no standard for the structure of the sentences\n* People can input abbreviations\n* For certain products, the buyers don't define if the part is a repair part or a brand new product\nI have read about sklearn libraries for text analysis but I really new at machine learning algorithms (I have mostly completed basic tutorials). Most of the examples are for analyzing tweets or complains, but I don't know where to start if I want to consider variables other than text, such as quantity, unitary price, provider and other parameters; and additionally, my categories are a hierarchy of four levels based on certain rules (such as, if the unitary price is over X, then it belongs to category A)\nAn example of the database could be:\nDESCRIPTION uom Mgroup Provider Category Unit Spend Total Quantity\nCATALOG: A6-CJR-45 XRE: N/A C-RING FT A Prov1 31000000 5.1 $5.10 1\nContactor iec, 9a, 24v dc, 50/60hz ( FT3 B Prov2 <PHONE_NUMBER> $164.00 2\nDucto ranurado de 2 x 3, color gris, BAL C Prov1 <PHONE_NUMBER>.34 $486.80 20\nModulo de 8 salidas aisladas 5-235 vc ST B Prov2 32131000 254.74 $764.22 3\nSelector no-il.", "373" ], [ "plastico 2 pos. mant. ST B Prov3 32131000 6.46 $32.30 5\n(ELEC-L2GEW4) TERMINAL TIPO LENGÜETA P SER D Prov2 39120000 3.77 $56.55 15\n2 Position Selector Switch - Plastic, M E Prov2 23161500 9.89 $69.23 7\nSo my question is, where could I start to investigate? Which algorithm would be best suited to tackle this problem?\nThank you!", "180" ] ]

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[ [ "INTRODUCTION\nAs my labmates and I were traveling to an out-of-state conference two years ago, I was devouring Play Hive Like a Champion by <PERSON>, the 2011 World Champ. I had purchased Hive Carbon for Christmas just a few months prior, but it had already captivated me. It resembled my childhood favorite of Chess, especially with the similarities of several pieces:\nAfter spending many years in the Hive community, I now confidently recognize Play Hive Like a Champion as a landmark of strategy. Most importantly, it identified many foundational aspects. Formations, such as the gate, ring, elbow, and pocket. Maneuvers, such as the pin, cover, block, and fill. Eight years after its initial release, this book is still an excellent guide. I have enjoyed going back through it in preparation for the current review. Fast forward to today. Jewdoka (<PERSON>), the 2017 World Champ, has just published The Canon of Hive: Groundwork.\n<PERSON> benefited greatly not only from <PERSON>'s book but also from seven more years of strategy development with the Hive legends. Consequently, The Canon of Hive: Groundwork refines and expands the ideas presented in Play Hive Like a Champion. Perhaps the biggest evolution has been the discretization of the levels of Hive learning:\nEach level of this pyramid corresponds to a chapter in the book and builds upon the levels beneath. In this review, I'll give a brief idea of each one to whet your appetite. As a disclaimer, I've helped edit this book for many months. While that may have jeopardized my objectivity, it also well equipped me to summarize the book.\nLEVEL 1: PRINCIPLE\nInterestingly, the first level does not deal with the basics of strategy or even the rules. It covers the ideals of the player. Perhaps more than any other chapter, this choice illustrates the mind of <PERSON>, who is a practitioner of <PERSON>. These ideals all have Japanese names but cover relatable concepts. I especially like how a Hive story illustrates each one. Here's the first:\nLEVEL 2: FUNDAMENTAL\nThe second level explores the concepts that originate first from the rules. Perhaps more than any other chapter, this one feels like a refinement of <PERSON>'s ideas. For example, <PERSON> expands upon the elbow, pocket, and ring with the hub, cluster, shell, rack, comb, and cavern. Likewise, <PERSON> clarifies the various options for the pin into true pins, false pins, and anchors. We also get some huge new fundamentals, such as the recovery, escape, and choke. Importantly, many of the new terms resulted from the Pillbug, which released after the first edition of <PERSON>’s book.", "581" ], [ "Here are some example fundamentals in their easy-to-parse layout:\nLEVEL 3: TECHNIQUE\nThe third level, which is the core of the book, covers techniques. These well-established, short sequences of play are the Lego bricks of Hive. In general, I'm impressed with the organization of The Canon of Hive: Groundwork... but this chapter is outstanding. It really does a great job in grouping and adding to the ideas of Play Hive Like a Champion.\nThese 40 techniques... yes, 40!... are neatly subdivided into five categories: attack, complication, counter, expansion, and sacrifice. Think of these sections as moods that you should adopt during gameplay. If your opponent is weak, attack. If you cannot see how to gain initiative, complicate or expand. If you can see a way out but don't yet have the initiative, sacrifice. At all times, look for opportunities to counter.\nThis chapter well illustrates how Groundwork benefits people of all skill levels. Before reading this book, I was knocked out of the final 16 of the World Championship by the 3rd-place finisher. Not too shabby. Still... the ideas of complication and expansion really resonated with me. They were particular weaknesses of my game. So while I cannot tell you which parts of the book will most help you, I guarantee that there will be parts. And as you get stronger, other parts will appeal. This is definitely not a one-time read.\nAlso, know that this book mainly provides the tools for forging your own creative style. Combine ideas and even cultivate your own! Right up front, it says: \"This book won't tell you what to do; it will help shape how you think. It will systemize Hive in a way that promotes individual growth.\" You might know certain things that you like and want to strengthen. For example, part of my style is to maximize the effect of weak pieces. In Chess, my favorite piece is the pawn. In Hive, it's the Spider.", "366" ], [ "Artwork by the unparalleled <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\nTidal Blades: Heroes of the Reef is a game I acquired for its visuals and components alone. Shocking, I know; shouldn't you only buy games you INTEND to play? To provide some background on my tastes as a gamer, I am not a frequent backer of games on Kickstarter: only five titles are backed under my name in the past five years. I don't need a game to have stunning visuals to love it; Lancasterand Concordiaare both in my Top 10 games of all time (you can read the full list of my Top 100 Games of 2020 here). That being said, visuals can certainly pull me in to enjoying a game more, from the woodlands of Rootto the bombastic world of Mechs vs. Minions. But as a rule of thumb, I am more of a \"mechanisms first, theme second\" kind of guy.\nSo when it came to making the decision to purchase Tidal Blades: Deluxe Edition, it was an item I knew I wanted to have in my collection. I've played plenty of worker placement games with mechanisms that excite me, like Calimala's fantastic double activation, or the madcap wackiness of Argent: The Consortiumand its multi-talented wizards. Nothing about the worker placement in Tidal Blades excited me from the Kickstarter. I certainly hoped that its mechanisms would reveal itself to me upon play, and that it would be a game that I would grow to love the gameplay of on top of its brilliant world-building and artwork. I feel that many backers and potential buyers may be in the same boat as me, so let me help you navigate the waters of this massive ocean.\nI'm not here to talk about the visuals of Tidal Blades: Heroes of the Reef. It is the nicest box of components I own, and the presentation is even better than that of Mechs vs Minions, Everdell, and Scythe, in my opinion. If you're reading this review, I bet that the world created here drew you in. Again, there's nothing wrong with that, in my book. As board gamers, we're allowed to like nice things!\nSo, let's talk about the mechanisms in Tidal Blades: Heroes of the Reef. I'll start with two positives, and go into a few misgivings I've developed over my few plays.\nThe sense of character progression and growth is tangible and forefront in your journey in Tidal Blades.", "504" ], [ "Through completing quests and fighting monsters, you're going to find yourself jumping up all four of your dials. All of them feel worthwhile and will give you a great sense of variety from game to game. While getting better stunts and bringing more dice to challenges feels accomplishing, I have to highlight my personal favorite traits to upgrade: Resilience and Synergy. The former allows you to engage with the tremendous dice upgrading mechanism (like a tech tree), and its empowering to upgrade so many dice at the end of each day. In another vein, Synergy lets you customize your character, and it's always a joy to draw new attributes and deck out your champion with asymmetrical powers. I think many will end a game of Tidal Blades feeling proud of the character they've built, and will be eager to see how differently it plays out in future plays. The character growth the star of the show, in my opinion.\nAnd while advancing your traits commands center stage, the dice mechanism is the supporting actor holding the performance together. How you roll dice in Tidal Blades is probably the single most important factor in whether or not you will enjoy this game. Tidal Blades only offers twelve actions (fourteen with the Try-Outs variant), so you know the worker placement can't be doing all of the heavy lifting. No, you will probably spend the majority of your time in Tidal Blades either rolling dice, or watching another player roll dice. If this is a problem for you, then you and I both know this game isn't the right fit for you. But, if like me, you tolerate dice rolling (and potentially even enjoy it!), then I think you'll find a lot to love Tidal Blades' take on the format.\nI tend to play my games in gut-reaction mode, meaning I like to keep the action going and the blood pumping. I'm not one to puzzle over every space combat in ; I'm the kind of guy who will quickly assess my odds in and grit my teeth as I pull that final chip from the bag. Going with your gut is what makes the combat in Tidal Blades enjoyable to me. I'll swipe up my dice, roll them without inhibitions, reassess, and roll again. The results you get are often varied enough that you'll get to roll several times, making tight decisions about when to pull out, or when to push for one final go.", "237" ], [ "...and the obligatory \"This is my first review please be gentle!!!\" clause.\n“Small World is a fun, zany, light-hearted civilization game in which 2-5 players vie for conquest and control of a board that is simply too small to accommodate them all!” A retheme of <PERSON> Vinci, Small World(also done by <PERSON>) is a territory control game where races rise and fall while conquering the board. In simplest terms, the game is a territory control game where the limiting factor is the number of units available to you. However, upon a deeper look, the game reveals much much more.\n...and end the canned description.\nI have never played <PERSON> and no point of comparison to the game Small World is inspired by. Perhaps this is good, perhaps this is bad, but at least I'm judging Small World on its own merits alone.\nProduction Values\nSmall World has its share of bits. In standard Days of Wonder fare, everything is of high quality. All of the pieces are printed in full color on stocky cardboard. The pieces come off easily from the sprues. No fear of ripping here! Perhaps the highest compliment to Days of Wonder is that the storage of all of the bits is beyond fantastic. Every chit has a compartment, every piece has a spot. Days of Wonder hit this one out of the park.\nGameplay\nIn my opinion, the recipe for a good game includes simplicity, hidden complexity, and elegance. Small World delivers on all of these fronts. The game is remarkably simple to teach and learn. Within 15 minutes, a game will be up and running with few to no questions. The shortened version of the rules are simply: You gain territories by placing 2 more of your tokens than tokens currently there. Gain one point for every territory you control. 1 of each enemy in a conquered territory is returned to the box. The others are redistributed at the end of the active player's turn.\nThis very simple and elegant mechanic is made complex by the random combination of powers/races that may appear and by the concept of sending races into decline.", "299" ], [ "A game containing Heroic Amazons is very different than one containing Stout Amazons is different from one containing Flying Amazons. Even if you have one of the best combos possible, eventually your race will be overextended and will not be able to effectively defend itself. At that point, it might be prudent to send your active race into decline. This means you remove all but one of your pieces from each territory you control. Additionally, select and new race/power combo to champion. The timing of this action is a crucial decision as it is often the only way to bring more troops onto the board.\nReplayability\nGiven the random combinations of races/powers there is already a ton of replayability inherent to the game. With 14 races and 20 powers, there are 280 combinations. The optimal strategies change when different race/power combinations hit the board, so there's a lot to think about. Furthermore, the game comes with 4 boards: one for 2 players, one for 3 players, etc.\nUnlike some other games, Small World's lighthearted charm is an invitation to play more. In a game where the game hinges around player versus player conflict it might be easy to demoralize players after repeated thrashings. However the mood of the game is charming and amusing. Even if you are losing terribly, see such ridiculous combinations as Hill Tritons or Commando Giants is enough to elicit a chuckle.\nComplaints\nNo game is perfect, and alas there are a couple of things that are a bit odd about Small World. Invariably, with so many possible combinations there can be balance issues. Most notable are perhaps Spirit Ghouls and Flying Sorcerers. However given the rarity that these occur, the small fault is forgivable.\nAlso, the game has a ton of little bits! The usual problems with these arise, be careful lest the vacuum, pet dog, or sofa monster kidnap half of your game.\nOverall\nThe game is a refreshing light-hearted affair with hidden complexity that invites the player back for more. It is simple enough to teach someone new to gaming within minutes yet complex enough to allow two chess masters to slug it out. With the elegance of mechanics, depth of play, and quality of production, it is hard to not recommend Small World.", "237" ], [ "Abstract\nCarcassonne: Hunters & Gatherers (\"Hunters\") is a standalone version of the classic tile-laying Carcassonne, (designer <PERSON>), and was released in 2002. I have played over 100 games of Hunters (89 recorded plays), with the vast majority of these plays being 2-player games. Hunters stands out as a game that strikes a paradoxical balance between its outward appearance and accessibility as a light game and its hidden and genuine depth that can sustain many repeat plays. Hunters’ mechanics are straightforward yet flexible enough to foster good tensions and a competitive edge throughout the entire game.\nIntroduction\nThe Backstory\nI was late to the modern boardgame party. Despite having played a variety of games my entire life (both physical and digital) I really didn’t play many modern euro-style games until a few years ago. In one of my first game purchase binges (x-mas 2010 as it was), I looked to grow a modest collection of games and asked for recommendations.\nCarcassonne is always in the top of the list of recommendations as a gateway game because of its potential widespread appeal, easy rule set, and engaging gameplay. In researching the Carcassonne line, I came across Hunters & Gatherers, and after reading reviews and comments, got the impression that Hunters functions as a better standalone game with more depth, and better suitability for 2-players, compared to the original (unexpanded) Carcassonne. Plus I liked the look of the artwork and theme more. Ultimately, I was pushed to buy it upon reading that a couple working abroad in Central America had only taken along Hunters, and they never tired of it for years. Whow! So into the cart it went!\nFast-forward to the present, and I’m happy to say that I have likely played over 100 games of Hunters (89 recorded plays thus far). The majority of these plays have been 2-player games, between me and my wife. Hunters has been a success in bridging our differences in gaming preferences and providing a game experience we enjoy every time we pull it off the shelf.", "504" ], [ "This review reflects primarily my experiences with Carcassonne as a 2-player game.\nGameplay Synopsis\nHunters is a tile-placement game, and sharing a lineage with the original Carcassonne(2000) puts it within the realm of genre defining euro-style games. Unlike Carcassonne’s medieval setting, Hunters uses a pre-historic theme. For the uninitiated, below is a basic overview of the gameplay:\nPlayers take turns drawing a single tile and placing it next to an adjacent tile where the edges match. Tiles contain portions of woodlands, rivers, and hunting grounds in various combinations. After placing a tile, that player has the option to then place one of their 5 meeples onto the tile that was just played in one of the landscape regions, provided no other player already has a meeple in that region.\nOnce placed, meeples remain in place until the region is closed in the case of woodlands and rivers (and players earn points for these closed areas). In the case of hunting ground regions meeples remain in place until the end of the game. Each player also has two huts which may be placed onto any river or lake system that doesn’t already have another player’s hut somewhere in that system. If two regions with different player’ meeples and/or huts on them are connected through subsequent tile plays, both players score points for the region.\n* Comparison with original Carcassonne:\nDiscussion\nThesis\nCarcassonne: Hunters & Gatherers stands out as a game that bridges a lot of gaps. It provides a solid balance between simple rules and relatively deep gameplay. It can satisfy many styles of play and appeal to a wide variety of gamers, from those wanting to play a low-conflict casual game to those looking to squeeze out every opportunity for competition and conflict. It packs a modest level of depth into a game with low overhead and that is easy to learn. Overall, Hunter’s success is attributed to how well it balances these potentially competing interests; luck and skill; ease of learning and depth of play; passivity and aggression; casualness and seriousness.\nDecision Space\nHunters poses two decision points to players on their turn; tile placement and meeple/hut placement.\nDecision #1: Tile Placement\nRegarding the first decision, players only have one tile in their hand and it has to be played. At the broadest level, your choice of tile placement is constrained by the legal moves for placement, meaning that it must be placed in a way that avoids mis-matched edges.", "84" ], [ "Full disclosure: I have been a WaW playtester and wrote two guest articles about the expansion for FFG (aptly named Wisdom and Warfare). This “gig” served as a stepping stone to further involvement with FFG, including testing other games and more volunteer writing assignments. Additionally, I am a fan of <PERSON> and his work on Android: Netrunner, one of FFG’s leading Living Card Games. Therefore, this review is as subjective as they get.\nWisdom and Warfare (WaW) is the second expansion for <PERSON> Civilization, Fantasy Flight Games’ (FFG) take on the turn-based computer strategy game Civilization V (which is, in turn, based on a board game). WaW marks Civilization’s departure from <PERSON>, the developer of the core game, and was instead developed by <PERSON>. Like many other FFG expansions, WaW is a bag of tricks of several components, each of which adds or changes an aspect of the game. I will start by describing and reviewing each of the new components, and then provide my opinion of the expansion as a whole.\nCombat system\nWaW replaces the base game’s unit cards with a new set of units. Units now have health in addition to strength; here’s what I wrote on the FFG article:\nAs in the base game, units have a Strength value: the amount of wounds the unit deals. In addition, units now also have a Health value: the amount of wounds a unit can take before dying. This subtle addition has tremendous implications.\nFirst and foremost, players are no longer at the mercy of the deck. Low Strength units are balanced by having higher Health — they deal less damage but take more punishment. This allows skilled generals to “lock” a front by causing a situation where neither unit kills the other. Playing to survive combat (without outright winning) becomes a viable strategy, allowing your units to live in order to fight another day. Finally, battle-related technologies, such as Mathematics and Animal Husbandry, attain a greater role as dealing and healing wounds have much more influence on the fate of combat.", "993" ], [ "The new system maintains the elegance of the base game while adding Health as a new tactical element to consider.\nI would say that this is the most significant addition WaW has to offer. I can no longer imagine playing Civilization with the base game battle mechanic. The new strength/health makes battle much more interesting, gives player more options in pursuing and opposing military confrontations, makes villages less dangerous (and hence less luck-based), and generally makes the game more fun.\nNew government cards\nThe eight government cards from the base game have been replaced with completely new bonuses and are stronger than their originals (with the exception of Republic, which is weaker). The new abilities are often equivalent to a city action and lead to a shift in the technology playing field. Irrigation becomes slightly weaker, as it provides \"just\" a city action, while a new government technology give both an action and an ability. More importantly, the technologies that unlock the governments are better thanks to the improvement; Monarchy and Theology are the most notable examples of unpopular research choices which are now much more attractive, leading to further implication on the game (such as weakening ancient wonders).\nSocial policies\nAugmenting the new government cards are social policies, minor versions of governments. There are four double-sided social policy cards. A player can have a number of policies equal to their number of cities, acquiring a new one when a city is founded (and losing one if a city is destroyed). Social policies provide diverse abilities, such as a coin, additional movement, more trade, an opportunity to research during the start of turn, and others. These either plot a direction for your civilization or assist in your chosen strategy.\nBuilding Program\nThe Building Program is a new city action. When \"Starting a Building Program\" the city’s owner places a building program marker on it. The next time that city takes a produce action, the marker is removed and the city receives double the amount of production in its outskirts. While a small addition, it is far from being minor, providing much-needed flexibility in producing the more expensive buildings in the game, with wonders being chief among them. As a result, WaW games usually have one or two wonders more than base/FaF games, and medieval and modern wonders are utilized more often.\nCity-states\nCity-states are special tiles that are hidden in huts and villages and provide a respectable number of icons (trade, production, etc.) to the civilization that has a figure on them. Occasionally they will lead to interesting military choices for the players though more often than not their position restricts the access to them for players other than the one who found.", "792" ], [ "Eclipse, Mage Knight, Cyclades, and Kemet. All of these are top-shelf titles that combine focused and streamlined Euro mechanisms with Ameritrash conflict and gumption. These are pretty boys who exude smooth yet possess unyielding bite. They’re <PERSON> of the cardboard jungle and their kingdom just got a little bit smaller with the arrival of Hyperborea.\nHyperborea sets out to be a 4X game like Eclipse, albeit one set in a sprawling land-locked Fantasy world as opposed to the vast black sea of space. The vast majority of civilization games in this genre are bloated, unwieldy, and take all day to play. Hyperborea accomplishes a similar feat in a streamlined 90 minutes while still remaining substantial and mentally engaging.\nThe engine behind this Ferrari is the cube bag-building mechanism built on the foundation of deckbuilding. You will be acquiring cubes throughout the game and adding them to your bag much like a player acquires cards and adds them to their deck in Dominion. On your turn you will draw 3 cubes and place them on various tracks on your player board in order to either complete actions or build towards completing an action in the future. Actions such as moving your units on the hex map or acquiring a new Technology have different colored cube requirements. For instance, if you wish to push the attack and beat down your enemies with brawn you will need primarily Red cubes. Tailoring your bag towards your long-term strategic needs is key and the soul of this title.\nThe depth in this central mechanism is widened due to a key difference from its deck-building forefathers – the need to acquire additional spaces to place cubes in order to fully utilize an expanding bag. On the basic player board, you will only be able to perform a single set of Moves or Attacks and are quite limited in your ability to repeat or focus on a particular action. This allows for strong diversity and options in starting play but it enforces the need to nab Advanced Technologies from the public offer in order to enhance and manipulate your cube economy. If you want to perform a massive string of attacks you will need to research the Advanced Weaponry or War Mounts so that you have an additional space to place cubes and perform actions. This sort of two-step dance provides an ebb and flow in gameplay that requires thought and decisive action.\nIf the cube economy itself is the heart of the game, the Advanced Technologies are the brain.", "937" ], [ "The quantity of cards is quite large, and only 8 are visible at any one time. This provides for an intelligent bite size sampling as players only need to focus on what is currently available and don’t have to sift through enormous tech trees or understand all of their options from a huge list straight from the get-go. This is, of course, borrowed from Eclipse and it is my absolute preferred method of Technology acquisition. It simplifies learning and provides exceptional variety with a very slick mechanic.\nAs emphasized earlier, choice is absolutely impactful in this game. Decisions require careful thought and weighing of options as you can often do as much harm as good by not respecting the game’s intricacies. Acquiring Technologies does not shirk this common theme as the decision point is not as simple as grabbing up Techs that suit your playstyle in rapid fashion. Each Advanced Technology adds a Grey cube to your economy as soon as you acquire it, which represents waste and slows your efficiency. These cubes are useless when drawn unless you have acquired some of the Technologies which can manipulate them in varied ways. The end result of having to deal with this waste is that a greater emphasis is placed on being picky about what Techs you go for and making sure they feed into your optimized engine.\nA wide array of technologies offer vast choice and strong variety.\nOne of the main strengths of the cube economy is the games penchant for rewarding specificity but also tolerating diversity. Each set of actions on your main board has two choices, with one being typically stronger than the other. The stronger choice will require a more precise cube recipe in order to reap the greater benefit. However, instead you may opt to trigger the slightly weaker power and it will allow you to place a cube of any color as part of the combination. This provides for great tension and nuanced decision making as you draw a Red cube along with an Orange and must now decide whether to trigger your one strength attack ability by placing the Red and then the Orange in the multi-colored slot, or you can bite the bullet and place the Red cube on the stronger line waiting to trigger the effect until later in the game when you will draw the required Green cube out of your bag. Wait too long and your opponent may swoop in and clear out the Ruins you were gunning for. Act now with a weaker effect and sacrifice efficiency for instant gratification.\nWhile efficiency and bag management touches every part of this game and will be the driving force behind victory and defeat, there are a number of additional layers which provide interaction and flavor.", "403" ], [ "What do you get when a first time design team (husband and wife, no less) start their own board game company, design a game, and handle the logistics of manufacturing and promotion? Just one of the very best board games in existence. Three Kingdoms Redux is a shining example of what's possible in the modern age of board gaming. The barrier to entry for creators and designers is at an all time-low. If you have an idea along with the drive and ambition to create your own board game, you can actually make it happen. Online collaboration and crowdfunding have reduced the need for publishers as gatekeepers. On the whole, I think it's a good development but it has also meant a lot of half-baked games being released. So how does Three Kingdoms Redux avoid the pitfalls that are so common with independent publishers and put together one of the best board games I've ever played?\nDesign: <PERSON> & <PERSON> Art: <PERSON> Publishing: Starting Player\nThis is a follow up article to a game covered earlier in the month. As such, it assumes that you are familiar with the game and how it works. If this game is new to you, check out the Initial Thoughts video to see if it's a game you would be interested in.\nI'd like to take some time and extol the brilliance of the box size. Take a standard, square, Ticket to Ride-sized box and reduce its depth by about half and you have a good idea of Three Kingdom Redux's box. It's svelte. It's dense. And most of all, it's respectful. The board is on the larger end of the board gaming spectrum with an ample supply of nice, thick tokens and counters alongside over 100 full sized cards. They all fit snugly in the box with little empty space. The creators chose to prioritize functionality over whatever benefit a larger box may serve on a store display. They respect the space needed to have these things in our homes. The box is exactly what is needed and nothing more. Ultimately, if the game came in a larger more ostentatious box I'd still be happy with it because the game is just that good but the fact that the creators were considerate enough to package the game in a way the favors the players is one of many ways that you can see how much thought and care was put into making this game a reality.\nThis respect of the player shows itself in the player count. Three Kingdoms Redux is a three player game only. Rather than provide a more flexible player count and risk the integrity of the game experience, the designers focused the efforts on creating the best three player game they could. Could they sell more copies if they offered a two-player variant? Quite possibly so, but it would likely be a lesser experience.", "304" ], [ "TKR (it's what the cool kids are calling it) was designed from its inception as a three player game. Every design point, system and goal was crafted with this in mind. Much like the constraints of poetry, the three player only design is not a limitation, it is an inspiration. This inspiration takes form most apparently in the alliance system.\nSometimes even an alliance isn't enough to scare away the enemy.\nEvery round, whichever two players are not in the lead are put into an alliance. It is a concrete implementation of what happens informally in many other games: trailing players band together and focus their efforts against the leader. TKR doesn't shy away from making the leader a target, it revels in it. From the beginning, the game skews the odds in favor of one player. The Wei faction begins the game with the most generals, giving them a distinct advantage when bidding for actions. Right off the bat it's 2v1 and the Wei had better get used to it. Together, the other two factions discuss which action space to place the alliance marker. Normally, there can only be a single winner of an action space, but when the alliance marker is placed, it allows the two players in the alliance to take the action together. Furthermore, those players combine the strength of their generals in the space for determining the winner of the bid. Simply placing the alliance marker can be enough to scare the leader from even attempting to take that action. The odds are not in their favor.\nIt's a simple system really, but it flavors the entire game experience in the best ways. By making the alliance action space declaration its own phase in the game, it creates a moment where all players can take stock of the game state. The allied players discuss potential spots the leader might like to take. They analyze potential strategies and try and get in the head of the leader. If they can successfully anticipate a move, they can move one step closer to the lead. But taking away an action from the leader is only one thing to consider in an alliance. You still have to look out for yourself. Sometimes helping your own cause is better than hindering someone else's. But you're in an alliance, remember?", "237" ], [ "Introduction: In Splendor, players assume the role of wealthy Renaissance merchants who trade gems for exquisite jewels of beauty. Splendor is a 30-minute-long abstract card drafting and engine-building game for 2 to 4 players.\nReview: Splendor contains a small number of really high-quality parts. The cards feature a beautiful material, white borders on the backs to assist hide wear and extremely attractive front graphics that look fantastic without borders. Also, there are gems, which come in 6 various hues and are excellent poker chips.\nThe card display is the center of the game's action. A player's turn is comprised of one of the following 4 actions.\nPick three stones of various colors.\nPick 2 identical-colored diamonds (as long as all the gems of that color are present in the bank when you take them)\nPut one development card on hold and take one gold token.\nBuy one face-up development card or one that has already been reserved.\nThere are two methods for earning points. There are development cards that may be used that are worth points, and each game will have several nobles that can be used that are also worth points.\nA player must discard the tokens shown in the card's lower left corner in order to buy a face-up or reserved development card. Purchasing development cards provides two advantages. They might first be point-worthy. The card will also offer the player a constant discount on future development cards.\nAt the end of her turn, a player determines whether she has at least the quantity and color of cards the noble is seeking in order to entice him to visit her.\nThe game may be summed up like that. It's a sprint to 15 points in this game. If a player has 15 points after the game is over (and everyone has had an equal number of turns), the player with the most points wins.\nThe minimal weight and short play duration of Splendor definitely lessen my major complaint about it. The randomness of the draw might make all the difference. It can be annoying to see a card you really need go off the board in a multiplayer game before you even have a chance to get it. Similar to this, buying a face-up development card in a two-player game involves the danger of getting a card that your opponent can actually use.\nThere are numerous aspects of Splendor that I adore. Its simplicity would be the first thing. Two key ratios come to me when I consider how much I enjoy a game: the time it takes to set up in comparison to how much fun I have playing it, and the time it takes to play in comparison to how much fun I have playing it.", "629" ], [ "These similarities make sense to me because time is the most valuable resource we possess. Splendor succeeds admirably on both of these scales. It takes 90 seconds to set up the game, approximately 5 minutes to explain it, and perhaps another 30 seconds to play it. Also, there is a highly enjoyable, juicy gaming experience during that period.\nThe magnificent tiles appeal to me as well. There are no color diamonds that are intrinsically more valuable than any other because the three unique decks of development cards are spread equally among them. That is now different thanks to the noble tiles, which instantaneously increase the value of whatever color gem the nobles want. The nobility put a lot of effort into keeping each game interesting, despite the static nature of the card decks.\nI've already mentioned how easy the game Splendor is. There are hardly many regulations and turns are fairly brief. Notwithstanding those elements, the game can—and probably will—become quite bloody very quickly. Those that make poor choices could find themselves eliminated from the game after a few turns. When one of your opponents swipes the perfect card off the board and receives a wild gold token as compensation, your attempt to wait until you have enough gems to buy it could leave you in terrible, soul-crushing agony.\nThe game's speed is maintained by two regulations that I haven't yet discussed. There is a limit of 10 gem chips per player. Your strategy to collect a lot of diamonds and then go on a spending binge has failed. I also forgot to mention that each player is only allowed to have three cards in her reserve at any given moment. So while you can grab the cards your adversaries are undoubtedly coveting, wouldn't those three reserve places be better suited to holding the cards you actually need?\nBy keeping each player's tableau and gem stock public, Splendor also maintains the tension of a good card drafting game - the balance between going for more cards for yourself to advance your engine and going for cards you think your opponents need. By allowing players to immediately take a card from the display even if they are unable to pay for it right away, Splendor gives the game a sense of worker placement.\nSplendor is a fantastic game that, I'm sure, will go completely unnoticed by most players.", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "Okay, so...this was useful info to have for me too, so I went and mined the TGAS database for the info, and linked to it at the bottom of this post. Stellar Classification and potential exoplanets aren't in that database, but I put together a spreadsheet that has the x,y,z coordinates (based on a 0,0,0 at Earth). Unfortunately, it's too large to include here as a list, it's 2 full Excel files, and together they keep trying to break my computer (lots of data), but...if you're still looking...\nHere's a (very) small sample (distance is calculated using the basic parallax formula, not the more precise tan p parallax formula):\nrandom_index ref_epoch x y z hip tycho2_id solution_id source_id ra dec parallax (microarcseconds) pmra pmdec l b ecl_lon ecl_lat distance\n<PHONE_NUMBER> -1.<PHONE_NUMBER>.17086547 <PHONE_NUMBER> 1475 1.64E+18 3.85E+17 4.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.430683 411.<PHONE_NUMBER>.6897371 -18.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.75464529\n1857057 2015 2.<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.090024277 105090 1.64E+18 6.58E<PHONE_NUMBER> -38.87213809 251.1381922 -3259.<PHONE_NUMBER>.976397 3.896955138 -44.24314653 309.5200941 -21.<PHONE_NUMBER>.14017582\n311197 2015 10.41485921 <PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.64996366 86162 1.64E+18 1.64E+18 264.1042933 <PHONE_NUMBER> 220.<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.760347 <PHONE_NUMBER> <PHONE_NUMBER> 139.2005583 87.<PHONE_NUMBER>.99831214\n760193 2015 <PHONE_NUMBER> <PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER> 113020 1.64E+18 2.60E+18 <PHONE_NUMBER> -14.26650242 214.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.6327878 52.0031509 <PHONE_NUMBER> 339.1718482 <PHONE_NUMBER> <PHONE_NUMBER>\n1000243 2015 -5.<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER> <PHONE_NUMBER> 106440 1.64E+18 6.56E+18 <PHONE_NUMBER> -49.<PHONE_NUMBER>.1182908 -46.<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER> 308.617526 <PHONE_NUMBER> <PHONE_NUMBER>\n1082118 2015 -5.<PHONE_NUMBER>.484718005 -15.94185626 25878 1.64E+18 3.21E+18 82.86732881 -3.685946485 177.<PHONE_NUMBER>.5607778 -2092.422267 206.9444274 -19.<PHONE_NUMBER>.01126856 <PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.63537415\n<PHONE_NUMBER> -9.<PHONE_NUMBER>.115241647 <PHONE_NUMBER> 96100 1.64E+18 2.26E+18 293.<PHONE_NUMBER>.65393397 173.<PHONE_NUMBER>.4820173 -1738.313483 101.2968418 21.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.9156096 <PHONE_NUMBER>\n1028540 2015 <PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>.96693027 29295 1.64E+18 2.94E+18 92.<PHONE_NUMBER>.86762367 172.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.", "371" ], [ "I am the discoverer of delta Velorum's variability (along with the Galileo spacecraft) and I detected those variations visually, so yes, they can be observed, and they are really fun! If you go to the AAVSO VSX page of the star, you have a button called ephemeris that will produce a list of eclipses with their times of beginning - mideclipse - and end.\nI copy them here: Dates in UT\n26 Mar 2021 08:56 26 Mar 2021 15:58 26 Mar 2021 23:01\n10 May 2021 12:32 10 May 2021 19:35 11 May 2021 02:37\n24 Jun 2021 16:08 24 Jun 2021 23:11 25 Jun 2021 06:14\n08 Aug 2021 19:45 09 Aug 2021 02:47 09 Aug 2021 09:50\n22 Sep 2021 23:21 23 Sep 2021 06:24 23 Sep 2021 13:26\n07 Nov 2021 02:57 07 Nov 2021 10:00 07 Nov 2021 17:03\nThose are times for the primary eclipse. The secondary eclipse can also be observed but one has to create the ephemeris oneself using the period and epoch of Min II. The secondary eclipse is not so deep (0.32 mag.", "758" ], [ "instead of 0.48) but lasts a whole day (durations are different because the orbit is eccentric).\nMideclipse will take place at\n03/01/2021 04:49:43 Monday\n04/15/2021 08:26:03 Thursday\n05/30/2021 12:02:23 Sunday\n07/14/2021 15:38:42 Wednesday\n08/28/2021 19:15:02 Saturday\n10/12/2021 22:51:22 Tuesday\nWhenever you see a magnitude range in V, it means those variations are seen in the visual band (V= visual, most specifically Johnson's V band which is very similar to the eye response, especially for white stars like this one).\nTo detect the changes visually, you can use the following comparison stars:\ngamma Velorum V= 1.70\nbeta Canis Majoris V= 1.98\ngamma Centauri V= 2.16\niota Carinae V= 2.24\nzeta Puppis V= 2.25\nkappa Velorum V= 2.49\nI attach a chart for your convenience.\nThere are few observations because not many people like to observer bright stars and because their changes are subtle and not everybody are confident to detect them. I hope you can take up the challenge and feel the same thrill of discovery I felt the night of July 1, 1997 when I found it dimmer than usual :)\nCheers, <PERSON>, Buenos Aires. <PERSON>", "758" ], [ "What is the frequency distribution for luminosity classes in the Milky Way Galaxy?\nI'm working on a game concept that does some mild simulation of realistic stellar classes and luminosities. In particular, I'd like to roughly model the general frequencies of the classes and luminosities of the stars in the Milky Way.\nSeveral sources, including Wikipedia's entry on stellar classifications, show a chart that includes the frequency distribution for spectral classification: the OBAFGKM categorization. So that's fine.\nWhat I'm having trouble finding is any frequency distribution chart similar to that one but for the <PERSON> luminosity categories: Ia+, Ia, Iab, Ib, II, III, IV, V, sub-dwarf and dwarf. I have a copy of the Hipparcos database, which contains a \"Spectral Types\" field, but it's highly incoherent text. Still, I could write some code to parse the values in that field to try to get a rough count of luminosity categories in those roughly 116,000 stars...", "224" ], [ "but I'm a little perplexed that no such chart appears to exist already somewhere in Internetland. (Either that or my search-fu is weaker than usual.)\nIf anyone can point me to a chart of the frequency distribution for the luminosity categories noted above, or suggest a reasonably simple way for me to calculate those values myself, I'd appreciate it.\nEDIT: Out of curiosity, I went ahead and did my own simple parsing of the spectrum fields from the Hipparcos dataset.\nOut of 116472 rows, only 56284 (fewer than half) provided luminosity class data in the Spectrum field. Those 56284 rows broke down this way:\nIa0 16 0.03%\nIa 241 0.43%\nIab 191 0.34%\nIb 694 1.23%\nI 17 0.03%\nII 1627 2.89%\nIII 22026 39.13%\nIV 6418 11.40%\nV 24873 44.19%\nVI 92 0.16%\nVII 89 0.16%\nNote: Around 1000+ rows gave an either/or value for luminosity class (e.g., \"M1Ib/II\"). In these cases, I counted only the first value provided. This probably skewed the results slightly compared to counting both luminosity classes.\nI'm still very curious to know whether anyone else has produced or located a similar table of frequencies for the luminosity classes, if only to see how my very trivial analysis compares.", "224" ], [ "To find the distance from one star to another, we need three things for both of the stars: their right ascensions, declinations, and the distance from Earth to those stars.\nSo, let's get those things:\nFrom the Wikipedia page on Alpha Centauri:\n$RA = 14^h\\:39^m\\:36.49400^s$\n$DEC = -60^{\\circ}\\:50'\\:0.23737''$\n$R = 4.37\\:\\rm{ly}$ (you gave 4.366, some other sources give 4.367... I'm going to stick with 4.37)\nand for Barnard's Star:\n$RA = 17^h\\: 57^m\\: 48.49303^s$\n$DEC = +04^{\\circ}\\: 41'\\: <PHONE_NUMBER>''$\n$R = 5.958 \\: \\rm{ly}$ (again, you gave a slightly different value, I'm sticking with Wikipedia for now)\nwhere RA is right ascension, DEC is declination, and R is radial distance from Earth to the target star.\nNow, by themselves, it is relatively difficult for us to obtain an actual distance. What I would do is convert these to rectangular coordinates, and then it's a matter of using the 3-d distance formula.\nFirst, however, we need to convert RA and DEC into units like radians or degrees.\nFor right ascension, we can use the general formula:\n$degrees = 15 (h + \\dfrac{m}{60} + \\dfrac{s}{3600})$\nand for declination:\n$degrees = deg + \\dfrac{m}{60} + \\dfrac{s}{3600}$\n(when the declination is negative, however, multiply all terms in the formula by -1)\nSo, for Alpha Centauri AB, we have:\n$RA = 15 (14 + \\dfrac{39}{60} + \\dfrac{36.49400}{3600}) \\approx 219.902^{\\circ}$\n$DEC = -1 (60 + \\dfrac{50}{60} + \\dfrac{0.23737}{3600}) \\approx -60.833^{\\circ}$\nand for Barnard's Star, we have:\n$RA = 15 (17 + \\dfrac{57}{60} + \\dfrac{48.49303}{3600}) \\approx 269.452^{\\circ}$\n$DEC = 04 + \\dfrac{41}{60} + \\dfrac{<PHONE_NUMBER>}{3600} \\approx 4.693^{\\circ}$\nNow, to convert from spherical to rectangular coordinates, we have to define which of RA, DEC, and R can be assigned to $r$, $\\theta$, and $\\phi$.", "371" ], [ "R should be $r$ - that's pretty straightforward. Since RA can be thought of as \"celestial longitude\", we'll assign it to $\\theta$, and thus declination will be $\\phi$.\nTo clarify, I'm defining $\\phi$ as the angle from the xy-plane - so a $\\phi$ of $\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}$ would mean pointing straight upwards. I know some sources define $\\phi$ as the angle complementary to that angle (so, $\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}$ - the angle from the xy-plane), but for astronomical purposes, I think the definition I'm using is more intuitive and easier to work with.\nWe can then use the conversions:\n$x = r\\cos{\\theta}\\cos{\\phi}$\n$y = r\\sin{\\theta}\\cos{\\phi}$\n$z = r\\sin{\\phi}$\nSo, for Alpha Centauri AB:\n$x = 4.37 \\cos{219.902^{\\circ}} \\cos{−60.833^{\\circ}} \\approx -1.634\\: \\rm{ly}$\n$y = 4.37 \\sin{219.902^{\\circ}} \\cos{−60.833^{\\circ}} \\approx -1.366\\: \\rm{ly}$\n$z = 4.37 \\sin{−60.833^{\\circ}} \\approx -3.816\\: \\rm{ly}$\nand for Barnard's Star:\n$x = 5.958 \\cos{269.452^{\\circ}} \\cos{4.693^{\\circ}} \\approx -0.057\\: \\rm{ly}$\n$y = 5.958 \\sin{269.", "371" ], [ "Issue translating World Coordinate system to cartesian coordinate\nI have two fits images from the WFC3 that I am trying to combine with a C# program. When I try to combine multiple images I don't think the values I am getting for my x/y coordinates (calculated from Right Ascension/Declination) are correct. I am expecting a final image that is about the same width as the two images combined, but it turns out to be about the same width and about twice the height.", "563" ], [ "I know the final image should be about double the width of a single image because I manually combined the images in photoshop and the final image was about twice as wide as either of the two original images.\nNOTE: when I say \"image\" they are fits images, so they are just a bunch of single values in a file, so to combine them I create a new file and initialize the correct number of single values (width * height) to zero, and then fill in the values from the images I am using to combine. They are not jpg or tif or png.\nI am using the following formula to change from world coordinate system to cartesian: formula is (since distance is the same for everything): x = cos(dec) * cos(ra) y = cos(dec) * sin(ra)\nI get the right ascension and declination from the header in the fits file.\nFor the final image dimensions, I calculate the distance between x1 and x2 and create a new image that is 1/2 image 1 width + distance + 1/2 image 2 width. For the final height I do a similar calculation with y and image heights.\nThe images do also have a rotational component, but I am ignoring that as both images share the same rotation. This could be part of my problem.\npublic const double PixelsPerArcSecond = .039; // per WFC3 spec from Nasa\npublic static ImageDataModel Combine(List<ImageDataModel> inputImages)\n{\n// Right ascension is CRVAL1\n// Declination is CRVAL2\n// formula is (since distance is the same for everything):\n// x = cos(dec) * cos(ra)\n// y = cos(dec) * sin(ra)\nImageDataModel returnImage = new ImageDataModel();\nImageDataModel bm = inputImages[0];\ndouble x1, y1, x2, y2;\nx1 = Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL2) * Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL1);\ny1 = Math.Cos(bm.CRVAL2) * Math.Sin(bm.CRVAL1);\nint mult = 4; // todo: set this based off of the bitpix of the incoming images.\nfor (int i = 1; i < inputImages.Count; i++)\n{\nImageDataModel cm = inputImages[i];\nx2 = Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL2) * Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL1);\ny2 = Math.Cos(cm.CRVAL2) * Math.Sin(cm.CRVAL1);\ndouble dx = x1 - x2;\ndouble dy = y1 - y2;\nint distX = (int)((dx * 3600) / PixelsPerArcSecond);\nint distY = (int)((dy * 3600) / PixelsPerArcSecond);\n// This is what I expect to be wider than tall, but the converse is true.\nint w = Math.Abs(distX) + (bm.ImageWidth / 2) + (cm.ImageWidth / 2);\nint h = Math.Abs(distY) + (bm.ImageHeight / 2) + (cm.ImageHeight / 2);\n// This is where the two images are combined into the final image.\nImageDataModel imd = CombineTwoImages(bm, cm, i, w, h, mult);\nbm = imd;\n}\nreturn returnImage;\n}\nI am expecting an image that turns out like this:\nhttp://wierdling.net/stack-overflow-images/ManuallyCombined.png\nBut getting this:\nhttp://wierdling.net/stack-overflow-images/CombinedTest.png\nThe stats for the first image are: Width = 4139, Height = 4535, RA = 350.1584456860353 (CRVAL1), DEC = 61.16155335032816 (CRVAL2), ORIENTAT = -125\nThe stats for the second image are:Width = 4139, Height = 4535, RA = 350.1159150008405 (CRVAL1), DEC = 61.", "373" ], [ "Here is a diagram with the quantities we need to solve this:\nFrom Kepler's 3rd Law, the \"kronostationary\" satellite---marked by a green dot---is located at a = 1.86 Req, where Req is the equatorial radius and Rpol is the polar radius (Python calculations dumped at the bottom of the post). The NASA PDS Atmospheres Encyclopedia gives values for the radius of Saturn and useful formulas on its latitude page, and a value for the rotation rate on the longitude page.\nAt the planetographic latitude ($\\phi$g) of the location we want, the line of sight (green) forms a right angle with the local vertical (blue). This sets up a pair of similar triangles as shown. From the big one, we have:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{g}}} = \\frac{a - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}}{z} $$\nWe can use the equation for an ellipse to express z in terms of Rcyl:\n$$ \\frac{R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2} + \\frac{z^2}{R_{\\textrm{pol}}^2} = 1 $$ $$ z = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}} \\sqrt{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2 - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2} $$\nWe can then use the pink-red-red triangle to relate $\\phi$c and Rcyl, eliminating z using the equation above:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{c}}} = \\frac{z}{R_{\\textrm{cyl}}} = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}} R_{\\textrm{cyl}}} \\sqrt{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2 - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2} $$\nThe PDS Atmospheres formulas relate $\\phi$g and $\\phi$c:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{c}}} = \\left(\\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}}\\right)^2 \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{g}}} $$\nCombining the first and last equations, and eliminating z, gives a surprisingly simple equation:\n$$ R_{\\textrm{cyl}} = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2}{a} = 32362\\ \\textrm{km} $$\nPlugging this value of Rcyl into the equations above gives: - Planetocentric latitude 54.8° - Planetographic latitude 60.1°\nActual visibility and survivability of this satellite are not great. The kronostationary radius would put this satellite within the B ring, which is \"the largest, brightest, and most massive of the rings:\"\nCalculations:\nimport numpy as np\nR_eq = 60268. # km\nR_pol = 54364.", "371" ], [ "# km\nGMsat = 37931206.159 # km^3/s^2\nP_sat = 10.656 * 60.**2. # s\n# <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> # km^3/s^2\nP_sat = 10.656 * 60.**2. # s\n# Kepler's 3rd law: a is the kronocentric distance (circular orbit)\na = (P_sat**2 * GMsat / 4 / (np.pi)**2)**(1/3.)\nprint(\"Kronocentric distance,\")\nprint(\" a (R_sat): \", a / R_eq)\nprint(\" a (km): \", a)\nprint(\" altitude (km): \", a - R_eq)\nprint(\" \")\n# solve for R_cyl\nR_cyl = R_eq**2. / a\nprint(\"R_cyl: \", R_cyl)\nprint(\" \")\n# get latitude\nlat_centric = np.arctan(R_pol / R_eq / R_cyl * (R_eq**2. - R_cyl**2.)**0.5)\nlat_graphic = np.arctan(R_eq**2. / R_pol**2. * np.tan(lat_centric))\nprint(\"lat_centric: \", lat_centric * 180./np.pi)\nprint(\"lat_graphic: \", lat_graphic * 180./np.pi)\nprint(\" \")\nKronocentric distance,\na (R_sat): 1.", "371" ], [ "We can use the same expression that is commonly used to estimate the apparent magnitude of a planet or asteroid in the Solar System*:\n$$\\boxed{m=5 \\log \\frac{1329}{d \\cdot \\sqrt p}+5 \\log (D_s \\cdot D_e)-2.5\\log f(F)}$$\nWhere:\nm is the apparent magnitude\nlog is the decimal logarithm\nd is the diameter in km\np is the albedo\nDs is the distance to the Sun in Astronomical Units (AU)\nDe is the distance to Earth in Astronomical Units (AU)\nf(F) is the phase function\nIf we want to apply this expression to the James Webb Space Telescope, the values to use are as follows.\nAs the surface area of the JWST solar shield is $S=21\\cdot 14=294$ square meters:\n$$d=\\sqrt{\\frac{4\\cdot S}{\\pi}}$$\nEquivalent diameter \"d\"\nd = 0.01935 km\nThe satellite hosting the Webb Telescope will be placed in a halo orbit around Lagrange L2 Sun-Earth, a point located 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth (see drawing). The radius of the halo orbit is 0.8 million km.\n$$D_e=\\sqrt{1.5^2+0.8^2}=1.7$$\nDe = 0.01136 AU\nDs = 1.01004 AU\nAs a phase function we will use the usual one:\n$$f(F)=\\dfrac{1+\\cos F}2$$\nThe phase angle \"F\" is calculated using basic trigonometry from the drawing\nIt is obtained:\nF = 27.8º\nAnd we see that the contribution of the corresponding summand is almost negligible:\n$$-2.5 \\log f(F)=+0.06$$\nThe albedo \"p\" of the heat shield will be high, to reflect the maximum amount of heat possible.", "371" ], [ "But since the albedo of the solar shield is unknown to me, I add the table below showing the estimated apparent magnitude value, for different albedo values.\nThe table tells us that the apparent magnitude of the JWST when it reaches its halo orbit around L2 will be of the order of +15 and therefore this should be visible with some powerful telescopes of amateur astronomers.\n*Reference: Binary asteroid population. 1. Angular momentum content, by <PERSON> and <PERSON>\nBest regards.", "758" ], [ "If you don't already have an estimate of where you are pointing, the only other option I know of is WCSFixer. There also used to be the Pittsbugh WCS correction service, but it seems to be defunct now.\nThese tools only work with FITS files, so your first step would be converting whatever format you have into a FITS file. The FITS website has a FITS viewer page that also has a list of tools that can convert formats, although converting from FITS to something else is more commonly supported.\nA note on terminology: WCS stands for \"World Coordinate System\", the standard used for metadata in FITS files that lets software transform between pixel coordinates and sky coordinates. If you have good WCS values, tools such as DS9 will let you find the coordinates of objects in a FITS image interactively.\nIf you already have an idea where you are pointing, there are more options. The simplest conceptually is to find the field were you think you are in SkyView or Google Sky and see if you can match up objects. If you can, any of the several professional data reduction toolchains have the tools that can be used to generate WCS metadata. For example, the IRAF data reduction environment has a few different options.", "964" ], [ "The learning curve is steep, but not insurmountable for someone computer savvy with some time. DAOphot and FOCAS (now incorporated into IRAF?) are other options.\nIf you already have an approximate WCS solution, there are several other tools that will help refine the solution. The astromatic.net toolchain is one example. (I believe astrometry.net uses astromatic.net software \"under the sheets,\" while WCSFixer uses IRAF.)\nThe algorithms that can determine pointing without an initial guess generally use triangles of stars in the field, because the angles in a triangle are the unchanged by rotation and scale. However, these algorithms can work poorly in highly distorted images. See <PERSON> et al. 1994 and <PERSON> 2007 for more details.\nAnother tool of interest is DS9's catalog overlay feature, but its more useful for confirming that your WCS is correct than it is at doing something about it if you find that it isn't.", "964" ] ]

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[ [ "Ceiling Project!\nIntroduction: Ceiling Project!\nThis ceiling flip is the ultimate home decor upgrade! Here's a little back story:\nI had a leaky roof window removed last year when the house got painted. Nothing is worse than a leaky window in the roof! We would've loved to get it fixed or replaced, but both were impossible....for our budget. For a new window, the roofers would've needed to make the hole bigger and when they gave me the estimate on paper, my eyeballs popped out of my head like <PERSON>. Almost like a joke! Like his hand couldn't stop writing zeros. So the window is long gone and we were left with a dark hallway. Without that window, the hallway is dark all day long. It's a constant game of \"try and not step on a cat.\" The area didn't need much lighting before, so It didn't have it. I didn't realize how much sunlight and moonlight came through that thing.\nStep 1: Way Back Machine\nDon't judge me, but I went through a pipe lights phase....pipe lights all over the house! Next was my stained glass phase which just came back. I'm working on two new faux stained glass windows now.\nBy the way,I made that huge stained glass light in the picture:\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Mosaic-Glass-Light/\nStep 2: The Fix\nThat's the roofer closing the hole in the roof.\nStep 3: The Paneling!\nThe ceiling was covered with a textured wallpaper that I removed. Wallpapered ceilings are the norm in Japan. You can easily panel over wallpaper if you don't want to mess with it.\nIf you want to remove the wallpaper, I suggest using:\n-a 50/50 solution of warm water and vinegar to remove wallpaper backing.\n-A wallpaper scraper\nJust spray, wait a minute and scrape it off with a scraper.\nI don't like using razor scrapers, because they can potentially damage the area you're working on.\nThe solution works well, but will stink up your house for a couple days. No joke, your house will smell like a pickle factory. I've read about non-stinky vinegar, but I live in Japan and cant find it anywhere. After removing all of the wallpaper, I sealed the ceiling with Nippon Paint Wall Sealer. It's a good sealer with anti-fungus and algae resistance properties.\nFor the paneling, I used 4 millimeter thick plywood. I went thin, because this ceiling is low. I cut out 13cm wide boards and just lined them up in two rows. The ceiling is about 300cm wide, so I went with two rows of 150cm boards.", "47" ], [ "I didn't use any adhesives and attached the boards directly into the ceiling joists with tiny 32mm long self countersinking screws. The thin plywood is extremely light, so there's not much of a load. When picking screws, keep in mind the thickness of the ceiling and joists. I went up into my ceiling to mark the joists, but If you can't, they are usually 16in (40.5cm) off of center.\nStep 4: The New Lights\nThese are the holes left from the old recessed lights. I liked the old recessed lights, but they were way too deep and barely gave any light. I installed twist lock sockets and they are standard in Japan. I installed supports in the ceiling and cut out bases for the sockets.\nUse extreme caution with electricity!\nI turned off the area at the breaker and installed the twist lock sockets. The ceiling is drywall, so I went over the area with joint compound and sanded.\nStep 5: Finishing Up\nI filled all screw holes with wood putty and sanded. If you're staining the wood, use a stainable wood putty. I'm not going to lie, this part is grueling! You're working over your head, it feels like there's eight trillion holes and it takes forever.\nCaulk is always after putty. I used a paintable caulk and there are stainable caulks available, but I think the they are a little obvious with stain on them. You won't need to caulk everything! I didn't need to caulk most of the boards going horizontal on the ceiling. I did need to caulk all of the overlaying vertical boards and molding. If you're careful and good at caulking, you can skip the tape. With caulk, more is not better. You want to apply just enough to fill the void and smooth it down with your finger. Remove the tape before the caulk sets. Sloppy caulk jobs are noticeable especially under paint. The caulk will give it a clean and professional finish!", "56" ], [ "Hidden Nook Project\nIntroduction: Hidden Nook Project\nI built this nook under my stairs using an area I didn't know existed! The nook is basically a large crawl space box for storage, so this is my box challenge entry!\nFunny thing is, I didn't even plan for this project and it just sort of happened.\nHere's the story: This nook is in the corner of a small storage room and I only go in there a couple times a year to pull out holiday swag. Well, I'm at the point where the storage room has reached swag capacity, so I needed to change the shelves to better store all of my junk.\nThe opening to the nook is actually on the end of another nook. It's a double nook folks!! I have a U-shaped staircase leading upstairs and the ceiling of the first nook space leading to the opening of the new nook is covering the staircase.\nStep 1: The Start\nSo there's the wall in the first nook area. I cut out a small hole to take a peek with a flashlight.\nYES!! Open space!\nStep 2: A Closer Look\nThis is the start of the nook project!\n**I know it goes without being said, but if you're not competent in this area of DIY, always consult a professional.**\nWall removal supplies\n-Mask\n-Eye protection\n-Gloves\n-Crowbar\n-Drywall saw\n-Jigsaw\n-Shop vac\n-Demo bags (trash bags for construction)\nStep 3: Header\nThe nook area is under the staircase landing and stairs. I removed the stud and added a redwood header.\nA header is a beam over an opening that disperses the structural load to the outside of an opening to keep structural integrity. If a header is needed depends on the wall, the opening and the amount of load above the wall.\nHeader Supplies\n-Lumber for the header (size depends on load)\n-Lumber for the jack studs\n-Screws\n-Power drill\n-Rubber Mallet\nStep 4: The Floor\nThe nook area was just subfloor, so I added an underlayment to match the storage room to make the rooms level and also cover the gaps around the pipe. Installing plywood underlayment over a subfloor is fairly straightforward. The subfloor needs to be in good condition and you need to keep 1/8 inch between the underlayment and wall.\nUnderlayment supplies\n-Plywood approved for underlayment\n-Screws\n-Power drill\n*Most flooring underlayment is installed floating on top of your subfloor. Installers usually lay the underlayment on the floor and start installing flooring on top, so sometimes there is no fastening the underlayment to the subfloor.\n*For the nook, the underlayment is the middle layer of the floor. I fastened it directly on top of the subfloor to provide a smooth, level surface.", "47" ], [ "I used screws every 6 inches. Staples are popular too.\nStep 5: Light and Drywall\nThere was an outlet in the middle of the wall in the first nook area, so the light was an easy add.\nThe drywall work though!\nI live in Japan and drywall work is a nightmare! The biggest problem is that it can't be thrown away and even trash centers/dumps won't accept it. It's like this with all construction material over here. You need to find a company that specializes in construction waste processing and these places are expensive and shady. The ones in my area are just normal houses in neighborhoods! The waste is just stored on the land or in nearby fields. I'm not hating on Japan, but I've been building here for 10+ years and it bothers me a lot!\nThe drywall work was a tad tricky, because I had a tough time getting it into the nook area! Just try to picture it!\nIt was often too big to fit through the entrance frame. A lot of cursing!\nDrywall supplies\n-Drywall\n-Drywall saw\n-Drywall rasp\n-Drywall screws\n*I covered the bare drywall corners with L-beads.\nStep 6: Room to Room Vents\nJapan is extremely hot and humid in the summer, so I added room-to-room air vents. I also mounted an exhaust fan in the storage room.\nI'm not going to lie...I have no idea if these will work. If the window in the storage room is open, I can feel air moving through, so I'm hopeful.\nFor the vents, I attached them to PVC pipes. These vents self-lock onto the pipes, but the installation is a two person job.", "47" ], [ "Faux Door Knob Backplate!\nIntroduction: Faux Door Knob Backplate!\nNow you can easily go buy a door knob backplate off of Amazon, but where's the fun in that?\nThis is how I painted a faux door knob backplate.\nSupplies\nYou'll need\n-Painters tape (to tape off the doorplate area)\n-Paint brushes (C'mon!)\n-Chalk paint (For texture and no priming!)\n-Calcium carbonate powder or joint compound (For more texture)\n-Craft paint (Your choice of color)\n-Top coat (For a durable finish)\nStep 1: Before and After!\nI did a wainscoting remodel last year and you can find it here:\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Wainscoting-Project/\nThese doors open up into my lesson room, so they're always getting dirty with fingerprints. Lots of kids come over to learn and build stuff! This textured door plate solved the dirty door problem.\nStep 2: The Supplies!\nI started playing around with textures on a piece of scrap wood\n-Annie Sloan Graphite: If painted thickly, this dries with a nice texture.\n-Calcium Carbonate Powder (or joint compound)\n-Metallic Silver Paint\n-Black Paint: Any shade\n-Varnish (optional)\nChalk paint is great, because you won't need to prime, you can build up a nice texture and it dries rock hard.\nStep 3: Step 1\nI didn't measure out anything, but these textures are easy to get.\nJust add the Annie Sloan Graphite to a cup and mix in the Calcium Carbonate Powder a little at a time.\nMix small batches at a time so you don't waste any paint.\nStep 4: Step 2\nWhen the mixture is dry, paint on some watered-down (diluted) black paint.\nI dabbed a few dots of black paint on first followed by the same brush dipped in water.\nThe goal is to only darken all of the nooks and crannies.\nStep 5: Last Step\nWhen it is dry, just dry brush on the silver.\nA little paint goes a long way!\nThe dry brush technique is when the paint brush is relatively dry, but still holds paint. You want it almost dry and barely touch it to the textures when you painting.", "443" ], [ "If you put too much on, you can easily paint over it and try again.\nStep 6: Dazzle-Dazzle\nRazzle-Dazzle y'all!\nI bought a little bottle of Americana Starlite Varnish, because...there's sparkles in it.\nMy teenage daughter was laughing at me too! Whatever!\nI didn't use this on my faux door knob backplate, but like how it turned out.\nStep 7: Tape of the Door Plate\nBefore you start, tape off the design.\nMake sure you have it perfectly measured out! These are pics of the from and back of the door.\nStep 8: Start the Door Plate\nThis is an easy project, but be careful not to clog the latch or deadbolt with paint.\nThese are the moving parts of the door knob.\nIt's best to let everything dry completely! Thick chalk paint will take longer to dry, so you might need to wait a full day to add another coat. Don't rush!\nStep 9: Dry Brush!\nDry brush over the textures with a metallic paint. I didn't use a top coat either.\nStep 10: Finished!\nNot too bad!", "984" ], [ "Corner Cabinet Makeover\nIntroduction: Corner Cabinet Makeover\nYes, this is one of my favorite contests!\nTrash to Treasure!\nI'm going to show you how we took a junky old corner cabinet and gave it new life.\nSupplies\nJunky old corner cabinet\nPaint stuff\n-Chalk paint\n-Chalk paint brushes\n-Top coat color (optional)\n-Clear wax\n-Wax brush\nWindow stuff\n-Wood to build the window\n(Frame, front and sash)\n-Glass pane for the window\n-Hinges\n-Knob\n-Chisel and boxcutter to make the mortises\nLED lights\n-Lights from AliExpress\n-Double-sided tape\n(The 3M tape they send is weak)\nStep 1: Junky Old Corner Cabinet\nWe bought this corner cabinet for only $5 at a local used shop.\nFunny thing happened too! The sales guy was surprised we even wanted to buy it.\nDude was like: ”This?”\nWith any piece of furniture, the first step is alway cleaning and as you know, you need to clean before you paint.\nThis cabinet wasn’t too dirty, so warm water and a rag did the job.\nWe used Annie Sloan Chalk Paint and the best thing about most chalk paints is there‘s little prep work involved.\nThere are really only two times prep work is needed.\n1. The furniture has a really slick finish.\n-You‘ll need to knockdown the finish or prime.\n2. The furniture is deeply scratched, chipped or rough.\n-You’ll need to fill in or fix the areas and sand.\nThe cabinet was too bad and all I really needed to do after cleaning was some hand sanding. I sanded down the scratches and used the sandpaper to round the broken corner.\nStep 2: Painting the Outside\nFor the outside, we used Annie Sloan French Linen and Annie Sloan Clear Wax. Yeah, Annie Sloan products are expensive, especially the brushes. Even more expensive here in Japan. The paints and waxes are quality and fun to paint with, so it’s great stuff to try at least once. We make our own chalk paint too and people love saying “make your own chalk paint,” but there is a difference. I think store bought is better…..hey, don’t attack!\nMy lovely wife uses the Annie Sloan brushes, but I do not. They’re so expensive, I don’t want to get them dirty…isn’t that crazy? Anybody else feel the same way?\nIt’s like my Dyson too…I don’t want to get it dirty…😂\nFor the hole in the side: I matched the wood and cut out a circle to patch it using super glue.\nStep 3: Painting the Inside\nMy wife did all of the chalk paint paint work used Annie Sloan Primer Red as a base coat on the inside.", "47" ], [ "We like that chalk paint texture, but didn't have a chalk paint color bright enough for the inside.\nThe inside was painted with Kansai Paint: Denim Blue. This paint is awesome, because it’s super pigmented and covers well, but it‘s best to wax or topcoat it. The color slightly transfers onto rags when you clean the surface.\nStep 4: The Window\nIf you didn’t know this already, I have the most gangster hobby ever. I collect teacups.\nYeah, I'm all kinds of dangerous and I have the teacup collection to prove it.\nI made a window to display some of my gangster tea stuff and this window is an easy build. Just three pieces of wood glued and screwed together. It‘s the same window design I use for all of my mosaic stained glass projects.\nFor the corner cabinet window, I wanted a level look, so I used a sash piece the same thickness as the front piece. It’s difficult to see the two pieces, since they lineup, so I’m showing a different window frame, built the same way.\nThe caulk is optional.\nI made mortises to hide the hinges on the cabinet and frame. A mortise is just a hole or recess, cut into a part which is designed to receive another part so as to join or lock the parts together. Mortise hinges are the ones where the hinge “leaves” are designed to lie on the plate or mortised into the door frame or jamb. I used these hinges, because I already had them in the workshop.\n*You don’t need to mortise the hinges, but again, I did to hide them.", "443" ], [ "Let's Build a Partition Wall\nIntroduction: Let's Build a Partition Wall\nWe built a partition wall in the garage to separate workspace from storage space.\nNow, if you're a professional reading this, you may be shaking your head at why we built our wall the way we did. Our design choices were made based on our skill and strength level, as well as the tools we own.\nJoin our newsletter for weekly projects!\nSupplies\nYou will find a complete this of material/tools with links on our website.\nMaterials:\n* Tapcon 3/16 in. x 3-1/4 in. Phillips-Flat-Head Concrete Anchors\n* (32) Simpson Strong-Tie 20-Gauge 2X Reversible Stud Plate Tie\n* Simpson Strong-Tie Strong-Drive 8d x 1-1/2 in. SCN Smooth-Shank Connector Nai\n* SPAX #9 x 2-1/2 in. T-Star Drive Flat-Head Partial Thread Yellow Zinc Coated Multi-Material Screw\n* (3) 10’ 2x4\n* (8) 8’ 2x4\n* (3) 4’x8’ Underlayment\nStep 1: Watch the Video for Step by Step Tutorial\nStep 2: Make a Plan\nIn a nutshell, this is our wall design. Three horizontal boards for the bottom and top plates, 8 studs and metal plates to hold it all together.\nThe garage ceiling was a little over 8 feet tall which necessitated an extra top plate to compensate for the extra ceiling height.\nStep 3: Determine Placement\nAfter determining where the wall was going to be built, we cut out the baseboard so the 2x4 would sit flush to the side wall. We chose this location based on the availability of a stud in the existing wall which would help support our new wall.\nStep 4: Securing the Base Plate\nAfter cutting the board to size, we marked the placement on the floor with painter's tape.\nWe used a rotary hammer and speciality bit to drill through the 2x4 into the concrete below. We continually vacuumed out the wood and concrete dust which was essential so the screws could be fully screwed into place.\nAn impact driver proved to be effective in drilling in the Tapcon screws. We used Tapcon screws just in case we ever wanted to remove the wall. Other anchor methods are permanent.\nBefore securing the top plate, the bottom and top plates were put on top of each other to mark the placement of the studs. The studs are placed 16\" on center, which means when you measure from the center of one stud to the center of the next one it should measure 16\".\nStep 5: Add Supports in the Ceiling\nWe had the luxury of being able to tie into an existing wall stud, but weren't so lucky when it came to tying into a joist in the ceiling.", "181" ], [ "We had to add some blocking to extend a 2x4 over the placement of the top plate so that we had something to screw into to support the wall.\nThose short pieces of wood extend the new joist to the position right over the top plate placement. The clamps were used to keep everything tight while screwing it into place.\nStep 6: Secure Top Plates to the Ceiling\nIn this photo we've already screwed one top plate into place and are now working on the second. Two top plates are actually not required in this type of non-load bearing partition wall. The ceiling in the garage is a little over 8'. We decided that we could use two top plates and 8' studs would fit without cutting or we could have used one top plate, purchased longer 2x4s, then cut them to size. We decided it made more sense to use the second plate.\nStep 7: Add in the Studs\nWith the bottom and top plates in place, it was now time to put in the studs. The first one was nailed to the existing side wall. The level showed the stud was perfectly straight!\nOkay, you're probably asking why we used those plate things rather than the traditional toenailing technique. Well, frankly, with our skill set and strength we could not physically do it. Through some research we found an alternative way to attach the studs to the bottom and top plates. These Simpson Strong-Tie stud plates were just what we needed.\nWe used a Ridgid pneumatic palm nailer with a Ridgid compressor to drive the nails. This was easy AND fun! This tool drives the nails with ease.\nAll the studs are in place and ready for the final step.\nStep 8: Add Underlayment to Back Side of Wall\nThe last step was to attach thin underlayment to the backside with a brad nailer.", "56" ], [ "Coffered Ceiling DIY Demo | Finish Carpentry\nIntroduction: Coffered Ceiling DIY Demo | Finish Carpentry\nwww.howidothingsdiy.com\nIn this finish carpentry video I'll be doing a coffered ceiling demo to show how you can transform your ceiling by DIY. The best part, is you can DIY to save LOTS of money! This was one of my favorite projects because of how much it transforms a room.\nI'll walk you through the coffered ceiling framing, then installed the coffered ceiling boards and even the crown molding. You will also be shown how to caulk for perfect joints.\nPlease SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube channel for more great how-to videos!\nSupplies\n-Kreg Crown Molding Jig https://amzn.to/3v9Ncvi\nStep 1: Design\nCarefully design your layout. Measure out your room and determine how deep and how wide you want the coffers to be. My ceiling is 9ft high, but they can be wider on taller ceilings. This step will also help you plan out how much material you need. If you have access to 3D software, it's very helpful. Otherwise make a sketch.\nStep 2: Mark Out Layout on Ceiling\nCarefully mark out your layout on the ceiling following your design you made in the previous step. I used a laser level for perfect perpendicular references and then marked with a pencil. Observe the close up in my demo.\nStep 3: Cut and Install the Frame\nUsing straight wood the same width you chose for you bottom pieces, (in my case 2X4), install all frame pieces perpendicular to the ceiling joists. Ideally, this should span the entire room. Then install the frame pieces in the other direction. These will be shorter. Whenever possible, always screw directly to ceiling joists.", "584" ], [ "If absolutely necessary, you can use some heavy drywall anchors. Use them sparingly and only as a last resort. During this process, continue to check the two sets of frame pieces for square.\nStep 4: Install Vertical Trim Pieces\nFor my verticals I used 1x6 primed pine boards. Cut and install all of them in one direction, then cut and install perpendicular pieces. These pieces all need to fit nice and snug. They should be brad nailed to the frame pieces and brad nailed to each other on the ends. You can also glue them at the ends in addition to nailing.\nStep 5: Cut and Install the Bottom Pieces\nCut and install all of the bottom pieces in one direction. I like to install mine 1/4\" recessed for a shadow line, but this is just personal preference. My bottom pieces where 1x4 primed pine. Ideally, the first direction should span the entire room. Then cut and install the shorter perpendicular pieces. These pieces should fit snug and be flush with the other bottom pieces and should be installed using brad nails.\nStep 6: Install Crown Moulding\nCarefully cut and install crown molding using brad nails.\nStep 7: Finish\nSink all brad nails and fill holes. Then sand everything smooth and wipe down with a damp towel. Finally, caulk all joints and paint.\nEnjoy your beautiful ceiling!", "959" ], [ "Mosaic Stained Glass Window\nIntroduction: Mosaic Stained Glass Window\nI'm celebrating all the colors of the rainbow with this mosaic stained glass window! I used red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple to create an abstract floral mosaic window using scrap stained glass.\nI made these windows to put in front of a window at the end of a dark hallway. Nothing beats colorful light and these turned out way better than I hoped for.\nStep 1: The Windows\nThe windows have three parts to them:\nFrame- 20x23mm\nFront-15x45mm\nSash-20x20mm\nThe window pane sits in the frame against the front and is held in by the sash.\nStep 2: The Glass Pane\nI had two panes of 3mm tempered glass cut to fit in the frames. The permissible weight load for glass shelves is based on thickness of the glass, the square footage of the glass, and the span between supports. I used these calculations to figure out if the glass panes can hold the load of the stained glass.\nHere's the calculator: https://www.dullesglassandmirror.com/glass-weight...\nIt's better to paint the windows, before you put in the glass or at least paint the areas touching the glass. After painting everything, I put in the glass panes, caulked all around the inside and attached the sash with screws.\nStep 3: Gluing on the Stained Glass.\nI used masking tape to make guide lines on the backs of the windows and then did the designs freehand. You can also use adult coloring book pictures or printouts of mosaic designs.\nFor glue,I recommend something designed to \"bond\" glass to glass. For example: superglue, epoxy or silicone. Elmers glue is popular, but it is a PVA glue and it'll \"stick\" glass to glass, but it's Ideal for just basic crafting.\nI used CEMEDINE Super-X Gold super glue. It's a super strong, fast setting and a curing all-purpose adhesive. It sets so fast, it's almost too difficult to work with.\nLeave enough space for grout. You don't want any of the glass touching or too much space between the pieces.\nStep 4: The Grout Work\nYou will grout just like you would tile. It is tad more difficult, especially if the stained glass is different thicknesses.", "74" ], [ "You'll find the sponge getting caught up on jagged corners.\nTo grout\n-Mix the grout according to the instructions on the bag. Premixed grout is available too.\n-The tool used to apply grout is called a 'float'. Just sweep the float at a 90degree angle back and forth, removing excess grout. I've made a few of these and find it easier to use my hands.\n-Wait a few minutes while the grout begins to harden. The times should be in the instructions on the bag.\n-Carefully wipe the tiles in a circular motion with a damp sponge and be careful not to drag out any of the grout from the corners of the tiles.\n-Once the grout has hardened, the tiles will be left with a slight haze on them. Clean it up by going over the area lightly with a damp cloth, then buff immediately with a dry cloth.\n*Scrap glass is often jagged and some types have designs etched in. The grout will harden in these areas if you don't clean it before it sets. If the grout dries, it's tough to clean. I missed some spots and used awls, precision straight edge screwdrivers and nail polish remover to clean the dried grout out. It sucks!\nStep 5: Tips\n*If you want the back of the window to look nice too:\n-Use a clear glue\n-The backs of each piece of glass, needs to be covered in glue and in contact with the glass pane. Spot gluing will be noticeable and the spaces without glue will standout.\n-If you don't like how the back looks, apply frosted privacy film.\n*You can darken grout with acrylic tube paint. Just dilute it with a little water and paint the grout. The grout will soak in the color.\n*You can also caulk or use paper clay instead of grouting.\n*Cover the front of the window with painters tape, to protect it from grout stains.\n*Paint the inside edge of the window the same color as the grout for a nice clean look.\nStep 6: Finished!\nI hung them inside the window frame in front of the hallway window.\nIt looks awesome!", "320" ], [ "How to Build a TV Stand With Sliding Door and Secret Storage\nIntroduction: How to Build a TV Stand With Sliding Door and Secret Storage\nThis custom TV stand was planned with two goals in mind:\n1. Hide all the tech including cables and cords\n2. Provide storage for all the things previously stored in the coffee table\nThis build does both, plus it reduces the light from the tech \"on\" lights! That's a bonus for anyone who has ever spent the night in someone's home office!\nSupplies\nThere is a complete list of supplies and tools used in this build on our website. The affiliate links will take you to the products we used. You'll find the list as well as a PDF after the video and introduction.\nStep 1: Watch the Video\nStep 2: Design and Cut Pieces\nThe build plan was based on three things:\n(2) Wall Control panels\n(2) Ikea storage bins\nSliding door hardware\nAll the measurements are based on accommodating these three things.\n(There's a PDF with the cut list on our website.)\nWe used:\n(2) 3/4” Plywood 2x4s\n1x2-8ft Prime Board\n(3) 1x3-8ft Prime Board\n1x4-8ft Prime Board\nStep 3: Assemble\nThe base of the TV stand was built from 2x4s and assembled using pocket holes and screws.\nThe TV stand has two adjustable shelves. This Kreg shelf pin jig makes it easy to accurately make the holes. There's a great demonstration in the video on how to use this.\nWe drilled a hole in the back of the stand where cables will come through from the front. I'm using a Ryobi rotary tool with a sanding drum to clean up the inside and edges of the hole.\nThe unit is put together with wood glue and brad nails.\nWe added these extra supports on the front to fully support the sliding door hardware. We're using pocket holes since this will not show in the final product. Those are Rockler pocket hole clamps that are so helpful when using pocket holes.", "56" ], [ "Kreg also makes them.\nScrewing the two Wall Control panels in place. The screws that come with the panel are too long so we found some that were 3/4\" which were perfect.\nStep 4: Make the Face Frame and Attach\nThe face frame is assembled with pocket holes and screws and glued into place.\nThe top, which is three pieces of plywood, is framed out and set into place. We did not secure it into place.\nAdd the sliding door hardware according to the manufacturer's instructions.\nStep 5: Prepare the Sliding Door and Shelves\nAfter cutting the door to size, we used edge banding on the edges as we thought it would look better once painted. <PERSON> used a couple of colors of paint and used a cake frosting tool to make a design on the front. The back was also painted. We added the rollers and hung in on the sliding door hardware bar.\nThe two shelves were cut to size and also edge banded with melamine edge banding. All the wood that we did not paint white got clear coated with polyurethane.\nShelf pins were added and the shelves put into place.\nStep 6: Fill Up the Back With Tech\nOnce the stand was built it was time to turn it around and add all the tech to the two Wall Control panels. This is best appreciated by watching the video. <PERSON> used a variety of cable management tools to organize all the wires and cables. Everything is plugged into a power strip that she mounted at the top of the back.\nStep 7: Sign Your Work and Enjoy!\nWe also added wheels to make the stand easy to move and to access the back tech area.\nFor more projects from us please visit our website!", "785" ] ]

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[ [ "Crazy Vegetable Pies- Three Potatoes and Ratatouille\nIntroduction: Crazy Vegetable Pies- Three Potatoes and Ratatouille\nThis vegetable pie might look like a crazy, time-consuming idea, but, believe me, it's neither. It's very simple and doesn't require special tools or ingredients. Additional time can be saved by using already baked pastry casing.\nThere are two varieties: ratatouille- like pie with cheesy filling and crispy potato pie with white, orange and purple coloured potatoes.\nCan be eaten cold or warm.\nSupplies\nPastry:\nThis recipe is already a bit too time-consuming, so I never bother with making pastry from scratch. I find that the store-bought works great. If you want, you can of course make your own pastry or use ready to roll pastry.\nI'm using already baked, 7 inch, shallow pastry case.\nSince I used it before, I know that each pastry case fits 1.5 cups of filling. And since I only need to fill the pastry case half-way through, I will need 3/4 cup of filling for each pastry case.\nIt's important to know the volume of your pie dish, so you can make enough filling.", "763" ], [ "Best method is to fill the empty pie dish with something (like water, salt, beans) to the brim and then use measuring cups to establish the volume of the dish. You will only need enough filling to cover 50% of the dish, so calculate accordingly.\nFilling:\nYield: 1.5 cup (enough for two 7 inch pastry casings)\n* Ricotta or goat's cheese: 250g\n* Grated mozzarella: 150g (regular size mozzarella ball)\n* Egg yolks: 2\n* Grated Parmesan: 20g (roughly 4 tablespoons)\n* Fresh or dried herbs: I used fresh, chopped oregano\n* Salt and pepper\nPotato spiral:\n* 1 large sweet, orange potato\n* 1 large white potato\n* 1 large purple potato\nVegetable spiral:\n* 3 aubergines\n* 3 courgettes\n* 2 thick carrots\nYou might have to use a bit more or a bit less, it all depends on the size of your pie.\nThere will be quite a lot of leftover vegetable pieces, so reserve them and use them in other recipes like curry or stew.\nAdditionally:\n* 2TBS olive oil (or melted butter) mixed with 1/2 tsp fine salt\n* pastry brush\nStep 1: Filling\nMix all ingredients and spread them on the baked pastry case.\nStep 2: Veggies\nWash and peel your vegetables, cut off the ends.\nUse mandolin of vegetable peeler to slice thin, long ribbons.\nIf using shallow pastry case, you might want to trim your ribbons to keep them all equal in size.\nSoft veggies like courgette and aubergine can be used straight away, but tougher ones, like carrots will need a few minutes of cooking to soften and become more pliable. Put carrot ribbons in a bowl of boiling water and cook them for 2 min in the microwave.\nStep 3: Assembly\nStart the assembly by rolling a small spiral on the worktop, make it tight and try to get it as big as your palm. Transfer it onto the pastry and lightly press into the cheese mixture.\nContinue arranging vegetable ribbons around the spiral. Press each ribbon into the cheese mixture to keep it secure.\nStep 4: Potato Variety\nFor the potato pie I decided to let them peak out of the pastry case to get them crispy in the oven.\nSlice the potatoes and cook them (each colour separately) in the microwave for 3-4 min. Arrange them on top of the cheese mixture in a spiral or parallel pattern.\nStep 5: Butter Them Up\nBrush the top of the pie with a mixture of olive oil (or melted butter) and fine salt.\nStep 6: Baking\nBoth pies can be cooked the same way - 350°F (180°C) for 40 min.\nIf you are making the potato variety and want the tops to be crispy, you might want to increase the temperature to 400°F (200°C) during the final 15 min.\nStep 7: Bon Appétit", "265" ], [ "Parmesan-Olive Savory Cookie\nIntroduction: Parmesan-Olive Savory Cookie\nSavory cookies are great with beer, replace store-bought snacks and can be customised to suit your allergies and tastes. They are not crackers, more like crispy cookies, but not thin enough to snap (unless you want them to snap, then roll them thinner). Simple to make, even without a food processor.\nSupplies\n90g grated parmesan\n180g all purpose flour\n120g cold, cubed butter\n3TBS herbs (fresh or dry, rosemary works best)\n1tsp sweet or hot paprika\n1TBS sugar\n1/2 tsp salt\n2 garlic cloves, minced\n75g black, pitted olives\negg and a splash of milk for glazing\nfood brush, additional p\nStep 1: Olives\nDrain olives, dry them using kitchen towels and chop them roughly. Once chopped, blot them as much as possible, we don't want any additional liquid in the dough.\nDivide into 60 and 15g. Reserve 15g for decoration.\nStep 2: Mix Dry Ingredients\nCombine flour, cheese, spices, herbs, sugar and salt in a food processor. Pulse until combined.\nAlternatively, you can whisk dry ingredients in a large bowl.\nStep 3: Add Butter\nAdd butter and pulse until mixture resembles crumbs.\nAlternatively, you can rub butter into flour with your fingertips.", "851" ], [ "Do it quickly and work while butter is still cold.\nStep 4: Olives and Garlic\nLastly, add 60g chopped olives and minced garlic. Pulse until combined. Your dough won't be crumbly, parmesan makes it pretty soft, so you won't have to add any liquids. Wrap the dough in a cling film and chill in the fridge for 4 hours.\nStep 5: Rolling the Dough and Baking\nRoll the dough to about 5mm thickness, sprinkle with remaining olives and push them into the dough with a rolling pin. You want the dough to be 3-4mm thick in the end. Cut into shapes, I cut mine with a knife, not a cookie cutter, to save the dough and time. Once cut, brush with an egg wash (whisked egg and a splash of milk), separate the cookies and put in the oven.\nBake at 180°C (350°F) for 12-15 min.\nStep 6: Parmesan Option\nYou can skip topping the dough with olives, and instead sprinkle it with parmesan for another variation of the same dough.\nStep 7: Finished", "195" ], [ "Pull Apart Pizza Appetizer\nIntroduction: Pull Apart Pizza Appetizer\nDifferent take on a regular pizza, made with store-bought puff pastry, perfect as a sharing appetizer or full on meal. Make sure to cut all ingredients into tiny pieces, that way you will get more flavor in each bite.\nStep 1: Ingredients\n* Two sheets of puff pastry\n* 1 cup pizza sauce (from a jar or home made; I make mine by frying a small shallot with two minced cloves of garlic, salt, pepper, dried oregano and 1.5cup of passata, I cook it until sauce thickens and reduces to 1 cup)\n* 0.5 cup finely chopped olives\n* 100g finely chopped ham\n* 150g finely grated cheddar or mozzarella cheese\n* 300g mushrooms for mushroom paste\n* small egg for egg washing\nMushroom paste sound a bit odd, but believe me, it's great. Use a food processor to grind them into tiny pieces and then cook them in a frying pan with 1 tablespoon of olive oil and a dash of salt (medium heat). Continue cooking until all water evaporates and you are left with mushroom paste. Or, you can just chop mushrooms into small pieces and fry them until all water is removed.\nStep 2: Pastry\nCut both pastry sheets into rough circles, reserve the leftover bits.\nStep 3: Filling\nSpread pizza sauce, olives, ham and cheese onto the first pastry circle.", "265" ], [ "Leave about 1cm border for an egg wash. Spread mushroom paste onto the second circle.\nStep 4: Twisting\nBreak an egg and whisk it with one spoon of water, spread it around the pastry border with a pastry brush. Place the second pastry circle on top of the first one and seal the edges with your fingers. Use a glass to lightly score a circle in the middle and cut the pastry into 16 even pieces. Pick each piece and twist it twice in the same direction. Egg wash the whole pie and bake at 200°C (400°F) for 22-25 min.\nUse leftover filling and pastry cut offs to create tiny pizzas and bake them in the oven at the same time.\nLet it cool enough to handle and serve with ketchup squirted in the middle of the pie.", "69" ], [ "Vegetarian Skewers\nIntroduction: Vegetarian Skewers\nThe vegetarian skewers are beautiful and delicious, a really successful dish for gatherings of friends and family. They can be made from a variety of vegetables as well as upgraded with tofu or salmon cubes.\nSupplies\nVegetables:\nCherry tomatoes (preferably in several colors)\n1-2 zucchini\nChampignon mushrooms\nMini portobello mushrooms\nSome colored peppers\nSweet potato\nCarrot\nRed onion\nOptional: Tofu / Salmon fillet\nFor the marinade:\nOlive oil\nSesame oil\nSoy sauce\nDate syrup (or honey)\nA handful of sesame seeds\nSalt, garlic, lemon, favorite herbs\nBamboo skewers\nOven/ toaster oven\nBaking paper\nWhat is nice about this recipe is that you can treat everything as inspiration: you can replace or remove any ingredient (except the bamboo skewers themselves) according to your taste and what you have at home.\nStep 1: Preparing the Vegetables\nWash the peppers, and cut them into 2 * 2 cm cubes.\nPeel the carrots, the red onions and the sweet potato, cut them into cubes of similar size.\nThe zucchini can be washed and cut into one centimeter-wide slices or into cubes similar to other vegetables.\nThoroughly wash the cherry tomatoes, do not cut them.\nThe mushrooms are ready (unless you have huge mushrooms, then you can cut them).\nIf you want to add tofu or salmon- cut them into 2*2*2 cm cubes. Than add them to the vegetables for the following steps (soaking, skewering and roasting).\nStep 2: Preparation of the Marinade\nIn a flat dish - simply mix all the ingredients of the marinade:\nOlive oil, sesame oil, soy sauce, date syrup (2-3 spoons of each), , 2-3 crushed garlic cloves, some salt and lemon, and as much as you want from your favorite herbs.\nThat's all.\nYou can subtract or add ingredients according to personal taste and mood.\nStep 3: Soaking\nMix the vegetables well with the sauce.", "901" ], [ "It is most convenient to mix with your hands and keep the vegetables whole and beautiful. And then wait, for about an hour.\nStep 4: Skewer\nSkewer the soaked vegetables on the bamboo skewers :-).\nStep 5: Roasting in the Oven\nPreheat the oven to 200 degrees Celsius (390F).\nPut baking paper on a flat baking sheet and arrange the skewers side by side. Put the baking sheet in the oven for 30-40 minutes.\nStep 6: Enjoy :-)", "901" ], [ "Breakfast Egg Casserole Bake Made With Leftovers\nIntroduction: Breakfast Egg Casserole Bake Made With Leftovers\nMy absolute pet peeve, when it comes to cooking, is random leftovers. Half a chicken breast, handful of cooked mushrooms, one potato, three asparagus spears and one slice of ham. It happens a lot in my house and while it drives me crazy, it actually gives me an opportunity to make this breakfast casserole. It's a little bit like an omelet, except you can make it ahead of time and keep it in the fridge for a few days. No need for chopping, frying or washing up, the only thing you have to do is to heat it up. Perfect for busy mornings or even lazy evenings if you don't mind eating breakfast food for dinner.\nChoice of filling is completely up to you, it's also easy to make substitutions and turn this recipe gluten-free and/or lactose free.\nSupplies\nThis dish doesn't really have a clean-cut recipe, it's more of a rough estimation and going with the gut and your preferences, as well as product availability.\nFor a medium size pan (7x10inch) you will need:\n1. 1/4 cup flour\n2. 1/2 cup milk\n3. spices and herbs, salt and pepper - to taste (I added 2 tsp salt, 1tsp pepper, 2tbs chives, 1tbs oregano, 1 tsp cayenne)\n4. 6 large eggs\n5. 2-3 cups leftover veggies and meat cut into small pieces\n6.", "277" ], [ "100g grated cheddar cheese\nThis is enough for 6 portions.\nMeat and hard veggies have to be at least precooked before using. I only ever use already cooked meats, like leftover chicken or minced beef, cooked and sliced sausage, Korean BBQ pork, ham etc. You can also use firm tofu instead of meat, it has to be squeezed thoroughly and crumbled.\nHard vegges like potatoes, carrots, broccoli, green beans, aubergine as well as mushrooms have to be partially cooked. Frozen spinach has to be thawed and squeezed, fresh spinach has to be sauteed.\nI highly recommend adding flour to the mix, it helps to bind moisture in eggs, especially if you make a large batch and plan on heating it up over the next few days. If you don't consume regular flour, you can use gluten-free or vegan alternative such as rice flour or almond flour.\nStep 1:\n1. Start by whisking flour, milk and seasoning until your flour paste is smooth.\n2. Add eggs and whisk only until combined. Don't use electric mixers, you don't want to aerate the eggs too much.\nStep 2:\nAdd anywhere between 1.5-3 cups of veggies and meat. The more you add, the denser the casserole will be. Don't add more than 3 cups per 6 eggs, otherwise it won't hold together once cooked.\nAt this point you can also add half the cheddar to the mix, about 50g, it's optional, you can skip it if you prefer lighter version.\nStep 3:\nTransfer the mixture into a square/rectangular-ish dish, sprinkle with remaining cheese and bake.\n180C fan oven, 200C regular oven or 400F for 45min. To ensure eggs are cooked throughout, stick a knife in the middle of the casserole and check if it comes out clean and egg-free.\nOnce cooked, casserole can be refrigerated for 3-4 days. All you have to do is microwave it.\nIt cuts easily and can be enjoyed on it's own or with bread.\nStep 4: Enjoy", "277" ], [ "A Feast With a Twist of Fruits and Vegetables\nIntroduction: A Feast With a Twist of Fruits and Vegetables\nThe weird and wonderful thing about fruits and vegetables is that everybody uses them on a daily basis, but not many people know what they really are. For instance, did you know fruits develop from a flower of a plant and contain seeds, whereas vegetables are considered as roots, leaves and stems of a plant?\nLooking at it from a culinary point of view, fruits have a sweet or tart taste, often used in desserts and juices, whereas vegetables have a savoury or mild taste, often eaten in main or side dishes.\nIn this surprising menu I wanted to share with you how fruits and vegetables can be interchanged and used in dishes you wouldn't normally expect them to appear.\nLet's get cracking!\nSupplies\nINGREDIENTS\n* 250 g tinned tomatoes or tomato juice\n* 250 g cooked beetroot\n* 1 large red pepper\n* Chilli sauce (e.g. tabasco or sriracha) (1/2 teaspoon - more or less depending on your heat preference)\n* Cumin powder (1/2 teaspoon)\n* Paprika (1/2 teaspoon)\n* Salt (season to your liking)\n* Pepper (season to your liking)\n* Gin or vodka (optional)\n* Water\n* Ice cubes\nGARNISH: (optional)\n* Cherry tomatoes\n* Pickled onions\n* Olives\n* Cocktail stick / umbrella / cocktail decoration\nUTENSILS\n* Cooking tray\n* Electric blender\n* Cocktail jigger\n* Teaspoon\n* Knife\n* Bowl\n* Bowl cover\n* Stirrer\n* Jug\n* Glasses\n* Preheated oven 200°C\nStep 1: Roasted Red Pepper & Beetroot Bloody Mary\nA twist on the classic cocktail: The Bloody Mary\nI'm not a big fan of Vodka, which is why I substituted gin in this recipe, feel free to leave out the alcohol all together or stick to traditional vodka.\n1. Start off by cutting in half the red pepper and removing the stalk and seeds, roast in the oven at 200°C for 20-30 minutes.\n2. Remove the pepper from the oven and place in a bowl with a cover/ plate/ lid on top. The heat from the peppers will create steam, which will loosen the thin skin, making it easier to peel.\n3. Leave to cool, then remove the skin (which should be very easy at this stage).\n4. In a blender add the beetroot, tomatoes (or tomato juice), salt, pepper, cumin, paprika and chilli sauce, blend until smooth. Add in the now cooled and peeled roasted red pepper, blend again.\n5. At this stage you may or may not need to add water to dilute the mixture. If you use tomato juice you won't need as much water.", "2" ], [ "Keep adding until you get the consistency you like. Here I aimed for a tomato soup thickness.\n6. Transfer the mix to a jug and leave to chill in the fridge whilst you prepare the (optional) garnish and glasses. If you don't wish to garnish, allow to chill in the fridge for at least 1 hour.\n7. Using cocktail sticks add your garnish, here I used cherry tomatoes, pickled onions and olives. You can add cornichons (gherkins) and even a celery stick.\n8. Once the Bloody Mary mixture is cooled you are ready to serve.\n9. If adding alcohol, add 5 ml per person to the Bloody Mary mixture and serve over ice cubes, add the garnish if using. If you prefer an alcohol free version, pour over ice cubes, garnish and enjoy.\nStep 2: Cured Ham and Prune Appetizers\nA super quick, but very tasty appetizer to accompany your roasted red pepper and beetroot bloody Mary.\nINGREDIENTS\n* Cured smoked ham or bacon\n* Pitted prunes\nUTENSILS\n* Cooking tray\n* Greasproof paper\n* Plate\n* Preheated oven 200°C\n1. Take a ham slice (mine were quite wide so I folded them in half) and please a prune on one side\n2. Roll the prune in the ham and place on a tray\n3. Cook in a preheated oven at 200°C for 12-15 minutes, remove just as they start to brown around the edges.\n4.", "265" ], [ "Purple Cauliflower Steaks With Pistachio-Spinach Pesto\nIntroduction: Purple Cauliflower Steaks With Pistachio-Spinach Pesto\nTake a second and look at these pictures. Isn't purple cauliflower gorgeous?! It's a very elusive vegetable, but when you finally get a hold of it, you will be able to create the most stunning, colourful dishes. I like to pair it up with vegetables or sauces and create bold, contrasting colours, in this case it's bright green pesto.\nCauliflower steaks is a great meat alternative for vegans and vegetarians and people looking for a light, meat free meal. Those steaks are tender, juicy and can be flavoured with your own choice of spices and let's not forget about the visual appeal.\nOne thing to keep in mind while cooking purple cauliflower- when boiled, cauliflower will loose majority of it's pigments and florets will become light grey, light blue or light violet. You can of course boil the cauliflower and make a mash if you don't mind pastel food, but it's seems like such a waste of a great opportunity. If you roast the cauliflower or saute it, it will not only retain the original pigments, it will become darker and more vivid.\nPurple cauliflower tastes, looks and cooks like an ordinary white cauliflower, except it's purple.", "2" ], [ "This brilliant colour is natural and not at all genetically modified. There are also green and orange cauliflower varieties available.\nSupplies\n1 large purple cauliflower\n2-4 TBS olive oil suitable for roasting\nsalt, pepper\noptional: garlic powder, onion powder, spices - to taste\nfor pesto:\n1/2 cup shelled pistachios (salted or plain)\n1/2 cup basil leaves\n2 cups fresh baby spinach\n1-2tbs lemon juice\n2 tbs olive oil\n1 garlic clove\nsalt\nStep 1:\nRemove the leaves and trim the stem, but make sure the core is intact. Cut straight through the middle of the head and slice a 3/4-1 in thick steak on each side. Save the excess florets for another recipe or roast them alongside the steaks.\nStep 2:\nLightly grease the pan with olive oil, place the cauliflower on the sheet and brush it with more olive oil (use silicone brush to distribute it thinly and evenly)- oil will keep the florets from burning and drying out.\nSprinkle with salt and pepper, spices and herbs too, if desired.\nRoast at 400°F (200°C) for 15-30 min, cook shorter if you like your veggies al dente, longer if you like them very soft.\nFirst picture is raw cauliflower, second and third is roasted. Notice how the colour deepened and became more vibrant.\nStep 3:\nUse an immersion blender to make pesto. Combine all ingredients and blend until smooth, season with salt.\nStep 4:", "901" ], [ "Pie Inside a Pie, Topped With Pi\nIntroduction: Pie Inside a Pie, Topped With Pi\nThis project has two parts, the pie and the other pie. One is made of paper, the other is a plainly delicious pie. My explanation of this project is as confusing as Pi and contains the letter P in almost all my phrases.\nSupplies\nSupplies for the paper pie:\n* coloured construction paper (brown/tan+pie filling colour+any colour for pi sign)\n* printer\n* scissors\n* glue\n* ruler\n* pencil\n* parchment paper\ningredients+supplies for the edible pie:\nCrust:\n* 1 1/2 cups flour\n* 6 tbsps butter\n* 1/4 cup ice water\n* 1/2 tsp salt\n* 1 tbsp sugar\nfilling:\nyou can make any filling of choice, preferably solid like pumpkin, pecan, chocolate, sweet potato, etc. Or follow this instructable to create a custard pie.\n* 3 eggs or 6 yolks\n* 1 tsp salt\n* 2 cups scalded milk\n* 1 tsp vanilla extract\n* 1 cup sugar\nEquipment:\n* 9-inch pie tin\n* blender\nStep 1: Putting Together the Paper Pie Topped Off With a Pi\nTo create the paper pie:\n1. print, and cut out the pie template.\n2. Trace it onto your cardstock, pieces 1&2 are the crust, while 3&4 are the filling.\n3. Score the dotted lines lightly with a knife. Not cutting through all the way, but enough to fold the tabs.\n4. Fold along the dotted lines.\n5. For the crust: glue the tabs to the sides to create the bottom.\n6. For the lid: do the same.\n7. For the filling: glue the end tabs from piece 4 to the sides of piece 3. Once it is dry, glue the bottom tabs of your newly formed triangle to the inside of the bottom crust.\n8. Trace or draw your own pi symbol on a piece of cardstock and cut it out, glue it to your pie top and you have a pi topped on a pie piece.\nStep 2: Parchment Paper Lining\nTo create a parchment lining:\n1. Print out the lining template.\n2. Trace it onto a piece of parchment paper and draw diagonal lines from the corners to the edges. Cut along these new lines.\n3. Turn it around so the pencil lead is on the outside and fold along the uncut lines.\n4. Trim away any extra overhang.\n5. Fold the flaps.\n6.", "69" ], [ "Slip the lining inside the box.\nStep 3: Pie Crust\nDepending on what kind of pie you make, you use a specific pie crust. If you are following this instruction, we are making custard pie.\nFlaky pie crust:\n1 1/2 cups flour\n1/2 tsp salt\n1 tsp baking powder\n6 tbsp of butter\n1 tbsp sugar\nHave ready: 1/4 cup of ice water\n1. Blend all the ingredients except the water in a food processor until the butter is the size of small peas.\n2. Transfer the mixture into a bowl and sprinkle 3 tbsps of your ice water over the mixture.\n3. Mix the dough with a fork, lifting the ingredients to allow moisture to spread.\n4. If the dough refuses to hold together, add a bit more water.\n5. If time allows, allow your dough to chill for up to 11 hours or at least 10 minutes.\n6. Roll out your pie crust until it is 1cm thick.\n7. Drape it over your pie/tart tin and pat it into place.\n8. Prick a bunch of holes in the bottom.\n9. Place parchment paper over your pie and fill it with pie weights or beans\n10. Bake at 400° for 10 minutes\n11. Once your pie crust is in the oven get to work on the filling immediately. The goal is to have the crust filled when it comes out of the oven so that you can put it back in right away.\nStep 4: Pie Filling\nUse any filling you like, but be warned, a sloppy filling might spill out and damage your paper pie.\nCustard pie filling:\n1. Beat slightly 3 eggs or 6 yolks\n2. Add and stir well 1 cup sugar, 1 tsp salt, 2 cups scalded milk, 1 tsp vanilla extract\n3. Pour into your prebaked pie shell and back at 325° for 30 minutes\nStep 5: Pie Inception\n1. Take your edible pie, and cut it into 8 equal pieces.\n2. Slip a piece of pie into your parchment lining\n3. Slip that into your pie box\n4. Cover your pie with its lid\n5.", "69" ] ]

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[ [ "My yorkie likes to hunt and won’t stop.\nI do not like him doing it. He will come get us and take us to what he was able to get. Last night he had a opossum in the front yard.", "210" ], [ "Luckily, it was just playing dead and we let it go. It really hasn’t been too much of a problem in the past but we moved to a rural area and every time he is outside it seems he is tracking something. He has a different bark when he’s found something.\nHe’s an older dog, is there even anyway to break that now besides making him stay on a chain when he’s outside.", "1011" ], [ "Should I return her?\nI have an adult male small dog. Looks like a poodle, but smaller. He’s 6 years old, has a reserved personality, doesn’t like anyone disturbing his business. We had to take care of his brother for some time but my dog never accepted him.", "888" ], [ "He would get super angry, bark at him and would bite him. So we decided to not take care of the brother again. I thought this behavior was because both were males.\nThinking things would be different with a female dog, I brought a female husky puppy. Same thing is happening, and I am scared they don’t like each other ever, and one the husky is bigger they’ll fight a lot 🥲 she learned to bark and always barks at him when she gets mad..\nI don’t know if I should return her, my mom y telling me that’s the best hung to do right now …", "888" ], [ "Help!\nMy dog just got his leg bone out of the pubic bone after an accident with a much bigger dog that did not have a leash on. We got him to the doctor, now his leg is back on, he needs to have some cage rest for 2 weeks.", "833" ], [ "Now the big question, how can I make him do his needs inside? He is 14 years old and almost never poops or pees inside. He uses his leg a lot when he pees and poops. What should I do? What cand be done for him to get to poop inside on a poopie mat? (They told us at the vet that he should poop any minute but we have yet to see that, it’s been 6 hours)", "833" ], [ "My dog’s having a hard time meeting new kittens\nThe dog is around 13 years old, poodle terrier bigger than a cat. We tried (4 adults) introducing them (after a week behind a door) one adult per kitten and two with dog. He went for invasive sniffing, he barked in a kitten face. He couldn’t calm down.", "1011" ], [ "So we called it a day. A few days later I tried securing the basement, putting dog in his big carrier, and opening door for kittens to approach. He won’t stop anxiously barking, so they stay back. I really need advice! Will time help..??", "954" ], [ "Aggressive Cat\nMy girlfriend and I own a male cat, he is about 8 months old. We rescued him and have had him since he was around 2-3 months old. He has been aggressive the entire time. He will sneak up on you and bite you, scratch, hiss, and attack anything that moves.", "954" ], [ "You cannot pet this cat without getting bit. I am very lost on what to do. We have tried everything from redirecting with toys to pheromone diffusers to help with his aggression. He is constantly leaving ya with cuts all over our legs and hands. Any advice will help, truly have no idea what to do.", "954" ], [ "Dogs just won’t go outside anymore??\nRecently my dogs( 3 of them, German Shepherds) just won’t go outside anymore. I’m not sure why. We live in the country, there’s plenty of space for them to roam. We have a doggy-door, there’s nothing stopping them from going.", "661" ], [ "I try to entice them outside, I get their favorite toys or treats, but they just won’t go. They’re not really my dogs, they much prefer my father but I do most of the care taking. Which means cleaning after them when they refuse to go outside. Is that it? Im not him so they don’t want to go outside with me? This wasn’t happening before. But if so, how do I get back on their good side?", "661" ], [ "Any advice on dog wards?\nI have a 10 year old poddle mix and I noticed that he has a couple of wards on his back. During his annual physical a couple of months ago the vet told me that wards are normal for older dogs and that I shouldn’t worry.", "63" ], [ "However lately they seem to be growing and I am not sure what it means. His vet won’t have any available appointments until the end of August and I am not sure if I should wait until then or take him somewhere else. I would really appreciate any advice from other dog owners who have experience with this.", "961" ], [ "Crate Training\nAdvice on crate training a puppy. We have a 12 week old golden doodle who is home with one of us pretty much every single day all day. The golden in him has obviously made him very loyal and attached to us so this has made crate training unbelievably difficult. We put him in the periodically throughout the day and at night and it’s not getting better.", "833" ], [ "We cover the crate so it’s dark he has a snuggle puppy and cozy bed. He gets hot so we leave a tan on for him. But he will howl for an hour before ever calming down. He bites the crate and paws at it and at this point I’m worried he’s going to get hurt. We’re going on week 4 of this and I’m ready to give up.", "210" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nto accurately depict girlhood, womanhood and every complexity in-between through barbie is to heal. to show our experiences and emotions through <PERSON> much like we once did in innocent joy and through the endless possibilities the toy coined was the full circle moment i did not expect. to send <PERSON> on a journey of learning what it means to be a woman through her fear of imperfection - of showing emotions that do not provoke positivity, of ageing, of cellulite, of being criticised for not adhering to the impossible standards set for women to follow - as she realises through her admiration and appreciation of the elderly woman that she is what life is, what being a woman is, what being human is. we age, we feel, we are imperfect, and all of this is a mark of how beautiful we are no matter what society tells us.", "1009" ], [ "the real beauty of womanhood is how we control our life to become whoever we want to be - we can’t all be put into the same box, and we also do not all want to be in the same box. it’s all beautiful and it all makes us who we are, no permission is needed.\nto no surprise, this love letter was for the girls we were and the women we have become. <PERSON>, much like with lady bird and little women, i have never felt more seen and understood. i have also never loved being a woman and all it entails more. how lucky are we as women to have this to cherish forever alongside our memories of the very same barbie we adored as children?", "427" ], [ "<PERSON>\nsometimes, i feel like i have nothing that’s my own. everything feels borrowed or stolen from someone else.\nsuch an intimate, tender look at bodies and affection and grief.", "1009" ], [ "i’ve anticipated this one for awhile and although it took some different routes that i anticipated, i’m glad for it. the portrayal of trans women is not exploitative or performative or anything of the like—biba is allowed to be sexual without being fetishized, emotional without being accused of being hysterical by the script or the tone of the film. the dance sequences and the final fifteen minutes will stick with me for a very, very long time; i never cease to be in awe of people who have such an incredible eye for the human condition and small, beautiful things in the world in spite of how painful living often is, but <PERSON> does a fantastic job with all of it.", "657" ], [ "<PERSON>\n“but now i’m not so sure i believe in beginnings and endings. there are days that define your story beyond your life. like the day they arrived.”\nlanguage is a gift. time is a gift. to unite, to give, to love, to lose, and to live are all processes linked by language and time.", "553" ], [ "such processes are key to who we are, and each experience forms a life. <PERSON>’s story is very much that, making this so much more than your average sci-fi film, and so much more than a story centred around aliens. this is the story of a life being lived, of how much time we have but also how little. how time runs out, but it will still be there after us, just as it was before us. there are beginnings and endings, but are there really? how do we define them? words matter, love matters, and time transcends both.\nwhat a beautiful film, that is so much more than what you imagine it to be.", "352" ], [ "Never Rarely Sometimes Always\nnever rarely sometimes always is about girl problems and should not be problems of anyone. this film takes on so much and did it so, so, perfectly. all aspects of this film blows away, where every moment as well as its subtlest details woven as something complete that the only job left there for a viewer is to immerse themselves and watch intently, feel reflectively, and listen sincerely.", "962" ], [ "its greatness also applies to the story, it is performed, written, and directed so purposefully, caring, and unapologetic of the raw themes it conveys it left me rushing with different emotions and tears. there were so many moments that causes a reaction, so many that marked in my mind, but i still felt content admist the nightmare that just occured due to how validating and loving the journey was. it has been a while for me to just be completely lost in a film because i always notice it or study it, and my god what a feeling to be genuinely an observer of a story. this was easily a must watch, and i am glad i can now attest that it really is.", "583" ], [ "Liway\nsuch a special film that i am simply grateful to have witnessed. the emotions these oppressive scenarios bring up, and the need and will to be against it, all familiar and difficult yet easily executed through this powerful reminder. liway depicts real occurances that we are aware and hinted what was beyond our knowledge. a regime like this is what we will never let happen again.", "962" ], [ "the film is not picture perfect, but liway solidly stands as a beautifully executed film that holds such compelling and moving content. and that scene of glaiza, man. overall this film was worth the watch. maraming salamat sa pagbahagi po from ma'am <PERSON> to direk kip and everyone responsible.\nit's available to watch here! let us all do our part and what we can this coming elections, side with the truth and people always.", "583" ], [ "Moving\nhow can you process change at a very young age? you are demanded to adapt but the struggle is ever present. you start questioning why and how? you try and mend the now broken, but much of your perspective is limited until you know the painful truth.\n\"why did you have me?\" the most heart aching question a child could ask to their parents.", "620" ], [ "is love even there? am i not worth staying for? what are the good times we share if only we're going to fall apart.\nit's a lot for a child. damn lot.\n\"hey mommy... i'll grow as quickly as i can\"\n---\nto our roots once more: <PERSON> 2023", "427" ], [ "Pan's Labyrinth\npan’s labyrinth is an upsetting coming of age film that explores the rights and wrongs of the world in a horrifying fantasy world.\nthis is not a happy story but there is a sense of hope and relief at <PERSON>’s story. her willingness to rebel isn’t bad.", "352" ], [ "so often as children we’re thought to shut up and listen to adults, but <PERSON> doesn’t. and that is a good thing. what we are thought or raised with isn’t always the right thing and <PERSON>’s labyrinth showed that beautifully through <PERSON>’s fantasy’s and rebellion against her stepfather.", "352" ], [ "mid90s\n“you literally take the hardest hits out of anybody i’d ever seen in my life. you know you don't have to do that, right?”\nmid90s is an incredibly tense coming of age story that stands out in such a crowded genre. it tackles the impressionability of youth how how they are shaped by those around them.", "962" ], [ "<PERSON> is constantly trying to impress his peers because he thought they were cool. he latches on to them because they offer an escape from an abusive and ‘smothering’ household.\nthis is a film that really shook me in a good way. it tackles so many themes beyond coming of age such as abuse, both physical and substance, but also masculinity in the hiphop scene of the mid 1990s. <PERSON> offers such a sincere and incredible performance, alongside <PERSON> as <PERSON>.", "883" ] ]

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[ [ "Wine Bottle Safe\nIntroduction: Wine Bottle Safe\nIn this Instructable, I demonstrate a way to make a hiding place inside of a wine bottle.\nThe finished product will look like unopened wine bottle.\nSupplies\nWhat you'll need:\nAn empty Wine Bottle\n3D Printed Cap/Lid - Downlaod STL attached\nAffiliate links:\n40mm Diamond Hole Saw\nDiamond Cutting wheel for sanding\nDiamond File\nPVC Heat shrink sleeve\nStep 1: Get a Bottle With a \"egg Cup Shaped\" Bottom\nSome wine bottles have a flat-ish bottom - don't use those.\nYou want a bottle with curved IN bottom or egg cup shaped.\nEgg cup shaped - because it could hold and egg, like an egg cup.\nStep 2: Cover the Labels or Remove\nIf you want to keep the labels, make sure to cover them, so they don't get wet.\nI like to use cling-film (plastic wrap) and electrical tape.\nStep 3: ​Drill a 40mm Hole\nPour some water into the \"bottom cup\" and slowly drill a hole.\nStep 4: Sanding the Inner Bottom\nI used a diamond disk to sand the inner bottom.\nApart from making it smooth, we're also doing it so the 3D printed cup would lock properly.\nDon't go crazy with sanding until you try the 3D printed cap.\nHere I am showing another bottle that's not covered with plastic, so it's easier to see.\nStep 5: Sandind Slots for the Cap\nWe need to sand 2 parallel slots for the 3D printed cap.\nYou can flip the cap around to mark the sanding points or do it by eye.\nOn most of bottles you can see the line from the mould. It can be used as a guide.", "74" ], [ "Unfortunately it's not always visible, especially when the bottle is dirty from sanding.\nStep 6: Wash the Bottle and Clean With Alcohol\nWash the bottle and clean it with alcohol to remove all the grease\nStep 7: Spray Painting With Matte Black Paint\nThere are many ways you can paint the bottle.\nI personally prefer to spray paint. I find it easier to use a nozzle from a compressed air can. It does not \"mist\" the paint as good as original nozzle, but I can access hard to reach spots.\nI finished painting with the original nozzle.\nGo slow and paint in steps.\nI usually paint the bottle in 3 - 4 steps letting letting the paint \"look\" dry before painting again.\nStep 8: PVC Heat Shrink Sleeve\nIf you want, you can use the bottle as a \"vase safe\" or alternatively, put on a heat shrink sleeve and use a hair dryer to shrink it.\nIf you want you can put in a cork before heat-shrinking the neck.\nStep 9: Hide Stuff Inside of a Wine Bottle\nIf you need to hide sweets from your partner (not because you're greedy, because you care about his/hers health).........and it happens that they don't drink wine, this is a perfect hiding spot.", "1013" ], [ "DIY Planter Caddy\nIntroduction: DIY Planter Caddy\nThis planter caddy uses minimal tools and only 2 fence pickets.\nStep 1: Pieces\nYou sill need (2) Sides, (1) Bottom, and (1) Front & (1) Back. See the diagram above for the cut dimensions for the slopes for the side pieces.\nStep 2: Optional Front & Back Rip\nThis is an optional step. A fence picket is usually 5 1/2\". We wanted our front and back to be 4\". You could simply disregard this step.\nStep 3: Sanding\nYou will need to sand all the pieces. I used 80 grit and then finished with 120 grit.\nStep 4: Drill Holes for Sides\nI used a 3/4\" forstner bit to drill the holes for the 1/2\" rope.", "76" ], [ "See the diagram above for the location of the holes.\nStep 5: Installing Side #1\nI started by adding glue and brad nailing 1 side piece to the bottom.\nStep 6: Installing Side #2\nI then flipped the assembly over and repeated the process by adding glue and brad nailing side #2.\nStep 7: Installing Front\nAdd glue to the bottom and side pieces and then brad nail the front to the assembly.\nStep 8: Installing Back\nAdd glue to the bottom and side pieces and then brad nail the back to the assembly.\nStep 9: Drain Holes\nI used a 3/8\" drill bit and drilled holes in the bottom of the caddy so water could drain. See diagram above for hole locations.\nStep 10: Stain or Paint\nApply stain or paint to the caddy. It is best to do this step now instead of after the soil has been added. The soil will stick to the brush and cause your finish to get soil deposits in it.\nStep 11: Soil\nAdd your preferred soil.\nStep 12: Plants\nAdd plants of your liking. I chose Kosmik Kactus that I purchased from The Home Depot.\nStep 13: Rope\nInstall the 1/2\" rope the hole in the side piece. Simply tie a knot once you run it through the hole. Then repeat the process on the other side.", "353" ], [ "Simple Small Desktop Wooden Stand / Holder for Different Purposes\nIntroduction: Simple Small Desktop Wooden Stand / Holder for Different Purposes\nI made this simple Instructable as a gift for a friend.\nI saw that he asked on a Woodworking's Facebook Group (that by chance I was a member in), if someone can create such horizontal stand for him, with charge of course...\nSo while having a lot of free time during the Coronavirus lockdown, I immediatelly sent him a private message - \"Don't worry, I making the stand for you\" (free of course...)\nHe needed the stand for putting a tool related to smoking (the one you can see at the picture) and gave me the dimensions.\nOf course that you can make this stand for other different purposes, that you want to put on your desk, like a pen, or other decorative items...\nI took some scrap wood / leftovers and started this quick project.\nThe last name of the friend is <PERSON>, so I decided to surprise him and combine his name in the stand. He liked it a lot :)\n------------------\nYou're welcome to visit my YouTube Channel, subscribe, and also watch my additional projects.", "668" ], [ "Don't forget to click the 'bell' button in order to get new videos notification.\nThank you! :)\nSupplies\nGeneral List of tools I'm using - https://www.itzikdiy.com/tools-list?m=1\nTools in this Instructable:\n* Miter saw or other saw\n* Measuring tape.\n* For the rounded cuts I used my dremel with the following tools:\n* Dremel & Line & Circle Cutter (678) Accessory - UK - https://amzn.to/36NxASj - US https://amzn.to/32Z6EOj\n* Dremel 561 Multipurpose Cutting Bit - UK - https://amzn.to/3nC0kEp US - https://amzn.to/3nC0kEp\n* Kreg KHCCC 90° Corner Clamp: UK - https://amzn.to/3lW9jzC US - https://amzn.to/3lW9jzC\n* Drill & Wood drill bits.\nMaterials:\n* Scrap wood\n* Screws.\n* Wood glue.\n* Foto Transfer Potch (Optional)\n* Clear protective topcoat\nStep 1: Cutting a Piece of Wood for the Base\nI started by cutting a 18mm pine board to the required dimensions (~22cm*7cm), using the miter saw.\nStep 2: Preparing the Dremel Circle Cutter\nI prepare my Dremel 4000 & the Line & Circle Cutter Accessory (678), to cut the rounded shapes.\nFinally I found a use for this Dremel accessory :)\nYou can use a Jigsaw as well, but it's less accurate to make the rounded shapes manually...\nThis accessory uses a special cutting bit (Dremel 561 Multipurpose Cutting Bit).\nStep 3: Marking the Half Circle Position on the Base\nI marked the center of the wood from all edges of the rectangle sides.\nThe Dremel circular cutter has a nail which should be placed in the center of the circle, as an axis. The cutting bit turns arround the axis for cutting accurate circles. This accessory is great!\nStep 4: Cutting the Half Circle Shape on the Base\nCutting the circle.\nNote that you put the center axis at the side of the wood that isn't visible later, so you won't see the axis hole :)\nStep 5: Sanding the Base\nI sanded the base using a Sanding paper / Sander.\nStep 6: Marking the Text & Vertical Pices Positions on the Base\nAs I wrote at the intro, I wanted to put a text in the middle, between the vertical pieces of the stand, so I measured and marked the positions.\nThe vertical pieces position is ~12cm from each other.\nStep 7: Marking the Text \"O\" Letter Holes Position on the Base\nThe last name of my friend is <PERSON>.\nSince the name has 2 Symmetrical \"O\" letters, I decided to make it more special, and drill the \"O\" letters.\nSo, I put the printed text to see the position, and marked the \"O\" positions.\nI took a drill bit which matches to the size of the letters in the printed text.\nStep 8: Drilling the \"O\" Letter Holes on the Base\nI drilled the 2 \"O\" letter holes on the base.\nStep 9: Sanding the Holes on the Base\nI sanded the 2 \"O\" letter holes, using a dremel sanding attachment.", "493" ], [ "Hot Glue Mosaic Coasters (or Tiles)\nIntroduction: Hot Glue Mosaic Coasters (or Tiles)\nThese colourful Hot Glue Mosaic Coasters are fun to make. I was looking at lego art, which made me think of iron melt beads and with the hot glue contest in the back of my mind I thought of doing this.\nInstead of the cutter, jig and hole punch, you could just use a craft knife and a normal hole punch. I didn't have a hole punch of the right size, so I made one. Your punch might also get a bit gluey.\nI made the cutter jig because I wanted the slices to be consistent. I made the cutter because I found it easier to cut the glue sticks with pressure from above.\nSupplies\n7mm hot glue sticks in various colours.\nParchment paper\nClothes Iron\nA surface to iron on ( used a folded tea towel to protect the surface of my kitchen counter )\nMould release ( I used Silicone spray )\nSafety goggles\nDust mask\nGloves\nFor the mould, cutter and hole punch\n3d printer\nFilament ( I used PLA and it held up fine, but filament with a higher melting point, like PETG or ABS, would be better for the mould).\nTinkercad and a Tinkercad login.\nSmall blow torch\nCalipers or Ruler\nCutter:\nCraft knife with a long blade\nHole Punch:\n4mm Aluminium Rivet\nDremel or drill with 2mm, 2.8mm and 3mm metal drill bits.\nSandpaper\nPliers ( I used needle nose pliers and wire cutters )\nHammer\nBench vice (or another way to clamp the rivet while drilling.)\nPopsicle sticks\nStep 1: 3D Printed Parts\nI modeled the mould, hot glue cutter and hole punch in Tinkercad.\nI've included instructions for modeling the mould in Tinkercad as I thought you might want to customise it for larger grids or thicker glue sticks. I've also included all the stl files and a link to the Tinkercad file for the mould and tools. I haven't included instructions for modeling the cutter and hole punch. They are both made up of simple boxes and cilinders in Tinkercad.", "401" ], [ "I'm happy to answer any questions regarding the 3D modeling or anything else.\nStep 2: Making the Coaster Mould\nOpen Tinkercad and log in. Start a new project.\n1: Create the grid\nIn The shapes panel search for \"grid\".\nSelect a shape called \"grid of square columns\" and enter the setting as follows:\nColumns: 10\nRows: 10\nSize 7.5 ( The diameter of a glue stick + 0.5mm tolerance. )\nGap: 0.4 ( I wanted the blocks seperated by a very thin line and this is the width of my printing nozzle.)\nHeight: 3 ( This will be the thickness of the coaster. )\nThe finished grid should measure 78.6mm x 78.6mm. This will be the size of the coaster.\nFrom the basic shapes menu add box and scale it to 78.6mm x 78.6mm x 2mm.\nClick on align and align it to the top of the grid.\n2: To make the rounded corners\nFrom the basic shapes menu add a box, make it a hole and set the radius to 1.\nScale the box to 78.6mm (width )x 78.6mm (length) x 20mm (height).\nAdd another box and scale it to 80mm (width )x 80mm (length) x 10mm (height).\nSelect both boxes and click on \"align\". Center the boxes and then group them.\nMake this new object a hole.\nCentre align this object and the grid and group them.\n3: Complete the mould\nAdd a box and scale it to 83mm x 83mm x 4mm (height).\nAlign this box and the grid with the rounded corners from the previous step, so that they are centred on the x and y axis.\nAlign the grid to the top of the new box.\nMake the grid a hole.\nGroup the grid and the box\nSelect the new object. Click on export and select stl.\nI printed the coaster mould in PLA with a layer hight of 0.28 and 25% infill.\nStep 3: The Blade Grip and Cutting Guide\nDownload and print the blade grip and cutting guide stl files. I printed them in PLA with a 0.28mm layer height and 25% infill.\nBreak a section of three blades off a long craft knife blade. I put the blade in a craft knife and used pliers to break it off.", "110" ], [ "Faux Door Knob Backplate!\nIntroduction: Faux Door Knob Backplate!\nNow you can easily go buy a door knob backplate off of Amazon, but where's the fun in that?\nThis is how I painted a faux door knob backplate.\nSupplies\nYou'll need\n-Painters tape (to tape off the doorplate area)\n-Paint brushes (C'mon!)\n-Chalk paint (For texture and no priming!)\n-Calcium carbonate powder or joint compound (For more texture)\n-Craft paint (Your choice of color)\n-Top coat (For a durable finish)\nStep 1: Before and After!\nI did a wainscoting remodel last year and you can find it here:\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Wainscoting-Project/\nThese doors open up into my lesson room, so they're always getting dirty with fingerprints. Lots of kids come over to learn and build stuff! This textured door plate solved the dirty door problem.\nStep 2: The Supplies!\nI started playing around with textures on a piece of scrap wood\n-Annie Sloan Graphite: If painted thickly, this dries with a nice texture.\n-Calcium Carbonate Powder (or joint compound)\n-Metallic Silver Paint\n-Black Paint: Any shade\n-Varnish (optional)\nChalk paint is great, because you won't need to prime, you can build up a nice texture and it dries rock hard.\nStep 3: Step 1\nI didn't measure out anything, but these textures are easy to get.\nJust add the Annie Sloan Graphite to a cup and mix in the Calcium Carbonate Powder a little at a time.\nMix small batches at a time so you don't waste any paint.\nStep 4: Step 2\nWhen the mixture is dry, paint on some watered-down (diluted) black paint.\nI dabbed a few dots of black paint on first followed by the same brush dipped in water.\nThe goal is to only darken all of the nooks and crannies.\nStep 5: Last Step\nWhen it is dry, just dry brush on the silver.\nA little paint goes a long way!\nThe dry brush technique is when the paint brush is relatively dry, but still holds paint. You want it almost dry and barely touch it to the textures when you painting.", "443" ], [ "If you put too much on, you can easily paint over it and try again.\nStep 6: Dazzle-Dazzle\nRazzle-Dazzle y'all!\nI bought a little bottle of Americana Starlite Varnish, because...there's sparkles in it.\nMy teenage daughter was laughing at me too! Whatever!\nI didn't use this on my faux door knob backplate, but like how it turned out.\nStep 7: Tape of the Door Plate\nBefore you start, tape off the design.\nMake sure you have it perfectly measured out! These are pics of the from and back of the door.\nStep 8: Start the Door Plate\nThis is an easy project, but be careful not to clog the latch or deadbolt with paint.\nThese are the moving parts of the door knob.\nIt's best to let everything dry completely! Thick chalk paint will take longer to dry, so you might need to wait a full day to add another coat. Don't rush!\nStep 9: Dry Brush!\nDry brush over the textures with a metallic paint. I didn't use a top coat either.\nStep 10: Finished!\nNot too bad!", "984" ], [ "DIY Wooden Flowers Planter Box With Glass Jar | Hydroponics Vase Holder\nIntroduction: DIY Wooden Flowers Planter Box With Glass Jar | Hydroponics Vase Holder\nFrom time to time between my big woodworking projects, I like to make something simple and new for home decoration.\nI had some small jars and I decided to make something using them - Wooden Planter Box / Frame. Why make one? I made 3 in different colors and put in them different flowers and plants.\nYou're welcome to visit my YouTube Channel, subscribe, and also watch my additional projects (Like this Console table on the picture). Don't forget to click the 'bell' button in order to get new videos notification.\nThank you!\nSupplies\nGeneral List of tools I'm using - https://www.itzikdiy.com/tools-list?m=1\nTools in this Instructable:\n* Miter Saw\n* Measuring tape\n* Drill driver with cone drill bit\n* Sanding paper / Sander\n* Paint brush / Roller / Wipe\n* Electric nail gun\nMaterials:\n* Glass Jar (8.5cm H * 5.5cm Diameter)\n* 10mm * 95mm wood profile (pine)\n* Wood glue\n* Wood filler\n* Strong glue (for metal + wood)\n* Very small screws (< 10mm)\n* Chalked paint or another\n* Clear protective topcoat (Varathane Satin Water-Based Interior Polyurethane)\nStep 1: Preparing the Miter Saw for Bevel Cut\nI started by setting the sliding miter saw to bevel cut of 45 degrees.\nIn my saw, there is a handle on the back which should be unlock, and locked again after setting the required vertical angle.\nStep 2: Cutting the Wood Pieces\nI prepared 3 boxes / frames, so I cut 12 pieces of 14cm from the wood profile.\nIn my case, I used 10mm * 95mm pine wood profile.\nStep 3: Pieces Are Ready\nStep 4: Preparing the Top Piece - Hole in the Wood\nBefore connecting the 4 parts of each box, I prepared the top piece which hold the jar, otherwise it will be harder to make it later.\nI drilled a 2cm hole using a cone drill bit.\nStep 5: The Jar\nI used glass Jars with height of 8.5cm and diameter of 5.5cm.\nStep 6: Preparing the Top Piece - Hole in the Jar Cover\nI removed the covers from all jars, and drilled a 2cm hole in each cover, using a cone drill bit.\nStep 7: Gluing the Cover to the Wood\nI connected the jar covers with the holes, to the top box woodedn part with the hole, using a strong glue which is good for many materials (Metal and wood as well).\nStep 8: Connecting the Cover to the Wood\nFor a final secured connection, I connected some very small screws from the cover to the wood.\nStep 9: Checking the Jars Connection\nI checked that each jar can be connected and removed from the cover and the covers are well connected.\nThe jars should be easily removed and connected later, everytime it's required to fill / replace water in the jars.\nStep 10: Gluing the Box\nI connected the 45 degrees box parts using wood glue.\nStep 11: Checking 90 Degrees Angle\nStep 12: Nailing the Box Frame\nAfter the wood glue was drying for few minutes, I nailed one nail in each pair of wood pieces, using an electric nail gun.\nStep 13: Filling Holes\nI filled all the holes in the wooden box, using a wood filler, including the holes made by the nail gun and other holes.\nStep 14: Sanding the Box\nI sanded the wooden box for removing all wood filler leftovers.\nStep 15: Painting the Box - 3 Different Colors\nI decided to have 3 different colors for the boxes, so I painted one in light blue (Chalked paint \"soothing blue\"), one in white and the third was left without paint - natural.\nI didn't make opaque painting, but semi transparent. I also sanded it later on the corners, for a 'vingage' look.\nStep 16: Painting the Box With Clear Protective Top Coat\nFinally, I painted each box with a clear protective top coat.\nStep 17: Boxes Are Ready\nStep 18: Connecting the Jars and Putting Flowers & Plants\nI filled water in each jar, and then connected them to the wooden boxes.\nFinally, I put some flowers and plants in each box.\nStep 19: The Result\nThats it.\nIt's easy to remove the jars and fill or replace the water from time to time.\nWhat do you thing about the result?", "401" ], [ "Stormy Marble Repair With Gold!\nIntroduction: Stormy Marble Repair With Gold!\nKintsugi or Kintsukuroi is the Japanese art of repairing broken things, often broken pottery, with gold. The Japanese method is a metaphor for us humans to embrace our imperfections and flaws. Only when we embrace them, will they shine as good as gold!\nRecently, a marble slab was accidentally dropped and broke into chunks. So, I thought to incorporate Kintsugi into fixing the slab. However, I did put a spin to the method so read on to find out what I did.\nStep 1: Gathering Your Materials & Tools\nThe materials you will need to make this project are as follows:\n* A broken marble slab\n* 2-part resin epoxy\n* Golden Mica Powders\n* Hardwood Planks and Pieces (Alternatively you could use melamine sheets to make the mold).\n* Construction Screws\n* Wood Glue\n* Acrylic DAP Caulk\n* Packing Tape\n* Vaseline Petroleum Jelly\n* Gloves\n* Sandpaper\n* Plastic Cup\nThe tools you will need to build this project are as follows:\n* Drill with a square bit\n* Tape Measure\n* Caulk Gun\n* Hammer\n* Craft Chisel\n* Level\n* Pliers or Tweezers (optional)\n* Putty Knife\n* Silicone Brush\n* Paintbrush\n* Camping Lighter or Blow Torch\n* Handsaw (Alternatively you could use a Circular Saw or Jigsaw)\n* Popsicle or Mixing Stick\n* Wet Rag\n* Don't forget your pencil!\nThis list might look lengthy but you are going to have to trust the process. You might be able to substitute some things for others in order to save you time.\nStep 2: Solving the Marble Puzzle\nBefore we get into any other steps, we need to put all of the marble pieces in order how they were before the slab broke. Lay down the chunks on a table or on the floor and solve it like a puzzle. This will help us later when we are going to make the mold. Solving the marble slab also allows us to determine if there are any pieces missing.\nStep 3: Taking Measure\nThis step is crucial since it will determine how you will make your mold. We only need to measure the length and width as they control the size of the mold. My marble slab clocks in at 60 inches in length and 4 inches in width. The thickness of the marble I have is 2 cm, but that is irrelevant to our project.", "95" ], [ "However, you may need it to know how much resin you\"ll need whereas I just took a rough estimate.\nStep 4: Making the Mold\nFor this step, I tried to cut as little as possible because I am using a manual saw. Feel free to go along with these steps or go your own way with a power saw.\nTake two 7ft wooden hardwood planks and screw them perpendicular to each other on the long side. Put a small square at one end of the plank to give it another side.\nStep 5: Spacing the Marble on the Mold\nNow put the marble slab on one of the long sides and space it out according to how thick you want the golden veins. Keep in mind, your final piece will be longer than the original marble slab. So I recommend letting loose on the golden veins and add as many as you want. You can also break an existing chunk to give the final piece more definition. Make sure there is enough space to have all of the pieces fit nicely.\nStep 6: Making the Mold : the Sequel\nAdd the square on the other side of the mold to cap it off and measure the remaining side to cut a plank to the right size.\nMark a wood plank with the correct size and cut it off with your saw. My plank measured in at 5 feet and 7 1/4 inches after being cut.\nScrew the piece onto the mold so that inside the mold, the width is just a little bigger than 4 inches. This will depend on the marble slab you have and its width, but remember to keep it a little bigger so that your marble slab can easily fit in. Also, remember to not make it too big, or else resin will pour into the sides making for a lot of extra work later on.\nStep 7: Sealing the Mold\nIn this step, I chose to combine several methods of sealing a mold to acheieve an optimal final product. Below I take you through step by step on how to seal the mold:\n1. I took caulking to seal up any edges and corners to prevent resin from going out of the mold through the inside\n2. I lined up the bottom and sides on the inside of the mold with packing tape to act as parchment paper\n3.", "556" ], [ "3D Printed Coffee Filter Evaporative Cooler\nIntroduction: 3D Printed Coffee Filter Evaporative Cooler\nThis will be the 3rd year I am using a 3D printed coffee filter air cooler.\nIt can cool the air by evaporating ice-cold water.\nDoes it work?\n100% -Yes\nBut.......There are a few things you should know.\nIt's not an air conditioner. Don't expect the same results.\nCan you actually cool a room with it?\nYes, but only so much. With the correct setup you should be able to drop the temperature a little bit.\nWith a single fan air cooler you will not cool the room, but you will cool your face :)\nIt's great to keep on your desk.\nIf you want to be serious about the cooling, start with 3 fans.\nIn my previous apartment I was able to drop the temperature by 2 ºC (35.6 ºF) in one of the rooms.\nThis year I have moved and my workshop is a little bit bigger.\nSo far a single triple fan cooler can drop the temperature by 1 ºC (33.8 ºF).", "411" ], [ "I am planning to make another 3 fan cooler.\nEvaporative coolers are also humidifiers, so keep that in mind.\nI have a window fan blowing the air/moisture out.\nIf you shut the windows and doors (especially in a smaller room) the humidity levels will rise.\nIt will not feel very nice in the room.\nConsider adding a window fan, even if it's a small USB fan.\nSupplies\nApart from a 3D printed filter holder, you'll need a 120mm fan.\nThere are 12v or 5v USB fans.\nWhatever you choose, go for high airflow or high rpm's.\nYou'll also need size 4 coffee filters and a water container.\nStep 1: Print the Filter Holder of Your Choice\nThere are 2 versions of the filter holder you can print. A solid - support-less cube or a cube that you need to put together from 4 pieces.\nStep 2: Fill the Box With Coffee Filters\nI filled the box with coffee filters the narrow side facing the fan.\nStapler is all you need to keep them in place..\nStep 3: Add Bottom Filters to Feed the Water\nI cut a filter opened and used it to feed water to a pair of filters.\nStep 4: Add a Fan\nI used 8 zip-ties to hold the fan. I could have used 4, but I think double head zip-tying looks better.\nYou can also use screws.\nStep 5: Put It on Top of a Water Container\nFill a bucket/container with big chunks of ice and top it up with water.\nNow put the box on top submerging the bottom filters into the water.\nIn this example the container was bigger than the filter-box, so I cut a hole in the lid to hold the box.\nStep 6: Wet the Filters or Wait\nI keep a spray bottle in the fridge to wet the filters with cold water whenever it's needed.\nYou don't have to wet them if you don't want. 15 - 20 min and they will be wet on their own.\nStep 7: Connect/Add a Power Supply and Turn It ON", "646" ] ]

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[ [ "The Apple\nThis first time I saw this was at an after hours movie club we had at one of the theaters I worked at. One of the bartenders there ran a local psychotronic movie group and had a very esoteric knowledge of cult movies. He always raved about this one and was so excited to show it for movie night (he also brought barbeque from the other bar he worked at).", "900" ], [ "It was a huge hit.\nThe costumes and set design in this is are astounding. The relentless pummeling ridiculous music numbers somehow doesn't get overbearing because each one is so absurd in its own way. The wild dances help too. My only minor issue with this is the abrupt, left turn ending that is so overt and ludicrous it somehow jars you from what is already a ludicrous movie.\nIn a just world this would be getting the same level of fandom as something like Rocky Horror.", "596" ], [ "Interview with the Vampire\nMy movie watching lately has pretty much been the occasional theater appearance and following up with the books I have been reading. I finished Interview With The Vampire last month and now I finally got to a rewatch. I think the film does a good job at capturing the main structure of the novel.", "79" ], [ "It is much breezier and things are changed and left behind but nonetheless, it’s a solid film. The casting was spot on if you ask me. I had a great time rewatching this after not see in for roughly 20 years.", "583" ], [ "The Funhouse\nStill holds up so well, childhood favorite horror film scared the bejesus outta me growing up watching this on late night cable. The premise is simple yet totally engaging a teenage girl lies to her parents who forbid her from going to a traveling carnival, she goes against her better judgment to fit in with her friends.", "79" ], [ "This doesn’t sit well with her because she doesn’t like lying to her father. The peer pressure of attending the carnival ramps up to the double date to sneak of the funhouse ride and stay the night\nThe atmosphere is eerie and really sets the tone even if the story doesn’t get crazy til the third act. The unmasking of <PERSON> is probably in my top ten most shocking movie moments of my childhood!\n#1 in the books", "465" ], [ "The Shadow Box\nThis is definitely <PERSON>’s weakest as a director and that says quite a lot as this is a really good movie merely hampered by the television budget insisting on a more theatrical style. That makes the film more dependent on the actors then ever before. <PERSON> and <PERSON> fair the best able to convey with subtlety ideas of love and death.", "698" ], [ "I have to admit though I adored <PERSON>’s showy piece of overacting the most. It’s just a fun confrontation of a subject, dementia, which gives me the deepest chills possible. Poor <PERSON> is probably best not mentioned in all her redundant glory.", "465" ], [ "Deal of the Century\nMan, what a film of heights and lows. On way hand this has some great moments with some of the nastiest criticism of <PERSON> era that the studios ever made. <PERSON> himself is a pretty major character to the film and <PERSON>’s script even name checks some real life war profiteers like <PERSON>. To think a film with this much poison could come out a year before the last major electoral sweep. That’s even without going into the film’s contemporary relevance through questions on drone usage.\nThere’s also tons of great little moments.", "698" ], [ "The best being <PERSON> cameo which most perfectly hits the comedy and satire that the film is aiming for.\nUnfortunately all of that is choked by the main trio who are miscast and poorly written. <PERSON> seems uncomfortable playing this kind of villainous protagonist and instead is desperately trying to make this guy a proto <PERSON>. It just doesn’t work in a more grounded and subtle film like this. <PERSON> and <PERSON>’ characters both suffer from some inconsistent writing that don’t make a lick of sense from moment to moment in their motivations. In particular the ending seems rushed with these two switching who they are sometimes dramatically between each scene. In all this reminds me of Bonfire of the Vanities in that a few problems of cast and characterization take a great film and make it mediocre with the failure being even stronger here.", "698" ], [ "Thanksgiving\nI wanted to like this more than I did. I love slashers but there's a few aspects here that I feel like distract a tad and work against each other. One being I'm waiting around for the movie to recreate scenes from a trailer I saw 16 years ago. That creates a sort of auto pilot.", "596" ], [ "Another thing is the huge plot points hinging on social media and live streaming that feels so against the grain of that Grindhouse trailer. Plus adding in a Black Friday stampede feels more 16 years ago then now. So I kinda found this to be all over the place. That said, I'd absolutely watch a sequel because we need more slashers in this world.", "269" ], [ "<PERSON>\nReally enjoyed this, never seen Star Trek but the satire on the dichotomy of actors is fucking hilarious. The writing is top tier but holy fuck this cast is firing on all cylinders.", "777" ], [ "Many times I just audibly yelled out \"<PERSON>, what a fucking actor, <PERSON>, you are fucking brilliant, <PERSON>, you are absolutely gas\".\nIt must be said again...<PERSON>, the actor that you were. Even more poignant as I am reading his book at the moment.\nKinda strange this is my second <PERSON> movie in the last few days. I heavily dislike him in some things but he can really be good when he wants to be and I do like his voice.", "577" ], [ "House\nThe birth of absurd cinema and it really is that in its finest from. From from very off, the film is entertaining and energetic. It’s funny, touching, creepy and of course completely bananas. Technically speaking this film goes off the charts. It sort of feels like a crazy school project, but at the same time there’s so many different implications and original beauty to it.", "583" ], [ "For the 70s, it’s unbelievably beautiful to look at. One of the most visually striking movies I’ve ever seen. The music is the technical highlight here because it dominates the feels in every scene. The movie feels like one fucked up dream which is not for everyone but I’m here for it. What a ride.", "583" ] ]

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[ [ "There is absolutely no problem for the society to survive in your scenario. Killing half of plants and animals will barely be noticed. We kill more than that all the time. Most species will recover within a generation or two. It may take a while for long living species like Oaktree or Blue Whale, but that's not a serious concern.\nAs for human, yes, there will be no problem either. Relatively speaking. According to different estimates, between 20 and 80% of jobs are unnecessary anyway. Many companies will struggle in the new situation and may collapse when their services are no longer a priority (e.g. producer of reality TV?), but their more productive employees will find jobs in essential businesses.\nFewer people means lower demand for services as well. Population has doubled in last 50 years. As you may imagine there was a society 50 years ago.", "998" ], [ "As in the other answer, we had large scale depopulating events before. It's not unheard of for a country to lose 20% population in a war, even in recent times, for example Poland in World war 2. They not only lost a fifth of their population, including most of the educated elites, but were also physically devastated by war. Warsaw was nearly obliterated with around 90% of buildings destroyed. After the war they were trapped behind the iron curtain and cut off from international trade or cultural exchange and yet managed to survive as civilized societies and rebuild from ruins. In your scenario most of infrastructure is intact, at least initially, so your society can absorb much higher loses.\nThe sudden drop will be drastic but will not destroy our civilization. The old, inefficient power plants will just be closed as the demand for electricity halves. The good nuclear plants that lose half of their staff will halve the holidays for the survivors for few years and recruit some staff from closed plants and recent graduates to fill the gaps. At the moment half of STEM graduates work in unrelated jobs. Instead of joining investment banks they will get productive and fulfilling jobs in their field. No problem at all.\nTL,DR Apart from initial panic, there won't be a long term danger to the society if half of the population disappear. On the contrary, if you're one of the survivors and don't die in some riots in the immediate result of the event you may even be better off than before.", "998" ], [ "You would need:\nEnergy: Nuclear power, fission or fusion. Nuclear waste recycled or glassified and buried.\nElectrical Food Chain:\nPhotosynthesis is just a way to knock electrons off atoms. In principle, it can be done with electricity alone. There's active research on this. Probably soon we'll have microbes that can produce sugar, fats etc from a current.\nMore simply synthesize high energy compounds and let microbes eat them.\nLastly, convert electricity to light, put plants under lights, stack as high as needed.\nRegardless of method, food is produced in highly compact areas in quantity year round.\nCarbon cycle remains closed.\nRaw Materials No real changes, everything recycled simply because there is no place to put waste. Mines and the like are just in the basement.\nHeat\nThe real problem with a planetary city is heat. Urban areas are already heat islands, always hotter than the surrounding natural terrain. Cover the entire planet and you'd heat the entire planet. Might actually cover the entire top in reflectors because really you don't need solar energy (solar panels are thousands of times less dense than nuclear power and they'd generate more waste heat per kilowatt.)\nPresumably the planet starts as a terrestrial planet and has seas. Seas are the major heat conveyers on earth. They are powered by solar evaporation which changes density causes changes in density of seawater at top causing it to fall. If you build over the ocean you will stop the heat conveyers and the poles and the equator will have radically different temperatures which will produce storms.", "208" ], [ "Likely, they will dump some waste heat back into the ocean to mimic solar effects and keep the conveyer going.\nThe real problem will be radiate enough heat into space. There is a phenomena called \"heat pollution\" that will occur when just the heat dumped into the atmosphere by technology starts to alter climate and drive storms.\nMost likely a civilization advanced enough to build a planet city could figure out alternative radiators for the planet e.g. radiating lasers, magnetic radiators or just a bunch space elevator like structures that were just radiators carried huge amounts of heat from the ground to space.\nEconomics: To my mind, the major technical road block to a planetary city would be one of what pragmatic or economic forces would drive that many people to pay the enormous price of cramming that many people together?\nPopulation will not grow as populations urbanize because children cost a great deal in urban areas and unlike under farming, produce no income until well into adulthood. Long before a planet gets paved over, population growth will be flat or even declining.\nDense urban cores, especially ones with skyscrapers, were justified by the need to cram lots of people close together so they could communicate with analog technology. Such dense cores are already technologically and economically obsolete, though not with out their lifestyle appeal for many.\nWe've long passed the stage where people had to be in New York to hit the big time. Major corporations are spread all over the world in urban areas big and small. It's as easy to send email around the world as in the same building.\nI think the most likely scenario might be a completely non-economic reason to cram hundreds of billions of people on a single planet.\n* A prison for a very large galactic civilization, perhaps locking up entire societies for some reason.\n* A refuge of some kind, everyone is there because it's the only place to survive. It could be a hiding place or a fortress. If the latter they would be like people fleeing the barbarians to hide in the castle.\n* Planet city, but mostly empty. For whatever reason, a lot more city got built than needed. Runaway autonomous construction robots is a scenario I've seen once or twice. In that scenario, the city becomes the geography with 99% of it empty but maintained the robots. Spooky.", "99" ], [ "People like sex (citation needed). Sex produces babies. The reason population growth slowed down is obviously an easy access to contraception (and to a lesser degree - abortion). There are two ways of causing baby boom - a) contraception stops working, b) people choose not to use it.\n1. No contraception available\nFor some reason contraception became less available. It can be religious, political, technological or any other. Religious fundamentalist politics is done to death in novels and tv these days, techno is more interesting.\n1a Technoloy\nWhen the oil runs out many technologies will become very expensive, almost everything we make is based on oil products, like plastics. That includes condoms, but also a lot of medicines. The problem with this story is that you have bigger problem than lack of condoms when you run out of oil.\n1b Biology\nEvolution decided to save us from going extinct and people developed severe allergic reaction to condoms or pills or both.", "1006" ], [ "Or even better, pills stop working. This will take longer than 50 years though, you would have to move your story 200 years or more in the future. If a gene of resistance to contraception appears it will obviously spread quite quickly, in couple of generations it will dominate the population because people without it have 0-1 child and people with it have 6-10.\n2. Contraception is dangerous\nMore interesting option is some disease that affects women on pill only. If taking a pill makes you likely to die you will have no option but to abstain from sex unless you are ready for children, most likely in a stable marriage.\n3. No need for contraception\nPeople try to prevent pregnancies, even in stable marriage, because children are very costly. They cost the mother a year or more of her career. They need a spare room, new clothes every few months, toys, school fees, etc. If your civilization somehow becomes post-scarcity many of these problems go away.\nConclusion\nThere will obviously always be women who just don't want children and do everything to prevent or terminate pregnancy, and if all else fails even resort to infanticide (\"fourth trimester abortion\"). But even if only 25% women have 5 children each, and another 50% have 3 each, that's already population explosion.", "998" ], [ "If I am not mistaken, your question is what will happen if oxygen production ceased completely. As oxygen is a highly reactive gas, obviously it would be depleted eventually, as you predicted.\nThe Earth's atmosphere currently contains about 21% Oxygen. This is about $10^{18}$ or a quintillion kilograms. Since 1 atm is 101 kPa, the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is about 21 kPa. Modern day humans are unlikely to survive when the partial pressure falls below 8 kPa\nOxygen can be consumed by many different methods. One is to bind oxygen to biomass in order to produce $\\text{CO}_2$, water and energy. With no plants to reduce the $\\text{CO}_2$ back to biomass, there is not only an oxygen problem, but a food problem. If plants continue to reduce $\\text{CO}_2$ but do not release the oxygen, they would have to keep the oxygen in oxidising agents, separate from their energy stores, which would presumably trigger, in the long term, animals that can process this.\nIn any case, with no recycling, the oxygen is consumed by biotic processes at the same rate biomass is oxidized, I'll assume that the production of 100 billion tonnes C/yr, according to wikipedia, also ceases, because I don't think plants can keep large amount of oxygen in them, so they die of the free radicals eroding their DNA.", "279" ], [ "There are only 560 billion tonnes of biomass apart from bacteria though, so they'd only sequester around 1.5 trillion tonnes (1.5 quadrillion kilograms) of the 1000 quadrillion kilograms of Oxygen. Just 0.1%, not much.\nWhere did all the rest of the carbon go? Well, some of it is in bacteria, but a lot of it is in the stuff we're currently digging up and burning. If all the plants die, it'll take a while for people to realize that burning all those fossil fuels isn't such a good idea, but it will happen. We'd likely switch to carbon free fuels like Uranium and Plutonium (in fission) or, eventually, hydrogen and helium isotopes for fusion. The problem of feeding ourselves is the immediate one. Happily though, humanity has stored some seeds in seed banks. They won't be modified. We plant those and the ecosystem will eventually find itself on its way back to normal. Might take a while though.", "279" ], [ "Indefinitely.\nIt is possible to create new animals by cloning. This technology has never been developed in humans because of severe ethical issues, but faced with extinction, it'd likely be up and running within a decade. The core principles are all understood.\nHowever, this assumes the mechanism of infertility allows implantation of embryos. Even if not it is possible humanised animals could be used for incubation.\nTo address some objections raised in the comments:\nCloning technology is imperfect: this is certainly true, however it is already the case that cloning is commercially viable. There is a biotechnology company in China that is producing 500 cloned pigs a year, while the cloning process itself involves a high degree of technical sophistication, none of the steps are prohibatively expensive or difficult in themselves. Faced with global infertility, vast sums of money will be made available for research, and enormous pressure placed on elected officials to remove legislative barriers. Under these circumstances we should expect viable cloning techniques to become routinely available in the developed world within a decade, probably faster. Cloning should be inherently about as expensive as IVF but with the extraordinary levels of demand we should expect economies of scale to drop prices fast.", "335" ], [ "I would expect reproductive cloning to be available at around $1000 dollars pretty soon. Too expensive to be routinely available in the developing world, but no problem for developed countries with universal healthcare.\nCloning suffers from the same problems as IVF: IVF is only performed on clients who have exhibited problems conceiving the old fashioned way and are typically older. Accordingly success rates are far lower than we should expect from people who do not have these problems and thus success rates should be closer to the far higher rates observed with egg donation.\nTelomere shortening: while this was a concern, it turns out not to be a problem. Even if it was a problem, it should be possible to develop a solution by temporary activation of the telomarases that naturally restore telomeres during normal reproduction.\nAccumulation of mutations: cloning will inevitably accumulate mutations. This could be mitigated by long term storage of DNA from the original source but even this would be imperfect since the DNA is likely to slowly degrade even under ideal storage conditions. However, the accumulation of mutations is unlikely to render the process non-viable for a great many generations (plants and animals that self are known to survive for 100s of generations without apparent loss of viability, although cloning methods may induce higher mutation rates so an exact comparison is not possible), and there are a range of existing techniques that could developed to repair (e.g. CRISPR) or screen embyros (e.g. shotgun sequencing) and prevent transmission of harmful mutations. Moreover, in the hundreds of years available to humanity, the development of in vitro techniques to restore crossing-over and mixture of genes as per natural sexual reproduction seems much more likely than not.", "1008" ], [ "<PERSON> syndrome blocking ICBMs\nStart with a more extreme version of the space race. Say instead of stopping at V-2 rockets, Germany launches a V-3 rocket, the first ICBM (with a conventional payload) late during the war, impacting somewhere in Brooklyn. Although completely inefficient as a bombing strategy, this leads to a general panic in the US public (and in Russian leadership after the war, when you combine this rocket with the atomic bomb) and even more advanced German technology for both sides to use after the war.\nAs a result, Sputnik goes up in 1952 and the US soon follow. In the next decade, both sides launch stuff into low earth orbit like there is no tomorrow. Satellites, capsules, small space stations with telescopes to spy on the enemy (hand operated, as the electronics are still at 1950s level), spent upper stages, maybe even a few nukes, just to have them at hand. Just add up all the proposals the military made during the space race and finance them.\nHowever around 1960, everything goes haywire. Maybe there is some high speed collision of two unmarked spy satellites, maybe some anti-satellite weapon is tested, maybe a rocket launch fails spectacularly while nearly in orbit.", "898" ], [ "No matter what, now you have a lot of high speed debris, which in turn starts to hit other things, which then also tend to explode, astronauts and cosmonauts jump into emergency capsules back to earth, leaving their stations unattended. In short, the utter chaos of a <PERSON> syndrome erupts, the lower earth orbit fills with trash. Both sides blame each other, but there is nothing that can be done except to wait for a few decades while stuff slowly deorbits.\nWith this, ICBMs suddenly become useless, as most of them will not survive the flight. Both sides of course start to invest heavily in fast bombers and shorter range atmospheric missiles, but of course equally in the methods to intercept them. As a result, the destruction is not so assured anymore. Some stuff will get through, coastal cities like New York and St. Petersburg might easy enough to reach, but anything heading towards Moscow or Chicago will be spotted and shot down.\nAs added benefit of this scenario, the resulting high amount of shooting stars will make night scenes so much more romantic...", "500" ], [ "Interstellar Distances are just too large and they can't use high atomic number elements\nI'm going to assume you want them to be able to venture into space at least to their other habitats but not much further than that.\nRight now they may have access to asteroid mining where water is abundant. That gives them access to create hydrogen and oxygen propellant, which is what's used in modern chemical rockets. Hydrogen and Oxygen have smaller atomic numbers, so they're much easier to find out in space. Anything with a higher atomic number than iron needs to be created from a supernova. If they live in a region of space that has a lot of small stars, there aren't going to be many supernovae, so there's going to be very little of any high-density elements. Any high atomic number element like Gold could be used as the fuel, which is rare in space.\nIf they live around an average star, the nearest star to them is going to be 3-10 light years away. If we take the fastest speed any spacecraft built by people and assume that their spacecraft can exit their system with this much speed (which probably isn't true), it would take them 4060 years to reach a star the distance to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to Earth. It's just not viable to send a rocket to another system because of the wait calculation.", "99" ], [ "The wait calculation is question of whether we should send a craft to space now or wait later. If we send the spacecraft too soon, a new technology will reach before that spacecraft gets there. If we send it too late, we lose time to be at our destination planet.\nIt seems like your civilization has endured some losses in many respects including their home planet, why not technology? They may have some experienced people but not enough to create an interstellar drive. Consider what <PERSON> said,\n\"You are obviously able to use a computer, like billions of people worldwide. And there are many millions who can program a simple website. But how many can design a microchip, or manufacture one?\"\nGaining the technology to achieve interstellar travel from local travel is like technology jump from going to a bronze sword to an AK-47 or from an AK-47 to a guided missile. What makes this even harder is that advanced technology almost always requires access to new and unique materials. Why should an interstellar drive be any different? Just make stringent technology requirements on high atomic element materials, and your civilization will have a hard time acquiring it.\nNone of these obstacles make interstellar travel impossible, but it should take your civilization a couple hundred years (very rough estimate) to develop interstellar travel at the soonest.", "199" ], [ "You need the Industrialisation\nTo put a definite upper bound, I would say mid-19th century. Take Brunel's SS Great Eastern, launched in 1858, originally designed to ferry 4000 passengers from Britain to Australia without refueling. That is already about half the distance you require. If you replace the passengers, their supplies and their amenities as well as the cargo with more fuel (and supplies for your crew) instead, a range of 50000km or more should not be a problem.\nTo put a lower bound, there are two technological advances made in the late 18th/early 19th century that allowed for this ship to exist and in my opinion are necessary to attempt such a trip.\nThe first is related to size. It is easy to see that a larger ship is preferable, especially a long ship. Roughly speaking, the capacity to carry supplies increases with volume, that is cross-section times length, while the resistance to traveling through water only increases with the area of the cross section.¹ Larger ships also tend to need less crew per tonnage.\nNow the thing about wooden ships is that they are kind of limited in size. The iron-hulled Great Eastern, mentioned in the beginning had a length of 211m.", "308" ], [ "Wooden ships of half that length already had big structural problems. So what you need is a ship with a metal hull. And while metal working was done since ancient times, the large scale precision engineering needed to build them just arrived at this time.\nThe second is related to propulsion. The reason people were able to routinely cross large distances in the age of sail is that they knew how the trade winds generally were blowing. And even then there always was a lot of luck involved as there might be no wind for weeks or a storm which is to strong to effectively sail. In transatlantic distances, this is already dangerous. At the distance you are thinking about, these uncertainties are simply deadly.\nSo in short, you will need an alternative to sails, the first feasible of which were steam engines.² While there were some experiments earlier on, the first practical seagoing steamships were built around the early 19th century.\n¹ Yes, I know the reality is more complicated, yet the general idea still stands.\n² There are oars as an alternative to sails, however they are not really feasible for long distance voyages.", "308" ] ]

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[ [ "I think the answer to that would be made up of these parts: 1.how educated that man is in science, since that the raw scientific knowledge he can implant in that time period 2.how skilled is that man in persuasion, diplomacy and cunning. since that would allow him to rise to a position of power and not get overthrown over his radical ideas. We must remember how superstitious people were at that time. 3.how rich are his surroundings, for him to be successful in changing the world, he has to be able to provide for the people working for him AND to have enough funds to fund his ideas and \"inventions\"\nAssuming he has all three and also luck on his side we could assume he would be able to rise to a position of power (either by economical gains or militeriatic excellence, easiest way is probably to commission air balloons and demolish enemy moral and forces) and gain lands and serfs, or workers... now he has a workforce and he could begin the technological improvement\nFirst he would tackle the metal industry - steel was already invented so all is left to do is shape it, into coal engines and rails, now he has trains to move stuff and further his economical power. Also mining and electricity production, really just open the first factories. Second agriculture - reusing feces on fields is easy, and the metal industry would ease manpower on the fields. He could also begin selective breeding in plants as well as in animals.", "222" ], [ "Health - on any territory under his control a sewer system would be built, soap is easy to make and would be the first step in stopping desease, extending lives. Military - even if this man would make enemies - once he rises to power he would be able to defend himself, as even a small army could bomb a alrger one from above, or with mines from below. With steam engines even primitive tanks are possible, so even conquest would be a breeze. Trade - with a train that could be made to reach pretty far the man could establish merchent guilds, as profit seekers would sieze an opportunity. Other kingdom around would grow dependant on him, and thus his power would grow.\nNow our guy has a prospering little haven of a kingdom. It's time to take on social policies and further expend the economy First would be establishing an academy and the rules for scientific method. gathering the best minds around with lucrative work offers, next recruiting and training teachers to spread knowledge and his values into young minds so his legacy would keep on going after him\nI think that at that point the trade would spread further and bring to other places the ideas that this little kingdom has to offer. thus scholars would flog to it out of curiosity, capitaling on ideas of innovation. Grand change is almost imminant, not even A plague can erase that level of change in thought pattern (I'm talking about imperialistic view).\nAt least that's my bit", "222" ], [ "The problem is that many or all good sites for settlements lie on a shore or along a river. Add to that that in the erly middle ages, transport by ship was far superior to any land based transport. An early medieval society battling Draugr would need to radically change it's relationship to open water bodies.", "878" ], [ "If you feel my answer assumes to many or too powerful Draugr, tone down the responses - only some are follwed at some places etc.\nDraugr attack methods:\n* attack boats from below with grappling hooks, trying to capsize them\n* Sneak attack on villatges by the sea\n* Hiding in boats left on shore\n* sabotaging boats left on shore\n* March up rivers to attack towns further inland, along shores of rivers and lakes\n* Ambush in rivers at major fords, attack bridges to force the use of fording\nDefenses and second order effects:\n* Don't build enclosed harbors, instead have fortifications with a wall between the shore and the houses\n* Every night, drag boats into the walled settlements (this would apply to fishing villages and the likes)\n* When this is not possible, each new day for sailors and fishers will begin with a ritual check of their vessels for hidden Draugr (possibly with dogs) and sabotage traces\n* Naval architecture 1: I guess a boat shape that is well suited to drag across a beach twice a day would be flat bottomed and fairly light, which would be susceptible capsizing by attacks from below. So maybe the go-to boat for fishers will be a sort of light catamaran, as a good compromise of stability and lightness.\n* Naval architecture 2: Build boats so heavy and stable, with so much draft and such high boards, they can't be capsized by grappling hook attack from below. These will of course not be dragged on shore. Since a few patient Draugrs with drills could sink one on the high seas, I don't see much high sea travels.\n* rafting timber or other goods along rivers will be a thing for the reckless, as will be crossing rivers through fords\n* The uselessness of rivers for transport will force the societies to use more road based transport, at some distance from the cities.\n* Rivers will be even stronger borders than before", "87" ], [ "I got kinda inspired by many answers here, particularly the <PERSON> and <PERSON>'s.\nA note I will quickly state that there is a strong question 'how do we define civilisation' here. The process of progress in life of humanity started long before homo sapiens was born, not to mention starting agriculture. It started when homo habilis made his first tool. It started even earlier, when whichever homo it was (cant recall) organized his fellows for a first time with speech. I will try to keep to the spirit of Your question the best I can, but please keep this general thought in mind.\n1. In my head, some nomads caught on the idea that if they do some field work on the area in which they are at a given moment, on the next year when they pass on that same area it will have more food for them.\n2. More food is good, so they slowly started to get rid of plants they don't need, planting the seeds of the plants they like, building some protection against the elements for them. This lead to some minor improvement for them, so the next thing they needed was to always return to the gardens they set up along the way. This forced them to develop geography and navigation, so astronomy, mathematics and eventually writing system for those. Btw their life was harsh and difficult, so I expect codified laws rose pretty quickly and independently in many tribes.\n3. Many tribes = many conflicts. Conflicts over naturally rich in food valleys, best hunting spots, rivers richest in fish. Warfare was, historically, the best motor for human development, and probably so it was here. Weapons is one thing, but organisation is another - discipline and communication are a difference between life and death in war.", "121" ], [ "So the conflicts were another motor that driven the development of mobile civilisations.\n4. Conflicts and gardens cultivated along the way brought another point. If i cultivated this garden last year, I want to eat from it now. If someone gets to it before me and plunders it's richers, I'm going to be angry. VERY angry. I'm going to build a fortifications around it and next year I'm going to sent in front of me a quick, mobile force with temporary sun and heat shielding so that i am sure that this force gets to the fortress and the garden FIRST and protects it until my main caravan gets there.\n5. One of the great questions with this world which pops into my mind is oceans. It's impossible to travel around the earth only on foot. Maybe continents on Your planet are places in such a way that this is possible - but if there are any choke points, I would use them to block the passage for those I don't like for as long as I can, so that they die in the nightwinter behind me - again I would need a mobile force which can hold as long as its possible and then very quickly rejoin the caravan.\n6. The oceans bring another point. The first one to master sailing across them gets an enormous strategical advantage. Building ocean worthy ships quickly is tricky, but may be possible - starting with just traveling along the coast maybe (because, You know, big bad tribe is blocking the land passage out of spite), but in the end creating design of vessel which can be built quickly each year, either in great numbers or great scale (massive raft-island?) and is ocean capable.\n7. Far into the future, I see Your species advancing technologically to the point they may even have steam or nuclear powered walking cities - still travelling around the planets after millenia, tough perhaps needlessly at this point. But old habits die hard, we, on earth, still keep traditions which have been rendered obsolete generations ago.\nOn the other hand Poles? Subpolar regions? I don't think I need to elaborate, with right geography they could provide a very interesting alternative avenue for travelling all year round.", "537" ], [ "Build a university/engineering school\nAs many answer have pointed out, building a gun from scratch in the bronze age will be very difficult. Thus to solve this you should not try to build a gun, but build a society that can create a gun.\nSo in your backpack bring knowledge, USB sticks with encyclopedia and all textbooks you can get your hands on from primary to university grade. This should not take up a lot of space. Bring 4 laptops with the devices to charge the laptop, solar panels and converters. Bring enough to have some spare. Bring some actual guns for protection from the locals if necessary and to impress them. Last and most important bring detailed start up plans and tools. Since it is the bronze age, I would suggest bringing steel axes and saws, hand drills and if still room left maybe steel screws for easy construction. Also fill the rest of the bag with gold/silver/diamond or whatever currency the locals use. I am assuming a rather large bag pack, but you can reduce all number to one (2 for the electronics) if it does not fit.\nOnce you arrive in the past you need a place to settle and build your university, convince the locals that your knowledge is worthwhile and get as many pupils you can support. If you can choose the place you land make sure your near coal, ion and oil deposits. A place with some kind of states already in place might be best, see: Bronze Age States, but you might also opt for advanced framing cultures. The hittites empire might be a good place to locate (modern Turkey, Anatolia), near lake Van seems to have all the necessary resources, I just don't know how far underground. Resources: metals, oil and coal.\nOnce you arrive roughly follow the next steps:\n1. Sell you knowledge for food/influence. Best knowledge to sell is probably improving tools (mainly agricultural) and health treatments. Distilling alcohol might also be a viable option or construction work.\n2.", "222" ], [ "Build/Buy a house/school and build a printing press. Start printing the correct books for the school. So learning how to read, simple arithmetic and than basic engineering principals. All in a very directly applicable manner.\n3. Start gathering and teaching pupils and spread your influence. Do this by helping the local community and state community and let your pupils do projects.\n4. Start building a foundry inside your school and start making bronze tools. Don't overlook the fact that you probably can improve their bronze making a lot. Being very valuable, also you can teach/use local bronze smiths to speed up you foundry.\n5. If no iron is available make a project of building one, you need to have the exact location of easily accessible iron available. Remember that you only need small amount, so no need to look for the very big mines of nowadays.\n6. Progress from bronze to making iron tools\n7. Later progress to weapons and a weapons factory.\n8. If oil is available one might make plastic in a very early state. Making some kinds of plastic is not that hard and has very good material properties for tooling compared to the wood that they would normally use.\nThis plan will take quite some time and in the mean while you need to make sure that both the local and state community are cooperative and appreciative of you. Building a society by cooperation is probably easier that force, but make sure you have enough force to withstand outside pressure. Have better weapons and tactics should allow you to withstand a lot of pressure if necessary.\nTo speed up the whole process supplying the state with better weapons and tactics than the enemy can boost the whole procedure of creating a weapons factory. In that way you could start with a primitive weapons factory and gradually upgrade to a modern one.", "222" ], [ "A charismatic fanatic.\nGive them a leader with very strong ideals, and instead of making him evil and destructive give him personality traits that would make it easy to follow. Strong, smart, fair, self-aware, humourus, and able to take and keep control over the majority of people. And his mind is set strong on that his way is the right way and the only way.\nPlaying into his hand is that people feel lost and insecure about their new home and they are desperate for someone to tell them what to do. Maybe many people suffer homesickness. Or some other reason that makes them feel bad. Let him lead \"a new way\" that discards old beliefs and knowledge, with the promise to feel good when they do it.", "425" ], [ "This way does not necessarily need to go backwards, like the destruction of technology and living primitive, but instead a leap forwards, making current technology and knowledge irrelevant or seem naive.\nWhat that could be in detail is up to you. In any way it leads to him deciding that old contacts are contra productive (like keeping the relationship with your ex alive; why are you hurting yourself? You know this is not leading to anything) and most people will join him willingly and throw out the past. But of course there are always people going against the mainstream (out of multiple motives) and you have to decide what to do about them. Do they have to die? Or can this small fraction form a new settlement and are allowed to keep the old ways alive? Are these two groups allowed to keep contact with each other?\nIf you want to discard of any contact to civilasation you can get rid of the drop-out in multiple ways. They could have a real accident, or an \"accident\" either arranged by the leader or by his followers of which he does not approve (but he only hears about it when it is to late). Or they can go back home.\nAnd then you let three or more generations pass to make sure all \"histories of before\" are only fairytales.\nIf you want it to be more extreme, old histories will be forbidden and destroyed or alternated. But be aware that the reader will expect \"some little bits and pieces\" of previous knowledge to remain and to be rediscovered.", "159" ], [ "This is hard to answer since the mars changed over time. Even though we know the mars as a red desert without water or life, it is possible, that at some point there was water on mars. Research even shows riverbeds of rivers that once were present on the surface of mars. This could be related to the atmosphere of mars, which may have vanished due to hawking radiation or solar power. Great video about this topic is on the \"TED\" youtube channel. Here`s a link.\nIf we would have developed on the mars we know, i guess we wouldn't have differnet lungs, since the air on mars is very differnet from earths, we would probably only consist of 5% water, this is a technique of some microbes to sustain extreme tempertatures ranging from -1K to 420K degrees.\nThey can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K (−458 °F; −272 °C) (close to absolute zero) to about 420 K (300 °F; 150 °C)\nHere's a link\nEDIT 1: Since gravity on mars is about a third of earths (0.376 g), we would have less muscles, but in return could be taller since the blood needs less energy to travel greater vertical distances. This also goes for trees and animals, i suspect trees could grow much higher since gravity wouldnt effect them in the way it does on earth, though this is only true if the trees, animals, and humans can adapt to the other envoiremental circumstances like extreme cold, etc.", "279" ], [ "Interesting though is the fact that mars, despite beeing a dessert, is rather cold than hot \"min: −143 °C avrg:−63 °C max:35 °C\". The seasons on mars are pretty similar to earths, just about twice as long. The Seasonsonal as well as the day-night differences would be tremendous though, because without an atmosphere and without water, warmth is not really \"stored\" so every night or winter will be way coulder then a day or a summer and transitions would be rather quick, somthing like -6 o'clock :25°C - 7 o'clock: -10°C-. Yet another pretty big difference between earth and mars is the atmospheric pressure which is about 100 times lower than earths, i dont quite know how this would affect us though... Also birds would not be able to coordinate theyre flight and we wouldnt use compasses since mars has no magnetic field. A big roblem would be the periodic sandstorms, which we could maybe compensate with some form of non-visual orientation, or our eyes would be adaptet to sandstorms in another way. Civilisation could be focused around the polar caps, since they contain ice (thus water) maybe, travelling from north to southpole would be considered a difficult journey?\nGreat topic btw, if you are writing a story or sth along these lines, let me know ;) Hope this helps^^; ~Jan", "513" ], [ "How could a monarch rule in a vast, isloated, medieval city\nThe City itself\nLet's assume we have a city of the size of the Peloponnese (round about 22'000 square kilometers) which is very dense populated (by medieval terms) and is isolated from the rest of the world (think of something like an ocean surrounding the island). The city wasn't 'planned', it just grew bigger and bigger so the city layout itself is a bit flawed (e.g. bad street layout). Let's for simplicity assume there is enough food for (nearly) everyone.\nThe Population\nAll citizens use the same common language, although many dialects do exist. Nevertheless it's a multi-ethnical population with different religions an different customs. Sometimes the tension between these different culture groups leads to nasty crimes but all in all the situation could be considered as stable. Wealth is distributed pretty bad (as usual) but there is no particular cultural group having a much greater share of wealth than the others.\nThe Government\nNow that’s the questions. I'd like to have a central ruler sitting right in the middle of the city. Given the size of the city, a direct rule however is deemed to be impossible. Therefore, a greater deal of decentralization appears to be required.\nIdeas so far\nFeudalism\nThis is the first thing I had in mind: Have a single king with multiple vassals, which in return have multiple vassals themselves. You get a high decentralization with an acceptable control from the central government/ruler and you get a decent degree of stability. Feudalism also allows for some interesting storylines regarding counts, bloodlines and similar stuff. There are some fatal problems though...\n* Feudalism was built on an agricultural society. The lower vassals had a large mass of peasants beneath them. Feeding people was hard so agricultural land was expensive.\n* Feudalism needed a constant change in borders. The liege gave its vassals land in return for favors or good work which the vassals children inherited on death. Works fine until you got no more land to distribute. I'd like to dispose the idea of the civil war emerging every 100 years because the vassals get greedy for more land or the idea of extreme balkanization of the city until every citizen is a landlord himself.\n'Mayorism'\nThis approach features more bureaucrats and fewer nobles.", "878" ], [ "Each district has a mayor and a smaller council designated to govern the pile of land he's been assigned with. A mayor is not of noble blood but excels in administrative skills. Each mayor may rule until death, after which he is replaced by any other administrative professional from anywhere, or until another person has been assigned to do his job (because the former mayor was incompetent, corrupt or....). There are no elections for the mayor as we don't want the citizens to get a taste of democracy and get uppy against the crown-authority. Up to this point the system would prove pretty stable, but here are some problems:\n* The king most likely has better things to do then to assign each of his thousands of mayors day to day anew. Like in feudalism he'd install multiple layers of administration, that in the end a group of let's say 10 people assign the jobs for him. This would then lead to a concentration of power in the hands of very few people which in return could get come to the conclusion a council of ten people is better than a single king.\n* Bureaucracy was on the rise late 17th or early 18th century which is clearly not an option for a medieval based setting. Writers in ancient Egypt did a similar job and different empires had different people doing the same job too, but all of them used a more or less centralized approach. Using common people for administrative jobs became fancy after bourgeoisie was on the rise and enlightenment was more widely accepted.\nEDIT\nAs there were many question regarding the city. First of all, it’s a fantasy setting. The size is absurd, but that’s what it’s all about and that’s why it’s interesting in the first place. No some answers:\nUnderground caverns/tunnels\nGet yourself some underground cave system with some tasty mushrooms and some solid building material to mine. If you’d go crazy you could use your poo to fertilize the mushrooms and build underground farms etc. but I’d rather like to keep the details out of here. Just dig down, eat mushroom and be happy. One could also dispose corps into catacombs. The risk of plagues a heavy disease is still high, but on the other hand side a city of that size probably won’t be a nice place in the first place. Constant mining may also lead to parts of the city to collapse into the depths below, requiring the city to be constantly being renewed.", "222" ], [ "First I'd like to talk a bit about statistics. Our planet has existed for some 4 billion years-ish, and support human-like life for perhaps half that, if im being generous.\nOf those two billion years, humanity has been intelligent enough to looks at the stars in a scholarly fashion for perhaps 3000, again if i'm really generous. Lets say it takes us another 1000 to set up a bus to go to the moon and back.\nThat's a time frame of 2 000 000 000 years that a planet has stupid life, compared to 4 000 years of intelligent life. Meanwhile, with such a fertile planet that close, humanity would spread across it's surface like mice in a barn. If the moon were fertile and of even remotely suitable atmosphere, you can be pretty sure we'd have a colony there already. Statistically speaking, either intelligent species will colonize the other planet long before a species can evolve there to be about as smart.\nTo make your story believable, I hope you got something to remedy these statistics.\nAs for communication, I think radio is the first method available. With a good telescope, you can figure out there's life on the other rock a couple hundred years early, basically as soon as you get higher quality glass working for lenses.", "335" ], [ "However, how would you agree to any communication protocol ? You probably can't. Every communication protocol we use, both sides have an understanding of how it works, we encode and decode the information. This was a consideration for the old voyager drones - part of what was done was engraving pictures of humans in a plate of gold, as well as an attempt to codify a small message in a sort of language we hope is easy to understand, but all our perspectives are human, not alien. Your races would have likewise problems.\nIt's not like talking to other humans. It's like talking to animals. With a lot of training, we can for example teach sign language to certain types of monkeys. However, establishing any mutual understanding that way requires close contact. Even if you found geeks on either planet who talk by radio and attempt to make sense of what the other one's trying to say, chances they'll reach some understanding in any short amount of time is really slim.", "209" ] ]

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[ [ "Safeguarding the world’s cultural heritage · Global Voices\nMany organisations working to preserve global cultural heritage – both tangible and intangible – have been using online media to support their efforts.\nOn October 6, the World Monument Fund (WMF) published the 2010 world monument watch list plotting the dozens of villages, buildings, bridges and monuments at risk of destruction on an interactive Google map. The WMF in New York is one of many organizations, like Global Heritage Fund, World Heritage Center (part of UNESCO), financing projects to preserve world cultural heritage sites.\nBecoming a heritage site\nWhile a nomination for cultural heritage site or monument can be a useful step on the way to acquiring funds for preservation, an additional benefit can be a general rise in tourism to the sites in question. Moreover, the nomination often stimulates national or local pride.\nSingaporean university lecturer <PERSON> created a Facebook group, asking for Singapore sites to be included on the World Heritage list:\nAs at the end of Dec 08, there are 878 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 145 countries but none in Singapore. Are there really no sites in Singapore worthy of such an honour? I have visited a few hundred WHS round the world and am convinced that certain sites in Singapore deserve to be listed, for they do posses what UNESCO calls sites with “outstanding universal value”.\nConflicts can also help influence decisions. After the violent clashes between ethnic Uighurs (Uyghurs) and Chinese Hans in Kashgar, the ancient Silk Road city, a petition had been submitted online to claim World Heritage Status for the city, threatened to be demolished.\nOnline video claiming World Heritage Status for Kashgar\nMan is a threat\nHumans themselves are almost always the source of the dangers, as this article written by Dr. <PERSON>, education coordinator for the Jurassic Coast World Heritage, points out:\nThreats to World Heritage Sites come in many forms: armed conflict and war, wanton destruction, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, unplanned construction and uncontrolled tourism.\nThis idea is shared by WMF President <PERSON> in her address for the launch of the 2008 World Monuments Watch List of Most Endangered Sites:\nOn this list, man is indeed the real ennemy.", "341" ], [ "But, just as we caused the damage in the first place, we have the power to repair it, by taking our responsibility as caretakers of the world’s cultural heritage seriously. So today we are sounding the alarm, using the World Monuments Watch List to demonstrate, through the vivid examples of beloved places around the world, the importance of working together to meet these challenges and join forces to protect our world’s shared architectural heritage.\nInnovating answers\nSince 2003, UNESCO has also been working to safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage like languages, dances, and handcraft techniques. New technologies and the Internet could be a necessary breakthrough in preventing some cultural and intangible heritage from vanishing.\nCyArk, a non-profit entity, is working on the “500 Challenge”. This project intends to make a digital model of cultural heritage sites by laser scanning, to create an open archive of the data.\nRapa Nui Cyark project\nThe World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) also has a project to preserve and protect oral and intangible heritage, Creative Heritage Project: IP Guidelines for Documenting, Recording and Digitizing Intangible Cultural Heritage:\nNew technologies provide communities with fresh opportunities to document and digitize expressions of their traditional cultures, meeting the strong desire of communities to preserve, promote and pass on their cultural heritage to succeeding generations.\nThis is a credo shared by Malian blogger <PERSON>, in talking about African folk tales [in Bambara] on his personal blog, Fasokan:\nBi bi in na, an bɛɛ bɛ k’a kɔlɔsi sisan k’o ko ninnu bɛ ka ban dɔɔni dɔɔni. N kɛlen kɔ ka n yɛrɛ ɲininkan, ye jaabi min sɔrɔ, o de ye ka u sɛbɛen an ka kanw na, k’u bayɛlɛma kan wɛrɛw la, k’u bila ɛntɛrinɛti kan. O b’a to u tɛ tunun wa u na lakodɔn mɔgɔ wɛrɛw fɛ.\nWe all observe their disappearance, and after thinking about it a lot, i found the solution: to write them down in our language, to translate them in another languages, then keep them on the Internet.", "696" ], [ "Elders Call on Youth to Help Lead the Way at Rio+20 · Global Voices\nImagine if legendary leaders like Archbishop <PERSON> used the power of blogging, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter to convey their ideas, influence and experience. No, wait. Don’t imagine. Visit TheElders.org and experience it for yourself.\nFounded by <PERSON> in 2007 and joined by world leaders like <PERSON>, former President of Brazil, <PERSON>, first female President of Ireland and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, <PERSON>, first female Prime Minister of Norway, <PERSON>, former President of Finland and Nobel Peace Laureate, <PERSON>, former President of the United States and Nobel Peace Laureate, and many more – The Elders are an “independent group of global leaders who work together for peace and human rights”.\nUnlike many other groups working for the same causes globally, in their own established fashion, this group seems to be taking to the streets. The streets of the World Wide Web, that is.\nThey have reached out to bloggers across the world to help get as many people involved in the conversation as possible. <PERSON>, a blogger for EnvironmentalGovernance.org points out:\nThe ten member group is made up of independent leaders who do not hold public offices and do not have any official ties to governments or national agendas.", "849" ], [ "The Elders have pre-established rapports with the international community due to their integrity and leadership. They work on bringing sustainable peace, and enhancing human rights. Elders+Youngers is a public forum and welcomes outside participation.\nThe Elders + The Youngers (with <PERSON> in the middle)\nOn the occasion of Rio+20, set to be the United Nation’s largest conference in history from June 20-22, 2012, The Elders have invited several “Youngers” on board to help support and lead their efforts.\nIn a discussion titled, “Is sustainable development a luxury we cannot afford?” on The Elders blog, <PERSON> poses an interesting question in regards to global sustainability solutions:\nThe great challenges we all face are very clear: poverty eating away at our social fabric; our dwindling ecosystems; the well-documented threat of climate change… And yet so many of our leaders tend to put these challenges right at the bottom of their agendas…\nMy question, really, is why is it that our leaders do not think more like you?\nIn this series of online discussions, The Elders seem unafraid to ask the real questions facing the world today, even 20 years after the concept of sustainable development was introduced to the mainstream. <PERSON> emphasizes in one discussion:\nThis year we should be celebrating the Rio Earth Summit’s twentieth anniversary – and yet seven billion people now co-exist on our fragile planet, many of whom are dangerously short of food, water and basic economic security.\nOn another post, <PERSON> says:\nMany of you will remember the first Earth Summit in Rio precisely 20 years ago, when a new idea, ‘sustainable development’, echoed around the world…\nSince that moment, however, too little has changed…\nWe want to make sure the voices of future generations – those that will inherit this planet – as well as all global citizens, are heard loud and clear.\nIn tone with that message, he is being quoted on many blogs as having told The Youngers: “You must succeed where we have failed.”\nThe young counterparts chosen by this group of leaders, from Nigeria, China, Sweden, and Brazil, don’t shy away from asking bold questions either.\nOne of The Youngers, <PERSON> from Brazil, began a discussion on the site by posing the question, “People, profit and environment – can we balance them all?”:\nIt seems to me that we will only reach real economic prosperity when we have an economy that works to serve the people and preserve the environment, and not the other way around…\nWe need something new. And it seems that sustainable development is not only the goal, but also the way to get there.\n<PERSON> responds to <PERSON>’s question, referencing her experiences as part of a UN Commission she headed in the late 1980s, and says:\nI would like to pick up on one of your points in particular, where you ask where each sector is failing to deliver. That is precisely the right question because you already demand that we think about each and every sector of society. Such thinking is still too rare, and that of course is key to the balancing act you describe.\nThey are calling themselves The Elders and The <PERSON>, like a band of intergalactic superheroes sent to bring sustainable development to liberate the planet.", "339" ], [ "Conservation Through People · Global Voices\nThe core of conservation is the people who live adjacent to or inside conservation areas. It has therefore always been the goal of forward thinking conservationists to involve the local communities that surround the conservation areas that are under their charge.\nIn Lubumbashi, DR of Congo, a chimpanzee rescue center, Jeunes Animaux Confisques au Katanga/Young animals confiscated in Katanga (J.A.C.K), has been involving the community in the conservation of primates through education. J.A.C.K receives an average of 12,000 visitors each month who come to learn about the rescued primates, their life in the wild and what they need to do to save them. Majority of these are Congolese school children. <PERSON>, one of J.A.C.K's managers wrote in their at WildlifeDirect:\nWe are convinced Conservation is possible through Education only.", "803" ], [ "That’s why in 2009 the Education Program of J.A.C.K is on the agenda : it is very urgent to start working with schools. Not only because the species is in danger but also because the children of today will be the leaders of tomorrow.\nIn Shimoni, Kenya, the Friends of Shimoni Forest, a volunteer group of individuals who work towards the conservation of Shimoni Forest with the support of Global Vision International – Kenya (GVI Kenya) are taking conservation to the people in a more hands-on fashion. They work with the communities in conserving the Forest.\nRecently they reached out to their neighbouring community previously not involved in their work. The had discussions women and youth groups in the village of Anzwani on how to conserve and utilize the forest in a more sustainable way.\nConservation to the Friends of Shimoni Forest is possible if alternative livelihoods can be adopted to replace forest depleting livelihood practices. <PERSON>, an American volunteer from California, wrote on the GVI Kenya blog at WildlifeDirect:\nAlternative livelihood is the best way we can encourage conservation, and the people of Anzwani village are ready and willing. We made some really great friends today and I can’t wait to start working with them.", "495" ], [ "This open-source software is helping Barbados and Jamaica preserve their cultural heritage · Global Voices\nScreenshots of the home pages of Barbados’ National Registry of Historic Places and Jamaica's National Inventory of Historic Places.\nThe Getty Conservation Institute, famous for the role it plays in facilitating the understanding and appreciation of art, is perhaps less well known for its efforts around the preservation of global heritage sites and history. Most recently, Getty’s Arches software was used in Barbados and Jamaica in order to highlight the cultural heritage of both islands in ways that give voice to those who have been historically disenfranchised.\nArches, the free, open-source, cultural data management software Getty developed, helped local heritage professionals in Barbados and Jamaica to feature various locations, stories and traditions that make each island unique—an approach that <PERSON>, Getty's International Communications Manager, calls “an interesting intersection of history, archaeology, and technology.”\nVia email interviews with <PERSON>, as well as with <PERSON> and <PERSON> of the Getty Conservation Institute, I learned more about the software. <PERSON> describes Arches as a tool designed to “respond to the critical and common challenges of cultural heritage organizations around the world who are responsible for heritage stewardship, such as those in Jamaica and Barbados, around creating and maintaining modern inventory systems.”\nArches has the ability to record, map and describe all types of cultural resources (archaeological sites, heritage buildings, even cultural landscapes), manage the data and make it available online. <PERSON> says the goal is “to build a robust open source community to engage with and support Arches for the long term, and to help heritage organizations around the world […] protect significant cultural heritage”, with <PERSON> adding that in the past, it had been costly and difficult for countries to identify and map their historical places:\nThe result was often incomplete histories, or ones that favor colonialist worldviews.\nThe Arches project is changing all that, allowing for collaboration with local communities to determine which cultural heritage sites are meaningful to them, part of a wider trend, <PERSON> explains, to “recontextualize known historic sites, and bring awareness to lesser-known ones”.\nIt is a shift that is especially meaningful in post-colonialist regions like the Caribbean, affording people the tools with which to explore their heritage in new ways and on their own terms.\nSome of the locations that were included in Jamaica's heritage list (clockwise, from top left): Seville Great House, the Holywell-Oatley Trail in the Blue Mountains, Fort Charles in Port Royal, and Nanny Falls.", "216" ], [ "Photos courtesy Getty, used with permission.\nTo find out more about how the process worked, I interviewed (also via email) <PERSON>, the managing partner at Coherit Associates which, as the technical consultant, worked with local teams to create inventory forms, solicit nominations for inclusion in their National Registers and document them in the Arches software.\n<PERSON> (JMF): What was it about the history of these two islands that inspired Getty to include them in the Arches project?\n<PERSON> (AL): Jamaica and Barbados both have a rich history of vernacular architecture, sacred places and historical sites related to emancipation and independence that have never been systematically inventoried — and […] never monitored on a continuous basis. As part of a larger 13-nation cultural heritage initiative sponsored by the Organization of American States and funded by the US Permanent Mission to the OAS, the project managers chose the Arches software to deploy in Barbados and Jamaica as pilot projects to introduce Arches to the Caribbean region.\nJMF: What was its scope?\nAL: The project sought to strengthen cultural heritage capacity in five dimensions: professional networking, legislation, inventories, sustainable tourism, and education. Arches was part of the inventory theme, in which the principles of the US Register of Historic Places (and other examples and best practices from around the world) were adapted to local conditions and values, and the vocabulary and data fields […] customized to adapt to the needs of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust and the Barbados Ministry of Culture.\nJMF: How has the project given these two islands agency in a region that has been culturally disenfranchised and had much of their history told from a Eurocentric perspective?\nAL: Historically, the inventories of both countries have been comprised primarily of colonial monuments such as plantation great houses and European forts. Thus, the history of the Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, and Indigenous Caribbean communities has largely been left out of ‘officialized’ heritage in the region.", "216" ], [ "A century of <PERSON>: a mountain who leaves behind mountains · Global Voices\nAside from her love for mountains which were strongly present in her paintings, <PERSON>'s artworks were also bright and vibrant in colour. Image published under license CC BY-NC-SA 2.0\nThis article was first published by Raseef22 on November 24. An edited version is republished as part of a partnership with Global Voices.\n<PERSON>, iconic Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and internationally acclaimed visual artist, died on November 14 at the age of 96, peacefully at her home in Paris. She leaves behind her longtime partner, renowned Syrian Lebanese artist <PERSON>.\nOver a lifetime that spanned almost a century, <PERSON> had multiple lives, through her work in journalism, teaching, writing, painting and poetry. She had had a profound impact on a multitude of people, and an outpouring of tributes, memories and condolences continue on social media, as her life is celebrated, her memory cherished, and her loss mourned by many all over the world.\n‘She Gave Us Confidence’: Gallerists, Curators, and Friends Remember the Trailblazing Artist and Poet #<PERSON>, Who Has Died at 96 https://t.co/zhkisCCWJ0 @artnet pic.twitter.com/uptDmYRj2N\n— Women in the Arts (NMWA) (@WomenInTheArts) November 18, 2021\nThe countless facets of her career come in part from her multiple identities, as she grew up in a mixed household in the city of Beirut – which she held dear to her heart-, with her Greek Christian mother from Smyrna (now the city of Izmir) and her Syrian Muslim father from Damascus, who was a high-ranking Ottoman officer. Her exposure to multiple languages and faiths from a very young age became a formative aspect of her identity, as did her time in Lebanon.\n“Identity is also a matter of choice. It's not something hard, like a stone. We are also what we want to be. We make choices.”\nRIP <PERSON>\n— <PERSON> (@tamsinomond) November 15, 2021\nShe considered her age a “gift of the heavens” for the perspective that it offered her. In her nineties, she claimed to have a unique perspective on the country of Lebanon, because she was born in 1925, so close to the founding of the Lebanese state in 1926.", "820" ], [ "In an interview with <PERSON> in 2019, she said she considered herself a guardian of the memories of Lebanon, recalling growing up in a cosmopolitan Lebanon, witnessing the many periods of its history. She described seeing the period of French rule, the World War, and the first generation of women who were able to swim, and who were able to work; she witnessed the liberation of the women of her generation.\nRIP <PERSON>, your memory lives in your words “Is memory produced by us, or is it us? Our identity is very likely whatever our memory decides to retain. But let’s not presume that memory is a storage room. It’s not a tool for being able to think, it’s thinking, before thinking”\n— <PERSON> (@omar_alghazzi) November 14, 2021\nActively engaged in the liberation of her generation, she was among the first Lebanese women to work in an office. At 16 years old, she worked at a press office, where she described seeing the end of the war.\n<PERSON> painted liberty through her vibrant canvases, dabbing and spreading saturated colours of vitality with her palette knife. She believed that liberty was a gift that had to be earned. For her, love existed between two liberties. Her ultimate liberty was her ability to maintain her childlike spirit and her ability to dream. In the same interview, she described her dreams for a better world:\nMy dreams are not for me, but for my environment, I dream of a Lebanon that is at peace with itself, a Lebanon at the level of the quality of the people that live in this country.\nThroughout her life and work <PERSON> felt a responsibility and affinity towards Lebanon and the Arab world, constructing her mountains around them.\n<PERSON> was educated in French schools in Beirut and studied philosophy at the Sorbonne in Paris. She later moved to the US for postgraduate studies in philosophy at UC Berkeley and Harvard. She taught philosophy and avidly wrote poems, essays, and plays, to wide critical acclaim.\n<PERSON> returned to Lebanon in 1972, where she worked as a cultural editor for two cultural journals, Al Safa and L’Orient le Jour, and met <PERSON> in Beirut.", "820" ], [ "UNESCO Protects Balkan Grandma March Day Custom As Cultural Heritage · Global Voices\nGrandma March Day ornaments called martinki/mártenitsa/mărţişor/martis/verore. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nUNESCO has granted the status of “intangible cultural heritage” to a special custom linked to Balkan Grandma March Day. The day is a celebration of the approach of spring in South-eastern Europe. The tradition features the exchange and wearing of woolen red and white hand-bands and broaches.\nThe twelfth session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in December 2017 in South Korea affirmed this cultural practice. Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova had all requested the status in a 2013 application.\nCultural Practices Associated to the 1st of March comprise traditions transmitted since ancient times to celebrate the beginning of spring. The main practice consists of making, offering and wearing a red and white thread, which is then untied when the first blossom tree, swallow or stork is seen… The artefact is considered to provide symbolic protection against perils such as capricious weather, with the practice ensuring a safe passage from winter to spring for individuals, groups and communities.", "739" ], [ "All members of the communities concerned participate, irrespective of their age, and the practice contributes to social cohesion, intergenerational exchange and interaction with nature, fostering diversity and creativity. Informal education is the most frequent means of transmission: in rural areas, young girls are taught how to make the thread by older women, while in urban areas apprentices learn from teachers, craftspeople and through informal education…\nGrandma March Day wool bracelet called martinka/mártenitsa/mărţişor/martis/verore. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nThese hand-made amulets are worn as bracelets or pinned to clothing, and then hung on trees. They are known as martinki (мартинки in Macedonian), mártenitsa (мартеница in Bulgarian), mărţişor (in Romanian), martis (μάρτης in Greek) and verore (in Albanian). Ethnic Albanians wear them for the 14th of March as part of the Summer Festival.\nThe following video released by UNESCO features cultural heritage activist <PERSON> who wrote about the Grandma March Day customs in 2016.\nSocial media users from the four countries celebrated the news.\nCongratulations, as it seems today in Korea, the inclusion in the @UNESCO cultural immaterial patrimony of the multinational application #Martinki- #Mártenitsa- #Mărţişor custom was approved!\n— <PERSON> (@daria_pirvu) December 6, 2017\nA beautiful surprise on #StNicholasDay#Mărțișor, included on the @UNESCO #IntangibleCulturalHeritage List @UNESCOEU\nhttps://t.co/bZaWU8Jke4\n— <PERSON> (@M_DiaconuMEP) December 6, 2017\nThe symbol of spring – the interlaced red and white yarns we wear every March, was listed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of #UNESCO. Typical for #Bulgaria, <PERSON>, <PERSON> and #Moldova. #martenitsa #Martisorul https://t.co/qqH9pWqotq\n— come2see Balkans (@Come2seeBalkans) December 8, 2017\nAlongside the Cultural Practices Associated to the 1st of March, UNESCO inscribed another Balkan custom on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity – the Spring celebration, Hıdrellez, practiced in Macedonia and Turkey.", "168" ], [ "How to Save Languages from Dying, and What I Learned While Documenting My Own · Global Voices\nA screenshot from the author's YouTube video of his grandmother.\nThis story is based on a talk given by the author on July 15, 2017 at the TEDx Youth@AmaatraAcademy in Bangalore, India.\nIt was during the winter of 2014. I was at home, researching the storytelling patterns of my community. I spent days trying to persuade my grandma to tell me some of the stories from her time. But she’s always been moody, and she wouldn’t comply.\nThen one morning, out of the blue, she started telling me stories. After the first one, I had this gut feeling that I had to record it, even though I didn’t know how I would use it. So I covertly took out my camera and started shooting.\nMy grandma didn’t just narrate the stories—she made herself part of them. Relating a sad episode that the characters were going through would make her shed tears. And she would burst into laughter at a happy ending.\nShe also sang me a few songs, songs that brides used to sing after their weddings as they left their parents’ homes to go and live with their in-laws. These were songs about separation, originally filled with sorrow. But slowly it became a social phenomenon. People started creating literature around it, adding humour and sarcasm. And because not everyone is good at crying, the whole thing would be rehearsed beforehand, and women like my grandma played a great role as master trainers.\nI had a great time recording these unique songs and stories of my community. I uploaded them and made them available publicly online.\nBut I didn't understand how valuable those recordings were until I met <PERSON>, who told me about a project he and his friend <PERSON> were building called Wikitongues. They were collaborating with volunteers around the world to record videos of people narrating a story or incident in their native languages. I loved the idea. Videos on Wikitongues helped me learn about many beautiful stories from all over the world that would have been totally hidden otherwise. They also inspired me to add subtitles and more information to my recordings.\nUnfortunately, many languages are dying, and quite rapidly. UNESCO estimated that almost half of the 6,909 living languages in the world might have vanished entirely within the next century.", "820" ], [ "We lose at least one language every two weeks. 220 Indian languages have died in the last 50 years. 197 Indian languages identified by UNESCO as endangered are at risk of dying soon. We’re becoming increasingly monolingual. And as linguist <PERSON> has pointed out, research has shown that the brains of monolingual people deteriorate faster.\nHow languages die\nLanguages are influenced by contact with other languages. Sometimes the change is irreversible. The fate of our languages is also decided by socio-politics. For instance, public policies determine that certain languages become the standard in education, scientific research, and governance, while others are left to die a slow death. Because it's not obviously profitable to create media in “minority” languages, the growth and enrichment of those languages suffer, and many remain entirely undocumented.\nJust a few hundred years ago, the Latin alphabet was largely unknown on the continents of Africa, the Americas and Asia. But thanks to the colonialism, the Latin alphabet is now the norm in many countries. Much less is known about the original scripts of the languages of these parts of the world. Fortunately, scholars have studied and documented some of these languages and writing systems, and their work allows us today to discover many fascinating stories from those cultures.\nWhile it is interesting and advantageous to know more than one language, our native language is particularly important, as it is the tool in which we most easily encode and decode our emotions, our stories, and our secrets.\nIf we don’t start documenting languages digitally— especially the endangered ones—we may lose the colourful diversity of human civilisation. Languages are a gateway to new worlds. And not everything is translatable. Languages can also be important repositories for indigenous knowledge—knowledge that is relevant to modern society. It’s up to us, as speakers of minority languages, to decide how long we want to keep our languages alive.\nLanguages can unite people!\nSome time ago, I was interviewing a Karbi language speaker. Karbi is an endangered language spoken by about 41,900 people in the Indian state of Assam in northeastern India. My interviewee told me about a festival called Cho Mang Kan that memorialised dead ancestors. The festival involves lots of dancing, feasting, and drinking of locally-brewed spirits, and it's also a place for young people to find their future spouses.\nThe thing that fascinated me most about Cho Mang Kan, however, is that my community has a comparable festival, and similar festivals exist across South and East Asia.", "507" ], [ "Protests in Italy Save Hundreds of Ancient Trees on the Chopping Block for Gas Pipeline Construction · Global Voices\nCentury-old olive groves. Photo: <PERSON>\nThis article is based on a piece written by <PERSON> for 350.org, an organisation building a global climate movement, and is republished here as part of a partnership with Global Voices.\nCommunities in Salento, in the southern ‘heel’ of Italy, recently won a small, but important victory in their campaign against the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which would carry gas from Azerbaijan to Italy.\nPlanned construction would have seen the removal of ancient olive trees to make way for the pipeline, but following fierce protests, the work was suspended in early April.\nTAP and the Southern Gas Corridor are the largest fossil fuel projects that the European Union is pursuing. They are meant to bring billions of cubic metres of gas to Europe — making them incompatible with Europe’s climate commitments. According to a report by Oil Change International, e xisting fossil fuel operations already hold more carbon than can be released to keep global temperature rise to the limits that Europe and governments around the world agreed to under the Paris Climate Accord. That means that there is no space for any new fossil fuel projects, and certainly not for infrastructure of this scale, which aims to massively expand the gas market in Europe.\nThe pipeline would come onshore in the beautiful seaside town of San Foca. Some fear the construction of the pipeline and a gas-receiving terminal would cause significant damage to the local landscape and coastline.\nDespite the predicted climate impacts of the project and the objections of the local people and local politicians, the Italian government wants to push it through.\nPublic meeting next to the construction site in San Foca. Photo: <PERSON>\nOn 20 March, the stakes were raised when the pipeline company – without having permits for the work, as local mayors and the president of the Apulia region criticised – moved in to remove hundreds of ancient olive trees near the rural town of Melendugno. These trees are essential to many people's livelihoods. Not only that, but they are beloved by the local people and are centuries (some apparently more than a millennium) old.\nLocal organising stepped up a gear and each day since then, hundreds of people have gathered at the site to peacefully resist the construction. The local mayor managed to get the region's prefect to ask the company to stop the works for three days, whilst the permits were investigated.\nPeople in Melendugno protecting olive trees from the Trans Adriatic Pipeline. Photo: <PERSON>\nAfter the three-day break, the question of permits remained unresolved, and works continued.", "91" ], [ "The national government sent in police to defend the interests of the pipeline company, pushing the crowds back with shields and batons to allow the company to continue to explant trees. A number of injuries to local people were reported.\nOver the course of these few days, many trees were uprooted and removed from the area, a heartbreaking sight for many locals.\nThe trees in this picture have in the meantime all been removed. Photo: <PERSON>\nBut they didn’t give in. Public meetings were held regularly, drawing crowds of 500-1,000 people. The campaign has made the headlines in the Italian press, and solidarity actions and messages have been sent by groups in Milan, Bologna and Rome.\nThe protests started to hit national and international news, daily gatherings at the site got bigger and bigger, and one night, people built stone barricades to stop vehicles from accessing the site.\nLocal residents built barricades to block the pipeline works. Photo: <PERSON>\nIn early April, the removal of the trees was suspended because of the barricades and sheer size of the protests. There is just a small window now for the remaining trees to be removed. In a few weeks the growing season starts and the trees must remain for the summer.\nDaily gatherings and public meetings continue. No one knows what will happen next, but the local No TAP Committee is determined to stop the pipeline altogether. They maintain it is an unnecessary project, especially since demand for gas is dropping in Europe, and that it is undemocratic and being imposed by the government against the will of local people. They also argue that it will cause vast economic and irreparable environmental damage to the area.\nTheir message is “né qui né altrove” – “No TAP, not here or anywhere”.\nYou can follow their campaign on Twitter under the hashtag #NoTAP. The local organising committee is on Twitter @no_tap and on Facebook @MovimentoNoTAP.", "91" ] ]

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[ [ "A couple thoughts: In the Bible's Old Testament, the name of God was abbreviated and not even fully written out for fear and reverence of it. In the New Testament, followers of <PERSON> preach that \"there is no other name by which we can be saved\". Also, in Revelation, <PERSON> promises to give to anyone who overcomes a secret name known only to that person and <PERSON>.\nI take these meanings to be related to the fact that a name is an expression of a person's character and nature. This includes their power but also who they are.\nI am not an expert but I can imagine people invoking the names of gods and demons that they follow in order to gain their power. Unfortunately, that may mean also gaining some of their other character traits...\nI would guess that the turning of the name into a secret key to command that power is a later invention. It seems less likely to me that an ancient man would believe he could command supernatural forces with a secret password than a modern man believing it. To the ancient world, spirits and demons were explanations of the caprice of the universe, and I do not think most people believed they could be coerced except by the help of a stronger supernatural power. But I could be wrong.", "674" ], [ "I suppose there were witch doctors then as today. But I wonder if (then and today), they see themselves as controlling or invoking a power. My guess is the latter. Again, could be wrong.\nAnother aspect of the use of a name as a key to command is related to the name as a representation of someone. In my mentioned example from Revelation, I believe this refers to the relational intimacy of having something good within oneself that is a secret between one and God. When someone else knows who you truly are, that creates intimacy and vulnerability. And vulnerability is something that can be exploited, if trying to exploit things for power is your deal.\nSo, perhaps knowing something's true name is intimately knowing it so that you can exploit that intimacy to exert power over it and control it.\nI might add that that sort of plan doesn't tend to win friends or influence people in the long run. Unless, I suppose, you're <PERSON>.", "140" ], [ "Magic refers to the knowledge and practices held by magus, which could be thought as priests or people with high knowledge in the subject.\nSo the word magic in its pure form refers to craft of the wise (wo)men.\nYou have two different approaches to that word, apart from the trickery meaning (illusionism, which anyway is quite related to one of the concepts):\n* A sort of knowledge you don't understand. Then you say magic is a hidden knowledge totally beyond what you understand about the reality.\n* A modern definition totally varies depending on the tradition:\n+ Wiccans say it is the force of nature. Every soul can cooperate with nature spirit (in the form of a god and a goddess) to make them bend their laws for a while and produce an effect.\n+ Christians would say like it is a Devil's craft (this definition is not new but it is still held today, in the world of science and information). Actually magic is (under the hoods) the Devil fullfilling favors to you if you vow to him, and has the limit of what the power of the Devil can provide you. This is true, at least, for catholicism.\n+ Kaoists say magic is the ability to bend (or twist, even break) the rules of reality according to your will. A common phrase there is everything is true.\n+ Andean people held no difference (and still hold no difference) between magic and what they understood as science.\nThey have in common that magic, as a craft, is mainly an act of will, instead of a life-agnostic matter of fact.\nYou can take these alternatives:\n* Reality is quite predictable, and acts of will do not actually exist. You can invent the concept of magic in a despective way for pseudoscience pretty much our reality does. Here: magic is not an actually useful concept outside of epistemology.\n* Reality is quite predictable, but (uncommonly effortful) acts of will performed by some species or every live specie can alter the laws to an extent we could understand at some degree.", "227" ], [ "You could use the concept of magic there as a physiological or spiritual known effect related to a singularity. Here: both magic and science are useful here, and magic could be studied inside science.\n* Reality is quite predictable on isolated environment, but acts of will are quite frequent. You can ask yourself if there is need for a difference between science and magic: Would you actually hold the current (ours) concept of science when the reality is just... volatile? The initial reaction of the people will be trying to understand why the acts of will occur, and the only science that will exist is one involving what we call magic. The science concept will be entirely useless if the magic could not be studied (although commonly executed) at all. Here: Science and magic could make a hybrid knowledge, perhaps only either of the words would be used and not both.\n* Reality is not predictable since the minimal act of will can alter it. Then you don't have, perhaps, even a surviving society under those rules. Not only magic or science will be useless under that reality: the very concept of knowledge will be meaningless there. Here: Using a word for something not useful (because there would be no concept of reality) at all in an unpredictable reality is totally meaningless, so there would be none, if either life was possible there.", "283" ], [ "Permit me, please, to explain this from a psychological standpoint.\nWhen one is said to love another, it is for one or both of two reasons: Concupiscence and Projection. Concupiscence has more to do with the subject's physical appearance and ability (and standing), though not much to do with the actual person, or perhaps as we say, their soul. Projection is unconsciously projecting one's own inferior traits on another person (in our case, at least). Jung termed this projecting his anima (feminine, which a male projects on a female or on children) and animus (masculine, which a female projects on many males). Together they make the the syzygy. <PERSON> explains somewhat similarly, though using his four intelligences instead.\nThe idea is, since we are strong in one but weak in another (or, according to <PERSON>, because it is unconscious) we project in on another person who is strong (or conscious) of those traits, and we develop ourselves through the other person. Being the other person is the subject of part our own self, we come very close to the other person, seeing them as part of ourselves. Whereas by concupiscence almost anyone will do and we feel in control of it, by projection, few people become the subject of our projections and we do not feel in control of it. Strong projections, much like strong desire, hurts when it is not satisfied. Unlike desire, it takes another person to willingly satisfy it.\nWhen two people project on each other, they are drawn together unconsciously. Being they do not know why (projections are by definition unconscious (there are many levels of awareness)), they feel \"drawn\" to each other and \"not in control\" of it. This \"unknown force\" is often given a name, such as fate or love, the latter more common in Xian circles where love is held in such high regard.\nThe Xian aspect is important.", "674" ], [ "Xian belief is love is a virtue but concupiscence is (at least related to) sin. Hence, people may want to make sure their love is \"pure\" or \"true\", that is, free from being based on concupiscence. With this, the love is considered special. Paradoxically, this does not preclude concupiscence from the relationship, just from being a basis of it.\n<PERSON> was (and possibly still is) an immature person who is scared of anything or anyone that he cannot control. When he became <PERSON>, he had more power than anyone else (at least in the first season) meaning he was now in control, or at least, noone else could control him. When <PERSON> came along, everything changed, because he projected his own frailties onto her and therefore loved her as he loved himself. That's why he won't kill her, why he let her go free, why he wants her to think he trusts her, and why he is, at times, at her mercy. Being out of control, he calls it true love, and would have been \"cured\" by it, until he asserted control and kept her at a distance. For reference to <PERSON>, <PERSON> as the Dark One is an INTJ, and <PERSON> is an ENFP. The NT and NF are drawn to one another.\nSimilarly, <PERSON> can be <PERSON>'s true love, if they would stop asserting control. They do have strong affect on each other and even act \"out of character\" accordingly.\nCan one have multiple true loves?\nYes. People can project on many people.", "674" ], [ "My advice for creating a system of myths would look something like this:\n1. What religions, beliefs, etc. have you already laid out? This might determine the theme of the myths. For an abstract example, in a religion with good and evil, moralistic fables might be common, or mythical creatures might be fearful demons or, conversely, benefactors.\n2. What is familiar to people, and assumed to be a given? The people might assume the characters in their myths are like them, or they may be set apart by the fact they don't do something.\n3. What is scary/mysterious/unknown/unlucky in this culture? Some myths might stem from that. Also, many, many myths serve to explain what science can't. If the people don't know about something, they'll assume whatever fits for them.\n4. Think of cultural traditions and manners. Might myths factor in to this? In Ancient Greece, the gods could disguise themselves as humans, so people were hospitable to strangers because you could never tell if they were a deity in disguise.\n5.", "805" ], [ "What creatures are there in your world? Are they a danger? Do they provide people with something they need? What do they mean to the people? Predators are often seen as fierce, and can be either wicked or noble. Animals the people need to survive often represent fertility. How your world views animals can affect legends and myths.\n6. What are the morals of these people? Ultimately, this decides how the stories are told. What qualities are praised? What is taboo? How rigid is the society's power structure? The last one is important in that a rigid society might have stories with the connotation of \"know your place,\" while a society with more opportunities might have a few \"rags to riches\" myths.\n7. What aesthetic do you want your myths to have? Myths can be biased. They can praise, instruct, or simply entertain. Myths can be full of imagery and detail, or stripped down to the bare bones of its intention. What time period was this myth made? How did it come to be? How did it evolve over time? Was the meaning changed to suit society? Where parts taken out because of taboo, or something else? Another part of this is figuring out how symbolic you want the myths to be. They can be legends of everyday heroes, or they can be seeped in the culture, assumptions, and associations of the people so much that a foreigner would scratch their head at the meaning.\nHope this helps!", "547" ], [ "First, let's do greed. Greed is an appetite uncontrolled. Consider, for example, a dog. If he sees food he simply moves directly towards the food and tries to eat it without any other concern or hesitation. He does not consider his co-dogs in the pack. Or his offspring. Nor even whether he is in fact hungry. He just tries to eat the food. This is greed.\nGreed may be a survival trait in some circumstances. For example, in the wild in situations where food is scarce, uneaten food is wasted food.\nGreed is usually counter productive for intelligent species, since it is deeply sub-optimal when you have the ability to produce enough of what you need. If you simply eat everything in your fridge you won't be healthy.", "376" ], [ "So greed might be a problem for intelligent critters that had it as a survival trait in the past, and now have to deal with things like diets. We resemble that. They might take steps to suppress it, remove it, overcome it, etc.\nSelfishness means doing what is good for \"self.\" However, in evolutionary terms, the thing that evolves is the gene. If an action tends to help spread one's genes around, but is bad for the individual, it may still get fixed in through evolution. A mother cat fighting to protect her kittens may get mauled by a dog but leave an extra batch of kittens. Her personal selfishness, running from the dog, and her gene's selfishness may conflict.\nSomewhere though, the gene's selfishness must have at least a modicum of success, or the creature cannot procreate long enough to evolve.\nFor example, an intelligent creature that was evolved from a social insect might be ideally communal, except possibly for the \"royal\" breeder class. The workers and drones might be prepared to nearly-mindlessly sacrifice themselves for the good of the colony.\nAt some point in there, there has to be something that produces conditions that tend to advance its own interest. This is \"selfish gene\" theory, along the lines of the book The Selfish Gene by <PERSON>. This is a metaphor indicating the genes act as though they were selfish. Because if they don't they get out competed by genes that do.\nSo individuals may have their selfishness suppressed. But some part of the creature must act selfishly in some sense for the species to continue to exist.", "376" ], [ "Perhaps consider Teleology in the sexual realm? Teleology is the study of purposes of things. What is the end or purpose of sex? If you look at what bodies are designed for and follow that you'd come up with a fairly conservative outlook on sexual norms.\nFor instance, all the biological systems (respiratory, digestive, neurological, circulatory) are complete within a single human body EXCEPT the sexual reproductive system. That is incomplete and requires another body- but not just any other body; but a complimentary body. Therefore, you can argue that from a purpose driven standpoint, sex is designed to between a man and a woman.\nAlso, what is the purpose of that system? The fullest result of the completion of the system is a baby; hence you could argue that the only correct, non-deviant sexual act is that which has the possibility of children.", "759" ], [ "(That doesn't mean that every act must have that as its goal, but rather you have to have the two pieces of the reproductive system complimenting and completing one another.\nWhile one could argue that sex can be used for other things (pleasure, bonding), even those other aims are actually parts of the reproductive system that are geared towards having children: The pleasure to entice us to engage in something that could require great sacrifice; and the bonding to mold two people into a formidable team that can raise the young.\nHere you could suggest monogamy as the norm by the bonding and raising of children.\nSince science has yet to find any other genders; and we know that those who watch porn actually alter their brains (neuroplasticity) so that they come to want, and desire, to act out what they watch; you could use those ideas to argue that they are part of the source of deviancy.\nThis would be possible to get to by looking at the natural law and the natural world. Instances in nature that suggest other deviant acts as ok may actually just be instances of perversity or depravity in nature. the 'appeal to nature' is actually a fallacy in philosophy; but you can look at the order that nature has set up.\nNote* You may have to enshrine this idea of not going against the design and nature of something into your culture as atheism may have a tendency to believe there is no good or bad and thus there is a temptation to tinker.. You'll have to find a way to get around that.", "140" ], [ "Religion is, by it's very nature, transcendent. The world and the concerns thereof are not the concerns of religion. Religion answers the quest for the highest good by pointing beyond the world of our physical experience. Therefore members of a religion may very naturally anticipate the end of this life (or the world) with hope.\nThere are interesting theological questions around how the world itself is viewed, and each religion answers such questions differently. For instance, a gnostic Christian might reject the material world as evil, while an orthodox Christian would uphold the inherent goodness of the world which is passing away.", "752" ], [ "It sounds fun to flesh out such details (don't forget to include internal conflicts within the religion itself).\nObviously contemporary American religious thought won't yield much good source material, because modern American religion is almost always hedonism in disguise; but it would be interesting to look into the Tao Te Ching, some writings of the ancient Christian ascetics, and some literature about Hindu gods of destruction for a wide range of perspectives.\nThe basis of a positive arguments used to attract followers would be that the coming world is better than this one. This is an easy argument to make given that in our world: 1) people tend to think the world is bad and 2) they also always seem convinced that it is getting worse, in spite of many efforts to make it better. It therefore shouldn't be hard to draw the conclusion that the world must be remade. Of course, a nihilistic argument could be made that life itself is bad (see any bad guy in any movie ever).\nA pseudo-Buddhist argument might go something like desire causes us to suffer; the pleasure does not outweigh the evil of the suffering; it seems impossible to not desire while in the body; therefore all desire must be extinguished by the apocalypse after which we will …\nI guess, in general, I think it is harder to argue for the goodness of the world than it's badness. Therefore I don't think it should be hard for you to construct convincing arguments for it's demise, be they hopeful for a better existence or not.", "590" ], [ "A charismatic fanatic.\nGive them a leader with very strong ideals, and instead of making him evil and destructive give him personality traits that would make it easy to follow. Strong, smart, fair, self-aware, humourus, and able to take and keep control over the majority of people. And his mind is set strong on that his way is the right way and the only way.\nPlaying into his hand is that people feel lost and insecure about their new home and they are desperate for someone to tell them what to do. Maybe many people suffer homesickness. Or some other reason that makes them feel bad. Let him lead \"a new way\" that discards old beliefs and knowledge, with the promise to feel good when they do it.", "425" ], [ "This way does not necessarily need to go backwards, like the destruction of technology and living primitive, but instead a leap forwards, making current technology and knowledge irrelevant or seem naive.\nWhat that could be in detail is up to you. In any way it leads to him deciding that old contacts are contra productive (like keeping the relationship with your ex alive; why are you hurting yourself? You know this is not leading to anything) and most people will join him willingly and throw out the past. But of course there are always people going against the mainstream (out of multiple motives) and you have to decide what to do about them. Do they have to die? Or can this small fraction form a new settlement and are allowed to keep the old ways alive? Are these two groups allowed to keep contact with each other?\nIf you want to discard of any contact to civilasation you can get rid of the drop-out in multiple ways. They could have a real accident, or an \"accident\" either arranged by the leader or by his followers of which he does not approve (but he only hears about it when it is to late). Or they can go back home.\nAnd then you let three or more generations pass to make sure all \"histories of before\" are only fairytales.\nIf you want it to be more extreme, old histories will be forbidden and destroyed or alternated. But be aware that the reader will expect \"some little bits and pieces\" of previous knowledge to remain and to be rediscovered.", "159" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nWe only ever saw the first film in this series once, back in 2015. I did not remember much of anything about it at all.\nRewatching in a gorgeous 4K/Dolby Vision transfer really shows you how this film truly outshines its mid-budget origin.\nAs I get older, I sometimes struggle with watching extreme gun violence as entertainment, but this is so over-the-top and in service of a genuine good vs evil storyline that I was heavily invested.\nNow, we head on to first viewings of 2 & 3 pretty much just so we can watch part 4 in theaters because we are obsessed with <PERSON>!", "995" ], [ "Apollo 10½: A Space Age Childhood\nI had seen this film around very loosely even with zero marketing and not a lot of eyes on it. What I was unaware of until I looked further into it that it was a new animated <PERSON> film, so my interest immediately piqued. Seeing <PERSON> essentially return to form is pretty refreshing and necessary for this day and age.\nI could definitely see this as a comfort movie for a lot of people and I completely understand it.", "995" ], [ "This is a very cute, fun and quick watch running at an hour and a half. Clearly, this is <PERSON>'s loveletter to growing up as a kid through the 60s and giving a lot of personal inner commentary on what it was like living through some of the most historic events the world has come to know.\nDespite the overnarration [even though I like <PERSON> voice] and overreliance on nostalgia, this actually makes up to be a pretty well-acted, well animated, solid movie. Some people may not enjoy it as much due to it not being a very plot-heavy film, but definitely a film I could see myself revisiting at some point in the future. If you're a fan of <PERSON>'s filmography, then chances are you'll probably enjoy and appreciate this!", "657" ], [ "A Man Called Otto\nI was a big fan of the original Swedish film and genuinely wasn't expecting much from this, but my mom came to town and wanted to see it.\nI was pleasantly surprised that the adaptation really held to the spirit of the original story but had some nice updates.\nWe went to a matinee at a theater near our house because I didn't want to schlep mom to the Alamo, but it was truly the worst theatrical experience I've had in years. A theater full of senior citizens who literally talked through the entire film.\nOH, HE'S GOING TO KILL HIMSELF!\nOH, THAT'S <PERSON> REAL-LIFE SON!\nOH, THAT CAT IS SO CUTE!\nDespite these old bitties, I got wrapped up in the movie and pretty much cried through the entire third act even though I knew what was happening.\n<PERSON> is not really known for subtlety and I know most people will hate this, but I cannot lie - watching with my mother and a bunch of chatty Cathy's I was won over entirely.", "369" ], [ "V/H/S/94\nFair play to any filmmaker who signs up to one of these things knowing they're there to support the <PERSON> segment. Turns out though that all the sections are actually worth the watch. Even the wraparound is\nrather effective this time.\nPleased I watched this with the headphones as that opening wraparound is quite spooky. A SWAT team lost in a disgusting warehouse while various static-y televisions blast out their \"movies\". A good start, especially as this is where the previous films generally suffer.\nFirst and fourth sections are quite good and made by filmmakers I'd not heard of.", "900" ], [ "It's why this is a good franchise. It doesn't need to have too many names.\nBut it's the middle-section of this thing which BANGS.\n<PERSON> EMPTY WAKE is not just a great idea (one funeral home worker having to hold a wake on their own, no guests, storm brewing, spooky stuff) but it does the idea justice. Was really disappointed with SEANCE but this did the trick for me.\nAnd of course we have <PERSON>'s THE SUBJECT. I purposefully stayed away from any synopsis and I don't think it really matters as I don't think mere words could sum up the customary insanity. He is truly a gem.\nMore of this, less shitty Halloween sequels please.", "19" ], [ "From Dusk Till Dawn\nOkay, so I had seen very small segments of this when I was a kid, but totally forgot that it was a vampire movie. I threw it on based on name value and because I’ve been doing <PERSON> films lately.\nThat turn an hour in where it becomes a full-blown horror movie after showing all but zero hints of it is MASTERFUL. The only movie I can think of with an as-jarring transition (not a bad jarring) is Sorry To Bother You.\nI feel incredibly lucky that my terrible memory expunged the fact that it was a horror movie and I was able to go into this as blind as possible 23 years after release. Great stuff.", "645" ], [ "People Having Fun\nDefinitely <PERSON>’s most ambitious and out-there film. It’s the type of thing that truly makes you wonder where the hell it’s going next, and thankfully not in a way that’s annoying or amateur as each section brings about various vibes and situations both perplexing and strange.\nI haven’t been interested in filmmaking for awhile now, or watching independent films for that matter.", "647" ], [ "But I’m glad I decided to watch this. It’s been quite a long time since I viewed a <PERSON> film, and it was a great to be back in the mind of this wholly unique artist. A DIY king.\nGood job dude.\nYou have until Monday to watch, before it’s taken off YouTube for idk how long!!\nhttps://youtu.be/W1UfBHZhO7k?si=Yphp8reJyS2Yuxvd", "410" ], [ "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\nFull disclosure, I'm writing this review after watching this for a second time.\nI love <PERSON> broken space folks. His style of writing imperfect characters is something that I adore, as it injects a much needed element of humanity and pathos into even the most exaggerated creatures and concepts. Because everything is grounded in a sense of compassion, he's able to return to his Troma roots in the best ways. Because of this, Guardians 3 is pretty much my favourite MCU project and a perfect topper to this trilogy.\nEvery character arc comes full circle perfectly in a way that very few other MCU arcs have done (Endgame notwithstanding).", "387" ], [ "I'm so pleased with every concluding moment here. Even <PERSON>, who doesn't really have a character arc to speak of, instead gets to show off the full range of his powers in the best ways.\nCreature effects and eclectic designs are my cinematic catnip, so I was in heaven throughout this. The OrgoCorp sequence, Counter-Earth, and basically everything parallel to the High Evolutionary was filled to the brim with genuins designs and goopy, creepy effects. That's the kind of shit I love in movies, and <PERSON> went all-out for his final Marvel swing.\nThere's so much more I can praise about this, but it can basically all be boiled down to me loving everything about this. The alchemical mix of comedy to drama to sheer spectacle is perfected here, with not a single moment gone to waste in the structure of it all.\nI think this cements the trilogy as the best cape trio of films out there. I'll miss seeing this group in future projects, but with a conclusion this potent I'm happy they've been seen off in the best way possible.", "19" ], [ "The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes\nThis was such a pleasant surprise, and far better than I was expecting. I like the original films so I was already fairly interested in checking this out, but many it really makes some great first impressions. DP <PERSON> is cooking right from the outset with these immense wide lens shots that look amazing in theatres and showcase the production design immensely. And man, I was in love with the production design this time around. The sets and overall visual designs are so much more effective with expansive sets which all look terrific.", "83" ], [ "The Games' tv set and <PERSON> supervillain laboratory are huge standouts.\nTop to bottom, the whole cast rules. <PERSON> carries this so well as <PERSON>, and the supporting work by <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, basically everybody understands the assignment pretty perfectly here. The dual perspective of the <PERSON> and their Capitol Mentors gives this a freshness that helps nail the pacing and the overall narrative.\n<PERSON> is a super engaging protagonist, and while I think the final third rushes things a little the impact still remains. I can see the argument that a two-parter could have made this even mroe effective, but I think they were mostly scared off by the lukewarm reception to the original splitting of Mockingjay. Either way, I would be totally down for a follow up to this, whatever <PERSON> decides to do with the material. There's a freshness to the storytelling here, and all the crew have levelled up so hard since the originals that I'd really love to see more.\nMaybe the biggest pleasant surprise of this year, heaps of great stuff in this.", "282" ] ]

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[ [ "I'm going to lose my job\nLast night there was an incident at my job and the incident has turned into the final straw for me.\nI'm someone who when I make a mistake I feel intensely judged for it.\nIf I make a mistake on my own and no one sees it I can get over that pretty quickly but when I make mistakes in front of people and there's a lot of eyes on me my anxiety ramps up.\nLast night one of my co-workers attempted to use a small dolly to move a large armoire.\nI did not think it was going to work, but I've seen him get some large things before by just using the dolly so I gave him the benefit of the doubt. I did suggest that we use the flat moving carts instead of the dolly, but I did not press the issue when he asserted that he was confident in being able to get it with the dolly.\nAnother co-worker, the man with a dolly, and I were then set to move the furniture to the back room.\nWe traveled less than probably 10 ft before the armoire tipped over.\nI became quite agitated. I was not upset with my co-workers, I was upset because when that happened a lot of customers were looking at us and I was feeling very judged for it.\nI said some things which I have already profusely apologized for.\nI was scheduled to go into work at noon today but at the time of 9:00 I received a phone call.\nMy manager told me to not bother coming in today because of my \"attitude\" yesterday which she was not even present for, and would therefore have only heard anything about completely on hearsay.\nHer tendency however to completely believe the worst about me combined with the fact that I'm never allowed to give my side of the story means that I was not even able to give any sort of explanation over the phone.\nIn fact when she called up she didn't even say what she was talking about.", "814" ], [ "She just said do not bother coming in today because of my behavior, and that either she or HR would be in contact with me on Monday.\nThere was no asking about what happened. There was no giving me the chance to explain my side of the story.\nI have been on the ropes about quitting this job for a while now over how I feel like I've been treated.\nThis was simply the final straw for me. If the phone call had gone more positively as in if the manager had just asked me to tell her my side of the story, so that way she could have a more complete picture I would have been more than happy to face the music.\nOne thing I do not ever do is shirk on owning up to my mistakes. I have always taken full responsibility for my actions and behavior.\nEven when I know I'm completely in the wrong.\nAs such I have effectively ended my career at the establishment.\nThis morning I have applied for a total of so far five different locations.\nI know the grass isn't always greener on the other side, but I don't think it can get any worse either.", "814" ], [ "And my manager turned into a Mr. <PERSON> at the first sign of stress\nOne of my biggest things with any place I work for is I pay attention to how managers act when they are stressed. For me it is a huge thing if a manager can manage to compose themselves even if they are under pressure.\nSadly my newest manager has spectacularly failed this test.\nRecently two of our sales people quit, and our truck driver just put in his 2 weeks.\nYesterday was the first day that the manager was here without any other sales people to support him and he was being snappy with me the entire day, and getting on me about things that in the past he either did not care about or even outright praised me for.\nHe used to always be happy with how I went to the customers and yesterday he's all like; \"Hey you don't need to be greeting the customers, and stepping on our toes like that because you're not a sales person.\"\nI usually take my 15 minute break at the same time which is usually a little bit later just because I always seem to get caught doing something else before I have a chance to take it. It's not necessarily that I try to take it super late It's just whenever I plan to take it I end up getting roped into something.", "156" ], [ "Well yesterday he suddenly telling me that he wants me to take my 15 minute break earlier out of respect for the sales people.\nNever something he had a problem with before but now I guess it's a big deal.\nOn most days I don't even get to take my 15 minute break and I don't know if he doesn't know that or not but I feel like given how closely work together he might have some clue about it at least.\nThen he's spending what felt like over half the day nitpicking me over various things.\nNow to an extent I do get this. I do know that there are people who when they feel stressed out they respond by trying to micromanage other aspects of their lives.\nUnfortunately as someone who highly values my autonomy, and enjoys being treated with basic respect it also means I get fed up by this kind of behavior incredibly quickly.\nAlso another thing he pulled yesterday there have been times where I have been on lunch break and he will need me to do something. So I will go ahead and on my lunch break help out with whatever he needs and then he'll usually give me like an extra 10 or 15 minutes on it.\nYesterday he briefly asked me if I was on my lunch break or not and I said yes and he didn't say anything else So there didn't seem to be a huge issue.\nLater off my lunch break he's saying to me; \"We could have really used your help earlier and I would have given you an extra 10 or 15 minutes.\"\nOkay then why didn't you say anything? You didn't say that you needed my help with anything. All you did was say; \"Hey you on lunch?\"\nThat was the entire conversation.\nMy biggest hope right now is that once we get some more sales people in here he will probably go back to being nice.", "156" ], [ "Manager keeps ducking out early on the day that I'm supposed to leave early, forcing me to be the one to close along with then trying to gaslight me about my hours\nThe current manager I have for some reason seems to really like me closing which would not be a huge problem if I came in and did a shift that was normal.\nThe problem is I'm also off an opening as well and not just opening, I have to get here an hour before we open to do all the computer work as well.\nAs a result I am getting shifts that average 11 hours a day.\nWell the thing is for a while Friday was my safe day. It was the day that I would come in later in the afternoon and so even though I closed it was only a shift of 6 hours technically five and a half with lunch break.\nThen one day he tells me that he needs me to start opening on Friday so that way he can come in a little bit later, citing that he needed more rest.\nWell in exchange for this I finally worked up my courage and I told him that I needed that Friday to be from afternoon to close because I want in one day where I don't have to do all day just to come in and do another day all day the very next day.\nSo he and I came to an agreement. He agreed that on Fridays in exchange for opening I would get off earlier and I accepted.\nToday however he once again this is something he's been pulling for a few Fridays in a row now announces that he's going to leave early.\nSo I said that's cool I'm going to be out of here at 5:00.\nWell he starts telling me that no I'm not, and that I'm closing tonight...", "156" ], [ "And then he says to me that I'm supposed to be 2:00 to 8:00 today and that he just let me leave early on some other Fridays because we didn't have much to do.\nNo, you did not just let me leave early because you were feeling nice. My schedule was for me to leave at 5:00.\nAlso if I was supposed to be 2:00 to 8:00 today then why did he call me at 8:30 in the morning to check if I was in the store getting the computer work done?\nIt's almost as if he knew I was going to be in the store early because my schedule was for me to be in here early today. (Sarcasm tone)\nThis is because on Fridays he wanted to start coming in later. He only came in early today because the regional manager started blowing his phone up and he had to.\nHe was supposed to be in here closer to around early afternoon today and then work until close.\nInstead he is once again trying to duck out early, and in return I'm going to be forced to yet again work another open and close shift.", "156" ], [ "Where is my money?\nThe heading alone probably explains what this is going to be about, but I'm going to get into this anyway.\nI work in a sales position and I do have a base pay. I do have a base pay that I'm given and because I work a lot of hours it is enough for me to live on.\nNow comes the problem however. I was under the impression that for a few times in a row now I had hit my commission goal because where I work at you don't get commission automatically you have to hit a certain number to actually get commission.\nOnce you hit that number however they give you a percentage of it.\nWell the first two times it happened I noticed that I was not given my money but I let it slide because I didn't really have any proof with me that I had hit the goal.", "809" ], [ "I was kind of like okay I did the math on it and was pretty sure I hit the goal but maybe I was wrong about it, or maybe I didn't hit it fast enough or something.\nThis time however my manager was nice enough to print out the sheet showing where everyone was at and I was not only at the goal I had exceeded the goal.\nYet my paycheck which is direct deposit only had my hourly wage on it once again my commission money is missing and this time as I said I actually have proof that I was supposed to receive it.\nI even went ahead and did the math on my hourly wages just to check in on that and my math has what I'm supposed to be getting at higher than with their math is showing.\nI plugged in the math to see if they were giving me the amount of money that I'm supposed to be getting hourly and they actually shaved off a $1.64. Now this is not a huge amount in a long run, but it's still a $1.64 per hour that they have apparently taken from me.\nThat $1.64 adds up to $65 per 40 hours.\nThis is not the first time I've noticed this either. There was another time I checked out my hourly wages against my total pay and it came out to them having shaved off about 35 cents an hour.\nAs such I'm really hoping it's not just going down repeatedly. This is something I'll be sure to check on today though.\nAt any rate I called my boss up in the morning, and I explained the entire situation so he said he's going to get into contact with the regional manager today to try and figure out what's going on.", "156" ], [ "Whispering Mean Girls and Illegal Overtime\nThere are two women in my office who still act like they're in high school. You're never guess they were in their 50's (daughter of the boss) and early 60's (accountant). I am constantly dealing with microaggressions from both of them at work and I do everything I can to just keep my head down and do my work, but it's starting to feel unbearable.\nToday, the daughter came in and went directly to the accountant and started whispering. I was up walking around the office anyway because I had some filing to do. It was very awkward because they were sitting at a desk that was very close to the filing cabinets and as I approached, their whispering got even quieter.", "536" ], [ "I could still hear what they were saying, but it was basically about a new employee who is being hired to fill a role here (something totally outside my job so I'm not concerned about that).\nThe woman who is being replaced (and is my friend at work) already put in her notice and knows she is being replaced so I didn't understand why there was so much whispering. I texted the woman I am friends with and let her know I was feeling annoyed by the whispering. Why couldn't they schedule a time when others aren't in the office to have a discussion so it wouldn't make me uncomfortable?\nMy friend texted me back saying she finds their behavior ridiculous and they they're likely also talking about how they can get around paying her for overtime hours she worked before she leaves. She claims the daughter has made it known she will not be paid for those hours.\nThis company has already been sued once before for not paying out accrued vacation or hours worked by a former employee, who was awarded a sum of about $5k. I already have a hard time making my way into work each day but now I'm hearing of more illegal activity and I want to jump ship immediately. I've already had two recent job interviews that I'm waiting to hear back from, but a new job can't come soon enough!", "536" ], [ "I finally talked to my boss about my issues with my coworker, and she gaslit me\nQuick note: we do NOT have an HR or CEO or anything. I work for a small family owned business and there is no one above them.\nI've (27f) worked here for a year and have been suffering in silence working with a problematic coworker. She is 15 and homeschooled.\nSummary of issues:\n-She stands around waiting to be sent home watching me stock and clean\n-She stares at me and other coworkers\n-She will hide food order tickets she takes under her armpit while she washes her hands so no one else can make them\n-She found out I'm an atheist and pressured me to come to an event at her church and was mad at me for declining and has been cold to me ever since\nI finally hit my limit dealing with her every day and called my boss to talk to her about it and ask to be scheduled at a different time than the problematic coworker.", "659" ], [ "She proceeded to gaslight me and tell me I'm \"probably imagining it\" and \"that doesn't sound like (coworkers name)\" and that no one else has any problems with her. I know that to be untrue because I have listened to more than a few coworkers complain about working with her. My boss is never here when we are so how does she know?? They won't fire her though because we're so short staffed and she lives close.\nSo thankfully, they are giving me different hours. But I'm now actively looking for a different job because I don't want to work for someone that I can't talk about my concerns with.", "659" ], [ "Managers randomly making up new rules simply because they feel slightly annoyed about having to work.\nI have been receiving end of a few managers pulling this crap with me. Managers who for whatever reason do not have a problem with anything right up until they do.\nI can take my break at 4:00 in the afternoon everyday and then one day it turns out that they needed me when I was on my break and all of a sudden \"You need to start taking your break earlier.\"\nUh okay? I'm sorry you felt a little annoyed because of a one-time incident.\nToday the manager at the place I'm at now just flat out got done telling me that from now on no one's allowed to take a break unless the store is clear of customers and it's like what the hell does that mean? What if I take a break and then a group of people walk in?\nAm I just not getting a break anymore?\nSame thing. In response to feeling slightly frustrated he decides to pull this crap.", "156" ], [ "My coworker is an emotional vampire.\nShe will come talk to whoever is in ear shot and all of the conversations are about 90% about her the entire time. Even if you interject and get the chance to share something about yourself, she will find a way to flip it and bring the conversation back to her. Oh, and about 95% of the conversations that are mostly about her involve the discussion of only negative things. Even if something seems perfectly find, she will find the one negative thing about it and talk it to death.", "659" ], [ "She also doesn't pick up on social kills or has the ability to notice when someone's eyes are glossing over.\nI recently decided I am not going to give into this behavior anymore and have created a lot of distance in order to be able to maintain my own energy and feel less depleted by her. It's awkward because we work in a very small family office and it's usually just her and I in the office together, but I legitimately don't care anymore. I cannot continue to allow her to drain me of my attention, emotions, and any other form of energy. Now she has moved onto a new victim and is talking this poor person's ear off. Since this change occurred, I leave work with way more energy and a better ability to listen to my partner at the end of his hectic work day because I haven't spent the first half of the day listening to the complaints of someone I really don't care about.", "659" ] ]

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