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The funerary clothing and jewellery were reasonably well-preserved, giving us a look into the costume of the time.Beyond these royal individuals, the Merovingian period is associated with the archaeological Reihengräber culture.The Merovingians play a prominent role in French historiography and national identity, although their importance was partly overshadowed by that of the Gauls during the Third Republic.
Charles de Gaulle is on record as stating his opinion that "For me, the history of France begins with Clovis, elected as king of France by the tribe of the Franks, who gave their name to France.Before Clovis, we have Gallo-Roman and Gaulish prehistory.The decisive element, for me, is that Clovis was the first king to have been baptized a Christian.
My country is a Christian country and I reckon the history of France beginning with the accession of a Christian king who bore the name of the Franks.
"The Merovingians feature in the novel "In Search of Lost Time" by Marcel Proust
The Merovingians are featured in the book "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" (1982) where they are depicted as descendants of Jesus, inspired by the "Priory of Sion" story developed by Pierre Plantard in the 1960s.Plantard playfully sold the story as non-fiction, giving rise to a number of works of pseudohistory among which "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" was the most successful.The "Priory of Sion" material has given rise to later works in popular fiction, notably "The Da Vinci Code" (2003), which mentions the Merovingians in chapter 60.
The Morrígan The Morrígan or Mórrígan, also known as Morrígu, is a figure from Irish mythology.The name is Mór-Ríoghain in Modern Irish.
It has been translated as "great queen" or "phantom queen".The Morrígan is mainly associated with war and fate, especially with foretelling doom, death or victory in battle.In this role she often appears as a crow, the "badb".
She incites warriors to battle and can help bring about victory over their enemies.The Morrígan encourages warriors to do brave deeds, strikes fear into their enemies, and is portrayed washing the bloodstained clothes of those fated to die.She is most frequently seen as a goddess of battle and war and has also been seen as a manifestation of the earth- and sovereignty-goddess, chiefly representing the goddess's role as guardian of the territory and its people.
The Morrígan is often described as a trio of individuals, all sisters, called "the three Morrígna".Membership of the triad varies; sometimes it is given as Badb, Macha and Nemain while elsewhere it is given as Badb, Macha and Anand (the latter is given as another name for the Morrígan).It is believed that these were all names for the same goddess.
The three Morrígna are also named as sisters of the three land goddesses Ériu, Banba and Fódla.The Morrígan is described as the envious wife of The Dagda and a shape-shifting goddess, while Badb and Nemain are said to be the wives of Neit.She is associated with the banshee of later folklore.
There is some disagreement over the meaning of the Morrígan's name.
"Mor" may derive from an Indo-European root connoting terror, monstrousness cognate with the Old English "maere" (which survives in the modern English word "nightmare") and the Scandinavian "mara" and the Old East Slavic "mara" ("nightmare"); while "rígan" translates as "queen".This etymological sequence can be reconstructed in the Proto-Celtic language as *"Moro-rīganī-s".
Accordingly, "Morrígan" is often translated as "Phantom Queen".This is the derivation generally favoured in current scholarship.In the Middle Irish period, the name is often spelled "Mórrígan" with a lengthening diacritic over the "o", seemingly intended to mean "Great Queen" (Old Irish "mór", "great"; this would derive from a hypothetical Proto-Celtic *"Māra Rīganī-s").
Whitley Stokes believed this latter spelling was due to a false etymology popular at the time.There have also been attempts by modern writers to link the Morrígan with the Welsh literary figure Morgan le Fay from the Matter of Britain, in whose name "mor" may derive from Welsh word for "sea", but the names are derived from different cultures and branches of the Celtic linguistic tree.The earliest sources for the Morrígan are glosses in Latin manuscripts and glossaries (collections of glosses).
In a 9th century manuscript containing the Vulgate version of the Book of Isaiah, the word "Lamia" is used to translate the Hebrew "Lilith".A gloss explains this as "a monster in female form, that is, a "morrígan".
""Cormac's Glossary" (also 9th century), and a gloss in the later manuscript H.3.18, both explain the plural word "gudemain" ("spectres") with the plural form "morrígna".
The 8th century "O'Mulconry's Glossary" says that Macha is one of the three "morrígna".The Morrígan's earliest narrative appearances, in which she is depicted as an individual, are in stories of the Ulster Cycle, where she has an ambiguous relationship with the hero Cúchulainn.In the "Táin Bó Regamna" (""The Cattle Raid of Regamain""), Cúchulainn encounters the Morrígan, but does not recognise her, as she drives a heifer from his territory.
In response to this perceived challenge, and his ignorance of her role as a sovereignty figure, he insults her.But before he can attack her she becomes a black bird on a nearby branch.Cúchulainn now knows who she is, and tells her that had he known before, they would not have parted in enmity.
She notes that whatever he had done would have brought him ill luck.To his response that she cannot harm him, she delivers a series of warnings, foretelling a coming battle in which he will be killed.She tells him, "It is at the guarding of thy death that I am; and I shall be."
In the "Táin Bó Cúailnge" (""The Cattle Raid of Cooley""), Queen Medb of Connacht launches an invasion of Ulster to steal the bull Donn Cuailnge; the Morrígan, like Alecto of the Greek Furies, appears to the bull in the form of a crow and warns him to flee.Cúchulainn defends Ulster by fighting a series of single combats at fords against Medb's champions.In between combats, the Morrígan appears to him as a young woman and offers him her love and her aid in the battle, but he rejects her offer.
In response, she intervenes in his next combat, first in the form of an eel who trips him, then as a wolf who stampedes cattle across the ford, and finally as a white, red-eared heifer leading the stampede, just as she had warned in their previous encounter.However, Cúchulainn wounds her in each form and defeats his opponent despite her interference.Later, she appears to him as an old woman bearing the same three wounds that her animal forms had sustained, milking a cow.
She gives Cúchulainn three drinks of milk.He blesses her with each drink, and her wounds are healed.He regrets blessing her for the three drinks of milk, which is apparent in the exchange between the Morrígan and Cúchulainn
'You told me once,' she said,'that you would never heal me.
''Had I known it was you,' said Cúchulainn, 'I never would have.
'"As the armies gather for the final battle, she prophesies the bloodshed to come.
In one version of Cúchulainn's death-tale, as Cúchulainn rides to meet his enemies, he encounters the Morrígan as a hag washing his bloody armour in a ford, an omen of his death.Later in the story, mortally wounded, Cúchulainn ties himself to a standing stone with his own entrails so he can die upright, and it is only when a crow lands on his shoulder that his enemies believe he is dead.The Morrígan also appears in texts of the Mythological Cycle.
In 12th-century pseudohistorical compilation the "Lebor Gabála Érenn" (""The Book of the Taking of Ireland""), she is listed among the Tuatha Dé Danann as one of the daughters of Ernmas, granddaughter of Nuada.The first three daughters of Ernmas are given as Ériu, Banba, and Fódla.Their names are synonyms for "Ireland", and they were respectively married to Mac Gréine, Mac Cuill, and Mac Cécht, the last three Tuatha Dé Danann kings of Ireland.
Associated with the land and kingship, they probably represent a triple goddess of sovereignty.Next come Ernmas' other three daughters
The Morrígu's name is also said to be Anand, and she had three sons
On Samhain, she keeps a tryst with the Dagda before the battle against the Fomorians.When he meets her, she is washing herself, standing with one foot on either side of the river Unius.In some sources, she is believed to have created the river.
After they have sex, the Morrígan promises to summon the magicians of Ireland to cast spells on behalf of the Tuatha Dé, and to destroy Indech, the Fomorian king, taking from him "the blood of his heart and the kidneys of his valour.
"Later, we are told, she would bring two handfuls of his blood and deposit them in the same river (however, we are also told later in the text that Indech was killed by Ogma).As battle is about to be joined, the Tuatha Dé leader, Lug, asks each what power they bring to the battle.
The Morrígan's reply is difficult to interpret, but involves pursuing, destroying and subduing.When she comes to the battlefield, she chants a poem, and immediately the battle breaks and the Fomorians are driven into the sea.After the battle, she chants another poem celebrating the victory and prophesying the end of the world.
In another story, she lures away the bull of a woman named Odras.Odras then follows the Morrígan to the Otherworld, via the cave of Cruachan, which is said to be her "fit abode.
"When Odras falls asleep, the Morrígan turns her into a pool of water that feeds into the River Shannon.
In this story, the Morrigan is called the Dagda's envious queen, fierce of mood.She is also called a "shape-shifter" and a cunning raven caller whose pleasure was in mustered hosts.The Morrígan is often considered a triple goddess, but this triple nature is ambiguous and inconsistent.
These triple appearances are partially due to the Celtic significance of threeness.Sometimes she appears as one of three sisters, the daughters of Ernmas
Occasionally, Nemain or Fea appear in the various combinations.However, the Morrígan can also appear alone, and her name is sometimes used interchangeably with Badb.The Morrígan is mainly associated with war and fate, and is often interpreted as a "war goddess".
W. M. Hennessy's "The Ancient Irish Goddess of War", written in 1870, was influential in establishing this interpretation.She is said to derive pleasure from mustered hosts.Her role often involves premonitions of a particular warrior's violent death, suggesting a link with the banshee of later folklore.
This connection is further noted by Patricia Lysaght
In some cases, she is written to have appeared in visions to those who are destined to die in battle as washing their bloody armor.In this specific role, she is also given the role of foretelling imminent death with a particular emphasis on the individual.There are also a few rare accounts where she would join in the battle itself as a warrior and show her favouritism in a more direct manner.
The Morrígan is also associated with the land and animals, particularly livestock.Máire Herbert argues that "war "per se" is not a primary aspect of the role of the goddess.
"Herbert suggests that "her activities have a tutelary character.
She oversees the land, its stock and its society.Her shape-shifting is an expression of her affinity with the whole living universe.
"Patricia Lysaght notes that the "Cath Maige Tuired" depicts the Morrígan as "a protectress of her people's interests" and associates her with both war and fertility.
According to Proinsias Mac Cana, the goddess in Ireland is "primarily concerned with the prosperity of the land
She can be interpreted as providing political or military aid, or protection to the king—acting as a goddess of sovereignty, not necessarily of war.It has also been suggested that she was closely linked to the "fianna", and that these groups may have been in some way dedicated to her.These were "bands of youthful warrior-hunters, living on the borders of civilized society and indulging in lawless activities for a time before inheriting property and taking their places as members of settled, landed communities."
If true, her worship may have resembled that of Perchta groups in Germanic areas.There is a burnt mound site in County Tipperary known as "Fulacht na Mór Ríoghna" ("cooking pit of the Mórrígan").The fulachtaí sites are found in wild areas, and are usually associated with outsiders such as the fianna, as well as with the hunting of deer.
There may be a link with the three mythical hags who cook the meal of dogflesh that brings the hero Cúchulainn to his doom.The "Dá Chích na Morrígna" ("two breasts of the Mórrígan"), a pair of hills in County Meath, suggest to some a role as a tutelary goddess, comparable to Anu, who has her own hills, "Dá Chích Anann" ("the breasts of Anu") in County Kerry.Other goddesses known to have similar hills are Áine and Grian of County Limerick who, in addition to a tutelary function, also have solar attributes.
There have been attempts by some modern researchers and authors of fiction to link Morgan le Fay with the Morrígan.Morgan first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Vita Merlini" in the 12th century.In some Arthurian legends, such as "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", Morgan is portrayed as a hag whose actions set into motion a bloody trail of events that lead the hero into numerous instances of danger.
Morgan is also depicted as a seductress, much like the older legends of the Morrígan, and has numerous lovers whom she might be even abducting for this purpose (as in some stories of Lancelot and Ogier the Dane, among others).The character is frequently depicted as wielding power over others to achieve her own purposes, allowing those actions to play out over time, to the benefit or detriment of other characters.However, while the creators of the literary character of Morgan may have been somewhat inspired by the much older tales of the goddess, the relationship ends there.
Marquette, Michigan Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Marquette County.The population was 21,355 at the 2010 census, making it the largest city of the state's Upper Peninsula.
Marquette is a major port on Lake Superior, known primarily for shipping iron ore, and is the home of Northern Michigan University.In 2012, Marquette was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the United States by CBS MoneyWatch.The land around Marquette was known to French missionaries of the early 17th century and the trappers of the early 19th century.
Development of the area did not begin until 1844, when William Burt and Jacob Houghton (the brother of geologist Douglass Houghton) discovered iron deposits near Teal Lake west of Marquette.In 1845, Jackson Mining Company, the first organized mining company in the region, was formed.The village of Marquette began on September 14, 1849, with the formation of a second iron concern, the Marquette Iron Company.
Three men participated in organizing the firm
A second post office, named Carp River, was opened on October 13, 1851 by Peter White, who had gone there with Graveraet at age 18.Harlow closed his post office in August 1852.The Marquette Iron Company failed, while its successor, the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, flourished and had the village platted in 1854.
The plat was recorded by Peter White.White's office was renamed as Marquette in April 1856, and the village was incorporated in 1859.It was incorporated as a city in 1871.
During the 1850s, Marquette was linked by rail to numerous mines and became the leading shipping center of the Upper Peninsula.The first ore pocket dock, designed by an early town leader, John Burt, was built by the Cleveland Iron Mining Company in 1859.By 1862, the city had a population of over 1,600 and a soaring economy.
In the late 19th century, during the height of iron mining, Marquette became nationally known as a summer haven.Visitors brought in by Great Lakes passenger steamships filled the city's hotels and resorts.South of the city, K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base was an important Air Force installation during the Cold War, host to B-52H bombers and KC-135 tankers of the Strategic Air Command, as well as a fighter interceptor squadron.
The base closed in September 1995, and is now the county's Sawyer International Airport.Marquette continues to be a shipping port for hematite ores and, today, enriched iron ore pellets, from nearby mines and pelletizing plants.About 7.9 million gross tons of pelletized iron ore passed through Marquette's Presque Isle Harbor in 2005.
The Roman Catholic Bishop Frederic Baraga is buried at St. Peter Cathedral, which is the center for the Diocese of Marquette.In addition to the Marquette #1 Post Office there is the "Northern Michigan University Bookstore Contract Station #384".The first day of issue of a postal card showing Bishop Frederic Baraga took place in Marquette on June 29, 1984, and that of the Wonders of America Lake Superior stamp on May 27, 2006.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.The city includes several small islands (principally Middle Island, Gull Island, Lover's Island, Presque Isle Pt.Rocks, White Rocks, Ripley Rock, and Picnic Rocks) in Lake Superior.
The Marquette Underwater Preserve lies immediately offshore.Marquette Mountain, used for skiing, is located in the city, as is most of the land of Marquette Branch Prison of the Michigan Department of Corrections.The town of Trowbridge Park (under Marquette Township), is located to the west, Sands Township to the south, and Marquette Township to the northwest of the city.
The climate is a hemiboreal humid continental (Köppen
On average, there are 11.6 days annually where the minimum temperature reaches and 73 days with a maximum at or below freezing, including a majority of days during meteorological winter (December thru February).Being located in the snowbelt region, Marquette receives a significant amount of snowfall during the winter months, mostly from lake-effect snow.Because Lake Superior rarely freezes over completely, this enables lake effect snow to persist throughout winter, making Marquette the third snowiest location in the contiguous United States as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with an average annual snowfall of .
The snow depth in winter usually exceeds .Marquette is the city with the deepest snow depths with a population of more than 20,000 in the US (and one of the largest in North America outside the western Cordillera or eastern Canada), as temperatures remain low throughout the winter and cold, dry air is intercepted by the Great Lakes.The warmest months, July and August, each average , showing somewhat of a seasonal lag.
The surrounding lake cools summertime temperatures and as a result, temperatures above are rare, with only 3.4 days per year.Spring and fall are transitional seasons that are generally mild though highly variable due to the alternation of air masses moving quickly.Spring is usually cooler than fall because the surrounding lake is slower to warm than the land, while in fall the lake releases heat, warming the area.
Marquette receives of precipitation per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though September and October are the wettest months with January and February being the driest.The average window for morning freezes is October 15 thru May 7.The highest temperature ever recorded in Marquette was on July 15, 1901 and the lowest was on February 8, 1861.
Marquette receives an average of 2,294 hours of sunshine per year or 51 percent of possible sunshine, ranging from a low of 29 percent in December to a high of 68 percent in July.The City of Marquette has received national attention for its measures to adapt to climate change, such as coastline restoration and moving portions of Lakeshore Boulevard which are flooded by Lake Superior 100 yards inland.Property owners are required to maintain “riparian buffers” of native plants along waterways.
A county task force has created a guidebook in cooperation with the University of Michigan for landscaping which can reduce the habitat for disease-bearing ticks.A federally funded stormwater drain project will route runoff which flows into Lake Superior into restored wetlands.As of the census of 2010, there were 21,355 people, 8,321 households, and 3,788 families residing in the city.
The population density was .There were 8,756 housing units at an average density of .The racial makeup of the city was 91.1% White, 4.4% African American, 1.5% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races.
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.There were 8,321 households of which 18.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.3% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 54.5% were non-families.38.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.71.The median age in the city was 29.1 years.12.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 30.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.3% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older.
The gender makeup of the city was 51.8% male and 48.2% female.At the 2000 census, there were 19,661 people, 8,071 households and 4,067 families residing in the city.The population density was 1,723.9 per square mile (665.3/km²).
There were 8,429 housing units at an average density of .The racial makeup of the city was 95% White, 0.8% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races.Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
15.5% were of German, 12.6% Finnish, 8.9% French, 8.5% English, 8.2% Irish, 6.8% Italian and 6.7% Swedish ancestry according to Census 2000.There were 8,071 households of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.6% were non-families.37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.81.Age distribution was 16.8% under the age of 18, 25.9% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older.The median age was 31 years.
For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males.For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.The median household income was $29,918, and the median family income was $48,120.
Males had a median income of $34,107 versus $24,549 for females.The per capita income for the city was $17,787.About 7.2% of families and 17.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.
Along with Northern Michigan University, the largest employers in Marquette are the Marquette Area Public Schools, UP Health System-Marquette (a regional medical center that is the only Level 2 Trauma center in the Upper Peninsula), Marquette Branch Prison, RTI Surgical, Charter Communications, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan.Marquette is known for its breweries, including Ore Dock Brewing Company and Blackrocks Brewery.Five breweries were extant in the city ().
Marquette's port was the 140th largest in the United States in 2015, ranked by tonnage.The city of Marquette has a number of parks and recreational facilities that are used by city and county residents.Presque Isle Park is Marquette's most popular park located on the north side of the city.
It includes of mostly forested land and juts out into Lake Superior.The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, noted for designing Central Park in New York City.Amenities include a wooden band shell for concerts, a park pavilion, a gazebo, a marina, a concession stand, picnic tables, barbecue pits, walking/skiing trails, playground facilities, and Moosewood Nature Center.
The city has two popular beaches, South Beach Park and McCarty's Cove.McCarty's Cove, flanked by the red U.S. Coast Guard Station lighthouse on its south shore, serves as a reprieve from hot summer days, where city and county residents alike take advantage of the cool, but tolerable, water temperatures and the cooling effects of the lake-generated sea breeze.Both beaches have picnic areas, grills, children's playgrounds and lifeguard stands.
Other parks include Tourist Park, Founder's Landing, LaBonte Park, Mattson Lower Harbor Park, Park Cemetery, Shiras Park, Williams Park, Harlow Park, Pocket Park, Spring Street Park and Father Marquette Park.There are also numerous other recreational facilities located within the city.Lakeview Arena is best known for its use as an ice hockey facility, but it also hosts a number of public events.
A skateboard park is located just outside the arena and open during the summer.Lakeview Arena was home to the Marquette Electricians and Marquette Senior High School's Redmen hockey team.In 1974, the arena replaced the historic Palestra, which had been located a few blocks away.
Gerard Haley Memorial Baseball field home of the Marquette Blues and Reds is located in the north side along with numerous little league and softball fields.Marquette has the largest wooden dome in the world, the Superior Dome—unofficially but affectionately known as the YooperDome.During the football season, the Dome is used primarily for football on its newly renovated astro turf field.
The turf was installed in July 2009.Northern Michigan University holds its home football games in the Dome, as does the Michigan High School Athletic Association with the upper peninsula's High School football playoffs.The dome also hosts numerous private and public events that draw in thousands from around the region.
The Marquette Golf Club has brought international recognition to the area for its unique and dramatic Greywalls course, opened in 2005.The course features several panoramic views of Lake Superior and winds its way through rocky outcroppings, heaving fairways and a rolling valley, yet is located less than two miles (3 km) from the downtown area.The city is also known for fishing for deep water lake trout, whitefish, salmon and brown trout.
Marquette has an extensive network of biking and walking paths.The city has been gradually expanding the paths and has been promoting itself as a walkable and livable community.Cross Country ski trails are also located at Presque Isle Park and the Fit Strip.
Camping facilities are located at Tourist Park.The combination of hilly terrain (a vertical difference from top to bottom) and large area snow falls makes snowboarding and downhill skiing a reality on the edge of town.Live theatrical productions are also provided through Northern Michigan University's Forest Roberts Theatre and Black Box Theatre, Marquette's Graveraet School Kaufman Auditorium and Lake Superior Theatre, a semi-professional summer stock theatre.
Marquette is served by American Eagle and Delta Connection out of Sawyer International Airport (MQT, KSAW) with daily flights to Chicago, Detroit and Minneapolis–Saint Paul, .The airport is located south of downtown Marquette.The city is served by a public transit system known as MarqTran, which runs buses through the city and to nearby places such as Sawyer International Airport and Ishpeming.
The system operates out of a transit center in the adjacent Marquette Township in addition to a small transfer station in downtown.In addition, Indian Trails bus lines operates daily intercity bus service between Hancock and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.The line operates a stop at MarqTran's transit center.
Marquette has limited freight rail service by the Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad (LS&I).The Canadian National Railway also goes through nearby Negaunee.The LS&I serves the Upper Harbor Ore Dock, which loads iron ore pellets from nearby mining operations onto lake freighters for shipment throughout the Great Lakes.
Three state highways serve Marquette.They are
Mary (programming language) Mary is a programming language designed and implemented by RUNIT at Trondheim, Norway in the 1970s.It borrowed many features from ALGOL 68 but was designed for systems programming (machine-oriented programming).
An unusual feature of its syntax was that expressions were constructed using the conventional infix operators, but all of them had the same precedence and evaluation went from left to right unless there were brackets.Assignment had the destination on the right and assignment was considered just another operator.Similar to C, several language features appear to have existed to allow producing reasonably well optimised code, despite a quite primitive code generator in the compiler.
These included operators similar to the codice_1 "et alter" in C and explicit register declarations for variables.Notable features
The original Mary compiler was written in NU ALGOL, ran on the Univac-1100 series and was used to bootstrap a native compiler for ND-100/Sintran-III.RUNIT implemented a CHILL compiler written in Mary which ran on ND-100 and had Intel 8086 and 80286 targets.When this compiler was ported to the VAX platform, a common backend for Mary and CHILL was implemented.
Later, backends for i386 and SPARC were available.Since the Mary compiler was implemented in Mary, it was possible to run the compiler on all these platforms.Mary is no longer maintained.
Mountaineering Mountaineering is the set of activities that involves ascending mountains.Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas.