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Motorola awarded TrackIT Solutions for being "The company with most Innovative Enterprise Mobility Solution" in 2010.Motorola sponsored Indian Premier League team Rising Pune Supergiant In Madden NFL 07 franchise mode, a Motorola phone is used to communicate with coaches and agents.Robby Gordon was sponsored by Motorola in 2007 and 2008.

Mazda MX-5 The Mazda MX-5 is a lightweight two-passenger roadster sports car manufactured and marketed by Mazda with a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.The convertible is marketed as the or in Japan, and as the Mazda MX-5 Miata () in North America, where it is widely known as the "Miata".

Manufactured at Mazda's Hiroshima plant, the MX-5 debuted in 1989 at the Chicago Auto Show and was conceived and executed under a tightly focused design credo, , meaning "oneness of horse and rider".Widely noted for its small, light, technologically modern, dynamically balanced and minimally complex design, the MX-5 is the spiritual successor to 1950s and '60s Italian and British sports cars, prominently the Lotus Elan.Generations were internally designated with a two-letter code, beginning with the first generation, the NA.

The second generation, (NB), launched in 1998 for MY 1999; followed by the third generation (NC) in 2005 for MY 2006, and the fourth generation (ND) in 2015 for MY 2016 (along with "ND2" being the designation for MY 2019).As the best-selling two-seat convertible sports car in history, the MX-5 has been marketed globally, with production exceeding one million, as of early 2016.The name derives from Old High German for "reward".

The MX-5's first generation, the NA, sold over 400,000 units from May 1989 to 1997—with a inline-four engine to 1993, a engine thereafter (with a de-tuned 1.6 as a budget option in some markets)—recognizable by its pop-up headlights.The second generation (NB) was introduced in 1999 with a slight increase in engine power; it can be recognized by the fixed headlights and the glass rear window, although first generation owners may opt for the glass window design when replacing the original top.The third generation (NC) was introduced in 2006 with a engine and slightly larger body size, with a Power Retractable Hard Top variant added in 2007.

The fourth generation (ND) was introduced in 2015 with a new SKYACTIV-G engine and a body size similar to the first generation model, with a Retractable Fastback (RF) variant added later that year.Launched at a time when production of small roadsters had almost come to an end, the Alfa Romeo Spider was the only comparable volume model in production at the time of the MX-5's launch.Just a decade earlier, a host of similar models—notably the MG B, Triumph TR7, Triumph Spitfire, and Fiat Spider—had been available.

The body is a conventional, but light, unibody construction, with (detachable) front and rear subframes.The MX-5 also incorporates a longitudinal truss, marketed as the Powerplant Frame (PPF), providing a rigid connection between the engine and differential, minimizing flex and contributing to responsive handling.Some MX-5s feature limited slip differentials and anti-lock braking system.

Traction control is an option on NC models and standard on ND models.MX-5s weigh slightly over one tonne.For example, in 1994, the very rare optional Spec C package included the desirable limited slip differential.

With an approximate 50

The MX-5 has won awards, including "Wheels Magazine"’s Car of the Year for 1989, 2005 and 2016; "Sports Car International"’s "best sports car of the 1990s" and "ten best sports cars of all time"; 2005–2006 Car of the Year Japan; and 2005 Australian Car of the Year.The Miata has also made "Car and Driver" magazine's annual 10 Best list 17 times.In their December 2009 issue, "Grassroots Motorsports" magazine named the Miata as the most important sports car built during the previous 25 years.

In 2009, English automotive critic Jeremy Clarkson wrote

There, Hall and Jordan collaborated on the parameters of the initial image, proportion and visualization of the "light-weight sports" concept.In 1983, the idea turned concept was approved under the "Offline 55" program, an internal Mazda initiative that sought to change the way new models were developed.Thus, under head of project Masakatsu, the concept development was turned into a competition between the Mazda design teams in Tokyo and California.

The Californian team proposed a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, codenamed Duo 101, in line with the British roadster ancestry, but their Japanese counterparts favored the more common front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout or the rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.The first round of judging the competing designs was held in April 1984, with designs presented on paper only.The mid-engined car appeared to offer favorable qualities, although it was known at the time that such a layout would struggle to meet the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) requirements of the project.

It was only at the second round of the competition in August 1984, when full-scale clay models were presented, that the Duo 101 won the competition and was selected as the basis for what would become the MX-5.The Duo 101, so named as either a soft top or hardtop could be used, incorporated many key stylistic cues inspired by the Lotus Elan, a 1960s roadster, including the door handles, tail lamps and grille opening as well as engine appearance and center console layout.It is known that Mazda design studio acquired a vintage Lotus Elan as a source of inspiration for the designers.

International Automotive Design (IAD) in Worthing, England was commissioned to develop a running prototype, codenamed V705.It was built with a fiberglass body, a engine from a Mazda Familia and components from a variety of early Mazda models.The V705 was completed in August 1985 and taken to the US where it rolled on the roads around Santa Barbara, California and got positive reactions.

The project received final approval on 18 January 1986.The model's codename was changed to P729 as it moved into the production phase, under head of program Toshihiko Hirai.The task of constructing five engineering "mules" (more developed prototypes) was again allocated to IAD, which also conducted the first front and rear crash tests on the P729.

While Tom Matano, Mark Jordan, Wu-huang Chin (, also on the RX-7 team), Norman Garrett, and worked on the final design, the project was moved to Japan for engineering and production details.By 1989, with a definitive model name now chosen, the MX-5 was ready to be introduced to the world as a true lightweight sports car, weighing just .Although Mazda's concept was for the MX-5 to be an inexpensive sports car, at introduction the design met strong demand, with many dealers placing customers on pre-order lists and several dealers across North America increasing the vehicle markup.

Mazda used a design credo across the four generations of the MX-5's development

The second generation MX-5 was unveiled in 1997 and put on sale in 1998 for the 1999 model year.While it kept the same proportions of its predecessor, its most noticeable change was the deletion of the retractable headlamps, which no longer passed pedestrian safety tests and were replaced by fixed ones.Taking design cues from the 2003 Mazda Ibuki concept car, the third-generation Mazda MX-5 was introduced in 2005 and was in production until 2015.

This generation introduced a Power Retractable Hard Top (PRHT) variant that features a folding mechanism that does not interfere with trunk space.During its release, the third generation MX-5 received several accolades such as the 2005-2006 Car of the Year Japan Award and "Car and Driver"s 10Best list from 2006 to 2013.The fourth-generation Mazda MX-5 was unveiled in 2014 and has been in production since 2015.

An updated model was introduced in 2018 and is visually identical to the pre-update model.It has been designated as series "ND2" due to an engine upgrade to and several other improvements around the car.The ND generation introduced a Retractable Fastback (RF) variant that features a rigid roof and buttresses that give the silhouette a more coupé-like appearance than the soft top convertible.

The fourth generation MX-5 has received several accolades such as the 2015-2016 Car of the Year Japan Award, the 2016 World Car of the Year Award, "Car and Driver"s 10Best list from 2016 to 2019, and the Red Dot Best of the Best Award in Product Design 2017.In addition, the car is the basis for the Fiat 124 Spider and Abarth 124 Spider.In 2000, the "Guinness Book of World Records" declared the MX-5 the best-selling two-seat sports car in history, with a total production of 531,890 units.

The 250,000th MX-5 rolled out of the factory on November 9, 1992; the 500,000th, on February 8, 1999; the 750,000th, in March 2004; the 800,000th in January 2007, and the 900,000th in February 2011.On April 22, 2016, Mazda broke its "Guinness World Record" by producing its one millionth MX-5.The one millionth car rolled off the production line and was shown in select cities, where the first 240 fans of the vehicle present could physically sign it before it went to the next destination.

Mackinac Bridge The Mackinac Bridge ( ) is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of the U.S. state of Michigan.Opened in 1957, the bridge (familiarly known as "Big Mac" and "Mighty Mac") is the world's 24th-longest main span and the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.

The Mackinac Bridge is part of Interstate 75 and the Lake Michigan and Huron components of the Great Lakes Circle Tour across the straits; it is also a segment of the U.S. North Country National Scenic Trail.The bridge connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south.Envisioned since the 1880s, the bridge was designed by the engineer David B. Steinman and completed in 1957 only after many decades of struggles to begin construction.

The bridge opened on November 1, 1957, connecting two peninsulas linked for decades by ferries.A year later, the bridge was formally dedicated as the "world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages", allowing a superlative comparison to the Golden Gate Bridge, which had a longer center span between towers, and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, which had an anchorage in the middle.It remains the longest suspension bridge with two towers between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.

Much longer anchorage-to-anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere, including the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan ().But the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac make its total shoreline-to-shoreline length of , longer than the Akashi-Kaikyo ().The length of the bridge's main span is , which makes it the third-longest suspension span in the United States and 20th longest suspension span worldwide.

It is also one of the world's longest bridges overall.The Algonquian peoples who lived in the straits area prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century called this region "Michilimackinac", which is widely understood to mean "the Great Turtle.

"This is thought to refer to the shape of what is now called Mackinac Island.

This interpretation of the word is debated by scholars.Trading posts at the Straits of Mackinac attracted peak populations during the summer trading season; they also developed as intertribal meeting places.As exploitation of the state's mineral and timber resources increased during the 19th century, the area became an important transport hub.

In 1881 the three railroads that reached the Straits, the Michigan Central, Grand Rapids & Indiana, and the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette, jointly established the Mackinac Transportation Company to operate a railroad car ferry service across the straits and connect the two peninsulas.Improved highways along the eastern shores of the Lower Peninsula brought increased automobile traffic to the Straits region starting in the 1910s.The state of Michigan initiated an automobile ferry service between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace in 1923; it eventually operated nine ferry boats that would carry as many as 9,000 vehicles per day.

Traffic backups could stretch as long as .After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, local residents began to imagine that such a structure could span the straits.In 1884, a store owner in St. Ignace published a newspaper advertisement that included a reprint of an artist's conception of the Brooklyn Bridge with the caption "Proposed bridge across the Straits of Mackinac".

The idea of the bridge was discussed in the Michigan Legislature as early as the 1880s.At the time, the Straits of Mackinac area was becoming a popular tourist destination, especially following the creation of Mackinac National Park on Mackinac Island in 1875.At a July 1888 meeting of the board of directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island, Cornelius Vanderbilt II proposed that a bridge be built across the straits, of a design similar to the one then under construction across the Firth of Forth in Scotland.

This would advance commerce in the region and help lengthen the resort season of the hotel.Decades went by with no formal action.In 1920, the Michigan state highway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits.

At the invitation of the state legislature, C. E. Fowler of New York City put forth a plan for a long series of causeways and bridges across the straits from Cheboygan, southeast of Mackinaw City, to St. Ignace, using Bois Blanc, Round, and Mackinac islands as intermediate steps.In 1923, the state legislature ordered the State Highway Department to establish ferry service across the strait.More and more people used ferries to cross the straits each year, and as they did, the movement to build a bridge increased.

Chase Osborn, a former governor, wrote

The Legislature authorized the Authority to seek financing for the project.In the mid-1930s, during the Great Depression, when numerous infrastructure projects received federal aid, the Authority twice attempted to obtain federal funds for the project but was unsuccessful.The United States Army Corps of Engineers and President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed the project but Congress never appropriated funds.

Between 1936 and 1940, the Authority selected a route for the bridge based on preliminary studies.Borings were made for a detailed geological study of the route.The preliminary plans for the bridge featured a 3-lane roadway, a railroad crossing on the underdeck of the span, and a center-anchorage double-suspension bridge configuration similar to the design of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge.

Because this would have required sinking an anchorage pier in the deepest area of the Straits, the practicality of this design may have been questionable.A concrete causeway, approximately , extending from the northern shore, was constructed in shallow water from 1939 to 1941.However, a unique engineering challenge was created by the tremendous forces that operate against the base of the bridge, because the lakes freeze during the winter, causing large icebergs to place enormous stress on the bridge.

At that time, with funding for the project still uncertain, further work was put on hold because of the outbreak of World War II.The "Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority" was abolished by the state legislature in 1947, but the same body created a new Mackinac Bridge Authority three years later in 1950.In June 1950, engineers were retained for the project.

By then, it was reported that cars queuing for the ferry at Mackinaw City did not reach St. Ignace until five hours later, and the typical capacity of 460 vehicles per hour could not match the estimated 1,600 for a bridge.After a report by the engineers in January 1951, the state legislature authorized the sale of $85 million (equivalent to $ in ) in bonds for bridge construction on April 30, 1952.However, a weak bond market in 1953 forced a delay of more than a year before the bonds could be issued.

David B. Steinman was appointed as the design engineer in January 1953 and by the end of 1953, estimates and contracts had been negotiated.A civil engineer at the firm, Abul Hasnat, did the preliminary plans for the bridge.Total cost estimate at that time was $95 million (equivalent to $ in ) with estimated completion by November 1, 1956.

Tolls collected were to pay for the bridge in 20 years.Construction began on May 7, 1954.The bridge was built under two major contracts.

The Merritt-Chapman and Scott Corporation of New York was awarded the contract for all major substructure work for $25.7 million (equivalent to $ in ), while the American Bridge Division of United States Steel Corporation was awarded a contract of more than $44 million (equivalent to $ in ) to build the steel superstructure.Construction, staged using the 1939–41 causeway, took three and a half years (four summers, no winter construction) at a total cost of $100 million and the lives of five workers.Contrary to popular belief, none of them are entombed in the bridge.

It opened to traffic on schedule on November 1, 1957, and the ferry service was discontinued on the same day.The bridge was formally dedicated on June 25, 1958.G.

Mennen Williams was governor during the construction of the Mackinac Bridge.

He began the tradition of the governor leading the Mackinac Bridge Walk across it every Labor Day.U.S.Senator Prentiss M. Brown has been called the "father of the Mackinac Bridge", and was honored with a special memorial bridge token created by the Mackinac Bridge Authority.

The bridge officially achieved its 100 millionth crossing exactly 40 years after its dedication, on June 25, 1998.The 50th anniversary of the bridge's opening was celebrated on November 1, 2007, in a ceremony hosted by the Mackinac Bridge Authority at the viewing park adjacent to the St. Ignace causeway.The design of the Mackinac Bridge was directly influenced by the lessons from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which failed in 1940 because of its instability in high winds.

Three years after that disaster, Steinman had published a theoretical analysis of suspension-bridge stability problems, which recommended that future bridge designs include deep stiffening trusses to support the bridge deck and an open-grid roadway to reduce its wind resistance.Both of these features were incorporated into the design of the Mackinac Bridge.The stiffening truss is open to reduce wind resistance.

The road deck is shaped as an airfoil to provide lift in a cross wind, and the center two lanes are open grid to allow vertical (upward) air flow, which fairly precisely cancels the lift, making the roadway stable in design in winds of up to .The Mackinac Bridge is a toll bridge on Interstate 75 (I-75).The US Highway 27 (US 27) designation was initially extended across the bridge.

In November 1960, sections of I-75 freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern bridge approaches in Mackinaw City, and US 27 was removed from the bridge.It is one of only three segments of I-75 that are tolled, the others being the American half of the International Bridge near Sault Ste.Marie, Michigan, and Alligator Alley in Florida.

The current toll is $4.00 for automobiles and $5.00 per axle for trucks.The Mackinac Bridge Authority raised the toll in 2007 to fund a $300 million renovation program, which would include completely replacing the bridge deck.Every Labor Day, the bridge is open to walkers for the Mackinac Bridge Walk.

Painting of the bridge takes seven years, and when painting of the bridge is complete, it begins again.The current painting project began in 1999 and was expected to take 20 years to complete because the lead-based paint needs to be removed, incurring additional disposal requirements.The bridge celebrated its 150 millionth vehicle crossing on September 6, 2009.

Five workers died during the construction of the bridge

Daniel Doyle fell from scaffolding on August 7, 1997.He survived the fall but fell victim to the water temperature.His body was recovered the next day in of water.

Two vehicles have fallen off the bridge

The impact tore the wings off the plane, which then plunged into the Straits of Mackinac.All three men were killed.Because the bridge is not accessible to pedestrians, suicides by jumping from the bridge have been rare, with the most recent confirmed case taking place on December 31, 2012.

There have been roughly a dozen suicides by people jumping off the bridge.Some individuals have difficulty crossing bridges, a phenomenon known as gephyrophobia.The Mackinac Bridge Authority has a Drivers Assistance Program that provides drivers for those with gephyrophobia, or anyone who is more comfortable having someone else drive them across.

More than a thousand people use this service every year.Those interested can arrange, either by phone or with the toll collector, to have their cars or motorcycles driven to the other end.There is no additional fee for this service.

Bicycles and pedestrians are not normally permitted on the bridge.An exception is allowed for riders of two annual bicycle tours.On an everyday basis, for a $5.00 fee, the Authority will transport bicyclists and their vehicles across the bridge.

Travelers across the Mackinac Bridge can listen to an AM radio broadcast that recounts the history of the bridge and provides updates on driving conditions.The Mackinac Bridge Walk has been held each year since 1958, when it was led by Governor G. Mennen Williams.The first walk was held during the Bridge's Dedication Ceremony held in late June, and has been held on Labor Day since 1959.

Until 2018, school buses from local districts transported walkers from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace to begin the walk.Thousands of people, traditionally led by the Governor of Michigan, cross the five-mile (8 km) span on foot from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City.Before 1964, people walked the Bridge from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace.

Prior to 2017, two lanes of the bridge would remain open to public vehicle traffic; this policy was changed in 2017 to close the entire bridge to public vehicle traffic for the duration of the event.The Bridge Walk is the only day of the year that hikers can hike this section of the North Country National Scenic Trail.During the summer months, the Upper Peninsula and the Mackinac Bridge have become a major tourist destination.

In addition to visitors to Mackinac Island, the bridge has attracted interest from a diverse group of tourists including bridge enthusiasts, bird-watchers, and photographers.The Straits area is a popular sailing destination for boats of all types, which make it easier to get a closer view to the underlying structure of the bridge.On June 25, 1958, to coincide with that year's celebration of the November 1957 opening, the United States Postal Service (USPS) released a 3¢ commemorative stamp featuring the recently completed bridge.

It was entitled "Connecting the Peninsulas of Michigan" and 107,195,200 copies were issued.The USPS again honored the Mackinac Bridge as the subject of its 2010 priority mail $4.90 stamp, which went on sale February 3.The bridge authority and MDOT unveiled the stamp, which featured a "seagull's-eye view" of the landmark, with a passing freighter below.

Artist Dan Cosgrove worked from panoramic photographs to create the artwork.This is one of several designs that Cosgrove has produced for the USPS.On April 24, 1959, Captain John S. Lappo, an officer in the Strategic Air Command, operating from Lockbourne AFB flew his Boeing B-47 Stratojet beneath the bridge.

Following a general court-martial, he was grounded for life.A feature-length documentary entitled "Building the Mighty Mac" was produced by Hollywood filmmaker Mark Howell in 1997 and was shown on PBS.The program features numerous interviews with the key people who built the structure and includes restored 16mm color footage of the bridge's construction.

The history and building of the bridge was featured in a 2003 episode of the History Channel TV show "Modern Marvels".On July 19, 2007, the Detroit Science Center unveiled an , scale model of the Mackinac Bridge.The exhibit was part of the state's 50th anniversary celebration of the bridge.

Sherwin-Williams supplied authentic Mackinac Bridge-colored paint for the project.The bridge and its maintenance crew were featured in an episode of the Discovery Channel TV show "Dirty Jobs" on August 7, 2007.Host Mike Rowe and crew spent several days filming the episode in May 2007.

Motorola 68030 The Motorola 68030 (""sixty-eight-oh-thirty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor in the Motorola 68000 family.It was released in 1987.

The 68030 was the successor to the Motorola 68020, and was followed by the Motorola 68040.In keeping with general Motorola naming, this CPU is often referred to as the 030 (pronounced "oh-three-oh" or "oh-thirty").The 68030 features 273,000 transistors with on-chip instruction and data caches of 256 bytes each.

It also has an on-chip memory management unit (MMU) but does not have a built in floating-point unit (FPU).The 68881 and the faster 68882 floating point unit chips could be used with the 68030.A lower cost version of the 68030, the Motorola 68EC030, was also released, lacking the on-chip MMU.

It was commonly available in both 132 pin QFP and 128 pin PGA packages.The poorer thermal characteristics of the QFP package limited the full 68030 QFP variant to 33 MHz; the PGA 68030s included 40 MHz and 50 MHz versions.There was also a small supply of QFP packaged EC variants.

As a microarchitecture, the 68030 is basically a 68020 core with an additional 256 byte data cache and a process shrink and an added burst mode for the caches, where four longwords can be placed in the cache without further CPU intervention.Motorola used the process shrink to pack more hardware on the die; in this case it was the MMU, which mostly (but not completely) compatible with the external 68851.The integration of the MMU made it more cost-effective than the 68020 with an external MMU; it also allowed the 68030 to access memory one cycle faster than a 68020/68851 combo.

However, the 68030 can switch between synchronous and asynchronous buses without a reset.The 68030 also lacks some of the 68020's instructions, but it increases performance by ≈5% while reducing power draw by ≈25% compared to the 68020.The 68030 can be used with the 68020 bus, in which case its performance is similar to 68020 that it was derived from.

However, the 68030 provides an additional synchronous bus interface which, if used, accelerates memory accesses up to 33% compared to an equally clocked 68020.The finer manufacturing process allowed Motorola to scale the full-version processor to 50 MHz.The EC variety topped out at 40 MHz.

The 68030 was used in many models of the Apple Macintosh II and Commodore Amiga series of personal computers, NeXT Cube, later Alpha Microsystems multiuser systems, and some descendants of the Atari ST line such as the Atari TT and the Atari Falcon.It was also used in Unix workstations such as the Sun Microsystems Sun-3x line of desktop workstations (the earlier "sun3" used a 68020), laser printers and the Nortel Networks DMS-100 telephone central office switch.More recently, the 68030 core has also been adapted by Freescale into a microcontroller for embedded applications.

LeCroy has used the 68EC030 in certain models of their 9300 Series digital oscilloscopes including “C” suffix models and high performance 9300 Series models, along with the Mega Waveform Processing hardware option for 68020-based 9300 Series models.Hewlett-Packard's HP LaserJet 4 Laserjet 4 JetDirect network attach card uses a 68030 as its main processor.That card is a small UNIX system with something which to a system on the network behaves the same as the lpd daemon.

The 68EC030 is a low cost version of the 68030, the difference between the two being that the 68EC030 omits the on-chip memory management unit (MMU) and is thus essentially an upgraded 68020.The 68EC030 was used as the CPU for the low-cost model of the Amiga 4000, and on a number of CPU accelerator cards for the Commodore Amiga line of computers.It was also used in the Cisco Systems 2500 Series router, a small-to-medium enterprise computer internetworking appliance.

Motorola 68040 The Motorola 68040 (""sixty-eight-oh-forty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor from Motorola, released in 1990.It is the successor to the 68030 and is followed by the 68060.

There was no 68050.In keeping with general Motorola naming, the 68040 is often referred to as simply the '040 (pronounced "oh-four-oh" or "oh-forty").In Apple Macintosh computers, the 68040 was introduced in the Macintosh Quadra, which was named for the chip.

The fastest 68040 processor was clocked at 40 MHz and it was used only in the Quadra 840AV.The more expensive models in the (short-lived) Macintosh Centris line also used the 68040, while the cheaper Quadra, Centris and Macintosh Performa used the 68LC040.The 68040 was also used in other personal computers, such as the Amiga 4000 and Amiga 4000T, as well as a number of workstations, Alpha Microsystems servers, the HP 9000/400 series, and later versions of the NeXT computer.

The 68040 was the first 680x0 family member with an on-chip Floating-Point Unit (FPU).It thus included all of the functionality that previously required external chips, namely the FPU and Memory Management Unit (MMU), which was added in the 68030.It also had split instruction and data caches of 4 kilobytes each.

It was fully pipelined, with six stages.Unfortunately, the 68040 ran into the transistor budget limit early in design.While the MMU did not take many transistors—indeed, having it on the same die as the CPU actually saved on transistors—the FPU certainly did.

Motorola's 68882 external FPU was known as a very high performance unit and Motorola did not wish to risk integrators using the "LC" version with a 68882 instead of the more profitable full "RC" unit.

(For information on Motorola's multiprocessing model with the 680x0 series, see Motorola 68020.

)The FPU in the 68040 was thus made incapable of IEEE transcendental functions, which had been supported by both the 68881 and 68882 and were used by the popular fractal generating software of the time and little else.

The Motorola floating point support package (FPSP) emulated these instructions in software under interrupt.As this was an exception handler, heavy use of the transcendental functions caused severe performance penalties.Heat was always a problem throughout the 68040's life.

While it delivered over four times the per-clock performance of the 68020 and 68030, the chip's complexity and power requirements came from a large die and large caches.This affected the scaling of the processor and it was never able to run with a clock rate exceeding 40 MHz.A 50 MHz variant was planned, but canceled.

Overclocking enthusiasts reported success reaching 50 MHz using a 100 MHz oscillator instead of an 80 MHz part and the then novel technique of adding oversized heat sinks with fans.The 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486, but on a clock-for-clock basis could significantly outperform the Intel chip in integer and floating point instructions.However, the 80486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems.

In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the newer processor in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994.With PowerBooks being restricted to 68030s for several years, "Macworld" reviewers conceded that the best choice for power users was the PC-compatible Texas Instruments 80486 notebook, rather than the top-of-the-line PowerBook 180.Versions of the 68040 were created for specific market segments, including the 68LC040, which removed the FPU, and the 68EC040, which removed both the FPU and MMU.

Motorola had intended the EC variant for embedded use, but embedded processors during the 68040's time did not need the power of the 68040, so EC variants of the 68020 and 68030 continued to be common in designs.Motorola produced several speed grades.The 16 MHz and 20 MHz parts were never qualified (XC designation) and used as prototyping samples.

25 MHz and 33 MHz grades featured across the whole line, but until around 2000 the 40 MHz grade was only for the "full" 68040.A planned 50 MHz grade was canceled after it exceeded the thermal design envelope.For more information on the instructions and architecture, see Motorola 68000.

The "68EC040" is a version of the Motorola 68040 microprocessor, intended for embedded controllers (EC).It differs from the 68040 in that it has neither an FPU nor an MMU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.

The 68EC040 was used in Cisco switch Supervisor Engine I that is the heart of models 2900, 2948G, 2980G, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500 and 7600.The "68LC040" is a "low cost" version of the Motorola 68040 microprocessor with no FPU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.

Although the CPU now fits into a feature chart more like the Motorola 68030, it continues to include the 68040's caches and pipeline and is thus significantly faster than the 68030.Some mask revisions of the 68LC040 contained a bug that prevents the chip from operating correctly when a software FPU emulator is used.According to Motorola's errata, any chip with a mask set 2E71M or later does not contain the bug.

This new mask was introduced in mid-1995 and converted the 68LC040 chip to MC status.The buggy revisions are typically found in 68LC040-based Apple Macintosh computers.Chips with mask set 2E23G (as used in the LC 475) have been confirmed to be faulty.

The fault relates to pending writes being lost when the F-line exception is triggered.The 68040 cannot update its microcode in the manner of modern x86 chips.This means that the only way to use software that requires floating-point functionality is to replace the buggy 68LC040 with a later revision, or a full 68040.

Motorola 68060 The Motorola 68060 (""sixty-eight-oh-sixty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor from Motorola released in 1994.It is the successor to the Motorola 68040 and is the highest performing member of the 68000 series.

Two derivatives were produced, the 68LC060 and the 68EC060.There is an LC (Low-Cost) version, without an FPU and EC (Embedded Controller), without MMU and FPU.The 68060 design was led by Joe Circello.